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Francis Pegahmagabow

2018-05-18T13:50:35Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by TheWikiLord420 (talk) (HG) (3.3.5)

{{Infobox military person
| name = Francis Pegahmagabow
| image = Francis Pegahmagabow in Uniform.jpg
| caption = Francis Pegahmagabow shortly after World War I
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|03|08}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|08|05|1891|03|09}}
| birth_place = [[Parry Sound, Ontario]], Canada
| death_place = Parry Sound, Ontario, Canada
| placeofburial =
| nickname = "Peggy"<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. ">{{harvnb|Veterans Affairs Canada|2010|p=}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1868}}
| branch = [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
| serviceyears = 1914–1919<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
| rank = [[Acting Lance Corporal]]
| servicenumber = 6846
| unit =
| battles = [[World War I]]
* [[Second Battle of Ypres]]
* [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]]
* [[Second Battle of Passchendaele]]
* [[Hundred Days Offensive|Battle of the Scarpe]]
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Military Medal]] & [[Medal bar|Two bars]]
* [[1914–15 Star]]
* [[British War Medal]]
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork = {{Plainlist|
* Chief of [[Wasauksing First Nation]] (1921–25 and 1942–45)
* Tribal Councillor (1933–36)
* Supreme Chief of the Native Independent Government}}
}}

'''Francis Pegahmagabow''' [[Military Medal|MM]] & [[Medal bar|two bars]] ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɛ|g|ə|m|ə|ˈ|g|æ|b|oʊ}}; March 8, 1889 – August 5, 1952) was the most effective [[sniper]] of [[World War I]]. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded, he was an expert [[marksman]] and [[Reconnaissance|scout]], credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more.<ref name="Brownlie p. 63">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=63}}</ref> Later in life, he served as chief and a [[councilor]] for the [[Wasauksing First Nation]], and as an [[activist]] and leader in several [[First Nations]] organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including [[Fred Loft]], Jules Sioui, [[Andrew Paull]] and [[John Tootoosis]].

==Early life==

Francis Pegahmagabow was born on March 8, 1889,{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=96}}{{efn|Other sources have given Pegahmagabow's birth year as 1888 or 1891.{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=96}} }} on what is now the [[Shawanaga First Nation]] reserve in [[Nobel, Ontario]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} In [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] his name was Binaaswi ("the wind that blows off").{{sfn|Powers|2016}} His father was a man of the First Nation{{clarify|date=June 2016}} and his mother of the First Nation,{{clarify|date=June 2016}} located further up Bay's{{clarify|date=June 2016}} north shore.<ref name="Hayes2003 p.14">{{harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=14}}</ref> His father Michael had been raised by Noah Nebimanyquod after the deaths of his parents; Michael died of an unspecified severe illness in April 1891, and his mother Mary Contin returned to her native [[Henvey Inlet First Nation]] after contracting the same illness. Francis was raised by Nebimanyquod and grew up in [[Shawanaga First Nation|Shawanaga]], where he learned traditional skills such as hunting, fishing, and practised a mix of Catholicism and [[Anishnaabe]] spirituality.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}


In January 1912 Pegahmagabow received financial aid for room and board to complete his education with the help of the Parry Sound Crown attorney Walter Lockwood Haight. That summer he worked for the [[Department of Marine and Fisheries]] on the Great Lakes as a marine fire fighter.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

==Military career==

Following the outbreak of [[World War I]], Pegahmagabow volunteered for service with the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] in August 1914,<ref name= "Schmalz p. 301" /> despite Canadian government discrimination that initially excluded minorities.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} He was posted to the [[The Algonquin Regiment|23rd Canadian Regiment (Northern Pioneers)]]. After joining the Canadian force he was based at [[CFB Valcartier]]. While there he decorated his army tent with traditional symbols including a deer, the symbol of his clan.<ref name="Schmalz p. 301">{{harvnb|Schmalz|1991|p=301}}</ref> In February 1915 he was deployed overseas with the [[1st Canadian Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF|1st Canadian Infantry Battalion]] of the [[1st Canadian Division]]—the first contingent of Canadian troops sent to fight in Europe.<ref name="Hayes2005 p. 128">{{harvnb|Hayes|2005|p=128}}</ref> His companions there nicknamed him "Peggy".{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

Shortly after his arrival on the continent, Pegahmagabow fought in the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], where the Germans used [[chlorine]] gas for the first time on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], and it was during this battle that he began to establish a reputation as a sniper and scout.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Following the battle he was promoted to [[lance corporal]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} His battalion took part in the [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]] in 1916, during which he was wounded in the left leg. He recovered in time to return to the 1st Battalion as they moved to Belgium.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> He received the [[Military Medal]] for carrying messages along the lines during these two battles.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Initially, his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Albert Creighton, had nominated him for the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]], citing his disregard for danger and "faithfulness to duty", but it was downgraded.<ref name="Hayes2003 p.31">{{harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=31}}</ref>

On November 6/7, 1917, Pegahmagabow earned a [[Medal bar|Bar]] to his Military Medal for his actions in the [[Second Battle of Passchendaele]]. During the fighting, Pegahmagabow's battalion was given the task of launching an attack at Passchendaele.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> By this time, he had been promoted to the rank of [[corporal]] and during the battle he was recorded playing an important role as a link between the units on the 1st Battalion's flank. When the battalion's reinforcements became lost, Pegahmagabow was instrumental in guiding them and ensuring that they reached their allocated spot in the line.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>

On August 30, 1918, during the [[Hundred Days Offensive|Battle of the Scarpe]], Pegahmagabow was involved in fighting off a German attack at Orix Trench near Upton Wood. His company was almost out of ammunition and in danger of being surrounded. Pegahmagabow braved heavy machine gun and rifle fire by going into [[no-man's land]] and brought back enough ammunition to enable his post to carry on and assist in repulsing heavy enemy counter-attacks.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> For these efforts he received a second Bar to his Military Medal,<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> becoming one of only 39 Canadians to receive this honour.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/><ref name="Bethune p.">{{harvnb|Bethune|2005|p=}}</ref>

The war ended in November 1918 and in 1919 Pegahmagabow was invalided back to Canada. He had served for almost the whole war,<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> and had built a reputation as a skilled marksman. Using the much-maligned [[Ross rifle]],<ref name="Pegler p. 139">{{harvnb|Pegler|2006|p=139}}</ref> he was credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 63"/> By the time of his discharge, he had attained the rank of [[Non-commissioned member|Acting Lance corporal]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/fra/decouvrez/patrimoine-militaire/medailles-militaires-1812-1969/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=89020&|title=F Pegahmagabow|date=29 May 2013|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada|Bibliothèque et Archives Canada]]}}</ref> and had been awarded the [[1914–15 Star]], the [[British War Medal]], and the [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

==Political life==

[[File:Francis Pegahmagabow 1945.jpeg|thumb|alt=older man with suit, tie, and medals on his chest|Pegahmagabow in 1945 while attending a conference in Ottawa where the National Indian Government was formed.]]

Upon his return to Canada he continued to serve in the [[Algonquin Regiment]] militia as a non-permanent active member.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, he was elected chief of the Parry Island Band from February 1921. Once in office he caused a schism in the band after he wrote a letter calling for certain individuals and those of mixed race to be expelled from the reserve.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 65"/> He was re-elected in 1924 and served until he was deposed via an internal power struggle in April 1925. Before the motion could go through, Pegahmagabow resigned.<ref name="Brownlie p. 68">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=68}}</ref> A decade later, he was appointed councillor from 1933 to 1936. In 1933 the [[Indian and Northern Affairs Canada|Department of Indian Affairs (DIA)]] changed its policies and forbade First Nation chiefs from corresponding with the DIA. They directed that all correspondence, as of the spring of 1933, go through the [[Indian Agent (Canada)|Indian Agent]].<ref name= "Brownlie p. ix"/> This gave huge power to the Agent, something that grated on Pegahmagabow, who did not get along with his Indian Agent, John Daly.<ref name="Brownlie p. ix">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=ix}}</ref> First Nation members who served in the army during World War I were particularly active as political activists. They had travelled the world, earned the respect of the comrades in the trenches, and refused to be sidelined by the newly empowered Indian Agent. Historian Paul Williams termed these advocates "returned soldier chiefs", and singled out a few, including Pegahmagabow, as being especially active.<ref name="Brownlie p. 57">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=57}}</ref> This caused intense disagreements with Daly and eventually led to Pegahmagabow being deposed as chief.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 63"/> Daly and other agents who came in contact with Pegahmagabow were incredibly frustrated by his attempts, in his words, to free his people from "white slavery".<ref name="Brownlie p. 65">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=65}}</ref> The Indian agents labelled him a "mental case" and strove to sideline him and his supporters.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 65"/>

In addition to the power struggle between the Indian council and the DIA with which Pegahmagabow took issue, he was a constant agitator over the islands in [[Georgian Bay]] of the [[Wyandot people|Huron]]. The Regional First Nation governments claimed the islands as their own and Pegahmagabow and other chiefs tried in vain to get recognition of their status.<ref name="Brownlie p. 98">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=98}}</ref>

During [[World War II]] Pegahmagabow worked as a guard at a munitions plant near [[Nobel, Ontario]], and was a Sergeant-major in the local militia.<ref name="Mackey p.">{{harvnb|Mackey|2003|p=}}</ref> In 1943, he became the Supreme Chief of the [[Native Independent Government]], an early First Nations organization.<ref name= "Mackey p. "/>

==Family and legacy==

{{wikiquote|Francis Pegahmagabow}}

A married father of six children, Pegahmagabow died on the Parry Island reserve in 1952 at the age of 61. He is a member of the Indian Hall of Fame at the Woodland Centre in [[Brantford, Ontario]], and his memory is also commemorated on a plaque honouring him and his regiment on the Rotary and Algonquin Regiment Fitness Trail in Parry Sound.<ref name= "Mackey p. "/> Honoured by the Canadian Forces by naming the 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group HQ Building at CFB Borden after him.<ref name="Canadian Forces p.">{{harvnb|Canadian Forces|2006|p=}}</ref>

Canadian journalist Adrian Hayes wrote a biography of Pegahmagabow titled ''Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero'', published in 2003,{{sfn|Drainie|2015}} and another titled ''Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior'', published in 2009.{{sfn|Hele|2014}} Canadian novelist [[Joseph Boyden]]'s 2005 novel ''[[Three Day Road]]'' was inspired in part by Pegahmagabow. The novel's protagonist is a fictional character who, like Pegahmagabow, serves as a military sniper during World War I, although Pegahmagabow also appears as a minor character.<ref name= "Wyile pp. 225-237"/>

A life-sized bronze statue of Pegahmagabow was erected in his honour on [[National Aboriginal Day]], June 21, 2016, in Parry Sound, near Georgian Bay. The figure has an eagle on one arm, a [[Ross rifle]] slung from its shoulder, and a [[caribou]] at its feet, representing the Caribou Clan that Pegahmagabow belonged to.{{sfn|Powers|2016}} The Eagle was his spirit animal.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The artist Tyler Fauvelle spent eight months sculpting the statue, which spent a further year in casting. Fauvelle chose to erect it in Parry Sound rather than Wasauksing to reach a larger public and educate them on the contributions of First Nations people to Canada.{{sfn|Powers|2016}}

===Awards===

* He was first awarded the Military Medal while fighting at the second battle of Ypres, Festubert and Givenchy, for courage above fire in getting important messages through to the rear.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
* Earned his first bar to the Military Medal at the bloody Battle of Passchendaele.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
* His second bar to the Military Medal came at the battle of The Scarpe, in 1918. Only 37 other Canadian men received the honour of two bars.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/><ref name="Bethune p. "/>
* The [[1914–15 Star]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}
* The [[British War Medal]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}
* The [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

In 2003 the Pegahmagabow family donated his medals and chief head dress to the [[Canadian War Museum]] where they can be seen as of 2010 as part of the World War I display.<ref name="Canadian War Museum p.Jaylen was there">{{harvnb|Canadian War Museum|2003|p=}}</ref> While researching his 2005 novel ''[[Three Day Road]]'', Boyden was asked about why he thought that Pegahmagabow had not received a higher award like the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] or the [[Victoria Cross]]. Boyden speculated it was due to Pegahmagabow being a First Nations soldier, and that there may have been jealousy on the part of some officers who he felt might have been suspicious of the number of Germans Pegahmagabow claimed to have shot because he did not use an observer while sniping.<ref name="Wyile pp. 225-237">{{harvnb|Wyile|2007|pp=225–237}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Canadian Armed Forces|World War I}}
*[[Tommy Prince]] (October 25, 1915 – November 25, 1977) was one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers, serving in World War II and the [[Korean War]].

==Footnotes==

{{Notelist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Notes'''

{{reflist|30em}}

'''References'''

{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
*{{cite web|ref = harv|last = Bethune|first = Brian|date = May 30, 2005|url = http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20050527_180400_6736|title = Windigo in the First World War|publisher = [[Maclean's]]|accessdate = May 15, 2010|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403021053/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20050527_180400_6736|archivedate = April 3, 2012|df = }}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Brownlie|first=Robin | authorlink = | title = A Fatherly Eye: Indian Agents, Government Power, and Aboriginal Resistance in Ontario, 1918–1939|edition=2003|year=2003| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]| isbn= 978-0-19-541784-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sF5Cey6p-bcC&lpg=PP1&dq=A%20Fatherly%20Eye%3A%20Indian%20Agents%2C%20Government%20Power%2C%20and%20Aboriginal%20Resistance%20in%20Ontario%2C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 204 
*{{cite web|ref=harv |date=August 2006 |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/3crpg/eng/stories/06aug01-eng.html |title=Ranger headquarters named after Canada's most decorated aboriginal soldier |publisher=[[Canadian Forces]] |accessdate=May 11, 2010 |last=Canadian Forces |first= |authorlink=Canadian Forces |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610130431/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/3crpg/eng/stories/06aug01-eng.html |archivedate=June 10, 2011 }}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/other/native/peaceful|title = Native Soldiers – Foreign Battlefields – A Peaceful Man|publisher = [[Veterans Affairs Canada]]| accessdate = May 11, 2010 | last=Veterans Affairs Canada| first= |authorlink =Veterans Affairs Canada}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv| last=Canadian War Museum| first= |date= August 27, 2003|url = http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/media/press-releases/year-2003/cpl-francis-pegahmagabows-medals-donated-to-the-canadian-war-museum|title = Cpl. Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals donated to the Canadian War Museum|publisher = pub| accessdate = May 15, 2010 |authorlink =Canadian War Museum}}
* {{cite web
|last = Drainie
|first = Bronwyn
|title = Review: ''Three Day Road''
|date = March 2015
|website = [[Quill & Quire]]
|url = http://www.quillandquire.com/review/three-day-road/
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150314184058/http://www.quillandquire.com/review/three-day-road
|archivedate = 2015-03-14
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Hayes|first=Adrian | authorlink = | title = Parry Sound: Gateway to Northern Ontario|edition=2005|year=2005| publisher = Dundurn Press Ltd| isbn= 978-1-896219-91-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn21iNJ2utcC&lpg=PP1&dq=Parry%20Sound%3A%20Gateway%20to%20Northern%20Ontario&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 253 
*{{cite book |ref=harv| last = Hayes|first= Adrian | authorlink = | title = Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero|edition= 2003|year=2003|pages= | publisher = Fox Meadow Creations| isbn= 978-0-9681452-8-9}}- Total pages: 95 
* {{cite web
|last = Hele
|first = Karl
|title = Francis Pegahmagabow: controversial hero
|website = [[Anishinabek News]]
|date = 2014-05-28
|url = http://anishinabeknews.ca/2014/05/28/francis-pegahmagabow-controversial-hero/
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412215437/http://anishinabeknews.ca/2014/05/28/francis-pegahmagabow-controversial-hero/
|archivedate = 2015-04-12
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite web
|last = Koennecke
|first = Franz M.
|title = Francis Pegahmagabow
|date = 2008
|url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-pegahmagabow/
|accessdate = 2016-06-23
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv| last=Mackey| first= Doug |date= December 12, 2003|url = http://www.pastforward.ca/perspectives/dec_122003.htm|title = Legendary Soldier – Native Leader |work =Community Voices|publisher = Past Forward| accessdate = July 7, 2010 }}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Pegler|first=Martin | authorlink = | title = Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper|edition=2006|year=2006| publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]]| isbn= 978-1-84603-140-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mkh931pIugC&lpg=PP1&dq=Out%20of%20Nowhere%3A%20A%20History%20of%20the%20Military%20Sniper&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 352 
* {{cite web
|last = Powers
|first = Lucas
|website = CBC News
|title = WW I hero Francis Pegahmagabow given Aboriginal Day honour
|date = 2016-06-21
|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/francis-pegahmagabow-aboriginal-day-1.3644513
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160622004630/http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/francis-pegahmagabow-aboriginal-day-1.3644513
|archivedate = 2016-06-22
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Schmalz|first=Peter S.| authorlink = | title = The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario|edition=1991|year=1991| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]| isbn= 978-0-8020-6778-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=espKE9_839wC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Ojibwa%20of%20Southern%20Ontario&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 334 
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Wyile|first=Herb | authorlink = | title = Speaking in The Past Tense: Canadian Novelists on Writing Historical Fiction|edition=2007|year=2007| publisher = [[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]| isbn= 978-0-88920-511-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODt1FIL2lrwC&lpg=PR8&dq=Speaking%20in%20The%20Past%20Tense%3A%20Canadian%20Novelists%20on%20Writing%20Historical%20Fiction&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true}} - Total pages: 327 
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book
|last = Hayes
|first = Adrian
|title = Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior
|year = 2009
|publisher = [[Blue Butterfly Books]]
|isbn = 978-0-97849-829-0}}

*McInnes, Brian D ''Sounding Thunder: The Stories of Francis Pegahmagabow'', 2016, Michigan State University Press

==External links==
*[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e.php?image_url=http://data2.archives.ca/cef/gpc013/571983a.gif&id_nbr=572634 Francis Pegahmagabow's attestation paper]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|date= August 29, 2003|url = http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/treasure/280eng.shtml|title = Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals|work = [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]|publisher = civilization.ca| accessdate = May 11, 2010 | last=Civilization.ca| first= }}

{{WWISniper|state=collapsed}}

{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pegahmagabow, Francis}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Indigenous military personnel]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:Ojibwe people]]
[[Category:Political office-holders of Indigenous governments in Canada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]

Josh Mathews

2017-02-26T02:57:07Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2600:1014:B005:4EF4:D16C:5CA0:17AE:8D5F (talk): Not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (...

{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Josh Mathews
|image = Josh_Mathews_2010.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Mathews in November 2010
|birthname = Joshua Lomberger
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Rue DeBona]]|2006|2008|reason=div}}
{{marriage|[[Madison Rayne]]|2015|}}
|names = '''Josh Mathews'''<ref name="WWEProfile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/joshmathews|title=Josh Mathews Bio|accessdate=December 9, 2010|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}<ref name="WWEProfile"/>
|weight = {{convert|143|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="OWOW"/>
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|11|25}}<ref name="OWOW"/>
|birth_place = [[Sea Isle City, New Jersey]], U.S.<ref name="OWOW"/>
|resides = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S.
|billed = Sea Isle City, New Jersey<ref name="WWEProfile"/>
|trainer = [[Al Snow]] [[Jacqueline Moore]] [[Tazz]] [[Tori (wrestler)|Tori]]
|debut = 2001 (wrestler)<ref name="OWOW"/> 2006 (commentator)
|retired = 2006 (wrestler)
}}
'''Joshua "Josh" Lomberger'''<ref name="OWOW">{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/bios/j/josh-mathews/|title=Josh Mathews Profile|accessdate=April 21, 2008|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> (born November 25, 1980),<ref name="OWOW"/> better known by his [[ring name]] '''Josh Mathews''', is an American professional wrestling [[Sports commentator|play by play commentator]], [[interviewer]], [[professional wrestling]] [[journalist]], former [[ring announcer]], and former [[professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] signed with [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA). He is best known for his tenure with [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE).
==Professional wrestling career==

===Tough Enough and independent circuit (2001–2002)===
Lomberger was a [[runner-up]] to [[Maven (wrestler)|Maven]] and [[Nidia Guenard|Nidia]] in the first ''[[WWE Tough Enough]]'' in 2001.<ref name="OWOW"/> After ''Tough Enough'', Lomberger gained some in-ring experience on the [[independent circuit]] and in [[Xcitement Wrestling Federation]], which was run by [[Jimmy Hart]].<ref name="OWOW"/>

===World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE===

====''Velocity'' and backstage interviewer (2002–2005)====
Lomberger was eventually hired by [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE), and began using the name Josh Mathews. In December 2002, he began appearing as the backstage interviewer for the ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]]'' [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]] and as an announcer on ''[[WWE Velocity|Velocity]]''. He also hosted the WWE webcast ''Byte This!'' after [[Kevin Kelly (announcer)|Kevin Kelly]] was released. He later hosted several shows on WWE's official website, including ''Weekly Top 5'', ''The WWE Experience'', and ''[[WWE After Burn|After Burn]]''.<ref name="WWEProfile"/> In 2003 Mathews also stood in for [[Tony Chimel]] as ring announcer for "Smackdown!".

In 2004, Mathews was given some limited ring time on ''SmackDown!'' when [[John "Bradshaw" Layfield]] slapped Mathews for not showing respect to Layfield's chief of staff [[Orlando Jordan]] when he was interviewing him. He later offered and was accepted to be [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]]'s temporary partner for a [[tag team]] match on an episode of ''SmackDown!''. He and Booker ultimately won the match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/041104.html|title=WWE SmackDown! Results – November 4, 2004|date=November 4, 2004|accessdate=March 27, 2008|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> He was later assaulted by Jordan and requested from [[Professional wrestling authority figures#General managers 3|General Manager]] [[Theodore Long]] that he be given a one-on-one match against him. Booker T wanted to be at ringside during the Mathews-Jordan match, as JBL would no doubt be present, and would give Booker T an excuse to beat down JBL before their match at [[Survivor Series (2004)|Survivor Series]]. Mathews once again emerged victorious against Jordan, with some considerable help from Booker T.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/041111.html|title=WWE SmackDown! Results – November 11, 2004|date=November 4, 2004|accessdate=March 27, 2008|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> He also tried to help Booker in his WWE Championship match at the Survivor Series, but was given a ''[[Professional wrestling attacks#Lariat|Clothesline From Hell]]'' by JBL for his efforts.<ref name="WWE review">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2004/results/|title=Survivor Series 2004 results|accessdate=April 7, 2008|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> On March 31, 2005 episode of ''SmackDown!'' Mathews was attacked by [[Kurt Angle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/050331.html|title=WWE SmackDown! Results – March 31, 2005|date=November 4, 2004|accessdate=March 27, 2008|publisher=Online World Of Wrestling}}</ref> Mathews was then [[Spirit possession|possessed]] by [[The Undertaker]] on the December 9, 2005 episode of ''SmackDown!'' while interviewing [[Randy Orton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/051209.html|title=WWE SmackDown! Results – December 9, 2005|date=November 4, 2004|accessdate=March 27, 2008|publisher=Online World Of Wrestling}}</ref>

====Commentator (2006–2014)====
Mathews filled in for an absent [[Todd Grisham]] on a summer 2006 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]].'' He also hosted pre-shows for WWE [[pay-per-view]] events, and he provided [[color commentator|color commentary]] on ''[[WWE Heat|Heat]]'' from time to time before the show was cancelled in May 2008.<ref>[http://fans.wwe.com/joshmathews/blog/2008/05/28/hey_everyone Josh Mathews blog confirming final episode of Heat]</ref> He was the host of WWE.com's Weekly Top Five when it started and hosted it until April 2009 when he was replaced by Jack Korpela. During [[Todd Grisham]]'s stint as ECW commentator, Mathews replaced him as Raw's backstage interviewer. Mathews, along with [[WWE Diva]] [[Candice Michelle]] were WWE's correspondents at both the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic]] and [[2008 Republican National Convention|Republican]] [[United States presidential nominating convention|National Conventions]] in an effort to encourage WWE fans to register to vote for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 Presidential election]].<ref name="OWOW"/>

On the April 7, 2009, episode of ''[[ECW (WWE)|ECW]]'', Mathews was announced as the new play-by-play commentator, as the previous commentator, [[Todd Grisham]] was moved to ''SmackDown'' after [[Tazz]] departed WWE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/tazz/|title=Tazz's Alumni WWE Profile|publisher=[[WWE]]|accessdate=April 4, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422074018/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/tazz/|archivedate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/archive/04072009/mainarticle|title=Let the Chase to Backlash begin|date=April 7, 2009|accessdate=April 7, 2009|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> In addition to commentating on ECW and ECW pay-per-view matches, Mathews along with [[Matt Striker]] represented the ECW [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]] on ''[[WWE Superstars|Superstars]]'' every week starting with the inaugural episode on April 16, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jrsbarbq.com/blog/draft-thoughtsanother-von-erich-enter-ringsteamboat-put-tights-back-wgn|title=Draft Thoughts...Another Von Erich to Enter the Ring??...Steamboat to put tights back on?? WGN..|last=Ross|first=Jim|authorlink=Jim Ross|publisher=J.R.'s Family Bar-B-Q|date=April 15, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2009|quote=All three brands will be featured weekly and each brand's announcers will call their respective bouts.}}</ref> After ECW's closure, Mathews became the color commentator of ''[[WWE NXT|NXT]]''. On the April 9, 2010 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mathews was attacked with a sleeper hold by [[Dolph Ziggler]] when he was interviewing him. On December 10, Mathews officially replaced Todd Grisham as the play-by-play commentator for ''SmackDown'', commentating alongside [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael Cole]] and Striker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_45870.shtml|title=WWE News: Smackdown spoilers 12/10|last=Tucker|first=Benjamin|date=December 7, 2010|accessdate=April 3, 2015|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On the February 4, 2011, episode of ''SmackDown'', Mathews and Cole were joined by [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]], forming a three-man announce team. Mathews was replaced by [[William Regal]] as a commentator on season five of ''NXT'' in 2011.

In late 2010, Mathews often worked as the color commentator on ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' due to [[Jerry Lawler]]'s increased in-ring competition. On April 3, 2011, Mathews commentated the majority of [[WrestleMania XXVII]], though he received a 'Stone Cold Stunner' from an angered [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]], cutting his night short.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/WrestleMania27/2011/04/03/17863646.html|title=The Rock costs Cena as The Miz retains at WrestleMania XXVII|date=April 3, 2011|last=Bishop|first=Matt|accessdate=April 9, 2011|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canoe.ca|Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> The following night on ''Raw'', Mathews found himself aligned with Jerry Lawler, and against Michael Cole. He then became the alternate spokesman for the [[Anonymous Raw General Manager]], when Michael Cole was not commentating. He then using the new catchphrase "The Anonymous ''Raw'' General Manager says...", before reading each e-mail. On the April 25 episode of ''Raw'', Mathews announced that the [[Jim Ross]] and Jerry Lawler vs. Michael Cole and Jack Swagger match at [[Extreme Rules (2011)|Extreme Rules]] will be a Country Whipping match, which Cole and Swagger won. At the following pay-per-view, [[Over the Limit (2011)|Over the Limit]], Mathews supported Lawler, [[Bret Hart]] and [[Eve Torres]] in having Michael Cole kiss Lawler's foot. The following night, again as the spokesman for the anonymous Raw General Manager, Mathews read the e-mail that denied [[The Miz]]'s request for another title shot, seemingly done with [[John Cena]]. He left the ''Raw'' broadcasting table the following week, after Cole and Lawler reconciled, though he remained on the show as a backstage interviewer and backup commentator.

Mathews reunited with his former ''ECW'' and ''SmackDown'' broadcast partner Matt Striker on the November 10, 2011 episode of ''Superstars'', becoming the full-time broadcasting team. He and Striker also called the November 9, 2011 broadcast of ''NXT'', marking his second return to the show since his original run ended after season four. On the April 23, 2012 episode of ''Raw'', Mathews was throttled by [[Brock Lesnar]] after Lesnar believed Mathews had made a smart-aleck comment towards him. Later in the year, he was attacked at [[SummerSlam (2012)|SummerSlam]], this time by [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]], who was angry over being defeated by [[Daniel Bryan]]. Mathews was again attacked by Kane on the August 31, 2012 episode of ''SmackDown'' after he lost his match against [[Alberto Del Rio]].

Mathews was the play-by-play commentator of ''[[WWE Saturday Morning Slam|Saturday Morning Slam]]'' throughout the show's 2012–2013 run. He was also a commentator of ''[[WWE Main Event|Main Event]]''. On September 27, 2013, he started as commentator of ''Superstars'' with [[Tom Phillips (wrestling)|Tom Phillips]].<ref name="pwinsider.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=80551|title=WWE Superstars report: Tag team action; who replaces Tony Dawson on commentary?|last=Trionfo|first=Richard|date=September 27, 2013|accessdate=April 3, 2015|publisher=PWInsider}}</ref> On the October 18, 2013 episode of ''SmackDown'', Alberto Del Rio attacked Mathews while threatening [[John Cena]] about what he was going to do to him in [[Hell in a Cell (2013)|Hell in a Cell]]. On June 25, 2014, Mathews was released from WWE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/86520/longtime-wwe-announcer-gone-from-company.html|title=Longtime WWE announcer gone from the company|date=June 25, 2014 |accessdate=June 25, 2014 |publisher=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref>

===Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2014–present)===
[[File:Pope and Mathews.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Mathews (right) commentating with [[D'Angelo Dinero]] in October 2015.]]
After being released from WWE, it was reported that Lomberger had signed with [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA) to work in their offices in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/88475/josh-mathews-update.html?p=1|title=Josh Mathews update|last=Johnson|first=Mike|date=September 24, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2015|publisher=PWInsider}}</ref> Throughout November and December, Mathews appeared in an episode of #ImWithSpud Wednesday on TNA's [[YouTube]] channel. In December 2014, TNA confirmed that Mathews would take [[Mike Tenay]]'s place when it debuts on [[Destination America]]. In January 2015, Mathews was the lead announcer of ''[[Impact Wrestling]]'' alongside Taz.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Namako|first1=Jason|title=Mike Tenay's new TNA role revealed in press release|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/tna-news/52183-mike-tenay-s-new-tna-role-revealed-in-press-release|publisher=WrestleView|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> On June 3, 2015, [[D'Angelo Dinero]] officially joined Mathews as his broadcast for partner ''Impact Wrestling''.

==Personal life==
Lomberger was previously married to former WWE Afterburn host [[Rue DeBona]]. In August 2015, Lomberger married [[TNA Knockout]] Ashley Simmons, best known by her ring name [[Madison Rayne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnainsider.com/2015/09/5686/|title=TNA EMPLOYEES GET MARRIED!|website=[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling|TNA]]|author=Rodgers, Ciaran|date=September 2, 2015|accessdate=September 3, 2015}}</ref>

Matthews, along with [[Dave Batista|Batista]], [[Shelton Benjamin]], and [[Candice Michelle]], represented WWE at the [[2008 Democratic National Convention]] in an effort to persuade fans to register to vote in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 Presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/overtheropes/wweconventions08/conventionspreview|title=WWE at the Democratic and Republican National Conventions|access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
{{Commons category|Josh Mathews}}
*{{WWE superstar|joshmathews}}
*[http://members.tripod.com/~ALSNOWSHEAD/joshinview.html Interview about ''Tough Enough'']
{{TNA roster}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathews, Josh}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sea Isle City, New Jersey]]
[[Category:American male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling announcers]]
[[Category:Tough Enough contestants]]

Japanophilie

2017-02-20T03:30:43Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Thezumnog (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], {{aka}} Koizumi Yakumo, a notable scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' refers to the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people or history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=200|publisher= Merriam-Webster|quote= one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"Nihon"|日本}}). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time.

==History==
===Early usage===

The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries before Japan became more open to foreign trade. [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|year=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-6040-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|year=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0-9742618-1-5|page=25}}</ref> [[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lafcadio Hearn|first= Heather|last= Hale|newspaper=Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine|date=September 1990|url= http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210917/http://japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139 |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref>

===20th century===

In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest however, ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings
|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2924-7|page=25}}</ref>

===21st century===

In the early 2000s, words associating themselves with [[Japanese popular culture]] have acquired derogatory connotations. The term '''wapanese''' (from ''white Japanese'', or possibly also ''wannabe Japanese'') first came out in 2002 as a term used to describe a white person who is obsessed with Japanese culture, which includes [[manga]], [[hentai]] and [[anime]]. The term '''weeaboo''' (or ''weeb'' later, compare ''[[wikt:dweeb|dweeb]]'') came from a comic strip created by [[Nicholas Gurewitch]] in which the term had no meaning other than it was something unpleasant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japanpowered.com/otaku-culture/am-i-a-weeaboo-what-does-weeaboo-mean-anyway|title=Am I a Weeaboo? What does Weeaboo Mean Anyway?|publisher=Japan Powered|author=Chris Kincaid|date=2015-08-30|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> According to an unpublished MA thesis, [[4chan]] quickly picked up the word, and applied it in an abusive way in place of the already existing wapanese term.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Jesse Christian|title=Japanese animation in America and its fans|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> It is debatable whether ''weeaboo'' has the same meaning as the Japanese term ''[[otaku]]'' (people with obsessive interests). ''Frog-kun'' from [[Crunchyroll]] states that the meaning of the word ''Otaku'' is hindered by [[cultural appropriation]], and that some [[Western culture|westerners]] believe that it can only be used to describe a Japanese person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2016/08/22/feature-found-in-translation-the-evolution-of-the-word-otaku-part-1|title=FEATURE: Found in Translation - The Evolution of the Word “Otaku” [PART 1]|publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|author=Frog-kun|date=August 22, 2016|accessdate=August 26, 2016}}</ref> In a blog post on [[Anime News Network]], Justin Sevakis gives a difference between the two, saying that there is nothing wrong with loving Japanese culture. He points out that a person only becomes a ''weeaboo'' when they start to be obnoxious, immature, and ignorant about the culture they love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2014-08-22/.77818|title=Nobody Loves the Weeaboo|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|author=Justin Sevakis|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Rocket News 24 did a number of interviews with Japanese citizens asking them what they thought of "weeaboos". A "general consensus" was that they felt that any foreign interest in Japan was a good thing, and that ignorance might over time become understanding of their culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/07/what-do-japanese-people-think-of-weeaboos%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/|title=What do Japanese people think of “weeaboos”?【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 7, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/21/japanese-people-react-to-weeaboo-cringe-videos-on-youtube/|title=Japanese people react to “weeaboo cringe videos” on YouTube【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 21, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanization]]
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Japan Expo]]
* [[Anime and manga fandom]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
* [[Taiwanese Wave]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Nördliche Kaskadenkette

2017-02-20T03:11:25Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 47.144.112.217 (talk): Editing tests (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Redirect|Canadian Cascades|the volcanic arc that extends into the [[Coast Mountains]]|Canadian Cascade Arc}}
{{Infobox mountain range
| name=North Cascades
| other_name=Canadian Cascades
| photo=File:Mount Shuksan tarn.jpg
| photo_caption=[[Mount Shuksan]], one of the most picturesque peaks of the North Cascades
| country=Canada
| country1=United States
| region_type=[[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]/[[U.S. state|State]]
| region=British Columbia
| region1=[[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
| parent=[[Cascade Range]]
| area=
| border=
| geology=
| period=
| orogeny=
| length_mi=270
| length_orientation=North-South
| width_mi=150
| width_orientation=East-West
| highest=Mount Baker
| elevation_ft=10781
| map=South BC-NW USA-reliefNorthCdnCascades.png
| map_caption=Location map of the North Cascades and the Canadian Cascades}}

The '''North Cascades''' are a section of the [[Cascade Range]] of western [[North America]]. They span the border between the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Provinces of Canada|province]] of [[British Columbia]] and the [[U.S. state]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] and are officially named in the U.S. and Canada <ref>http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/search?q=Cascade+mountains&category=O&sort-field=</ref>as the '''Cascade Mountains'''.<ref>{{Cite bcgnis|id=39350 |title=Cascade Mountains}}</ref> The portion in Canada is known to Americans as the '''Canadian Cascades''', a designation that also includes the mountains above the east bank of the [[Fraser Canyon]] as far north as the town of [[Lytton, British Columbia|Lytton]], at the confluence of the [[Thompson River|Thompson]] and [[Fraser River]]s.

They are predominantly non-volcanic, but include the [[stratovolcano]]es [[Mount Baker]], [[Glacier Peak]] and [[Coquihalla Mountain]], which are part of the [[Cascade Volcanoes|Cascade Volcanic Arc]].

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of the North Cascades}}
The U.S. section of the North Cascades and the adjoining [[Skagit Range]] in British Columbia are most notable for their dramatic scenery and challenging [[mountaineering]], both resulting from their steep, rugged [[topography]]. While most of the peaks are under {{convert|10000|ft|m}} in [[elevation]], the low [[valley]]s provide great local relief, often over {{convert|6000|ft|m}}. The summits of the rest of the Canadian Cascades are not glaciated in the same way and feature rock "horns" rising from plateau-like uplands, with the [[Manning Park]] and [[Cathedral Provincial Park|Cathedral Park]] areas known for their extensive [[alpine meadow]]s, as is also the case with the eastern flank of the US portion of the range. Portions of the US side of the range are protected as part of [[North Cascades National Park]].

[[File:Thornton Lakes 25932.JPG|thumb|right|Typical landscape in the western part of the North Cascades]]
The large amount of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], much of it in the form of [[snow]], and the resulting [[glacier|glaciation]], combine with the regional [[tectonic uplift|uplift]] to create a dramatic [[landscape]] in the western part of the range. Deep, [[U-shaped valley]]s carved by glaciers in [[Pleistocene]] time separate sharp ridges and peaks carved into steep shapes by more recent snow and ice.

The eastern and northernmost parts of the range are much more plateau-like in character, though in the case of the northernmost areas graven by deep valleys along the flank of the Fraser Canyon, notably that of the [[Anderson River (British Columbia)|Anderson River]].

===Extent===
[[File:Lousy Lake (Tarn) in base of Luna Cirque North Cascades Nat. Park Picket Range North Cascades, WA.jpg|thumbnail|left|The North Cascades are considered the most rugged mountain range in the contiguous United States.]]
The [[Fraser River]] and the adjoining lowland on its south bank form the northern and northwestern boundary of the range. On the east, the [[Okanogan River]] and the [[Columbia River]] bound the range in the United States, while the northeastern boundary of the range departs the Thompson via the [[Nicoamen River]] and runs via Lawless Creek, the [[Tulameen River]] and Copper Creek to the [[Similkameen River]]. On the west, the foothills of the range are separated by a narrow coastal plain from [[Puget Sound]] except along [[Chuckanut Drive]] between [[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]] and [[Mount Vernon, Washington|Mount Vernon]], where they abut the Sound directly.

[[File:Glacier Peak 7137b.jpg|thumbnail|right|Glacier Peak is the dominant feature in the southern portion of the North Cascades.]]
The southern boundary of the North Cascades is less definite. For the purposes of this article, it will be taken as [[U.S. Route 2 in Washington|U.S. Highway 2]], running over [[Stevens Pass]], or equivalently, the [[Skykomish River]], Nason Creek, and the lower [[Wenatchee River]]. This roughly follows [[Fred Beckey|Beckey's]] geologic division in ''[[Cascade Alpine Guide]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|2000|p=18}}</ref> and the definition used by Peakbagger.com.<ref>{{Cite peakbagger |rid=1250|title=North Cascades|accessdate=17 September 2010}}</ref> Sometimes the southern boundary is defined by [[Snoqualmie Pass, Washington|Snoqualmie Pass]] and the approximate route of [[Interstate 90 in Washington|Interstate 90]].<ref>[ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/wed/ecoregions/reg10/pnw_map.pdf Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of the Northwestern United States], U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division</ref> Sometimes the term "North Cascades" or "northern Cascades" is used for the entire range north of the [[Columbia River]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|2003b|pp=7–8}}</ref>

Geologically, the rocks of the North Cascades extend south beyond Stevens Pass and west into the [[San Juan Islands]]. The significance of the geologic transitions to the [[Okanagan Highland]] to the east and the [[Interior Plateau]] and [[Coast Mountains]] to the north are less agreed upon.<ref name=orr/>

===Climate===
The [[climate]] in the North Cascades varies considerably by location and elevation. The western slope of the range is wet and cool, with {{convert|60|to|250|in|m}} of precipitation per year. This produces a [[temperate rain forest]] climate in the low valleys, which then grades into [[montane]] and [[alpine climate]]s on mountain slopes and peaks. Summers are comparatively dry, with far less precipitation than in winter; sometimes the warmer eastern air and cooler western air meet at the Cascades during the summer months, and form thunderstorms. Sometimes, the storms move downwind into lowland cities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.komonews.com/news/local/Thunderstorms-light-up-the-skies-over-Puget-Sound-161758865.html |title= Thunderstorms light up the skies over Puget Sound |publisher= KOMO News, Fisher Communications |year= 2012}}</ref> The eastern slope lies in the [[rain shadow]] of the range, since prevailing winds and most moisture come from the west, and hence is significantly drier than the western side of the main divide, becoming [[semi-arid]] in the eastern lowlands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mathews|1988|pp=557–562}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=12}}</ref> As with most mountainous areas, precipitation increases dramatically with increasing elevation. As a result, there is a great deal of winter [[snow]] and [[glacier|glaciation]] in the high North Cascades.

The eastern slopes and mountain passes can receive significant snowfall. Cold Arctic air can flow south from [[British Columbia]] through the [[Okanogan River]] valley into the bowl-like basin east of the Cascades. [[Cold air damming]] causes this Arctic air to bank up along the eastern Cascade slopes, especially into the lower passes, such as [[Snoqualmie Pass]] and [[Stevens Pass]]. The milder, Pacific-influenced air moving east over the Cascades is often forced aloft by the cold air held in place in the passes due to cold air damming. As a result, the passes often receive more snow than higher areas in the Cascades. This effect makes the relatively low elevation ski resorts at Snoqualmie Pass (about {{convert|3000|ft|m}}) and Stevens Pass (about {{convert|4000|ft|m}}) possible.<ref name=mass>{{cite book |last= Mass |first= Cliff |title= The Weather of the Pacific Northwest |year= 2008 |publisher= [[University of Washington Press]] |isbn= 978-0-295-98847-4 |pages= 66–70}}</ref>

==Subranges==
[[File:Mount Degenhardt 26001.JPG|thumbnail|right|The Picket Range, located north of Hwy 20, is the most rugged subrange of the North Cascades.]]

*North Cascades
**[[Skagit Range]]
***[[Picket Range]]
**[[Chuckanut Mountains]]
**[[Entiat Mountains]]
**[[Chelan Mountains]]
**[[Methow Mountains]] (also called Sawtooth Ridge)
**[[Skagit River Group]]
*Canadian Cascades
**[[Skagit Range]]
***[[Hope Mountains]]
***[[Cheam Range]]
**[[Hozameen Range]]
***[[Bedded Range]]
**[[Okanagan Range]]
**[[Coquihalla Range]] (name is unofficial)
***[[Llamoid Group]] (name is unofficial)
***[[Anderson River Group]] (name is unofficial)

==Geology==
{{main|Geology of the Pacific Northwest}}

The bulk of the North Cascades consists of "deformed and [[metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]], structurally complex pre-[[Tertiary]] [[Rock (geology)|rocks]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1987|p=17}}</ref> These originated in diverse locations around the globe: the area is built of several ("perhaps ten or more") different [[terrane]]s of different ages and origins.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=10}}</ref> These terranes are separated by a series of ancient [[fault (geology)|fault]]s, the most significant being the Straight Creek Fault, which runs north-south from north of [[Yale, British Columbia]], through [[Hope, British Columbia|Hope]], [[Marblemount, Washington]], and down to [[Kachess Lake]] near Snoqualmie Pass. There is evidence of significant [[strike-slip fault|strike-slip]] movement on this fault in the past, with similar rocks on either side of the fault separated by dozens of miles. This is thought to be related to northward tectonic movement of the West Coast relative to the rest of North America.<ref name=nocageo>{{cite web | url=http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/noca/index.html | title=North Cascades National Park Geology: A Mountain Mosaic | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref>

Since about 35 million years ago, [[oceanic crust]] from the [[Pacific Ocean]] has been [[subduction|subducting]] under the [[continental margin]], which has formed the current [[volcano]]es as well as a number of [[igneous]] [[intrusion]]s composed of [[diorite]] and [[gabbro]].<ref name=nocageo/><ref>{{Harvnb|Mathews|1988|pp=519–520}}</ref> The current [[tectonic uplift|uplift]] of the Cascade Range began around 8 million years ago.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mathews|1988|p=522}}</ref>

[[File:Coquihalla Mountain.jpg|thumb|left|Northern flank of [[Coquihalla Mountain]]]]
Rocks similar to those in the North Cascades continue north to the vicinity of [[Mount Meager]] in the [[Coast Mountains]], where they abut the Stikinia Terrane of the Omineca-Intermontane Province that dominates the [[Interior Plateau]] of British Columbia. This geologic similarity between the North Cascades and Coast Mountains results in a fairly arbitrary boundary between the two.

In British Columbia, the western geologic boundary of the North Cascades is defined as the [[Fraser River]] as it follows the Straight Creek Fault, while in the United States the western boundary is defined by the [[Puget Trough|Puget Lowland]]s in the west, although there are significant westward extensions of rocks similar in origin to those in the North Cascades found in the [[San Juan Islands]].<ref name=orr>{{cite book |last= Orr |first= Elizabeth L. |author2=William N. Orr |title= Geology of the Pacific Northwest |year= 1996 |publisher= [[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn= 0-07-048018-4 |pages= 25, 33, 65, 89–95, 101}}</ref>

The eastern geologic boundary of the North Cascades may be marked by the Chewack-Pasayten Fault. This fault separates the easternmost portion of the North Cascades, the Methow Terrane, from the Quesnellia Terrane, one of the [[Omineca Belt|Omineca]] and [[Intermontane Belt]]s. The fault also separates the [[Methow River]] valley, part of the Methow Terrane, from the [[Okanagan Range]], part of the Quesnellia Terrane. The [[Columbia River Basalt Group]] bounds the North Cascades to the southeast.

The southern limit of what is geologically considered the "North Cascades" may variously be defined as being the southern limit of exposure of igneous and metamorphic terranes which is generally north of Snoqualmie Pass, Snoqualmie Pass itself, or [[Naches Pass]] at the White River Fault Zone.<ref name=orr/><ref name=nocamaps>{{cite web | title=Geologic maps and databases of the North Cascades 30' x 60' (1:100,000 scale) quadrangles | url=http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/pacnw/nc/index.html | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref>

===Glaciers===
[[File:Mount Baker 21700.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mount Baker]] and the upper [[Coleman Glacier (Washington)|Coleman Glacier]]]]

While [[alpine glacier]]s are a defining feature of the Cascade Range as a whole, this is especially true of the North Cascades. The stratovolcanoes (Mount Baker and Glacier Peak) are the most obviously glaciated peaks and have the largest glaciers, but many of the smaller, nonvolcanic peaks are glaciated as well. For example, the portion of the Cascades north of [[Snoqualmie Pass]] (roughly the North Cascades as defined in this article) These glaciers all retreated from 1900-1950. From 1950-1975 many but not all North Cascades glaciers advanced. Since 1975 retreat has become more rapid with all 107 glaciers monitored retreating by 1992. 2015 was an especially damaging year for Cascadian Glaciers, an estimated mass loss of five to ten percent, the single greatest loss in over 50 years.<ref>Doughton, Sandi. "'Disastrous': Low Snow, Heat Eat Away at Northwest Glaciers." The Seattle Times. Seattle Times, 08 Sept. 2015. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/disastrous-low-snow-heat-eat-away-at-northwest-glaciers/>.</ref>There are approximately 700 glaciers in the range, though some have already disappeared.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mauri|first=Pelto|work=North Cascade Glacier Climate Project|title=Death of a Glacier|url=http://www.nichols.edu/departments/glacier/deathglacier.htm}}</ref> Since a brief advancing period in the 1950s, most of these glaciers have been [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|retreating]]. This is a serious concern to [[water manager]]s in the region, as the glaciers (and the winter snowpack) form a large reservoir of [[water]]. As snow and ice melts in the summer, the resulting [[meltwater]] compensates for the seasonal decrease in precipitation. As glaciers retreat they will provide less summer runoff.

The Cascades north of Snoqualmie Pass have 756 glaciers covering {{convert|103|sqmi|km2}} of terrain. For comparison, the entire [[contiguous United States]] has about 1,100 glaciers in total, covering {{convert|205|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|2003a|p=13}}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Abies lasiocarpa 26011.JPG|thumb|right|[[Subalpine Fir]] and [[Mountain Hemlock]] above Lower Thornton Lake]]
{{main|Ecology of the North Cascades}}

The North Cascades has a diversity of plant species.<ref name=gorp>{{cite web|title=North Cascades National Park: Wildlife|work=GORP|publisher=Orbitz|first=Karen|last=Kefauver|date=15 Sep 2010|accessdate=6 June 2012|url=http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-north-cascades-national-park-wildlife-sidwcmdev_067731.html}}</ref> It contains more than 1630 [[vascular plant]] species<ref name=NPS>{{cite web|title=Plants|work=North Cascades National Park|publisher=National Park Service|date=16 May 2012|accessdate=6 June 2012|url=http://www.nps.gov/noca/naturescience/plants.htm}}</ref> There are eight distinct [[life zone]]s that support thousands of plants separately and in their own way.<ref name=NPS/> Traveling west to east through the range, one would intersect a number of distinct ecoregions, first getting higher and colder, then getting warmer, yet drier. Each of these component ecoregions can be described by either a tree [[indicator species]], or by a lack of trees: [[Western hemlock]], [[Abies amabilis|silver fir]], subalpine [[mountain hemlock]], [[Alpine tundra]], [[subalpine fir]], and [[grand fir]]/[[Douglas-fir]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kruckeberg|first=Arthur|title=The Natural History of Puget Sound Country|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1991|isbn=0-295-97477-X}}</ref>

The range also has a rich diversity of animals, including [[bald eagle]]s, [[grey wolf|wolves]], [[grizzly bear]]s, [[mountain lion]]s and [[American black bear|black bear]]s.<ref name=gorp/> The range is home to at least 75 species of mammals and 200 species of birds that either pass through or use the North Cascades for a breeding area. There are also 11 species of fish on the west side of the Cascades.<ref name=gorp/> Examples of amphibian species occurring in the North Cascades include the [[western toad]] (''Bufo boreas'') and the [[rough-skinned newt]] (''Taricha granulosa'').<ref name=Holmes>{{cite web|first1=Ashley K.|last1=Rawhouser|first2=Ronald E.|last2=Holmes|first3=Reed S.|last3=Glesne|year=2009|url=http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/nccn/reports/inventory/NCCN_NOCA_Stream_Amphibian_Inventory_2005_20090215.pdf|title=A Survey of Stream Amphibian Species Composition and Distribution in the North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington State}}</ref>

The biodiversity of the area is threatened by [[global climate change]] and invasive [[exotic plant]] species.<ref name=NPS/> These exotic plants thrive by utilizing manmade structures such as roads and trails.<ref name=NPS/> These invasive plants include the [[diffuse knapweed]] (''Centaurea diffusa'') and [[reed canary grass]] (''Phalaris arundinacea'').<ref name=invasive>{{cite web|title=Non-native plants|work=North Cascades National Park|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2012-06-06|url=http://www.nps.gov/noca/naturescience/non-native-plants.htm}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Big Log!.jpg|thumb|right|Big log in the North Cascades, 1937]]
On the United States side of the border, early inhabitants of the North Cascades included the [[Nooksack (tribe)|Nooksack]], [[Skagit (tribe)|Skagit]], and [[Sauk-Suiattle]] tribes on the west, and the [[Okanagan people]] on the eastern side, with the [[Nlaka'pamux]] people of what is now Canada claiming hunting territory in the heart of the range, south across the border into Washington. The tribes living and using the range on the Canadian side of the border are the [[Nlaka'pamux]], [[Sto:lo]] and the [[Upper Similkameen Indian Band|Upper]] and [[Lower Similkameen Indian Band|Lower Similkameen]] subgroups of the Okanagan. A now-extinct group known as the [[Nicola Athapaskans]] also inhabited and hunted in the area now occupied by the Similkameen. Many current geographic names in the region are derived from native terms, either by transliteration or translation. Beckey notes that "Many names were derived from [[Chinook Jargon]], mostly applied by the [[United States Forest Service]] from 1910 to 1940...."<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=141}}</ref>

[[Fur trader]]s entered the area in the first half of the 19th century, coming from [[Canada]] and from [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]] on the [[Columbia River]]. One of the earliest was [[Alexander Ross (fur trader)|Alexander Ross]] of the [[North West Company]], who crossed the range in the summer of 1814, probably via [[Cascade Pass]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=203}}</ref> The period of uncertainty surrounding the disputed [[Oregon Country]] gave way following partition along the 49th Parallel to a period of tentative [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] exploration in tandem with violent subjugation of Indian tribes on the American side of the frontier in the second half of the century. With the partition, the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] was forced to seek an alternative to its older [[Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail|Brigade Trail]] via the [[Okanogan River]] and the construction of a new route over the northern spine of the Canadian Cascades from the area of [[Spuzzum, British Columbia|Spuzzum]] into the valley of the [[Coldwater River (British Columbia)|Coldwater River]] to connect [[Fort Langley National Historic Site|fort Langley]] on the lower Fraser with its northern posts in [[New Caledonia (Canada)|New Caledonia]]. The route was impracticable and was soon abandoned, though more southerly routes through what is now [[Manning Park]] laid the foundations for later routes such as the [[Dewdney Trail]] and the modern [[Crowsnest Highway]] via [[Allison Pass]], and was later similar to a route via the [[Coquihalla Pass]] for its [[Kettle Valley Railway|southern mainline]]. South of the boundary, reconnaissance for possible [[railroad]] routes (none of which were viable north of the one eventually put in over Stevens Pass, at the southern edge of the North Cascades) and various mining rushes.

[[File:Klawatti Glacier USGS.jpg|thumb|left|Klawatti Glacier, [[North Cascades National Park]] (1969)]]

Miners dominated the exploration and development of the range from the 1880s through the early 20th century. For example, mines around the boomtown of [[Monte Cristo, Washington|Monte Cristo]], in the southwest portion of the North Cascades, produced "between $1 and $2.7 million in silver and gold".<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=27}}</ref> The [[Holden Village, Washington|Holden Mine]], on the east side of the main divide, produced 106,000 tons of copper and 600,000 ounces of gold.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beckey|1996|p=140}}</ref> Discovery of gold by American prospectors on the banks of the [[Thompson River]] at its confluence with the [[Nicoamen River]], at the northern tip of the range, helped trigger the [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush]] of 1858-1860 which in turn prompted the declaration of the [[Colony of British Columbia]] to affirm British possession of territories north of the 49th Parallel. The Fraser rush led to exploration of the Cascades to the east of the canyon and in the valley of the [[Similkameen River]], with minor rushss in the area of [[Princeton, British Columbia]] in 1859 through the early 1860s and the creation of non-native towns (on top of much older native ones) at [[Boston Bar, British Columbia|Boston Bar]], [[Lytton, British Columbia|Lytton]] and [[Hope, British Columbia|Hope]], as well as Princeton.

Early settlers also arrived in the foothills of the North Cascades in the latter half of the 19th century, and utilized the range in a limited way as a source of timber and grazing land. However, the range is so rugged that this exploitation was less dramatic than in other more gentle landscapes.

Early recreational use of the range included expeditions by the local [[mountaineering|climbing]] clubs, [[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]] and [[The Mazamas]]. However even these groups did not fully explore the inner reaches of the range and ascend the most difficult peaks until the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1970s, that most peaks were climbed in the most isolated areas. Making it one of the last explored ranges in the Lower 48.

==Climbing==

The North Cascades are often referred as the "American Alps" by hikers, climbers and mountaineers because of the sea of steep, jagged peaks that span across the range. This range's rugged approaches and exceptional alpine terrain make it a premiere training ground for mountain climbers.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.fs.usda.gov/activity/mbs/recreation/climbing/?recid=17520&actid=38
| work = Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest | title = Mountain Climbing
| publisher = U.S. Forest Service
| accessdate = 2014-02-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cascade Range]]
* [[Ptarmigan Traverse]]
* [[Methow, Washington]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|25em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Beckey|first=Fred|authorlink=Fred Beckey|title=[[Cascade Alpine Guide]]|volume=1|edition=2nd|publisher=[[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]]|year=1987|ref=harv|isbn=0-89886-152-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Beckey|first=Fred|authorlink=Fred Beckey|title=[[Cascade Alpine Guide]]|volume=2|edition=2nd|publisher=[[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]]|year=1996|ref=harv|isbn=0-89886-152-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Beckey|first=Fred|authorlink=Fred Beckey|title=[[Cascade Alpine Guide]]|volume=3|edition=2nd|publisher=[[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]]|year=1995|ref=harv|isbn=0-89886-152-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Beckey |first= Fred |authorlink= Fred Beckey |title= Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes: Columbia River to Stevens Pass |edition= 3rd |year= 2000 |publisher= [[The Mountaineers (club)|The Mountaineers]] |isbn= 978-0-89886-577-6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BHK2xoJhlVoC|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last= Beckey |first= Fred |authorlink= Fred Beckey |title= [[Cascade Alpine Guide]]: Climbing and High Routes: Stevens Pass to Rainy Pass |edition= 3rd |year= 2003a |publisher= [[The Mountaineers (club)|The Mountaineers]] |isbn= 0-89886-423-2 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last= Beckey |first= Fred |authorlink= Fred Beckey |title= Range of Glaciers: The Exploration and Survey of the Northern Cascade Range |publisher= Oregon Historical Society Press |year= 2003b |isbn= 0-87595-243-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Mathews|title=Cascade Olympic Natural History: A Trailside Reference|publisher=Raven Editions|year=1988|ref=harv|isbn=0-9620782-1-2}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|North Cascades}}
{{commons category|North Cascades}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|The North Cascade Loop}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/noca/ Official '''North Cascades National Park''' website] — ''including the Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas''.

[[Category:North Cascades| ]]
[[Category:Cascade Range|.]]
[[Category:North Cascades of Washington (state)| ]]
[[Category:Canadian Cascades| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Washington (state)|Cascades north]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of British Columbia|Cascades north]]

IMO-Nummer

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Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 119.30.38.198 (talk): Unexplained removal of content (HG) (3.1.20)

[[File:IMO 8814275.jpg|thumb|"IMO 8814275" on ''[[Eendracht (1989 ship)|Eendracht]]'']]
[[File:Ropes winch.JPG|thumb|Stern of "Evangelia" displaying "IMO 9176187" and [[home port|port of registry]] ("Majuro"). In addition to the current name parts of the ship's former names are visible: "Cornelie Oldendorff" and "Asia Melody". The ship's current name is "Evangelia" (as of 2007)]]

The '''[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) number''' is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the [[SOLAS Convention]] to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner.

== Ship Identification Number ==
The ship number consists of the three letters "IMO" followed by a unique seven-digit number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the [[International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea]] (SOLAS).<ref name="IMO circular 1886">{{cite web|title=IMO identification number scheme|url=http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Safety/implementation/pages/imo-identification-number-scheme.aspx|publisher=International Maritime Organization|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref>

=== History ===
In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A.600(15), "aimed at enhancing maritime safety, and pollution prevention and to facilitate the prevention of maritime fraud" by assigning to each ship a permanent identification number which would continue despite any subsequent change in the vessel's name, ownership or flag.

When made mandatory, through SOLAS regulation XI/3 adopted in 1994 and which came into force on 1 January 1996, it was applied to cargo vessels that are at least 300 [[Gross tonnage|gross tons]] (gt) and passenger vessels of at least 100 gt.<ref name="IMO circular 1886" />

In the SOLAS Convention "cargo ships" means "ships which are not passenger ships".<ref>{{cite web|title=Amendments to SOLAS Conventions|url=http://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/tech_info/tech_img/T505e.pdf|publisher=Class NK|accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> The IMO scheme does not however apply to:
* Vessels solely engaged in fishing
* Ships without mechanical means of propulsion
* Pleasure yachts
* Ships engaged on special service (e.g. [[lightvessel|lightships]], [[Search and rescue|SAR]] vessels)
* [[Hopper barge]]s
* [[Hydrofoil]]s, [[Hovercraft|air cushion vehicles]]
* [[Floating dry dock|Floating docks]] and structures classified in a similar manner
* Ships of war and troopships
* Wooden ships<ref name="IMO circular 1886" />

[[File:Heliport Ferry Finnmaid Baltic Sea 20100917.JPG|thumb|"IMO 9319466" on the helideck of [[Star class ferry#M.2FS Finnmaid|M/S ''Finnmaid'']]]]

In December 2002, the [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code|Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security]] adopted a number of measures aimed at enhancing security of ships and port facilities. This included a modification to SOLAS Regulation XI-1/3 to require ships' identification numbers to be permanently marked in a visible place either on the ship's hull or superstructure as well as internally and on the ship's certificates. Passenger ships should also carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air.<ref name="IMO circular 1886" />

=== Assignment and Structure ===
When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by [[Lloyd's Register]] since 1963.<ref name="LR-IMO2">{{cite web |url=http://info.lr.org/l/12702/2016-07-08/32s57r/12702/146368/45_IMO_nos.pdf |title=Infosheet No. 45: Lloyd's Register/International Maritime Organisation Numbers |publisher=Lloyd's Register |date=11 July 2012 |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by [[IHS Inc.|IHS]] [[Fairplay (magazine)|Fairplay]] (previously Lloyd's Register-Fairplay).<ref name="IMO circular 1886" />

For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, generally upon keel laying. Many vessels which fall outside the mandatory requirements of SOLAS have numbers allocated by Lloyd's Register or IHS Fairplay in the same numerical series, including fishing vessels<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/18021/en |title=Unique Vessel Identifier (UVI) - Global Record |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref> and commercial yachts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihsfairplay.com/about/imo_standards/imo_standards.html |title=Setting Industry Standards |publisher=IHS Fairplay |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref>

The IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters "IMO" followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a [[check digit]]. The integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of ''2'' to ''7'' corresponding to their position from right to left. The rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO 907472'''9''': (9×''7'') + (0×''6'') + (7×''5'') + (4×''4'') + (7×''3'') + (2×''2'') = 13'''9'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tarkistusmerkit.teppovuori.fi/coden.htm |title=How to compute check characters for Coden and IMO Number |work=Teppovuori.fi |first=Teppo |last=Vuori |date=21 August 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lrit.emsa.europa.eu/lritdb/UserManual/index.html?errormessagestable.htm |title=Error messages table |work=LRIT DB User Manual |publisher=European Maritime Safety Agency |accessdate=20 March 2013}}</ref>

== Company and Registered Owner Identification Number ==

In May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=IMO International Convention Calendar|url=http://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/en/imo_conv_schedule/conv_schedule_list.aspx?List_Category=2.%20SECURITY|publisher=Class NK|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=25 December 2012}}</ref>

The Regulation provides that every ship owner and management company shall have a unique identification number and other amendments require these numbers to be added to the relevant certificates and documents in the [[International Safety Management Code]] (ISM) and the [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code]] (ISPS).<ref name="IMO circular 1886" /> Like the IMO ship number, the company identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO. For example, for the ship ''Atlantic Star'', IMO 5304986 refers to the ship manager [[Pullmantur Cruises]] Ship Management Ltd and IMO 5364264 to her registered owner, Pullmantur Cruises Empress Ltd.<ref>{{csr|register=E|id=8024026|shipname=Atlantic Star|accessdate=2013-03-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Nautical}}
*[[Maritime Mobile Service Identity]], used globally as a national alternate to the IMO number
*[[ENI number]], a comparable system for European barges and other inland waterway vessels

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ships by IMO number}}
* [http://www.imonumbers.lrfairplay.com/ IMO Number Requests by IHS Maritime] (free registration required)
* [http://www.shipfinder.org/ Shipfinder Online by IHS Maritime] (subscription required)
* [http://www.equasis.org/ Equasis.org] (free registration required)
* [http://www.marinetraffic.com/ Marinetraffic.com] (no registration)
* [http://www.vesselfinder.com/ Vesselfinder.com] (no registration)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imo Number}}
[[Category:IMO Number| ]]
[[Category:International Maritime Organization]]
[[Category:Law of the sea]]
[[Category:Ship identification numbers]]
[[Category:Ship registration]]

Bobby Blake

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{{Infobox adult biography
| name = Bobby Blake
| image=
| birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]]
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|8|11|mf=yes}}
| birth_name =
| spouse = Ronald Fraser
| death_date =
| height =
| weight = 235 lb
| alias =
| films =
| number of films = 107 (per IAFD)<ref name=IAFD>{{Iafd name|BobbyBlake|m|Bobby Blake}}. Retrieved on 2007-12-14.</ref>
| website =
| years_active = ?–2000)
}}
'''Bobby Blake''' (born August 11, 1957 in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]) is an [[African-American]] retired [[List of African-American pornographic actors|gay pornographic film actor]].

==Biography==

Blake appeared in over 100 releases.<ref name=IAFD />

Bobby Blake was a [[life partner|long time partner]] with [[Flex-Deon Blake]]. Bobby actually referred Flex-Deon to the producer Edward James, and secured the introduction of Flex-Deon to the adult industry.<ref name="See Owen Keehnen p. 90">See Owen Keehnen, ''More Starz'', 90–2, esp. 90.</ref> Bobby Blake has told the story of their relationship in his book, ''My Life in Porn''.<ref name="John R. Gordon 2008">See Bobby Blake with John R. Gordon, ''My Life in Porn: The Bobby Blake Story'' (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2008).</ref>

;As a subject of Gay Studies
The film ''[[Niggas' Revenge]]'', and Flex-Deon Blake's role in it, have become the subject of academic discussion. In his book, ''Unlimited Intimacy: Reflections on the Subculture of Barebacking'', Tim Dean, a professor at the [[University at Buffalo]], treats ''Niggas' Revenge'' in detail because of the way in which it fetishizes the simultaneous transgression of a number of taboos, all in order, Dean argues, to “conjure the transgressive charge of unprotected [[anal sex]] among gay men.”<ref>Tim Dean, ''Unlimited Intimacy: Reflections on the Subculture of Barebacking'' (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 157.</ref> The representation of interracial sex, rape, violence, and incest (between Chris Blake and Bobby Blake) is enhanced by what Dean calls Flex-Deon Blake’s "phallicized" appearance.

==Autobiography: ''My Life in Porn''==
Bobby Blake has written the book ''[[My Life in Porn|My Life in Porn: The Bobby Blake Story]]'' co-written by Blake and [[John R. Gordon]] and published by the Running Press of Philadelphia in 2008. In his autobiography, he talks extensively about his youth and experiences in the adult film industry. In one of the closing chapters entitled "Prodigal Returns", Blake depicts himself in biblical terms as the "prodigal son" who "had to leave [his] church and the place of [his] birth and go out there in the far country."<ref name="Gordon">Blake, p. 9.</ref> However, he continues, "in all the years I was working in the adult entertainment business, I never turned my back on God or the Bible teachings I had grown up with."<ref name="Gordon" /> Blake emphasizes that he has no regrets about his lifestyle, interpreting it as part of God's plan for him: "Now that it's over, I can accept that that journey was all part of God's plan for me."<ref>Blake, p. 277.</ref>

==Personal life==
{{update|section|date=January 2014}}

In his personal life, Bobby Blake was the long-term partner of [[Flex-Deon Blake]], another well-known black gay pornographic actor. It was Bobby Blake who, by referring Flex-Deon to the producer Edward James, introduced his partner to the adult industry.<ref name="See Owen Keehnen p. 90"/> Bobby Blake has told the story of their relationship in his book, ''My Life in Porn''.<ref name="John R. Gordon 2008"/>

==Bibliography==
*Bobby Blake and John R. Gordon, ''[[My Life in Porn]]'', [[Running Press]] Book Publishers, June 9, 2008, 280p. (ISBN 978-0-786-72096-5)

== Filmography ==
(Partial listing)
* ''Get Hooked on This''
* ''Black Workout 10''
* ''Black Sex Party #3''
* ''Black Ballers''
* ''Black Ballers 2''
* ''Black Power''
* ''The Underboss''
* ''[[Niggas' Revenge]]'' (2001)

== See also ==

*[[List of male performers in gay porn films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

*{{cite news|author=Herndon L. Davis |title=Jesus, Porn and Gay Marriage: The Life of Rev. Bobby Blake |url=http://www.gaywired.com/article.cfm?section=114&id=17308 |work=GayWired.com |date=2007-11-23 |accessdate=2007-12-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211034440/http://www.gaywired.com:80/article.cfm?section=114&id=17308 |archivedate=2008-12-11 |df= }}
*{{cite news|title=Stripped of funding: officials say porn star Bobby Blake was paid with federal funds to strip – AIDS |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_2002_Dec_10/ai_95206707 |work=[[The Advocate]] |date=2002-12-10|accessdate=2007-12-14 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*{{cite news|author=Ari Bendersky |title=AIDS group leaders fired over porn flap |url=http://www.planetout.com/news/article-print.html?2002/11/07/2 |publisher=[[PlanetOut]] |date=2002-11-07 |accessdate=2007-12-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628103608/http://www.planetout.com/news/article-print.html?2002/11/07/2 |archivedate=June 28, 2004 }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0086495|Bobby Blake}}
* {{iafd name|id=BobbyBlake|gender=male|name=Bobby Blake}}
* {{afdb name|id=5992|gender=male|name=Bobby Blake}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211043722/http://www.brightcove.tv:80/title.jsp?title=1254116099&channel=1243585462 Interview] with Clay Cane '''(audio)'''
* [http://bananation.blogspot.com/2007/11/bobby-blake-exclusive-interview.html Interview] at Bananation

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blake, Bobby}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:American actors in gay pornographic films]]
[[Category:African-American pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Pornographic film actors from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Male pornographic film actors]]
[[Category:LGBT African Americans]]

Patrick Mahomes

2017-02-15T00:58:40Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 24.241.255.66 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{distinguish2|his father, [[Pat Mahomes]]}}

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Patrick Mahomes II
|image=
|caption=
|school=Texas Tech Red Raiders
|currentnumber=5
|currentposition=[[Quarterback]]
|class=[[Junior (education)|Junior]]
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1995|9|17}}
|birth_place=[[Tyler, Texas]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight_lbs=230
|highschool=[[Whitehouse High School|Whitehouse (TX)]]
|pastschools=
* [[Texas Tech]] (2014–2016)
|bowlgames=
* [[2015 Texas Bowl]]
|highlights=
* [[Sammy Baugh Trophy]] (2016)
* [[Academic All-American]] 2nd Team (2016)
* Second-team All-[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] (2016)
* Honorable Mention All-[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] (2015)
* [[NCAA]] record 819 total yards in a game
* [[NCAA]] record 734 passing yards in a game (tied)
|espn=3139477
}}
'''Patrick Lavon Mahomes II''' (born September 17, 1995) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech Red Raiders]].

==Early years==
Mahomes attended [[Whitehouse High School]] in [[Whitehouse, Texas]]. He played football, baseball and basketball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/southwest/story/texas-tech-all-around-athlete-might-be-next-sports-superstar-051514|title=Texas Tech's all-around athlete might be next sports superstar|first=Louis Ojeda|last=Jr.|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> In football, he had 4,619 passing yards, 50 passing [[touchdowns]], 948 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns as a senior. In baseball, he threw a [[no-hitter]] with 16 strikeouts in a game his senior year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2014/03/texas-tech-qb-signee-patrick-mahomes-tosses-no-hitter-strikes-out-16.html/|title=Texas Tech QB signee Patrick Mahomes tosses no-hitter, strikes out 16 - SportsDay|date=13 March 2014|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He was named the [[Maxpreps]] Male Athlete of the Year for 2013–2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/news/dJAm2QmJnEGOQkPOoNoNIQ/maxpreps-2013-14-male-athlete-of-the-year--patrick-mahomes.htm|title=MaxPreps 2013-14 Male Athlete of the Year: Patrick Mahomes - MaxPreps|date=18 June 2014|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref>

Mahomes was a rated by [[Rivals.com]] as a three-star football recruit and was ranked as the 12th best [[dual-threat quarterback]] in his class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/player-Patrick-Mahomes-140780|title=Rivals.com|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He committed to [[Texas Tech University]].<ref>[http://www.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/Texas-Tech-gets-top-instate-QB-Mahomes-32747291 Texas Tech gets Mahomes, top in-state QB]</ref> Mahomes was also a top prospect for the [[2014 Major League Baseball Draft]], but was not expected to be selected high due to his commitment to Texas Tech.<ref>[http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/college-sports/texas-tech-red-raiders/20140605-texas-tech-or-mlb-qb-pat-maholmes-may-face-tough-call-this-weekend.ece Texas Tech or MLB: QB Pat Mahomes may face tough call this weekend]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/filed-online/2014-02-06/kingsbury-keeping-fingers-crossed-regarding-mahomes-uncertain-plans#.VMm4U9LF-So|title=Kingsbury keeping fingers crossed regarding Mahomes' uncertain plans|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/filed-online/2014-06-06/tech-signee-mahomes-undrafted-through-10-rounds-says-hes-moving-lubbock#.VMm4JNLF-So|title=Mahomes: No MLB team will offer enough on draft day 3 to keep him from Tech|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He would be selected by the [[Detroit Tigers]] in the 37th round, but would not sign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/filed-online/2014-06-07/tigers-take-mahomes-37th-round#.VMm46tLF-So|title=Tigers take Mahomes in 37th round|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/11308912/baseball-blood-keep-shane-buechele-patrick-mahomes-college-football|title=Sayles: Baseball's in their blood, but they're picking football|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref>

==College career==
===Freshman===
Mahomes entered his freshman season as a backup to [[Davis Webb]]. Mahomes saw his first career action against [[2014 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team|Oklahoma State]] after Webb left the game with an injury, completing two of five passes for 20 yards with one touchdown and an [[interception]]. After Webb was again injured, Mahomes started his first career game against [[2014 Texas Longhorns football team|Texas]].<ref>[http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2014/11/texas-tech-freshman-patrick-mahomes-to-start-against-texas-davis-webb-on-crutches.html/ Texas Tech freshman Patrick Mahomes to start against Texas; Davis Webb on crutches]</ref> He completed 13 of 21 passes for 109 yards in the game. Mahomes would remain the starter for the final three games after that. Against [[2014 Baylor Bears football team|Baylor]], he threw for a [[Big 12]] freshman record 598 yards with six touchdowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2014/12/01/texas-tech-mahomes-sets-big-12-freshman-record-with-his-58-yards-passing-in/|title=Texas Tech's Mahomes sets Big 12 freshman record with his 598 yards passing in loss to Baylor|date=1 December 2014|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/college-sports/columnists/kate-hairopoulos/20141129-hairopoulos-how-patrick-mahomes-stole-the-show-for-texas-tech-in-comeback-attempt-against-baylor.ece Hairopoulos: How Patrick Mahomes stole the show for Texas Tech in comeback attempt against Baylor]</ref> For the season, he passed for 1,547 yards and 16 touchdowns with four interceptions.

Mahomes split time with the Texas Tech baseball team, where he was a relief pitcher.<ref name="Baseball">{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Don|title=Patrick Mahomes II to skip baseball season, focus on football|url=http://lubbockonline.com/sports-red-raiders-football/2016-01-20/patrick-mahomes-ii-skip-baseball-season-focus-football|accessdate=2 December 2016|publisher=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|date=January 1, 2016}}</ref>

===Sophomore===
Mahomes began his sophomore season at Texas Tech as the starter at quarterback. In the first game of the 2015 season, Mahomes passed for 425 yards and four touchdowns in a 59–45 win over Sam Houston State University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lubbockonline.com/interact/blog-post/don-williams/2015-09-07/techs-patrick-mahomes-jakeem-grant-win-big-12-weekly#.VfZStZcsCjx|title=Tech's Patrick Mahomes, Jakeem Grant win Big 12 weekly awards|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> He followed that up with a 361-yard passing performance against UTEP, throwing for four touchdowns and rushing for two in Tech's 69-20 win over the Miners.<ref>[http://www.dallasnews.com/sports/college-sports/headlines/20150913-sportsday-s-big-12-offensive-player-of-the-week-914-texas-tech-qb-patrick-mahomes-dazzles-in-follow-up.ece SportsDay's Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week (9/14): Texas Tech QB Patrick Mahomes dazzles in follow-up]</ref>Against TCU, Mahomes passed for 392 yards and two touchdowns in the loss, 55–52.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=400763425|title=TCU vs. Texas Tech - Game Summary - September 26, 2015 - ESPN|publisher=|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref>

===Junior===
Prior to the start of the 2016 season, Mahomes announced that he was leaving the baseball team to focus on football for the entire offseason.<ref name="Baseball" />

On October 22, 2016, Mahomes would set multiple NCAA, Big 12, and Texas Tech records against Oklahoma at home. Mahomes broke the NCAA FBS records for single-game total offense with 819 yards. He also tied the NCAA record for single game passing yards with 734. He fell one short of the record for most attempts at 88. Overall, the game set NCAA records for most combined yards of total offense with 1,708, combined passing yards, and total offense by two players. The 125 combined points are the second most all time involving ranked teams.<ref name="Records">{{cite news|title=Led by Patrick Mahomes, NCAA records fall in Oklahoma-Texas Tech shootout|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/big12/2016/10/23/oklahoma-texas-tech-patrick-mahomes-ncaa-records/92629148/|accessdate=23 October 2016|agency=USA Today|date=October 23, 2016}}</ref>

Mahomes would finish the season leading the country in yards per game (421), passing yards (5052), total offense (5312), points responsible for (318), and total touchdowns (53). For his performance, he was awarded the [[Sammy Baugh Trophy]] awarded annually to the nation's top college passer, joining head coach [[Kliff Kingsbury]], [[Graham Harrell]], and [[B.J. Symons]] as other Red Raiders to have won the award.<ref name="Baugh">{{cite news|last1=Carlton|first1=Chuck|title=Texas Tech QB Patrick Mahomes receives Sammy Baugh Award|url=http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/collegesports/2016/12/02/texas-tech-qb-patrick-mahomes-receives-sammy-baugh-award|accessdate=2 December 2016|publisher=The Dallas Morning News|date=11-30-16}}</ref> He was also named an Academic All-American 2nd Team by the College Sports Information Directors of America.<ref name="AA1">{{cite news|last1=Soliz|first1=Brandon|title=Texas Tech's Mahomes named second-team Academic All-America|url=http://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/collegesports/2016/12/01/mahomes-named-academic-american-second-team|accessdate=2 December 2016|publisher=The Dallas Morning News|date=November 30, 2016}}</ref>

Mahomes announced on January 3, 2017 that he would forego his last year of college eligibility and enter the NFL Draft.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62tySkPYyek</ref>

===NCAA records===
The NCAA record book mentions Mahomes for the following items:<ref name="NCAA Record Book 2015 - FBS">{{cite web|title=2015 Football Records Book (FBS) |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2015/fbs.pdf |accessdate=2015-09-10 |publisher=[[NCAA]] }}{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Single-game yards passing: 734 (rank t-1st) (vs. Oklahoma Oct. 22, 2016)
* Single-game Yards total offense: 819 (rank 1st) (vs. Oklahoma Oct. 22, 2016)

===Recognition===

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" class="wikitable"
|+Recognition
!width="50"|Season
!width="300"|Honor
!width="200"|Status
!width="350"|Notes
|-
|2014
|Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week
|Selected
|December 1, 2014 (vs Baylor)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/120114aaa.html|title=Mahomes Named Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Player of the Week
|Selected
|September 9, 2015 (vs Sam Houston State)<ref name="redraiders.com">{{cite news|url=http://redraiders.com/sports-red-raiders-football/2015-09-09/mahomes-named-earl-campbell-tyler-rose-player-week#.VfJMzZfyvhU' |title=Mahomes named Earl Campbell Tyler Rose Player of the Week|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week
|Selected
|September 9, 2015 (vs Sam Houston State)<ref name="redraiders.com"/>
|-
|2015
|Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week
|Co-Selected
|September 14, 2015 (vs UTEP)<ref name="Big12Sports">{{cite news|url=http://www.big12sports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&ATCLID=210340790&DB_OEM_ID=10410' |title=Four Players Claim Big 12 Football Weekly Honors |accessdate=2015-10-14}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week
|Selected
|September 12, 2016 (vs ASU)
|-
|2016
|Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week
|Co-Selected
|October 24, 2016 (vs OU)
|-
|}

===College statistics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=3| !!colspan=6| Passing
|-
! Year !! Team !! GP !! Cmp !! Att !! Pct !! Yards !! TDs !! Int
|-
| 2014 || Texas Tech || 7 || 105 || 185 || 56.8 || 1,547 || 16 || 4
|-
| 2015 || Texas Tech || 13 || 364 || 573 || 63.5 || 4,653 || 36 || 15
|-
| 2016 || Texas Tech || 12 || 388 || 591 || 65.7 || 5,052 || 41 || 10
|- style="background:#555; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| colspan=2 | College Totals || 32 || 857 || 1,349 || 63.5 || 11,252 || 93 || 29
|}

==Personal==
His father, [[Pat Mahomes]], played in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) from 1992 to 2003.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/patrick_mahomes_913812.html Texas Tech Red Raiders football bio]
*[http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/patrick_mahomes_ii_920793.html Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball bio]

{{Sammy Baugh Trophy}}
{{Texas Tech Red Raiders quarterback navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahomes, Patrick}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tyler, Texas]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Texas]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Texas Tech Red Raiders football players]]
[[Category:Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players]]

Mr. Church

2017-02-05T01:47:58Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2602:306:C5E2:4AF0:3DE5:F6F8:FDC0:68D (talk): Not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Church
| image = Mr. Church poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| film name =
| director = [[Bruce Beresford]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Lee Nelson
* David Buelow
* [[Courtney Solomon]]
* [[Mark Canton]]
}}
| writer = Susan McMartin
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eddie Murphy]]
* [[Britt Robertson]]
* [[Xavier Samuel]]
* [[Lucy Fry]]
* [[Christian Madsen]]
* [[Natascha McElhone]]
}}
| music = [[Mark Isham]]
| cinematography = Sharone Meir
| editing = David Beatty
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cinelou Films]]
* Envision Media Arts
* Shenghua Entertainment
* [[Voltage Pictures]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Cinelou Releasing
* [[Freestyle Releasing]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2016|4|22|[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|2016|9|16|United States}}
| runtime = 104 minutes<ref name=BOM/>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $8 million<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/lukethompson/2016/09/15/eddie-murphys-mr-church-is-not-a-comeback-to-worship-review/#a399a5e71236 |title=Review: Eddie Murphy's 'Mr. Church' Is Not A Comeback To Worship |work= [[Forbes]]}}</ref>
| gross = $685,780<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mrchurch.htm |title=Mr. Church (2016) |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mr. Church''''' is a 2016 American [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Bruce Beresford]] and written by Susan McMartin. The film stars [[Eddie Murphy]] as the title character with [[Britt Robertson]], [[Xavier Samuel]], [[Lucy Fry]], [[Christian Madsen]] and [[Natascha McElhone]] also starring. The film debuted on April 22, 2016, at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]]<ref name="TRIBECA">{{cite web|url=https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/mr-church-2016|title=Mr. Church|website=[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> and was released on September 16, 2016, by [[Cinelou Films|Cinelou Releasing]] and [[Freestyle Releasing]].

== Plot ==
Charlotte "Charlie" Brooks ([[Britt Robertson]]) lives with her single mother Marie Brooks ([[Natascha McElhone]]) in a small beat-up apartment. She is awakened by cooking that smells like heaven, to find a stranger named Mr. Henry Joseph Church ([[Eddie Murphy]]). Charlie doesn’t like this mysterious man in her house. Marie agrees with Charlie to get rid of him until she finds out he was hired by Marie's deceased ex-lover to take care of her for six months because she has breast cancer and only has six months to live.

Six years later, Marie is still living and Mr. Church has become a fixture in the household. Charlie (now [[Britt Robertson]]) is a senior in high school and now aware of her mother's cancer. Charlie grows distant from her mother and closer to Mr. Church because of her inability to come to terms with Marie's impending death. Marie lives long enough to see Charlie go to prom with her dream guy Owen ([[Xavier Samuel]]), but dies soon after.

Mr. Church stays with Charlie after Marie dies. Charlie gets accepted to [[Boston University]] but cannot afford to attend. Mr. Church gives her an envelope containing five thousand dollars for tuition–the money he saved from coupons Marie gave him. Charlie runs into Owen sometime later and he tells her he is going away to college.

Two years later a pregnant Charlie shows up on Mr. Church's doorstep, eventually asking to live with him. He accepts as long as she keeps out of his business. Charlie notices how Mr. Church comes home drunk and has matches from a place called Jelly's. A drunk Mr. Church finds her snooping, they argue and he tries to throw her out for breaking his rules. She leaves and runs into her old friend Larson ([[Christian Madsen]]) at a store parking lot. A kid on a skate board hits Charlie and knocks her down knocking her unconscious. Larson, who is banned from operating a vehicle due to a previous accident, nevertheless drives her to the hospital just in time. Mr. Church comes to the hospital and takes Charlie back with him. Charlie gives birth to a baby girl named Izzy ([[Mckenna Grace]]), and she and Izzy live with Mr. Church. Charlie gets a job as a waitress.

Five years later, Mr. Church becomes sick. Charlie takes him to the doctor, but Mr. Church dies of an [[Cardiomegaly|enlarged heart]]. Charlie finds Owen again and they get back together. Charlie meets the owner of Jelly's and finds out that Mr. Church played the piano there. The film ends with Charlie writing the story of her life with Mr. Church.

== Story origin ==

Opening titles include the phrase: "Inspired by a true friendship." In 2011, the screenwriter, Susan McMartin, posted "The Cook Who Came to Live With Us," which appears to be the story on which the screenplay is based.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://patch.com/california/northhollywood/the-cook-that-came-to-live-with-us-47e97fec| title= The Cook Who Came to Live With Us| author = Susan McMartin| date = 3 October 2011 | newspaper = The Patch | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170117170104/http://patch.com/california/northhollywood/the-cook-that-came-to-live-with-us-47e97fec| archivedate = 17 January 2017| accessdate= 17 January 2017|publisher= Patch Media}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Eddie Murphy]] as Henry Joseph Church
* [[Britt Robertson]] as Charlotte "Charlie" Brooks
** Natalie Coughlin as Young Charlotte
* [[Natascha McElhone]] as Marie Brooks
* [[Xavier Samuel]] as Owen
** Lincoln Melcher as Young Owen
* [[Lucy Fry]] as Poppy
* [[Christian Madsen]] as Eddie Larson
* [[Mckenna Grace]] as Izzy
* [[Thom Barry]] as Frankie Twiggs
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
In October 2013, it was revealed that [[David Anspaugh]] would direct the film from a screenplay by Susan McMartin, with Lee Nelson, David Buelow and David Tish producing under their Envision Media Arts arts banner, while Brad Kaplan will produce under Evolution Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/david-anspaugh-is-training-to-be-a-cook/|title=David Anspaugh Is Training To Be a Cook|website=Tracking-board.com|first=Sid|last=Perriwinkle|date=October 15, 2013|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> In April 2014, it was revealed that [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Uma Thurman]] and [[Juno Temple]] had been cast in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-uma-thurman-and-juno-temple-looking-to-join-samuel-l-jackson-in-cook/|title=TB EXCLUSIVE:UMA THURMAN AND JUNO TEMPLE LOOKING TO JOIN SAMUEL L. JACKSON IN "COOK|website=Tracking-board.com|first=Madison|last=Barnes|date=April 17, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> In October 2014, [[Eddie Murphy]] joined the cast of the film, replacing [[Samuel L. Jackson]], who had to drop out due to a scheduling conflict, with [[Bruce Beresford]] directing the film. [[Mark Canton]] and [[Courtney Solomon]] joined the project as producers under their [[Cinelou Films]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/eddie-murphy-teams-up-with-driving-miss-daisy-director-for-new-orleans-set-drama-cook-20141022|title=Eddie Murphy Teams Up With 'Driving Miss Daisy' Director for New Orleans-Set Drama 'Cook'|work=Shadow and Act|publisher=[[Indiewire]]|last=Obenson|first=Tambay A.|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Britt Robertson]] joined the cast of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/11/britt-robertson-eddie-murphy-cook-1201281669/|title=Britt Robertson Joins Eddie Murphy In ‘Cook’|website=[[Deadline.com]]|first=Jen|last=Yamato|date=November 11, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> Its working title was ''Cook'' but was retitled to ''Henry Joseph Church'', the full name of Murphy's character,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://if.com.au/2015/05/10/article/Beresford-wraps-Eddie-Murphy-drama/FMDRSTGCIU.html|title=Beresford wraps Eddie Murphy drama|work=Inside Film|last=Groves|first=Don|date=May 11, 2015|accessdate=May 27, 2015}}</ref> before being retitled to ''Mr. Church''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinelou.com/mr-church.html|title=Mr. Church|work=Cinelou|accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on November 24, 2014, in [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://susanmcmartin.com/eddie-murphy/|title=Eddie Murphy|website=Susan McMartin|first=Susan|last=McMartin|date=November 23, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> Production concluded on January 12, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://susanmcmartin.com/10-years-23-days-its-a-wrap/|title=10 YEARS & 23 DAYS… IT's A WRAP!|website=Susan|last=McMartin|date=January 12, 2015|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2848339/Eddie-Murphy-relives-glorious-70s-retro-hat-jacket-set-new-movie.html|title=Eddie Murphy relives the glorious '70s in retro hat and jacket on set of his movie|work=[[Daily Mail]]|last=Pearson|first=Jennifer|location=London|date=November 25, 2014|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref>

With a production budget of $8 million, it is the least expensive film of Murphy's career.<ref name=budget/>

==Release==
In December 2014, the first image of Murphy and Robertson was released.<ref name="DEADLINE">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/12/eddie-murphy-britt-robertson-cook-movie-photo-1201309107/|title=Eddie Murphy Shows His Dramatic Side In ‘Cook’ – First Look Photo|website=[[Deadline.com]]|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=December 4, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] on April 22, 2016.<ref name="TRIBECA"/> [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] will distribute the film internationally, part of [[Cinelou Films]]' six-film deal with the company. It will be distributed domestically by Cinelou Releasing.<ref name="DEADLINE"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/first-clip-poster-for-eddie-murphys-first-film-in-five-years-mr-church-20160423|title=
First Clip + Poster for Eddie Murphy's First Film in Five Years - 'Mr. Church'|website=[[Indiewire.com]]|first=Tambay|last=A. Obenson|date=April 23, 2016|accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> The film was released in the United States on September 16, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2016/film/news/eddie-murphy-britt-robertson-drama-mr-church-release-1201825912/|title=Eddie Murphy Drama ‘Mr. Church’ Gets September Release|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dave|last=McNary|date=July 28, 2016|accessdate=July 28, 2016}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Mr. Church'' received negative reviews from critics, though Eddie Murphy's performance was praised. On the [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 15%, based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mr_church/|title=Mr. Church (2016)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=September 22, 2016}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film holds a score of 37 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/mr-church|title=Mr. Church|website=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=September 22, 2016}}</ref>

In his negative review for ''[[Forbes]]'', Luke Thompson praised Murphy's performance but wrote, "It’s certainly possible the real-life Mr. Church was exactly as depicted, and loved his white 'family' more than anything else. Yet something tells me it would be more interesting to hear him narrate his own story, rather than have it expressed through the eyes of the privileged girl he served, whose life challenges were so easily solved all the time."<ref name=budget/>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4196848}}
* {{Mojo title|Mr.Church}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=mr_church}}

{{Bruce Beresford}}

[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Films about chefs]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bruce Beresford]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Cinelou Films films]]
[[Category:Film scores by Mark Isham]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2017-02-02T03:33:55Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 39.51.22.136 (talk): Unexplained removal of content (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General]]
| name = Qamar Javed Bajwa
|honorific-suffix =[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|11}}<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016">{{cite news|title=General Bajwa’s Battle|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/know-your-general/|accessdate=24 December 2016|publisher=Newsweek Pakistan|date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Qamar Bajwa fourth oldest Pak Army chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/169231-General-Qamar-Bajwa-fourth-oldest-Pak-Army-chief|accessdate=11 December 2016|work=The News}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh, Pakistan]]
|allegiance ={{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
|branch ={{army|Pakistan|23px}}
|serviceyears = 1978 - ''present''<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />
| serviceyears_label =
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]]
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]] [[Baloch Regiment|16 Baloch Regiment]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber = 
| commands = [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]] Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]]
| battles_label =
| battles =
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] [[File:Order_of_Excellence_Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
|parents = Lt Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}

General '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ([[Urdu]]: '''قمر جاوید باجوہ'''; born 11 November 1960), {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]}}, is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] rank army general and the current [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], appointed in this capacity since November 2016. Born in [[Karachi]] and belonging to [[Ghakhar Mandi]], Bajwa was educated at the F. G. Sir Syed College, later attending the Gordon College.

Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the [[Baloch Regiment]]. Prior to be appointed as the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army, he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 2015–16 and as field commander of the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 2013 to 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]]. In addition, he also served as a [[UN Peacemaker|peacekeeper]] in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] as a Brigadier and served as brigade commander in 2007.

==Early life and and education==
Bajwa was born on 11 November 1960 in Karachi<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's outgoing army chief Raheel Sharif issues warning to India - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistans-outgoing-army-chief-Raheel-Sharif-issues-warning-to-India/articleshow/55682833.cms|accessdate=29 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="dob">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa takes over as Pakistan’s new army chief, vows to improve LoC tension|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-over-as-pakistans-new-army-chief-vows-to-improve-situation-along-loc/|accessdate=29 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Qamar Bajwa fourth oldest Pak Army chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/169231-General-Qamar-Bajwa-fourth-oldest-Pak-Army-chief|accessdate=3 December 2016|work=The News|date=2 December 2016}}</ref> to a Punjabi [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] family belongs from [[Ghakhar Mandi]].<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Banerji| first = Rana| title = Pakistan Has a New Army Chief. Here’s What We Know About Him| newspaper =The Wire| date =26 November 2016 | url = http://thewire.in/82852/pakistan-new-army-chief-heres-know/ | access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Staff reporter| title = ‘No caste system’ in Pak Army| newspaper =The Nation| date =28 November 2016 | url = http://nation.com.pk/lahore/28-Nov-2016/no-caste-system-in-pak-army | access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref>
His father Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa was an officer of [[Pakistan Army]] who died while in service in 1967 in [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" />
His mother died in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|accessdate=27 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Bajwa's father-in-law was also an [[Pakistan Army]] officer who retired as a Major General.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajwa solid soldier who believes in civilian supremacy|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Bajwa is the youngest of five siblings.<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />

Bajwa completed his secondary and intermediate education from [[F. G. Sir Syed College]] and [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]] in Rawalpindi before joining [[Pakistan Military Academy]], [[Kakul]] in 62nd Long Course. Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College]] in Canada, [[Naval Postgraduate School]] in United States and [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /><ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

==Military career==
Bajwa was enrolled in the Pakistan Army in 1978<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> and was commissioned on 24 October 1980 in 16 Baloch Regiment, the same unit that his late father commanded in 1960s.<ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> He briefly served in 5th [[Northern Light Infantry]] Regiment in Kashmir<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> in 1992 as major.<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016">{{cite news|title=Pakistan’s new army chief Bajwa ‘knows a lot about what India thinks’|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/pakistan-s-new-army-chief-bajwa-knows-a-lot-about-what-india-thinks/story-q4PFVkbyQqxalUSrc4rfbM.html|accessdate=11 December 2016|work=hindustan times/|date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
As Lieutenant Colonel, he served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] which is stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], where he was general staff officer.<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> As a brigadier, Bajwa served as Chief of Staff at X Corps and has also commanded a division in Northern Areas as formation commander.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
Bajwa has also commanded a brigade in [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in [[Congo]]<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|date=2016-11-26|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref> in 2007.<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> He served in Congo as a brigade commander in 2007 under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], who was serving there as a division commander.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> <ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In May 2009, he was promoted to the rank of Major General.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> As a Major General, Bajwa served as the Force Commander of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who's next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=The News|date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 June 2010}}</ref> and held the title of the General Officer Commanding.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="thenews/13aug2013" />
In August 2011, he was awarded [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military).<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=15 August 2011}}</ref>
Bajwa was an instructor at School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta and at [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in August 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was installed as Corps Commander X Corps shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> He was Grade-I officer during his tenure as Corps Commander X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" />
In 2014, Bajwa was installed as Colonel Commandant of Baloch Regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>
In September 2015, he was appointed as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then Chief of Army Staff [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

Since Bajwa has been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army's important and largest corps,<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa has good experience of handling affairs in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016}}</ref>
He belongs to the infantry's 16 Baloch Regiment<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> and 62nd Pakistan Military Academy Long Course.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" /> However, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' reported that he lack the experience of armed conflict because he has never been posted in a war zone area.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Nevertheless, Bajwa has sound understanding of Indian strategic ambitions in the region and experience of armed conflict on LoC in Kashmir.<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /> In December 2016, he was awarded [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]].<ref>{{cite news|title=President presents awards to COAS General Bajwa, CJCSC General Hayat|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/125617-President-presents-awards-to-COAS-General-Bajwa-CJCSC-General-Hayat|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=www.geo.tv|publisher=Geo|date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

===Chief of Army Staff===
In November 2016, Bajwa was promoted to the rank of four star general and was appointed as the 16th Chief of the Army Staff of the Pakistan Army by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, succeeding [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|work=The News|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="radiopakistan">{{cite news|title=New Army Chief, CJCSC appointed|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/26-Nov-2016/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Radio Pakistan|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
It is believed that his pro-democracy track record and views played a key role in his appointment for the COAS slot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani Media On Why Qamar Bajwa Got The Country's Top Military Job|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories|accessdate=28 November 2016|work=NDTV.com|date=28 November 2016}}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported that he was selected because of his low-profile personality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Bajwa was appointed as the Chief of the Army Staff despite a maligning campaign on social media sites that spread claims that relatives of Bajwa were members of the [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Qamar Javed Bajwa selection as Pakistan new army chief highlights the Ahmadi struggle|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/qamar-javed-bajwa-ahmadi-pakistan-army-chief-4397574/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif names new chief of army staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/pakistani-nawaz-sharif-names-new-chief-army-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

==Views==
Bajwa is an avid reader and have keen interest in [[History of Europe]] and India.<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /><ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> He enjoy [[cricket]].<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />

Reportedly, Bajwa doesn't have a “hatred” towards India contrary to an assumption that every top Pakistani military officer has some sort of a hostility for India<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /> and he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the junior officers and troops, and does not seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikram Ul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Hidayat Ur Rehman}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
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Titanfall 2

2017-01-28T20:28:47Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 92.238.169.19 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Titanfall 2
| image = Titanfall 2 box art.jpeg
| developer = [[Respawn Entertainment]]
| publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]
| director = Steve Fukuda
| producer = Drew McCoy
| designer = Todd Alderman Mackey McCandlish
| programmer = Jon Shiring
| artist = Joel Emslie
| writer = Steve Fukuda Manny Hagopian Jesse Stern
| composer = [[Stephen Barton]]
| engine = [[Source (game engine)|Source]] 
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] [[PlayStation 4]] [[Xbox One]]
| released = {{vgrelease|WW|October 28, 2016}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Titanfall 2''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] developed by [[Respawn Entertainment]] and published by [[Electronic Arts]]. The sequel to ''[[Titanfall]]'' (2014), the game was released to favorable reviews in October 2016 for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Xbox One]]. Its single-player campaign focuses on an infantry soldier who aspires to be the pilot of a Titan – large [[mecha]]-style exoskeletons used for war.

== Gameplay ==
Similar to its [[Titanfall|predecessor]], the game is a [[first-person shooter]] in which players can control both a pilot and their Titans – mecha-style exoskeletons. The pilot has an arsenal of abilities which enhance their efficiency during combat. These abilities include [[Cloaking device|invisibility cloaking]] and [[parkour]]ing, such as double-jumping, [[zip-line|zip-lining]] and wall-running with the use of a jump kit.<ref name="PolyPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/11/12439628/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed|title=Titanfall 2: First single-player campaign details|first=Michael|last=McWhertor|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> These movements can be [[combo (gaming)|chained]] together in order to travel between locations quickly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2/|title=Titanfall 2's grappling hook is unreal (hands-on)|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNet]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Matches were designed to be "predictable", so that players can have sufficient time to react to its surroundings.<ref name="CNET"/><ref name="EuroGPre"/> The game introduces seven new gameplay mechanics: a sliding mechanic, the pulse blade, which is a [[throwing knife]] that reveals the location of any nearby enemy, the holo-pilot, a holographic pilot that mimics players' action to confuse enemies, and a [[grappling hook]], which can be used to slingshot players to a building or an enemy it attaches to. The game also features a progression system similar to the first game, but more weapons and weapon customization are included.<ref name="samediff"/> When the player executes an enemy, the perspective automatically shifts to [[third-person perspective|third-person]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/20/heres-four-minutes-of-titanfall-2-gameplay/|title=Here's four minutes of Titanfall 2 gameplay|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG247]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

When the players gained enough points to summon a Titan, a Titan then descends from the sky.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|title=Titanfall 2 hands-on preview and interview – 'It's very different to anything we've done in the past'|work=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Titans are significantly slower than the pilots, but they have stronger firearms and are more powerful. The models from the first game were modified, and six loadout locked titans are introduced. Scorch is an Ogre-class Titan that possesses loadout that is centered around incendiary weaponry. Ion is an Atlas-class Titan that can kill enemies using its directed-energy arsenal. Ronin is a Stryder-class Titan that specializes in close quarters combat and can wield an enormous sword. Legion is an Ogre-class Titan that utilizes an assortment of ballistics designed for defense and controlling combat zones. Tone is an Atlas-class Titan that focuses mainly on its lock-on weapons. Finally, Northstar is a Stryder-class Titan that excels in precision attacks, setting traps and is the only Titan that has the ability to fly. The customization options featured are compared to the ''[[Street Fighter]]'' franchise, in which the Titans' abilities have little modifications while its appearances can be extensively customized. Computer-controlled allies and enemies also return in some of the game's multiplayer modes.<ref name="samediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/06/20/whats-the-same-whats-different-in-titanfall-2-multiplayer.aspx|title=What's the Same, What's Different in Titanfall 2 Multiplayer|first=Matt|last=Bertz|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref>

Unlike the first iteration, this game has a single-player story campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|title=Titanfall 2 Brings Personality To Its Messive Mechs, And A Story For The Fans|first=Brian|last=Crecente|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> It features a linear story, but levels are similar to open-ended arenas which offer players multiple paths to explore.<ref name="GSpotPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|title=Titanfall 2 Single-Player Campaign Revealed, Shows New Details|first=Mike|last=Mahardy|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Players are allowed to use multiple ways to complete objectives, such as utilizing [[stealth game|stealth]], or using the long-ranged or short-ranged weapons provided in the game to assault enemies. In addition, the game features [[platform game|platform]] elements, which task players to make use of Cooper's parkour abilities to solve environmental puzzles, and access the previously inaccessible areas. Some weapons are level-specific, and can only be used in certain regions, though Mackey McCandlish, the game's designer, confirmed that the game would not have any extensive grinding element, and that it would be similar to the recent reboots of both the ''[[Wolfenstein (series)|Wolfenstein]]'' series and the ''[[Doom (series)|Doom]]'' series.<ref name="PolyPre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/08/11/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-is-surprising|title=Titanfall 2 Single Player Is Surprising|first=Brandin|last=Tyrrel|work=[[IGN]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Players can also communicate and talk to the Titan during the campaign, a mechanic designed to add personality to the characters and depth to the world.<ref name="EuroGPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-08-11-you-can-talk-to-the-titans-in-titanfall-2s-campaign|title=You can talk to the Titans in Titanfall 2's campaign|first=Martin|last=Robinson|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

In addition, the skill system is improved, and players are rated based on their performance in a multiplayer match, regardless of whether their team wins or loses. Matchmaking is also enhanced, with the game automatically helping players to find a new match after the end of every match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-titanfall-2s-matchmaking-is-being-improved/1100-6442487/|title=How Titanfall 2's Matchmaking Is Being Improved|first=Chris|last=Pereira |date=August 9, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> The game also introduces a new features called "Networks", which allows players to form a group, similar to a [[guild]]. The game automatically groups both the player and other members of the network together in a match. Players can join more than one network.<ref name="CNET">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2-networks-interview-e3-2016/|title=Titanfall 2 may fix one of the biggest problems with team-based multiplayer games|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNET]]|date=June 24, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
===Setting===
The conflict of the game takes in "The Frontier", a region of star systems far removed from the "Core Systems" where Earth is located. The Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation (IMC) and the Frontier Militia battle for control of the Frontier; the IMC seeks to exploit the Frontier's rich resources regardless of the consequences for planetary environments and civilian populations, while the Militia fight to expel the IMC and gain independence for the Frontier.

The player assumes control of Jack Cooper, a rifleman from the Frontier Militia, who is sent to the alien planet of Typhon and must ally with his former squadmate's Titan named BT-7274 to fight against both local alien creatures and human enemies from the IMC.<ref name="EuroGPre" />

=== Plot ===
[[Titanfall|In the wake of the Battle of Demeter]], the Militia is on the offensive; battling for resources and control of the Frontier planets. The IMC, though weakened by the lack of reinforcements from the core systems as a result of the destruction of the refueling facility by James MacAllan, are still a dominant fighting force attempting to drive the Militia out and put down any resistance to their control of the Frontier.

Jack Cooper, a rifleman in the Militia, aspires to one day become a Titan Pilot for the Militia, and is receiving off-the-books training from Captain Tai Lastimosa in preparation for Cooper's candidacy. The two are part of a Militia force which attacks the IMC-held planet of Typhon. In the initial battle, the Apex Predators, led by Blisk, mortally wound Lastimosa and incapacitate his Vanguard-class Titan, BT-7274. Lastimosa transfers control of BT to Cooper, and BT explains that Cooper has also inherited Lastimosa's mission, Special Operation 217: to rendezvous with Major Anderson and assist in the completion of their original assignment. They work their way across the planet, dealing with some of Blisk's mercenaries on the way.

Anderson's last known position is at an IMC laboratory. BT and Cooper find it destroyed, and the corpses there artificially aged. Anderson is present, though also deceased. Anderson was gathering intelligence on a new IMC device, the 'Fold Weapon', which utilizes time-displacement technology to destroy entire planets. Harmony, home to several million civilians as well as Militia headquarters, will be the first target. The weapon's effectiveness is demonstrated by the lab, which was destroyed by a scaled-down prototype version. Fortunately for the Militia, the Fold Weapon is dependent upon a power source known as the Ark. Cooper and BT hijack an IMC communications array to broadcast a signal out to the Militia fleet, containing sensor data on the Ark's electromagnetic signature so that the Militia can find and seize it.

After alerting the Militia fleet and mobilizing the troops on the ground, Militia Titan Corps Cmdr. Sarah Briggs leads an assault against the IMC-held installation where the Ark is being kept. Arriving too late to prevent it from being loaded onto an IMS transport, the Militia give chase in hijacked IMC ships. Cooper and BT successfully get aboard the transport and seize the Ark, but are captured by Blisk and his second-in-command, Slone. BT surrenders the Ark to save Cooper, but is destroyed by Slone for its efforts. It provides Cooper with a survival kit and its data core. Cooper escapes captivity, and "revives" BT by installing its data core in an unfurnished Vanguard chassis.

Reunited, Cooper and BT fight their way to the base where the Fold Weapon is being prepped for use against Harmony. They slay Slone, earning Blisk's respect; the mercenary, 'loyal only to a paycheck,' spares Cooper and leaves. BT and Cooper then launch themselves into the Fold Weapon's superstructure where the Ark has already been installed. BT hurls Cooper free before detonating its reactor core, destroying the Ark and the Fold Weapon. With the help of Briggs and a dropship, Cooper escapes the planet with moments to spare.

The game ends with a monologue from Cooper, talking about Sarah affirming his status as a pilot and officially inducting him into the Marauder Corps, as well as him reminiscing over his experiences with his fallen friend and partner, and that no new Titan can ever replace him. In a post-credits scene, the Titan neural link to Cooper's helmet flashes with the message "Jack?" encoded in binary, implying that BT's programming is still active.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tingle|first1=Donna|title=Uncovering the secret message after Titanfall 2 credits|url=http://www.insidegamer.net/2016/10/30/uncovering-message-titanfall-2-credits/|website=Inside Gamer|accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref>

== Development ==
Reports about the sequel to [[Respawn Entertainment]]'s ''[[Titanfall]]'' began to circulate within weeks of the game's March 2014 release, particularly that the sequel would not be a [[Microsoft]] [[console exclusive]] as its predecessor had been<ref name="Polygon: sequel exclusivity"/><ref name="Polygon: could"/> and that [[Electronic Arts]] would serve again as publisher.<ref name="Polygon: in dev"/> The game was in planning as of June, and revealed by Respawn CEO Vince Zampella to be in development as of March 2015.<ref name="Polygon: could"/> A second team at Respawn was working on an unrelated project.<ref name="Polygon: in dev"/> Respawn explored the possibility of a companion science fiction television series.<ref name="Polygon: tv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/2/7/10931336/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-tv-series|title=Titanfall 2 writer confirms single-player campaign, suggests TV series in the works|last=Good|first=Owen S.|date=February 7, 2016|website=Polygon|language=en-US|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> The game was released on October 28, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/5/10/11653142/titanfall-2-release-date-fall-2016|title=Titanfall 2 drops this fall|last=Sarkar|first=Samit|date=May 10, 2016|website=Polygon|language=en-US|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Eurogamer: FY17"/><ref name="Polygon: 2016"/><ref name="Polygon: SP trailer" /> A collector's edition at release featured a full-scale replica of the game's pilot character helmet as well as other gadgets.<ref name="Polygon: helmet">{{Cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Julia |title=Titanfall 2 Vanguard Edition comes with full scale replica helmet for $250 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=June 13, 2016 |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/6/12/11915962/titanfall-2-vanguard-edition-price |accessdate=June 13, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The first beta, which contained two modes and two maps, began on August 19 and ended on the 21st. It was followed by a second beta, which began on August 26 and ended on August 28.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-beta-dates-and-details-confirmed/1100-6442675/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b|title=Titanfall 2 Beta Dates and Details Confirmed|first=Chris|last= Pereira |date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=August 17, 2016|work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

''Titanfall 2'' uses an improved version of the previous game's [[game engine|engine]], which was itself a heavily modified version of the [[Source (game engine)|Source engine]]. Improvements include a new audio system with support for sound occlusion and reverb, as well as numerous improvements to the graphical rendering system. Unlike the first game, it includes a full single-player story mode focusing on the relationship between Titans and pilots. The developers also confirmed that they were going to release most of the post-release maps and modes free of charge in an effort not to fragment the player base.<ref name="Source engine"/>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = (PC) 85/100<ref name="MCPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref> (PS4) 89/100<ref name="MCPS4">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref> (XONE) 87/100<ref name="MCXONE">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for Xbox One Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 2, 2016}}</ref>
| Destruct = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=November 1, 2016 |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-titanfall-2-396814.phtml |title=Review: Titanfall 2 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |accessdate=November 1, 2016}}</ref>
| EGM = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Plessas |first=Nick |date=October 28, 2016 |url=http://www.egmnow.com/articles/reviews/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |accessdate=October 28, 2016}}</ref>
| GI = 9.5/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Gwaltney |first=Javy |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/10/24/striking-a-fine-balance.aspx |title=Striking A Fine Balance - Titanfall 2 - PlayStation 4 |publisher=[[Game Informer]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GameRev = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Paras |first=Peter |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[Game Revolution]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GSpot = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahardy |first=Mike |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review/1900-6416561/ |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GRadar = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review: 'The campaign's craft and creativity will blindside you' |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GB = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Gerstmann |first=Jeff |date=October 26, 2016 |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review/1900-756/ |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[Giant Bomb]] |accessdate=October 26, 2016}}</ref>
| IGN = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Tyrrel |first=Brandin |date=October 28, 2016 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/28/titanfall-2-review |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=October 28, 2016}}</ref>
| PCGUS = 91/100<ref>{{cite web |last=Thursten |first=Chris |date=October 31, 2016 |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[PC Gamer]] |accessdate=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
| Poly = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Gies |first=Arthur |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/24/13377822/titanfall-2-review-xbox-one-PC-ps4-playstation-4 |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| VG = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Scammell |first=David |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.videogamer.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review-xbox-one-ps4 |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[VideoGamer.com]] |accessdate=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
}}

{{Expand section|date=November 2016}}

''Titanfall 2'' received "generally favorable" reviews, according to [[review aggregator]] ''[[Metacritic]]''.<ref name="MCPC"/><ref name="MCPS4"/><ref name="MCXONE"/>

===Sales===
Electronic Arts expects the game to sell approximately 9 to 10 million units in its first year of release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/titanfall_2/news/titanfall_2_to_sell_9-10_million_units_battlefield_1_15_million_says_ea.html|title=Titanfall 2 to sell 9-10 million units, Battlefield 1 15 million, says EA|first=James|last=Orry|work=[[VideoGamer.com]]|date=August 3, 2016|accessdate=August 3, 2016}}</ref> However, financial analysts predicted that the game's sales would be substantially disappointing due to EA's decision of releasing the game in late October, a period between the launch of EA's own ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', and [[Activision]]'s ''[[Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare]]''. Despite that, EA expressed no concern about the release window, as they felt that the player base of ''Battlefield 1'' and ''Titanfall 2'' would not overlap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-sales-will-be-substantially-disappoint/1100-6444884/|title=Titanfall 2 Sales Will Be "Substantially Disappointing," Analyst Says|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

EA partnered with several catering companies to promote the game. Players who purchased food or drink at any [[Buffalo Wild Wings]] restaurant would receive a free customization item and access to a new multiplayer mode. Similarly, players who purchased [[Pepsi]]'s [[Mountain Dew]] or [[Doritos]] would be given a code granting them double XP, early access to a new multiplayer mode, a Titan, and Titan customization items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-to-get-titanfall-2-dlc-by-eating-and-drinking/1100-6442755/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b|title=How to Get Titanfall 2 DLC by Eating and Drinking|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 17, 2016|accessdate=August 18, 2016}}</ref>

The game was the fourth best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release, behind ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim|The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition]]'', and ''[[FIFA 17]]''. Its first-week sales only reached a quarter of the launch-week sales of ''Titanfall'' despite ''Titanfall 2'' being a multi-platform release. Digital sales of the game were also down, only reaching a quarter of its predecessor's sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-tanks-on-uk-physical-sales-charts-despite-multiplatform-release/|title=Titanfall 2 tanks on UK physical sales charts, despite multiplatform release|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | 2016
| rowspan="3" | [[Game Critics Awards]] 2016
| Best of Show
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/nominees.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Nominees |accessdate=October 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/winners.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Winners |accessdate=October 25, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Online Multiplayer
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[The Game Awards 2016]]
| Game of the Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-the-2016-game-awards-nominees/1100-6445481/ |title = All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees |first=Eddie| last=Makuch| date=November 16, 2016| accessdate=November 18, 2016| work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13784410/the-game-awards-winners|title = The Game Awards: Here’s the full winners list |first=Chelsea| last=Stark| date=December 1, 2016| accessdate=December 1, 2016| work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Game Direction
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Giant Bomb]]'s 2016 Game of the Year Awards
| Best Game
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Staff |first=Giant Bomb |date=December 30, 2016 |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/articles/giant-bombs-2016-game-of-the-year-awards-day-five/1100-5525/ |title=Giant Bomb's 2016 Game of the Year Awards: Day Five |publisher=[[Giant Bomb]] |accessdate=December 30, 2016}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name="Eurogamer: FY17">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-01-28-new-titanfall-and-mass-effect-in-the-next-14-months |accessdate=January 28, 2016 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |title=New Titanfall game and Mass Effect: Andromeda coming in the next 14 months |last1=Matulef |first1=Jeffrey |date=January 28, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6etJS0m7w |archivedate=January 28, 2016 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: 2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/5/5/8556881/titanfall-2-ea-release-window |accessdate=May 5, 2015 |title=Titanfall 2 not expected before April 2016, says EA |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |date=May 5, 2015 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YJJABYep |archivedate=May 5, 2015 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: could">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/3/8339483/titanfall-2-campaign-weapons |accessdate=April 3, 2015 |title=Titanfall 2 could have a traditional campaign and more weapons |last=Tach |first=Dave |date=April 3, 2015 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6XWY8gwLB |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: in dev">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/3/12/8201869/titanfall-2-ps4-xbox-one-pc-respawn-vince-zampella |accessdate=April 3, 2015 |title=Titanfall sequel in development, will be 'multiplatform,' Respawn CEO confirms |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |date=March 12, 2015 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6XWZgmO0v |archivedate=April 3, 2015 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: sequel exclusivity">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/3/19/5526942/report-ea-lands-deal-for-titanfall-2-sequel-wont-be-microsoft |accessdate=March 19, 2014 |title=Report: EA lands deal for Titanfall 2, sequel won't be Microsoft exclusive |last1=Crecente |first1=Brian |authorlink=Brian Crecente |date=March 19, 2014 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6OCj81NBR |archivedate=March 19, 2014 |deadurl=no }}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: SP trailer">{{cite web | url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/6/12/11912326/titanfall-2-release-date-single-player-campaign | title=Titanfall 2 launches Oct. 28, comes with offline single-player campaign | work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | first=Michael | last=McWhertor | date=June 12, 2016 | accessdate=June 12, 2016 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6iDPXX074 | archivedate=June 12, 2016 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Source engine">{{cite web|last1=Dunsmore|first1=Kevin|title=E3 2016: Respawn Talks Content Variety, Reworked Engine in Titanfall 2|url=http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/06/14/e3-2016-respawn-talks-content-variety-reworked-engine-in-titanfall-2/212196/|website=hardcoregamer.com|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
*{{official website}}

{{Portal bar|Video games}}

[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Mecha simulation computer games]]
[[Category:Powered exoskeletons in video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:Respawn games]]
[[Category:Source (game engine) games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]

Denis (Cembalobauer)

2017-01-23T21:08:04Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted to revision 761602318 by Andskotansdrjoli (talk): Removing "published with permission" text in caption. Permissions can be found on file page. . (TW)

[[File:Clavecin Jean Denis 1648.JPG|thumb|right|The oldest extant instrument by a member of the Denis family, dated 1648 by Jean Denis II, the family's most prominent member.]]
[[File:Louis_Denis_chalk_signature.png|thumb|right|The red chalk signature of Louis Denis on the underside of the soundboard of the 1658 harpsichord. Picture by instrument's the restorer, Reinhard von Nagel]]
The '''Denis''' family were [[France|French]] [[harpsichord]] makers from the mid 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century, by which time the [[Blanchet (harpsichord makers)|Blanchet]] family had superseded them as the main harpsichord building dynasty in [[Paris]]. Members of the Denis family headed the instrument makers' guild for several generations, but only four [[harpsichords]] by members of the family have survived to modern times, and three [[spinets]].<ref>A History of the Harpsichord, Kottick, E.L., 2003, Indiana University Press, pages 168-171</ref> Several of the Denis instruments are signed in red chalk under the sound board with the makers name, place of construction and date, along with three five-pointed stars arranged in at the points of a triangle <ref>Webarticle by François Badoud, published on the website of the harpsichordist Paola Erdas, [http://www.paolaerdas.it/e_clav%20denis.html]</ref>

==Known builders of the family ==
The following family members are recorded as building instruments:<ref>A History of the Harpsichord, Kottick, E.L., 2003, Indiana University Press, based of a table in page 154, showing the known members of the denis family</ref>

'''Robert Denis ''' I (1520 - 1589), a builder of organs and spinets in Paris.
: '''Claude Denis ''' (1544 - 1587), son of Robert I
: '''Robert Denis ''' II ( died 1589), son of Robert I
: '''Jean Denis ''' I (c.1549 - 1634), son of Robert I, elected as jurés of the instrument makers guild in Paris in 1601

:: '''Thomas Denis ''' (c.1585 - 1634), son of Jean I
:: '''Pierre Denis ''' (c.1600 - 1664), son of Jean I
:: '''Jean Denis ''' II (1600 - 1672), son of Jean I. He was a practicing organist at the church of Saint-Barthélemy on [[Île de la Cité]] (now demolished) <ref>The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Encyclopedia, Kipnis I, 2013, Routledge, page 148]]</ref> as well as instrument maker and was elected as jurés of the instrument makers guild in Paris in1647. He published in 1643 a practical treatise on harpsichord tuning, ''Traité de l'accord de l'espinette'', which is today one of the major sources on historic tuning practice, although it touched on several subjects ranging from choir music to bad performance habits of keyboard players. Jean II is survived by one double manual instrument, currently in Musée de l'Hospice Saint Roch, Issoudun, central France.

::: '''Jean Denis''' III (c. 1630 - 1685), son of Jean II, survived by one [[spinet]] (1667)). He was nominated as jurés of the instrument makers guild, but was not elected.
::: '''Louis Denis''' (1635 - 1710) son of Jean II, survived by two harpsichords (1658 and 1677) and a [[spinet]] (1681).
::: '''Philippe Denis''' (died 1705) son of jean II, survived by one harpsichord and an [[ottavino]].

==See also==
*[[List of historical harpsichord makers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/doc/MUSEE/0130410 Detailed photographs, radiographs and documantation of the 1677 Louis Denis instrument] preserved in [[Cité de la Musique]], [[Paris]].
* [http://www.paolaerdas.it/e_clav%20denis.html Photo and description of the 1658 Louis Denis harpsichord]
* [http://www.festesdethalie.org/BERCEAUROYAL/instr3e.html Photos and description of the 1674 Philippe Denis harpsichord]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Denis}}
[[Category:Harpsichord makers]]
[[Category:French musical instrument makers]]

Linda Sarsour

2017-01-21T23:03:47Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 83.86.85.150 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Linda Sarsour
|image=Linda Sarsour on 19 May 2016.jpeg
|caption=Sarsour in May 2016
|birth_place=[[United States]]
|nationality=[[Americans|American]]
|occupation=Activist, writer
|residence=United States
}}

'''Linda Sarsour''' is the executive director of the Arab American Association of New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/nyregion/linda-sarsour-is-a-brooklyn-homegirl-in-a-hijab.html|title=Linda Sarsour Is a Brooklyn Homegirl in a Hijab|date=August 9, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Feuer, Alan|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/ahmed-mohamed-clock-bigotry-american-muslims | title=Ahmed Mohamed is just one example of the bigotry American Muslims face | date=September 16, 2015 | accessdate=September 17, 2015
| work = [[The Guardian]]| author=Sarsour, Linda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 9, 2015|first=Siddhartha|last=Mitter|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/9/linda-sarsours-rising-profile-reflects-new-generation-of-muslim-activists.html|title=Linda Sarsour: New Generation of Muslim Activists – Al Jazeera America|publisher=[[Al Jazeera America]]|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

Sarsour has been called a "champion of change" by the [[Barack Obama|Obama administration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/champions/giving-back-to-community/linda-sarsour|title=Linda Sarsour|website=whitehouse.gov|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Sarsour endorsed Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/dem-primaries/275750-sanders-campaign-drops-spike-lee-produced-ad|title=Sanders campaign releases Spike Lee-produced ad|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|author=Neidig, Harper|date=April 9, 2016|accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

Sarsour is a National Co-Chair of the [[Women's March on Washington]], scheduled for January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration of [[Donald Trump]] as President.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.arabamericanny.org/lindasarsour/ Arab American Association of New York]
*[http://www.goodcast.net/linda The Linda Sarsour Show]
*{{C-SPAN|Linda Sarsour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarsour, Linda}}
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American Muslims]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:American civil rights activists]]
[[Category:New York Democrats]]

K. Todd Freeman

2017-01-16T02:07:07Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 96.239.136.213 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=June 2013}}{{BLP sources|date=March 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox person
|name=K. Todd Freeman
|image=https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiu7dP5pdbNAhVr74MKHWlmD_kQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbuffy.wikia.com%2Fwiki%2FK._Todd_Freeman&psig=AFQjCNG8yyM70VTb44kjUJoC8rb2h1LSkQ&ust=1467601004609499
|caption=
|birth_name=Kenneth Todd Freeman
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1965|7|9|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Houston, Texas]]
|occupation=Actor
|years_active=1990–present
}}
'''Kenneth Todd Freeman''' (born July 9, 1965) is an American actor in theatre, television, and film. He has been nominated for two [[Tony Award]]s over the course of his career and has won one [[Drama Desk Award]].

==Life and career==
Born in [[Houston, Texas]], Freeman went to the local [[High School for the Performing and Visual Arts]] before later graduating from the [[University of North Carolina School of the Arts]] in 1987.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/schools-of-the-stars-where-the-2015-tony-nominees-went-to-college-the-actors-and-actresses-347814 Playbill - Where the 2015 Tony nominees went to college]</ref>

Freeman has been an ensemble member of the [[Steppenwolf Theatre Company]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] since 1993.<ref>[http://www.steppenwolf.org/ensemble/members/details.aspx?id=23 Steppenwolf Theatre profile]</ref> In the same year, he was nominated for the [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play]] for his lead performance in the [[Apartheid]] drama ''[[The Song of Jacob Zulu]]''. More recently, Freeman has played the role of Doctor Dillamond from ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]'' in the first North American tour, Chicago and Broadway productions. In 2015, he was nominated for his second Tony Award, this time for [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play|Best Featured Actor in a Play]] for the dark comedy ''[[Airline Highway (play)|Airline Highway]]'', and he also won the [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play]] for the same role.

He has also had supporting roles in various films such as ''[[Grosse Pointe Blank]]'' (1997), ''[[The Cider House Rules]]'' (1999), and ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' (2008). On television, he is perhaps best known for his recurring role on ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' as "Mr. Trick".

He portrays Mr. Poe in the Netflix series ''[[A Series Of Unfortunate Events]]'', which started filming in March 2016.

== Work ==

=== Stage ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[The Song of Jacob Zulu]]'' || Jacob Zulu || Broadway Nominated - [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' || Dr. Spivey || Broadway
|-
| 2013 || ''Fetch Clay, Make Man'' || [[Stepin Fetchit]] || Off-Broadway
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]'' || Dr. Dillamond || Broadway
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Airline Highway (play)|Airline Highway]]'' || Sissy Na Na || Broadway [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play]] Nominated - [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play]]
|-
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1990 ||''Street Hunter'' || Pretzel ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1991 || ''[[Ricochet (film)|Ricochet]]'' || Talk Show Guest ||
|-
|| ''[[Grand Canyon (1991 film)|Grand Canyon]]'' || Wipe ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Full Cycle'' || Clerk ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Jeffrey (1995 film)|Jeffrey]]'' || Barney's Waitor ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1996 || ''[[Eraser (film)|Eraser]]'' || Duton ||
|-
|| ''[[House Arrest (film)|House Arrest]]'' || Officer Davis ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997 || ''[[Grosse Point Blank]]'' || Kenneth McCullers ||
|-
|| ''[[The End of Violence]]'' || Six O One ||
|-
|| 1998 || ''Life in the Fast Lane'' || Stan/Suzie ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The Cider House Rules (film)|The Cider House Rules]]'' || Muddy ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008 || ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' || Polk ||
|-
| ''[[The Lucky Ones (film)|The Lucky Ones]]'' || Detective # 2 ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' || [[Baxter Stockman]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Anesthesia (film)|Anesthesia]]'' || Joe ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| 1991 ||''[[A Different World]]'' || Novian Winters || Episode: "Monet Is the Root of All Evil"
|-
| ''The Killing Mind'' || Fred Robinson || TV movie
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Brooklyn Bridge (TV series)|Brooklyn Bridge]]'' || Scoot || Episode: "On the Road"
|-
|rowspan=2| 1993 || ''Tracey Takes on New York'' || Byron || TV movie
|-
| ''[[Ghostwriter (TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' || Malenga || Episode: "Lost in Brooklyn: Part 1"
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Strange Luck]]'' || Driving Instructor || Episode: "Over Exposure"
|-
| 1995–97 || ''[[NYPD Blue]]'' || Arthur Cartwell || 3 episodes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sisters (TV series)|Sisters]]'' || Chardonay/Larry || 2 episodes
|-
| 1996–97 || ''[[Dangerous Minds (TV series)|Dangerous Minds]]'' || Jerome Griffin || 17 episodes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Touched by an Angel]]'' || Vincent 'Vinegar' Finegar || Episode: "Doodlebugs"
|-
| 1998–99 || ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' || Mr. Trick || 5 episodes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[City of Angels (2000 TV series)|City of Angels]]'' || || Episode: "Cry Me a Liver"
|-
| 2011 || ''[[A Gifted Man]]'' || Officer Dale Woodrow || Episode: "In Case of Exposure"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014 || ''[[Believe (TV series)|Believe]]'' || Gary Wise || Episode: "Together"
|-
| ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' || Raphael || Episode: "Terra Pericolosa"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' || Mr. Reynolds || Episode: "Community Policing"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2016 || ''[[Blindspot (TV series)|Blindspot]]'' || Marcus || Episode: "One Begets Technique"
|-
| ''[[The OA]]'' || Masters || Episode: "Homecoming"
|-
| 2017 || ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)|A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' || [[Arthur Poe|Mr. Poe]] || 8 episodes
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0293461|K. Todd Freeman}}
*{{IBDB name}}

{{DramaDesk PlayFeaturedActor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freeman, K. Todd}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:African-American male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Houston]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni]]

Tyler Bate

2017-01-15T22:02:47Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 68.34.134.33 (talk): Failure to cite a reliable source (HG) (3.1.20)

{{notability|biography|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Tyler Bate
| names = '''Tyler Bate''' <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5386|title=Tyler Bate « Wrestlers Database |first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=}}</ref> Arthur Klauser-Saxon<ref name="cagematch.net">http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5386</ref>
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}<ref name="auto"/>
| weight = {{convert|175|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="auto"/>
| birth_name = Tyler Bate
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|3|07}}<ref name="wrestlingdata1">{{cite web|url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=12832&bild=1&gestaltung=schmaler |title=The World's Largest Wrestling Database |website=Wrestlingdata.com |date=2010-01-16 |accessdate=2016-12-12}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dudley]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resides =
| billed =
| trainer = Dave Mastiff<ref name="cagematch.net">http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5386</ref> [[Trent Seven]]<ref name="cagematch.net">http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5386</ref>
| debut = 2012
| retired =
}}
'''Tyler Bate''' (born March 7, 1997) is a British [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]], currently working for various independent companies in Europe and occasionally the United States.<ref name="auto"/>

==Professional wrestling career==
===Preston City Wrestling (2014–2015)===
Bate debuted in Preston City Wrestling as "The Iron Master" Tyler Bate at PCW Fright Night III on October 31, 2014, competing unsuccessfully in a 4 way match also featuring Charlie Garrett, [[Rich Swann]] and Zack Gibson. Bate returned to PCW at Shooting Star in January 2015, aligning himself with The Hunter Brothers and Ryan Smile. Bate and his team were then defeated by [[Pete Dunne (wrestler)|Pete Dunne]], Damian Dunne, Morgan Webster and [[Mark Andrews (wrestler)|Mark Andrews]].<ref>http://www.prestoncitywrestling.com/wrestlers/tyler-bate</ref>

===Chikara (2015–present)===
In early 2015, Bate, alongside [[Trent Seven]], debuted in American promotion [[Chikara]] as part of their tour of the United Kingdom, defeating The Hunter Brothers in a dark match on April 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/chikara/for-british-eyes-only-21587.html|title=CHIKARA For British Eyes Only at Wulfrun Hall wrestling results |publisher=}}</ref> and losing to the Devastation Corporation (Max Smashmaster and Blaster McMassive) in another dark match on April 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/chikara/let-39em-eat-cake-21588.html|title=CHIKARA Let 'em Eat Cake at Wulfrun Hall wrestling results|publisher=}}</ref> In their final dark match on the tour, Seven and Bate teamed with Clint Margera to take on Pete Dunne, Damian Dunne and [[Jimmy Havoc]] in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/chikara/afternoon-delight-21594.html|title=CHIKARA Afternoon Delight at The Garage wrestling results|publisher=}}</ref> Bate teamed with Seven and Dan Moloney at that year's King of Trios as Team Fight Club: Pro, making it to the semi-finals before being eliminated by [[The Bullet Club]] ([[AJ Styles]], [[The Young Bucks|Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/chikara/king-of-trios-3915---night-3-22559.html|title=CHIKARA King of Trios '15 - Night 3 at Palmer Community Center wrestling results|publisher=}}</ref> In 2016, Seven and Bate began competing more regularly in Chikara, and on August 21, they defeated Los Ice Creams (Hijo Del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.), N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) and The Devastation Corporation to win the Campeonatos De Parejas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/cards/chikara/no-one39s-first-and-you39re-next-24568.html|title=CHIKARA No One's First, And You're Next at The Wrestle Factory wrestling results|publisher=}}</ref>

===WWE (2016–present)===
On December 15, 2016, it was revealed that Bate would be one of 16 men competing in a two night tournament to crown the first ever [[WWE United Kingdom Championship|WWE United Kingdom Champion]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-united-kingdom-championship-tournament/gallery/wwe-united-kingdom-championship-tournament#fid-40073649|title=Photos from the historic U.K. press conference|publisher=}}</ref> on January 14 and 15, 2017. Bate defeated [[Tucker (wrestler)|Tucker]] in the first round to advance to the quarter finals before beating [[Jordan Devlin]] to advance to the semi-finals. <ref>http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-united-kingdom-championship-tournament/2017-01-14</ref>

==In wrestling==
* '''Finishing moves'''
** ''Tyler Driver '97'' ([[Powerbomb#Sitout powerbomb|Sitout]] [[Powerbomb#Double underhook powerbomb|double underhook powerbomb]])
* '''Signature moves'''
**[[Professional wrestling throws#Airplane spin|Airplane spin]]
**[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Super|Diving]] [[Professional wrestling attacks#European uppercut|European uppercut]]
**[[Professional wrestling throws#Giant swing|Giant swing]]
*'''Nicknames'''
**"Textbook"
**"The Iron Master"
*'''Entrance themes'''
**"Hearts on Fire"
**"Sledgehammer"
**"Dangerzone"
**"Seven Nation Army" by [[The White Stripes]] - used while teaming with [[Trent Seven]]
**"Love is Blindess" by The White Stripes - used as a part of British Strong Style<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5386&page=15</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''Attack! Pro Wrestling
**Attack! 24:7 Championship (3 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2131|title=ATTACK! 24:7 Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=}}</ref>
*'''[[Chikara (professional wrestling)|Chikara]]'''
**[[Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas]] ([[Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas#Title history|1 time, current]]) – with Trent Seven<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=329|title=CHIKARA Campeonatos de Parejas Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=}}</ref>
*'''Great Bear Promotions'''
**Junior Heavyweight Cup (2014)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=2972</ref>
**URSA Major One Night Tournament (2013)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=2580</ref>
*'''Kamikaze Pro'''
**Kamikaze Pro Tag Team Championship (1 time)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2225</ref> - with Dan Moloney
**Relentless Division Championship (1 time)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2078</ref>
*'''[[PROGRESS Wrestling]]'''
**[[Progress_Wrestling#Progress_Tag_Team_Championship|Progress Tag Team Championship]] (1 time, current) – with Trent Seven<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2214&page=5&reign=7|title=Title Reigns « PROGRESS Tag Team Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=}}</ref>
*'''Shropshire Wrestling Alliance'''
**SWA British Lions Championship (1 time)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=3070&page=5&reign=2</ref>
**British Lions Tournament (2014)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3229</ref>
*'''[[Westside Xtreme Wrestling]]'''
**[[wXw Shotgun Championship]] (1 time)<ref>http://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2059</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
* {{Twitter|tyler_bate}}
* {{Facebook|tylerbateprofessionalwrestler}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bate, Tyler}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male professional wrestlers]]

Deshaun Watson

2017-01-10T05:54:55Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 66.87.114.163 (talk) (HG) (3.1.22)

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Deshaun Watson
|image=Deshaun Watson 2016.jpg
|caption=
|school= Clemson Tigers
|currentnumber=4
|currentposition=[[Quarterback/Alabamas Daddy]]
|class=[[Junior (education)|Junior]]
|major=Communication Studies
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|9|14}}
|birth_place=[[Gainesville, Georgia]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight=218
|highschool=[[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville (GA)]]
|pastschools=
*[[Clemson University|Clemson]] (2014–present)
|bowlgames=
*[[2014 Russell Athletic Bowl]]
*[[2015 Orange Bowl]]
*[[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]]
|highlights=
* [[College Football Playoff National Championship|CFP national champion]] ([[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017]])
* 2× [[ACC Championship Game|ACC champion]] ([[2015 ACC Championship Game|2015]], [[2016 ACC Championship Game|2016]])
* [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]] (2016)
* [[Chic Harley Award]] (2016)
* 2× [[Davey O'Brien Award]] (2015, 2016)
* [[Archie Griffin Award]] (2015)
* [[Manning Award]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Player of the Year]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Offensive Player of the Year]] (2015)
* Consensus [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[2015 College Football All-America Team|2015]])
* ''USA Today'' High School All-American (2013)
|cbs=
|espn=
|si=
|yahoo=240135
|rivals=467759
}}

'''Deshaun Watson''' (born September 14, 1995) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Clemson Tigers football|Clemson Tigers]].

==Early years==
Deshaun Watson was born on September 14, 1995. Watson attended [[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville High School]] in [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. Watson arrived at Gainesville in the Fall of 2010, just one year after the Gainesville High Red Elephants had lost in the State Championship game to Peach County High School. Gainesville Head Coach Bruce Miller had planned to start a rising junior to quarterback his spread offense, but Watson won the starting spot. Deshaun Watson was the first freshman quarterback Coach Miller had ever started.<ref name="foxcarolina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/23874860/1-high-school-recruit-headed-to-clemson|title=No. 1 high school recruit headed to Clemson|date=4 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> During his career he set numerous state records, including total yards (17,134), total [[touchdowns]] (218), career passing yards (13,077), and career passing touchdowns (155).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20131223/PC20/131229746|title=Clemson's quarterback of the future: DeShaun Watson|work=Post and Courier}}</ref> He also rushed for 4,057 yards and 63 touchdowns. Watson excelled in his junior year, winning a state championship and earning accolades such as Junior All-American, 2014 Player to Watch, and 2014 Top 100 Recruit.<ref name="go.com">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/football/recruiting/player/_/id/138829/deshaun-watson|title=Deshaun Watson|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his Sophomore and Senior year he was able to lead the Gainesville High School Football Team to the state semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/high-schools/gainesville-red-elephants-(gainesville,ga)/football/home.htm|title=Gainesville (GA) Football – MaxPreps|date=17 December 2015|work=MaxPreps.com}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
Deshaun Watson received offers from numerous colleges before committing to Clemson. Some of the offers he considered most seriously came from schools such as the University of Alabama, Auburn University, Florida State University, University of Georgia, Georgia Tech, Louisiana State University, Ohio State, University of Oregon, and University of Southern California. Watson verbally committed to Clemson on February 1, 2012. He was ranked the number one quarterback recruit for the 2014 class by ESPN 300.<ref name="go.com"/>
Since his commitment to Clemson University in 2012, Deshaun Watson has frequently been compared to Clemson’s recently graduated, record-setting quarterback [[Tajh Boyd]]. Both Watson and Boyd are considered dual-threat quarterbacks, earning consistent yards in both the passing and rushing stats. They also both ran the spread offense and were given the power to choose which play the team ran depending on what they saw in the defense prior to snapping the ball.<ref name="foxcarolina.com"/>

==College career==

===Freshman year===
Watson entered his true freshman season as the backup to starter [[Cole Stoudt]], but still received extensive playing time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/acc/post/_/id/74674/clemsons-watson-proves-a-quick-study|title=Clemson Tigers Deshaun Watson proves a quick study – ACC Blog- ESPN|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his high school career, Watson wore number 4. At Clemson, that number had been retired after quarterback [[Steve Fuller (American football)|Steve Fuller]] graduated. However, Fuller allowed the number to come out of retirement so that Watson could wear it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765|title=Deshaun Watson Bio|work=ClemsonTigers.com}}</ref> Through three games, he had completed 29 of 41 passes for 479 yards with four touchdowns and no [[interceptions]], outperforming Stoudt. Watson was named the Tigers starter on September 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootball.blog.ajc.com/2014/09/21/deshaun-watson-to-make-first-start-for-clemson/|title=Deshaun Watson to make first start for Clemson. – College Football Insider Blog|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20140921/PC20/140929842|title=It's his time: Deshaun Watson to make his first career start Saturday vs. UNC|work=Post and Courier}}</ref>
In Watson's first career start vs. the [[North Carolina Tar Heels]], Watson set a Clemson record with six touchdown passes and threw for 435 yards in route to a 50–35 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/09/27/5204908/clemson-freshman-qb-deshaun-watson.html|title=Clemson freshman QB Deshaun Watson throws six TDs in win over UNC|work=charlotteobserver}}</ref>

On October 11, 2014, Watson broke a bone in his right hand in a game against the [[Louisville Cardinals]]. He left in the 1st quarter and was out for the game and also out for the games against [[Boston College]], Syracuse, & Wake Forest. He would return for the game against Georgia Tech only to suffer an LCL strain, missing most of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/11889281/clemson-tigers-qb-deshaun-watson-avoids-acl-injury-play-versus-south-carolina|title=Clemson Tigers QB Deshaun Watson avoids ACL injury, could play versus South Carolina|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During the following week in practice it was reported that Watson had tweaked his knee; it was later revealed that he had torn his ACL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/11/29/swinney-deshaun-watson-played-on-torn-acl/|title=Swinney: Deshaun Watson played on torn ACL|work=CollegeFootballTalk}}</ref> Watson would not play against Georgia State the following week. But he did come back the following week to play against state rival South Carolina; after defeating the Gamecocks it was revealed to the public that Watson had played the game with a torn ACL.

He underwent surgery to repair his ACL the Friday before Clemson's bowl game against Oklahoma.

===Sophomore year===
In 2015, Watson led the Clemson football team to an undefeated 12-0 regular season and a #1 ranking in the polls. After the regular season, the Tigers qualified for the [[2015 ACC Championship Game|ACC Championship Game]], facing off against #10 [[2015 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]. Watson threw for 289 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 131 yards and 2 touchdowns in the game to lead the Tigers to a 45-37 win over the Tar Heels, winning the ACC Championship for the first time since 2011. Watson was also named the ACC Championship Game MVP for his performance. The Tigers were selected to participate in the 2016 [[College Football Playoff]] and were selected as the #1 seed. The Tigers faced off against the #4 seed [[2015 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] in the [[2015 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]], one of the two CFP Semifinal games. Watson threw for 189 yards and a touchdown and ran for 145 yards and a touchdown as he led Clemson to a 37-17 victory over the Sooners. Watson was named the 2015 Orange Bowl Offensive MVP for his performance. With the win, the Tigers advanced to the [[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]] game against #2 [[2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama Crimson Tide]]. Watson threw for 405 yards and four touchdowns in the game and ran for another 73 yards on the ground in the losing effort. Watson surpassed the 4,000 yard passing mark for the season in this game. Deshaun Watson set the record for most total yards in national championship game history, with 478 yards (405 passing / 73 rushing) against the nation's best defense. In addition to throwing for over 4,000 yards, Watson also rushed for over 1,000 yards to complete his true sophomore season. Watson was the first, and currently the only, player ever to accomplish this feat in the history of college football.

For his accomplishments during the 2015 season, Watson was named a finalist for the [[Heisman Trophy]], the first time a Clemson player has been invited to the Heisman Trophy Presentation. Watson finished third in the balloting after winner [[Derrick Henry]] of Alabama and [[Christian McCaffrey]] of Stanford. Watson's third-place finish in Heisman voting is the best finish in Clemson football history. Watson won the [[Davey O'Brien Award]], which is awarded annually to the best college quarterback. Furthermore, Watson was also named the 2015 ACC Player of the Year and the ACC Offensive Player of the Year.

Watson enrolled at Clemson in January 2014. In 2016, it was reported that he will graduate in December 2016, after three years in school. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.campusrush.com/clemson-football-deshaun-watson-early-graduation-nfl-2068037757.html|title=How Deshaun Watson is starting new trend in race to the NFL|last=Thamel|first=Pete|date=2016-10-28|newspaper=Campus Rush|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

===Junior year===
Watson finished with 378 passing yards and two touchdowns against Florida State on October 29, 2016, rallying to a 37-34 win.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clemson, Watson rally over Florida St.|url=http://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Texas-hands-No-8-Baylor-first-loss-with-late-10422637.php|publisher=SF Gate|accessdate=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Against Syracuse on November 5, 2016, Watson had 169 passing yards with two touchdowns, but left the game with an apparent shoulder injury. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Godbread|first1=Chase|title=Clemson's Deshaun Watson suffers shoulder injury vs. Syracuse|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000734064/article/clemsons-deshaun-watson-suffers-shoulder-injury-vs-syracuse|publisher=NFL|accessdate=November 5, 2016}} Watson will be graduating in December of 2016 with a degree in communication studies. In Fall of 2016, Watson became the first player since Jason White in 2003-2004 to win the Davey O'Brien Award in back-to-back years. He is the 2016 Heisman Trophy winner.
</ref> In 2016, Watson was selected as the winner of the [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]].
In 2017, He won the national college football championship against Alabama 35-31. http://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore?gameId=400876570

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765 Clemson Tigers bio]

{{2015 NCAA Division I FBS College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{Davey O'Brien Award}}
{{Archie Griffin Award}}
{{Manning Award}}
{{Johnny Unitas Award}}
{{Chic Harley Award}}
{{Clemson Tigers quarterback navbox}}
{{ACC Athlete of the Year navbox}}
{{2016 Clemson Tigers football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Deshaun}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gainesville, Georgia]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:ACC Athlete of the Year]]

Deshaun Watson

2017-01-10T05:52:37Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 107.77.164.26 (talk) (HG) (3.1.22)

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Deshaun Watson
|image=Deshaun Watson 2016.jpg
|caption=
|school= Clemson Tigers
|currentnumber=4
|currentposition=[[Quarterback]]
|class=[[Junior (education)|Junior]]
|major=Communication Studies
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|9|14}}
|birth_place=[[Gainesville, Georgia]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight=218
|highschool=[[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville (GA)]]
|pastschools=
*[[Clemson University|Clemson]] (2014–present)
|bowlgames=
*[[2014 Russell Athletic Bowl]]
*[[2015 Orange Bowl]]
*[[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]]
|highlights=
* [[College Football Playoff National Championship|CFP national champion]] ([[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017]])
* 2× [[ACC Championship Game|ACC champion]] ([[2015 ACC Championship Game|2015]], [[2016 ACC Championship Game|2016]])
* [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]] (2016)
* [[Chic Harley Award]] (2016)
* 2× [[Davey O'Brien Award]] (2015, 2016)
* [[Archie Griffin Award]] (2015)
* [[Manning Award]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Player of the Year]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Offensive Player of the Year]] (2015)
* Consensus [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[2015 College Football All-America Team|2015]])
* ''USA Today'' High School All-American (2013)
|cbs=
|espn=
|si=
|yahoo=240135
|rivals=467759
}}

'''Deshaun Watson''' (born September 14, 1995) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Clemson Tigers football|Clemson Tigers]].

==Early years==
Deshaun Watson was born on September 14, 1995. Watson attended [[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville High School]] in [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. Watson arrived at Gainesville in the Fall of 2010, just one year after the Gainesville High Red Elephants had lost in the State Championship game to Peach County High School. Gainesville Head Coach Bruce Miller had planned to start a rising junior to quarterback his spread offense, but Watson won the starting spot. Deshaun Watson was the first freshman quarterback Coach Miller had ever started.<ref name="foxcarolina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/23874860/1-high-school-recruit-headed-to-clemson|title=No. 1 high school recruit headed to Clemson|date=4 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> During his career he set numerous state records, including total yards (17,134), total [[touchdowns]] (218), career passing yards (13,077), and career passing touchdowns (155).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20131223/PC20/131229746|title=Clemson's quarterback of the future: DeShaun Watson|work=Post and Courier}}</ref> He also rushed for 4,057 yards and 63 touchdowns. Watson excelled in his junior year, winning a state championship and earning accolades such as Junior All-American, 2014 Player to Watch, and 2014 Top 100 Recruit.<ref name="go.com">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/football/recruiting/player/_/id/138829/deshaun-watson|title=Deshaun Watson|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his Sophomore and Senior year he was able to lead the Gainesville High School Football Team to the state semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/high-schools/gainesville-red-elephants-(gainesville,ga)/football/home.htm|title=Gainesville (GA) Football – MaxPreps|date=17 December 2015|work=MaxPreps.com}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
Deshaun Watson received offers from numerous colleges before committing to Clemson. Some of the offers he considered most seriously came from schools such as the University of Alabama, Auburn University, Florida State University, University of Georgia, Georgia Tech, Louisiana State University, Ohio State, University of Oregon, and University of Southern California. Watson verbally committed to Clemson on February 1, 2012. He was ranked the number one quarterback recruit for the 2014 class by ESPN 300.<ref name="go.com"/>
Since his commitment to Clemson University in 2012, Deshaun Watson has frequently been compared to Clemson’s recently graduated, record-setting quarterback [[Tajh Boyd]]. Both Watson and Boyd are considered dual-threat quarterbacks, earning consistent yards in both the passing and rushing stats. They also both ran the spread offense and were given the power to choose which play the team ran depending on what they saw in the defense prior to snapping the ball.<ref name="foxcarolina.com"/>

==College career==

===Freshman year===
Watson entered his true freshman season as the backup to starter [[Cole Stoudt]], but still received extensive playing time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/acc/post/_/id/74674/clemsons-watson-proves-a-quick-study|title=Clemson Tigers Deshaun Watson proves a quick study – ACC Blog- ESPN|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his high school career, Watson wore number 4. At Clemson, that number had been retired after quarterback [[Steve Fuller (American football)|Steve Fuller]] graduated. However, Fuller allowed the number to come out of retirement so that Watson could wear it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765|title=Deshaun Watson Bio|work=ClemsonTigers.com}}</ref> Through three games, he had completed 29 of 41 passes for 479 yards with four touchdowns and no [[interceptions]], outperforming Stoudt. Watson was named the Tigers starter on September 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootball.blog.ajc.com/2014/09/21/deshaun-watson-to-make-first-start-for-clemson/|title=Deshaun Watson to make first start for Clemson. – College Football Insider Blog|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20140921/PC20/140929842|title=It's his time: Deshaun Watson to make his first career start Saturday vs. UNC|work=Post and Courier}}</ref>
In Watson's first career start vs. the [[North Carolina Tar Heels]], Watson set a Clemson record with six touchdown passes and threw for 435 yards in route to a 50–35 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/09/27/5204908/clemson-freshman-qb-deshaun-watson.html|title=Clemson freshman QB Deshaun Watson throws six TDs in win over UNC|work=charlotteobserver}}</ref>

On October 11, 2014, Watson broke a bone in his right hand in a game against the [[Louisville Cardinals]]. He left in the 1st quarter and was out for the game and also out for the games against [[Boston College]], Syracuse, & Wake Forest. He would return for the game against Georgia Tech only to suffer an LCL strain, missing most of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/11889281/clemson-tigers-qb-deshaun-watson-avoids-acl-injury-play-versus-south-carolina|title=Clemson Tigers QB Deshaun Watson avoids ACL injury, could play versus South Carolina|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During the following week in practice it was reported that Watson had tweaked his knee; it was later revealed that he had torn his ACL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/11/29/swinney-deshaun-watson-played-on-torn-acl/|title=Swinney: Deshaun Watson played on torn ACL|work=CollegeFootballTalk}}</ref> Watson would not play against Georgia State the following week. But he did come back the following week to play against state rival South Carolina; after defeating the Gamecocks it was revealed to the public that Watson had played the game with a torn ACL.

He underwent surgery to repair his ACL the Friday before Clemson's bowl game against Oklahoma.

===Sophomore year===
In 2015, Watson led the Clemson football team to an undefeated 12-0 regular season and a #1 ranking in the polls. After the regular season, the Tigers qualified for the [[2015 ACC Championship Game|ACC Championship Game]], facing off against #10 [[2015 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]. Watson threw for 289 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 131 yards and 2 touchdowns in the game to lead the Tigers to a 45-37 win over the Tar Heels, winning the ACC Championship for the first time since 2011. Watson was also named the ACC Championship Game MVP for his performance. The Tigers were selected to participate in the 2016 [[College Football Playoff]] and were selected as the #1 seed. The Tigers faced off against the #4 seed [[2015 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] in the [[2015 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]], one of the two CFP Semifinal games. Watson threw for 189 yards and a touchdown and ran for 145 yards and a touchdown as he led Clemson to a 37-17 victory over the Sooners. Watson was named the 2015 Orange Bowl Offensive MVP for his performance. With the win, the Tigers advanced to the [[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]] game against #2 [[2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama Crimson Tide]]. Watson threw for 405 yards and four touchdowns in the game and ran for another 73 yards on the ground in the losing effort. Watson surpassed the 4,000 yard passing mark for the season in this game. Deshaun Watson set the record for most total yards in national championship game history, with 478 yards (405 passing / 73 rushing) against the nation's best defense. In addition to throwing for over 4,000 yards, Watson also rushed for over 1,000 yards to complete his true sophomore season. Watson was the first, and currently the only, player ever to accomplish this feat in the history of college football.

For his accomplishments during the 2015 season, Watson was named a finalist for the [[Heisman Trophy]], the first time a Clemson player has been invited to the Heisman Trophy Presentation. Watson finished third in the balloting after winner [[Derrick Henry]] of Alabama and [[Christian McCaffrey]] of Stanford. Watson's third-place finish in Heisman voting is the best finish in Clemson football history. Watson won the [[Davey O'Brien Award]], which is awarded annually to the best college quarterback. Furthermore, Watson was also named the 2015 ACC Player of the Year and the ACC Offensive Player of the Year.

Watson enrolled at Clemson in January 2014. In 2016, it was reported that he will graduate in December 2016, after three years in school. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.campusrush.com/clemson-football-deshaun-watson-early-graduation-nfl-2068037757.html|title=How Deshaun Watson is starting new trend in race to the NFL|last=Thamel|first=Pete|date=2016-10-28|newspaper=Campus Rush|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

===Junior year===
Watson finished with 378 passing yards and two touchdowns against Florida State on October 29, 2016, rallying to a 37-34 win.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clemson, Watson rally over Florida St.|url=http://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Texas-hands-No-8-Baylor-first-loss-with-late-10422637.php|publisher=SF Gate|accessdate=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Against Syracuse on November 5, 2016, Watson had 169 passing yards with two touchdowns, but left the game with an apparent shoulder injury. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Godbread|first1=Chase|title=Clemson's Deshaun Watson suffers shoulder injury vs. Syracuse|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000734064/article/clemsons-deshaun-watson-suffers-shoulder-injury-vs-syracuse|publisher=NFL|accessdate=November 5, 2016}} Watson will be graduating in December of 2016 with a degree in communication studies. In Fall of 2016, Watson became the first player since Jason White in 2003-2004 to win the Davey O'Brien Award in back-to-back years. He is the 2016 Heisman Trophy winner.
</ref> In 2016, Watson was selected as the winner of the [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]].
In 2017, He won the national college football championship against Alabama 35-31. http://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore?gameId=400876570

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765 Clemson Tigers bio]

{{2015 NCAA Division I FBS College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{Davey O'Brien Award}}
{{Archie Griffin Award}}
{{Manning Award}}
{{Johnny Unitas Award}}
{{Chic Harley Award}}
{{Clemson Tigers quarterback navbox}}
{{ACC Athlete of the Year navbox}}
{{2016 Clemson Tigers football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Deshaun}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gainesville, Georgia]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:ACC Athlete of the Year]]

Deshaun Watson

2017-01-10T05:50:45Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 66.87.148.71 (talk) (HG) (3.1.22)

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Deshaun Watson
|image=Deshaun Watson 2016.jpg
|caption=
|school= Clemson Tigers
|currentnumber=4
|currentposition=[[Quarterback]]
|class=[[Junior (education)|Junior]]
|major=Communication Studies
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1995|9|14}}
|birth_place=[[Gainesville, Georgia]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=3
|weight=218
|highschool=[[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville (GA)]]
|pastschools=
*[[Clemson University|Clemson]] (2014–present)
|bowlgames=
*[[2014 Russell Athletic Bowl]]
*[[2015 Orange Bowl]]
*[[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]]
|highlights=
* [[College Football Playoff National Championship|CFP national champion]] ([[2017 College Football Playoff National Championship|2017]])
* 2× [[ACC Championship Game|ACC champion]] ([[2015 ACC Championship Game|2015]], [[2016 ACC Championship Game|2016]])
* [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]] (2016)
* [[Chic Harley Award]] (2016)
* 2× [[Davey O'Brien Award]] (2015, 2016)
* [[Archie Griffin Award]] (2015)
* [[Manning Award]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Player of the Year]] (2015)
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards|ACC Offensive Player of the Year]] (2015)
* Consensus [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[2015 College Football All-America Team|2015]])
* ''USA Today'' High School All-American (2013)
|cbs=
|espn=
|si=
|yahoo=240135
|rivals=467759
}}

'''Deshaun Watson''' (born September 14, 1995) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Clemson Tigers football|Clemson Tigers]].

==Early years==
Deshaun Watson was born on September 14, 1995. Watson attended [[Gainesville High School (Georgia)|Gainesville High School]] in [[Gainesville, Georgia]]. Watson arrived at Gainesville in the Fall of 2010, just one year after the Gainesville High Red Elephants had lost in the State Championship game to Peach County High School. Gainesville Head Coach Bruce Miller had planned to start a rising junior to quarterback his spread offense, but Watson won the starting spot. Deshaun Watson was the first freshman quarterback Coach Miller had ever started.<ref name="foxcarolina.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/23874860/1-high-school-recruit-headed-to-clemson|title=No. 1 high school recruit headed to Clemson|date=4 November 2013|publisher=}}</ref> During his career he set numerous state records, including total yards (17,134), total [[touchdowns]] (218), career passing yards (13,077), and career passing touchdowns (155).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20131223/PC20/131229746|title=Clemson's quarterback of the future: DeShaun Watson|work=Post and Courier}}</ref> He also rushed for 4,057 yards and 63 touchdowns. Watson excelled in his junior year, winning a state championship and earning accolades such as Junior All-American, 2014 Player to Watch, and 2014 Top 100 Recruit.<ref name="go.com">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/football/recruiting/player/_/id/138829/deshaun-watson|title=Deshaun Watson|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his Sophomore and Senior year he was able to lead the Gainesville High School Football Team to the state semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/high-schools/gainesville-red-elephants-(gainesville,ga)/football/home.htm|title=Gainesville (GA) Football – MaxPreps|date=17 December 2015|work=MaxPreps.com}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
Deshaun Watson received offers from numerous colleges before committing to Clemson. Some of the offers he considered most seriously came from schools such as the University of Alabama, Auburn University, Florida State University, University of Georgia, Georgia Tech, Louisiana State University, Ohio State, University of Oregon, and University of Southern California. Watson verbally committed to Clemson on February 1, 2012. He was ranked the number one quarterback recruit for the 2014 class by ESPN 300.<ref name="go.com"/>
Since his commitment to Clemson University in 2012, Deshaun Watson has frequently been compared to Clemson’s recently graduated, record-setting quarterback [[Tajh Boyd]]. Both Watson and Boyd are considered dual-threat quarterbacks, earning consistent yards in both the passing and rushing stats. They also both ran the spread offense and were given the power to choose which play the team ran depending on what they saw in the defense prior to snapping the ball.<ref name="foxcarolina.com"/>

==College career==

===Freshman year===
Watson entered his true freshman season as the backup to starter [[Cole Stoudt]], but still received extensive playing time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/acc/post/_/id/74674/clemsons-watson-proves-a-quick-study|title=Clemson Tigers Deshaun Watson proves a quick study – ACC Blog- ESPN|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During his high school career, Watson wore number 4. At Clemson, that number had been retired after quarterback [[Steve Fuller (American football)|Steve Fuller]] graduated. However, Fuller allowed the number to come out of retirement so that Watson could wear it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765|title=Deshaun Watson Bio|work=ClemsonTigers.com}}</ref> Through three games, he had completed 29 of 41 passes for 479 yards with four touchdowns and no [[interceptions]], outperforming Stoudt. Watson was named the Tigers starter on September 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootball.blog.ajc.com/2014/09/21/deshaun-watson-to-make-first-start-for-clemson/|title=Deshaun Watson to make first start for Clemson. – College Football Insider Blog|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20140921/PC20/140929842|title=It's his time: Deshaun Watson to make his first career start Saturday vs. UNC|work=Post and Courier}}</ref>
In Watson's first career start vs. the [[North Carolina Tar Heels]], Watson set a Clemson record with six touchdown passes and threw for 435 yards in route to a 50–35 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/09/27/5204908/clemson-freshman-qb-deshaun-watson.html|title=Clemson freshman QB Deshaun Watson throws six TDs in win over UNC|work=charlotteobserver}}</ref>

On October 11, 2014, Watson broke a bone in his right hand in a game against the [[Louisville Cardinals]]. He left in the 1st quarter and was out for the game and also out for the games against [[Boston College]], Syracuse, & Wake Forest. He would return for the game against Georgia Tech only to suffer an LCL strain, missing most of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/11889281/clemson-tigers-qb-deshaun-watson-avoids-acl-injury-play-versus-south-carolina|title=Clemson Tigers QB Deshaun Watson avoids ACL injury, could play versus South Carolina|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> During the following week in practice it was reported that Watson had tweaked his knee; it was later revealed that he had torn his ACL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/11/29/swinney-deshaun-watson-played-on-torn-acl/|title=Swinney: Deshaun Watson played on torn ACL|work=CollegeFootballTalk}}</ref> Watson would not play against Georgia State the following week. But he did come back the following week to play against state rival South Carolina; after defeating the Gamecocks it was revealed to the public that Watson had played the game with a torn ACL.

He underwent surgery to repair his ACL the Friday before Clemson's bowl game against Oklahoma.

===Sophomore year===
In 2015, Watson led the Clemson football team to an undefeated 12-0 regular season and a #1 ranking in the polls. After the regular season, the Tigers qualified for the [[2015 ACC Championship Game|ACC Championship Game]], facing off against #10 [[2015 North Carolina Tar Heels football team|North Carolina]]. Watson threw for 289 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 131 yards and 2 touchdowns in the game to lead the Tigers to a 45-37 win over the Tar Heels, winning the ACC Championship for the first time since 2011. Watson was also named the ACC Championship Game MVP for his performance. The Tigers were selected to participate in the 2016 [[College Football Playoff]] and were selected as the #1 seed. The Tigers faced off against the #4 seed [[2015 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] in the [[2015 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]], one of the two CFP Semifinal games. Watson threw for 189 yards and a touchdown and ran for 145 yards and a touchdown as he led Clemson to a 37-17 victory over the Sooners. Watson was named the 2015 Orange Bowl Offensive MVP for his performance. With the win, the Tigers advanced to the [[2016 College Football Playoff National Championship]] game against #2 [[2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama Crimson Tide]]. Watson threw for 405 yards and four touchdowns in the game and ran for another 73 yards on the ground in the losing effort. Watson surpassed the 4,000 yard passing mark for the season in this game. Deshaun Watson set the record for most total yards in national championship game history, with 478 yards (405 passing / 73 rushing) against the nation's best defense. In addition to throwing for over 4,000 yards, Watson also rushed for over 1,000 yards to complete his true sophomore season. Watson was the first, and currently the only, player ever to accomplish this feat in the history of college football.

For his accomplishments during the 2015 season, Watson was named a finalist for the [[Heisman Trophy]], the first time a Clemson player has been invited to the Heisman Trophy Presentation. Watson finished third in the balloting after winner [[Derrick Henry]] of Alabama and [[Christian McCaffrey]] of Stanford. Watson's third-place finish in Heisman voting is the best finish in Clemson football history. Watson won the [[Davey O'Brien Award]], which is awarded annually to the best college quarterback. Furthermore, Watson was also named the 2015 ACC Player of the Year and the ACC Offensive Player of the Year.

Watson enrolled at Clemson in January 2014. In 2016, it was reported that he will graduate in December 2016, after three years in school. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.campusrush.com/clemson-football-deshaun-watson-early-graduation-nfl-2068037757.html|title=How Deshaun Watson is starting new trend in race to the NFL|last=Thamel|first=Pete|date=2016-10-28|newspaper=Campus Rush|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

===Junior year===
Watson finished with 378 passing yards and two touchdowns against Florida State on October 29, 2016, rallying to a 37-34 win.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clemson, Watson rally over Florida St.|url=http://www.sfgate.com/collegesports/article/Texas-hands-No-8-Baylor-first-loss-with-late-10422637.php|publisher=SF Gate|accessdate=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Against Syracuse on November 5, 2016, Watson had 169 passing yards with two touchdowns, but left the game with an apparent shoulder injury. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Godbread|first1=Chase|title=Clemson's Deshaun Watson suffers shoulder injury vs. Syracuse|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000734064/article/clemsons-deshaun-watson-suffers-shoulder-injury-vs-syracuse|publisher=NFL|accessdate=November 5, 2016}} Watson will be graduating in December of 2016 with a degree in communication studies. In Fall of 2016, Watson became the first player since Jason White in 2003-2004 to win the Davey O'Brien Award in back-to-back years. He is the 2016 Heisman Trophy winner.
</ref> In 2016, Watson was selected as the winner of the [[Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award]].
In 2017, He won the national college football championship against Alabama 35-31. http://www.espn.com/college-football/boxscore?gameId=400876570

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209389765 Clemson Tigers bio]

{{2015 NCAA Division I FBS College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{Davey O'Brien Award}}
{{Archie Griffin Award}}
{{Manning Award}}
{{Johnny Unitas Award}}
{{Chic Harley Award}}
{{Clemson Tigers quarterback navbox}}
{{ACC Athlete of the Year navbox}}
{{2016 Clemson Tigers football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Deshaun}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gainesville, Georgia]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:ACC Athlete of the Year]]

Jalen Hurts

2017-01-10T05:50:28Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2600:1012:B022:D029:4419:9783:13B5:16FF (talk) (HG) (3.1.22)

{{Infobox college football player
|name=Jalen Hurts
|image=
|school=Alabama Crimson Tide
|currentnumber=2
|currentposition=[[Quarterback]]
|class=Freshman
|birth_date={{birth date and age |1998|8|7|mf=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Houston, Texas]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=2
|weight_lb=209
|highlights=
* [[Southeastern Conference football individual awards|SEC Offensive Player of the Year]] (2016)
* [[Southeastern Conference football individual awards|SEC Freshman of the Year]] (2016)
|highschool=[[Channelview High School|Channelview (TX)]]
|pastschools=
*[[University of Alabama|Alabama]] (2016–present)
|espn=4040715
}}

'''Jalen Hurts''' (born August 7, 1998) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama Crimson Tide]].

==Early years==
Hurts's parents are Pamela and Averion Hurts. Hurts has two siblings, his younger sister Kynnedy and his older brother, named after their father, Averion. Hurts's older brother is currently the starting quarterback for [[Texas Southern University]] in his senior year. Their parents still attend Jalen's and Averion's football games every week.<ref>http://wiat.com/2016/11/26/the-role-jalen-hurts-family-played-on-his-path-to-becoming-the-crimson-tide-starting-qb/</ref> Hurts attended [[Channelview High School]] in [[Channelview, Texas]]. Hurts's father, Averion, was the football coach of [[Channelview High School]] throughout his sons' high school careers. As a senior he passed for 2,384 yards with 26 [[touchdown]] passes and rushed for 1,391 yards and 25 touchdowns. Hurts was a second-team all-district selection as a sophomore and was named the District 21-6A Overall MVP as a junior during his high school playing years. He played against the [[Texas A&M]] freshman standout running back Trayveon Williams throughout his high school career. Hurts was rated as a four-star recruit and was ranked among the top dual-threat quarterbacks in his class.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/1648|title=Rivals.com|publisher=}}</ref> Although [[Texas A & M]] made a strong push to recruit Hurts after the departure of their starting quarterback, [[Kyler Murray]], they ultimately failed in their efforts and Hurts proceeded to commit to the [[University of Alabama]] on June 5th, 2015. He was recruited by Alabama's Defensive Line Coach Bo Davis and Offensive Coordinator [[Lane Kiffin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2015/06/jalen_hurts_alabama_qb.html|title=Texas dual-threat QB Jalen Hurts commits to Alabama|publisher=}}</ref> Hurts finished high school academically ranking 39th in his class. Throughout high school, Hurts also participated in powerlifting. As a sophomore in high school, Hurts was squatting 500 pounds of weight. He would eventually become Regional Finalist in the Powerlifting 198-pound weight class.<ref>http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/07/meet_alabamas_promising_freshm.html</ref>

==College career==
As a true freshman at Alabama in 2016, Hurts competed to open the season as the starting quarterback.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2016/02/jalen_hurts_ready_to_compete_a.html|title=Jalen Hurts ready to compete at QB position after helping Tide prepare for Clemson|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/news/jalen-hurts-who-is-alabamas-quarterback-freshman-qb-nick-saban-usc/zwq48r19tvz616t8ar4u81bkv|title=Who is Jalen Hurts? Five things to know about freshman competing for Alabama starting job|date=29 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> [[Blake Barnett]] started the first game, but by the second game Hurts had taken over the role, becoming the first true freshman to start at quarterback for Alabama in 30 years.<ref>http://www.espn.com/blog/sec/post/_/id/120544/jalen-hurts-takes-definitive-lead-in-qb-battle-as-alabama-topples-western-kentucky</ref> Hurts produced a historic freshman season under head coach [[Nick Saban]]. He threw for 2,454 yards and 21 touchdowns with nine interceptions. His completion percentage was at 65.9 percent and he finished the regular season with a quarterback rating of 147.14. He rushed for a total of 840 yards and 12 touchdowns, breaking the Alabama single season record for rushing yards by a quarterback, surpassing [[Steadman S. Shealy|Steadman Shealy's]] previous record of 791 yards. He finished the season with 33 overall touchdowns, which is second all-time in Alabama football. Only [[Blake Sims]] has more touchdowns in a single season for the Crimson Tide with a total of 35 touchdowns.<ref>http://247sports.com/Article/Alabama-Football-Stat-Pack-Crimson-Tide-defense-leads-nation-Jal-49350015</ref> Hurts became the first quarterback coached by Nick Saban to rush for more than 11 touchdowns in a single season. He was the first player in Alabama history to pass for 300 yards and rush for 100 yards in the same game and the first quarterback to rush for 120 yards or more in multiple games. In the [[Iron Bowl]] game against [[Auburn Tigers football|Auburn]], Hurts completed 75% of his passes which set a new Iron Bowl record.<ref>http://247sports.com/Article/Alabama-Football-Stat-Pack-Crimson-Tide-defense-leads-nation-Jal-49350015</ref> Alabama concluded its 2016-2017 regular season with a perfect 12-0 (8-0 SEC) record. On November 30, 2016, Hurts was declared as one out of the ten finalists for the [[Manning Award]] which is given to the nation's top college quarterback. On December 3, 2016, he led his team to win the 2016 [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] Championship against the [[Florida Gators]]. Hurts was featured on the cover page of [[Sports Illustrated]] College Football Playoff magazine on December 6, 2016.<ref>https://www.saturdaydownsouth.com/alabama-football/photo-jalen-hurts-on-sports-illustrated-cover/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|JalenHurts}}
*[http://rolltide.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=3124 Alabama Crimson Tide bio]

{{Alabama Crimson Tide quarterback navbox}}
{{Southeastern Conference Football Player of the Year navbox}}
{{College Football Freshman of the Year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurts, Jalen}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Texas]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Alabama Crimson Tide football players]]

Patreon

2017-01-03T02:32:14Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 148.74.96.48 (talk): Not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox website
| name = Patreon, Inc.
| logo = Patreon logo with wordmark.svg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = 
| screenshot =
| collapsible = 
| collapsetext = 
| background = 
| screenshot_size = 
| screenshot_alt =
| caption =
| url = {{url|patreon.com}}
| slogan =
| commercial = 
| type = [[Crowdfunding]]
| registration =
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license = 
| programming_language =
| owner = 
| author = {{unbulleted list|[[Jack Conte]]|Sam Yam}}
| editor = 
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2013|5}} 
| revenue =
| alexa = 
| ip =
| issn = 
| oclc = 
| current_status =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Patreon''' is an internet-based platform that allows content creators to build their own subscription content service. It is popular among [[YouTube]] content creators, [[webcomic]] artists, writers, podcasters, musicians, and other categories of creators who post regularly online. It allows artists to receive funding directly from their fans, or [[patron]]s, on a recurring basis or per work of art.<ref>[http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201407111630/d The California Report.org: "Creating Patrons of the Arts Through Crowdfunding"] July 11–13, 2014.</ref> The company, started by musician [[Jack Conte]] and developer Sam Yam in 2013, is based in [[San Francisco]].<ref>[http://www.patreon.com Patreon.org: Intro] Accessed 14.7.2014</ref>

==History==
Patreon was founded in May 2013 by artist [[Jack Conte]], who was looking for a way to make a living from his popular [[YouTube]] videos.<ref name="pbs">{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2013/09/donation-patron-services-help-fans-support-their-favorite-authors/ | title=Donation, Patron Services Help Fans Support Their Favorite Authors | publisher=PBS | date=9 September 2013 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | author=Levitz, Dena}}</ref> Together with Sam Yam he developed a platform that allows patrons to donate a set amount of money every time an artist creates a work of art. The company raised 2.1 million dollars in August 2013 from a group of [[venture capital]]ists and [[angel investor]]s.<ref name="wired">{{cite news|url=http://www.wired.com/business/2013/10/big-idea-patreon/ |title=The Next Big Thing You Missed: ‘Eternal Kickstarter’ Reinvents Indie Art |publisher=Wired | date=22 October 2013 |accessdate=1 March 2014 |author=Tate, Ryan}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news | url=http://business.time.com/2013/12/04/business/slide/top-10-exciting-startups/ | title=Top 10 Exciting Startups | publisher=Time | date=4 December 2013 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | author=Luckerson, Victor}}</ref> In June 2014 the company raised a further $15,000,000 in a [[series A round]] led by [[Danny Rimer]] of [[Index Ventures]].<ref name="series A">{{cite web | url=http://techcrunch.com/2014/06/23/patreon-raises-15-million-series-a-revamps-site-to-showcase-artist-content/ | title=Patreon Raises $15 Million Series A, Revamps Site To Focus More On Content | publisher=TechCrunch | date=23 June 2014 | accessdate=26 August 2014 | author=Buhr, Sarah}}</ref><ref name="$15M">{{cite web|title=Patreon Raised $15 Million|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5vAdw3WY9Q|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 16, 2016|language=English|date=Jun 23, 2014}}</ref> In January 2016, the company closed on a fresh round of $30 million in a [[series B round]], led by [[Joshua Kushner|Thrive Capital]] which puts the total raised for Patreon at $47.1 million.<ref name="series B">{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/19/patreon-gains-30-million-series-b-funding-experiencing-major-growth/ | title=Patreon Gains $30 Million Series B Funding To Support Growth | publisher=TechCrunch | date=19 Jan 2016 | accessdate=26 June 2016 | author=Buhr, Sarah}}</ref>

The company signed up more than 125,000 "patrons" in its first 18 months.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amanda Palmer races to $13,000 per release in Patreon crowdfunding|url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/04/amanda-palmer-patreon-crowdfunding-backers|website = the Guardian|accessdate = 2015-06-11|first = Stuart|last = Dredge}}</ref> In late 2014, the website announced that patrons were sending over $1,000,000 per month to the site's content creators.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.patreon.com/creation?hid=1070951|title = Creators on Patreon Receive Over 1,000,000 per Month From Patrons|date = October 10, 2014|accessdate = June 12, 2015|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

In March 2015, Patreon acquired [[Subbable]], a similar voluntary subscription service created by the [[Green brothers]], [[John Green (author)|John]] and [[Hank Green]], and brought over Subbable creators and contents, including [[CGP Grey]], [[Destin Sandlin]]'s ''Smarter Every Day'' and the Green brothers' own ''[[CrashCourse]]'' and ''[[SciShow]]'' channels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patreon Acquires Subbable, Aligning the YouTube Stars|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexpham/2015/03/16/patreon-acquires-subbable-aligning-youtube-stars/|website=Forbes|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> The merger was consequent of an expected migration of payment systems with [[Amazon Payments]] that Subbable used.

In October 2015, the site was the target of a massive [[hacking attack]] with almost fifteen gigabytes' worth of password data, donation records, and source code taken and published. The breach exposed more than 2.3 million unique e-mail addresses and millions of private messages.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunt|first1=Troy|title=Pwned websites - Patreon|url=https://haveibeenpwned.com/PwnedWebsites#Patreon|website=Have I been pwned?|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Goodin|first1=Dan|title=Gigabytes of user data from hack of Patreon donations site dumped online|url=http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/10/gigabytes-of-user-data-from-hack-of-patreon-donations-site-dumped-online/|website=ars technica|accessdate=7 October 2015|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>
Following the attack, some patrons received extortion emails demanding Bitcoin payments in exchange for the protection of their personal information.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|title=Extortion attempt on victims of Patreon site hack|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34899705|website=BBC|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Billboard1">{{cite web|title=Scammers Fumble Attempt to Extort Patreon Users|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6770400/patreon-hack-extortion-attempt|website=Billboard|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Techcrunch1">{{cite web|last1=Biggs|first1=John|title=Extortionists Are Threatening To Release Patreon User Data|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/21/extortionists-are-threatening-to-release-patreon-user-data/|website=Techcrunch|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>

==Business model==
Artists set up a page on the Patreon website, where patrons can choose to pay a fixed amount to an artist on a monthly basis. Alternatively, artists can configure their page so that patrons pay every time the artist releases a new piece of art. Patrons can set a monthly maximum for each creator they support. This is different from crowd-funding platforms like [[Kickstarter]], where artists obtain a single sum after a successful campaign and typically have to start over for every new piece.<ref name="pbs" /> Similar to other platforms, artists typically provide benefits for their patrons depending on the amount that each patron pays.<ref name="billboard">{{cite news | url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1561353/jack-contes-patreon-anyone-can-be-a-patron-of-the-arts | title=Jack Conte’s Patreon: Anyone Can Be a Patron of the Arts | work=Billboard Biz | date=10 May 2013 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | author=Pham, Alex | location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref name="mercury">{{cite news | url=http://www.portlandmercury.com/BlogtownPDX/archives/2014/02/07/portland-cartoonist-erika-moen-launches-a-patreon-also-patreon-sounds-pretty-brilliant | title=Portland Cartoonist Erika Moen Launches a Patreon (Also, Patreon Sounds Pretty Brilliant) | work=The Portland Mercury | date=7 February 2014 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | author=Henriksen, Erik | location=Portland, OR}}</ref> Patreon takes a 5% [[commission (remuneration)|commission]] on pledges.<ref name="patreonhelpcenter">{{cite web | url=https://patreon.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/204606125-How-do-you-calculate-fees- | title=Patreon Help Center | publisher=Patreon | accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref>

==Participating artists==
As of February 2014, almost half of the artists produce YouTube videos, while the rest are writers, [[webcomic]]s artists, or [[podcast]]ers.<ref>[http://www.patreon.com/discover Patreon.com: Projects Roll]</ref> On average, patrons donate $7 per creation. While the website initially targeted musicians (musician and performer [[Amanda Palmer]] uses Patreon and operates independently from a music label), established webcomic artists such as [[Jonathan Rosenberg (webcomic artist)|Jonathan Rosenberg]], [[Zach Weinersmith]] and Paul Taylor are successfully using it.<ref name="publishersweekly">{{cite news | url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/61145-patreon-raises-2-1-million-for-subscription-based-crowdfunding-platform.html | title=Patreon Raises $2.1 Million | work=Publishers Weekly | date=24 February 2014 | accessdate=1 March 2014 | author=Allen, Todd}}</ref>

As of December 2016, Patreon's Community Guidelines allows nudity and suggestive imagery, as long as clearly marked as such, but prohibits content that may be deemed pornographic or as glorifying [[sexual violence]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Community Guidelines|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213201421/https://www.patreon.com/guidelines|website=Patreon|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.patreon.com/}}

[[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Crowdfunding platforms|Crowd-funding platforms]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in California]]

Jair Bolsonaro

2016-05-23T04:13:36Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2601:152:4301:F830:2583:27F5:1877:DFA9 (talk): Unexplained removal of content (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Jair Bolsonaro
|image = Jair Bolsonaro.JPG
|imagem_subtitle = Bolsonaro em 2009
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|3|21|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Campinas]], [[Brazil]]
|party = [[Partido Democrata Cristão (1985-1993)|PDC]], [[Partido Progressista Renovador|PPR]], [[Partido Progressista (Brasil)|PPB]], [[Brazilian Labour Party (current)|PTB]], [[Partido da Frente Liberal|PFL]], [[Progressive Party (Brazil)|PP]] '''Currently:''' [[Social Christian Party (Brazil)|PSC]]
|religion =
|office = [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Congressman]] for [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
|term_start = February 1, 1991
|term_end =
|website = [http://www.bolsonaro.com.br bolsonaro.com.br]
}}
'''Jair Messias Bolsonaro''' (born March 21, 1955 in [[Campinas]]) is a Brazilian congressman and pre-candidate for 2018 Brazilian presidential elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://extra.globo.com/noticias/brasil/jair-bolsonaro-apresentado-como-pre-candidato-presidencia-da-republica-18791859.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro é apresentado como pré-candidato à Presidência da República}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/03/opinion/in-brazil-a-new-nostalgia-for-military-dictatorship.html|title=In Brazil, a New Nostalgia for Military Dictatorship}}</ref> He has been elected into the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] by the [[Christian Social Party (Brazil)|Christian Social Party]], and was the congressman who gained the most votes in the general elections of the state of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upsidedownworld.org/main/brazil-archives-63/5079-brazilian-elections-what-happens-next|title=Brazilian Elections: What Happens Next?|author=Upside Down World|work=upsidedownworld.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|title=The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro - The Intercept|work=The Intercept}}</ref> A controversial figure in Brazil, he has been known for advocating in favor of [[extreme right-wing]] political views.<ref name=nyt>http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html</ref>

==Political career==
Bolsonaro was formerly an army parachutist.<ref name=nyt/> In 1988, Bolsonaro has entered a public political career by being elect as [[city councilor]] in the capital city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] by the [[Christian Democratic Party (Brazil)|Christian Democratic Party]]. In the elections of 1990, he has been elected federal congressman of the same party. He has had other four consecutive terms. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties.

Along with his political career, Bolsonaro has aligned himself to nationalist, conservative, anti-left, anti-communist political views and stances. Bolsonaro openly defends the past militarist regime that had been installed in Brazil in 1964 and its subsequent dictatorship.

In 2014, he has been the congressman who has gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, accounting for 464 thousand votes.

==Political views and controversies==
Bolsonaro has expressed many right-wing political views during his long political career. He strongly advocates against the legalization of same sex-unions and of same-sex marriage, whilst expressing controversial statements considered by some to be homophobic or misogynistic in nature. He advocates against [[affirmative action]] or quotas for blacks, as well as against the decriminalization of drugs. Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been of the defense of the [[death penalty]] and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military, along with an implantation of a [[Brazilian military government]]. He said in 1993, only eight years after the return of democracy, that military rule would lead to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil.<ref name=nyt/> He also praised Peruvian president [[Alberto Fujimori]] as a role model for his use of military intervention against the judiciary and legislature.<ref name=nyt/>

A series of stances and remarks expressed by Bolsonaro directed towards female politician [[Maria do Rosário]], have led to some form of controversy. In one episode, during an interview in which Bolsonaro was expressing his opinion that minors who commit heinous crimes like murder and rape should be treated as adults, Maria do Rosário referred to Bolsonaro as a "rapist",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/geral/e-chegada-a-hora-de-dar-um-basta-as-bocalidades-de-bolsonaro-hoje-o-mais-importante-aliado-da-esquerda-bocal-ambos-se-alimentam-e-se-merecem/|title=É chegada a hora de dar um "Basta!" às boçalidades de Bolsonaro, hoje o mais importante aliado da esquerda boçal: ambos se alimentam e se merecem!|work=Reinaldo Azevedo - VEJA.com.br}}</ref> to which, he had stated that the latter was not "worthy of being raped", resulting in repercussion across some Brazilian political circles and parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/11/jair-bolsonaro-rape_n_6310460.html|title=Brazilian Congressman Tells Colleague She's Not Worth Raping|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> The remarks, considered by some to have hostile and misogynistic stances in nature, have been highly criticized by Human Rights Organizations, resulting in the Representative of the United Nations for South America High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Amerigo Incalcaterra]] to announce the following:
<blockquote>" The statements made by Rep. Bolsonaro are not only offensive for Rep. Maria do Rosário. They are also an affront to the dignity of all women and all victims of severe abuses, such as sexual violence and rape, which is considered in Brazil a heinous crime. Such remarks are unacceptable in a democracy [such] as Brazil, especially when expressed by public officials and representatives elected by popular vote. Public representatives must be very responsible with their words, because they have a significant impact in society. "<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acnudh.org/en/2014/12/brazil-ohchr-repudiates-offenses-against-federal-deputy-maria-do-rosario/|title=UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS, Office of the High Commissioner South America|work=acnudh.org}}</ref></blockquote>

During his vote in favor of [[Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff|president Dilma Rousseff's impeachment]], Bolsonaro made homage to colonel [[Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra|Brilhante Ustra]], an agent of [[Brazilian military dictatorship|Brazil's military dictatorship]]. Ustra headed the [[DOI-CODI]] torture unit during the dictatorship. Left-wing deputy [[Jean Wyllys]] spat at him for the statement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president|title=Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2016-04-18|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-04-18}}</ref>

Bolsonaro has in multiple occasions stated that he has been a victim of [[Homophobia#Heterophobia|"heterophobia"]] after being allegedly "humiliated" during a flight conducted by [[TAM Airlines]]; in this event, openly gay Wyllys had refused to sit beside him upon learning of his presence. Bolsonaro has posted a video of the incident declaring he has been a victim of heterophobia. Thereafter he has declared: “''Surpreendentemente, em clara demonstração de intolerância, preconceito, discriminação e heterofobia o Deputado Jean Wyllys levantou-se e acomodou-se em outro assento''” (Astonishingly, in a clear demonstration of intolerance, prejudice, discrimination and heterophobia, the Congressman Jean Wyllys has stood up and sat in a different seat [away from me]").
<ref>http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-diz-ser-vitima-de-heterofobia-por-jean-wyllys,b0783932f099c410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolsonaro, Jair}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Campinas]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (Brazil) politicians]]
[[Category:Brazilian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Brazilian Christian democrats]]
[[Category:Critics of multiculturalism]]

Chase Elliott

2016-05-17T20:28:20Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 67.237.16.234 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox NASCAR driver
|name = Chase Elliott
|image = Chase Elliott Road America 2015.jpg
|image_size = 240px
|caption = Elliott at [[Road America]] in 2015
|birth_name = William Clyde Elliott II
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|28}}
|birth_place = [[Dawsonville, Georgia]]
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}
|weight = {{convert|150|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|achievements = 2010 [[Winchester 400]] Winner 2011 [[Snowball Derby]] Winner 2012 [[World Crown 300]] Winner 2013 [[All American 400]] Winner [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014 Nationwide Series]] Champion 2015 Snowball Derby Winner<ref name=2015snowball>{{cite web|last1=Allaway|first1=Phill|title=Chase Elliott Wins Snowball Derby After Christopher Bell DQ’d|url=http://frontstretch.com/2015/12/06/chase-elliott-wins-snowball-derby-after-christopher-bell-dqd-nemechek-catches-fire-late/|publisher=Frontstretch|accessdate=December 7, 2015|date=December 6, 2015}}</ref> [[2016 Daytona 500]] Pole Winner
|awards = 2014 [[Nationwide Series]] [[NASCAR Rookie of the Year|Rookie of the Year]] 2014–2015 [[Xfinity Series]] [[NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award|Most Popular Driver]]
|Total_Cup_Races = 17
|Years_In_Cup = 2
|Cup_Car_Team = No. 24 ([[Hendrick Motorsports]])
|Prev_Cup_Pos = 59th
|Previous_Year = 2015
|Best_Cup_Pos = 59th ([[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]])
|First_Cup_Race = [[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]] [[2015 STP 500|STP 500]] ([[Martinsville Speedway|Martinsville]])
|Last_Cup_Race = {{Latest NASCAR Cup}}
|First_Cup_Win =
|Last_Cup_Win =
|Cup_Wins = 0
|Cup_Top_Tens = 8
|Cup_Poles = 2
|Total_Busch_Races = 71
|Years_In_Busch = 3
|Busch_Car_Team = No. 88/5 ([[JR Motorsports]])
|Prev_Busch_Pos = 2nd
|Prev_Busch_Year = 2015
|Best_Busch_Pos = 1st ([[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]])
|First_Busch_Race = [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[DRIVE4COPD 300]] ([[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]])
|Last_Busch_Race = [[2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2016]] [[Sparks Energy 300]] ([[Talladega Superspeedway|Talladega]])
|First_Busch_Win = [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300]] ([[Texas Motor Speedway|Texas]])
|Last_Busch_Win = [[2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2016]] [[PowerShares QQQ 300]] ([[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]])
|Busch_Wins = 5
|Busch_Top_Tens = 58
|Busch_Poles = 2
|Total_Truck_Races = 9
|Years_In_Truck = 1
|Truck_Car_Team =
|Prev_Truck_Pos = 22nd
|Prev_Truck_Year = 2013
|Best_Truck_Pos = 22nd ([[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]])
|First_Truck_Race = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[Kroger 250]] ([[Martinsville Speedway|Martinsville]])
|Last_Truck_Race = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[Lucas Oil 150]] ([[Phoenix International Raceway|Phoenix]])
|First_Truck_Win = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[2013 Chevrolet Silverado 250|Chevrolet Silverado 250]] ([[Canadian Tire Motorsport Park|Mosport]])
|Last_Truck_Win =
|Truck_Wins = 1
|Truck_Top_Tens = 7
|Truck_Poles = 1
|updated = May 15, 2016
}}
'''William Clyde "Chase" Elliott II''' (born November 28, 1995) is an American professional [[stock car racing]] driver. He currently competes full-time in the [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series]], driving the No. 24 [[Chevrolet SS]] for [[Hendrick Motorsports]] and part-time in the [[Xfinity Series]], driving the No. 88 and No. 5 [[Chevrolet Camaro]]s for [[JR Motorsports]]. He is the son of [[1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|1988 Winston Cup Series]] champion [[Bill Elliott]].<ref name="Chase Elliott">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hendrickmotorsports.com/news/articles/59410/elliott-hendrick-unveil-2016-no-24-napa-auto-parts-chevy|title=Elliott, Hendrick unveil 2016 No. 24 NAPA AUTO PARTS Chevy|publisher=[[Hendrick Motorsports]]|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref>

He won the [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series]] championship, becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR.

On November 23, 2015, Elliott was named the [[2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series]] Most Popular Driver for the second year in a row.

==Racing career==

===Early career and short track racing===
[[File:Chase Elliott Bill Elliott Racing Chevrolet Rockingham 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Elliott's [[K&N Pro Series East]] car at Rockingham in 2012]]
Elliott raced in 40 races in various series in 2010, winning twelve events over the course of the year and finishing in the top ten 38 times.<ref name="SI Player of the Week">{{cite news|last=Glickman|first=Ben|title=Chase Elliott follows path of race car driver father|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/specials/highschool-potw/04/28/hspotw.25/index.html|accessdate=19 November 2011|newspaper=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> It was the third season of his racing career, and he won the Blizzard Series, Miller Lite and Gulf Coast championship en route to being named the Georgia Asphalt Pro Late Model Series Rookie of the Year.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /> He ended the season by winning the [[Winchester 400]].<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /> ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' named Elliott as the [[high school]] player of the week in April 2011.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /> During the year, he competed in the [[Champion Racing Association]], winning the series' National Super Late Model championship.<ref name="Speed1" /> Later that year, just after his sixteenth birthday, he won the [[Snowball Derby]] and became the race's youngest winner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chase Elliott wins Snowball Derby|url=http://www.pnj.com/article/20111204/SPORTS/111204005/Chase-Elliott-wins-Snowball-Derby?odyssey=mod|work=[[Pensacola News Journal]]|accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref> He beat the second place driver, DJ Vanderley, by a record 0.229 seconds.<ref name=FoxSportsSnowballDerby>{{cite web|title=Elliott wins prestigious Snowball Derby|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/Chase-Elliott-wins-Snowball-Derby-120511|publisher=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref> In 2012, he won the Alan Turner Snowflake 100, prelude to the Snowball Derby, for the second time in three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnj.com/article/DP/20121202/SPORTS06/312020030/Snowball-Derby-Chase-Elliott-rolls-Snowflake-victory?odyssey=nav|title=Snowball Derby: Chase Elliott rolls to Snowflake victory|last=Corder|first=Chuck|date=December 1, 2012|work=Pensacola News Journal|accessdate=February 2, 2012|location=Pensacola, FL}}</ref>

In November 2013, Elliott won the [[All American 400]], becoming the first driver to win all four of the country's largest short-track races: the All American 400, the [[Snowball Derby]], the [[World Crown 300]] and the [[Winchester 400]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20131102/SPORTS09/311020104/Chase-Elliott-wins-Fairgrounds-Speedway?nclick_check=1|title=Chase Elliott wins at Fairgrounds Speedway|last=Cole|first=Nick|date=November 2, 2013|work=[[The Tennessean]]|accessdate=2013-10-03|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref> In December, it appeared as though Elliott had become the first driver to sweep the Snowball Derby and Snowflake 100 in the same weekend. Upon post-race inspection, however, a piece of tungsten was found in Elliott's car, which was prohibited by the Derby rulebook. Elliott was accordingly disqualified and the victory awarded to [[Erik Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/12/erik_jones_gets_second_straigh.html|title=Erik Jones gets second straight Snowball Derby victory after Chase Elliott disqualified|last=Inabinett|first=Mark|date=December 8, 2013|work=[[Press-Register]]|accessdate=2013-12-09|location=Mobile, AL}}</ref> Elliott won the Snowball Derby in 2015 after initial winner [[Christopher Bell (racing driver)|Christopher Bell]] was disqualified.<ref name=2015snowball/>

===NASCAR===

====Touring series====
Elliott signed a three-year driver development contract with [[Hendrick Motorsports]] in February 2011.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /><ref name=WAGA>{{cite web|author=Staff|title=Son of NASCAR's Bill Elliott signs multi-year deal|url=http://www.myfoxatlanta.com/dpp/sports/hendrick-motorsports-signs-chase-elliott-20110216-es|publisher=[[WAGA-TV]]|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> He competed in the [[K&N Pro Series East]] in 2011, finishing 9th in series points.<ref name="Speed1">{{cite web|url=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/cup-chase-elliott-takes-after-dad/|title=Chase Elliott Takes After Dad|last=Owens|first=Jeff|date=February 11, 2012|work=SPEEDtv.com|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=February 2, 2012}}</ref> Elliott returned to the K&N Pro Series East in 2012,<ref name="Speed1"/> winning his first career race in the series at [[Iowa Speedway]] in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/D2/20120519/SPORTS1401/305190065/K-N-Pro-Series-Chase-Elliott-capitalizes-Brett-Moffitt-s-bad-luck?odyssey=nav|title=K&N Pro Series: Chase Elliott capitalizes on Brett Moffitt's bad luck|last=Hamilton|first=Andy|date=May 19, 2012|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|accessdate=May 23, 2012}}</ref> He finished fourth in series points.

In 2011 and 2012, Elliott competed in three [[K&N Pro Series West]] races (once in 2011, twice in 2012), all at [[Phoenix International Raceway]]. In his lone 2011 event, he finished third, and in the 2012 races, he finished 17th (due to a crash) and fourth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing-reference.info/rquery?id=ellioch01&trk=t0&series=P|title=Chase Elliott: NASCAR K&N Pro Series West Results (races)|work=Racing-Reference|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref>

====Camping World Truck Series====
In January 2013, it was announced that Elliott would compete in nine [[NASCAR]] [[Camping World Truck Series]] events for Hendrick Motorsports during the 2013 racing season, using trucks prepared by [[Turner Scott Motorsports]].<ref name="Elliott to run Trucks"/>

In qualifying for the [[UNOH 200]] Truck race at [[Bristol Motor Speedway]], Elliott won his first career NASCAR [[pole position]] with a lap speed of {{convert|125.183|mph|km/h|abbv=yes}}, and became the youngest pole-sitter in Truck Series history.<ref>{{cite web|last=Albert|first=Zack|url=http://www.nascar.com/content/nascar/en_us/news-media/articles/2013/08/21/nascar-camping-world-truck-series-pole-bristol-chase-elliott.html|title=Elliott becomes youngest Truck pole winner|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=August 21, 2013|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref>

Elliott would win his first race in the [[2013 Chevrolet Silverado 250|Chevrolet Silverado 250]] at [[Canadian Tire Motorsport Park]], in the first road course truck race outside the US; he was at the time the youngest winner in Truck Series history, at the age of 17 years, 9 months, and 4 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2013/09/01/elliott-wrecks-dillon-to-win-truck-race|title=Elliott wrecks Dillon to win Truck race|date=September 1, 2013|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|accessdate=September 3, 2013}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The current youngest Camping World Truck Series winner is [[Cole Custer]], winning at [[New Hampshire Motor Speedway]] in September 2014 at 16 years, 7 months, and 28 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-09-20/16-year-old-cole-custer-wins-nascar-truck-series-race|title=16-year-old Cole Custer becomes youngest to win Truck Series race|date=September 20, 2014|work=[[Sporting News]]|accessdate=September 20, 2014}}</ref>|group=N}} The win was however controversial as Elliott made contact with leader [[Ty Dillon]] in the last corner. Dillon hit the tire barrier while Elliott went into the grass though recovered enough to be able to coast to the finish line ahead of [[Kyle Busch Motorsports]] driver [[Chad Hackenbracht]].<ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/chase-elliott-wins-rare-road-course-truck-series-race-in-canada-090113|title=Chase Elliott wins road-course race|date=September 1, 2013|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref>

Dillon afterwards stated that the next time they raced each other "he won't finish the race";<ref name="Fox Sports"/> later Elliott stated he had attempted to apologize to Dillon but without any response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20130907/SPORTS/309070061/NASCAR-Trucks-Dillon-vows-retaliation-after-crash-Elliott?nclick_check=1|title=NASCAR Trucks: Dillon vows retaliation after crash with Elliott|last=Hamilton|first=Andy|date=September 7, 2013|work=[[The Des Moines Register]]|accessdate=October 9, 2013|location=Des Moines, IA}}</ref> The following week at Iowa Speedway, Elliott cut down a tire early in the race and crashed without involvement from Dillon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chaseelliott.com/tire-issue-shortens-elliotts-day-in-iowa|title=Tire issue shortens Elliott's day in Iowa|date=September 10, 2013|publisher=Chase Elliott official site|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}</ref>

====Xfinity Series====
[[File:9 Chase Elliott passenger side NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg|thumb|left|Elliott racing his Nationwide car at [[Road America]] in 2014]]
In January 2014, it was announced that Elliott would be competing full-time in the [[Nationwide Series]] in 2014, driving the No. 9 Chevrolet for [[JR Motorsports]], with sponsorship from [[National Automotive Parts Association|NAPA Auto Parts]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Nate|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/01/06/chase-elliott-napa-jr-motorsports-nationwide/4340521/|title=NAPA will back Chase Elliott at JR Motorsports|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=January 6, 2014|accessdate=January 6, 2014}}</ref> On April 4, 2014, Elliott won the [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]], holding [[Kevin Harvick]] and [[Kyle Busch]] off after taking the lead with 16 laps to go.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jensen|first=Tom|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/besting-the-boss-chase-elliott-tops-dale-jr-all-comers-in-nationwide-race-040414|title=Besting the boss: Chase Elliott, 18, tops Dale Jr., all comers in NNS race|publisher=[[Foxsports.com]]|date=April 4, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2014}}</ref> On April 11, 2014, Elliott won the [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200]] at [[Darlington Raceway]] by passing [[Elliott Sadler]] on the last lap after restarting sixth with two laps to go.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/04/11/chase-elliott-darlington-raceway-nascar-nationwide-series/7627473/|title=Rookie Chase Elliott wins second straight at Darlington|last=Hembree|first=Mike|date=April 11, 2014|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=April 12, 2014|location=McLean, VA}}</ref> Elliott won the [[EnjoyIllinois.com 300]] at [[Chicagoland Speedway]] after holding off [[Trevor Bayne]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-07-19/chase-elliott-nationwide-series-chicagoland-speedway-results-finish-standings-illinois|title=Chase Elliott holds off Trevor Bayne for Nationwide win|publisher=''[[Sporting News]]''|date=July 20, 2014|accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> At Phoenix, Elliott clinched the Nationwide Series championship with a 53-point lead over teammate [[Regan Smith]], becoming the first rookie and youngest driver to win a NASCAR national series title.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Nate|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/11/08/wins-phoenix-nationwide-race-chase-elliott-clinches-championship/18726881/|title=Chase Elliott clinches Nationwide championship, makes history|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=November 8, 2014|accessdate=November 8, 2014}}</ref> Later in the year, he was named the Nationwide Series' [[NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award|Most Popular Driver]].<ref name="Elliott 24" />

In 2015, Elliott received his first DNF in his career after being involved in the second big one at [[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]], finishing 28th. On September 11, Elliott won his first race of the season at [[Richmond International Raceway|Richmond]], snapping his 36-race winless streak. He battled with [[Chris Buescher]] for the championship, but was unable to catch up and finished 2nd in points.

With Elliott moving up to the Sprint Cup Series, he will drive the No. 88 car part-time in the Xfinity Series.

====Sprint Cup Series====
On January 29, 2015, Hendrick Motorsports announced Elliott would make his [[Sprint Cup Series]] debut in 2015, driving the No. 25 with [[Kenny Francis]] as crew chief. He was scheduled to race in five races at Martinsville, Richmond, Charlotte, Indianapolis, and Darlington. The team also announced that he will take over [[Jeff Gordon]]'s No. 24 starting in 2016 as Gordon enters retirement.<ref name="Elliott 24">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/story/jeff-gordon-chase-elliott-hendrick-motorsports-2016-012915|title=It's official: Chase Elliott to replace Jeff Gordon in No. 24 Hendrick Motorsports Chevy|work=[[Foxsports.com]]|date=January 29, 2015|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref>

Elliott's Cup debut in the [[2015 STP 500|STP 500]] was threatened by potential rain; due to a lack of owner's points and race attempts, had qualifying been rained out, he would have failed to qualify. Elliott eventually recorded a lap speed of {{convert|96.919|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, qualifying 27th.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jensen|first=Tom|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/story/jeff-gordon-hendrick-motorsports-chase-elliott-qualifies-for-his-first-sprint-cup-race-032715|title=Mission accomplished: Chase Elliott qualifies for his first Sprint Cup race|publisher=[[Foxsports.com]]|date=March 27, 2015|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> During the race, contact with [[Brett Moffitt]] on lap 75 forced his car to drop debris onto the track and damage to hang from its rear, while his [[power steering]] was damaged. Dropping to 37th, Elliott entered the garage, and returned to the race on lap 144, 69 laps behind the leader and in last. Elliott would ultimately finish 38th, 73 laps down.<ref>{{cite web|last=Norman|first=Brad|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2015/3/29/chase-elliott-sprint-cup-series-debut-2015.html|title=CHASE ELLIOTT KNOCKED AROUND AT MARTINSVILLE|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=March 29, 2015|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}</ref> On May 5, it was announced that Elliott would be entering the [[2015 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race|Sprint All-Star Race]]'s Sprint Showdown.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=Gray|url=http://www.hendrickmotorsports.com/news/articles/54219/chase-elliott-to-race-in-sprint-showdown|title=Chase Elliott to race in Sprint Showdown|publisher=[[Hendrick Motorsports]]|date=May 5, 2015|accessdate=May 5, 2015}}</ref> He finished 8th and 5th in the event's two segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jayski.com/news/stats/2015/story/_/page/2015-NASCAR-Sprint-Cup-All-Star-Race#showdown|title=SPRINT SHOWDOWN RACE RESULTS|work=[[Jayski's Silly Season Site]]|accessdate=May 16, 2015}}</ref>

=====2016=====
Elliott joined the Sprint Cup Series full-time in 2016, driving the No. 24 with [[Alan Gustafson]] as crew chief.<ref name="Elliott 24" /> Elliott carried primary sponsorship from [[National Automotive Parts Association|NAPA]] (twenty-four races),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2016/1/8/chase-elliott-napa-sponsored-races-revealed.html|title=NAPA REVEALS ITS 24 RACES FOR CHASE ELLIOTT IN '16|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=January 8, 2016|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> [[3M]] (five races),<ref>{{cite news|last=Pennell|first=Jay|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/story/chase-elliott-paint-schemes-2016-sprint-cup-season-3m-hendrick-motorsports-jeff-gordon-122815|title=Chase Elliott's 2016 No. 24 3M paint scheme revealed|publisher=[[Foxsports.com]]|date=December 28, 2015|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> [[SunEnergy1]] (four races),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hendrickmotorsports.com/news/articles/62425/sunenergy1-becomes-primary-sponsor-of-chase-elliott|title=SunEnergy1 becomes primary sponsor of Chase Elliott|publisher=[[Hendrick Motorsports]]|date=February 3, 2016|accessdate=February 10, 2016|location=Concord, NC}}</ref> [[Kelley Blue Book]] (two races),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2015/12/17/kelley-blue-book-sponsor-chase-elliott-hendrick.html|title=KELLEY BLUE BOOK TO SPONSOR CHASE ELLIOTT|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=December 17, 2015|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> and [[Mountain Dew]] (two races).<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonkowski|first=Jerry|url=http://nascar.nbcsports.com/2016/01/15/elliott-kahne-to-join-earnhardt-with-mountain-dew-sponsorship|title=Elliott, Kahne to join Earnhardt with Mountain Dew sponsorship|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 15, 2016|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref> He is currently competing for [[NASCAR Rookie of the Year|Rookie of the Year]] against [[Ryan Blaney]], [[Chris Buescher]], [[Jeffrey Earnhardt]], and [[Brian Scott]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sheldon|first1=Kathy|last2=Ruffin|first2=Jessica|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2016/1/13/2016-rookie-of-the-year-sunoco-chase-elliott-ryan-blaney-sprint-cup.html|title=H2H: WHO WILL BE THE 2016 SUNOCO ROOKIE OF THE YEAR?|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=January 13, 2016|accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref>

In his [[2016 Daytona 500|Daytona 500]] debut, Elliott won the [[List of Daytona 500 pole position winners|pole]] with a speed of {{convert|196.314|mph|km/h}}. At the age of 20, he became the youngest pole-sitter in 500 history.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gluck|first=Jeff|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2016/02/14/chase-elliott-wins-pole-daytona-500/80377440/|title=Chase Elliott wins pole for Daytona 500|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 14, 2016}}</ref> Elliott led three laps in the race, but on lap 18, spun exiting turn four and slid into the grass, damaging the front of the car. Elliott returned to the race on lap 59, 40 laps down, and finished 37th.<ref>{{cite web|last=Albert|first=Zack|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2016/2/21/chase-elliott-spins-wrecks-early-daytona-500-sprint-cup-series.html|title=CHASE ELLIOTT WRECKS EARLY IN DAYTONA 500|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016}}</ref> The next week he finished 8th at Atlanta for his first Sprint Cup top ten finish. The following week, at Las Vegas, Elliott showed a strong car all day and even had his car inside the top 5 with 40 laps to go, but crashed and finished 38th. Elliott picked up more top tens during the spring, finishing a career best 4th at [[Bristol Motor Speedway|Bristol]], 5th at [[Talladega Superspeedway|Talladega]], and 9th at [[Kansas Speedway|Kansas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.racing-reference.info/drivdet/ellioch01/2016/W|title=Chase Elliott 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Results|publisher=Racing-Reference.info|accessdate=May 13, 2016}}</ref>

===Other racing===
[[File:Chase Elliott leads early in 2013 ARCA Scott 160 at Road America.jpg|thumb|right|Elliott's 2013 ARCA car at [[Road America]]]]
Elliott competed in five [[ARCA Racing Series]] races in 2013 in order to gain experience at larger circuits (ARCA allows 17-year old drivers to race at [[Pocono Raceway]] and [[Kentucky Speedway]], two circuits where NASCAR has a minimum age of 18; the minimum age for ovals longer than 2,000 meters, or 1.25 miles, is 18 years of age; shorter tracks and road courses have a minimum age of 16.).<ref name="Elliott to run Trucks">{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/chase-elliott-hendrick-motorsports-moves-17-year-old-to-truck-series-012313|title=Chase Elliott to run Trucks races|last=White|first=Rea|date=January 23, 2013|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=January 24, 2013}}</ref> On June 8, 2013, Elliott became the youngest winner in ARCA superspeedway history following his Pocono victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bruce|first=Kenny|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2013/06/19/chase-elliott-making-most-of-age-with-record-breaking-season.html|title=Elliott focuses on present, not 2014 uncertainty|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=June 19, 2013|accessdate=June 20, 2013}}</ref>

==In popular media==
Elliott has appeared on the cover of magazines, including ''NASCAR Illustrated'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nascar-illustrated.com/product/november-2014-nascar-illustrated|title=November 2014|publisher=''NASCAR Illustrated''|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref> and ''NASCAR Pole Position''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polepositionmag.com/products-page/chase-elliot/nascar-pole-position-charlotte-2015-may|title=NASCAR Pole Position Charlotte 2015 (May)|publisher=''NASCAR Pole Position''|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polepositionmag.com/products-page/2016-season/nascar-pole-position-bristol-in-april-2016/|title=NASCAR Pole Position Bristol 2016 (April)|publisher=''NASCAR Pole Position''|accessdate=April 13, 2016}}</ref>

==Motorsports career results==

===Career summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Season
! Series
! Team
! Races
! Wins
! Top 5s
! Top 10s
! Poles
! Points
! Position
|-
! 2010
| CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series
| Ford Racing
| 9
| 0
| 5
| 8
| 0
| 492
| 19th
|-
! rowspan=3| 2011
| CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 300
| 22nd
|-
| NASCAR K&N Pro Series East
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 12
| 0
| 3
| 6
| 0
| 1510
| 9th
|-
| NASCAR K&N Pro Series West
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 165
| 67th
|-
! rowspan=3| 2012
| NASCAR K&N Pro Series East
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 14
| 1
| 6
| 9
| 1
| 500
| 4th
|-
| [[2012 ARCA Racing Series season|ARCA Racing Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 6
| 0
| 3
| 6
| 1
| 1260
| 25th
|-
| NASCAR K&N Pro Series West
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 67
| 38th
|-
! rowspan=2| 2013
| [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|NASCAR Camping World Truck Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 5
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 1
| 315
| 22nd
|-
| [[2013 ARCA Racing Series season|ARCA Racing Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 5
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 0
| 975
| 28th
|-
! rowspan=2| 2014
| [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|NASCAR Nationwide Series]]
| [[JR Motorsports]]
| 33
| 3
| 16
| 26
| 2
| 1213
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1st'''
|-
| [[2014 ARCA Racing Series season|ARCA Racing Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 185
| 86th
|-
! rowspan=2| 2015
| [[2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series|NASCAR Xfinity Series]]
| [[JR Motorsports]]
| 33
| 1
| 11
| 27
| 0
| 1175
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
|-
| [[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|NASCAR Sprint Cup Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 59th
|-
! rowspan=2| 2016
| [[2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|NASCAR Xfinity Series]]
| [[JR Motorsports]]
| 5
| 1
| 4
| 5
| 0
| 0
| N/A
|-
| [[2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|NASCAR Sprint Cup Series]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| 12
| 0
| 4
| 8
| 2
| 341
| 7th
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[Sprint Cup Series]]
! 17
! 0
! 4
! 8
! 2
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[Xfinity Series]]
! 71
! 5
! 31
! 58
! 2
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[Camping World Truck Series]]
! 9
! 1
! 5
! 7
! 1
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[K&N Pro Series East]]
! 26
! 1
! 9
! 15
! 1
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[K&N Pro Series West]]
! 3
! 0
! 2
! 2
! 0
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[ARCA Racing Series]]
! 12
! 1
! 6
! 11
! 1
! colspan=2|
|-
! colspan=3 align="center"| [[CARS X-1R Pro Cup Series]]
! 11
! 1
! 7
! 10
! 0
! colspan=2|
|}

===NASCAR===
([[Template:NASCAR driver results legend|key]]) ('''Bold''' – Pole position awarded by time. ''Italics'' – Pole position earned by points standings. * – Most laps led.)

====Sprint Cup Series====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
|-
!colspan=45| [[NASCAR]] [[Sprint Cup Series]] results
|-
! Year
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! 32
! 33
! 34
! 35
! 36
! {{Tooltip|NSCC|NASCAR Sprint Cup classification}}
! Pts
|-
! [[2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2015]]
! rowspan=2| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
! 25
! rowspan=2| [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| [[2015 Daytona 500|DAY]]
| [[2015 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500|ATL]]
| [[2015 Kobalt 400|LVS]]
| [[2015 CampingWorld.com 500|PHO]]
| [[2015 Auto Club 400|CAL]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[2015 STP 500|MAR]] 38
| [[2015 Duck Commander 500|TEX]]
| [[2015 Food City 500|BRI]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2015 Toyota Owners 400|RCH]] 16
| [[2015 GEICO 500|TAL]]
| [[2015 SpongeBob SquarePants 400|KAN]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2015 Coca-Cola 600|CLT]] 18
| [[2015 FedEx 400|DOV]]
| [[2015 Axalta "We Paint Winners" 400|POC]]
| [[2015 Quicken Loans 400|MCH]]
| [[2015 Toyota/Save Mart 350|SON]]
| [[2015 Coke Zero 400|DAY]]
| [[2015 Quaker State 400|KEN]]
| [[2015 5-hour Energy 301|NHA]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2015 Brickyard 400|IND]] 18
| [[2015 Windows 10 400|POC]]
| [[2015 Cheez-It 355 at The Glen|GLN]]
| [[2015 Pure Michigan 400|MCH]]
| [[2015 Irwin Tools Night Race|BRI]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2015 Bojangles' Southern 500|DAR]] 41
| [[2015 Federated Auto Parts 400|RCH]]
| [[2015 myAFibRisk.com 400|CHI]]
| [[2015 Sylvania 300|NHA]]
| [[2015 AAA 400|DOV]]
| [[2015 Bank of America 500|CLT]]
| [[2015 Hollywood Casino 400|KAN]]
| [[2015 CampingWorld.com 500|TAL]]
| [[2015 Goody's Headache Relief Shot 500|MAR]]
| [[2015 AAA Texas 500|TEX]]
| [[2015 Quicken Loans Race for Heroes 500|PHO]]
| [[2015 Ford EcoBoost 400|HOM]]
! 59th
! 01
|-
! [[2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series|2016]]
! 24
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| '''[[2016 Daytona 500|DAY]]''' 37
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2016 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500|ATL]] 8
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[2016 Kobalt 400|LVS]] 38
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2016 Good Sam 500|PHO]] 8
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2016 Auto Club 400|CAL]] 6
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2016 STP 500|MAR]] 20
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2016 Duck Commander 500|TEX]] 5
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2016 Food City 500|BRI]] 4
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[2016 Toyota Owners 400|RCH]] 12
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[2016 GEICO 500|TAL]]''' 5
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[2016 Go Bowling 400|KAN]] 9
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism|DOV]] 3
| [[ Coca-Cola 600|CLT]]
| [[ Axalta "We Paint Winners" 400|POC]]
| [[ FireKeepers Casino 400|MCH]]
| [[ Toyota/Save Mart 350|SON]]
| [[ Coke Zero 400|DAY]]
| [[ Quaker State 400|KEN]]
| [[ 5-hour Energy 301|NHA]]
| [[ Brickyard 400|IND]]
| [[ Pennsylvania 400|POC]]
| [[ Cheez-It 355 at The Glen|GLN]]
| [[ Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race|BRI]]
| [[ Pure Michigan 400|MCH]]
| [[ Bojangles' Southern 500|DAR]]
| [[ Federated Auto Parts 400|RCH]]
| [[ myAFibRisk.com 400|CHI]]
| [[ Sylvania 300|NHA]]
| [[ AAA 400|DOV]]
| [[ Bank of America 500|CLT]]
| [[ Hollywood Casino 400|KAN]]
| [[ CampingWorld.com 500 at Talladega|TAL]]
| [[ Goody's Headache Relief Shot 500|MAR]]
| [[ AAA Texas 500|TEX]]
| [[ Can-Am 500|PHO]]
| [[ Ford EcoBoost 400|HOM]]
! -*
! -*
|}

=====Daytona 500=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Year
! Team
! Manufacturer
! Start
! Finish
|-
| [[2016 Daytona 500|2016]]
| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
| [[Chevrolet]]
|align=center style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1'''
|align=center style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 37
|}

====Xfinity Series====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
!colspan=42| [[NASCAR]] [[Xfinity Series]] results
|-
! Year
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! 32
! 33
! {{Tooltip|NXSC|NASCAR Xfinity Series classification}}
! Pts
|-
! [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]]
! rowspan=4| [[JR Motorsports]]
! rowspan=2| 9
! rowspan=4| [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[DRIVE4COPD 300|DAY]] 15
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Blue Jeans Go Green 200|PHO]] 9
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Boyd Gaming 300|LVS]] 5
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Drive to Stop Diabetes 300|BRI]] 9
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Treatmyclot.com 300|CAL]] 6
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300|TEX]] 1
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200|DAR]] 1
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Toyota Care 250|RCH]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Aaron's 312|TAL]] 19
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Get To Know Newton 250|IOW]] 4
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[History 300|CLT]] 37
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Buckle Up 200|DOV]] 5
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Ollie's Bargain Outlet 250|MCH]] 6
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Gardner Denver 200|ROA]] 4
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[John R. Elliott HERO Campaign 300|KEN]] 12
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Subway Firecracker 250|DAY]] 20
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Sta-Green 200|NHA]] 8
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[EnjoyIllinois.com 300|CHI]] 1*
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Lilly Diabetes 250|IND]] 12
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[U.S. Cellular 250|IOW]] 8
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Zippo 200 at the Glen|GLN]] 6
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Nationwide Children's Hospital 200|MOH]] 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Food City 300|BRI]] 3
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[Great Clips / Grit Chips 300|ATL]]''' 5
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Virginia 529 College Savings 250|RCH]] 2
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Jimmy John's Freaky Fast 300|CHI]] 10
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300|KEN]] 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Dover 200 (fall race)|DOV]] 3
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Kansas Lottery 300|KAN]] 10
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''[[Drive for the Cure 300|CLT]]''' 8*
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge|TEX]] 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[ServiceMaster 200|PHO]] 5
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Ford EcoBoost 300|HOM]] 17
! 1st
! 1213
|-
! [[2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2015]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Alert Today Florida 300|DAY]] 28
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Hisense 250|ATL]] 5
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Boyd Gaming 300|LVS]] 5
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Axalta Faster. Tougher. Brighter. 200|PHO]] 7
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Drive4Clots.com 300|CAL]] 4
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300|TEX]] 8
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Drive to Stop Diabetes 300|BRI]] 6
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Toyota Care 250|RCH]] 5
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Winn-Dixie 300|TAL]] 37
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[3M 250|IOW]] 2*
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Hisense 300|CLT]] 8
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Buckle Up 200|DOV]] 6
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Great Clips 250|MCH]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Owens Corning AttiCat 300|CHI]] 14
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Subway Firecracker 250|DAY]] 3
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Kentucky 300|KEN]] 13
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Lakes Region 200|NHA]] 9
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Lilly Diabetes 250|IND]] 10
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[U.S. Cellular 250|IOW]] 9
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Zippo 200 at the Glen|GLN]] 7
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Nationwide Children's Hospital 200|MOH]] 5
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Food City 300|BRI]] 7
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Road America 180|ROA]] 4*
| style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200|DAR]] 24
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Virginia 529 College Savings 250|RCH]] 1*
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Furious 7 300|CHI]] 14
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300|KEN]] 4
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Hisense 200|DOV]] 7
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Drive for the Cure 300|CLT]] 9
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Kansas Lottery 300|KAN]] 7
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge|TEX]] 8
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[DAV 200|PHO]] 7
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Ford EcoBoost 300|HOM]] 8
! 2nd
! 1175
|-
! rowspan=2| [[2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series|2016]]
! 88
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[PowerShares QQQ 300|DAY]] 1
| [[Heads Up Georgia 250|ATL]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Boyd Gaming 300|LVS]] 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Axalta Faster. Tougher. Brighter. 200|PHO]] 5
| [[TreatMyClot.com 300|CAL]]
| colspan=3|
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Sparks Energy 300|TAL]] 9
| [[Buckle Up 200|DOV]]
| [[Hisense 300|CLT]]
| [[Pocono 250|POC]]
| [[Great Clips 250|MCH]]
| [[3M 250|IOW]]
| [[Subway Firecracker 250|DAY]]
| [[Alsco 300|KEN]]
| [[Lakes Region 200|NHA]]
| [[Lilly Diabetes 250|IND]]
| [[U.S. Cellular 250|IOW]]
| [[Zippo 200 at the Glen|GLN]]
| [[Nationwide Children's Hospital 200|MOH]]
| [[Food City 300|BRI]]
| [[Road America 180|ROA]]
| [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200|DAR]]
| [[Virginia 529 College Savings 250|RCH]]
| [[Furious 7 300|CHI]]
| [[VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300|KEN]]
| [[Drive Sober 200|DOV]]
| [[Drive for the Cure 300|CLT]]
| [[Kansas Lottery 300|KAN]]
| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge|TEX]]
| [[DAV 200|PHO]]
| [[Ford EcoBoost 300|HOM]]
! rowspan=2| -*
! rowspan=2| 01*
|-
! 5
| colspan=5|
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300|TEX]] 4
| [[Drive to Stop Diabetes 300|BRI]]
| [[Toyota Care 250|RCH]]
| colspan=25|
|}

====Camping World Truck Series====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
!colspan=45| [[NASCAR]] [[Camping World Truck Series]] results
|-
! Year
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! {{Tooltip|NCWTC|NASCAR Camping World Truck classification}}
! Pts
|-
! [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]]
! [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
! 94
! [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| [[NextEra Energy Resources 250|DAY]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Kroger 250|MAR]] 6
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[North Carolina Education Lottery 200 (Rockingham)|CAR]] 5
| [[SFP 250|KAN]]
| [[North Carolina Education Lottery 200 (Charlotte)|CLT]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Lucas Oil 200 (Dover)|DOV]] 4
| [[WinStar World Casino 400K|TEX]]
| [[UNOH 225|KEN]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[American Ethanol 200|IOW]] 5
| [[2013 Mudsummer Classic|ELD]]
| [[Pocono Mountains 125|POC]]
| [[Michigan National Guard 200|MCH]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[UNOH 200|BRI]]''' 5
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[2013 Chevrolet Silverado 250|MSP]] 1
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Fan Appreciation 200|IOW]] 31
| [[EnjoyIllinois.com 225|CHI]]
| [[Smith's 350|LVS]]
| [[Fred's 250|TAL]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Kroger 200 (Martinsville)|MAR]] 20
| [[WinStar World Casino 350K|TEX]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Lucas Oil 150|PHO]] 10
| [[Ford EcoBoost 200|HOM]]
! 22nd
! 315
|}

{{sup|*}} Season still in progress 
{{sup|1}} Ineligible for series points

===ARCA Racing Series===
([[Template:NASCAR driver results legend|key]]) ('''Bold''' – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. ''Italics'' – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
|-
!colspan=45| [[ARCA Racing Series]] results
|-
! Year
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! {{Tooltip|ARSC|ARCA Racing Series classification}}
! Pts
|-
! [[2012 ARCA Racing Series season|2012]]
! rowspan=3| [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
! rowspan=3| 9
! rowspan=3| [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| [[Lucas Oil Slick Mist 200|DAY]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Mobile ARCA 200|MOB]] 10
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Kentuckiana Ford Dealers 200|SLM]] 4
| [[International Motorsports Hall of Fame 250|TAL]]
| [[Menards 200|TOL]]
| [[Akona 200|ELK]]
| [[Pocono ARCA 200|POC]]
| [[RainEater Wiper Blades 200|MCH]]
| [[Herr Foods Chase the Taste 200|WIN]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[The All-American Race Weekend|NJE]] 2
| [[Prairie Meadows 200|IOW]]
| [[Ansell ActivArmr 150|CHI]]
| [[Messina Wildlife Animal Stopper 200|IRP]]
| [[Pennsylvania ARCA 125|POC]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Berlin ARCA 200|BLN]] 7
| [[Allen Crowe Memorial 100|ISF]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Herr's Live Life with Flavor 200|MAD]] 8
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''[[Kentuckiana Ford Dealers Fall Classic|SLM]]''' 3
| style="background:#FFFFFF;"| [[Southern Illinois 100|DSF]] C
| [[Kansas Lottery 98.9|KAN]]
|
! 25th
! 1260
|-
! [[2013 ARCA Racing Series season|2013]]
| [[Lucas Oil 200 (ARCA)|DAY]]
| [[ARCA Mobile 200|MOB]]
| [[Kentuckiana Ford Dealers 200|SLM]]
| [[International Motorsports Hall of Fame 250|TAL]]
| [[Menards 200|TOL]]
| [[Akona 250|ELK]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Pocono ARCA 200|POC]] 1
| [[Patriot Pumps 200|MCH]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[SCOTT 160|ROA]] 4
| [[Herr's Chase the Taste 200|WIN]]
| [[Ansell ActivArmr 150|CHI]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Barbera's Autoland 150|NJE]] 3*
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[ModSpace 125|POC]] 9
| [[Primera Plastics 200|BLN]]
| [[Allen Crowe Memorial 100|ISF]]
| [[Herr's Live Life With Flavor 200|MAD]]
| [[Southern Illinois 100|DSF]]
| [[Prairie Meadows 150|IOW]]
| [[Kentuckiana Ford Dealers ARCA Fall Classic|SLM]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[ZLOOP 150|KEN]] 27
| [[Kansas Lottery 98.9|KAN]]
! 28th
! 975
|-
! [[2014 ARCA Racing Series season|2014]]
| style="background:#FFDF9F;"| [[Lucas Oil 200 (ARCA)|DAY]] 9
| [[ARCA Mobile 200|MOB]]
| [[Federated Auto Parts 200 (ARCA Salem Race)|SLM]]
| [[International Motorsports Hall of Fame 200|TAL]]
| [[Menards 200|TOL]]
| [[Great Railing 150|NJE]]
| [[Pocono ARCA 100|POC]]
| [[Corrigan Oil 200|MCH]]
| [[Akona 250|ELK]]
| [[Herr's Chase The Taste 200|WIN]]
| [[Ansell ActivArmr 150|CHI]]
| [[SCOTT Get Geared Up 200|IRP]]
| [[ModSpace 125|POC]]
| [[Federated Auto Parts 200 (ARCA Berlin Race)|BLN]]
| [[SuperChevyStores.com 100|ISF]]
| [[Madison ARCA 200|MAD]]
| [[Southern Illinois 100|DSF]]
| [[Federated Car Care ARCA Fall Classic|SLM]]
| [[ZLOOP 150|KEN]]
| [[ARCA 98.9|KAN]]
|
! 86th
! 185
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Daytona 500 pole position winners]]
*[[List of NASCAR Xfinity Series champions]]
*[[List of people from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
{{Portal bar|Biography|Georgia (U.S. state)|NASCAR}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=N}}
;Citations
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chase Elliott}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.chaseelliott.com/}}
* {{Racing-Reference driver|Chase_Elliott}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-sport}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Kyle Larson]]
| title= [[NASCAR_Rookie_of_the_Year#Xfinity_Series|NASCAR Nationwide Series Rookie of the Year]]
| years= 2014
| after= [[Daniel Suárez]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Austin Dillon]]
| title= [[List of NASCAR Nationwide Series champions|NASCAR Nationwide Series Champion]]
| years= 2014
| after= [[Chris Buescher]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Johanna Long]]
| title= [[Sunoco Gulf Coast Championship Series|Sunoco Gulf Coast Championship Series Champion]]
| years= 2010
| after= [[Bubba Pollard]]
}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Kyle Busch]]
| title= [[Winchester 400|Winchester 400 Winner]]
| years= 2010
| after= [[Boris Jurkovic]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Johanna Long]]
| title= [[Snowball Derby|Snowball Derby Winner]]
| years= 2011
| after= [[Erik Jones]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Chris Wimmer]]
| title= [[World Crown 300|World Crown 300 Winner]]
| years= 2012
| after= [[ Preston Peltier ]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Ross Kenseth]]
| title= [[All American 400|All American 400 Winner]]
| years= 2013
| after= [[John Hunter Nemechek]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[John Hunter Nemechek]]
| title= [[Snowball Derby|Snowball Derby Winner]]
| years= 2015
| after= Incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}
{{JR Motorsports}}
{{Hendrick Motorsports}}
{{NASCAR Xfinity Series Champions}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Chase Elliott
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = William Clyde Elliott II (full given name)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American stock car racing driver
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 28, 1995
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dawsonville, Georgia]], U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Chase}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Dawsonville, Georgia]]
[[Category:Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:NASCAR drivers]]
[[Category:ARCA Racing Series drivers]]
[[Category:Pro Cup Series drivers]]
[[Category:NASCAR Xfinity Series champions]]
[[Category:21st-century American racing drivers]]
[[Category:3M people]]

Shanganagh House

2016-05-17T20:01:12Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 37.228.230.123 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{about|the area of Dublin|the area of Belfast|Shankill, Belfast}}

{{cleanup|reason=Sentences need to be fixed. and needs sources.|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
|settlement_type = Suburb of [[Dublin ]]
|name = Shankill
|other_name = {{Pad top italic|Seanchill}}
|image_skyline = Shankill, County Dublin - geograph.org.uk - 1812269.jpg
|image_caption = Shankill
|pushpin_map = Ireland
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = dim:100000_region:IE
|latd = 53.226
|longd = -6.124
|blank_name_sec1 = Irish Grid Reference
|blank_info_sec1 = {{iem4ibx|O249220}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Local government in the Republic of Ireland|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]
|subdivision_type3 = Dáil Éireann
|subdivision_name3 = [[Dún Laoghaire (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dún Laoghaire]]
|unit_pref = Metric
|elevation_m = 30
|area_total_km2 = 6.4
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_urban = 13258
|population_footnotes = <ref name = "cso2006">{{cite web | title = Census 2006 – Volume 1 – Population Classified by Area | work = Central Statistics Office Census 2006 Reports | publisher = [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] |date=April 2007 | url = http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2011-06-19}} The figure represents the sum of the populations of the Shankill-Rathmichael, Shankill-Rathsallagh and Shankill-Shanganagh electoral districts.</ref>
|area_code_type = Dialing code
|area_code = 01, +353 1
|postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Republic of Ireland|Postal district(s)]]
|postal_code = [[County Dublin]]
|website =
}}

'''Shankill''' ({{lga|Seanchill|Old Church}}) is a suburb of [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], situated in the administrative area of [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]. Located in the south-east of County Dublin, close to the border with County Wicklow, it has a population of 13,258 (2006 census).

{{TOClimit|limit=2}}

==History==
[[Image:SeanchillRock.jpeg|thumb|left|Bilingual welcome stone in [[English language|English]] and [[Irish language|Irish]].]]

===Name===
The name Shankill is believed to derive either from the Irish ''Sean-Chill'', meaning ''Old Church'', or ''Sean-Choill'', meaning ''Old Wood''.

===Dark Ages===
Shankill features a number of antiquities, including [[Ringfort|ráth]]s and [[cromlech]]s. Around 1230, there were forests that were cleared under the orders of the then owner of Shankill, Archbishop Luke. Courts for serious crimes in the style of [[assizes]] were conducted at Shankill during this period. To keep the native Gaelic Irish out, fortified gates protected parts of the townland.

The manor of Shankill was overrun by the native Irish and completely destroyed a century later. In response to these incursions, a large garrison was re-instated. The Irish were restrained from entering and the land was eventually re-let as grazing land.

===Middle Ages===
The Lawless family features prominently in the history of Shankill. In [[1408 in Ireland|1408]], family members took control of the seigniory of ''Shanganagh'' and, by [[1480 in Ireland|1480]], several branches of the family were residents of Shankill.

Between 1400 and 1600, a number of fortified structures - whose remains can still be seen to this day - were built: ''Shankill Castle'', ''Shanganagh Castle'' and a strong house known locally as ''Puck's Castle''. The Walsh family comes to prominence in the 16th century, building several further defensive structures in Shankill.

From 1640 onwards, the native Irish were subdued in a series of confrontations, leading to greater agricultural use of the lands. Around this time, Shankill was absorbed into the parish of Rathmichael.

The Walshes quit the lands of Shankill primarily due to the [[Act of Commonwealth]]{{clarify|date=August 2014}} which redistributed landowners and tenancies. After this, the Lawless families regained possession for the third time of lands around Shankill. The last Lawless died in 1795, whereupon the lands became the possession of the third Sir William Domvile, resident of nearby Loughlinstown House. The Domvile family was granted the lands surrounding Loughlinstown under [[the Restoration]].

===19th century===
Shankill and Rathmichael were the property of Sir Charles Compton William Domvile (1822–1884). Domvile was known as an uncompromising and ruthless landlord, and sought to change the usage of land from the smallholdings that existed at the time of his inheritance of the estate.

At this time, Shankill was a rural village, but Domvile intended to build grand [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style housing developments, squares and streets to gentrify the area, thereby making it attractive for wealthy Dublin city-based professionals to live in.

During Domvile's time, new roads and streets were laid out, as well as water mains which feed a relief tank from [[Vartry Reservoir]], continuing on to [[Stillorgan]] reservoir.

However, Domvile was an impetuous man, and acted unreasonably with his tenants and prospective buyers of estates on his holdings. His personal debts mounted as a result of his financing two large estates at Shankill and [[Santry]], ultimately resulting in his bankruptcy.

The net outcome of Domvile's actions was to halve the population of Shankill and Rathmichael during the 1860s. He evicted over 100 tenants, during a period of grinding poverty, and many were forced to re-negotiate their tenancies at usurious rates. Many of the evicted ended up in the local workhouse, the Rathdown Work Union, which is now the site of Loughlinstown Hospital.

A landowner with holdings adjacent to the Shankill townland, Benjamin Tilly, granted quarter-acre holdings to some of the evicted tenants. Tilly's land straddled the townland border into ''Shanganagh'' and thus the new holdings along the ''Shanganagh Road'' became known as ''Tillystown''. In 1871, there were over 60 houses, and around the start of the 20th century, this village became known as Shankill proper.

In 1911, a tract of land to the west of Shankill, known as ''New Vale'', was developed as labourers' cottages.

===20th, 21st centuries===
Shankill initially comprised large agricultural tracts broken into smallholdings for tenant farmers, and larger, grander estates with fine country houses, many which still exist today. Large housing estates - of varying size and quality - have been built on many of these estates. Recently, additional tracts of land have been sold to developers who have built higher density housing than the larger-plot housing estates constructed in the 1970s.

==Geography==
The townland of Shankill was originally located on lands further Northwest at [[Puck's Castle]]. Today, the area of Shankill is usually understood to include both Shankill and [[Rathmichael]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} (though historically Shankill was absorbed into Rathmichael parish, not vice versa), an area of around {{convert|6.5|km2|acre}}.

The townlands are bordered roughly by the points between [[Carrickgollogan]] Hill (278m) to the west, the [[Ballycorus Leadmines]] to the Northwest, [[Loughlinstown]] Hospital to the North, stretching to the coast from [[Rathsallagh River]] to the Southern Boundary of Tyrell's Land.

The centre of Shankill Village today consists primarily of a main street with shops, cafes, a public house, a post office, credit union and other retail outlets.

To the north of Shankill is the suburb of [[Killiney]] and, to the south, the town of [[Bray]], [[County Wicklow]].

==Local antiquities and features==
[[Image:Puck's Castle, Co. Dublin, Ireland.JPG|thumb|Puck's Castle.]]
[[Image:Ballycorus Lead Mines Chimney.jpeg|thumb|Ballycorus Chimney.]]
[[Image:Shanganagh Castle.JPG|thumb|Shanganagh Castle (18th century).]]
[[Image:Crinken-church-shankill.JPG|thumb|St. James's Church, Crinken (1840).]]

There are several antiquities in the area, including ruined churches and standing stones. The ruins of several castles and defensive type structures remain; including [[Puck's Castle]], [[Shankill Castle]], [[Shanganagh Castle]] and a [[Martello Tower]].

Some houses of architectural note include ''Clontra'', a coastal [[Gothic revival|Gothic]] mansion near Corbawn Wood and Quinn's Road, ''Crinken Castle House'', ''Crinken'', and ''Shanganagh House'', an imposing mansion now surrounded by local authority housing estates. Clontra was built for Dublin barrister James Anthony Lawson QC (later Attorney General of Ireland, Judge of the High Court and Privy Councillor) and designed by eminent 19th century architects [[Sir Thomas Newenham Deane]] and [[Benjamin Woodward]] in their trademark Italian medieval style. They are better known for their work on the [[Kildare Street Club]] and the museum building at [[Trinity College, Dublin]]. The local library is itself of note, formerly a courthouse built in the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] style of granite and [[mock Tudor]] features. There are also some [[folly]]s such as a mock round tower built of red brick in the Castle Farm Farmyard.

Traces of Dublin's industrial heritage remain, in particular the lead-mine chimney at Ballycorus. Other features of note include the 'upside down' houses by the [[Harcourt Street railway line]] bridge, which was the site of the original post office, and has its guest rooms downstairs, and its kitchen and living room upstairs. Shankill was accessible via the original Kingstown-Bray train line, which is now five metres from the sea in some places. A coastal wall was built from Killiney to Bray to try to stop the erosion, traces of which can still be seen along the beach. The medieval village of ''Longnon'' was sited some {{convert|200|yd|m}} east of Quinn's Road beach, but was completely obliterated by coastal erosion.

===Ballycorus Leadmines===

{{main|Ballycorus Leadmines}}
Site of a lead ore smelter, a mile long stone flue and a granite chimney on Carrickgollogan hill, which is visible from much of southeast Dublin.<ref>[http://www.metalprocessors.ie/mci/index.htm The Mining Company of Ireland Ltd., short history of mining operations at Ballycorus] {{wayback|url=http://www.metalprocessors.ie/mci/index.htm |date=20070815190639 }}</ref>

===Dorney Court===

Originally called ''Clare Mount'', built c. 1832, this fine Victorian house was demolished in 1984. Now the site of Shankill Garda Station. The grounds still contain a few [[Sequoia sempervirens|Sequoia]] and [[Scots Pine]] trees following the felling of many of them in 1984.

===Carnegie Library===

Tudor-style library, architect R. M. Butler, 1912.<ref>[http://www.librarycouncil.ie/documents/AnTaisceCatalogue3.pdf An Taisce catalogue of photographs of Irish Carnegie Libraries]</ref>

===Clonasleigh===

Clonasleigh, a house replaced by Shankill Shopping Centre (now mostly closed), was lived in by Frederick W. Meredith, once President of the Law Society, in the early 1900s. The name has been retained locally in Clonasleigh, a road with 16 houses, off Corbawn Lane, located close to the original house.

===Clontra===

Gothic mansion designed by Deane and Woodward, 1860, interior murals by [[John Hungerford Pollen (senior)|John Hungerford Pollen]]. On {{convert|15|acre|m2}} of parkland by the coast, adjacent to Corbawn Wood estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2560 |title=Clontra, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref>

===Ferndale House===

Large estate on several acres, seat of [[David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore]].

===Mullinastill House===

Former mill house, listed structure, set for several film scenes.

===Old Harcourt Street line===

Former railroad running from Dublin to Bray; closed in 1958.

===Defunct train line===

A spur at Tyrell's land to the main Dublin-Bray line. Closed in 1915.

===Puck's Castle===

The "castle," actually a fortified house, was built in the late 16th century. It provided a refuge in 1690 for [[James II of England|James II]] and his army fleeing the [[Battle of the Boyne]]. One explanation for its name is that a ghost or puca inhabited the castle.<ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3990 Pucks Castle, brief history & photos] {{wayback|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3990 |date=20060514160445 }}</ref> In June 1867 the daughter of a local Englishman disappeared near the castle. Jane Eleanor Sherrard, daughter of Henry and Margaret Sherrard left her nearby home to pick flowers for the dinner table. When she failed to return home that evening the police were notified and a widespread search was conducted. The last ever confirmed sighting of Jane was by the local postman who reported to have seen her picking flowers at the foot of the castle's northern wall. To this day the circumstances surrounding her disappearance remain unknown.

===Rosedale and Locksley===

Twin Victorian country houses, built by Guinness master brewer Perry in the early 1860s.

===Shanganagh Castle===

Located near Mill Lane, built in 1408 by the Lawless family and inhabited by their descendants until 1763, the castle was left in ruins by a fire in 1783.

During the late 18th century, a mansion of the same name was rebuilt on extensive lands at the border of Shankill with County Wicklow. It was used as an [[open prison]] for juveniles between 1969 and 2002.<ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 Shanganagh Castle (18th century), brief history, old drawing & photo] {{wayback|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 |date=20070927220002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2556 |title=Shanganagh Castle (18th century), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref>

===Shanganagh House===

Later called ''Shanganagh Park'', this Georgian-era mansion was built c. 1823 for William Hopper. Later residents included the Darcy brewing family and racehorse breeder Frank Field. It was compulsorily purchased by [[Dublin County Council|Dublin Co. Council]] in 1970 and it now serves as a [[community centre]] and is surrounded by late 1970s council houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2557 |title=Shanganagh House, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref>

===Shankill Castle===

Built by Archbishop [[Henry de Loundres]] in 1229; site of the ancient Shankill church. It is one of the oldest surviving structures in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2541 |title=Shankill Castle, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |publisher=Buildingsofireland.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 Shankill Castle, brief history] {{wayback|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 |date=20070927220002 }}</ref>

===Rathmichael Church===

{{main|Rathmichael}}
Commissioned by Charles Domvile in 1860, designed by Benjamin Woodward, in the Hiberno-Romanesque style. The Domviles had their own high-backed chairs, behind red velvet curtains.

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Image:Shanganagh House Shankill.jpg|Shanganagh House.
Image:Crinken House Shankill.jpg|Crinken.
Image:Old Shankill station.jpg|The old Shankill station house, hidden behind Shankill Business Centre.
Image:Shop at Shankill, County Dublin.jpg|Brady's pub.
</gallery>

==Amenities==
Sporting options in the area include soccer teams: Shankill FC, with schoolboy and schoolgirl sides, Valeview Shankill FC who are the current LSL Premier Saturday champions.

Shankill Tennis Club,<ref>http://www.shankilltennisclub.com/</ref> which opened a new clubhouse in 2007, is located at the junction of Quinn's Road and Corbawn Drive. Shankill Bowling Club - boasting an all-weather surface - is situated adjacent to the tennis club.

The [[trailhead]] of the [[Dublin Mountains Way]], a long distance walking route (43 km trail) across the [[Dublin Mountains]] between Shankill and [[Tallaght]] begins at Brady's pub on the main street.

''Brady's of Shankill''<ref>{{cite web|author=Page Created by: admin |url=http://www.johnbradygroup.ie/index.php/bradys-of-shankill/ |title=Brady’s of Shankill | John Brady Group |publisher=Johnbradygroup.ie |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref> is the main pub/restaurant/off-licence complex in the village. In June 2012, it was voted 'Best Local Pub In Ireland'.<ref>{{cite web|author=18 July 2012 |url=http://www.braypeople.ie/Temp/bradys-wins-top-honours-as-irelands-local-of-the-year-3176739.html |title=Brady's wins top honours as Ireland's 'Local of the Year' - Independent.ie |publisher=Braypeople.ie |date=2012-07-18 |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref> Shankill is also served by convenience stores, cafes, take-away restaurants and bookmakers, as well as a flower shop, barbers, video store, camera shop and Envy Hair and Beauty salon,<ref>http://www.envy.ie</ref> located in Shankill Shopping Centre. The local [[Credit Union]] has a substantial office on the main street. There is also a public library and, until relatively recently, one of Dublin's few remaining campsites. The latter has now been developed into an apartment complex.

In 2007, Shankill won the 'National Best Urban Village' award and two other awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shankillmatters.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=0&Itemid=76/ |title=Shankill Tidy Towns 2007 awards |publisher=Shankillmatters.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref> in the [[Irish Tidy Towns Competition|Tidy Towns]] Competition. Efforts by the Tidy Towns committee and residents' associations to improve the appearance and quality of the local environment are ongoing.

===Education===
Shankill has three primary schools: ''Saint Anne's National School'' and ''Scoil Mhuire'' (both Roman Catholic), and ''Rathmichael Parish School'' (Church of Ireland).

===Religion===
Shankill has one Roman Catholic church, St Anne's, and two Church of Ireland (Anglican) churches, which are located at opposite ends of the village - Crinken (to the south) and [[Rathmichael]] (to the west) There are no evening masses on Confirmation Days and other Catholic events.

===The other Shankill===
Like its namesake the Shankill district of [[Belfast]], Dublin's Shankill also has its own Falls Road. Occasionally, the primary schools and community groups in both Shankills hold football or other sporting events to promote closer North-South ties. Shankill (Co. Dublin) native Charlie Martin received an honorary [[MBE]] in April 2006 for his work in this field.

==People==
* [[Des Cahill]], [[RTÉ]] sports journalist.
* [[Eamon Gilmore]] former Tánaiste and former leader of the Labour Party.
* [[Pádraig Harrington]], professional golfer and three-time Major winner.
* [[George Morrison (documentary maker)|George Morrison]], director of ''[[Mise Éire]]'' and other documentaries.
* Stephen O'Brien Member of the band "[[Hal (band)]]" (also sound engineer and lecturer)
* [[Stephanie Roche]] footballer. Second to [[James Rodriguez]] in the 2014 FIFA Puskas Award with 33% of the vote.
*[[Anthony Murnane]] Television news reader with [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]
* [Michael Patrick Kelly] (Paddy Kelly) from [[The Kelly Family ]]

==Transport==

===Bus===
[[Dublin Bus]] routes 7b and 145 connect Shankill with the city centre. The 45a connects the area to [[Dún Laoghaire]] and routes 84 and 84a link the area with [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]]

The [[Aircoach]] service from Greystones to Dublin airport stops outside Brady's of Shankill (aka Mickey Byrne's Bar), en route to the airport.

===Rail===
[[Shankill station]] - located between Rathsallagh Park and Corbawn Lane - is the third-last stop on the Southbound leg of Dublin's [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit|DART line]].

===Tram===
The closest LUAS stop (Green Line) is at Cherrywood, with regular connections bringing passengers into the heart of the city (St. Stephen's Green) in approx. 30 minutes.

===Road===
The [[N11 road (Ireland)|N11 national route]] used to run through Shankill, until the [[M11 motorway (Ireland)|M11]] bypass was built nearby.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.keepitlocalshankill.com/ Online Business and Traders Directory]
* [http://www.dlrcoco.ie/ Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council]
* [http://www.shankilltennisclub.com/ Shankill Tennis Club]
* [http://www.shankillweather.com/ Shankill weather]
* [http://www.luas.ie/routes-and-times/ Luas map]
* [http://www.irishrail.ie/shankill Irish Rail Shankill Station Website]

{{Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown}}
{{Dublin residential areas}}

[[Category:Places in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]]

Shankill Castle (Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown)

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Puck’s Castle

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Shanganagh Castle

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Mp3skull

2016-05-10T20:17:01Z

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{{Copy edit|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox website
| screenshot =
| collapsible = 
| collapsetext = 
| caption =
| url = {{URL|http://mp3skull.vg/}}
| slogan =
| commercial =
| type =
| registration =
| language =
| num_users = Over 1M per day as of March 2015
| content_license =
| owner =
| launch_date = 2010
| revenue =
| alexa =
| name = mp3skull
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| background = 
| screenshot_size = 
| screenshot_alt =
| fate = Attempted to be shut down by lawsuit court order
| programming_language =
| ip =
| current_status = Offline
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mp3skull''' is a website that provides [[direct download link]]s to [[MP3]] files located on third-party sites. It is founded in 2010 and the site has been the subject of controversy for helping users to find unauthorized copies of [[copyrighted]] music.<ref name="techdirt.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150421/00181730734/major-record-labels-use-lawsuit-against-mp3skull-to-try-to-backdoor-sopa.shtml|title=Major Record Labels Use Lawsuit Against MP3Skull To Try To Backdoor In SOPA|work=Techdirt.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

Although Mp3skull was among Alexa's Top 500 websites in 2013, it suffered a drop in ranking due to a [[Google]] algorithm update that impacted sites considered to be promoting piracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/googles-new-downranking-hits-pirate-sites-hard-141023/|title=Google's New Search Downranking Hits Torrent Sites Hard|website=Torrentfreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

As of February 2016, [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] and other Music Labels have won over 22.2M over Mp3Skull yet the website simply moved to a new domain.

==Blocking and censorship==
Mp3skull claimed to comply with the [[DMCA]] and removes infringing content reported by content owners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mp3skull.yoga/copyright.html|title=Copyright Complaint Form|website=Mp3skull.yoga|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

On 17 April 2015, a lawsuit was filed against the operators of the website. The music companies involved in the suit asked for $22 million in [[statutory damages]] and a permanent [[injunction]] that prevents domain registrars and registries from working with the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/major-record-labels-sue-mp3skull-150420/|title=Major Record Labels Sue MP3Skull Over Mass Piracy|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/riaa-back-on-anti-piracy-warpath-sues-song-linking-site-mp3skull/|title=RIAA, back on anti-piracy warpath, sues song-linking site MP3skull|work=Arstechnica.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.completemusicupdate.com/article/riaa-seeks-22-million-in-damages-from-mp3skull/|title=RIAA seeks $22 million in damages from MP3Skull|website=Completemusicupdate.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/riaa-labels-want-22-million-piracy-damages-from-mp3skull-151005/|title=RIAA Labels Want $22 Million Piracy Damages From MP3Skull|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/images/mp3skullcompl.pdf|format=PDF|title=COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES AND FOR DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF|website=Torrentfreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

It has been speculated that the lawsuit was filed as a way for the [[record label]]s to backdoor [[SOPA]] and use it further as a precedent to take other domains and websites down.<ref name="techdirt.com" />

Similar lawsuits against [[Hotfile]] and [[IsoHunt]] ended with both sites being shut down and settlements of $80 million and $110 million respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/hotfile-shuts-down-and-takes-user-files-with-it-131204|title=Hotfile Shuts Down and Takes User Files With It|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/isohunt-shuts-down-after-110-million-settlement-with-the-mpaa-131017/|title=isoHunt Shuts Down After $110 Million Settlement With The MPAA|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

In October 2015, the website was submitted to [[USTR]] as a notorious pirate site by [[RIAA]]. According to RIAA, Mp3skull is the most highly-trafficked MP3 website of its kind in the world as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/riaa-and-mpaa-report-notorious-piracy-sites-to-u-s-government-151007/|title=RIAA and MPAA Report Notorious Piracy Sites to U.S. Government|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref name="torrentfreak.com">{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/images/RIAA-USTR.odt |title=Acting Assistant United States Trade Representative (AUSTR) for Intellectual Property and Innovation, Office of the United States Trade Representative. |website=Torrentfreak.com |accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

As of February 9 2016, RIAA had requested a total of 1,769,414 URLs on mp3skull.com to be removed from [[Google]]'s search results.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/removals/copyright/domains/mp3skull.com/|title=Copyright Removal Requests – Google Transparency Report|website=Google.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> RIAA has mentioned the website specifically in their blog as well as in a public forum by CEO [[Cary Sherman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/mp3skull-a-site-dedicated-to-ripping-off-music/|title=MP3Skull: A Site Dedicated To Ripping Off Music – RIAA|work=RIAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/riaa-wants-google-end-piracy-whack-mole-140314/|title=RIAA Wants Google to End Piracy "Whack-A-Mole" |website=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

The site's domain name was changed from mp3skull.com to mp3skull.to early in 2015, and the site has been operating via different domains ever since.<ref name="torrentfreak.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/images/mp3skullcompl.pdf |format=PDF |title=Arista Records LLC et al v. Monica Vasilenko and Does 1-10 |website=Torrentfreak.com |accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

On 24 February 2016 group of prominent RIAA labels have won a default judgment against the site in a lawsuit started on 17 April 2015. Listing 148 music tracks as evidence, the companies asked for the maximum $150,000 in statutory damages for each, bringing the total to more than $22 million. After careful deliberation this request has now been granted by U.S. District Judge [[Marcia G. Cooke]]. In addition, the Judge has issued a permanent injunction preventing the site’s operators from engaging in copyright-infringing activity in the future.<ref name="torrentfreak.com1">{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/riaa-wins-22-million-piracy-lawsuit-against-mp3skull-160225/|title=RIAA Wins $22 Million Piracy Lawsuit Against MP3Skull|work=TorrentFreak.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/26/music-labels-damages-mp3skull-owners|title=Music labels win $22.2m damages from MP3Skull – if they can find its owners|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2016/02/26/illegal-download-site-mp3skull-owes-the-music-industry-22-million/|title=Illegal Download Site MP3Skull Is Closing For Good|last=McIntyre|first=Hugh|date=26 February 2016|work=Forbes.com|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/02/riaa-gets-22m-default-judgment-against-brazen-and-egregious-mp3-website/|title=RIAA gets $22M default judgment against “brazen and egregious” MP3 website|work=Ars Technica|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6890434/riaa-shuts-down-mp3skull-pirate-site|title=RIAA Shuts Down Long-Running Piracy Site in Latest Court Win|work=Billboard|accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref>

In spite of the decision the site is still up and online.<ref name="torrentfreak.com1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:File sharing services]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]

Japanophilie

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[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], aka Koizumi Yakumo, a notable scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' refers to the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people or history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=200|publisher= Merriam-Webster|quote= one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"Nihon"|日本}}). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time.

==History==
===Early usage===

The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries before Japan became more open to foreign trade. [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|year=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-6040-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|year=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0-9742618-1-5|page=25}}</ref> [[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lafcadio Hearn|first= Heather|last= Hale|newspaper=Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine|date=September 1990|url= http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730150728/http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archivedate=2007-07-30}}</ref>

===20th century===

In the first decade of the 20th century,and several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest however, ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings
|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2924-7|page=25}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanization]]
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Japan Expo]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Quadratwurzel aus 5

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{| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding=5
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Irrational numbers}}
|-
|[[Binary numeral system|Binary]]
| {{gaps|10.0011|1100|0110|1111|…}}
|-
| [[Decimal]]
| {{gaps|2.23606|79774|99789|69…}}
|-
| [[Hexadecimal]]
| {{gaps|2.3C6E|F372|FE94|F82C|…}}
|-
| [[Continued fraction]]
| <math>2 + \cfrac{1}{4 + \cfrac{1}{4 + \cfrac{1}{4 + \cfrac{1}{4 + \ddots}}}}</math>
|}

The '''square root of 5''' is the positive [[real number]] that, when multiplied by itself, gives the prime number [[5 (number)|5]]. It is more precisely called the '''principal square root of 5''', to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property. This number appears in the fractional expression for the [[golden ratio]]. It can be denoted in [[nth root|surd]] form as:

:<math>\sqrt{5}. \, </math>

It is an [[irrational number|irrational]] [[algebraic number]].<ref>Dauben, Joseph W. (June 1983) [[Scientific American]] ''Georg Cantor and the origins of transfinite set theory.'' Volume 248; Page 122.</ref> The first sixty significant digits of its [[decimal expansion]] are:

:{{gaps|2.23606|79774|99789|69640|91736|68731|27623|54406|18359|61152|57242|7089…}} {{OEIS|id=A002163}}.

which can be rounded down to 2.236 to within 99.99% accuracy. As of December 2013, its numerical value in decimal has been computed to at least ten billion digits.<ref>Lukasz Komsta: ''[http://www.komsta.net/computations/ Computations page]''</ref> 

==Proofs of irrationality==
This irrationality proof for the square root of 5 uses [[Fermat]]'s method of [[infinite descent]]:

Suppose that {{sqrt|5}} is rational, and express it in lowest possible terms (i.e., as a [[fully reduced fraction]]) as {{math|{{sfrac|''m''|''n''}}}} for natural numbers {{math|''m''}} and {{math|''n''}}. Then {{sqrt|5}} can be expressed in lower terms as {{math|{{sfrac|5''n'' − 2''m''|''m'' − 2''n''}}}}, which is a contradiction.<ref name=Grant>Grant, Mike, and Perella, Malcolm, "Descending to the irrational", ''Mathematical Gazette'' 83, July 1999, pp.263-267.</ref> (The two fractional expressions are equal because equating them, cross-multiplying, and canceling like additive terms gives {{math|5''n''{{sup|2}} {{=}} ''m''{{sup|2}}}} and {{math|{{sfrac|''m''|''n''}} {{=}} {{sqrt|5}}}}, which is true by the premise. The second fractional expression for {{sqrt|5}} is in lower terms since, comparing denominators, {{math|''m'' − 2''n'' < ''n''}} since {{math|''m'' < 3''n''}} since {{math|{{sfrac|''m''|''n''}} < 3}} since {{math|{{sqrt|5}} < 3}}. And both the numerator and the denominator of the second fractional expression are positive since {{math|2 < {{sqrt|5}} < {{sfrac|5|2}}}} and {{math|{{sfrac|''m''|''n''}} {{=}} {{sqrt|5}}}}.)

This irrationality proof is a proof by contradiction:

Suppose that {{math|{{sqrt|5}} {{=}} {{sfrac|''a''|''b''}}}} where {{math|{{sfrac|''a''|''b''}}}} is in reduced form.

Thus {{math|5 {{=}} {{sfrac|''a''{{sup|2}}|''b''{{sup|2}}}}}} and {{math|5''b''{{sup|2}} {{=}} ''a''{{sup|2}}}}. If {{math|''b''}} was even, {{math|''b''{{sup|2}}}}, {{math|''a''{{sup|2}}}}, and {{math|''a''}} would be even making the fraction {{math|{{sfrac|''a''|''b''}}}} ''not'' in reduced form. Thus {{math|''b''}} is odd, and by following a similar process, {{math|''a''}} is odd.

Now, let {{math|''a'' {{=}} 2''m'' + 1}} and {{math|''b'' {{=}} 2''n'' + 1}} where {{math|''m''}} and {{math|''n''}} are integers.

Substituting into {{math|5''b''{{sup|2}} {{=}} ''a''{{sup|2}}}} we get:
:<math>5(2n+1)^2=(2m+1)^2</math>
which simplifies to:
:<math>5(4n^2+4n+1)=4m^2+4m+1</math>
making:
:<math>20n^2+20n+5=4m^2+4m+1</math>
By subtracting 1 from both sides, we get:
:<math>20n^2+20n+4=4m^2+4m</math>
which reduces to:
:<math>5n^2+5n+1=m^2+m</math>
In other words:
:<math>5n(n+1)+1=m(m+1)</math>

The expression {{math|''x''(''x'' + 1)}} is even for any integer {{math|''x''}} (since either {{math|''x''}} or {{math|''x'' + 1}} is even). So what this is saying is {{nowrap|5 × even + 1 {{=}} even}}, or {{nowrap|odd {{=}} even}}. There is no integer that's both even and odd thus we've reached a contradiction and {{sqrt|5}} is irrational.

==Continued fraction==
It can be expressed as the [[continued fraction]] [2; 4, 4, 4, 4, 4...] {{OEIS|id=A040002}}. The sequence of [[continued fraction#Best rational approximations|best rational approximations]] is:
:<math>{\color{red}{\frac{2}{1}}}, \frac{7}{3} , {\color{red}{\frac{9}{4}}} , \frac{20}{9} , \frac{29}{13} , {\color{red}{\frac{38}{17}}} , \frac{123}{55} , {\color{red}{\frac{161}{72}}} , \frac{360}{161} , \frac{521}{233} , {\color{red}{\frac{682}{305}}} , \frac{2207}{987} , {\color{red}{\frac{2889}{1292}}}, \dots</math>
[[Convergent (continued fraction)|Convergent]]s of the continued fraction are colored red; their numerators are 2, 9, 38, 161, ... {{OEIS|id=A001077}}, and their denominators are 1, 4, 17, 72, ... {{OEIS|id=A001076}}. The other (black) terms are [[continued fraction#Semiconvergents|semiconvergents]].

==Babylonian method==
When {{sqrt|5}} is computed with the [[Methods of computing square roots#Babylonian method|Babylonian method]], starting with {{math|''r''0 {{=}} 2}} and using {{math|''r''''n''+1 {{=}} {{sfrac|1|2}}{{big|{{big|(}}}}''r''''n'' + {{sfrac|5|''r''''n''}}{{big|{{big|)}}}}}}, the {{math|''n''}}th approximant {{math|''r''''n''}} is equal to the {{math|2''n''}}th convergent of the convergent sequence:
:<math>\frac{2}{1} = 2.0,\quad \frac{9}{4} = 2.25,\quad \frac{161}{72} = 2.23611\dots,\quad \frac{51841}{23184} = 2.2360679779 \ldots</math>

==Nested square expansions==
The following nested square expressions converge to <math> \sqrt{5} </math>:
:<math> \!\ \sqrt{5} = 3 - 10 \left( \frac{1}{5}+ \left( \frac{1}{5}+\left( \frac{1}{5}+ \left( \frac{1}{5}+ \dots \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2= </math>
:<math> \!\ = \frac{9}{4} - 4 \left( \frac{1}{16}- \left( \frac{1}{16}-\left( \frac{1}{16}- \left( \frac{1}{16}- \dots \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2= \frac{9}{4} - 5 \left( \frac{1}{20}+ \left( \frac{1}{20}+\left( \frac{1}{20}+ \left( \frac{1}{20}+ \dots \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2 \right)^2</math>

==Relation to the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers==
[[File:Golden Rectangle Construction.svg|thumb|The {{sfrac|{{sqrt|5}}|2}} diagonal of a half square forms the basis for the geometrical construction of a [[golden rectangle]].]]
This [[golden ratio]] {{math|φ}} is the [[arithmetic mean]] of [[1 (number)|1]] and {{sqrt|5}}.<ref>Browne, Malcolm W. (July 30, 1985) [[New York Times]] ''Puzzling Crystals Plunge Scientists into Uncertainty.'' Section: C; Page 1. (Note - this is a widely cited article).</ref> The [[algebra]]ic relationship between {{sqrt|5}}, the golden ratio and the [[golden ratio#Golden ratio conjugate|conjugate of the golden ratio]] ({{math|''Φ'' {{=}} {{sfrac|1|''φ''}} {{=}} ''φ'' − 1}}) are expressed in the following formulae:
:<math>\sqrt{5} = \varphi + \Phi = 2\varphi - 1 = 2\Phi + 1</math>
:<math>\varphi = \frac{\sqrt{5} + 1}{2}</math>
:<math>\Phi = \frac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{2}.</math>
(See section below for their geometrical interpretation as decompositions of a {{sqrt|5}} rectangle.)

{{sqrt|5}} then naturally figures in the closed form expression for the [[Fibonacci number]]s, a formula which is usually written in terms of the golden ratio:
:<math>F\left(n\right) = {{\varphi^n-(1-\varphi)^n} \over {\sqrt 5}}.</math>

The quotient of {{sqrt|5}} and {{math|''φ''}} (or the product of {{sqrt|5}} and {{math|''Φ''}}), and its reciprocal, provide an interesting pattern of continued fractions and are related to the ratios between the Fibonacci numbers and the [[Lucas number]]s:<ref>[[Richard K. Guy]]: "The Strong Law of Small Numbers". ''[[American Mathematical Monthly]]'', vol. 95, 1988, pp. 675–712</ref>
:<math>\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\varphi} = \Phi \cdot \sqrt{5} = \frac{5 - \sqrt{5}}{2} = 1.3819660112501051518\dots = [1; 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, \dots]</math>
:<math>\frac{\varphi}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{1}{\Phi \cdot \sqrt{5}} = \frac{5 + \sqrt{5}}{10} = 0.72360679774997896964\dots = [0; 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, \dots].</math>

The series of convergents to these values feature the series of Fibonacci numbers and the series of [[Lucas number]]s as numerators and denominators, and vice versa, respectively:
:<math>{1, \frac{3}{2}, \frac{4}{3}, \frac{7}{5}, \frac{11}{8}, \frac{18}{13}, \frac{29}{21}, \frac{47}{34}, \frac{76}{55}, \frac{123}{89}}, \dots \dots [1; 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, \dots]</math>
and
:<math>{1, \frac{2}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{5}{7}, \frac{8}{11}, \frac{13}{18}, \frac{21}{29}, \frac{34}{47}, \frac{55}{76}, \frac{89}{123}}, \dots \dots [0; 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,\dots].</math>

==Geometry==
[[File:pinwheel 1.svg|250px|thumb|right|Conway triangle decomposition into homothetic smaller triangles.]]
[[geometry|Geometrically]], {{sqrt|5}} corresponds to the [[diagonal]] of a [[rectangle]] whose sides are of length [[1 (number)|1]] and [[2 (number)|2]], as is evident from the [[Pythagorean theorem]]. Such a rectangle can be obtained by halving a [[Square (geometry)|square]], or by placing two equal squares side by side. Together with the algebraic relationship between {{sqrt|5}} and {{math|''φ''}}, this forms the basis for the geometrical construction of a [[golden rectangle]] from a square, and for the construction of a regular [[pentagon]] given its side (since the side-to-diagonal ratio in a regular pentagon is {{math|''φ''}}).

Forming a [[dihedral angle|dihedral]] [[right angle]] with the two equal squares that halve a 1:2 rectangle, it can be seen that {{sqrt|5}} corresponds also to the ratio between the length of a [[cube]] [[edge (geometry)|edge]] and the shortest distance from one of its [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]] to the opposite one, when traversing the cube ''surface'' (the shortest distance when traversing through the ''inside'' of the cube corresponds to the length of the cube diagonal, which is the [[square root of three]] times the edge).{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}

The number {{sqrt|5}} can be algebraically and geometrically related to [[square root of 2|{{sqrt|2}}]] and [[square root of 3|{{sqrt|3}}]], as it is the length of the [[hypotenuse]] of a right triangle with [[cathetus|catheti]] measuring {{sqrt|2}} and {{sqrt|3}} (again, the Pythagorean theorem proves this). Right triangles of such proportions can be found inside a cube: the sides of any triangle defined by the [[centre (geometry)|centre]] point of a cube, one of its vertices, and the middle point of a side located on one the faces containing that vertex and opposite to it, are in the ratio {{nowrap|{{sqrt|2}}:{{sqrt|3}}:{{sqrt|5}}.}} This follows from the geometrical relationships between a cube and the quantities {{sqrt|2}} (edge-to-face-diagonal ratio, or distance between opposite edges), {{sqrt|3}} (edge-to-cube-diagonal ratio) and {{sqrt|5}} (the relationship just mentioned above).

A rectangle with side proportions 1:{{sqrt|5}} is called a ''root-five rectangle'' and is part of the series of root rectangles, a subset of [[dynamic rectangle]]s, which are based on {{nowrap|1={{sqrt|1}} (= 1), {{sqrt|2}}, {{sqrt|3}}, {{sqrt|4}} (= 2), {{sqrt|5}}…}} and successively constructed using the diagonal of the previous root rectangle, starting from a square.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/?id=1KI0JVuWYGkC&pg=PA41&dq=intitle:%22Geometry+of+Design%22+%22root+5%22 | author = Kimberly Elam | title = Geometry of Design: Studies in Proportion and Composition | place = New York | publisher = Princeton Architectural Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 1-56898-249-6 }}</ref> A root-5 rectangle is particularly notable in that it can be split into a square and two equal golden rectangles (of dimensions {{nowrap|{{math|''Φ''}} × 1}}), or into two golden rectangles of different sizes (of dimensions {{nowrap|{{math|''Φ''}} × 1}} and {{nowrap|1 × {{math|''φ''}}}}).<ref>{{Citation | title = The Elements of Dynamic Symmetry | author = Jay Hambidge | publisher = Courier Dover Publications | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-486-21776-0 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=VYJK2F-dh2oC&pg=PA26&dq=%22root+five+rectangle%22++section+inauthor:hambidge }}</ref> It can also be decomposed as the union of two equal golden rectangles (of dimensions {{nowrap|1 × {{math|''φ''}}}}) whose intersection forms a square. All this is can be seen as the geometric interpretation of the algebraic relationships between {{sqrt|5}}, {{math|''φ''}} and {{math|''Φ''}} mentioned above. The root-5 rectangle can be constructed from a 1:2 rectangle (the root-4 rectangle), or directly from a square in a manner similar to the one for the golden rectangle shown in the illustration, but extending the arc of length {{sfrac|{{sqrt|5}}|2}} to both sides.

==Trigonometry==
Like {{sqrt|2}} and {{sqrt|3}}, the square root of 5 appears extensively in the formulae for [[exact trigonometric constants]], including in the sines and cosines of every angle whose measure in degrees is divisible by 3 but not by 15.<ref>[http://www.jdawiseman.com/papers/easymath/surds_sin_cos.html Julian D. A. Wiseman, "Sin and cos in surds"]</ref> The simplest of these are
:<math>\begin{align}
\sin\frac{\pi}{10} = \sin 18^\circ &= \tfrac{1}{4}(\sqrt5-1) = \frac{1}{\sqrt5+1}, \\
\sin\frac{\pi}{5} = \sin 36^\circ &= \tfrac{1}{4}\sqrt{2(5-\sqrt5)}, \\
\sin\frac{3\pi}{10} = \sin 54^\circ &= \tfrac{1}{4}(\sqrt5+1) = \frac{1}{\sqrt5-1}, \\
\sin\frac{2\pi}{5} = \sin 72^\circ &= \tfrac{1}{4}\sqrt{2(5+\sqrt5)}\, . \end{align}</math>

As such the computation of its value is important for [[generating trigonometric tables]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Since {{sqrt|5}} is geometrically linked to half-square rectangles and to pentagons, it also appears frequently in formulae for the geometric properties of figures derived from them, such as in the formula for the volume of a [[dodecahedron]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}

==Diophantine approximations==
[[Hurwitz's theorem (number theory)|Hurwitz's theorem]] in [[Diophantine approximations]] states that every [[irrational number]] {{math|''x''}} can be approximated by infinitely many [[rational number]]s {{math|{{sfrac|''m''|''n''}}}} in [[lowest terms]] in such a way that
:<math> \left|x - \frac{m}{n}\right| < \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}\,n^2} </math>
and that {{sqrt|5}} is best possible, in the sense that for any larger constant than {{sqrt|5}}, there are some irrational numbers {{math|''x''}} for which only finitely many such approximations exist.<ref>{{Citation | last1=LeVeque | first1=William Judson | title=Topics in number theory | publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass. |mr=0080682 | year=1956}}</ref>

Closely related to this is the theorem<ref name=khinchin/> that of any three consecutive [[convergent (continued fraction)|convergent]]s {{math|{{sfrac|''p''''i''|''q''''i''}}}}, {{math|{{sfrac|''p''''i''+1|''q''''i''+1}}}}, {{math|{{sfrac|''p''''i''+2|''q''''i''+2}}}}, of a number {{math|''α''}}, at least one of the three inequalities holds:
:<math>\left|\alpha - {p_i\over q_i}\right| < {1\over \sqrt5 q_i^2}, \qquad
\left|\alpha - {p_{i+1}\over q_{i+1}}\right| < {1\over \sqrt5 q_{i+1}^2}, \qquad
\left|\alpha - {p_{i+2}\over q_{i+2}}\right| < {1\over \sqrt5 q_{i+2}^2}.</math>

And the {{sqrt|5}} in the denominator is the best bound possible since the convergents of the [[golden ratio]] make the difference on the left-hand side arbitrarily close to the value on the right-hand side. In particular, one cannot obtain a tighter bound by considering sequences of four or more consecutive convergents.<ref name=khinchin>{{Citation | last1=[[A. Ya. Khinchin|Khinchin]] | first1=Aleksandr Yakovlevich | title=Continued Fractions | publisher = University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London | year = 1964}}</ref>

==Algebra==
The [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] {{math|ℤ[{{sqrt|−5}}]}} contains numbers of the form {{math|''a'' + ''b''{{sqrt|−5}}}}, where {{math|''a''}} and {{math|''b''}} are [[integer]]s and {{math|{{sqrt|−5}}}} is the [[imaginary number]] {{math|''i''{{sqrt|5}}}}. This ring is a frequently cited example of an [[integral domain]] that is not a [[unique factorization domain]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} The number 6 has two inequivalent factorizations within this ring:
: <math>6 = 2 \cdot 3 = (1 - \sqrt{-5})(1 + \sqrt{-5}). \, </math>
The [[field (mathematics)|field]] {{math|ℚ[{{sqrt|−5}}]}}, like any other [[quadratic field]], is an [[abelian extension]] of the rational numbers. The [[Kronecker–Weber theorem]] therefore guarantees that the square root of five can be written as a rational linear combination of [[roots of unity]]:
:<math>\sqrt5 = e^{\frac{2\pi}{5}i} - e^{\frac{4\pi}{5}i} - e^{\frac{6\pi}{5}i} + e^{\frac{8\pi}{5}i}. \, </math>

==Identities of Ramanujan==
The square root of 5 appears in various identities of [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan]] involving [[continued fraction]]s.<ref>{{Citation | last1=Ramanathan | first1=K. G. | title=On the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction |mr=813071 | year=1984 | journal=Indian Academy of Sciences. Proceedings. Mathematical Sciences | issn=0253-4142 | volume=93 | issue=2 | pages=67–77 | doi=10.1007/BF02840651}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RamanujanContinuedFractions.html | author=Eric W. Weisstein | title=Ramanujan Continued Fractions}} at [[MathWorld]]</ref>

For example, this case of the [[Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction]]:
:<math>\cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-2\pi}}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-4\pi}}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-6\pi}}{1 + \ddots}}}}
= \left( \sqrt{\frac{5 + \sqrt{5}}{2}} - \frac{\sqrt{5} + 1}{2} \right)e^{\frac{2\pi}{5}} = e^{\frac{2\pi}{5}}\left( \sqrt{\varphi\sqrt{5}} - \varphi \right).</math>



:<math>\cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-2\pi\sqrt{5}}}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-4\pi\sqrt{5}}}{1 + \cfrac{e^{-6\pi\sqrt{5}}}{1 + \ddots}}}}
= \left( {\sqrt{5} \over 1 + \sqrt[5]{5^{\frac34}(\varphi - 1)^{\frac52} - 1}} - \varphi \right)e^{\frac{2\pi}{\sqrt{5}}}.</math>



:<math>4\int_0^\infty\frac{xe^{-x\sqrt{5}}}{\cosh x}\,dx
= \cfrac{1}{1 + \cfrac{1^2}{1 + \cfrac{1^2}{1 + \cfrac{2^2}{1 + \cfrac{2^2}{1 + \cfrac{3^2}{1 + \cfrac{3^2}{1 + \ddots}}}}}}}.</math>

==See also==


*[[Golden ratio]]
*[[Square root]]
*[[Square root of 2]]
*[[Square root of 3]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Algebraic numbers}}
{{Irrational number}}

[[Category:Mathematical constants]]
[[Category:Irrational numbers]]
[[Category:Quadratic irrational numbers]]
[[Category:Algebraic numbers]]

Kerelaw Castle

2016-04-30T23:23:18Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 81.129.212.88 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Kerelaw Castle
|location = [[Stevenston]], [[North Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]]
|coordinates = {{coord|55.6484|-4.7523|}}
|image = [[Image:Kerelaw castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Kerelaw Castle in 2006
|map_type = Scotland North Ayrshire
|latitude = 55.6484
|longitude = -4.7523
|map_caption = Location within North Ayrshire
|map_size = 300
|type = Stone
|built = c. 1191, rebuilt after 1488
|builder = Stephen Lockhart
|materials =
|used = c. 1191 to 1787
|condition = Ruined
|ownership = [[North Ayrshire Council]]
|open_to_public = Yes, with limited access
|controlledby =
}}
{{Campaignbox Clan Cunningham - Clan Montgomery feud}}
'''Kerelaw Castle''' is a [[castle]] [[ruin]] situated on the coast of [[North Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]] in the town of [[Stevenston]].

== History ==

This castle, variously named Kerelaw, Kerila or even Turnlaw,<ref name="Robertson1">Robertson (1908), p. 133</ref><ref name="Clements">Clements, James. A reference to the 'Lords of Turnlaw', p. 17.</ref> is said by [[Timothy Pont]] to have been held by the [[Lockharts]] from [[Richard de Morville]], Constable of Scotland, as far back as 1191,<ref name="Dobie">Dobie, p. 252-3</ref> after Stephen Lockhart or Loccard<ref name="Macintosh">Macintosh, p. 329</ref> obtained a grant of land in Ayrshire. This land would be named Stevenstoune (later [[Stevenston]]) after himself, and their manor-place of the barony of Stevenston, named Kerelaw.<ref name="Dobie2">Dobie, p. 370</ref> The castle and barony were eventually passed on to the Campbells of Loudoun and later to the [[Earl of Glencairn|Cunninghames]] (or Cunninghams/Cuninghames) of [[Kilmaurs]]. It was in the Cunninghame's possession in 1488 that the castle was sacked and burned by the [[Hugh_Montgomerie,_1st_Earl_of_Eglinton|2nd Lord Montgomerie]], during the well documented and long-term feud between these two prominent Ayrshire families.<ref name="Robertson">Robertson (1889), p. 15-16</ref> The Cunninghames, led by the Earl of Glencairn burned [[Eglinton Castle]] to the ground in revenge in 1528.<ref name="Robertson2">Robertson (1889), p. 13-29</ref>

[[Image:Kerelaw castle stevenston ayrshire.jpg|left|thumb|Kerila or Kerelaw Castle in the 1860s<ref name="Paterson32">Paterson, Vol. 5, p. 561</ref>]]

Kerelaw was rebuilt sometime after 1488 and is reported to have contained a number of carved coats of arms of the Scottish nobility, taken from [[Kilwinning Abbey]],<ref name="Billings">Billings, p. 41</ref> Nine fishermen from [[Saltcoats]] were granted leases in 1545 in return for carrying the Earl's furniture to Finlayston on the Clyde every spring from the Creek of Saltcoats and bringing it back again in the autumn when the family returned to Kerelaw for the winter months. A half barrel of herrings was also to be furnished yearly to the Earl.<ref name="Kerila">Paterson, Vol. 5, p. 558</ref>

=== Abode of the Abbots ===

Local tradition is that the castle had been the residence of the [[Abbot]] of [[Kilwinning]], which may have arisen from the fact that the third son of [[Alexander Cunningham, 1st Earl of Glencairn]], became the [[Commendator]] of the abbey after the reformation and may have lived at Kerelaw.

[[Image:Kerelaw castle2.jpg|thumb|The southern castle wall in 2006]]

=== Later history ===
[[Image:Hamilton of grange.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Coat of Arms of the Hamiltons of Grange<ref name ="Robertson">Robertson, Plate 6.</ref>]]
In 1609 it was bought by Sir Thomas Boyd and soon after sold again to Sir William Cunninghame of [[Cunninghamhead]]. Thirty years later the castle and the nearby lands were bought by Sir Robert Cunninghame of Auchenharvie. In 1655 Kerelaw Castle was purchased by John Hamilton, formerly of Cambuskeith (now known as 'The Mount'), and afterwards of Grange (the grandfather of [[Alexander Hamilton]], a founding father of the United States of America), who changed the name of the castle and its grounds to '''Grange''', after the family home in [[Kilmarnock]]. Clements and Graham give the date of 1685 for the sale of Kerila (Kerelaw) to John Hamilton.<ref name="Clements">Clements, James, p. 13.</ref><ref>Graham, Eric J, p. 44.</ref> The castle became the residence of the Hamilton family until 1787 when another Alexander Hamilton (second cousin of the American politician), built [[Kerelaw House|Kerelaw (or Grange) House]] nearby, with the castle quickly becoming disused.<ref name="Macintosh3">Macintosh, p. 330</ref>

The foundation stone of the new [[Eglinton Castle]] in Kilwinning was laid in 1797 by Alexander Hamilton of Grange on behalf of the 12th Earl of Eglinton.<ref>[http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kilwinning.org/eglintoncastle/450posteric.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kilwinning.org/eglintoncastle/default.htm&usg=__mIQHTNpIt-5W7ywc3whs7VG1lEU=&h=153&w=450&sz=21&hl=en&start=39&um=1&tbnid=QO0c96naJtfSFM:&tbnh=43&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEarl%2Bof%2BEglinton%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1 Kilwinning Heritage]</ref>
{{Clear}}
[[Image:Kerelaw Map 1910.png|thumb|left|An OS map of the Kerelaw Estate from 1910]]

=== Ancillary buildings ===
[[Image:Kerelaw castle Livingston's Laburnum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<Center>Kerelaw castle ruins in 1890 with the [[Laburnum]] tree reputed to have been sent by [[David Livingstone]] from Africa<ref name="Clements"/>]]
A [[dovecote]] or doocot dated 1775 existed here<ref name="MacGibbon">MacGibbon & Ross, p. 569</ref> (see illustration) until the 1960s when it was demolished together with other outbuildings. Cottages for the workpeople had been built in the court of the castle, and their high corbie-stepped gable-ends added to the picturesque effect of the castle ruins.<ref name="Roots">[http://www.ayrshireroots.co.uk/Towns/Stevenston/Kerelaw.htm Ayrshire Roots article]</ref> The gothic windows may be one of the 19th century additions to the buildings.<ref name="Davis">Davis, p. 292.</ref> A limekiln was also situated nearby at NS 2706 4309. Dudups (Diddup) nearby was part of the Kerelaw/Grange Estate.<ref name="Dobie3">Dobie, p. 124</ref>

Roy's Survey map of 1747 records the name as Kerry-law,<ref name="Roy">[http://geo.nls.uk/roy/ Roy's Survey of 1747]</ref> and Smith refers to it as Kerila Castle;<ref name="Smith">Smith, p. 54</ref> as does Paterson.<ref name="Paterson32">Paterson, Vol. 5, p. 561</ref> Kyryaw castle, mains and mill are marked on Ponts map of 1604 - 1608. A lodge house, situated to the east of the castle is marked on the older [[Ordnance Survey|OS maps]] and is still in existence today (2008) as a private home.
{{Clear}}

=== Later history ===

The house, the castle and the grounds were all sold in 1838 to Gavin Fullerton after Alexander's death. Fullerton soon restored the original name of Kerelaw.

== The castle today ==
[[File:Kerelaw Bridge, Ornate carving, Stevenston.JPG|left|250px|thumb|Ornate carved keystone [[quatrefoil]] from above the bridge's arch.]]
[[Image:Kerelaw doocot.jpg|thumb|200px|The old Kerelaw doocot of which nothing now remains<ref name="MacGibbon">Macgibbon, Vol. 5, p. 569.</ref>]]
Kerelaw Castle is now a ruin, with three walls surviving in various states of decay. Gothic windows still adorn the southern wall, believed to have been inspired by those at [[Kilwinning Abbey]] (and are proof that much of the castle was built at various points in history).

In 1852 Paterson noted arrow-slits and cable mouldings of pre-14th century date.<ref name="Paterson">Paterson, Vol. 2, p. 445</ref> An old bridge, now used for pedestrians only, is situated next to the ruin (NS 2688 4288), but the castle itself is fenced off to protect both the public from falling stone and the castle from unwanted attention. The castle and surrounding ground is owned by [[North Ayrshire Council]]. In 2014 some repairs were carried out on the building and the immediate surroundings were cleared of excess trees and shrubs that were harming and hiding the structure. A QR Code and heritage trail plaque are attached to the fence and an interpretation board is present.

The bridge has a large cavity or 'cave' within it and this once gave access to pedestrians using the path that ran parallel to the Stevenston Burn.<ref>[http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/collections/people/key-people/artists/robert-bryden/kerelaw-castle.aspx Future Museums] Retrieved : 2014-04-24</ref> The arch of the bridge and the 'cave' show that the bridge was built in two stages and was widened with the upstream side being more recent. A large ornately carved cruciform embellishment has fallen from the bridge arch and lies downstream from the bridge.

The castle's former walled garden with its sundials and complex flowerbed layout is now occupied by a housing estate built in the late 1960s, but a single wall of the structure still remains. In the 1850s an orchard is shown on OS maps, located next to the walled garden.

A cobbled ford once crossed the Stevenston Burn in the Kerelaw Glen beneath the castle and ran up the bank passed the Kerelaw Mains home farm. The later limestone quarry workings destroyed the lane leading up from the ford. Two footbridges crossed the burn, one at the surviving weir and the other beyond the quarry house where mortared ashlar dressed stone walls still survive.<ref>[http://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch/view/?sid=74425803 6 Inch OS Map] Retrieved : 2013-05-10</ref>

== Views of the castle and surroundings ==

<gallery>
Image:Kerelaw castle window.jpg|One of the surviving gothic-style windows in 2008
Image:Kerelaw walled garden.jpg|The last remnants of the castle's walled garden in 2008
Image:Kerelaw gardens entrance.jpg|A bricked up entrance to the former walled garden in 2008
Image:Kerelaw castle1.jpg|The remains of the eastern castle wall in 2006
File:Kerelaw Ford.JPG|Remains of the old ford.
File:Kerelaw Castle - Weir.JPG|The weir on the Stevenston Burn in the Kerelaw Glen
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Sources ===
*{{cite book
| last = Billings
| first = Robert W.
| year = 1901
| title = The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, Volume III
| publisher = Oliver & Boyd
| location = Edinburgh
| oclc = 3506212
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Clements
| first = James
| year = 1974
| title = Stevenston (Stivenstoune Stinstin). The Kernel of Cunninghame.
| publisher = Gilmour and Lawrence
| location = Glasgow
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Davis
| first = Michael
| year = 1991
| title = The Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire
| publisher = Ardrishaig, Argyll : M.C. Davis, 1991.
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Dobie
| first = J. S. (ed.)
| year = 1876
| title = Cuninghame, topographized by [[Timothy Pont]], A M, 1604-1608: with continuations and illustrative notices by the late James Dobie of Crummock, FSA Scot
| publisher = John Tweed
| location = Glasgow
| oclc = 57035353
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Graham
| first = Eric J.
| year = 1997
| title = Robert Reid Cunninghame of Seabank House
| publisher = Ayr Arch & Nat Hist Soc
| location = Ayr
}}
*{{cite book
| last = MacGibbon
| first = David
|author2=Ross, Thomas
| date = 1887–92
| title = The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Vol. 5
| publisher = D. Douglas
| location = Edinburgh
| oclc = 6800546
}}
*{{cite book
| last = MacIntosh
| first = John
| year = 1894
| title = Ayrshire Nights Entertainments
| publisher = Dunlop & Drennan
| location = Kilmarnock
| oclc = 17243312
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Paterson
| first = J.
| date = 1863–66
| title = History of the counties of Ayr and Wigton, Vol. 2
| publisher = James Stillie
| location = Edinburgh
| oclc = 4352073
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Paterson
| first = J.
| authorlink = James Paterson (journalist)
| date = 1863–66
| title = History of the counties of Ayr and Wigton, Vol. 5
| publisher = James Stillie
| location = Edinburgh
| oclc = 4352073
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Robertson
| first = George
| date = 1823–25
| title = A genealogical account of the principal families in Ayrshire ...
| publisher = Cunninghame P. sold by A. Constable, Edinburgh
| location = Irvine
| oclc = 181661431
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Robertson
| first = William
| year = 1908
| title = Ayrshire: Its History and Historic Families, Vol. I
| publisher = Dunlop & Drennan
| location = Kilmarnock
| oclc = 604043
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Robertson
| first = William
| year = 1889
| title = Historical Tales and Legends of Ayrshire Vol.II
| publisher = Hamilton, Adams & Co.
| location = London
| oclc = 1741572
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = John
| year = 1895
| title = Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire
| publisher = E. Stock
| location = London
| oclc = 1509406
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=41097 RCAHMS Canmore Database: Kerelaw Castle]
*[http://www.old-maps.co.uk/indexmappage2.aspx Old Maps of Kerelaw]
*[http://www.clancunningham.us/index.jsp?nav_id=19 The Clan Cunningham Society website]
*[http://www.maybole.org/history/books/legends/feudofglencairnandeglinton.htm The Montgomerie - Cunningham feud.]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W53forp6Qx0&feature=youtu.be Kerelaw Glen YouTube Video]
{{commons category|Kerelaw Castle}}

[[Category:Castles in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Category B listed buildings in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Ruined castles in Scotland]]
{{Portal|Scotland}}

Paxton Lynch

2016-04-30T03:48:53Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 24.6.24.233 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox NFL player
| name = Paxton Lynch
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| currentteam = Denver Broncos
| number = 12
| position = [[Quarterback]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[San Antonio, Texas]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 7
| weight_lbs = 244
| highschool = [[Trinity Christian Academy (Deltona, Florida)|Deltona (FL) Trinity Christian]]
| college = [[Memphis Tigers football|Memphis]]
| draftyear = 2016
| draftround = 1
| draftpick = 26
| pastteams =
* [[Denver Broncos]] ({{NFL Year|2016}}–present)
| status = Unsigned draft pick
| nflnew = paxtonlynch/2555316
}}

'''Paxton James Lynch'''<ref>http://saweb.memphis.edu/sa_commencement/PDFs/proofs/16Spring/2016%20May%20Commencement%20names%2001.pdf</reF> (born February 12, 1994) is an [[American football]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Denver Broncos]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He played [[college football]] at [[Memphis Tigers football|Memphis]].

==Early years==
Lynch attended [[Trinity Christian Academy (Deltona, Florida)|Trinity Christian Academy]] in [[Deltona, Florida]]. During his career he passed for 2,099 yards. Lynch was rated by [[Rivals.com]] as a three-star recruit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/player-Paxton-Lynch-125984|title=Paxton Lynch|publisher=}}</ref> He committed to the [[University of Memphis]] to play [[college football]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-02-01/sports/os-hs-collings-column-0202-20120201_1_memphis-paxton-lynch-colleges|title=Paxton Lynch's recruiting road had some detours before he got to Memphis|work=tribunedigital-orlandosentinel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-journalonline.com/article/20120130/ARTICLES/301309995?Title=Lynch-commits-to-Memphis|title=Lynch commits to Memphis|work=News-JournalOnline.com}}</ref>

==College career==
After redshirting his first year at Memphis in 2012, Lynch was named the Tigers' starting quarterback prior to the 2013 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/memphis-freshman-paxton-lynch-qb-preps-for-role|title=Memphis freshman Paxton Lynch QB preps for starting role|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/memphis-tigers-coach-justin-fuente-names-paxton|title=Memphis Tigers coach Justin Fuente names Paxton Lynch starting QB|publisher=}}</ref> He started all 12 games, completing 203 of 349 passes for 2,056 yards, nine [[touchdowns]] and 10 [[interceptions]]. As a sophomore in 2014, Lynch started all 13 games. He completed 259 of 413 attempts for 3,031 yards, 22 touchdowns and nine interceptions. He also rushed for 321 yards and 13 touchdowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news-journalonline.com/article/20150830/SPORTS/150839961|title=After big sophomore season, Memphis' Paxton Lynch looking to live up to hype|work=News-JournalOnline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxfordcitizen.com/2015/08/14/tigers-continue-to-build-behind-qb-paxton-lynch/|title=Tigers continue to build behind QB Paxton Lynch|work=Oxford Citizen}}</ref> Lynch was named the MVP of the [[2014 Miami Beach Bowl]] after passing for 306 yards with four passing touchdowns and three rushing touchdowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/college-sports/headlines/sfl-miami-beach-bowl-ends-in-brawl-20141222-story.html|title=Miami Beach Bowl ends in brawl, overshadowing Memphis double overtime win against BYU – Sun Sentinel|author=South Florida Sun-Sentinel|date=December 22, 2014|work=Sun-Sentinel.com}}</ref> As a junior in 2015, Lynch again started all 13 games. He completed 296 of 443 passes for 3,778 yards, 28 touchdowns and four interceptions. In Memphis' 63–0 victory over SMU, Lynch tied an FBS record with seven passing touchdowns in a half. He finished 9 of 14 for 222 yards, and completed his touchdown throws to seven different receivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000589530/article/paxton-lynch-ties-fbs-record-with-seven-td-passes-in-a-half|title = Paxton Lynch ties FBS record with seven TD passes in a half|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> After the season, he decided to forgo his senior year and enter the [[2016 NFL Draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/draft2016/story/_/id/14473004/highly-rated-memphis-tigers-qb-paxton-lynch-declares-nfl-draft|title=Highly rated Memphis Tigers QB Paxton Lynch declares for NFL draft|work=ESPN.com}}</ref>

==Professional career==
===Denver Broncos===
Lynch was selected in the first round (26th overall) of the [[2016 NFL draft]] by the [[Denver Broncos]] on April 28, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legwold|first1=Jeff|title=Lynch drafted by Broncos in first round of 2016 NFL Draft.|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/nflnation/post/_/id/202842/broncos-pick-memphis-quarterback-paxton-lynch-in-first-round|website=http://espn.go.com/|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=April 28, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gotigersgo.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1623 Memphis Tigers bio] {{wayback|http://www.gotigersgo.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1623}}

{{2016 NFL Draft}}
{{Broncos2016DraftPicks}}
{{BroncosFirstPick}}
{{Denver Broncos roster navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lynch, Paxton}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Texas]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Florida]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Memphis Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Denver Broncos players]]

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-11T00:51:08Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 94.193.80.255 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox company
| name = Supreme

| logo = [[File:Supreme logo.gif]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder = James Jebbia
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| locations =
| products = Clothing, accessories, Shoes,
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|supremenewyork.com}}
}}
'''Supreme''' is a skateboarding shop/clothing [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web| title = PULSE: LAFAYETTE STREET; 'Kids' Welcome, Dress: Baggy | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F12FB385A0C708CDDA90994D1494D81 | first = Julia | last = Chaplin | work = [[The New York Times]] | publisher = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]] | date = October 3, 1999 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme. | url = http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme | first1 = Nick | last1 = Grant | first2 = Jian | last2 = Deleon | first3 = Noah | last3 = Johnson | work = [[Complex (magazine)]] | publisher = Complex Media | date = March 20, 2013 | accessdate = May 1, 2013}}</ref> established in [[New York City]] in April 1994.

The brand was originally founded by James Jebbia. Although he was born in the US, he lived in England from until he was nineteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - James Jebbia is British. He was born in the United States, but lived in England from age one to 19.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/james-jebbia-is-british-he-was-born-in-the-united-states-but-lived-in-england-from-age-one-to-19|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> The first Supreme store opened on Lafayette Street in downtown [[Manhattan]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/about | accessdate = May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was designed with skaters in mind, with a unique design on the store layout; the clothes arranged around the outside of the store with a large space in the middle. This meant that skaters with backpacks on could skate right into the store, and still feel comfortable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Jebbia's design for the Supreme New York store was more open so skaters could come right in with their skateboards.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/jebbias-design-for-the-supreme-new-york-store-was-more-open-so-skaters-could-come-right-in-with-their-skateboards|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> In 2004, a store was opened on North Fairfax Ave in [[Los Angeles, California]], which is almost double the size of the original [[New York City|New York]] store and also includes an indoor skate bowl.<ref>{{cite web| title = Into L.A.'s Deli Land, Enter the Skaters | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16surface.html | first = Micah | last = Abrams | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = April 16, 2006 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> There are other stores in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Tokyo]] (Harajuku, Daikanyama & Shibuya), [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> These modern stores still try to emulate the original Lafayette Street store design.

The distinctive red box logo containing "Supreme" in Futura Heavy Oblique is largely based on [[Barbara Kruger]]'s propaganda art.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - The Supreme logo is largely based on Barbara Kruger's propaganda art.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/the-supreme-logo-is-largely-based-on-barbara-krugers-propaganda-art|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref>

The brand caters to the [[Skateboarding]], [[Hip hop]] and [[Punk rock]] cultures, and the youth culture at large. They make clothes and accessories, but also manufacture skateboards that are collected like modern art. Supreme has released skateboard decks featuring the artworks of [[Rammellzee]], [[Ryan McGinness]], [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]], [[Larry Clark]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Nate Lowman]], [[Damien Hirst]], and [[John Baldessari]]. They have also collaborated with other photographers, artists, and designers such as [[Marilyn Minter]], [[Takashi Murakami]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)]], [[Futura 2000]], Adam Kimmel, [[Bad Brains]] and [[H. R. Giger]].

Unlike other clothing brands, who release their new collections all at once, Supreme releases a small number of items at a time, typically five to fifteen. This "drop" occurs online at 11 am EST and 8 am PST. This strategy maintains the aura of "hype" that the brand creates. Their shoes, clothing, and accessories create a big secondary market for supreme clothing, because items are produced to a very limited quantity and also because there are only ten stores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme stores|url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores|website = www.supremenewyork.com|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref> Supreme has a line of collaborations with brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Vans]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x Vans Spring/Summer 2015 Blends In (Get It?) | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-vans-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = March 18, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[C. & J. Clark|Clarks]], [[The North Face]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x The North Face Spring/Summer 2015 | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-the-north-face-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = April 20, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Hanes]], [[Playboy]], [[levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]], [[Comme des Garçons]], [[Stone Island]], UNDERCOVER, [[White Castle]] as well as many more. Fashion photographer [[Terry Richardson]] has produced some of the most notable pieces which include photographs of [[Michael Jordan]], [[Kermit the Frog]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Terry Richardson x Supreme x Kermit the Frog | url =http://hypebeast.com/2008/2/terry-richardson-x-supreme-x-kermit-frog | date = February 29, 2008 | access-date = April 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Three Six Mafia]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Neil Young]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme Fall/Winter 2014 Editorial by Terry Richardson for ‘SENSE’ Magazine | url = http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/10/13/supreme-fall-winter-2014-editorial-terry-richardson-lucien-smith-sense-magazine/ | first = Brock | last = Cardiner | work = High Snobiety | date = October 13, 2014 | accessdate = April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[Morrissey]].

Supreme stocks its own clothing label as well as [[Vans]], [[Nike Skateboarding|Nike SB]], [[Spitfire]], [[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]] and [[Girl Distribution Company]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Get 'Em While They're Cool: Footwear for the Few | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/31/nyregion/get-em-while-they-re-cool-footwear-for-the-few.html | first = Anna | last = Bahney | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = October 31, 2003 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref>

Notable celebrities who have worn Supreme clothing in public includes [[Tyler, The Creator]], [[Kanye West]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Frank Ocean]], [[Nas]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharell Williams]], [[John Mayer]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], and [[Morrissey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gallery: Celebrities Wearing Supreme|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2011/09/gallery-celebrities-wearing-supreme/|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.supremenewyork.com/ Supreme Web Site]

[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing]]

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-11T00:33:25Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Better4rato (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-11T00:20:51Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted to revision 714052201 by David.moreno72 (talk): Restore last good diff before vandalism . (TW)

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T23:36:54Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Its.more.road (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox company
| name = Supreme

| logo = [[File:Supreme logo.gif]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder = Ethan griffiths
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| locations =
| products = Clothing, accessories, Shoes,
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|supremenewyork.com}}
}}
'''Supreme''' is a skateboarding shop/clothing [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web| title = PULSE: LAFAYETTE STREET; 'Kids' Welcome, Dress: Baggy | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F12FB385A0C708CDDA90994D1494D81 | first = Julia | last = Chaplin | work = [[The New York Times]] | publisher = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]] | date = October 3, 1999 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme. | url = http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme | first1 = Nick | last1 = Grant | first2 = Jian | last2 = Deleon | first3 = Noah | last3 = Johnson | work = [[Complex (magazine)]] | publisher = Complex Media | date = March 20, 2013 | accessdate = May 1, 2013}}</ref> established in [[New York City]] in April 1994.

The brand was originally founded by James Jebbia. Although he was born in the US, he lived in England from until he was nineteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - James Jebbia is British. He was born in the United States, but lived in England from age one to 19.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/james-jebbia-is-british-he-was-born-in-the-united-states-but-lived-in-england-from-age-one-to-19|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> The first Supreme store opened on Lafayette Street in downtown [[Manhattan]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/about | accessdate = May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was designed with skaters in mind, with a unique design on the store layout; the clothes arranged around the outside of the store with a large space in the middle. This meant that skaters with backpacks on could skate right into the store, and still feel comfortable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Jebbia's design for the Supreme New York store was more open so skaters could come right in with their skateboards.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/jebbias-design-for-the-supreme-new-york-store-was-more-open-so-skaters-could-come-right-in-with-their-skateboards|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> In 2004, a store was opened on North Fairfax Ave in [[Los Angeles, California]], which is almost double the size of the original [[New York City|New York]] store and also includes an indoor skate bowl.<ref>{{cite web| title = Into L.A.'s Deli Land, Enter the Skaters | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16surface.html | first = Micah | last = Abrams | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = April 16, 2006 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> There are other stores in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Tokyo]] (Harajuku, Daikanyama & Shibuya), [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> These modern stores still try to emulate the original Lafayette Street store design.

The distinctive red box logo containing "Supreme" in Futura Heavy Oblique is largely based on [[Barbara Kruger]]'s propaganda art.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - The Supreme logo is largely based on Barbara Kruger's propaganda art.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/the-supreme-logo-is-largely-based-on-barbara-krugers-propaganda-art|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref>

The brand caters to the [[Skateboarding]], [[Hip hop]] and [[Punk rock]] cultures, and the youth culture at large. They make clothes and accessories, but also manufacture skateboards that are collected like modern art. Supreme has released skateboard decks featuring the artworks of [[Rammellzee]], [[Ryan McGinness]], [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]], [[Larry Clark]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Nate Lowman]], [[Damien Hirst]], and [[John Baldessari]]. They have also collaborated with other photographers, artists, and designers such as [[Marilyn Minter]], [[Takashi Murakami]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)]], [[Futura 2000]], Adam Kimmel, [[Bad Brains]] and [[H. R. Giger]].

Unlike other clothing brands, who release their new collections all at once, Supreme releases a small number of items at a time, typically five to fifteen. This "drop" occurs online at 11 am EST and 8 am PST. This strategy maintains the aura of "hype" that the brand creates. Their shoes, clothing, and accessories create a big secondary market for supreme clothing, because items are produced to a very limited quantity and also because there are only ten stores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme stores|url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores|website = www.supremenewyork.com|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref> Supreme has a line of collaborations with brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Vans]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x Vans Spring/Summer 2015 Blends In (Get It?) | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-vans-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = March 18, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[C. & J. Clark|Clarks]], [[The North Face]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x The North Face Spring/Summer 2015 | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-the-north-face-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = April 20, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Hanes]], [[Playboy]], [[levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]], [[Comme des Garçons]], [[Stone Island]], UNDERCOVER, [[White Castle]] as well as many more. Fashion photographer [[Terry Richardson]] has produced some of the most notable pieces which include photographs of [[Michael Jordan]], [[Kermit the Frog]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Terry Richardson x Supreme x Kermit the Frog | url =http://hypebeast.com/2008/2/terry-richardson-x-supreme-x-kermit-frog | date = February 29, 2008 | access-date = April 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Three Six Mafia]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Neil Young]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme Fall/Winter 2014 Editorial by Terry Richardson for ‘SENSE’ Magazine | url = http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/10/13/supreme-fall-winter-2014-editorial-terry-richardson-lucien-smith-sense-magazine/ | first = Brock | last = Cardiner | work = High Snobiety | date = October 13, 2014 | accessdate = April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[Morrissey]].

Supreme stocks its own clothing label as well as [[Vans]], [[Nike Skateboarding|Nike SB]], [[Spitfire]], [[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]] and [[Girl Distribution Company]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Get 'Em While They're Cool: Footwear for the Few | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/31/nyregion/get-em-while-they-re-cool-footwear-for-the-few.html | first = Anna | last = Bahney | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = October 31, 2003 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref>

Notable celebrities who have worn Supreme clothing in public includes [[Tyler, The Creator]], [[Kanye West]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Frank Ocean]], [[Nas]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharell Williams]], [[John Mayer]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], and [[Morrissey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gallery: Celebrities Wearing Supreme|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2011/09/gallery-celebrities-wearing-supreme/|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.supremenewyork.com/ Supreme Web Site]

[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing]]

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T23:32:31Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2A02:C7D:A1B3:6C00:D536:73A1:9662:AF0 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

[[
[[File:Photo on 11-04-2016 at 00.07.jpg|thumb]]
]]
{{Infobox company
| name = Supreme

| logo = [[File:Supreme logo.gif]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder = James Jebendia
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| locations =
| products = Clothing, accessories, Shoes,
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|supremenewyork.com}}
}}
wts bogo, size m, 9/10 condition
'''Supreme''' is a skateboarding shop/clothing [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web| title = PULSE: LAFAYETTE STREET; 'Kids' Welcome, Dress: Baggy | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F12FB385A0C708CDDA90994D1494D81 | first = Julia | last = Chaplin | work = [[The New York Times]] | publisher = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]] | date = October 3, 1999 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme. | url = http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme | first1 = Nick | last1 = Grant | first2 = Jian | last2 = Deleon | first3 = Noah | last3 = Johnson | work = [[Complex (magazine)]] | publisher = Complex Media | date = March 20, 2013 | accessdate = May 1, 2013}}</ref> established in [[New York City]] in April 1994.

The brand was originally founded by James Jebbia. Although he was born in the US, he lived in England from until he was nineteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - James Jebbia is British. He was born in the United States, but lived in England from age one to 19.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/james-jebbia-is-british-he-was-born-in-the-united-states-but-lived-in-england-from-age-one-to-19|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> The first Supreme store opened on Lafayette Street in downtown [[Manhattan]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/about | accessdate = May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was designed with skaters in mind, with a unique design on the store layout; the clothes arranged around the outside of the store with a large space in the middle. This meant that skaters with backpacks on could skate right into the store, and still feel comfortable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Jebbia's design for the Supreme New York store was more open so skaters could come right in with their skateboards.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/jebbias-design-for-the-supreme-new-york-store-was-more-open-so-skaters-could-come-right-in-with-their-skateboards|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> In 2004, a store was opened on North Fairfax Ave in [[Los Angeles, California]], which is almost double the size of the original [[New York City|New York]] store and also includes an indoor skate bowl.<ref>{{cite web| title = Into L.A.'s Deli Land, Enter the Skaters | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16surface.html | first = Micah | last = Abrams | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = April 16, 2006 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> There are other stores in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Tokyo]] (Harajuku, Daikanyama & Shibuya), [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> These modern stores still try to emulate the original Lafayette Street store design.

The distinctive red box logo containing "Supreme" in Futura Heavy Oblique is largely based on [[Barbara Kruger]]'s propaganda art.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - The Supreme logo is largely based on Barbara Kruger's propaganda art.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/the-supreme-logo-is-largely-based-on-barbara-krugers-propaganda-art|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref>

The brand caters to the [[Skateboarding]], [[Hip hop]] and [[Punk rock]] cultures, and the youth culture at large. They make clothes and accessories, but also manufacture skateboards that are collected like modern art. Supreme has released skateboard decks featuring the artworks of [[Rammellzee]], [[Ryan McGinness]], [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]], [[Larry Clark]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Nate Lowman]], [[Damien Hirst]], and [[John Baldessari]]. They have also collaborated with other photographers, artists, and designers such as [[Marilyn Minter]], [[Takashi Murakami]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)]], [[Futura 2000]], Adam Kimmel, [[Bad Brains]] and [[H. R. Giger]].

Unlike other clothing brands, who release their new collections all at once, Supreme releases a small number of items at a time, typically five to fifteen. This "drop" occurs online at 11 am EST and 8 am PST. This strategy maintains the aura of "hype" that the brand creates. Their shoes, clothing, and accessories create a big secondary market for supreme clothing, because items are produced to a very limited quantity and also because there are only ten stores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme stores|url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores|website = www.supremenewyork.com|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref> Supreme has a line of collaborations with brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Vans]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x Vans Spring/Summer 2015 Blends In (Get It?) | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-vans-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = March 18, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[C. & J. Clark|Clarks]], [[The North Face]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x The North Face Spring/Summer 2015 | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-the-north-face-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = April 20, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Hanes]], [[Playboy]], [[levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]], [[Comme des Garçons]], [[Stone Island]], UNDERCOVER, [[White Castle]] as well as many more. Fashion photographer [[Terry Richardson]] has produced some of the most notable pieces which include photographs of [[Michael Jordan]], [[Kermit the Frog]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Terry Richardson x Supreme x Kermit the Frog | url =http://hypebeast.com/2008/2/terry-richardson-x-supreme-x-kermit-frog | date = February 29, 2008 | access-date = April 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Three Six Mafia]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Neil Young]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme Fall/Winter 2014 Editorial by Terry Richardson for ‘SENSE’ Magazine | url = http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/10/13/supreme-fall-winter-2014-editorial-terry-richardson-lucien-smith-sense-magazine/ | first = Brock | last = Cardiner | work = High Snobiety | date = October 13, 2014 | accessdate = April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[Morrissey]].

Supreme stocks its own clothing label as well as [[Vans]], [[Nike Skateboarding|Nike SB]], [[Spitfire]], [[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]] and [[Girl Distribution Company]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Get 'Em While They're Cool: Footwear for the Few | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/31/nyregion/get-em-while-they-re-cool-footwear-for-the-few.html | first = Anna | last = Bahney | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = October 31, 2003 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref>

Notable celebrities who have worn Supreme clothing in public includes [[Tyler, The Creator]], [[Kanye West]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Frank Ocean]], [[Nas]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharell Williams]], [[John Mayer]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], and [[Morrissey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gallery: Celebrities Wearing Supreme|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2011/09/gallery-celebrities-wearing-supreme/|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.supremenewyork.com/ Supreme Web Site]

[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing]]

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T23:05:02Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2003:65:E256:53BA:CE4:5519:5F5B:B27B (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T23:00:04Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Munchywilliam453 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T22:52:57Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 151.231.144.48 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox company
| name = Supreme White People

| logo = [[File:Supreme logo.gif]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder = Odd Future
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[cum]], [[New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| locations =
| products = Enough products mate, don't you worry about that.
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|supremenewyork.com}}
}}
'''Supreme''' is a skateboarding shop/clothing [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web| title = PULSE: LAFAYETTE STREET; 'Kids' Welcome, Dress: Baggy | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F12FB385A0C708CDDA90994D1494D81 | first = Julia | last = Chaplin | work = [[The New York Times]] | publisher = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]] | date = October 3, 1999 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme. | url = http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme | first1 = Nick | last1 = Grant | first2 = Jian | last2 = Deleon | first3 = Noah | last3 = Johnson | work = [[Complex (magazine)]] | publisher = Complex Media | date = March 20, 2013 | accessdate = May 1, 2013}}</ref> established in [[Sam Thomasons bedroom]] in April 1994.

The brand was originally founded by Sam Thomason. Although he was born in the US, he lived in England from until he was nineteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Sam Thomason is British. He was born in the United States, but lived in England from age one to 19.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/james-jebbia-is-british-he-was-born-in-the-united-states-but-lived-in-england-from-age-one-to-19|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> The first Supreme store opened on Lafayette Street in downtown [[Manhattan]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/about | accessdate = May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was designed with skaters in mind, with a unique design on the store layout; the clothes arranged around the outside of the store with a large space in the middle. This meant that skaters with backpacks on could skate right into the store, and still feel comfortable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Jebbia's design for the Supreme New York store was more open so skaters could come right in with their skateboards.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/jebbias-design-for-the-supreme-new-york-store-was-more-open-so-skaters-could-come-right-in-with-their-skateboards|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> In 2004, a store was opened on North Fairfax Ave in [[Los Angeles, California]], which is almost double the size of the original [[New York City|New York]] store and also includes an indoor skate bowl.<ref>{{cite web| title = Into L.A.'s Deli Land, Enter the Skaters | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16surface.html | first = Micah | last = Abrams | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = April 16, 2006 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> There are other stores in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Tokyo]] (Harajuku, Daikanyama & Shibuya), [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> These modern stores still try to emulate the original Lafayette Street store design.

The distinctive red box logo containing "Supreme" in Futura Heavy Oblique is largely based on [[Barbara Kruger]]'s propaganda art.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - The Supreme logo is largely based on Barbara Kruger's propaganda art.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/the-supreme-logo-is-largely-based-on-barbara-krugers-propaganda-art|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref>

The brand caters to the [[Skateboarding]], [[Hip hop]] and [[Punk rock]] cultures, and the youth culture at large. They make clothes and accessories, but also manufacture skateboards that are collected like modern art. Supreme has released skateboard decks featuring the artworks of [[Rammellzee]], [[Ryan McGinness]], [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]], [[Larry Clark]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Nate Lowman]], [[Damien Hirst]], and [[John Baldessari]]. They have also collaborated with other photographers, artists, and designers such as [[Marilyn Minter]], [[Takashi Murakami]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)]], [[Futura 2000]], Adam Kimmel, [[Bad Brains]] and [[H. R. Giger]].

Unlike other clothing brands, who release their new collections all at once, Supreme releases a small number of items at a time, typically five to fifteen. This "drop" occurs online at 11 am EST and 8 am PST. This strategy maintains the aura of "hype" that the brand creates. Their shoes, clothing, and accessories create a big secondary market for supreme clothing, because items are produced to a very limited quantity and also because there are only ten stores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme stores|url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores|website = www.supremenewyork.com|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref> Supreme has a line of collaborations with brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Vans]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x Vans Spring/Summer 2015 Blends In (Get It?) | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-vans-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = March 18, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[C. & J. Clark|Clarks]], [[The North Face]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x The North Face Spring/Summer 2015 | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-the-north-face-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = April 20, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Hanes]], [[Playboy]], [[levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]], [[Comme des Garçons]], [[Stone Island]], UNDERCOVER, [[White Castle]] as well as many more. Fashion photographer [[Terry Richardson]] has produced some of the most notable pieces which include photographs of [[Michael Jordan]], [[Kermit the Frog]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Terry Richardson x Supreme x Kermit the Frog | url =http://hypebeast.com/2008/2/terry-richardson-x-supreme-x-kermit-frog | date = February 29, 2008 | access-date = April 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Three Six Mafia]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Neil Young]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme Fall/Winter 2014 Editorial by Terry Richardson for ‘SENSE’ Magazine | url = http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/10/13/supreme-fall-winter-2014-editorial-terry-richardson-lucien-smith-sense-magazine/ | first = Brock | last = Cardiner | work = High Snobiety | date = October 13, 2014 | accessdate = April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[Morrissey]].

Supreme stocks its own clothing label as well as [[Vans]], [[Nike Skateboarding|Nike SB]], [[Spitfire]], [[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]] and [[Girl Distribution Company]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Get 'Em While They're Cool: Footwear for the Few | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/31/nyregion/get-em-while-they-re-cool-footwear-for-the-few.html | first = Anna | last = Bahney | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = October 31, 2003 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref>

Notable celebrities who have worn Supreme clothing in public includes [[Tyler, The Creator]], [[Kanye West]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Frank Ocean]], [[Nas]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharell Williams]], [[John Mayer]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], and [[Morrissey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gallery: Celebrities Wearing Supreme|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2011/09/gallery-celebrities-wearing-supreme/|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.supremenewyork.com/ Supreme Web Site]

[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing]]

Supreme (Bekleidung)

2016-04-10T22:45:45Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 87.60.2.52 (talk) (HG) (3.1.20)

{{Infobox company
| name = Supreme White People

| logo = [[File:Supreme logo.gif]]
| foundation = 1994
| founder = Frederik Damgaard
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[cum]], [[New York]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| locations =
| products = Clothing, accessories, Shoes,
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|supremenewyork.com}}
}}
'''Supreme''' is a skateboarding shop/clothing [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web| title = PULSE: LAFAYETTE STREET; 'Kids' Welcome, Dress: Baggy | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F12FB385A0C708CDDA90994D1494D81 | first = Julia | last = Chaplin | work = [[The New York Times]] | publisher = [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.]] | date = October 3, 1999 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme. | url = http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme | first1 = Nick | last1 = Grant | first2 = Jian | last2 = Deleon | first3 = Noah | last3 = Johnson | work = [[Complex (magazine)]] | publisher = Complex Media | date = March 20, 2013 | accessdate = May 1, 2013}}</ref> established in [[New York City]] in April 1994.

The brand was originally founded by Sam Thomason. Although he was born in the US, he lived in England from until he was nineteen.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Sam Thomason is British. He was born in the United States, but lived in England from age one to 19.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/james-jebbia-is-british-he-was-born-in-the-united-states-but-lived-in-england-from-age-one-to-19|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> The first Supreme store opened on Lafayette Street in downtown [[Manhattan]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/about | accessdate = May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was designed with skaters in mind, with a unique design on the store layout; the clothes arranged around the outside of the store with a large space in the middle. This meant that skaters with backpacks on could skate right into the store, and still feel comfortable.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - Jebbia's design for the Supreme New York store was more open so skaters could come right in with their skateboards.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/jebbias-design-for-the-supreme-new-york-store-was-more-open-so-skaters-could-come-right-in-with-their-skateboards|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref> In 2004, a store was opened on North Fairfax Ave in [[Los Angeles, California]], which is almost double the size of the original [[New York City|New York]] store and also includes an indoor skate bowl.<ref>{{cite web| title = Into L.A.'s Deli Land, Enter the Skaters | url = http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/travel/16surface.html | first = Micah | last = Abrams | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = April 16, 2006 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> There are other stores in [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Tokyo]] (Harajuku, Daikanyama & Shibuya), [[Nagoya]], [[Osaka]], and [[Fukuoka]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme | url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref> These modern stores still try to emulate the original Lafayette Street store design.

The distinctive red box logo containing "Supreme" in Futura Heavy Oblique is largely based on [[Barbara Kruger]]'s propaganda art.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 50 Things You Didn't Know About Supreme - The Supreme logo is largely based on Barbara Kruger's propaganda art.|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2013/03/50-things-you-didnt-know-about-supreme/the-supreme-logo-is-largely-based-on-barbara-krugers-propaganda-art|website = Complex UK|access-date = 2016-01-17}}</ref>

The brand caters to the [[Skateboarding]], [[Hip hop]] and [[Punk rock]] cultures, and the youth culture at large. They make clothes and accessories, but also manufacture skateboards that are collected like modern art. Supreme has released skateboard decks featuring the artworks of [[Rammellzee]], [[Ryan McGinness]], [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]], [[Larry Clark]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Nate Lowman]], [[Damien Hirst]], and [[John Baldessari]]. They have also collaborated with other photographers, artists, and designers such as [[Marilyn Minter]], [[Takashi Murakami]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)]], [[Futura 2000]], Adam Kimmel, [[Bad Brains]] and [[H. R. Giger]].

Unlike other clothing brands, who release their new collections all at once, Supreme releases a small number of items at a time, typically five to fifteen. This "drop" occurs online at 11 am EST and 8 am PST. This strategy maintains the aura of "hype" that the brand creates. Their shoes, clothing, and accessories create a big secondary market for supreme clothing, because items are produced to a very limited quantity and also because there are only ten stores worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Supreme stores|url = http://www.supremenewyork.com/stores|website = www.supremenewyork.com|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref> Supreme has a line of collaborations with brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Vans]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x Vans Spring/Summer 2015 Blends In (Get It?) | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-vans-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = March 18, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[C. & J. Clark|Clarks]], [[The North Face]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme x The North Face Spring/Summer 2015 | url = http://fourpins.com/style/supreme-the-north-face-spring-summer-2015/ | first = Skylar | last = Bergyl | work = Four Pins | publisher = Four Pins | date = April 20, 2015 | access-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> [[Hanes]], [[Playboy]], [[levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]], [[The Timberland Company|Timberland]], [[Comme des Garçons]], [[Stone Island]], UNDERCOVER, [[White Castle]] as well as many more. Fashion photographer [[Terry Richardson]] has produced some of the most notable pieces which include photographs of [[Michael Jordan]], [[Kermit the Frog]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Terry Richardson x Supreme x Kermit the Frog | url =http://hypebeast.com/2008/2/terry-richardson-x-supreme-x-kermit-frog | date = February 29, 2008 | access-date = April 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Three Six Mafia]], [[Lou Reed]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Neil Young]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Supreme Fall/Winter 2014 Editorial by Terry Richardson for ‘SENSE’ Magazine | url = http://www.highsnobiety.com/2014/10/13/supreme-fall-winter-2014-editorial-terry-richardson-lucien-smith-sense-magazine/ | first = Brock | last = Cardiner | work = High Snobiety | date = October 13, 2014 | accessdate = April 21, 2015}}</ref> and [[Morrissey]].

Supreme stocks its own clothing label as well as [[Vans]], [[Nike Skateboarding|Nike SB]], [[Spitfire]], [[Thrasher (magazine)|Thrasher]] and [[Girl Distribution Company]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Get 'Em While They're Cool: Footwear for the Few | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/31/nyregion/get-em-while-they-re-cool-footwear-for-the-few.html | first = Anna | last = Bahney | work = The New York Times | publisher = Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. | date = October 31, 2003 | accessdate = September 29, 2012}}</ref>

Notable celebrities who have worn Supreme clothing in public includes [[Tyler, The Creator]], [[Kanye West]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Frank Ocean]], [[Nas]], [[Pharrell Williams|Pharell Williams]], [[John Mayer]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], and [[Morrissey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gallery: Celebrities Wearing Supreme|url = http://uk.complex.com/style/2011/09/gallery-celebrities-wearing-supreme/|accessdate = 2015-07-22}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.supremenewyork.com/ Supreme Web Site]

[[Category:Clothing brands of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Clothing retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing]]

Kidz Bop

2016-03-31T00:24:21Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted 3 edits by 100.4.64.11 (talk): Rm unsourced information. (TW)

{{pp-pc1|expiry=August 9, 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kidz Bop Kids
| landscape = yes
| image = Logo of KidzBop.png
| caption =
| background = group_or_band
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| label = [[Razor & Tie]]
| current_members = 
| past_members = 
| website = [http://www.kidzbop.com/ KidzBop.com]
|Tagline = Today's biggest hits sung by kids for kids}}

'''Kidz Bop''' is a brand of [[compilation album]]s featuring kids performing contemporary popular songs. The series was developed by [[Razor & Tie]] co-founders Cliff Chenfeld and Craig Balsam<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69716/kidz-titles-bring-pop-songs-to-youngsters |title='Kidz' Titles Bring Pop Songs to Youngsters |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |date=August 1, 2003 |accessdate=January 26, 2016}}</ref> in 2001.<ref name="KBMedia">{{cite web|url=http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/ |title=PR Newswire |website=mediaroom.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130118061846/http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/ |archivedate=January 18, 2013 }}</ref> The albums are composed of popular songs that chart high on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and/or receive heavy airplay from [[contemporary hit radio]] stations several months ahead of each album's release. The songs are performed by the ''KIDZ BOP Kids''.

The franchise has sold more than 16 million albums.<ref name=albums_figure>{{cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746208/kidz-bop-44th-hit-album-adele-21-chart-moves |title=Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Kidz Bop's 44th Hit Album, Adele's '21' Rises |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |date=October 30, 2015 |accessdate=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref name=tracks_figure>{{cite magazine |last=Christman |first=Ed |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6524223/facing-flagging-sales-will-expansion-plans-for-kidz-bop-pay-off |title=Facing Flagging Sales, Will Expansion Plans for 'Kidz Bop' Pay Off? |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |date=April 6, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015}}</ref> Since its debut in 2001, KIDZ BOP has expanded significantly to include merchandise, music videos, a live touring division, talent search competitions and the ''KIDZ BOP Kids'' who are the face of the brand. The ''KIDZ BOP Kids'' are chosen by audition. There are 31 main albums. The latest release, ''KIDZ BOP 31'', marked the brand’s 23rd Top 10 debut.
__TOC__
{{clear}}

==Albums==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Album
!rowspan=2|Release Date
!colspan=2|Peak chart positions
!rowspan=2| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]] ([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:90%"|[[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="BBChart">[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p738407|tab=charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} All Music - Kidz Bop - Charts and Awards]</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:90%"|[[Kid Albums|US Kids]] <ref name="BBChart" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop (album)|Kidz Bop]]'''''
|October 9, 2001
September 2000 (2CD Edition)
|76
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Kidz+Bop#search_section|title=RIAA - Gold & Platinum [Searchable Database] |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]® (RIAA) |website=www.riaa.com}}</ref>
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 2]]'''''
|August 20, 2002
2001 (2CD Edition)
|37
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 3]]'''''
|March 4, 2003
December 13, 2002 (2CD Edition)
|17
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 4]]'''''
|August 12, 2003
July 2003 (2CD Edition)
|14
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 5]]'''''
|February 24, 2004
December 29, 2003 (2CD Edition)
|34
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 6]]'''''
|August 10, 2004
|23
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 7]]'''''
|February 22, 2005
|7
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 8]]'''''
|August 2, 2005
|6
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 9]]'''''
|February 21, 2006
|2
|2
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 10]]'''''
|August 1, 2006
|3
|1
|align=left|
US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 11]]'''''
|February 20, 2007
|4
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 12]]'''''
|July 31, 2007
|7
|2
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 13]]'''''
|February 19, 2008
|4
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 14]]'''''
|July 29, 2008
|8
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 15]]'''''
|February 3, 2009
|7
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 16]]'''''
|August 4, 2009
|8
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 17]]'''''
|February 26, 2010
|12
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 18]]'''''
|July 20, 2010
|5
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 19]]'''''
|January 18, 2011
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 20]]'''''
|July 19, 2011
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 21]]'''''
|January 17, 2012
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 22]]'''''
|July 17, 2012
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 23]]'''''
|January 15, 2013
|2
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 24]]'''''
|July 16, 2013
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 25]]'''''
|January 14, 2014
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 26]]'''''
|July 15, 2014
|4
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 27]]'''''
|January 13, 2015
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 28]]'''''
|March 23, 2015
|10
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 29]]'''''
|July 10, 2015
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 30]]'''''
|October 16, 2015
|12
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 31]]'''''
|January 15, 2016
|6
|1
|<ref>http://www.billboard.com/artist/305836/kidz-bop-kids/chart</ref>
|}

==Compilation albums==
{{div col| cols= 3}}
* ''More Kidz Bop'' (2000)
* ''Kidz Bop Megahits'' (2001)
* ''Kidz Bop: All New 5 Cool Songs - EP'' (2002)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Christmas]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Classics]]'' (2003)
* ''Kidz Bop Karaoke'' (2004)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Gold]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Halloween]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Los Kidz Bop]]'' (2005)
* ''Kidz Bop Kids: A Very Merry Kidz Bop'' (2005)
* ''Kidz Bop Karaoke: Words on screen'' (2005)*
* ''Kidz Bop Hanukkah'' (2005)*
* ''[[More Kidz Bop Gold]]'' (2006)
* ''Kidz Bop Sports Jamz'' (2007)*
* ''A Kidz Bop Valentine'' (2007)*
* ''[[Kidz Bop Country]]'' (2007)
* ''The Coolest Kidz Bop Christmas Ever'' (2007)
* ''[[Kidz Bop 80s Gold]]'' (2008)
* ''Kidz Bop Halloween (Deluxe Edition)'' (2008)
* ''Kidz Bop American Starz'' (2009)*
* ''[[Kidz Bop Greatest Hits]]'' (2009)
* ''Kidz Bop Car Songs'' (2009)*
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas - 2009 CD'' (2009)
* ''Kidz Bop Dance Party!'' (2010)
* ''Kidz Bop Halloween Party'' (2010)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas Party'' (2010)
* ''Kidz Bop Presents 101 Crazy Jokes For Kids'' (2011)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Monster Ballads]]'' (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas - 2011 CD'' (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop Ultimate Hits'' (2012)
* ''Kidz Bop: Halloween Hits!'' (2012)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas - 2012 CD'' (2012)
* ''Kidz Bop Party Hits!'' (2013)
* ''Kidz Bop Party Pop!'' (2014)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas Wish List'' (2014)
* ''Kidz Bop: Five Live'' (2015)* – Google Play exclusive
{{Div col end}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> indicates availability is limited to download stores

==Chart performance==
The Kidz Bop Kids were [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard's'']] No. 1 Kids' Album Artist of 2010,<ref name="Billboard10">{{cite magazine |title=Best of 2010: Kid Album Artist |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/top-kid-artists|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> 2011,<ref name= "Billboard11">{{cite magazine |title=Best of 2011: Kid Album Artist |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/top-kid-artists|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> 2012,<ref name="Billboard12">{{cite magazine |title=Best of 2012: Kid Album Artist |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/top-kid-artists|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref> 2013,<ref name="Billboard13">{{cite magazine |title=Best of 2013: Kid Album Artist |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/top-kid-artists|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref> 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=KID ALBUMS ARTISTS 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/kid-albums-artists|website=Billboard.com|publisher=Billboard Magazine|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> [[Kidz Bop 26]], released in July 2014, marked the franchise's 40th charting album on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caulfield|first=Keith |title=Kidz Bop Charts 40th Album |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6177493/kidz-bop-charts-40th-album |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=July 29, 2014}}</ref> Since the brand's debut in 2001, more than 16 million Kidz Bop albums have been sold.<ref name=albums_figure/><ref name=tracks_figure/>

In November 2015, Billboard Magazine announced that the KIDZ BOP Kids rank #4 on their list of artists with the Most Billboard 200 Top 10 Albums of all time. The KIDZ BOP Kids rank higher than iconic artists such as [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and [[Bruce Springsteen]], with 22 top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 Chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/greatest-of-all-time/6760781/rolling-stones-most-billboard-200-top-10-albums-artists |title=Most Billboard 200 Top 10 Albums By Artist |last=Caulfield|first=Keith |date=November 12, 2015 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=November 13, 2015}}</ref>

KIDZ BOP 27 was the best-selling children's album of 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=KID ALBUMS YEAR END 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/kid-albums|website=Billboard.com|publisher=Billboard Magazine|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> and KIDZ BOP 25 was the best-selling children's album of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=KID ALBUMS YEAR END 2014|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/kid-albums|website=Billboard.com|publisher=Billboard Magazine|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref>

==Tours==
*''Kidz Bop Play Tour'' (2001)
*''Kidz Bop World Tour'' (2008)
*''Ethan Bortnick Tour'' (2012)
*''Kidz Bop Tour'' (2013)
*''Kidz Bop 'Dream Big, Sing Loud' Tour'' (2014)
*''Kidz Bop 'Make Some Noise' Tour'' (2015)
*''Kidz Bop 'Life Of The Party' Tour'' (2016)

==Current Kidz Bop members==
The following child performers have been current members of Kidz Bop since 2013, and were chosen after a national search:<ref>{{cite news |first=Josh|last=Dean |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-kidz-bop/ |title=The New Kings Of Pop - How Kidz Bop took over the music industry |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Brittany|last=Hodak |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/brittanyhodak/2015/11/16/surprising-artist-among-billboards-greatest-of-all-time-rankings/#37b452d0187e |title=Surprising Artist Among Billboard's 'Greatest Of All Time' Rankings |work=[[Forbes]] |date=November 16, 2015 |accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

* Ashlynn Chong<ref>{{cite web|title=KIDZ BOP Kids: Ashlynn|url=http://kidzbop.com/kids/ashlynn/|website=kidzbop.com}}</ref>
* Sela Hack<ref>{{cite web|title=KIDZ BOP Kids: Sela|url=http://kidzbop.com/kids/sela/|website=kidzbop.com |accessdate=March 29, 2016}}</ref>
* Matt Martinez<ref>{{cite web|title=KIDZ BOP Kids: Matt|url=http://kidzbop.com/kids/matt/|website=kidzbop.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kara|last=Yorio |url=http://www.northjersey.com/arts-and-entertainment/music/kidz-bop-kids-veteran-caught-performing-bug-in-n-bergen-1.1431931 |title=North Bergen native to perform concert with Kidz Bop Kids |work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]] |date=October 14, 2015 |accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>
* Grant Knoche<ref>{{cite web|title=KIDZ BOP Kids: Grant|url=http://kidzbop.com/kids/grant/|website=Kidzbop.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Stiffman|first=Eden|title=Frisco 11-year-old launches pop music career|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/frisco/headlines/20140117-frisco-11-year-old-launches-pop-music-career.ece|work=Dallas Morning News|date=January 17, 2014|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Notable Kidz Bop alumni==
*[[Jake Short]]<ref name="ranthollywood">{{cite web |first=Jonathan|last=Brown |url=http://www.ranthollywood.com/2015/05/10/famous-former-kidz-bop-singers-that-moved-on-from-the-cringeworthy-youth-appropriate-collective/ |title=Famous Former ‘Kidz Bop’ Singers That Moved On From The Cringeworthy “Youth Appropriate” Collective |work=Rant Hollywood |date=May 10, 2015 |accessdate=February 2, 2016}}</ref> —''Kidz Bop 13''
*[[Ross Lynch]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /><ref name="NYP-KidzBop">{{cite news |last=Phull|first=Hardeep |url=http://nypost.com/2015/01/23/heres-why-kidz-bop-is-becoming-a-star-factory/ |title=Here’s why Kidz Bop is becoming a star factory |work=[[New York Post]] |date=January 23, 2015 |accessdate=February 2, 2016}}</ref> — ''Kidz Bop 13'', ''14'', ''15''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/369121/ross-lynch/biography |title=Ross Lynch - Biography |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= |accessdate=February 2, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Noah Munck]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /> — ''Kidz Bop 14''
*[[Olivia Holt]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /> — ''Kidz Bop 14''
*[[Zendaya]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /><ref name="NYP-KidzBop" /> — ''Kidz Bop 15''
*[[Mindless Behavior|Elijah Johnson]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /><ref name="NYP-KidzBop" />
*[[Spencer Locke]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /> — ''Kidz Bop: Everyone's a Star'' (DVD)
*[[Becky G]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /> — ''Kidz Bop 19''
*[[Kiana Brown]]<ref name="ranthollywood" /> — Winner of Kidz Bop's Kidz Star USA in 2011

==Related projects==

==="Life Of The Party" Tour===
In February 2016, KIDZ BOP announced it was celebrating its 15th birthday with the "Life Of The Party" tour. In March 2016, KIDZ BOP announced a partnership with [[Live Nation]] to add summer amphitheater dates to The Life Of The Party Tour. The KIDZ BOP Kids will kick off the summer shows on July 16th at the Toyota [[Oakdale Theater]] in Connecticut. Additional cities include Brooklyn, Charlotte, and Chicago.<ref>{{cite news|last1=World|first1=Broadway|title=KIDZ BOP Adds Dates to Summer Tour|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/national-tours/article/KIDZ-BOP-Adds-Dates-to-Summer-Tour-20160328#|accessdate=28 March 2016|publisher=Broadway World}}</ref>

==="Make Some Noise" Tour===
The national live tour hit over 50 cities in 2015, including New York, Boston, Dallas, Washington, Nashville, Baltimore, Seattle and Los Angeles. The KIDZ BOP Kids – Ashlynn Chong, Bredia Santoro, Matt Martinez, and Grant Knoche – headlined the Make Some Noise Tour, performing kid-friendly versions of today’s biggest hits. The high-energy and interactive show included favorites from the best-selling KIDZ BOP series that kids and parents can sing and dance along to. The KIDZ BOP tour was represented by CAA.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Global|first1=License!|title=Kidz Bop Kids Schedule Encore Tour|url=http://www.licensemag.com/license-global/kidz-bop-kids-schedule-encore-tour|publisher=License Magazine|date=January 14, 2015|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

KIDZ BOP also teamed up with SiriusXM to promote the new tour through KIDZ BOP Radio, the franchise’s dedicated 24/7 satellite radio channel. Ticket giveaways were offered to SiriusXM subscribers in the U.S. tour markets. KIDZ BOP Radio also hosted a national sweepstakes, offering a grand prize trip for two to see The KIDZ BOP Kids perform live and an exclusive KIDZ BOP experience.<ref>{{cite web |title="Make Some Noise" Tour Dates |url=http://kidzbop.com/tour/ |website=kidzbop.com|publisher=KIDZ BOP LLC |accessdate=May 14, 2014}}</ref>

The tour was sponsored by [[Build-A-Bear Workshop]]'s Honey Girls. Audience members at the Kidz Bop tour saw a special preview of the Honey Girl's debut music video at each show.<ref>{{cite news|last1=License!|first1=Global|title=Kidz Bop Tour to Showcase Honey Girls|url=http://www.licensemag.com/license-global/kidz-bop-tour-showcase-honey-girls|publisher=License Magazine|date=August 19, 2015|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

In August 2015, KIDZ BOP announced that it was extending the "Make Some Noise" tour to include nine holiday performances. The holiday shows were added following the success of the “Make Some Noise” tour’s spring and summer dates.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Global|first1=License!|title=Kidz Bop Adds Holiday Tour|url=http://www.licensemag.com/license-global/kidz-bop-adds-holiday-tour|publisher=License Magazine|date=August 15, 2015|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

==="Dream Big, Sing Loud" Tour===
The Kidz Bop Kids’ nationwide tour promoted KIDZ BOP 26 in over 40 cities in 2014. Major markets included New York, Los Angeles, Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta and more.<ref>{{cite web |title="Dream Big, Sing Loud" Tour Dates |url=http://kidzbop.com/tour/|website=kidzbop.com |publisher=KIDZ BOP LLC |accessdate=May 14, 2014}}</ref> The final stop of their 2014 tour was at [[Radio City Music Hall]], where The KIDZ BOP Kids performed live during KIDZ BOP Day to open for the [[Radio City Christmas Spectacular]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.licensemag.com/license-global/kidz-bop-kids-head-radio-city |title=Kidz Bop Kids Head to Radio City |website=licensemag.com |publisher=License! Global |date=December 1, 2014 |accessdate=December 12, 2014}}</ref>

===Kidz Bop World Tour===
The Kidz Bop World Tour was a nationwide rock concert for kids featuring child and one adult performer/mc backed by a full rock band which kicked off in the fall of 2007 in Minneapolis at [[Target Center]]. The ensembles were chosen from a nationwide talent search and featured [[Mary Sarah]] Markelle Gay, Kristian Real, Davide Schiavone, Elizabeth Bashian and Brianna Komadina. The tour traveled the upper Midwest and east coast comprising some 29 shows during a 6-month run.

===Kidz Star USA Talent Search===
In 2010, Kidz Bop launched KIDZ Star USA, a national talent search for kids 15 and under. In 2010, Hunter Pecunia, from [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] won the first KIDZ Star USA Competition.

In 2011, [[Kiana Brown]] from [[Phoenix, Arizona]], became the second KIDZ Star and won a recording contract from [[RCA Records]].<ref name= "KidzStar2011">{{cite web |title=KIDZ Star USA Talent Search 2011 Winner |website=kidzbop.com|publisher=KIDZ BOP LLC |url=http://www.kidzbop.com/kidzstarusa/2011/winner |accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kiana">{{cite web |title=Phoenix teen Kiana Brown wins 'KIDZ Bop' talent search| work= azcentral.com|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7TE_DBniqA&feature=related|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> [[American Idol (Season 8)]] winner, [[Kris Allen]], was a celebrity judge and mentor for the competition.

Dallas Wayde was the 2012 Winner with [[Gavin Degraw]] as his celebrity mentor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s%3D2429%26item%3D122486 |accessdate=July 25, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130921054048/http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=2429&item=122486 |archivedate=September 21, 2013 }}</ref>

Isabel Lacatus was the 2013 winner with [[Jennette McCurdy]] as her celebrity mentor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s%3D2429%26item%3D122506 |accessdate=January 30, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140201232314/http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=2429&item=122506 |archivedate=February 1, 2014 }}</ref>

===Website===
In 2006, Kidz Bop relaunched the brands' website, KidzBop.com, as a video sharing and social networking site for kids and tweens. As of December 2010, the website surpassed 900,000 registered users. The website is free and earns money from advertisements. In 2014 the website no longer was a social network.

===SiriusXM Radio===
In January 2012, Kidz Bop launched its first radio show on [[SiriusXM]] Radio.<ref name="Sirius">{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120111005180/en/KIDZ-BOP-SiriusXM-Launch-Interactive-Radio-Show |title=KIDZ BOP and SiriusXM Launch New Interactive Radio Show for Kids |publisher=KIDZ BOP LLC |date=January 11, 2012 |accessdate=January 26, 2016 |via=businesswire.com}}</ref> Kidz Bop Block Party airs every Friday at 6pm est on Kids Place Live (Channel 78). In January 2014, KIDZ BOP and SiriusXM Launched KIDZ BOP Radio, a 24/7 channel dedicated to playing KIDZ BOP music (Channel 77).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toybook.com/kidz-bop-launches-kidz-bop-radio-on-sirius-xm |title=KIDZ BOP Launches KIDZ BOP Radio on Sirius XM}}</ref>

===Video games===
* ''Kidz Bop Dance Party: The Video Game'' - September 2010 (Nintendo Wii)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.kidzbop.com/}}
{{Kidz Bop}}
{{Zendaya}}
{{Ross Lynch}}
{{Keke Palmer}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kidz Bop| ]]
[[Category:Child musical groups]]
[[Category:Covers albums]]
[[Category:American children's musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]]

Palästinensische Vertreibung aus Lydda und Ramle 1948

2016-03-30T23:05:01Z

Non-dropframe: added ref that will hopefully end this edit war.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox historical event
| Image_Name = File:RefugeesEscortedFromRamlaOperationDanny.jpg
| Imagesize = 300
| Image_Alt = Photograph
| Image_Caption = Refugees leaving Ramle
| AKA = Lydda death march
| Participants = [[Israel Defense Forces]], [[Arab Legion]], Arab residents of [[Lod|Lydda]] and [[Ramle]]
| Location = Lydda, Ramle, and surrounding villages, then part of [[Mandatory Palestine]], now part of [[Israel]]
| Date = July 1948
| Result = 50,000–70,000 residents fled from, or were expelled by, the IDF
| URL =
}}
The '''1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle''' was the expulsion of up to 70,000<ref>http://www.wrmea.org/1994-july-august/middle-east-history-expulsion-of-the-palestinians%E2%80%94lydda-and-ramleh-in-1948.html</ref> Palestinian Arabs when [[Israel]]i troops captured the towns in July that year. The military action occurred within the context of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. The two Arab towns, lying outside the area designated for a Jewish state in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Plan]] of 1947, and inside the area set aside for an Arab state in Palestine,<ref>Roza El-Eini,[https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA436 ''Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine 1929-1948,''] Routledge 2006 p.436</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 ''The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''], Cambridge University Press 2004, p. 425.</ref> subsequently were transformed into predominantly Jewish areas in the new State of Israel, known as [[Lod]] and [[Ramla]].<ref>For population figures, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 434]. He writes that, in July 1948 before the invasion, Lydda and Ramle had a population of 50,000–70,000, 20,000 of whom were refugees from Jaffa and the surrounding area (p. 425). All were expelled, except for a few elderly or sick people, some Christians, and some who were retained to work; others managed to sneak back in, so that by mid-October 1948 there were around 2,000 Palestinians living in both towns (p. 434).
*For the name change, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA29 Yacobi 2009, p. 29]. Yacobi writes that Lod was Lydda's biblical name.
*Palestinians called Lydda al-Ludd. Lydda was the Latin form of its name, which it was widely known by. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 798].
*Ramle can also be written as Ramleh; it known as Ramla by the Israelis, and should not be confused with [[Ramallah]], the administrative center of the [[Palestinian National Authority]].</ref>

The exodus, constituting 'the biggest expulsion of the war',<ref>Benny Morris, ''The Palestine Refugee Problem Revisited,'' Cambridge University Press 2004 p.4.</ref> took place at the end of a truce period, when fighting resumed, prompting Israel to try to improve its control over the Jerusalem road and its coastal route which were under pressure from the Jordanian Arab Legion, Egyptian and Palestinian forces. From the Israeli perspective, the conquest of the towns, designed, according to Benny Morris, 'to induce civilian panic and flight,'<ref>Benny Morris, ''The Palestine Refugee Problem Revisited,'' Cambridge University Press 2004 p.425.</ref> averted an Arab threat to [[Tel Aviv]], thwarted an Arab Legion advance by clogging the roads with refugees, forcing the Arab Legion to assume a logistical burden that would undermine its military capacities, and helped demoralize nearby Arab cities.<ref name="case"/><ref>[[Yitzhak Rabin]],[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb8sjKSTvFwC&pg=PA383 ''The Rabin Memoirs,''] University of California Press, 1996 p.383:'Allon and I held a consultation. I agreed that it was essential to drive the inhabitants out. We took them on foot toward the Ben Horon road, assuming that the Arab Legion would be obliged to look after them, thereby shouldering logistic difficulties which would burden its fighting capacity, making things easier for us.'</ref> On 10 July, [[Glubb Pasha]] ordered the defending [[Arab Legion]] troops to "make arrangements...for a phony war".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA287 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, by Benny Morris]</ref> The next day, Ramle surrendered immediately, but the conquest of Lydda took longer and led to an unknown number of deaths; the Palestinian historian [[Aref al-Aref]], the only scholar who tried to draw up a balance sheet for the Palestinian losses, estimated 426 Palestinians died in Lydda on the 12 of July, of which 176 in the mosque and 800 overall in the fighting.<ref>[[Henry Laurens (scholar)|Henry Laurens]], ''La Question de Palestine,'' vol.3, Fayard 2007 p.145.</ref> Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]] suggests up to 450 Palestinians and 9–10 Israeli soldiers died.<ref>The death toll in Lydda:
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426]: '''11 July'''—Six dead and 21 wounded on the Israeli side, and "dozens of Arabs (perhaps as many as 200)".
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68: Third Battalion intelligence puts the figure at 40 Palestinians dead, but perhaps referring only to the numbers they had killed themselves.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 428]: '''12 July'''—Israeli troops were ordered to shoot at anyone seen on the streets: during that incident, 3–4 Israelis were killed and around a dozen wounded. On the Arab side, 250 dead and many wounded, according to the IDF.</ref>

Once the Israelis were in control of the towns, an expulsion order signed by [[Yitzhak Rabin]] was issued to the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) stating, "1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age.…",<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Morris
| first = Benny
| authorlink = Benny Morris
| title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| series = Cambridge Middle East Library
| year = 1987
| location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
| page = 207
| isbn = 0521338891 }}
</ref>
Ramle's residents were bussed out, while the people of Lydda were forced to walk miles during a summer heat wave to the Arab front lines, where the Arab Legion, [[Jordan|Transjordan]]'s British-led army, tried to provide shelter and supplies.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, pp. 432–434].
*Also see Gilbert 2008, pp. 218–219.</ref> A number of the refugees died during the exodus from exhaustion and dehydration, with estimates ranging from a handful to a figure of 500.<ref>
*For the number of refugees who died during the march:
*Morris 1989, pp. 204–211: "Quite a few refugees died – from exhaustion, dehydration and disease."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177]: "a handful, and perhaps dozens, died of dehydration and exhaustion."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, p. 433]: "Quite a few refugees died on the road east," attributing a figure of 335 dead to [[Nimr al-Khatib|Muhammad Nimr al Khatib]], who Morris writes was working from hearsay.
*[[Henry Laurens (scholar)|Henry Laurens]], ''La Question de Palestine,'' vol.3, Fayard 2007 p.145 states that [[Aref al-Aref]] set the figure at 500, among an estimated 1300 who died either in fighting in Lydda or on the march that ensued."Le nombre total dee morts se monte à 1 300:800 lors des combats de la ville, le reste dans l'exode.".
*[http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf Khalidi 1998], pp. 80–98: 350 dead, citing an estimate from Aref al-Aref.
*[https://books.google.com/books?ei=oa_tTNj_C82NnQfNivn8CQ&ct=result&id=aIJtAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Politics+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&q=350#search_anchor Nur Masalha 2003, p. 47] writes that 350 died.
*For the IDF and Ben-Gurion's analysis of the effect of the conquest of the towns and the expulsions, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–434].</ref>

The events in Lydda and Ramle accounted for one-tenth of the overall Arab [[1948 Palestinian exodus|exodus from Palestine]], known in the Arab world as ''al-Nakba'' ("the catastrophe"). Some scholars, including [[Ilan Pappé]], have characterised what occurred at Lydda and Ramle as [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing," see, for example, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&lpg=PT164&dq=%20ethnic%20cleansing%20lydd&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false Pappé 2006].
*On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing:
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&lpg=PP1&dq=1948%20morris&pg=SA4-PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false Morris 2008, p. 408]: "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee—were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority."
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=v2AICgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA284&dq=lydda%20ramle%20%22ethnic%20cleansing%22&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false Spangler 2015, p. 156]: "During the ''Nakba'', the 1947 [''sic''] displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle."
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tXMAicS2ar8C&lpg=PA63&dq=lydda%20ramle%20%22ethnic%20cleansing%22&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63]: "The facts do not bear out this contention [of ethnic cleansing]. To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it."
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O2S_BAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA107&ots=mVybuoiGKF&dq=%22ethnic%20cleansing%22%20lydda%20ramla&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107]: "The explusion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing."</ref> Many Jews who came to Israel between 1948 and 1951 settled in the refugees' empty homes, both because of a housing shortage and as a matter of policy to prevent former residents from reclaiming them.<ref>That it was one-tenth of the overall exodus, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 82.
*That most of the immigrants to Lydda and Ramle were from Asia and North Africa, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*That refugees were settled in the empty homes to stop them from being reclaimed, see Morris 2008, p. 308, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45].</ref>

==Background==

===1948 Palestine War===
{{Main|1948 Palestine war}}
Palestine was under rule of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]] from 1917 to 1948. After 30 years of [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|intercommunal conflict]] between the country's Jews and Arabs, the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|voted to partition it]] into a Jewish and an Arab state on 29 November 1947, with Lydda and Ramle to form part of the latter.

The proposal was welcomed by Palestine's Jewish community but rejected by the Arab leaders and [[1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] broke out between the communities triggering the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], wherein 700,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes, or fled. British authority broke down as the civil war spread, although they maintained an air and sea blockade. The British Mandate expired on 14 May 1948, and the State of Israel [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|declared its independence]] on the same day.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 37ff.</ref> The [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]] resulted, with forces from [[Jordan|Transjordan]], [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]] entering the country and engaging the [[Haganah]].

===Strategic importance of Lydda and Ramle===
[[File:Lydda 1932.jpg|thumb|right|The city of Lydda in 1932]]
Lydda (Arabic: Al-Ludd اَلْلُدّْ) dates back to at least 5600–5250 BCE. Ramle (ar-Ramlah الرملة), three kilometers away, was founded in the 8th century CE. Both towns were strategically important because they sat at the intersection of Palestine's main north–south and east–west roads. Palestine's main railway junction and its airport (now [[Ben Gurion International Airport]]) were in Lydda, and the main source of Jerusalem's water supply was 15 kilometers away.<ref>For Lydda's age, see Schwartz 1991, p. 39.
*According to Christian legend, Lydda was the birth place and burial ground of [[Saint George]] (ca. 270–303 CE), the patron saint of England; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA801&lpg=PA798 Sharon 1983, p. 799]. Sharon (p. 798) writes that the town may date back to King Thutmos III of Egypt. Also see [https://books.google.com/books?ei=6OLuTOf0IYiynwff9qDYCg&ct=result&id=RltCAAAAIAAJ&dq=saint+george+born+lydda&q=born+at+lydda#search_anchor Gordon 1907, p. 3].
*For Ramle, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].</ref> Jewish and Arab fighters had been attacking each other on roads near the towns since hostilities broke out in December 1947. Israeli geographer Arnon Golan writes that Palestinian Arabs had [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|blocked Jewish transport to Jerusalem]] at Ramle, forcing the Israelis to build a bypass called the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]]. Israel had launched several ground or air attacks on Ramle and Latrun in May 1948, and Israel's prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, developed what Benny Morris calls an obsession with the towns; he wrote in his diary that they had to be destroyed, and on 16 June referred to them during an Israeli cabinet meeting as the "two thorns".<ref>For Golan's article about Ramle being a focal point, see [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111203784.html Golan 2003].
*For the siege of Jerusalem, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC&pg=PA145 Gelber 2006, p. 145].
*See [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1EFD3D54157B93C0A8178DD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=Jerusalem+siege&st=p Schmidt, 12 June 1948] for the temporary lifting of the siege. The siege was also broken by the opening in June of the [[Burma Road (Israel)|Burma Road]].
*For the attacks on Ramle and Lydda, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, p. 424].
*For Ben-Gurion and the two thorns, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA424 Morris 2004, pp. 424–425], and [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=94940&showEventsBefore=2450729 Segev 2000]. Segev writes that, just after Ben-Gurion's "two thorns" statement to the cabinet, six lines have been erased from the transcript. Segev interprets this to mean that expulsions were discussed.
*For the primary source, see Ben-Gurion 1982, "16 June 1948," p. 525.</ref>
Lydda's local Arab authority, officially subordinated to the Arab Higher Committee, assumed local civic and military powers. The records of Lydda's military command discuss military training, constructing obstacles and trenches, requisitioning vehicles and assembling armored cars armed with machine-guns, and attempts at arms procurement. In April 1948, Lydda had become an arms supply center, and provided military training and security coordination for the neighboring villagers.<ref name="case">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM|title=Myths and historiography of the 1948 Palestine War revisited: the case of Lydda|year=2005|author=Kadish, Alon, and Sela, Avraham}}</ref>

===Operation Dani===
Israel subsequently launched [[Operation Danny]] to secure the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road and neutralize any threat to Tel Aviv from the Arab Legion, which was stationed in Ramallah and Latrun, with a number of men in Lydda.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA423 Morris 2004, pp. 423–424].</ref> On 7 July the IDF appointed [[Yigal Allon]] to head the operation, and [[Yitzhak Rabin]], who became Israel's prime minister in 1974, as his operations officer; both had served in the [[Palmach]], an elite fighting force of the pre-Israel [[Yishuv|Jewish community]] in Palestine. The operation was carried out between 9 July 1948, the end of the first truce in the Arab-Israeli war, and 18 July, the start of the second truce, a period known in Israeli historiography as the Ten Days. Morris writes that the IDF assembled its largest force ever: the [[Yiftah]] brigade; the [[8th Armored Brigade (Israel)|Eighth Armored Brigade]]'s 82nd and 89th Battalions; three battalions of Kiryati and Alexandroni infantry men; an estimated 6,000 men with around 30 artillery pieces.<ref>Kimche, Jon and David (1960) ''A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel.'' Frederick A. Praeger. Library of Congress number 60-6996. Page 225. (number of men).</ref><ref>For the launching of Operation Dani and the forces assembled, see Morris 2008, p. 286.
*For the hiring of Allon and Rabin, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].
*For the period known as the Ten Days, see Morris 2008, p. 273ff.</ref>

===Lydda's defenses===
[[File:St Georges Church Lydda.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Lydda in 1920 with St. George's Church in the background|alt=Ancient buildings, several with domed roofs, a church in the background, and palm trees.]]
In July 1948 Lydda and Ramle had a joint population of 50,000–70,000 Palestinian Arabs, 20,000 of them refugees from [[Jaffa]] and elsewhere.<ref name=Morris2004p425/> Several Palestinian Arab towns had already fallen to Jewish or Israeli advances since April, but Lydda and Ramle had held out. There are differing views as to how well-defended the towns were. In January 1948, [[John Bagot Glubb]], the British commander of Transjordan's Arab Legion, had toured Palestinian Arab towns, including Lydda and Ramle, urging them to prepare to defend themselves. The Legion had distributed barbed wire and as many weapons as could be spared.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA118 Morris 2003, p. 118].</ref> Lydda had an outer line of defense and prepared positions, an antitank ditch and field artillery as well as a heavily fortified and armed line northeast of central Lydda.<ref name="case"/>

Israeli historians Alon Kadish and [[Avraham Sela]] write that the Arab National Committee—a local emergency Arab authority that answered to the [[Arab Higher Committee]] run by the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]]—had assumed civic and military control of Lydda, and had acquired arms, conducted training, constructed trenches, requisitioned vehicles, and organized medical services. By the time of the Israeli attack, they say the militia in Lydda numbered 1,000 men equipped with rifles, submachine guns, 15 machine guns, five heavy machine guns, 25 anti-tank launchers, six or seven light field-guns, two or three heavy ones, and armored cars with machine guns. The IDF estimated that there was an Arab Legion force of around 200-300 men. Lydda contained several hundred Bedouin volunteers and a large-sized force of the Arab Legion. They argue that the deaths in Lydda occurred during a military battle for the town, not because of a massacre.<ref name=KadishSela>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

[[File:King Abdullah of Jordan and John Glubb Bagot.jpg|right|thumb|210px|alt=photograph|King Abdullah of Jordan (1882–1951) with [[John Bagot Glubb]] (1897–1986), the British commander of the [[Arab Legion]]]]
Against this view, Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] writes that just 125 Legionnaires from the Fifth Infantry Company were in Lydda—the Arab Legion numbered 6,000 in all—and that the rest of the town's defense consisted of civilian residents acting under the command of a retired Arab Legion sergeant.<ref name=Khalidi>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> According to Morris, a number of Arab Legion soldiers, including 200–300 Bedouin volunteers, had arrived in Lydda and Ramle in April, and a company-sized force had set itself up in the old British police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road, with armored cars and other weapons. He writes that there were 150 Legionnaires in the town in June, though the Israelis believed there were up to 1,500. An Arab Legion officer was appointed military governor of both towns, signaling the desire of [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] to stake a claim in the parts of Palestine allotted by the UN to a Palestinian Arab state, but Glubb advised him that the Legion was overstretched and could not hold the towns. As a result, Abdullah ordered the Legion to assume a defensive position only, and most of the Legionnaires in Lydda withdrew during the night of 11–12 July.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 286, 289.
*That the IDF ignored that the Legion was "on a defensive footing," see Gelber 2006, p. 158.</ref>

Kadish and Sela write that the National Committee stopped women and children from leaving, because their departure had acted elsewhere as a catalyst for the men to leave too. They say it was common for Palestinian Arabs to leave their homes under threat of Israeli invasion, in part because they feared atrocities, particularly rape, and in part because of a reluctance to live under Jewish rule. In Lydda's case, they argue, the fears were more particular: a few days before the city fell, a Jew found in Lydda's train station had been publicly executed and his body mutilated by residents, who, according to Kadish and Sela, now feared Jewish reprisals.<ref name=KadishSela/>

==Fall of the cities==

===Air attacks and surrender of Ramle===
[[File:LyddaAirportCapture.png|thumb|left|230px|alt=photograph|The IDF took control of Lydda airport on 10 July.]]
The Israeli air force began bombing the towns on the night of 9–10 July, intending to induce civilian flight, and it seemed to work in Ramle: at 11:30 hours on 10 July, Operation Dani headquarters (Dani HQ) told the IDF that there was a "general and serious flight from Ramla." That afternoon, Dani HQ told one of its brigades to facilitate the flight from Ramle of women, children, and the elderly, but to detain men of military age.<ref name=Morris2004p425>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA425 Morris 2004, p. 425].</ref> On the same day, the IDF took control of Lydda airport.<ref name="gelber">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA159 Gelber 2006, p. 159].</ref> The Israeli air force dropped leaflets over both towns on 11 July telling residents to surrender.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 86: The leaflets said: "You have no chance of receiving help. We intend to conquer the towns. We have no intention of harming persons or property. [But] whoever attempts to oppose us—will die. He who prefers to live must surrender.</ref> Ramle's community leaders, along with three prominent Arab family representatives, agreed to surrender, after which the Israelis mortared the city and imposed a curfew. ''The New York Times'' reported at the time that the capture of the city was seen as the high point of Israel's brief existence.<ref>Formal surrender discussed in a telephone message from Dani HQ, 12 July 1948, 10:30 am, cited in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the ''New York Times'' account of the surrender, see [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

Two different images emerged of Ramle under occupation. [[Khalil Wazir]], who later joined the [[PLO]] and became known as Abu Jihad, was evicted from the town with his family, who owned a grocer's store there, when he was 12 years old. He said there was fear of a massacre, as there had been at [[Deir Yassin massacre|Deir Yassin]], and that there were bodies scattered in the streets and between the houses, including the bodies of women and children.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=DjDuTMXIO8SknQfUmOCyCw&ct=result&id=4Qm7AAAAIAAJ&dq=The+Palestinians&q=terribly+frightened#search_anchor Dimbleby and McCullin 1980, pp. 88–89]. He said: "The whole village went to the church. ... I remember the archbishop standing in front of the church. He was holding a white flag. ... Afterwards we came out and the picture will never be erased from my mind. There were bodies scattered on the road and between the houses and the side streets. No one, not even women or children, had been spared if they were out in the street. ..."</ref> Against this, the writer [[Arthur Koestler]] (1905–1983), working for ''The Times'', visited Ramle a few hours after the invasion, and said people were hanging around in the streets as usual. A few hundred young men had been placed in a barbed wire cage, and were being taken in lorries to an internment camp. Women were bringing them food and water, he wrote, arguing with the Jewish guards and seemingly unafraid. He said the prevailing feeling seemed to be relief that the war was over.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XEqTMSzQYUIC&pg=PA270 Koestler 1949, pp. 270–271]. He wrote: "The Arabs were hanging about in the streets much as usual, except for a few hundred youths of military age who have been put into a barbed wire cage and were taken off in lorries to an internment camp. Their veiled mothers and wives were carrying food and water to the cage, arguing with the Jewish sentries and pulling their sleeves, obviously quite unafraid. ... Groups of Arabs came marching down the main street with their arms above their heads, grinning broadly, without any guards, to give themselves up. The one prevailing feeling among all seemed to be that as far as Ramleh was concerned the war was over, and thank God for it."</ref>

===Moshe Dayan raid on Lydda===
[[File:Mosche Dajan.jpg|right|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[Moshe Dayan]] (1915–1981) led a raid on Lydda "blasting at everything that moved."<ref name=Bilby43/>]]
During the afternoon of 11 July, Israel's 89th (armored) Battalion, led by Lt. Col. [[Moshe Dayan]], moved into Lydda. Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] writes that the raid was carried out on Dayan's initiative without coordinating it with his commander. Using a column of jeeps led by a [[Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car]] with a cannon—taken from the Arab Legion the day before—he launched the attack in daylight,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA225 Shapira 2007, p. 225].</ref> driving through the town from east to west machine-gunning anything that moved, according to Morris, then along the Lydda-Ramle road firing at militia posts until they reached the train station in Ramle.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426].</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the troops faced heavy fire from the Arab Legion in the police stations in Lydda and on the Lydda-Ramle road and Dayan described "The town's [southern] entrance was awash with Arab combatants ... Hand grenades were thrown from all directions. There was a tremendous confusion."<ref name=KadishSela/> A contemporaneous account from Gene Currivan for ''The New York Times'' also said the firing met with heavy resistance. Dayan's men advanced until the train station where the wounded were treated, and returned to Bet Shemen under continued enemy fire from the police stations. Six of his men were killed and 21 were wounded.<ref name=case/><ref name=Currivan>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p Currivan, ''The New York Times'', 12 July 1948].</ref>

[[Kenneth Bilby]], a correspondent for the ''New York Herald Tribune'', was in the city at the time. He wrote: "[The Israeli jeep column] raced into Lydda with rifles, Stens, and sub-machine guns blazing. It coursed through the main streets, blasting at everything that moved ... the corpses of Arab men, women, and even children were strewn about the streets in the wake of this ruthlessly brilliant charge."<ref name=Bilby43>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=PSnuTIuAL8TMngfJmYXyCg&ct=result&id=-gkcAAAAMAAJ&dq=New+Star+in+the+Near+East&q=coursed#search_anchor Bilby 1950, p. 43].</ref> The raid lasted 47 minutes, leaving 100–150 Palestinian Arabs dead, according to Dayan's 89th Battalion. The Israeli side lost 6 dead and 21 wounded.<ref>The casualty figures vary widely. The figure from Dayan is cited in [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*There were dozens dead and wounded, "perhaps as many as 200," according to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 p. 452], footnote 68, citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.
*"[A]bout 40 dead and a large number of wounded," according to Third Battalion intelligence, though it is not clear whether they meant 40 killed by the Third Battalion alone; see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA452 Morris 2004, p. 452], footnote 68.
*Six died and 21 were wounded on the Israeli side, according to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, p. 426], again citing Kadish, Sela, and Golan 2000, p. 36.</ref> Kadish and Sela write that the high casualty rate was caused by confusion over who Dayan's troops were. The IDF were wearing ''[[keffiyeh]]''s and were led by an armored car seized from the Arab Legion. Residents may have believed the Arab Legion had arrived, only to encounter Dayan's forces shooting at everything as they ran from their homes.<ref name=KadishSela/>

===Surrender and unexpected shooting in Lydda by Arab legionnaires===
[[File:RuinsOfLydda.png|thumb|250px|Ruins of Lydda after Israeli offensive]]
Although no formal surrender was announced in Lydda, people gathered in the streets waving white flags. On the evening of 11 July, 300–400 Israeli soldiers entered the town. Not long afterwards, the Arab Legion forces on the Lydda–Ramle road withdrew, though a small number of Legionnaires remained in the Lydda police station. More Israeli troops arrived at dawn on 12 July. According to a contemporaneous IDF account: "Groups of old and young, women and children streamed down the streets in a great display of submissiveness, bearing white flags, and entered of their own free will the detention compounds we arranged in the mosque and church—Muslims and Christians separately." The buildings soon filled up, and women and children were released, leaving several thousand men inside, including 4,000 in one of the mosque compounds.<ref>For the IDF quote, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].
*For the 4,000 in the Great Mosque, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref>

The Israeli government set up a committee to handle the Palestinian Arab refugees and their abandoned property. The committee issued an explicit order that forbade "to destroy, burn or demolish Arab towns and villages, to expel the inhabitants of Arab villages, neighborhoods and towns, or to uproot the Arab population from their place of residence" without having previously received, a specific and direct order from the Minister of Defense. Regulations ordered the sealing off of Arab areas to prevent looting and acts of revenge and stated that captured men were to be treated as POWs with the Red Cross notified. Palestinian Arabs who wished to remain were allowed to do so and the confiscation of their property was prohibited.<ref name="case"/>

The town dignitaries were assembled and after discussion, decided to surrender. Lydda's inhabitants were instructed to leave their weapons on the doorsteps to be collected by soldiers but did not do so. A curfew for that evening was announced over loudspeakers. A delegation of town dignitaries, including Lydda's mayor, left for the police station to prevail upon the Legionnaires there to also surrender. They refused and fired upon the party, killing the mayor and wounding several others. Despite this, the third battalion decided to accept the town's surrender. Israeli historian [[Yoav Gelber]] writes that the Legionnaires still in the police station were panicking, and had been sending frantic messages to their HQ in Ramallah: "Have you no God in your hearts? Don't you feel any compassion? Hasten aid!"<ref name="gelber"/> They were about to surrender, but were told by HQ to wait to be rescued.<ref name="case"/><ref>Gelber 2004, p. 23.</ref>

On 12 July, at 11:30 hours, two or three Arab Legion armored cars entered the city, led by Lt. Hamadallah al-Abdullah from the Jordanian 1st Brigade. The Arab Legion armored cars opened fire on the Israeli soldiers combing the old city which created the impression that the Jordanians had staged counterattack. The exchange of gunfire led residents and Arab fighters to believe the Legion had arrived in force, and those still armed started firing at the Israelis too. Local militia once again renewed hostilities and an Israeli patrol were set upon by a rioting mob in the market place. The Israeli military sustained many casualties, and viewing the renewed resistance as a surrender agreement violation, quickly quelled it, and many civilians died.<ref name="case"/><ref name="AG">{{cite journal | title=Lydda and Ramle: From Palestinian-Arab to Israeli Towns, 1948-67 | journal=Middle Eastern Studies | volume=39|issue = 4 | date=Oct 2003 | author=Arnon Golan | pages=121–139|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301817}}</ref> Kadish and Sela write that, according to the Third Battalion's commander, [[Moshe Kelman]], the Israelis came under heavy fire from "thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window". Morris calls this "nonsense" and argues that only a few dozen townspeople took part in what turned out to be a brief firefight.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, footnote 78, p. 453].</ref>

===Massacre in Lydda===
[[File:LyddaDahmashMosque.png|200px|thumb|alt=photograph|An Israeli soldier outside the Dahmash mosque in central Lydda]]
Gelber describes what followed as probably the bloodiest massacre of the Arab–Israeli war. Shapira writes that the Israelis had no experience of governing civilians and panicked.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, p. 162].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA227 Shapira 2007, p. 227].
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf |title=The Fall of Lydda |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |year=1998 |page=81 |accessdate=27 August 2012}} calls it "an orgy of indiscriminate killing."
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005] call it "an intense battle where the demarcation between civilians, irregular combatants and regular army units hardly existed."</ref> Kelman ordered troops to shoot at any clear target, including at anyone seen on the streets.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Morris 2004, p. 427].</ref> He said he had no choice; there was no chance of immediate reinforcements, and no way to determine the enemy's main thrust.<ref name=KadishSela/> Israeli soldiers threw grenades into houses they suspected snipers were hiding in. Residents ran out of their homes in panic and were shot. Yeruham Cohen, an IDF intelligence officer, said around 250 died between 11:30 and 14:00 hours.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 87.</ref>

However, Kadish and Sela state that there is no direct first-hand evidence that a massacre took place, other than a few dubious Arab sources. They say that a reconstruction of the battle suggests a "better, albeit more complex, explanation of the Arab losses" which also "casts severe doubt on, if it does not completely refute, the argument for the massacre in the al-'Umari Mosque."<ref name="case"/> This view has been criticised. Quoting from Kadish and Sela's paper, John W. Pool concluded: ""... on the morning of July 12, 1948, ‘The Palmach forces in (Lydda) came under heavy fire from ‘thousands of weapons from every house, roof and window’ sustaining heavy casualties.” These assertions seem to be the foundation for much of the argument advanced in the article. I think that the authors should have furnished much more information about their precise meaning, factual validity, and sources." He continues with "he (Benny Morris) does not say how many townspeople were involved in the fighting but his account certainly suggests a number of Arab gunmen very much smaller than several thousand (noted by Kadish and Sela).<ref>http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4330311?uid=3737952&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102574460991</ref> James Bowen is also critical. He places a cautionary note on the UCC web site: "... it is based on a book written by the same authors which was published in 2000 by the Israeli Ministry of Defence."<ref>http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/php/art.php?aid=41785</ref>

Palestinian historian [[Aref al-Aref]] placed the death toll at 426, including 179 he said were later killed in one of the mosques, during a confusing incident that sources variously refer to as a massacre or a battle.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 453, footnote 81]. For more casualty figures, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Thousands of male Muslim detainees had been taken to two of the mosques the day before. Christian detainees had been taken to the church or a nearby Greek Orthodox monastery, leaving the Muslims in fear of a massacre.<ref>page=93–4.</ref> Morris writes that some of them tried to break out, thinking they were about to be killed, and in response the IDF threw grenades and fired anti-tank rockets into one of the mosque compounds. Kadish and Sela say it was a firefight that broke out between armed militiamen inside the mosque and Israeli soldiers outside and responding to attacks originating from the mosque, the Israelis fired an anti-tank shell into it, then stormed it, killing 30 militia men inside.<ref name="case"/>In 2013, in testimony provided to [[Zochrot]], Yerachmiel Kahanovich, a Palmach fighter present on the scene, stated he himself, amid the shelling of a mosque, had fired a [[PIAT]] anti-tank missile with enormous shock wave impact inside the mosque, and on examining it afterwards found the walls scattered with the remains of people. He also stated that anyone straying from the flight trail was shot dead.<ref>Noam Sheizaf, [http://972mag.com/despite-efforts-to-erase-it-the-nakbas-memory-is-more-present-than-ever-in-israel/ 'Despite efforts to erase it, the Nakba's memory is more present than ever in Israel,'] [[+972 magazine]] 15 May 2013.</ref> According to Morris, dozens died, including unarmed men, women and children; an eyewitness published a memoir in 1998 saying he had removed 95 bodies from one of the mosques.<ref>For a discussion about which mosque this happened in, and for the 95 bodies, see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005], particularly footnote 40.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA428 Morris 2004, p. 428]: "dozens" were shot and killed
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA453 Morris 2004, p. 453], footnote 81, cites Kadish, Sela and Golan's ''The Conquest'', who say it was a battle that took place in the mosque, not a massacre. He adds that Kadish et al acknowledge that women, children, and unarmed older men were among the dead.
*An eyewitness, Fayeq Abu Mana, 20 years old at the time, told an Israeli group in 2003 that he had been involved in removing the bodies; see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/en Zochrot 2003].</ref>

When the shooting was over, bodies lay in the streets and houses in Lydda, and on the Lydda–Ramle road; Morris writes that there were hundreds. The Red Cross was due to visit the area, but the new Israeli military governor of Ramle issued an order to have the visit delayed. The visit was rescheduled for 14 July; Dani HQ ordered Israeli troops to remove the bodies by then, but the order seems not to have been carried out. Dr. Klaus Dreyer of the IDF Medical Corps complained on 15 July that there were still corpses lying in and around Lydda, which constituted a health hazard and a "moral and aesthetic issue." He asked that trucks and Arab residents be organized to deal with them.<ref name=Morris2004p434>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].</ref>

==Exodus==

===Expulsion orders===
Benny Morris writes that David Ben-Gurion and the IDF were largely left to their own devices to decide how Palestinian Arab residents were to be treated, without the involvement of the Cabinet and other ministers. As a result, their policy was haphazard and circumstantial, depending in part on the location, but also on the religion and ethnicity of the town. The Palestinian Arabs of Western and Lower [[Galilee]], mainly Christian and Druze, were allowed to stay in place, but Lydda and Ramle, mainly Muslim, were almost completely emptied.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA415 Morris 2004, p. 415].</ref> There was no official policy to expel the Palestinian population, he writes, but the idea of [[Transfer Committee|transfer]] was "in the air", and the leadership understood this.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080515210330/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2 Shavit 2004].</ref>

[[File:Yitzhak Rabin (1986) cropped.jpg|thumb|left|130px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]] (1922–95) signed the expulsion order.<ref name=Morris2004p429/>]]
As the shooting in Lydda continued, a meeting was held on 12 July at Operation Dani headquarters between Ben-Gurion, [[Yigael Yadin]] and Zvi Ayalon, generals in the IDF, and [[Yisrael Galili]], formerly of the [[Haganah]], the pre-IDF army. Also present were Yigal Allon, commanding officer of Operation Dani, and Yitzhak Rabin.<ref name=Shipler1>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979].</ref> At one point Ben-Gurion, Allon, and Rabin left the room. Rabin has offered two accounts of what happened next. In a 1977 interview with [[Michael Bar-Zohar]], Rabin said Allon asked what was to be done with the residents; in response, Ben-Gurion had waved his hand and said, "''garesh otam''"—"expel them."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 90, footnote 31.]</ref> In the manuscript of his memoirs in 1979, Rabin wrote that Ben-Gurion had not spoken, but had only waved his hand, and that Rabin had understand this to mean "drive them out."<ref name=Shipler1/> The expulsion order for Lydda was issued at 13:30 hours on 12 July, signed by Rabin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*The orders for Lydda were from Dani HQ to Yiftah Brigade HQ and 8th Brigade HQ, and to Kiryati Brigade at around the same time.
*"1. The inhabitants of Lydda must be expelled quickly without attention to age. They should be directed towards Beit Nabala. Yiftah [Brigade HQ] must determined the method and inform Dani HQ and 8th Brigade HQ.
*"2. Implement immediately (Prior 1999, p. 205).
*The IDF archives holds two nearly identical copies of the expulsion order. According to [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89, Yigal Allon denied in 1979 that there had been such an order, or an expulsion, saying that the order to evacuate the civilian population of Lydda and Ramle came from the Arab Legion.
*A telegram from Kiryati Brigade HQ to Zvi Aurback, its officer in charge of Ramle, read:
*1. In light of the deployment of 42nd Battalion out of Ramle – you must take [over responsibility] for the defence of the town, the transfer of prisoners [to PoW camps] and the emptying of the town of its inhabitants.
*2. You must continue the sorting out of the inhabitants, and send the army-age males to a prisoner of war camp. The old, women and children will be transported by vehicle to al Qubab and will be moved across the lines – [and] from there continue on foot.." (Kiryati HQ to Aurbach, Tel Aviv District HQ (Mishmar) etc., 14:50 hours, 13 July 1948, Haganah Archive, Tel Aviv), cited in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

In his memoirs Rabin wrote: "'Driving out' is a term with a harsh ring. Psychologically, this was one of the most difficult actions we undertook. The population of Lod did not leave willingly. There was no way of avoiding the use of force and warning shots in order to make the inhabitants march the 10 to 15 miles to the point where they met up with the legion." An [[Censorship in Israel|Israeli censorship board]] removed this section from his manuscript, but Peretz Kidron, the Israeli journalist who translated the memoirs into English, passed the censored text to David Shipler of ''The New York Times'', who published it on 23 October 1979.<ref name=Shipler1/>

In an interview with ''The New York Times'' two days later, Yigal Allon took issue with Rabin's version of events. "With all my high esteem for Rabin during the war of independence, I was his commander and my knowledge of the facts is therefore more accurate," he told Shipler. "I did not ask the late Ben-Gurion for permission to expel the population of Lydda. I did not receive such permission and did not give such orders." He said the residents left in part because they were told to by the Arab Legion, so the latter could recapture Lydda at a later date, and in part because they were panic-stricken.<ref name=Shipler2>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FE3C5C12728DDDAC0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=2&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 25 October 1979].
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA232 Shapira 2007, p. 232]: Allon gave a lecture on the war in 1950, during which [[Anita Shapira]] writes that he was uncharacteristically frank. He said he blamed the Palestinian exodus on three factors. First, they fled because they were [[Psychological projection|projecting]]: the Arabs imagined that the Jews would do to them what they would do to the Jews if positions were reversed. Second, Arab and British leaders encouraged people to leave their towns so as not to be taken hostage, so they could return to fight another day. Third, there were some cases of expulsion, though these were not the norm. In Lydda and Ramle, the Arab Legion continued to attack Israeli outposts in the hope of reconnecting with their troops in Lydda, he said. When the expulsions started, the attacks died down. To leave the towns' hostile populations in place would be to risk their use by the Legion to coordinate further attacks. Allon said he had no regrets: "War is war." Allon described it elsewhere as a "provoked exodus," rather than an expulsion; see [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].
*Also see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 89.</ref> Yoav Gelber also takes issue with Rabin's account. He writes that Ben-Gurion was in the habit of expressing his orders clearly, whether verbally or in writing, and would not have issued an order by waving his hand; he adds that there is no record of any meetings before the invasion that indicate expulsion was discussed. He attributes the expulsions to Allon, who he says was known for his [[scorched earth]] policy. Wherever Allon was in charge of Israeli troops, Gelber writes, no Palestinians remained.<ref name=Gelber2006p162>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA162 Gelber 2006, pp. 162–163].</ref> Whereas traditional historiography in Israel has insisted that Palestinian refugees left their lands under the orders of Arab leaders, some Israeli scholars have challenged this view in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/The%20War%20of%20the%20Israeli%20Historians.html|title=The War of the Israeli Historians|author=[[Avi Shlaim]]|quote=The conventional Zionist account of the 1948 War goes roughly as follows. The conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine came to a head following the passage, on 29 November 1947, of the United Nations partition resolution which called for the establishment of two states, one Jewish and one Arab. . . . [H]undreds of thousands of Palestinians fled to the neighbouring Arab states, mainly in response to orders from their leaders and despite Jewish pleas to stay and demonstrate that peaceful co-existence was possible. . . . For many years the standard Zionist account of the causes, character, and course of the Arab-Israeli conflict remained largely unchallenged outside the Arab world. The fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel, however, was accompanied by the publication of four books by Israeli scholars who challenged the traditional historiography of the birth of the State of Israel and the first Arab-Israeli war. . . }}</ref>

===Shitrit/Shertok intervention===
The Israeli cabinet reportedly knew nothing about the expulsion plan until [[Bechor Shitrit]], Minister for Minority Affairs, appeared unannounced in Ramle on 12 July. He was shocked when he realized troops were organizing expulsions. He returned to Tel Aviv for a meeting with Foreign Minister [[Moshe Shertok]], who met with Ben Gurion to agree on guidelines for the treatment of the residents, though Morris writes that Ben Gurion apparently failed to tell Shitrit or Shertok that he himself was the source of the expulsion orders. Gelber disagrees with Morris's analysis, arguing that Ben-Gurion's agreement with Shitrit and Shertok is evidence that expulsion was not his intention, rather than evidence of his duplicity, as Morris implies.<ref name=Gelber2006p162/> The men agreed the townspeople should be told that anyone who wanted to leave could do so, but that anyone who stayed was responsible for himself and would not be given food. Women, children, the old, and the sick were not to be forced to leave, and the monasteries and churches must not be damaged, though no mention was made of the mosques. Ben-Gurion passed the order to the IDF General Staff, who passed it to Dani HQ at 23:30 hours on 12 July, ten hours after the expulsion orders were issued; Morris writes that there was an ambiguity in the instruction that women, children and the sick were not to be forced to go: the word "''lalechet''" can mean either "go" or "walk". Satisfied that the order had been passed on, Shertok believed he had managed to avert the expulsions, not realizing that, even as he was discussing them in Tel Aviv, they had already begun.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA430 Morris 2004, p. 430].
*Also see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 92.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=0_buePy517UC&pg=PA161 Gelber 2006, pp. 161–162], also says the residents were already on their way out when this order was given.</ref>

===The exodus===
Thousands of Ramle residents began moving out of the town on foot, or in trucks and buses, between 10 and 12 July. The IDF used its own vehicles and confiscated Arab ones to move them.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].
*That the Ramle residents were supplied buses by the Kiryati brigade, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> Morris writes that, by 13 July, the wishes of the IDF and those of the residents in Lydda had dovetailed. Over the past three days, the townspeople had undergone aerial bombardment, ground invasion, had seen grenades thrown into their homes and hundreds of residents killed, had been living under a curfew, had been abandoned by the Arab Legion, and the able-bodied men had been rounded up. Morris writes they had concluded that living under Israeli rule was not sustainable.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA431 Morris 2004, p. 431].</ref> Spiro Munayyer, an eyewitness, wrote that the important thing was to get out of the city.<ref name="Khalidi"/> A deal was reached with an IDF intelligence officer, [[Shmarya Guttman]], normally an archeologist, that the residents would leave in exchange for the release of the prisoners; according to Guttman, he went to the mosque himself and told the men they were free to join their families.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4. Morris finds Guttman's account subjective and impressionistic (p. 94, footnote 39). Guttman later wrote about Lydda under the pseudonym "Avi-Yiftah".</ref> Town criers and soldiers walked or drove around the town instructing residents where to gather for departure.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432].</ref>

Notwithstanding that an agreement may have been reached, Morris writes that the troops understood that what followed was an act of deportation, not a voluntary exodus. While the residents were still in the town, IDF radio traffic had already started calling them "refugees" (''plitim'').<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 96.</ref> Operation Dani HQ told the IDF General Staff/Operations at noon on 13 July that "[the troops in Lydda] are busy expelling the inhabitants [''oskim begeirush hatoshavim'']," and told the HQs of Kiryati, 8th and Yiftah brigades at the same time that, "enemy resistance in Ramle and Lydda has ended. The eviction [''pinui'']" of the inhabitants... has begun."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA432 Morris 2004, p. 432]: At 18:15 hours that day, Dani HQ asked Yiftah Brigade: "Has the removal of the population [''hotza'at ha'ochlosiah''] of Lydda been completed?"</ref>

===The march===
[[File:Refugees from Lydda.jpg|left|thumb|280px|alt=photograph||Refugees from Lydda and Ramle after the three-day exodus<ref>Glubb 1957, plate 8, between pp. 159 and 161. The caption says: "Arab refugee women and children from Lydda and Ramle, resting after their arrival in the Arab area."</ref>]]
Lydda's residents began moving out on the morning of 13 July. They were made to walk, perhaps because of their earlier resistance, or simply because there were no vehicles left. They walked six to seven kilometers to [[Beit Nabala]], then 10–12 more to [[Barfiliya]], along dusty roads in temperatures of 30–35°C, carrying their children and portable possessions in carts pulled by animals or on their backs.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], pp. 93–4; see p. 97 for the temperature.</ref> According to Shmarya Guttman, an IDF soldier, warning shots were occasionally fired.<ref name=Morris2004p433>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA433 Morris 2004, pp. 433–4].</ref> Some were stripped of their valuables en route by Israeli soldiers at checkpoints.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Another IDF soldier described how possessions and people were slowly abandoned as the refugees grew tired or collapsed: "To begin with [jettisoning] utensils and furniture, and in the end, bodies of men, women, and children, scattered along the way."<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

Haj As'ad Hassouneh, described by [[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]] as "a survivor of the death march", shared his recollection in 1996: "The Jews came and they called among the people: "You must go." "Where shall we go?" "Go to Barfilia." ... the spot you were standing on determined what if any family or possession you could get; any to the west of you could not be retrieved. You had to immediately begin walking and it had to be to the east. ... The people were fatigued even before they began their journey or could attempt to reach any destination. No one knew where Barfilia was or its distance from Jordan. ... The people were also fasting due to [[Ramadan]] because they were people of serious belief. There was no water. People began to die of thirst. Some women died and their babies nursed from their dead bodies. Many of the elderly died on the way. ... Many buried their dead in the leaves of corn".<ref name=Jawadp71>{{cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Refugees|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3540681601|pages=70–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCN0OUiTJkC&pg=PA70|author=[[Saleh Abd al-Jawad]]|editor=[[Eyal Benvenisti]], Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi|chapter=Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War}}</ref>

After three days of walking, the refugees were picked up by the Arab Legion and driven to Ramallah.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Reports vary regarding how many died. Many were elderly people and young children who died from the heat and exhaustion.<ref name =Shipler1/> Morris has written that it was a "handful and perhaps dozens."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA177 Morris 2003, p. 177].</ref> Glubb wrote that "nobody will ever know how many children died."<ref name=Morris2004p433/> [[Nimr al Khatib]] estimated that 335 died based on hearsay.<ref name=Morris2004p433/> Walid Khalidi gives a figure of 350, citing Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref.<ref>Khalidi, page=80–98.</ref> The expulsions clogged the roads eastward. Morris writes that IDF thinking was simple and cogent. They had just taken two major objectives and were out of steam. The Arab Legion had been expected to counter-attack, but the expulsions thwarted it: the roads were now cluttered, and the Legion was suddenly responsible for the welfare of an additional tens of thousands of people.<ref name=Morris2004p433/>

===Looting of refugees and the towns===
[[File:George Habash.jpg|thumb|130px|alt=photograph|[[George Habash]] (1926–2008) who later led the [[PFLP]], was among those expelled from Lydda.]]
The Sharett-Ben Gurion guidelines to the IDF had specified there was to be no robbery, but numerous sources spoke of widespread looting. ''The Economist'' wrote on 21 August that year: "The Arab refugees were systematically stripped of all their belongings before they were sent on their trek to the frontier. Household belongings, stores, clothing, all had to be left behind."<ref>Pappé 2006, p. 168.</ref> Aharon Cohen, director of Mapam's Arab Department, complained to Yigal Allon months after the deportations that troops had been told to remove jewellery and money from residents so that they would arrive at the Arab Legion without resources, thereby increasing the burden of looking after them. Allon replied that he knew of no such order, but conceded it as a possibility.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 97.</ref>

[[George Habash]], who later founded the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], was born in Lydda to a Greek Orthodox family. He was in his second year at medical school in Beirut at the time, but returned to Lydda when he heard the Israelis had arrived in Jaffa, and was subsequently one of those expelled. Recalling the events of 1948 in 1990, he said that the Israelis took watches, jewellery, gold, and wallets from the refugees, and that he witnessed a neighbor of his shot and killed because he refused to be searched; he said the man's sister, who also saw what happened, died during the march from the shock, exposure and thirst.<ref name=Brandabur>[http://www.peuplesmonde.com/spip.php?article680 Brandabur 1990]. Habash said: "The Israelis were rounding everyone up and searching us. People were driven from every quarter and subjected to complete and rough body searches. You can’t imagine the savagery with which people were treated. Everything was taken—watches, jewelery, wedding rings, wallets, gold. One young neighbor of ours, a man in his late twenties, not more, Amin Hanhan, had secreted some money in his shirt to care for his family on the journey. The soldier who searched him demanded that he surrender the money and he resisted. He was shot dead in front of us. One of his sisters, a young married woman, also a neighbor of our family, was present: she saw her brother shot dead before her eyes. She was so shocked that, as we made our way toward Birzeit, she died of shock, exposure, and lack of water on the way."</ref>

As the residents left, the sacking of the cities began. The Yiftah brigade commander, Lt. Col. Schmuel "Mula" Cohen, wrote of Lydda that, "the cruelty of the war here reached its zenith."<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986], p. 88.</ref> Bechor Sheetrit, the Minister for Minority Affairs, said the army removed 1,800 truckloads of property from Lydda alone. Dov Shafrir was appointed Israel's Custodian of Absentee Property, supposedly charged to protect and redistribute Palestinian property, but his staff were inexperienced and unable to control the situation.<ref>Segev 1986, pp. 69–71</ref> The looting was so extensive that the 3rd Battalion had to be withdrawn from Lydda during the night of 13–14 July, and sent for a day to [[Ben Shemen]] for ''kinus heshbon nefesh'', a conference to encourage soul-searching. Cohen forced them to hand over their loot, which was thrown onto a bonfire and destroyed, but the situation continued when they returned to town. Some were later prosecuted.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA454 Morris 2004, p. 454], footnote 86.</ref>

There were also allegations that Israeli soldiers had raped Palestinian women. Ben-Gurion referred to them in his diary entry for 15 July 1948: "The bitter question has arisen regarding acts of robbery and rape [''o'nes'' ("אונס")] in the conquered towns ..."<ref>Ben-Gurion, Volume 2, p. 589.</ref> Israeli writer [[Amos Kenan]], who served as a platoon commander of the 82d Regiment of the Israeli Army brigade that conquered Lydda told ''The Nation'' on 6 February 1989: "At night, those of us who couldn't restrain ourselves would go into the prison compounds to fuck Arab women. I want very much to assume, and perhaps even can, that those who couldn't restrain themselves did what they thought the Arabs would have done to them had they won the war."<ref name=Kenan>[http://www.thenation.com/archive/four-decades-blood-vengeance Kenan 1989]; [http://cosmos.ucc.ie/cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0059831.html courtesy link].</ref> Kenan said he heard of only one woman who complained. A court-martial was arranged, he said, but in court, the accused ran the back of his hand across his throat, and the woman decided not to proceed.<ref name=Kenan/> The allegations were given little consideration by the Israeli government. Agriculture Minister [[Aharon Zisling]] told the Cabinet on 21 July: "It has been said that there were cases of rape in Ramle. I could forgive acts of rape but I won't forgive other deeds, which appear to me much graver. When a town is entered and rings are forcibly removed from fingers and jewellery from necks—that is a very grave matter."<ref name=Zisling>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4327250 Morris 1986, p. 105].
*See also Segev 1986, pp. 71–72.
*For a discussion of Ben-Gurion's concern, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=dL29_RBATv0C&pg=PA313 Tal 2004, p. 311].</ref>

Stuart Cohen writes that central control over the Jewish fighters was weak. Only Yigal Allon, commander of the IDF, made it standard practice to issue written orders to commanders, including that violations of the laws of war would be punished. Otherwise, trust was placed, and sometimes misplaced, in what Cohen calls intuitive troop decency. He adds that, despite the alleged war crimes, the majority of the IDF behaved with decency and civility.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA139 Cohen 2008, p. 139].</ref> Yitzhak Rabin wrote in his memoirs that some refused to take part in the evictions.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p Shipler, ''The New York Times'', 23 October 1979]. Rabin wrote: "Great suffering was inflicted upon the men taking part in the eviction action. Soldiers of the Yiftach brigade included youth movement graduates, who had been inculcated with values such as international fraternity and humaneness. The eviction action went beyond the concepts they were used to. There were some fellows who refused to take part in the expulsion action. Prolonged propaganda activities were required after the action, to remove the bitterness of these youth movement groups, and explain why we were obliged to undertake such harsh and cruel action."</ref>

==Aftermath==

===In Ramallah, Amman, and elsewhere===
[[File:Glubb Pasha 1940.jpg|right|thumb|220px|alt=photograph|[[John Bagot Glubb]], the Arab Legion's British commander, was spat on as he drove through the [[West Bank]] for having handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews.]]
Tens of thousands of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle poured into Ramallah. For the most part, they had no money, property, food, or water, and represented a health risk, not only to themselves. The Ramallah city council asked King Abdullah to remove them.<ref>IDF Intelligence Service/Arab Department, 21 July 1948, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref> Some of the refugees reached Amman, the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, and the Upper Galilee, and all over the area there were angry demonstrations against Abdullah and the Arab Legion for their failure to defend the cities. People spat at Glubb, the British commander of the Arab Legion, as he drove through the [[West Bank]], and wives and parents of Arab Legion soldiers tried to break into King Abdullah's palace.<ref name=Morris2008p290>Morris 2008, pp. 290–291.</ref> [[Alec Kirkbride]], the British ambassador in Amman, described one protest in the city on 18 July:

<blockquote>A couple of thousand Palestinian men swept up the hill toward the main [palace] entrance ... screaming abuse and demanding that the lost towns should be reconquered at once ... The King appeared at the top of the main steps of the building; he was a short, dignified figure wearing white robes and headdress. He paused for a moment, surveying the seething mob before, [then walked] down the steps to push his way through the line of guardsmen into the thick of the demonstrators. He went up to a prominent individual, who was shouting at the top of his voice, and dealt him a violent blow to the side of the head with the flat of his hand. The recipient of the blow stopped yelling ... the King could be heard roaring: so, you want to fight the Jews, do you? Very well, there is a recruiting office for the army at the back of my house ... go there and enlist. The rest of you, get the hell down the hillside!" Most of the crowd got the hell down the hillside.<ref>Kirkbride 1976, p. 48, cited in Morris 2008, p. 291.</ref></blockquote>

Morris writes that, during a meeting in Amman on 12–13 July of the Political Committee of the [[Arab League]], delegates—particularly from Syria and Iraq—accused Glubb of serving British, or even Jewish, interests, with his excuses about troop and ammunition shortages. Egyptian journalists said he had handed Lydda and Ramle to the Jews. Perie-Gordon, Britain's acting minister in Amman, told the Foreign Office there was a suspicion that Glubb, on behalf of the British government, had lost Lydda and Ramle deliberately to ensure that Transjordan accept a truce. King Abdullah indicated that he wanted Glubb to leave, without actually asking him to—particularly after Iraqi officers alleged that the entire [[Hashemites|Hashemite]] house was in the pay of the British—but London asked him to stay on. Britain's popularity with the Arabs reached an all-time low.<ref>Morris 2008, pp. 291–292.
*For Perie-Gordon, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=D30D_GzUKfMC&pg=PA208 Abu Nowar 2002, p. 208].</ref> The United Nations Security Council called for a ceasefire to begin no later than 18 July, with sanctions to be levelled against transgressors. The Arabs were outraged: "No justice, no logic, no equity, no understanding, but blind submission to everything that is Zionist," ''Al-Hayat'' responded, though Morris writes that cooler heads in the Arab world were privately pleased that they were required not to fight, given Israel's obvious military superiority.<ref>Morris 2008, p. 295.</ref>

===Situation of the refugees===
Morris writes that the situation of the 400,000 Palestinian Arabs who became refugees that summer—not only those from Lydda and Ramle—was dire, camping in public buildings, abandoned barracks, and under trees.<ref name=Morris2008p309>Morris 2008, p. 309ff.</ref> [[Count Folke Bernadotte]], the United Nations mediator in Palestine, visited a [[Palestinian refugee camps|refugee camp]] in Ramallah and said he had never seen a more ghastly sight.<ref>Sayigh 2007, p. 84.</ref> Morris writes that the Arab governments did little for them, and most of the aid that did reach them came from the West through the Red Cross and Quakers. A new UN body was set up to get things moving, which in December 1949 became the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA), which many of the refugees and their descendants, now standing at four million, still depend on.<ref name=Morris2008p309/> Bernadotte's mediation efforts—which resulted in a proposal to split Palestine between Israel and Jordan, and to hand Lydda and Ramle to King Abdullah—ended on 17 September 1948, when he was assassinated by four Israeli gunmen from [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]], an extremist Zionist faction.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jfouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HNwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344,4611106&dq=bernadotte+assassination&hl=en "Bernadotte Murder Stuns Whole World"], ''Ottawa Citizen'', 18 September 1948.</ref>

===Lausanne Conference===
The United Nations convened the [[Lausanne Conference of 1949]] from April to September 1949 in part to resolve the refugee question. On 12 May 1949, the conference achieved its only success when the parties signed the [[Lausanne Protocol]] on the framework for a comprehensive peace, which included territories, refugees, and Jerusalem. Israel agreed in principle to allow the return of all of Palestinian refugees because the Israelis wanted [[United Nations]] membership, which required the settlement of the refugee problem. Once Israel was admitted to the UN, it retreated from the protocol it had signed, because it was completely satisfied with the status quo, and saw no need to make any concessions with regard to the refugees or on boundary questions. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Moshe Sharett]] had hoped for a comprehensive peace settlement at Lausanne, but he was no match for Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]], who saw the armistice agreements that stopped the fighting with the Arab states as sufficient, and put a low priority on a permanent peace treaty.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Pappe
|first= Ilan
|authorlink= Ilan Pappe
|title= The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict 1947–1951
|publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
|year = 1992
|isbn = 1-85043-819-6}}Chapter 9: The Lausanne Conference.</ref>
On August 3, 1949, the Israeli delegation proposed the repatriation of 100,000 refugees, but not to their former homes, which had been destroyed or given to Jewish refugees from Europe; Israel would specify where the refugees would be relocated and the specific economic activities the refugees would be permitted to engage in. Also, the 100,000 would include 25,000 who had already returned illegally, so the actual total was only 75,000. The Americans felt it too low: they wanted to see 200,000-250,000 refugees taken back. The Arabs considered the Israeli offer was "less than token." When the ‘100,000 plan’ was announced, the reaction of Israeli newspapers and political parties was uniformly negative. Soon after, the Israelis announced their offer had been withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Palumbo
|first= Michael
|authorlink= Michael Palumbo
|title= The Palestinian Catastrophe
|pages = 184–189
|publisher = [[Quartet Books]]
|year = 1987
|isbn = 0 7043 0099 0}}</ref>

===Resettlement of the cities===
{{further|Absentees' Property Laws|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands}}
[[File:LodTransferOfControl.png|right|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|Power is handed from the military governor of Lydda, now called Lod, to the first mayor, Pesach Lev, April 1949.]]
On 14 July 1948 the IDF told Ben-Gurion that "not one Arab inhabitant" remained in Ramla or Lod, as they were now called. In fact, several hundred remained, including city workers who maintained essential city services like water service, and workers with expertise with the railroad train yards and the airport, the elderly, the ill and some Christians, and others who return to their homes over the following months. In October 1948 the Israeli military governor of Ramla-Lod reported that 960 Palestinians were living in Ramla, and 1,030 in Lod. Military rule in the towns ended in April 1949.<ref>For "not one inhabitant," and the hundreds remaining, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA434 Morris 2004, p. 434].
*For the numbers in October 1948, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA455 Morris 2004, p. 455], footnote 110.
*For military rule ending, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

Nearly 700,000 Jews [[Aliyah|immigrated to Israel]] between May 1948 and December 1951 from Europe, Asia and Africa, doubling the state's Jewish population; in 1950 Israel passed the [[Law of Return]], offering Jews automatic citizenship.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA42 Yacobi 2009, p. 42].</ref> The immigrants were assigned Palestinian homes—in part because of the inevitable housing shortage, but also as a matter of policy to make it harder for former residents to reclaim them—and could buy refugees' furniture from the Custodian for Absentees' Property.<ref name=MorrisYacobi>Morris 2008, p. 308, for a general discussion of the issue.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA45 Yacobi 2009, p. 45], for specific mention of this in relation to Lydda.</ref> Jewish families were occasionally placed in houses belonging to Palestinians who still lived in Israel, the so-called "[[present absentees]]," regarded as physically present but legally absent, with no legal standing to reclaim their property.<ref name=Yacobi2009p42/> By March 1950 there were 8,600 Jews and 1,300 Palestinian Arabs living in Ramla, and 8,400 Jews and 1,000 Palestinians in Lod. Most of the Jews who settled in the towns were from Asia or North Africa.<ref>For the figures, and that most were from Asia and North Africa, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA427 Golan 2003].
*Also see [https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA39 Yacobi 2009, p. 39].</ref>

The Palestinian workers allowed to remain in the cities were confined to ghettos. The military administrator split the region into three zones—Ramla, Lod, and Rakevet, a neighborhood in Lod established by the British for rail workers—and declared the Arab areas within them "closed," with each closed zone run by a committee of three to five members.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA33 Yacobi 2009, p. 33.]</ref> Many of the town's essential workers were Palestinians. The military administrators did satisfy some of their needs, such as building a school, supplying medical aid, allocating them 50 dunams for growing vegetables, and renovating the interior of the Dahmash mosque, but it appears the refugees felt like prisoners; Palestinian train workers, for example, were subject to a curfew from evening until morning, with periodic searches to make sure they had no guns.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA34 Yacobi 2009, p. 34.]</ref> One wrote an open letter in March 1949 to the ''Al Youm'' newspaper on behalf of 460 Muslim and Christian train workers: "Since the occupation, we continued to work and our salaries have still not been paid to this day. Then our work was taken from us and now we are unemployed. The curfew is still valid ... [W]e are not allowed to go to Lod or Ramla, as we are prisoners. No one is allowed to look for a job but with the mediation of the members of the Local Committee ... we are like slaves. I am asking you to cancel the restrictions and to let us live freely in the state of Israel.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&pg=PA35 Yacobi 2009, pp. 35–36].</ref>

===Artistic reception===
[[File:Ismail Shammout's Where to ....JPG|right|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|[[Ismail Shammout]]'s ''Where to ..?'' (1953)]]
The [[Palestinian art]]ist [[Ismail Shammout]] (1930–2006) was 19 years old when he was expelled from Lydda. He created a series of oil paintings about the march, the best known of which is ''Where to ..?'' (1953), which enjoys iconic status among Palestinians. A life-size image of a man dressed in rags holds a walking stick in one hand, the wrist of a child in the other, a toddler on his shoulder, with a third child behind him, crying and alone. There is a withered tree behind him, and in the distance the skyline of an Arab town with a [[minaret]]. [[Gannit Ankori]] writes that the absent mother is the lost homeland, the children its orphans.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_Q6FX0YFVwC&pg=PA48 Ankori 2006, pp. 48–50].
*For the image on Shammout's website: [http://www.shammout.com/oilbig13.htm "Where to ..?"], shammout.com. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</ref>

By November 1948 the IDF had been accused of atrocities in a number of towns and villages, to the point where David Ben-Gurion had to appoint an investigator. Israeli poet [[Natan Alterman]] (1910–1970) wrote about the allegations in his poem ''Al Zot'' ("On This"), published in ''[[Davar]]'' on 19 November 1948, about a soldier on a jeep machine-gunning an Arab, referring to the events in Lydda, according to Morris. Two days later Ben-Gurion sought Alterman's permission for the Defence Ministry to distribute the poem throughout the IDF:<ref>For the atrocities in general, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA486 Morris 2004, p. 486ff]; for reference to the poem and Ben-Gurion writing to Alterman, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 p. 489].
*Morris writes that the poem is about Lydda in [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA426 Morris 2004, pp. 426], [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA489 489] (on p. 489 he writes it was "apparently" about Lydda), and Morris 2008, p. 473, footnote 85.</ref>

{{Quote box |quoted= |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |qalign=left |width=370px |align=center
| quote =<poem>Let us sing then also about "delicate incidents"
For which the true name, incidentally, is murder
Let songs be composed about conversations with sympathetic interlocutors
who with collusive chuckles make concessions and grant forgiveness.<ref name=Cohenp140>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mVV4i-KbzoAC&pg=PA140 Cohen 2008, p. 140]</ref>
*[http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm ''Al Zot'' in Hebrew], www.education.gov.il, accessed 1 December 2010.</poem>}}

===Four figures after the exodus===
[[File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg|thumb|230px|alt=photograph|[[Yitzhak Rabin]]'s historic handshake with [[Yasser Arafat]] at the White House, 1993]]
Yigal Allon, who led Operation Dani and may have ordered the expulsions, became Israel's deputy prime minister in 1967. He was a member of the war cabinet during the 1967 Arab Israeli [[Six-Day War]], and the architect of the post-war [[Allon Plan]], a proposal to end Israel's occupation of the [[West Bank]]. He died in 1980.<ref>Jewish Agency for Israel.[http://web.archive.org/web/20041210194811/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/allon.html "Allon, Yigal (1918–1980)"]. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</ref>

Yitzhak Rabin, Allon's operations officer, who signed the Lydda expulsion order, became Chief of Staff of the IDF during the Six-Day War, and Israel's prime minister in 1974 and again in 1992. He was assassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli radical opposed to making peace with the PLO.<ref name=Morris2004p429>For his having signed the order, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429 Morris 2004, p. 429].</ref>

Khalil al-Wazir, the grocer's son expelled from Ramle, became one of the founders of Yasser Arafat's ''[[Fatah]]'' faction within the PLO, and specifically of its armed wing, ''[[Al-Assifa]]''. He organized the PLO's guerrilla warfare and the ''Fatah'' youth movements that helped spark the [[First Intifada]] in 1987. He was assassinated by Israeli commandos in Tunis in 1988.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA529 As'ad Abu Khalil 2005, p. 529ff].</ref>

George Habash, the medical student expelled from Lydda, went on to lead one of the best-known of the Palestinian militant groups, the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. In September 1970 he masterminded the [[Dawson's Field hijackings|hijacking of four passenger jets]] bound for New York, an attack that put the Palestinian cause on the map. The PFLP was also behind the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]], in which 27 people died, and the 1976 hijacking of an Air France flight to Entebbe, which famously led to the IDF's [[Operation Entebbe|rescue of the hostages]]. Habash died of a heart attack in Amman in 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html?bl&ex=1201582800&en=a0d7bd56323e1b26&ei=5087%0A Andrews and Kifner, ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2008].
*Habash spoke to [[Robert Fisk]] in 1993 about Lydda: "I will never rest until I can go back. The house is still there and a Jewish family lives in it now. Some of my friends tried to find it and some relatives actually went there and sent me a message that the trees are still standing in the garden, just as they were in 1948. ... It's my right to go directly to my house and live there." See [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/still-dreaming-of-his-homeland-robert-fisk-in-damascus-hears-george-habash-orator-fighter-and-refugee-spell-out-his-terms-for-a-settlement-with-israel-1509518.html Fisk 1993].</ref>

==Historiography==
[[File:Anita Shapira.jpg|left|thumb|150px|alt=photograph|Israeli historian [[Anita Shapira]] argues that the scholars who wrote the early history of 1948 censored themselves, because they saw the 1948 war as the tragic climax of the [[Holocaust]] and the Second World War.<ref name=Shapira1995p12/>]]
Benny Morris argues that Israeli historians from the 1950s throughout the 1970s—who wrote what he calls the "Old History"—were "less than honest" about what had happened in Lydda and Ramle.<ref name=Morris1988>[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].</ref> [[Anita Shapira]] calls them the Palmach generation: historians who had fought in the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], and who thereafter went to work for the IDF's history branch, where they censored material other scholars had no access to. For them, Shapira writes, the Holocaust and the Second World War—including the experience of Jewish weakness in the face of persecution—made the fight for land between the Arabs and Jews a matter of life and death, the 1948 war the "tragic and heroic climax of all that had preceded it," and Israeli victory an "act of historical justice."<ref name=Shapira1995p12>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 12–13.</ref>

The IDF's official history of the 1948 war, ''Toldot Milhemet HaKomemiyut'' ("History of the War of Independence"), published in 1959, said that residents of Lydda had violated the terms of their surrender, and left because they were afraid of Israeli retribution. The head of the IDF history branch, Lt. Col Netanel Lorch, wrote in ''The Edge of the Sword'' (1961) that they had requested safe conduct from the IDF; American political scientist [[Ian Lustick]] writes that Lorch admitted in 1997 that he left his post because the censorship made it impossible to write good history.<ref>For Lorch's book, see [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988].
*For Lustick, see [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997].</ref> Another employee of the history branch, Lt. Col. Elhannan Orren, wrote a detailed history of Operation Dani in 1976 that made no mention of expulsions.<ref name=Morris1988/>

Arab historians published accounts, including [[Aref al-Aref]]'s ''Al Nakba, 1947–1952'' (1956–1960), [[Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib]]'s ''Min Athar al-Nakba'' (1951), and several papers by Walid Khalidi, but Morris writes that they suffered from a lack of archival material; Arab governments have been reluctant to open their archives, and the Israeli archives were at that point still closed.<ref>Morris 2004, pp. 1–2.</ref> The first person in Israel to acknowledge the Lydda and Ramle expulsions, writes Morris, was Yitzhak Rabin in his 1979 memoirs, though that part of his manuscript was removed by government censors.<ref name=Morris1988/> The 30-year rule of [[Israel State Archive|Israel's Archives Law]], passed in 1955, meant that hundreds of thousands of government documents were released throughout the 1980s, and a group calling itself the "New Historians" emerged, most of them born around 1948. They interpreted the history of the war, not in terms of European politics, the Holocaust, and Jewish history, but solely within the context of the Middle East. Shapira writes that they focused on the 700,000 Palestinian Arabs who were uprooted by the war, not on the 6,000 Jews who died during it, and assessed the behavior of the Jewish state as they would that of any other.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], pp. 9, 16–17.</ref> Between 1987 and 1993, four of these historians in particular—Morris himself, [[Simha Flapan]], [[Ilan Pappé]], and [[Avi Shlaim]]—three of them Oxbridge-trained, published a series of books that changed the historiography of the Palestinian exodus. According to Lustick, although it was known in academic circles that the Palestinians had left because of expulsions and intimidation, it was largely unknown to Israeli Jews until Morris's ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' appeared in 1987.<ref>
[http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf Morris 1988], and [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf Lustick 1997], pp. 157–158.
*Simha Flapan (1911–1987) is the exception to the rule that the New Historians were born around 1948.
*The key texts are:
*[[Simha Flapan]]'s ''The Birth of Israel'' (1987)
*[[Benny Morris]]'s ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949'' (1987), ''[[1948 and After|1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians]]'' (1990), and ''[[Israel's Border Wars 1949–1956|Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956]]'' (1993)
*[[Ilan Pappé]]'s ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: 1948–1951'' (1988) and ''The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951'' (1992)
*[[Avi Shlaim]]'s ''Collusion across the Jordan'' (1988) and ''The Politics of Partition'' (1990)
*Other writers engaged in the "New History," according to Lustick (p. 157), include Uri Bar-Joseph, [[Mordechai Bar-On]], [[Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi]], Motti Golani, [[Uri Milstein]], and [[Tom Segev]].
*That the New Historians focus on the 700,000 uprooted, see [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 Shapira 1995], p. 13.</ref>

Their work is not without its critics, most notably Israeli historian [[Efraim Karsh]], who writes that there was more voluntary Palestinian flight than Morris and the others concede. He acknowledges that there were expulsions, particularly in Lydda, though he argues—as does Morris—that they resulted from decisions made in the heat of battle, and account for a small percentage of the overall exodus.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6RRr_bf1ZhAC&pg=PA160 Karsh 2003, pp. 160–161].
*[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-11881944_ITM Kadish and Sela 2005].</ref> Karsh argues that the New Historians have turned the story of the birth of Israel upside down, making victims of the Arab aggressors, though he acknowledges that the New History is now widely accepted.<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/466/benny-morris-and-the-reign-of-error Karsh 1999].</ref> Ari Shavit devotes a chapter of his book ''My Promised Land'' (2013) to the expulsion, and calls the events “our black box, . . In it lies the dark secret of Zionism.”<ref>Dwight Garner
[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/20/books/ari-shavits-my-promised-land.html?src=dayp 'Son of Israel, Caught in the Middle,'] [[New York Times]] 20 November 2013.</ref> The positions of Karsh and Morris, though they disagree, contrast in turn with those of Ilan Pappé and Walid Khalidi, who argue not only that there were widespread expulsions, but also that they were not the result of ''ad hoc'' decisions. Rather, they argue, the expulsions were part of a deliberate strategy, known as [[Plan Dalet]] and conceived before Israel's declaration of independence, to transfer the Arab population and seize their land—in Pappé's words, to [[ethnic cleansing|ethnically cleanse]] the country.<ref>*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/19199199/Plan-Dalet-Master-Plan-for-the-Conquest-of-Palestine-by-Walid-Khalidi Khalidi 1961], [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Khalidi,%20Plan%20Dalet%20Revisited.pdf Khalidi 1988] and [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yjeXQVmGrwcC&lpg=PT164&dq=%20ethnic%20cleansing%20lydd&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false Pappé 2006].</ref>

==Lod and Ramla today==
[[File:RamleviewS.jpg|left|thumb|180px|alt=photograph|Ramla in 2006]]
{{as of|2013}} around 69,000 people were living in Ramla, which became briefly known around the world in 1962, when former SS officer [[Adolf Eichmann]] was hanged in Ramla prison in May that year.<ref>For the population, see [http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf Population figures], Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
*For Eichmann, see [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/we-have-to-carry-out-the-sentence-1.226299 Weitz 2007].</ref> The population in Lod {{as of|2010|lc=y}} was officially around 45,000 Jews and 20,000 Arabs; its main industry is its airport, renamed Ben Gurion International Airport in 1973.<ref name=Economist>[http://www.economist.com/node/17254422 "Pulled apart"], ''The Economist'', 14 October 2010.</ref> [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|Beth Israel immigrants from Ethiopia]] were housed there in the 1990s, increasing the ethnic tension in the city which, together with the economic deprivation, make the town "the most likely place to explode," according to Arnon Golan, Israeli's foremost expert on ethnically-mixed cities.<ref>Nathan Jeffay, [http://forward.com/articles/14435/ 'Israel’s Mixed Cities on Edge After Riots,'] at [[The Forward]] 23 October 2008.</ref> In 2010 a three-meter-high wall was built to separate the Jewish and Arab neighborhoods.<ref name=Economist/>

[[File:Zochrot at the former Lydda ghetto.JPG|thumb|200px|alt=photograph|Eitan Bronstein of [[Zochrot]] places a sign on the former Lydda ghetto.]]
The Arab community has complained that, when Arabs became a majority in Lod's Ramat Eshkol suburb, the local school was closed rather than turned into an Arab-sector school, and in September 2008 it was re-opened as a [[yeshiva]], a Jewish religious school. The local council acknowledges that it wants Lod to become a more Jewish city. In addition to the Arabs officially registered, a fifth of the overall population are [[Bedouin]], who arrived in Lod in the 1980s when they were moved off land in the Negev, according to Nathan Jeffay.They live in dwellings deemed illegal by Israeli authorities on agricultural land, unregistered and with no municipal services.<ref name=Jeffay>[http://www.forward.com/articles/14435/ Jeffay 2008].</ref>

The refugees are occasionally able to visit their former homes. [[Zochrot]], an Israeli group that researches former Palestinian towns, visited Lod in 2003 and 2005, erecting signs in Hebrew and Arabic depicting its history, including a sign on the wall of the former Arab ghetto. The visits are met with a mixture of interest and hostility.<ref>[http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=221 "Remembering Al-Lydd 2005"], [http://www.zochrot.org/index.php?id=364 "Tour and signposting in Al-Lydd (Lod), 2003"].
*Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 "Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod"].
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/lydda.pdf Booklet about Lydda] in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot.
*[http://www.zochrot.org/images/al-Ramle.pdf Booklet about Ramla], also in Arabic and Hebrew, Zochrot, all accessed 28 November 2010.</ref> Father Oudeh Rantisi, a former mayor of Ramallah who was expelled from Lydda in 1948, visited his family's former home for the first time in 1967:

<blockquote>As the bus drew up in front of the house, I saw a young boy playing in the yard. I got off the bus and went over to him. "How long have you lived in this house?" I asked. "I was born here," he replied. "Me too," I said ...<ref>[http://www.ameu.org/printer.asp?iid=64&aid=95 Rantisi and Amash 2000].</ref></blockquote>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
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*[[Lila Abu-Lughod|Abu Lughod, Lila]] and Allan, Diana Keown (2007). "Places of Memory" in Sa'di, Ahmad H. and Abu-Lughod, Lila (eds.). ''Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory''. Columbia University Press.
*Abu Nowar, Ma'an (2002). ''The Jordanian-Israeli War 1948-1951: A History of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan''. Garnet & Ithaca Press.
*Andrews, Edmund L. and Kifner, John (27 January 2008). [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html?bl&ex=1201582800&en=a0d7bd56323e1b26&ei=5087%0A "George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82"], ''The New York Times''.
*[[Gannit Ankori|Ankori, Gannit]] (2006.) ''Palestinian Art''. Reaktion Books.
*[[David Ben-Gurion|Ben-Gurion, David]] (1982). ''The War Diary: The War of Independence, 5708–5709'', Volumes 1 and 2, Israel Defense Ministry Publications.
*[[Kenneth Bilby|Bilby, Kenneth]] (1951). ''New Star in the Near East''. Doubleday.
*Brandabur, A. Clare (1990). [http://www.peuplesmonde.com/spip.php?article680 Reply To Amos Kenan's "The Legacy of Lydda" and An Interview With PFLP Leader Dr. George Habash], ''Peuples & Monde''; first published in ''The Nation'', 1 January 1990, accessed 25 November 2010.
*Cohen, Stuart (2008). ''Israel and Its Army: From Cohesion to Confusion''. Taylor & Francis.
*Currivan, Gene (12 July 1948). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FA385F167B93C1A8178CD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p "Arabs Give Up a Key Point as Latrun Battle Looms, but Retake Others; Israeli Force Wins Town on Key Road"], ''The New York Times''.
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*Gelber, Yoav (2006). ''Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem''. Sussex University Press.
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*Golani, Motti and Manna, Adel (2011). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O2S_BAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Two Sides of the Coin: Independence and Nakba 1948]''. Republic of Letters Publishing.
*Gordon, Elizabeth Oke. ''Saint George: Champion of Christendom and Patron Saint of England''. S. Sonnenschein & Co., 1907.
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*Khalidi, Walid (1988). [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Khalidi,%20Plan%20Dalet%20Revisited.pdf "Plan Dalet Revisited"], ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 18: Nos. 1, 5, accessed 23 November 2010.
*{{cite journal | author = Khalidi Walid | year = 1998 | title = The fall of Lydda | url = http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf| journal = Journal of Palestine Studies | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 80–98 }}
*[[Alec Kirkbride|Kirkbride, Alec]] (1976). ''From the Wings: Amman Memoirs, 1947–1951'', Routledge.
*[[Arthur Koestler|Koestler, Arthur]] (1949). ''Promise and Fulfilment – Palestine 1917–1949''. This edition Read Books 2007.
*[[Ian Lustick|Lustick, Ian S.]] (1997). [http://www.polisci.upenn.edu/faculty/bios/Pubs/survivalreview.pdf "Israeli history: Who is fabricating what?"], ''Survival'', Volume 39, Issue 3 Autumn 1997, pp. 156–166.
*{{cite journal | author = Morris Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris | year = 1986 | title = Operation Dani and the Palestinian Exodus from Lydda and Ramle in 1948 | journal = Middle East Journal | volume = 40 | issue = | page = 1 | jstor=4327250}}
*Morris, Benny (1988). [http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/9780472115419-ch1.pdf "The New Historiography: Israel confronts its Past"], in Morris, Benny (ed.). ''Making Israel''. University of Michigan Press, 2007.
*Morris, Benny (1995). [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/history/Morris,%20Falsifying%20the%20Record.pdf "Falsifying the Record: A Fresh Look at Zionist Documentation of 1948"], ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Spring 1995, pp. 44–62.
*Morris, Benny (2001). ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. Vintage Books.
*Morris, Benny (2003). ''The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews''. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-989-0
*Morris, Benny (2004). ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited''. Cambridge University Press.
*Morris, Benny (2008). ''1948: The First Arab-Israeli War''. Yale University Press.
*Munayyer, Spiro (1998). [http://www.palestine-studies.org/enakba/Memoirs/Munayyer,%20The%20Fall%20of%20Lydda.pdf "The Fall of Lydda"], ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol 27, issue 4, accessed 14 December 2010.
*[[Ilan Pappé|Pappé, Ilan]] (2006). ''[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Book)|The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]]'', Oneworld.
*Prior, Michael, P. (1999). ''Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20462-3
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*Sa'di, Ahmad H. and [[Lila Abu-Lughod|Abu-Lughod, Lila]] (2007). ''Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory''. Columbia University Press.
*Sayigh, Rosemary. ''The Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries''. Zed Books, 2007.
*Schmidt, Dana Adams (12 June 1948). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1EFD3D54157B93C0A8178DD85F4C8485F9&scp=1&sq=Jerusalem+siege&st=p "Jerusalem Sees Uneasy Truce"], ''The New York Times.
*Schwartz, Joshua J. ''Lod (Lydda), Israel: From its origins through the Byzantine period, 5600 B.C.E.-640 C.E.'' Tempus Reparatum, 1991.
*Schwartzwald, Jack L. ''Nine Lives of Israel: A Nation's History through the Lives of Its Foremost Leaders''. McFarland & Company, 2012.
*[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (1986). ''1949, The First Israelis''. Henry Holt.
*Segev, Tom (2000). [http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind0005b&L=fofognet&P=3632 "What really happened in the conquest of Lod?"] ''Haaretz'', 12 May 2000, accessed 14 December 2010.
*[[Anita Shapira|Shapira, Anita]] (1995). [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25618678 "Politics and Collective Memory: The Debate over the 'New Historians' in Israel"], ''History and Memory'', Vol 7, no 1, Spring/Summer 1995.
*Shapira, Anita. (2007). ''Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography''. University of Pennsylvania Press,
*Sharon, M. (1983). "Ludd" in Bosworth, C.E. et al. ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. E.J. Brill.
*Shavit, Avi (2004). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080515210330/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2 "Survival of the fittest," Part 1], [http://web.archive.org/web/20080607060238/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380984 Part 2], ''Haaretz'', 8 January 2004, accessed 14 December 2010.
*[[David K. Shipler|Shipler, David K.]] (23 October 1979). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70813FC3F5410728DDDAA0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=5&sq=&st=p "Israel Bars Rabin from Relating '48 Eviction of Arabs''], ''The New York Times''.
*Shipler, David (25 October 1979). [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12FE3C5C12728DDDAC0A94D8415B898BF1D3&scp=2&sq=&st=p "Allon Denies '48 Ouster of Arabs"], ''The New York Times''.
*Spangler, Eve. ''Understanding Israel/Palestine: Race, Nation, and Human Rights in the Conflict''. Sense Publishers, 2015. ISBN 978-94-6300-087-1
*[[David Tal (historian)|Tal, David]] (2004). ''War in Palestine, 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy''. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5275-X
*Weitz, Yechiam (2007). [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/we-have-to-carry-out-the-sentence-1.226299 "We have to carry out the sentence"], ''Haaretz'', 2 August 2007.
*Yacobi, Haim (2009). ''The Jewish-Arab City: Spatio-politics in a Mixed Community''. Routledge.
*''[[Zochrot]]'' (2003). [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=365 Testimonies on the Nakba of Lod], 11 January 2003. Also see [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=364] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=221] [http://www.nakbainhebrew.org/index.php?id=349], all accessed 14 December 2010.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*[[Nathan Alterman|Alterman, Nathan]] (1948). [http://www.education.gov.il/tochniyot_Limudim/shira/sh_42.htm "Al Zot"], www.education.gov.il, accessed 23 November 2010. {{he icon}}
*Abdel Jawad, Saleh (2007). ''Israel and the Palestinian refugees.'' Eyāl Benveniśtî, Chaim Gans, Sārī Ḥanafī, ed. Springer.
*[[Aref al-Aref|Aref al-'Aref]] (1959). ''Al-Nakba: Nakbat Filsatin wal-Firdaws al-Mafqud 1947–1952'' [''The Catastrophe: The Catastrophe of Palestine and the Lost Paradise 1947–1952'']. Sidon and Beirut, A1-Maktab al-'Sariyya lil-Tiba'a wal-Nashr.
*[[Moshe Dayan|Dayan, Moshe]] (1976). ''Moshe Dayan: story of my life.'' New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-03076-9.
*El-Asmar, Fouzi (1975). ''To be an Arab in Israel''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*Guttman, Shmarya ("Avi-Yiftah") (November 1948). "Lydda," ''Mibifnim''.
*Kadish, Alon; [[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]; and Golan, Arnon (2000). ''The Occupation of Lydda, July 1948''. Tel Aviv: Israel Ministry of Defense and Hagana Historical Archive. {{he icon}}
*[[Efraim Karsh|Karsh, Efraim]] (1997). ''Fabricating Israeli History: The 'New Historians'''. Routledge.
*Karsh, Efraim (2002). ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Palestine War 1948'', Osprey Publishing, 2002.
*Kelman, Moshe (1972). "Ha-Hevdel bein Deir Yasin le-Lod" ["The Difference between Deir Yasin and Lydda"], ''Yedi'ot Aharonot'', 2 May 1972. {{he icon}}
*Khalidi, Walid (1992). "All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948". Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Ghassan Kanafani|Kanafani, Ghassan]] (1956). "Paper from Ramleh". "Palestine's Children. Short stories by Ghassan Kanafani". Three Continents Press. ISBN 0-89410-431-4.
*Lorch, Netanel (1997). "A Word from an Old Historian," ''Haaretz'', 23 June 1997.
*Monterescu, Daniel and Rabinowitz, Dan (2007). ''Mixed Towns, Trapped Communities''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
*Morris, Benny (1986b). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA169 "The Causes and Character of the Exodus from Palestine"] in Pappé, Ilan. ''The Israel/Palestine Question''. Routledge, 1999.
*Morris, Benny (1987). ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949''. Cambridge University Press.
*Munayyer, Spiro (1997). ''Lydda During the Mandate and Occupation Periods''. Institute for Palestine Studies.
*[[Nur-eldeen Masalha|Masalha, Nur]] (2003). ''The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem''. Pluto Press.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/1948/362_rnts.htm Would I ever see my home again?], ''Al-Ahram'', accessed 14 December 2010.
*Rantisi, Audeh G. and Beebe, Ralph K. (1990). ''Blessed are the peacemakers: the story of a Palestinian Christian''. Eagle.
{{Refend}}
 
{{nakbaend}}

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}
{{Massacres against Palestinians}}

{{Coord|31|56|30.01|N|34|52|41.83|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exodus From Lydda And Ramle}}
[[Category:1948 Palestinian exodus]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:Forced marches]]
[[Category:Lod|1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle]]
[[Category:History of Ramla|1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-10-27T02:16:15Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Dhs33 (talk): Not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.1.16)

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = Black Lives Matter protest.jpg
|image_border =
|size = 225px
|caption = Black Lives Matter demonstration
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
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|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ blacklivesmatter.com]
}}

'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an [[activist]] movement in the [[United States]] that campaigns against [[police brutality in the United States|police brutality]] against African-Americans. Shortly after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[Twitter]] and other social media platforms. The overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network, and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

The movement received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref> In both cases, the [[grand jury]] did not indict the officers and no criminal charges were brought. Several other African Americans who died at the hands of police officers have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]].

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as the [[hashtag]], #BlackLivesMatter on [[Twitter]], after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, the movement gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]]. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref>

Several media organizations have referred to it as "a new [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]]".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref> The movement embraces a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase—#BlackLivesMatter—as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref>

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

In November 2014 in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

On May 21, 2015 in San Francisco, a protest by Black Lives Matter was part of a nationwide protest of the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref>

On August 19, 2015, Black Lives Matter issued a statement against the murder of black transgender women, titled "It's Time! Putting the T Back in Black."<ref>{{cite web|author=Monica Roberts |url=http://transgriot.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-08-22T00:00:00-05:00 |title=TransGriot |publisher=Transgriot.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2015-08-29}}</ref>

On August 29, 2015, marchers using the Black Lives Matter banner were recorded in a 19-second video posted on Twitter showing marchers chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
Because of its involvement with these campaign events, Black Lives Matter has managed to become prevalent for 2016 presidential candidates. Democrats Sanders and O'Malley adopted platforms in specific response to the movement. Hillary Clinton met with representatives, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hillary Clinton’s brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates disregarded the issue in their first two debates, but have begun to address it as well. [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it’s more dangerous to be a cop today. It’s actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref>

===Protests===
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] said that All Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it’s hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 2015-08-24|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn’t anybody else involved, and I didn’t hear anybody shouting ‘black lives matter’ then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks’ Richard Sherman addresses ‘Black Lives Matter’ after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]| publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Peggy Hubbard, an African-American mother and former naval officer, gained prominence in August 2015 when she posted a [Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dG7mZQvaQDk video] on Facebook criticizing Black Lives Matter protesters who focus on "police shooting black criminals" more than on the "crimes committed by the individuals".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Black mom releases viral rant at Black Lives Matter protesters|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3208040/Black-mom-viral-star-rant-Black-Lives-Matter-protesters-rallying-death-thugs-criminals-instead-black-black-crime.html|accessdate = 2015-09-18}}</ref> Her post, which quickly attracted millions of views, was in response to the shooting death of a black nine-year-old girl in [[Ferguson unrest|Ferguson]], Missouri "as she did homework in her mother's bed".<ref name=":0" />

===Police===
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' featured Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name="Beast">{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-10-27T02:16:15Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by Dhs33 (talk): Not adhering to neutral point of view (HG) (3.1.16)

Lil Reese

2015-10-27T02:09:40Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2601:546:8001:BE0A:21BC:7304:C4F8:4625 (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

{{pp-pc1}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lil Reese
| alias =
| image =
|image_size=250px
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tavares Taylor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|1|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]]
| studio =
| associated_acts = [[Chief Keef]], [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = [[Glory Boyz Entertainment]], [[Def Jam]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Tavares Taylor''' (born January 6, 1993), better known by his stage name '''Lil Reese''' is an [[American people|American]] [[rapper]] from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is signed to the [[Def Jam Recordings]] [[record label]].<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/artists/lil-reese/ [[Def Jam]] website].</ref>

==Music career==
Taylor gained recognition when [[Chief Keef]]'s hit single "[[I Don't Like]]" featuring Lil Reese garnered widespread international attention. He then began to receive popularity through his music videos, including "Us" and "Beef". He then caught the eye of producer [[No I.D.]], who had produced albums or tracks for artists like Common, Kanye West and others, which led to Taylor signing with hip hop label [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lil Reese, Chicago Rapper Signs With Def Jam Recordings! | url=http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=11506&artistID=7389 | date=July 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=islanddefjam.com | author=}}</ref>

In November 2012 he released a remix from his song "Us" with [[Rick Ross]] and [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]] which later appeared on Rick Ross' mixtape ''[[The Black Bar Mitzvah]]''.<ref name="Rick Ross And Drake remix US">{{cite web | title=Rick Ross And Drake remix US | url=http://globalgrind.com/music/rick-ross-drake-lil-reese-us-remix-new-music | date=Oct 9, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=Globalgrind.com | author=}}</ref> Taylor also created many songs with upandcoming music producers, such as [[Young Chop]]. He is also featured on [[Juelz Santana]]'s song "Bodies". In January 2013 Taylor released a remix to his song "Traffic" featuring [[Young Jeezy]] and [[Twista]]. On September 2, 2013, Lil Reese released his second solo mixtape ''[[Supa Savage]]'', featuring guest appearances from Chief Keef, [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]].<ref>http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/09/lil-reese-releases-supa-savage-mixtape/</ref>

==Legal issues==
In May 2010, Reese pleaded guilty to burglary charges and was given two years of probation.<ref name="hiphopdxlil">[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23740/title.lil-reese-found-sleeping-in-car-arrested-on-a-warrant Lil Reese Found Sleeping In Car, Arrested On A Warrant | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

On October 24, 2012, a video allegedly showing Reese assaulting a woman was posted to the internet.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html | title=Lil Reese tied to video beating | work=''suntimes.com'' | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=October 24, 2012 | author=BECKY SCHLIKERMAN}}</ref> On April 28, 2013, Reese was arrested by Chicago Police on a warrant issued two days earlier, based on criminal trespass to a residence with persons present, battery, and mob action from the video incident from February 2012.<ref name="hiphopdxlil"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-south-side-rapper-lil-reese-arrested-on-warrant-20130428,0,1948123.story | work=Chicago Tribune | first=Geoff | last=Ziezulewicz | title=South Side rapper Lil Reese arrested on warrant - chicagotribune.com | date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

On June 23, 2013, Reese was arrested in Chicago and charged with [[motor vehicle theft]] after an incident on April 13, 2013, where he was not able to provide proof of ownership for a BMW 750Li.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24431/title.lil-reese-arrested-charged-with-auto-theft- Lil Reese Arrested, Charged With Auto Theft | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref> However, the charge was later dropped. On July 13, 2013, Reese was arrested again in Chicago for [[marijuana]] possession, a violation of his probation.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24676/title.lil-reese-arrested-for-drug-possession Lil Reese Arrested For Drug Possession | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

==Discography==

=== Mixtapes ===
* ''Don't Like'' (Hosted by [[DJ Drama]] and DJ Cannon) (2012)
* ''[[Supa Savage]]'' (Hosted by DJ Scream) (2013)
*"[[Supa Savage 2]]" (2015)

=== Singles ===
====As a lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album/Mixtape
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Us"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Don't Like''
|-
! scope="row" | "Traffic" (featuring [[Chief Keef]])
| — || — || —
|}

====As a featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as featured performer, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US100">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref name="USRap">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Rap Airplay}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Don't Like]]" ([[Chief Keef]] featuring Lil Reese)
|| 2012
| 73 || 20 || 15
| ''[[Finally Rich]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bang Like Chop" ([[Young Chop]] featuring Chief Keef and Lil Reese)
|| 2014
| – || – || –
| ''Bang Like Chop''
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row"| "OVA"
| rowspan="6"| 2012
| [[Freddie Gibbs]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Off The Shits"
| [[Lil Durk]]
| ''I'm Still A Hitta''
|-
! scope="row"| "My Lil Niggas"
| [[Fredo Santana]], [[Chief Keef]]
| rowspan="2"| ''It's A Scary Site''
|-
! scope="row"| "Respect"
| Fredo Santana
|-
! scope="row"| "Don't Try It"
| [[Frenchie]]
| ''Concrete Jungle 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody Move"
| Jay Stonez
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bodies"
| rowspan="6"| 2013
| [[Juelz Santana]]
| ''[[God Will'n]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "S.O.S. (Smash On Sight)"
|Cap1, [[Lil Durk]]
| ''T.R.U. 2 It''
|-
! scope="row"| "No Lackin"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |title=New Mixtape: Funkmaster Flex 'Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?' |publisher=Vibe |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref>
|[[Funkmaster Flex]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]
| ''Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?''
|-
! scope="row"| "Competition"
| rowspan="2"| Lil Durk
| rowspan="2"| ''Signed To The Streets''
|-
! scope="row"| "Street Life"
|-
! scope="row"| "Gangway (Remix)"
| rowspan=2| Lil Herb
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "On My Soul"
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''Welcome to Fazoland''
|-
! scope="row"| "On A T-Shirt"
| [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]]
| ''Purple Heart''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bad Habits"
| rowspan="6"| 2015
| Fredo Santana, Que
| rowspan="2"| Aint No Money Like Trap Money
|-
! scope="row"| "Go To War"
| Fredo Santana
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{Def Jam}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Taylors, Tavares
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American rapper
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 6, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Reese}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings artists]]
[[Category:Drill (music genre)]]
[[Category:Gangsta rappers]]
[[Category:Midwest hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago, Illinois]]

Lil Reese

2015-10-27T02:08:48Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2601:546:8001:BE0A:21BC:7304:C4F8:4625 (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

Black Lives Matter

2015-10-26T17:04:40Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted good faith edits by 199.87.224.33 (talk): Incorrect grammar (HG) (3.1.16)

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = Black Lives Matter protest.jpg
|image_border =
|size = 225px
|caption = Black Lives Matter demonstration
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ blacklivesmatter.com]
}}

'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an [[activist]] movement in the [[United States]] that campaigns against [[police brutality in the United States|police brutality]] against African-Americans. Shortly after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[Twitter]] and other social media platforms. The overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network, and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

The movement received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref> In both cases, the [[grand jury]] did not indict the officers and no criminal charges were brought. Several other African Americans who died at the hands of police officers have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]].

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as the [[hashtag]], #BlackLivesMatter on [[Twitter]], after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, the movement gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]]. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref>

Several media organizations have referred to it as "a new [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]]".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref> The movement embraces a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase—#BlackLivesMatter—as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref>

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

In November 2014 in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

On May 21, 2015 in San Francisco, a protest by Black Lives Matter was part of a nationwide protest of the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref>

On August 19, 2015, Black Lives Matter issued a statement against the murder of black transgender women, titled "It's Time! Putting the T Back in Black."<ref>{{cite web|author=Monica Roberts |url=http://transgriot.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-08-22T00:00:00-05:00 |title=TransGriot |publisher=Transgriot.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2015-08-29}}</ref>

On August 29, 2015, marchers using the Black Lives Matter banner were recorded in a 19-second video posted on Twitter showing marchers chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
Because of its involvement with these campaign events, Black Lives Matter has managed to become prevalent for 2016 presidential candidates. Democrats Sanders and O'Malley adopted platforms in specific response to the movement. Hillary Clinton met with representatives, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hillary Clinton’s brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates disregarded the issue in their first two debates, but have begun to address it as well. [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it’s more dangerous to be a cop today. It’s actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref>

===Protests===
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] said that All Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it’s hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 2015-08-24|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn’t anybody else involved, and I didn’t hear anybody shouting ‘black lives matter’ then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks’ Richard Sherman addresses ‘Black Lives Matter’ after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]| publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Peggy Hubbard, an African-American mother and former naval officer, gained prominence in August 2015 when she posted a [Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dG7mZQvaQDk video] on Facebook criticizing Black Lives Matter protesters who focus on "police shooting black criminals" more than on the "crimes committed by the individuals".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Black mom releases viral rant at Black Lives Matter protesters|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3208040/Black-mom-viral-star-rant-Black-Lives-Matter-protesters-rallying-death-thugs-criminals-instead-black-black-crime.html|accessdate = 2015-09-18}}</ref> Her post, which quickly attracted millions of views, was in response to the shooting death of a black nine-year-old girl in [[Ferguson unrest|Ferguson]], Missouri "as she did homework in her mother's bed".<ref name=":0" />

===Police===
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' featured Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name="Beast">{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Black Lives Matter

2015-10-26T17:04:40Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted good faith edits by 199.87.224.33 (talk): Incorrect grammar (HG) (3.1.16)

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Black Lives Matter
|image = Black Lives Matter protest.jpg
|image_border =
|size = 225px
|caption = Black Lives Matter demonstration
|formation = 2013
|type = Social movement
|headquarters =
|location = [[United States]]
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people =
|num_staff =
|budget =
|website = [http://blacklivesmatter.com/ blacklivesmatter.com]
}}

'''Black Lives Matter''' ('''BLM''') is an [[activist]] movement in the [[United States]] that campaigns against [[police brutality in the United States|police brutality]] against African-Americans. Shortly after the [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] of [[George Zimmerman]] in the [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|shooting death]] of African-American teen [[Trayvon Martin]], the movement began with the use of the [[hashtag]], '''#BlackLivesMatter''', on [[Twitter]] and other social media platforms. The overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network, and has no formal hierarchy or structure.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html Ben Collins and Tim Mack "Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?" The Daily Beast, Aug 15, 2015]</ref>

The movement received fresh impetus from the 2014 deaths of two African Americans: [[shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown]]—that resulted in [[Ferguson unrest|protests and unrest in Ferguson]]—and [[Eric Garner]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/ Shannon Luibrand, "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America" CBS News website, August 7, 2015]</ref> In both cases, the [[grand jury]] did not indict the officers and no criminal charges were brought. Several other African Americans who died at the hands of police officers have had their deaths protested by the movement, including [[Tamir Rice]], [[Eric Courtney Harris|Eric Harris]], [[Walter Lamar Scott|Walter Scott]], and [[Freddie Gray]].

==Founding==
[[File:Nekima Levy-Pounds at Black Lives Matter march, April 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Nekima Levy-Pounds]] speaks during a Black Lives Matter march.]]
The movement began as the [[hashtag]], #BlackLivesMatter on [[Twitter]], after [[George Zimmerman]]'s 2013 [[State v. Zimmerman|acquittal]] for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=March 8, 2015 |newspaper=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> The movement was co-founded by three black activists: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=January 13, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220924/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | archivedate=July 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://fortune.com/2015/07/19/blacklivesmatter-work-credit/ | website = [[Fortune Magazine]] | date = July 19, 2015 | title = Founders of #BlackLivesMatter: Getting credit for your work matters | last = Zarya | first = Valentina | accessdate = July 20, 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, the movement gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]]. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., [[Canada]], and [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=February 2, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref>

Several media organizations have referred to it as "a new [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)|civil rights movement]]".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/19/how-black-lives-matter-moved-from-a-hashtag-to-a-real-political-force/ Janell Ross, "How Black Lives Matter moved from a hashtag to a real political force" The Washington Post, August 19, 2015]</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement Elizabeth Day, "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement" The Guardian, July 19, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906.html#ixzz3jJFDhWtx Gene Demby "The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement" Politico, December 31, 2014]</ref> Most of the protesters actively distinguish themselves from the older generation of black leadership, such as Al Sharpton, by their aversion to middle-class traditions such as church involvement, Democratic Party loyalty, and [[respectability politics]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2014/08/26/al_sharpton_does_not_have_my_ear_why_we_need_new_black_leadership_now/ Britney Cooper, "Al Sharpton Does Not Have My Ear" Salon.com]</ref><ref>[http://gothamist.com/2015/04/07/black_lives_matter_movement.php Raven Rakia, "The Fight For The Soul Of The Black Lives Matter Movement" Gothamist.com, April 7, 2015]</ref> The movement embraces a [[diversity of tactics]].<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/frustration-lies-behind-black-lives-matter/2915526.html Molly McKitterick, "Frustration Lies Behind 'Black Lives Matter" Voice of America, August 12, 2015]</ref> The organization's website states that Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of black people by police and vigilantes" and that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase—#BlackLivesMatter—as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 |title= Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter) |publisher= The Economist |author= R.L.G.|date= January 15, 2015 |accessdate= April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/01/29/is_a_hashtag_a_word_the_case_of_blacklivesmatter.html|title=Is a hashtag a word? The case of #BlackLivesMatter.|publisher=Slate Magazine}}</ref>

==Notable protests and demonstrations==
In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter 'Freedom Ride' to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=September 5, 2014| accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> Black Lives Matter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=September 4, 2014 | accessdate=February 5, 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> The movement has been generally involved in the [[Ferguson unrest]], following the death of Michael Brown.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thrasher|first1=Steven W|title=What next for Black Lives Matter in Ferguson after city's police shooting?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/13/black-lives-matter-ferguson-police-shooting |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref>

In November 2014 in Oakland, California, Black Lives Matter stopped a [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) train on [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of the biggest shopping days of the year, in order to "stop business as usual".<ref name=keynote>{{cite news |last1=Halstead|first1=Richard|title=Keynote speaker at Be The Dream event a leader in protest against killings of unarmed blacks|url=http://www.marinij.com/general-news/20150111/keynote-speaker-at-be-the-dream-event-a-leader-in-protest-against-killings-of-unarmed-blacks |newspaper=[[Marin Independent Journal]] |accessdate=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | publisher=CNN | date=December 21, 2014 | accessdate=December 21, 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest, Mall of America, December 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''Black Lives Matter'' protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the Mall of America in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].]]

Black Lives Matter organizers supported the April 2015 [[Fast food worker strikes|fast food strike]] in solidarity with fast food workers, and to oppose [[Racial wage gap in the United States|racial income inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenhouse |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/business/movement-to-increase-mcdonalds-minimum-wage-broadens-its-tactics.html |title=Movement to Increase McDonald's Minimum Wage Broadens Its Tactics |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 30, 2015 |accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>Woodman, Spencer. [http://www.vice.com/read/biggest-fast-food-strike-in-history-about-more-than-higher-wages-415 "The Biggest Fast-Food Strike in History Was About More Than a $15 Minimum Wage"], ''Vice'', April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bruce Horovitz |author2=Yamiche Alcindor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/04/15/fast-food-strike-fight-for-15-service-employees-international-union/25787045/ |title=Fast-food strikes widen into social-justice movement |newspaper=USA Today |date=April 15, 2015 |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}</ref>

On May 21, 2015 in San Francisco, a protest by Black Lives Matter was part of a nationwide protest of the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of [[Aiyana Jones]], Yvette Smith, [[Rekia Boyd]] and others.<ref name=naked>{{cite news |title=Naked protesters gather in San Francisco for 'Black Lives Matter'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/21/black-lives-matter-naked-protest-san-francisco/27742833|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=May 26, 2015|last1=Mandaro|first1=Laura|last2=Guynn|first2=Jessica}}</ref>

On August 19, 2015, Black Lives Matter issued a statement against the murder of black transgender women, titled "It's Time! Putting the T Back in Black."<ref>{{cite web|author=Monica Roberts |url=http://transgriot.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-08-22T00:00:00-05:00 |title=TransGriot |publisher=Transgriot.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2015-08-29}}</ref>

On August 29, 2015, marchers using the Black Lives Matter banner were recorded in a 19-second video posted on Twitter showing marchers chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups said that the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say | author=Gottfried, Mara H. | url=http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police | website=TwinCities.com, [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] | date=August 31, 2015 | accessdate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref>

==2016 Presidential election==
===Influence===
Because of its involvement with these campaign events, Black Lives Matter has managed to become prevalent for 2016 presidential candidates. Democrats Sanders and O'Malley adopted platforms in specific response to the movement. Hillary Clinton met with representatives, and expressed skepticism in the movement's practical application.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hillary Clinton’s brutal frankness to Black Lives Matter reveals her approach to politics|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/8/19/9174077/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref>

Republican candidates disregarded the issue in their first two debates, but have begun to address it as well. [[Scott Walker]] blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Scott Walker suggested it’s more dangerous to be a cop today. It’s actually much safer.|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/3/9254991/scott-walker-police|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> while [[Marco Rubio]] was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Marco Rubio shows other Republicans how to respond to Black Lives Matter|url = http://www.vox.com/2015/9/30/9427919/marco-rubio-black-lives-matter|website = Vox|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Here Are The Conservative Pundits Branding Black Lives Matter A "Hate Group"|url = http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/09/02/here-are-the-conservative-pundits-branding-blac/205337|accessdate = 2015-09-16}}</ref>

===Protests===
At the [[Netroots Nation#2015|Netroots Nation Conference]] in July 2015, founder of Black Lives Matter [[Patrisse Cullors]] led a protest yelling "Burn everything down!," and interrupted the speeches of [[Martin O'Malley]] and Bernie Sanders.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stranahan|first1=Lee|title=Video — Black Lives Matter Founder Rants at Netroots: 'Burn Everything Down!'|url=http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/27/video-black-lives-matter-founder-rants-at-netroots-burn-everything-down/|publisher=Breitbart|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Laar|first1=Jennifer|title='Black Lives Matter' Protesters Shout Just What They're Gonna Do If Someone Dies 'in Police Custody'|url=http://www.ijreview.com/2015/07/379904-black-lives-matter-protesters-chant-burn-everything-omalleys-speech-netroots/|publisher=IJReview|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> Later during the event, the protesters shouted and booed at Martin O'Malley when he said "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."<ref name="cnn.omalley">{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Chris|title=Democrats lose control of presidential event|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2015}}</ref> O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he didn't mean to disrespect the black community.<ref name="cnn.omalley"/>

On August 8, 2015, a speech by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate and civil rights activist [[Bernie Sanders]] was disrupted by a group from the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-leaves-seattle-stage-after-event-disrupted-by-black-lives-matter-protesters/|title=Protesters drove Bernie Sanders from one Seattle stage. At his next stop, 15,000 people showed|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/15/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter.html|title=Who Really Runs #BlackLivesMatter?|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BnbwUT7lBg|title=Bernie Sanders Interrupted at Seattle Rally by Black Lives Matter Protesters|date=August 8, 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brunner|first1=Jim|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/black-lives-matter-protesters-shut-down-bernie-sanders-rally/|title=Black Lives Matter protesters shut down Bernie Sanders; later rally draws 15,000 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> Bernie Sanders issued a platform in response.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders’ New Racial Justice Platform Wins Praise From Black Lives Matter Activists|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/10/3689728/after-repeated-protests-bernie-sanders-releases-racial-justice-platform/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=Think Progress|date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to supporters of Bernie Sanders, saying that the actions did not represent her understanding of Black Lives Matter. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Renee|title=Black Lives Matter dismisses criticism over Sanders disruption|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/8/11/black-lives-matter-dismisses-criticism-disruption.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> In response to the protest, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Legum|first1=Judd|title=Trump Vows To Beat Up Black Lives Matter Protesters If They Try To Speak At His Campaign Events|url=http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/08/11/3690661/trump-vows-to-beat-up-black-lives-matter-protesters-if-they-try-to-speak-at-his-campaign-events/|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref>

On August 13, 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frasier|first1=Jordan|title='Black Lives Matter' Activists Interrupt Jeb Bush Rally|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/black-lives-matter-activists-interrupt-jeb-bush-rally-n409066|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protestors by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Keefe|first1=Ed|title='Black Lives Matter' activists, Jeb Bush meet face-to-face|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/13/black-lives-matter-activists-jeb-bush-meet-face-to-face/|accessdate=13 August 2015|publisher=The Washington Post}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===All Lives Matter===
Many have responded to the Black Lives Matter movement by countering that the phrase "All Lives Matter" would be a more proper title. [[Tim Scott]] said that All Lives Matter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=Eugene|title=Tim Scott defends use of 'all lives matter'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/tim-scott-all-lives-matter/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

Others have questioned and challenged the term All Lives Matter. On ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'', for example, [[Bill Maher]] expressed support of the "Black Lives Matter" phrase, arguing that "All Lives Matter" "implies that all lives are equally at risk, and they're not".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRxS2Rb8Mfk Bill Maher: Why Is #BlackLivesMatter Going After Sympathizers Like Hillary and Bernie?]</ref> Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation."<ref>{{Cite web|title = A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza - The Feminist Wire|url = http://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website = The Feminist Wire|accessdate = 2015-10-02}}</ref> In a video interview with [[Laura Flanders]], Garza discussed how "changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand [[Societal racism|structural racism]] in this country". She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she strongly feels is wrong, and that to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|author-link=Laura Flanders|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=March 25, 2015|publisher=[[Truthout]]|date=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

United States President [[Barack Obama]] spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|title=President Obama defends Black Lives Matter movement|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-barack-obama-defends-black-lives-matter-movement/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref>

===African-Americans===
African-American critics of the movement include neurosurgeon and Republican presidential candidate [[Ben Carson]], minister Johnathan Gentry of the [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], and author and minister [[Barbara Ann Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Who is speaking out against Black Lives Matter?|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0903/Who-is-speaking-out-against-Black-Lives-Matter|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Annika|last = Fredrikson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it’s hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 2015-08-24|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0190-8286|language = en-US|first = Barbara|last = Reynolds}}</ref>

[[Seattle Seahawks]] [[Richard Sherman (American football)|Richard Sherman]] said about the "Black Lives Matter" movement, "I dealt with a best friend getting killed, and it was [by] two 35-year-old black men. There was no police officer involved, there wasn’t anybody else involved, and I didn’t hear anybody shouting ‘black lives matter’ then."<ref name=Sherman>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen|title=
Seattle Seahawks’ Richard Sherman addresses ‘Black Lives Matter’ after post falsely attributed to him
|url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/football/2015/09/16/seattle-seahawks-richard-sherman-addresses-black-lives-matter-after-post-falsely-attributed-to-him/?utm_medium=twitter|accessdate=September 17, 2015|work=[[Seattlepi.com]]| publisher=Hearst Seattle Media|date=September 16, 2015}}</ref>

Peggy Hubbard, an African-American mother and former naval officer, gained prominence in August 2015 when she posted a [Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dG7mZQvaQDk video] on Facebook criticizing Black Lives Matter protesters who focus on "police shooting black criminals" more than on the "crimes committed by the individuals".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Black mom releases viral rant at Black Lives Matter protesters|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3208040/Black-mom-viral-star-rant-Black-Lives-Matter-protesters-rallying-death-thugs-criminals-instead-black-black-crime.html|accessdate = 2015-09-18}}</ref> Her post, which quickly attracted millions of views, was in response to the shooting death of a black nine-year-old girl in [[Ferguson unrest|Ferguson]], Missouri "as she did homework in her mother's bed".<ref name=":0" />

===Police===
The hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters who stood up for police officers' lives.<ref>{{cite news|title='Blue Lives Matter' trends after officers shot|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-31853299|accessdate=27 July 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref> "Blue Lives Matter" was read on signs at a pro-police officer rally at the [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center]] in [[Downtown Denver]]. Some critics also accuse Black Lives Matter of "anti-white and anti-police radicalism".<ref>{{Cite news|title = Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video|newspaper = Christian Science Monitor|access-date = 2015-09-17|issn = 0882-7729|first = Jessica|last = Mendoza}}</ref>

==Media depictions==
* Black Lives Matter appeared in an episode of ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]''.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="Herstory">{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
* The TV drama ''[[Scandal (TV series)|Scandal]]'' featured Black Lives Matter, on their March 5, 2015 episode that showed an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.<ref name="Beast">{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title='Scandal' Cast Talks Ferguson Episode: 'It Was About Lives Mattering Regardless of Who You Are'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/03/09/scandal-cast-talks-ferguson-episode-and-how-shonda-rhimes-tackles-race.html|website=Daily Beast|accessdate=April 16, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Baltimore protests]]
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* "[[Hands up, don't shoot]]"
* [[List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]
* [http://www.joincampaignzero.org Campaign Zero to end police violence]
{{Black Lives Matter}}
{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:2010s in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Black Lives Matter]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal justice reform]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Left-wing advocacy groups]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Social justice organizations]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Naomi Jacob

2015-10-26T14:38:12Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 76.3.180.121 (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
'''Naomi Eleanor Clare Jacob''' (1 July 1884 – 27 August 1964) was an English author, actress and broadcaster.

==Biography==
Naomi Jacob was born in [[Ripon]], North Yorkshire, the first daughter of Samuel Jacob and Nina Collinson. Her father was headmaster of what is now [[Ripon Grammar School]] and her mother was also a teacher there. Jacob's pseudonym, Ellington Gray, shows her close connections to the town and her family. Her grandfather, Robert Ellington Collinson, was a Mayor of the town and owner of the Unicorn Hotel<ref>[http://www.ripon-internet.com/History/Unicorn_Hotel.html Ripon History – The Unicorn Hotel]</ref> where the Prince of Wales once stayed. Her great-grandfather Thomas was the second Chief Police officer in the town.

Jacob had a difficult upbringing. Her parents divorced because of her father's wayward follies and his violent temper. She wanted to finish her schooling and went to live in [[Middlesbrough]] where she taught as a student teacher. Her sister Mu and mother moved south to start a new life.

She left the teaching profession to become an actress in revue. It was around the same time that she contracted [[tuberculosis]], a condition that was to affect her for the rest of her life. With physical activity becoming more difficult, Jacob channelled her creative efforts into writing. As well as a number of novels such as the ''Gollantz Saga'' and ''An Irish Boy'', Jacob wrote non-fiction, biographies and newspaper columns. Her mother also became a novelist, publishing under the name ''Nina Abbott''.

Her early years in [[Yorkshire]] gave her a love for all things flora and fauna. She loved cats and dogs and is often seen in photographs with her favourite Pekinese called Sammy. Jacob even wrote a book from the point of view of one of her dogs entitled ''Prince China. By himself, but dictated to Naomi Jacob''.

Because of her strong links to the theatre, she was a well-known figure in the profession. Known by her friends as ''Micky'', she had a strong circle of friends including Marguerite Broadfoote, [[Radclyffe Hall]], '[[Little Tich]]', [[Marie Lloyd]], [[Bransby Williams]] and many others. She was also active politically standing as a Labour MP and becoming involved with the Women's [[Suffrage]] movement. In one of her autobiographies, she mentions putting an alarm clock in a tin box and placing it next to the door of a seaside home being visited by Liberal Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]]. The ticking box had to be rushed away and thrown in the sea by concerned friends who believed it to be a bomb.

Jacob moved to [[Lake Garda]] in 1930 because the weather was kinder to her lungs. There is a [[blue plaque]] erected in her honour in [[Sirmione]], where she lived. She was well known in the town and her home was known as 'Casa Micky'. During [[world War II]] she returned to the UK to help in the war effort. She worked for [[Entertainments National Service Association]] producing morale boosting broadcasts and live performances for the troops. She never gave up her home in Italy and returned soon afterwards. She died in [[Sirmione]].

Her novels tend to stay within the realms of romantic fiction. Her books are well read in libraries throughout the English-speaking world and there are rumours that her books are being considered by film producers. Her work has many critics who believe her work to resemble that of [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]]. Recent studies of her work in [[Sheffield Hallam University]]<ref>[http://extra.shu.ac.uk/wpw/thirties/thirties%20tylee.html "'Ticketing oneself a Yid': Generic fiction, antisemitism and the response to Nazi atrocities in Naomi Jacob's 1936 Novel, ''Barren Metal''" by Claire M. Tylee]</ref> believe her work to be of greater value. Her novels often tackle the issue of prejudice against Jews, domestic violence and the political consequences of [[Pogrom]]s in the nineteenth century. Many of these books were written before the [[Second World War]] and were based on the experiences of her paternal family who escaped violence in Western Prussia.

Although not well known nowadays, in her day Naomi Jacob was a well loved and respected figure despite her eccentric manner. Her relationships with other women were an open secret but never publicly disclosed during her lifetime.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} No-one could dim her enthusiasm for her work nor the kindness that many saw in her. She died in 1964.

==Works==
{{Div col}}

===Books===
*''Power''
*''Jacob Ussher''
*''Under New Management''
*''Rock and Sand''
*''The Cap of Youth''
*''Young Emmanuel''
*''Leopards and Spots''
*''The Beloved Physician''
*''Private Gollantz''
*''The Man Who Found Himself''
*''The Morning Will Come''
*''White Wool''
*''Sean Unknown ...''
*''Honour's a Mistress''
*''That Wild Lie ...''
*''A Passage Perilous''
*''The Plough''
*''Gollantz''
*''Roots''
*''Mary of Delight''
*''Props''
*''Every Other Gift''
*''Poor Straw''
*''The Heart of the House''
*''Groping''
*''They Left the Land''
*''The Loaded Stick''
*''Sally Scarth''
*''Generations''
*''Staws in Amber''
*''Honour Come Back''
*''The Porcelain Clay''
*''The Founder of the House''
*''No Easy Way''
*''Barren Metal''
*''The Lenient God''
*''Time Piece''
*''Fade Out''
*''Antonia''
*''The Irish Boy''
*''A Late Lark Singing''

===Plays===
*''The Dawn''
*''Mary of Delight''

===Autobiographies===
*''Robert, Nana and Me''
*''Me: A Chronicle about Other People''
*''Our Marie – [[Marie Lloyd]]''
*''Me Again''
*''Me in Wartime''
*''Me in the Kitchen''
*''Me in the Mediterranean''
*''Me over There''
*''Me and Mine''
*''Me Looking Back''
*''Me and the Swans''
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[[Paul Bailey]], ''Three Queer Lives: an Alternative Biography of Naomi Jacob, Fred Barnes and Arthur Marshall'', Hamish Hamilton, 2004.
*George Malcolm Johnson, "Jacob, Naomi Eleanor Clare (1884–1964)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004.

==External links==
*[http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/archives-cc/app/details.php?id=7985 Naomi Jacob Papers] at the [[Mugar Memorial Library#Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center|Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center]] at [[Boston University]]
*[http://www.webrarian.co.uk/reed/hilda_tablet_plays.html The Hilda Tablet plays]
*[http://www.ilkleygazette.co.uk/misc/print.php?artid=778713 The family's love of wildlife.]

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Jacob, Naomi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1 July 1884
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 27 August 1964
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Naomi}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:People from Ripon]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]

Wasserknappheit

2015-10-26T00:32:56Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 2602:304:CD73:2920:3570:6DEB:FF14:E02F (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

[[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|In [[Meatu district]], [[Shinyanga region]], Tanzania (Africa), water most often comes from open holes dug in the sand of dry riverbeds, and it is invariably contaminated.|297x297px]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Map showing Global Physical and Economic Water Scarcity 2006.gif|thumb|Physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity by country. 2006|523x523px]]
'''Water scarcity''' is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of [[water usage]] within a region. It already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month out of every year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml|title = <nowiki>Water Scarcity | International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015</nowiki>|accessdate = 20 October 2013}}</ref>

Water scarcity involves ''water stress'', ''water shortage'' or deficits, and ''water crisis''. While the concept of ''water stress'' is relatively new, it is the difficulty of obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time and may result in further depletion and deterioration of available water resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/wise-help-centre/glossary-definitions/water-stress|title = Water Stress|accessdate = 20 October 2013}}</ref> ''Water shortages ''may be caused by [[climate change]], such as altered weather patterns including [[droughts]] or [[floods]], increased [[Water pollution|pollution]], and increased human demand and overuse of [[water]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|title = <nowiki>Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF</nowiki>|year = 2013|accessdate = 20 October 2013}}</ref> A ''water crisis'' is a situation where the available [[potable water|potable]], unpolluted water within a region is less than that region's demand.<ref name="Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet">[http://c-faculty.chuo-u.ac.jp/~mikenix1/tlr/rsch/iss/water/Water%20Reading%20X.pdf Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet]. peopleandplanet.net (11 November 2002). Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> Water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources.<ref>Clifford Chance, ''Tackling Water Scarcity.'' (Advocates for International Development, October 2011.) http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/Tackling%20Water%20Scarcity.pdf</ref>

Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms: [[Physical water scarcity|physical (absolute) water scarcity]] and [[economic water scarcity]], where physical water scarcity is a result of inadequate natural water resources to supply a region's demand, and economic water scarcity is a result of poor management of the sufficient available water resources. According to the [[United Nations Development Programme]], the latter is found more often to be the cause of countries or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner.<ref name=":1">United Nations Development Programme (2006). [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR06-complete.pdf Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity–Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis]. Basingstoke, United Kingdom:Palgrave Macmillan.</ref>

The reduction of water scarcity is a goal of many countries and governments. The [[United Nations|UN]] recognizes the importance of reducing the number of people without sustainable access to [[Water supply|clean water]] and [[sanitation]]. The [[Millennium Development Goals]] within the [[United Nations Millennium Declaration]] state that by 2015 they resolve to "halve the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water."<ref>[http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml Background page], United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009</ref>

==Water stress==
[[File:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|thumb|300px|NGO estimate for 2025, 25 African countries are expected to suffer from water shortage or water stress.]]

The [[United Nations]] (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) of water on [[Earth]], just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human consumption.<ref>[http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/water/96-1746.pdf Texas Water Report: Going Deeper for the Solution] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 2/10/14.</ref>

More than one in every six people in the world is water stressed, meaning that they do not have access to potable water.<ref name=":1" /> Those that are water stressed make up 1.1 billion people in the world and are living in developing countries. According to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator,<ref name=":0" /> a country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When a country is below 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, the country then faces water scarcity . In 2006, about 700 million people in 43 countries were living below the 1,700 cubic metres per person threshold.<ref name=":1" /> Water stress is ever intensifying in regions such as China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa, which contains the largest number of water stressed countries of any region with almost one fourth of the population living in a water stressed country.<ref name=":1" /> The world's most water stressed region is the Middle East with averages of 1,200 cubic metres of water per person.<ref name=":1" /> In China, more than 538 million people are living in a water-stressed region. Much of the water stressed population currently live in river basins where the usage of water resources greatly exceed the renewal of the water source.

===Changes in climate===
Another popular opinion is that the amount of available freshwater is decreasing because of [[climate change]]. Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds. Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are not recharging quickly. Although the total fresh water supply is not used up, much has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking, industry and agriculture. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<ref>Chartres, C. and Varma, S. ''Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World’s Water Problems'' FT Press (USA), 2010</ref>

A New York Times article, "Southeast Drought Study Ties Water Shortage to Population, Not [[Global Warming]]", summarizes the findings of Columbia University researcher on the subject of the droughts in the American Southeast between 2005 and 2007. The findings published in the ''Journal of Climate'' say that the water shortages resulted from population size more than rainfall. Census figures show that Georgia’s population rose from 6.48 to 9.54 million between 1990 and 2007.<ref name="nytimes1">Dean, Cornelia (2 October 2009) [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/science/earth/02drought.html Southeast Drought Study Ties Water Shortage to Population, Not Global Warming]. ''NY Times''.</ref> After studying data from weather instruments, computer models and measurements of tree rings which reflect rainfall, they found that the droughts were not unprecedented and result from normal climate patterns and random weather events. "Similar droughts unfolded over the last thousand years", the researchers wrote, "Regardless of [[climate change]], they added, similar weather patterns can be expected regularly in the future, with similar results."<ref name="nytimes1" /> As the temperature increases, rainfall in the Southeast will increase but because of [[evaporation]] the area may get even drier. The researchers concluded with a statement saying that any rainfall comes from complicated internal processes in the atmosphere and are very hard to predict because of the large amount of variables.

==Water crisis==
When there is not enough [[potable water]] for a given population, the threat of a ''water crisis'' is realized.<ref name="Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet" />
The [[United Nations]] and other world organizations consider a variety of regions to have water crises of global concern.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17551&Cr=&Cr1 |title=World water crisis worsened by corruption, repression: UN report |publisher=Un.org |date=20 February 2006 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060603001032/http://www.nrdc.org/international/summit/summit3.asp UN World Summit on Sustainable Development]. Released by NRDC at the World Summit for Sustainable Development, August 29, 2002.</ref> Other organizations, such as the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], argue that there are no water crises in such places, but steps must still be taken to avoid one.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2003/15254-en.html "No global water crisis – but may developing countries will face water scarcity"]. FAO.org. 12 March 2003.
</ref>

===Causes of water crisis===
There are several principal [[manifestations]] of the water crisis.
* Inadequate access to safe [[drinking water]] for about 884 million people<ref>{{cite book
| publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
| title=Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation
| work=MDG Assessment Report 2008
| date=17 July 2008
| page=25
| url=http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Joint_Monitoring_Report_-_17_July_2008.pdf
}}</ref>
* Inadequate access to [[sanitation]] for 2.5 billion people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_44093.html |title=Updated Numbers: WHO-UNICEF JMP Report 2008 |publisher=Unicef.org |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref> which often leads to [[water pollution]]
* [[Groundwater]] [[overdrafting]] (excessive use) leading to diminished [[agriculture|agricultural]] yields<ref>{{cite web|url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/WORMKA/ |title=Water is Life – Groundwater drawdown |publisher=Academic.evergreen.edu |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref>
* Overuse and [[pollution]] of water resources harming [[biodiversity]]
* Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in [[war]]fare

[[Waterborne diseases]] caused by lack of [[sanitation]] and [[hygiene]] are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. For children under age five, waterborne diseases are a leading cause of death. According to the [[World Bank]], 88 percent of all waterborne diseases are caused by unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/17/eco.about.water/
| title=All About: Water and Health
| publisher=CNN
| date=18 December 2007
}}</ref>

Water is the underlying tenuous balance of safe water supply, but controllable factors such as the management and distribution of the water supply itself contribute to further scarcity.

A 2006 United Nations report focuses on issues of governance as the core of the water crisis, saying "There is enough water for everyone" and "Water insufficiency is often due to mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and physical infrastructure".<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2], 2006</ref> Official data also shows a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.gapminder.org/videos/gapcasts/gapcast-9-public-services/
| title=Public Services
| publisher=Gapminder video
}}</ref>

It has also been claimed, primarily by economists, that the water situation has occurred because of a lack of property rights, government regulations and subsidies in the water sector, causing prices to be too low and consumption too high.<ref>Segerfeldt, Fredrik (25 August 2005), [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4462 "Private Water Saves Lives"], ''Financial Times''.</ref><ref>Zetland, David (1 August 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/08/running-out-of-water.html "Running Out of Water"]. aguanomics.com</ref><ref>Zetland, David (14 July 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html "Water Crisis"]. aguanomics.com</ref>

Vegetation and wildlife are fundamentally dependent upon adequate freshwater resources. [[Marsh]]es, [[bog]]s and [[riparian zone]]s are more obviously dependent upon sustainable water supply, but forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk of significant productivity changes as water availability is diminished. In the case of wetlands, considerable area has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expanding human population. But other areas have suffered reduced productivity from gradual diminishing of freshwater inflow, as upstream sources are diverted for human use. In seven states of the U.S. over 80 percent of all historic [[wetland]]s were filled by the 1980s, when Congress acted to create a “[[no net loss (wetlands)|no net loss]]” of wetlands.

In [[Europe]] extensive loss of wetlands has also occurred with resulting loss of biodiversity. For example, many bogs in [[Scotland]] have been developed or diminished through human population expansion. One example is the [[Portlethen Moss]] in [[Aberdeenshire]].

[[File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Deforestation]] of the [[Madagascar]] Highland Plateau has led to extensive [[siltation]] and unstable flows of western [[river]]s.]]

On [[Madagascar]]’s highland plateau, a massive transformation occurred that eliminated virtually all the heavily forested vegetation in the period 1970 to 2000. The [[slash and burn]] agriculture eliminated about ten percent of the total country’s native biomass and converted it to a barren wasteland. These effects were from [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]] and the necessity to feed poor indigenous peoples, but the adverse effects included widespread gully erosion that in turn produced heavily silted rivers that “run red” decades after the [[deforestation]]. This eliminated a large amount of usable fresh water and also destroyed much of the riverine ecosystems of several large west-flowing rivers. Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios [[coral reef]] formations in the [[Indian Ocean]], are effectively lost.
In October 2008, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, chairman and former chief executive of Nestlé, warned that the production of biofuels will further deplete the world's water supply.

===Overview of regions suffering crisis impacts===
There are many other countries of the world that are severely impacted with regard to [[human]] [[health]] and inadequate drinking water. The following is a partial list of some of the countries with significant populations (numerical population of affected population listed) whose only consumption is of contaminated water:<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/03_SafeDrinkingWater_D7341Insert_English.pdf Safe Drinking Water]. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2001.</ref>

* [[Sudan]] 12.3 million
* [[Venezuela]] 5.0 million
* [[Ethiopia]] 2.7 million
* [[Tunisia]] 2.1 million
* [[Cuba]] 1.3 million
Several world maps showing various aspects of the problem can be found in this [http://environment.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2670/26700101.jpg graph] article.<ref>Chenoweth, Jonathan (28 August 2008) [http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg19926700.100-looming-water-crisis-simply-a-management-problem.html "Looming water crisis simply a management problem"]. ''[[New Scientist]]'', pp. 28–32.</ref>

According to the [[California Department of Resources]], if more supplies aren’t found by 2020, the region will face a shortfall nearly as great as the amount consumed today. [[Los Angeles]] is a coastal desert able to support at most 1 million people on its own water; the Los Angeles basin now is the core of a [[megacity]] that spans {{convert|220|mi|km|-1}} from [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] to the [[Mexican border]]. The region’s population is expected to reach 41 million by 2020, up from 28 million in 2009. The population of California continues to grow by more than two million a year and is expected to reach 75 million in 2030, up from 49 million in 2009. But water shortage is likely to surface well before then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=iic_immigrationissuecenters19af |title=U.S. Water Supply |publisher=Fairus.org |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref>

Water deficits, which are already spurring heavy grain imports in numerous smaller countries, may soon do the same in larger countries, such as [[Chinese water crisis|China]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HG21Df01.html |title=India grows a grain crisis |publisher=Atimes.com |date=21 July 2006 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref> The water tables are falling in scores of countries (including Northern China, the US, and India) due to widespread overpumping using powerful diesel and electric pumps. Other countries affected include [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], and [[Mexico]]. This will eventually lead to water scarcity and cutbacks in grain harvest. Even with the overpumping of its [[aquifers]], China is developing a grain deficit. When this happens, it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward. Most of the 3 billion people projected to be added worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages. Unless population growth can be slowed quickly, it is feared that there may not be a practical non-violent or humane solution to the emerging world water shortage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090331153400/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm |title=Water Scarcity Crossing National Borders |author=Brown, Lester R.|publisher=Earth Policy Institute|date=27 September 2006 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>Brown, Lester R.
(8 September 2002) [http://web.archive.org/web/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages]. Greatlakesdirectory.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref>

After China and India, there is a second tier of smaller countries with large water deficits — [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], Mexico, and Pakistan. Four of these already import a large share of their grain. But with a population expanding by 4 million a year, they will also likely soon turn to the world market for grain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.i-sis.org.uk/TFBE.php |title=The Food Bubble Economy |publisher=I-sis.org.uk |date=12 April 2002 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref>

According to a UN climate report, the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] glaciers that are the sources of [[Asia]]'s biggest rivers – [[Ganges]], [[Indus]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yangtze]], [[Mekong]], [[Salween]] and [[Yellow]] – could disappear by 2035 as temperatures rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm |title=Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion |publisher=Planetark.com |date=5 June 2007 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref> It was later revealed that the source used by the UN climate report actually stated 2350, not 2035.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8387737.stm|title=Himalayan glaciers melting deadline 'a mistake' |date=5 December 2009|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2009|first=Pallava|last=Bagla}}</ref> Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the [[drainage basin]] of the Himalayan rivers.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090215045754/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 Big melt threatens millions, says UN]. peopleandplanet.net. 4 June 2007</ref> India, China, Pakistan, [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. In India alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm |title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists |publisher=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html |title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed |publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn |date=24 July 2007 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh |first=Navin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm |title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed |publisher=BBC News |date=10 November 2004 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref> The west coast of [[North America]], which gets much of its water from glaciers in mountain ranges such as the [[Rocky Mountains]] and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], also would be affected.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm |title=Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=18 March 2008 |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref><ref>Schoch, Deborah (2 May 2008) [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-snowpack2-2008may02,0,6563964.story Water shortage worst in decades, official says], ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref>

By far the largest part of [[Australia]] is [[Deserts of Australia|desert]] or semi-arid lands commonly known as the [[outback]]. In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, possibly irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole [[Murray-Darling basin]] if it does not receive sufficient water by October.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7460492.stm |title=Australian rivers 'face disaster' |author=Bryant, Nick |date=18 June 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref> [[Water restrictions in Australia|Water restrictions]] are currently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from [[Drought in Australia|drought]]. The [[Australian of the year]] 2007, environmentalist [[Tim Flannery]], predicted that unless it made drastic changes, [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] in [[Western Australia]] could become the world’s first ghost [[metropolis]], an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm |title=Metropolis strives to meet its thirst |author=Ayre, Maggie |date=3 May 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref> However, Western Australia's dams reached 50% capacity for the first time since 2000 as of September 2009.<ref name="miracleinoz">{{cite web
| title = Dams at record levels
| publisher = ABC News
| date = 15 September 2009
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/15/2686535.htm
| accessdate = 25 September 2009}}</ref> As a result, heavy rains have brought forth positive results for the region.<ref name="miracleinoz" /> Nonetheless, the following year, 2010, Perth suffered its second-driest winter on record<ref name="morewinterblues">{{cite web
| title = More winter blues as rainfall dries up
| publisher = ABC News
| date = 31 August 2010
| url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/31/2998259.htm?site=perth
| accessdate = 13 January 2011}}</ref> and the water corporation tightened water restrictions for spring.<ref name="savingwater">{{cite web
| title = Saving water in spring
| publisher = Water corporation (Western Australia)
| date = 23 September 2010
| url = http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3656
| accessdate = 13 January 2011}}</ref>

==Physical and economic scarcity==
Around one fifth of the world's population currently live in regions affected by [[Physical water scarcity]], where there is inadequate water resources to meet a country's or regional demand, including the water needed to fulfill the demand of ecosystems to function effectively.<ref name=":1" /> Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed, such as when there is over development of hydraulic infrastructure for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater as well as other forms of exploitation or overuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2006_Chapter_4.pdf|title = Water scarcity, risk and vulnerability|accessdate = 2 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Economic water scarcity]] is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers or other water sources, or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. One quarter of the world's population is affected by economic water scarcity. Symptoms of economic water scarcity include a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without reliable access to water to have to travel long distances in or fetch water, that is often contaminated from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Large parts of Africa suffer from economic water scarcity; developing water infrastructure in those areas could therefore help to reduce poverty. Critical conditions often arise for economically poor and politically weak communities living in already dry environment.

==Human right to water==
{{Further|Right to water}}
The [[United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] established a foundation of five core attributes for water security. They declare that the human [[right to water]] entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible, and affordable water for personal and domestic use.<ref name=":1" />

===Millennium Development Goals (MDG)===
{{Main|Millennium Development Goals}}
In order to address the effects of economic water scarcity, increasing access of safe, accessible drinking water was made an international development goal by the United Nations at the [[Millennium Summit]] in the year 2000. During this time, the Millennium Development Goals were drafted and eight goals were agreed upon by all 189 UN members. MDG 7 sets a target for reducing the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water by half by the year 2015. This would mean that more than 600 million people would gain access to a safe source of drinking water. In 2016, the Millennium Development Goals will be replaced by the [[Sustainable Development Goals]].

==Water scarcity's effects on environment==
[[File:AralShip.jpg|thumb|200x200px|
An abandoned ship in the former [[Aral Sea]], near [[Aral, Kazakhstan]].
]]
Water scarcity has many negative impacts on the environment, including lakes, rivers, wetlands, and other fresh water resources. The resulting water overuse that is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agriculture, harms the environment in several ways including increased [[salinity]], [[nutrient pollution]], and the loss of [[floodplains]] and wetlands.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article77.html|title = Water Scarcity Index - Vital Water Graphics|accessdate = 20 October 2013}}</ref> Furthermore, water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lawrence, J.E., C.P.W. Pavia, S. Kaing, H.N. Bischel, R.G. Luthy, and V.H. Resh |title= Recycled Water for Augmenting Urban Streams in Mediterranean-climate Regions: A Potential Approach for Riparian Ecosystem Enhancement |journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal |year=2014 |volume=59 |pages= 488–501}}</ref>

Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth's wetlands have been destroyed and have disappeared.<ref name=":2" /> These wetlands are important not only because they are the habitats of numerous inhabitants such as mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, and [[invertebrates]], but they support the growing of rice and other food crops as well as provide [[water filtration]] and protection from storms and flooding. Freshwater lakes such as the [[Aral Sea]] in central Asia have also suffered. Once the fourth largest freshwater lake, it has lost more than 58,000 square km of area and vastly increased in salt concentration over the span of three decades.<ref name=":2" />

Subsidence, or the gradual sinking of landforms, is another result of water scarcity. The [[U.S. Geological Survey]] estimates that subsidence has affected more than 17,000 square miles in 45 U.S. states, 80 percent of it due to groundwater usage. In some areas east of [[Houston, Texas]] the land has dropped by more than nine feet due to subsidence.<ref>[http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/water/scarcity/surprisingcosts.php Texas Water Report: Going Deeper for the Solution] Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 2/10/14.</ref> Brownwood, a subdivision near [[Baytown, Texas]], was abandoned due to frequent flooding caused by subsidence and has since become part of the [[Baytown Nature Center]].

===Climate change===
[[Aquifer]] drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water within the hydrosphere subject to transpiration and evaporation processes, thereby causing accretion in water vapour and cloud cover, the primary absorbers of infrared radiation in the earth's atmosphere. Adding water to the system has a forcing effect on the whole earth system, an accurate estimate of which hydrogeological fact is yet to be quantified.

==Depletion of freshwater resources==
Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. [[Groundwater]] is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. [[Glaciers]] provide freshwater in the form [[meltwater]], or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth rate of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.<ref name=":3">WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme). 2012. ''The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk''. Paris, UNESCO.</ref>

===Groundwater===
Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution," expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas.<ref>Giordano, M. and Volholth, K. (ed.) 2007. ''The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution''. Wallingford, UK, Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International (CABI).</ref> Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world.<ref>WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme). 2009. ''Water
in a Changing World. World Water Development Report 3. ''
Paris/London, UNESCO Publishing/Earthscan.</ref> The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable [[buffer capacity]] allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall.<ref name=":3" /> This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on [[precipitation]] or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at approximately 1,000 km3 per year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes.<ref name=":3" /> The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide.<ref name=":3" /> Groundwater has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.<ref>Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. 2007. ''Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture''. London/Colomb, Earthscan/International Water Management Institute</ref>

Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. [[Abstracting]] from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed.<ref>Foster, S. and Loucks, D. 2006. ''Non-renewable Groundwater
Resources''. UNESCO-IHP Groundwater series No. 10. Paris, UNESCO.</ref> Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems.<ref name=":3" /> Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

===Glaciers===
Glaciers are noted as a vital water source due to their contribution to [[stream flow]]. Rising global temperatures have noticeable effects on the rate at which glaciers are melting, causing glaciers in general to shrink worldwide.<ref>Hewitt, K. 2005. The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier expansion
and the ‘elevation effect’, Karakoram Himalaya. Mountain
Research and Development, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 332–40</ref> Although the meltwater from these glaciers are increasing the total water supply for the present, the disappearance of glaciers in the long term will diminish available water resources. Increased meltwater due to rising global temperatures can also have negative effects such as flooding of lakes and dams and catastrophic results.<ref>Hewitt, K., 1982. Natural Dams and Outburst Floods of the
Karakoram Himalaya. Proceedings of the Symposium on
Hydrological Aspects of Alpine and High Mountain Areas.
International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)
Publication No. 138. Wallingford, UK, IAHS Press.</ref>

==Measurement of water scarcity==
[[File:Collecting clean water in rural Sindh (5367575654).jpg|thumb|right|In 2012 in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] a shortage of clean water led people to queue to collect it where available]]
Hydrologists today typically assess water scarcity by looking at the population-water equation. This is done by comparing the amount of total available water resources per year to the population of a country or region. A popular approach to measuring water scarcity has been to rank countries according to the amount of annual water resources available per person. For example, according to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator,<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/180.htm
|title=Climate Change 2001: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
|publisher=[[UNEP]]
|author=Falkenmark and Lindh 1976, quoted in UNEP/WMO
|accessdate=3 February 2009
}}</ref> a country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When water supplies drop below 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, the country faces "water scarcity".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/LARSENST/
|title=Lack of Freshwater Throughout the World
|publisher=[[Evergreen State College]]
|author=Larsen, Samuel T. L.
|accessdate=1 February 2009
}}</ref> The United Nations' [[FAO]] states that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/issues/scarcity.html FAO Hot issues: Water scarcity]. Fao.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> The World Bank adds that [[climate change]] could profoundly alter future patterns of both water availability and use,thereby increasing levels of water stress and insecurity, both at the global scale and in sectors that depend on water.<ref>The World Bank, 2009 {{cite web|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi |title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions |pages=21–24 |accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref>

Other ways of measuring water scarcity include examining the physical existence of water in nature, comparing nations with lower or higher volumes of water available for use. This method often fails to capture the accessibility of the water resource to the population that may need it. Others have related water availability to population.

Another measurement, calculated as part of a wider assessment of water management in 2007,<ref>Molden, D. (Ed). (2007) [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Assessment/ ''Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture.''] Earthscan/IWMI.</ref> aimed to relate water availability to how the resource was actually used. It therefore divided water scarcity into ‘physical’ and ‘economic’. [[Physical water scarcity]] is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed, such as when there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater. Water stress harms living things because every organism needs water to live.

===Renewable freshwater resources===
Renewable freshwater supply is a metric often used in conjunction when evaluating water scarcity. This metric is informative because it can describe the total available water resource each country contains. By knowing the total available water source, an idea can be gained about whether a country is prone to experiencing physical water scarcity. This metric has its faults in that it is an average; precipitation delivers water unevenly across the planet each year and annual renewable water resources vary from year to year. This metric also does not describe the accessibility of water to individuals, households, industries, or the government. Lastly, as this metric is a description of a whole country, it does not accurately portray whether a country is experiencing water scarcity. Canada and Brazil both have very high levels of available water supply, but still experience various water related problems.<ref name=":3" />

It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources.

The following table displays the average annual renewable freshwater supply by country including both surface-water and groundwater supplies.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url = http://www.worldwater.org/datav7/data_table_1_total_renewable_freshwater_supply_by_country.pdf|title = Total Renewable Freshwater Supply, by Country|accessdate = 5 November 2013|website = The World's Water}}</ref> This table represents data from the UN FAO AQUASTAT, much of which are produced by modeling or estimation as opposed to actual measurements.

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" border="1"
|+ Total renewable freshwater supply by country<ref name=":4" />
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Annual renewable water
resources (km3/year)
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Year of estimate
|-
| 1||Kuwait||0.02||Asia||2008
|-
| 2||St. Kitts and Nevis||0.02||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 3||Maldives||0.03||Asia||1999
|-
| 4||Malta||0.07||Europe||2005
|-
| 5||Antigua and Barbuda||0.1||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 6||Qatar||0.1||Asia||2008
|-
| 7||Barbados||0.1||North and Central America||2003
|-
| 8||Bahrain||0.1||Asia||2008
|-
| 9||United Arab Emirates||0.2||Asia||2008
|-
| 10||Cape Verde||0.3||Africa||2005
|-
| 11||Djibouti||0.3||Africa||2005
|-
| 12||Cyprus||0.3||Europe||2007
|-
| 13||Libya||0.6||Africa||2005
|-
| 14||Singapore||0.6||Asia||1975
|-
| 15||Jordan||0.9||Asia||2008
|-
| 16||Comoros||1.2||Africa||2005
|-
| 17||Oman||1.4||Asia||2008
|-
| 18||Luxembourg||1.6||Europe||2007
|-
| 19||Israel||1.8||Asia||2008
|-
| 20||Yemen||2.1||Asia||2008
|-
| 21||Saudi Arabia||2.4||Asia||2008
|-
| 22||Mauritius||2.8||Africa||2005
|-
| 23||Burundi||3.6||Africa||1987
|-
| 24||Trinidad and Tobago||3.8||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 25||Swaziland||4.5||Africa||1987
|-
| 26||Lebanon||4.5||Asia||2008
|-
| 27||Tunisia||4.6||Africa||2005
|-
| 28||Reunion||5.0||Africa||1988
|-
| 29||Lesotho||5.2||Africa||1987
|-
| 30||Eritrea||6.3||Africa||2001
|-
| 31||Macedonia||6.4||Europe||2001
|-
| 32||Armenia||7.8||Former Soviet Union||2008
|-
| 33||Gambia||8.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 34||Brunei||8.5||Asia||1999
|-
| 35||Jamaica||9.4||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 36||Rwanda||9.5||Africa||2005
|-
| 37||Mauritania||11.4||Africa||2005
|-
| 38||Algeria||11.6||Africa||2005
|-
| 39||Moldova||11.7||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 40||Estonia||12.3||Europe||2007
|-
| 41||Estonia||12.8||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 42||Haiti||14.0||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 43||Somalia||14.2||Africa||2005
|-
| 44||Botswana||14.7||Africa||2001
|-
| 45||Togo||14.7||Africa||2001
|-
| 46||Czech Republic||16.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 47||Denmark||16.3||Europe||2007
|-
| 48||Syria||16.8||Asia||2008
|-
| 49||Malawi||17.3||Africa||2001
|-
| 50||Burkina Faso||17.5||Africa||2001
|-
| 51||Namibia||17.7||Africa||2005
|-
| 52||Belize||18.6||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 53||Zimbabwe||20.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 54||Belgium||20.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 55||Dominican Republic||21.0||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 56||Lithuania||24.5||Former Soviet Union||2007
|-
| 57||El Salvador||25.2||North and Central America||2001
|-
| 58||Romania||25.7||Europe||2007
|-
| 59||Benin||25.8||Africa||2001
|-
| 60||Equatorial Guinea||26||Africa||2001
|-
| 61||Fiji||28.6||Oceania||1987
|-
| 62||Morocco||29.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 63||Kenya||30.7||Africa||2005
|-
| 64||Guinea-Bissau||31.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 65||Slovenia||32.1||Europe||2007
|-
| 66||Niger||33.7||Africa||2005
|-
| 67||Azerbaijan||34.7||Former Soviet Union||2008
|-
| 68||Mongolia||34.8||Asia||1999
|-
| 69||Bosnia and Herzegovina||37.5||Europe||2003
|-
| 70||Cuba||38.1||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 71||Senegal||39.4||Africa||1987
|-
| 72||Albania||41.7||Europe||2001
|-
| 73||Chad||43.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 74||Solomon Islands||44.7||Oceania||1987
|-
| 75||Kyrgyzstan||46.5||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 76||Ireland||46.8||Europe||2003
|-
| 77||South Africa||50.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 78||Sri Lanka||50.0||Asia||1999
|-
| 79||Slovakia||50.1||Europe||2007
|-
| 80||Ghana||53.2||Africa||2001
|-
| 81||Switzerland||53.5||Europe||2007
|-
| 82||Belarus||58.0||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 83||Egypt||58.3||Africa||2005
|-
| 84||Turkmenistan||60.9||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 85||Poland||63.1||Europe||2007
|-
| 86||Georgia||63.3||Former Soviet Union||2008
|-
| 87||Sudan||64.5||Africa||2005
|-
| 88||Afghanistan||65.0||Asia||1997
|-
| 89||Uganda||66.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 90||Taiwan||67.0||Asia||2000
|-
| 91||Korea Rep||69.7||Asia||1999
|-
| 92||Greece||72.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 93||Uzbekistan||72.2||Former Soviet Union||2003
|-
| 94||Portugal||73.6||Europe||2007
|-
| 95||Iraq||75.6||Asia||2008
|-
| 96||Korea DPR||77.1||Asia||1999
|-
| 97||Côte d'Ivoire||81||Africa||2001
|-
| 98||Austria||84.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 99||Netherlands||89.7||Europe||2007
|-
| 100||Tanzania||91||Africa||2001
|-
| 101||Bhutan||95.0||Asia||1987
|-
| 102||Honduras||95.9||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 103||Tajikistan||99.7||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 104||Mali||100.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 105||Zambia||105.2||Africa||2001
|-
| 106||Croatia||105.5||Europe||1998
|-
| 107||Bulgaria||107.2||Europe||2010
|-
| 108||Kazakhstan||109.6||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 109||Ethiopia||110.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 110||Finland||110.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 111||Spain||111.1||Europe||2007
|-
| 112||Guatemala||111.3||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 113||Costa Rica||112.4||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 114||Hungary||116.4||Europe||2007
|-
| 115||Suriname||122.0||South America||2003
|-
| 116||Iran||137.5||Asia||2008
|-
| 117||Uruguay||139.0||South America||2000
|-
| 118||Ukraine||139.5||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 119||Central African Republic||144.4||Africa||2005
|-
| 120||Panama||148.0||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 121||Sierra Leone||160.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 122||Gabon||164.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 123||Iceland||170.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 124||Italy||175.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 125||United Kingdom||175.3||Europe||2007
|-
| 126||Sweden||183.4||Europe||2007
|-
| 127||Angola||184.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 128||France||186.3||Europe||2007
|-
| 129||Germany||188.0||Europe||2007
|-
| 130||Nicaragua||196.7||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 131||Serbia-Montenegro*||208.5||Europe||2003
|-
| 132||Nepal||210.2||Asia||1999
|-
| 133||Turkey||213.6||Asia||2008
|-
| 134||Mozambique||217.1||Africa||2005
|-
| 135||Guinea||226.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 136||Liberia||232.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 137||Pakistan||233.8||Asia||2003
|-
| 138||Guyana||241.0||South America||2000
|-
| 139||Cameroon||285.5||Africa||2003
|-
| 140||Nigeria||286.2||Africa||2005
|-
| 141||Laos||333.6||Asia||2003
|-
| 142||Paraguay||336.0||South America||2000
|-
| 143||Australia||336.1||Oceania||2005
|-
| 144||Madagascar||337.0||Africa||2005
|-
| 145||Latvia||337.3||Former Soviet Union||2007
|-
| 146||Norway||389.4||Europe||2007
|-
| 147||New Zealand||397.0||Oceania||1995
|-
| 148||Thailand||409.9||Asia||1999
|-
| 149||Japan||430.0||Asia||1999
|-
| 150||Ecuador||432.0||South America||2000
|-
| 151||Mexico||457.2||North and Central America||2000
|-
| 152||Cambodia||476.1||Asia||1999
|-
| 153||Philippines||479.0||Asia||1999
|-
| 154||Malaysia||580.0||Asia||1999
|-
| 155||Bolivia||622.5||South America||2000
|-
| 156||Papua New Guinea||801.0||Oceania||1987
|-
| 157||Argentina||814.0||South America||2000
|-
| 158||Congo||832.0||Africa||1987
|-
| 159||Vietnam||891.2||Asia||1999
|-
| 160||Chile||922.0||South America||2000
|-
| 161||Myanmar||1045.6||Asia||1999
|-
| 162||Bangladesh||1210.6||Asia||1999
|-
| 163||Venezuela||1233.2||South America||2000
|-
| 164||Congo, Democratic Republic (formerly Zaire)||1283||Africa||2001
|-
| 165||India||1907.8||Asia||1999
|-
| 166||Peru||1913.0||South America||2000
|-
| 167||Colombia||2132.0||South America||2000
|-
| 168||China||2738.8||Asia||2008
|-
| 169||Indonesia||2838.0||Asia||1999
|-
| 170||United States of America||3069.0||North and Central America||1985
|-
| 171||Canada||3300.0||North and Central America||1985
|-
| 172||Russia||4498.0||Former Soviet Union||1997
|-
| 173||Brazil||8233.0||South America||2000
|
|}

==Outlook==
[[File:Madagascar well.jpg|thumb|220px|Wind and solar power such as this installation in a village in northwest [[Madagascar]] can make a difference in safe water supply.]]

Construction of [[wastewater treatment]] plants and reduction of groundwater overdrafting appear to be obvious solutions to the worldwide problem; however, a deeper look reveals more fundamental issues in play. Wastewater treatment is highly [[capital intensive]], restricting access to this technology in some regions; furthermore the rapid increase in population of many countries makes this a race that is difficult to win. As if those factors are not daunting enough, one must consider the enormous costs and skill sets involved to maintain wastewater treatment plants even if they are successfully developed.

Reduction in groundwater overdrafting is usually politically very unpopular and has major economic impacts to farmers; moreover, this strategy will necessarily reduce crop output, which is something the world can ill-afford, given the population level at present.

At more realistic levels, developing countries can strive to achieve primary wastewater treatment or secure [[septic system]]s, and carefully analyse wastewater outfall design to minimise impacts to drinking water and to ecosystems. Developed countries can not only share technology better, including cost-effective wastewater and water treatment systems but also in [[hydrological transport model]]ing. At the individual level, people in developed countries can look inward and reduce overconsumption, which further strains worldwide water consumption. Both developed and developing countries can increase protection of ecosystems, especially wetlands and riparian zones. These measures will not only conserve [[biota (ecology)|biota]], but also render more effective the natural [[water cycle]] flushing and transport that make water systems more healthy for humans.

A range of local, low-tech solutions are being pursued by a number of companies. These efforts center around the use of solar power to distill water at temperatures slightly beneath that at which water boils. By developing the capability to purify any available water source, local business models could be built around the new technologies, accelerating their uptake. For example, bedouins from the town of [[Dahab]] in Egypt have installed AquaDania's WaterStillar, which uses a solar thermal collector measuring two square metres to distill from 40 to 60 litres per day from any local water source. This is five times more efficient than conventional stills and eliminates the need for polluting plastic PET bottles or tranportation of water supply.<ref>Mansfield, Barry (1 December 2012), [http://www.barrymansfield.com/pdf/easyJet%20Traveller%20December%202012%20Egypt%20edition.pdf "The man who can change fire into water"], ''easyJet Traveller''.</ref>

==Global experiences in managing water crisis==
{{Essay-like|date=September 2009|section}}

It is alleged that the likelihood of conflict rises if the rate of change within the basin exceeds the capacity of institution to absorb that change.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" /> Although water crisis is closely related to regional tensions, history showed that acute conflicts over water are far less than the record of cooperation.

The key lies in strong institutions and cooperation. The Indus River Commission and the Indus Water Treaty survived two wars between India and Pakistan despite their hostility, proving to be a successful mechanism in resolving conflicts by providing a framework for consultation inspection and exchange of data. The Mekong Committee has also functioned since 1957 and survived the Vietnam War. In contrast, regional instability results when there is an absence of institutions to co-operate in regional collaboration, like Egypt’s plan for a high dam on the Nile. However, there is currently no global institution in place for the management and management of trans-boundary water sources, and international co-operation has happened through ad hoc collaborations between agencies, like the Mekong Committee which was formed due to an alliance between UNICEF and the US Bureau of Reclamation. Formation of strong international institutions seems to be a way forward – they fuel early intervention and management, preventing the costly dispute resolution process.

One common feature of almost all resolved disputes is that the negotiations had a “need-based” instead of a “right–based” paradigm. Irrigable lands, population, technicalities of projects define "needs". The success of a need-based paradigm is reflected in the only water agreement ever negotiated in the Jordan River Basin, which focuses in needs not on rights of riparians. In the Indian subcontinent, irrigation requirements of Bangladesh determine water allocations of The [[Ganges River]]. A need based, regional approach focuses on satisfying individuals with their need of water, ensuring that minimum quantitative needs are being met. It removes the conflict that arises when countries view the treaty from a national interest point of view, move away from the zero-sum approach to a positive sum, integrative approach that equitably allocated the water and its benefits.

The Blue Peace framework developed by Strategic Foresight Group in partnership with the Governments of Switzerland and Sweden offers a unique policy structure which promotes sustainable management of water resources combined with cooperation for peace. By making the most of shared water resources through cooperation rather than mere allocation between countries, the chances for peace can be increased.<ref>Turkish Review, March 2013</ref> The Blue Peace approach has proven to be effective in cases like the [http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue%20Peace_Middle%20East.pdf Middle East] <ref>[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East Swiss Development Cooperation Project]</ref> and the [http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/84153Blue%20Peace%20for%20the%20Nile.pdf Nile basin].<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html Yahoo News]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Water|Environment}}
{{colbegin|2}}
* [[California Water Wars]]
* [[Chinese water crisis]]
* [[Consumptive water use]]
* [[Deficit irrigation]]
* [[List of water supply and sanitation by country]]
* [[Peak water]]
* [[Water resource policy]]
* [[Water conflict]]
* [[Water footprint]]
* [[Water security]]
* [[Water contamination]]
* [[Water resources]]
* [[Water scarcity in Africa]]
{{colend}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
* An International Food Policy Research Institute [http://www.springer.com/environment/global+change+-+climate+change/book/978-3-642-04614-8 book] about the intersection of water policy, globalization and food security: Ringler, C., Biswas, A., and Cline, S., eds. 2010. Global Change: Impacts on Water and Food Security. Heidelberg: Springer.
*{{cite book
|title=Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization
|author=Steven Solomon
|publisher=Harper
|page=608
|year=2010
|isbn=978-0-06-054830-8
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Peak Water : Civilisation and the world's water crisis
|author=Alexander Bell
|publisher=Edinburgh: Luath
|page=208
|year=2009
|isbn=1-906817-19-7
}}
*{{cite book
|title=The World's Water 2008–2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources
|editor=Peter H. Gleick
|publisher=Washington D.C. : Island Press
|page=402
|year=2009
|isbn=1597265055
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Blue covenant : the global water crisis and the coming battle for the right to water
|author=Maude Barlow
|publisher=New York : New Press : Distributed by W.W. Norton
|page=196
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-59558-186-0
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines
|author=Richard Heinberg
|publisher=Gabriola, BC : New Society Publishers
|page=213
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-86571-598-1
}}
*{{cite book|editor=Engelbert, Ernest A., and Ann Foley Scheuring|title=Water Scarcity: Impacts on Western Agriculture|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0f59n72f/|date=c. 1984 |location=Berkeley: University of California Press}}
*{{cite news|author=Jameel M. Zayed|title=No Peace Without Water – The Role of Hydropolitics in the Israel-Palestine Conflict|url=http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/“no-peace-without-water”-–-the-role-of-hydropolitics-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict |location=London}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Drinking water}}
*{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/|title=Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis|year=2006|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)}}
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/ The World Bank's work and publications on water resources]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2000/world_water_crisis/default.stm BBC News World Water Crisis Maps]
* [http://www.thrall.org/special/water.html Water Crisis Information Guide – From Middletown Thrall Library. Subjects include: Drinking Water, Government Information, International Challenges and Efforts, Global Water Issues, Oceanography, Sea Levels, Desalination, Water Scarcity, Pollution and Contaminants, Conservation and Recycling, News and Special Reports, and library catalog subject headings for further research.]

{{Human impact on the environment}}
{{Population}}
{{Population country lists}}
{{biological organisation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water scarcity}}
[[Category:Drinking water]]
[[Category:Environmental economics]]
[[Category:Environmental issues]]
[[Category:Environmental issues with population]]
[[Category:Environmental issues with water]]
[[Category:Futurology]]
[[Category:Globalization issues]]
[[Category:Global natural environment]]
[[Category:Water scarcity| ]]
[[Category:Water supply]]
[[Category:Water treatment]]

Kadri Veseli

2015-10-25T23:02:42Z

Non-dropframe: Reverted edits by 46.99.47.57 (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

{{Infobox person
| name = Kadri Veseli
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|05|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Brobonic]], [[District of Mitrovica|Mitrovica]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]] now [[Kosovo]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Albanians|Albanian]]
| known_for = Chairman of Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo and vice President of [[Democratic Party of Kosovo]] [[PDK]]
| occupation = [[politician]], [[jurist]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| spouse =
| children =2
}}

==Early life==
'''Kadri Veseli''' was born on May 31, 1967 in the village Broboniq, municipality of [[Mitrovica]]. Veseli is currently the President of Kosovar National Assembly. Veseli was the chief of the Intelligence Service of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] (KLA).

==The Leader of Intelligence Service of Kosovo==

{{Empty section|date=June 2014}}

==Political career==

{{Empty section|date=June 2014}}

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://kosovaonline.info/?page=1,3,10655|title=Veseli: SHIK nis pas marrëveshjes Rugova -Thaçi - Qosja - Nacionale - Kosova Online|publisher=kosovaonline.info|accessdate=2014-06-13}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.drejtesianekosove.com/en/Bulletin-20/Bllaca's-family-members-and-Kadri-Veseli-give-their-testimonies-1238|title=Bllaca's family members and Kadri Veseli give their testimonies - June 2012 - Emisioni Jeta në Kosovë|publisher=drejtesianekosove.com|accessdate=2014-06-13}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indeksonline.net/?FaqeID=2&LajmID=95672|title=Portali Indeksonline - Biografia e Kadri Veselit dhe Adem Grabovcit sipas BIA-s serbe|publisher=indeksonline.net|accessdate=2014-06-22}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Veseli, Kadri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Kosovan intelligence chief
| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 May 1967
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Brobonic, [[District of Mitrovica]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]] now [[Kosovo]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Veseli, Kadri}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]