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Roberto Clemente

2008-10-08T19:03:46Z

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{{Infobox MLB retired
|name=Roberto Clemente
|image=200-roberto.jpg
|width=150
|position=[[Outfielder]]
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birthdate={{birth date|mf=yes|1934|8|18}} {{city-state|Carolina|Puerto Rico}}
|deathdate={{death date and age|mf=yes|1972|12|31|1934|8|18}}
Near [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
|debutdate=April 17
|debutyear={{by|1955}}
|debutteam=[[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
|finaldate=October 3
|finalyear={{by|1972}}
|finalteam=[[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
|stat1label=[[Batting average]]
|stat1value=.317
|stat2label=[[Hit (baseball)|Hits]]
|stat2value=3,000
|stat3label=[[Home runs]]
|stat3value=240
|teams=<nowiki></nowiki>
*[[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ({{by|1955}}-{{by|1972}})
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 12x [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] selection (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972)
* 2x [[World Series]] champion ([[1960 World Series|1960]], [[1971 World Series|1971]])
* 12x [[Gold Glove Award]] winner (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972)
* 1966 [[NL MVP]]
* 1971 [[World Series MVP]]
* 1971 [[Babe Ruth Award]]
*[[Pittsburgh Pirates#Retired Numbers|Pittsburgh Pirates #21]] retired
|hofdate={{by|1973}}
|hofvote=92.7% (first ballot)
}}
'''Roberto Clemente Walker''' (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a professional baseball player and a [[Major League Baseball]] [[right fielder]]. Clemente was born in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Puerto Rico]], the youngest of seven children. On November 14, 1964, he married Vera Zabala at San Fernando Church in Carolina. The couple had three children: Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto. He began his professional career playing with the [[Santurce Crabbers (baseball)|Santurce Crabbers]] in the [[Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League]] (LBBPR). While he was playing in Puerto Rico, the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] offered him a contract to play with the [[Montreal Royals]]. Clemente accepted the offer and was active with the team until he was drafted by the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] in the Major League Baseball draft that took place on November 22, 1954.

Clemente played eighteen seasons in Major League Baseball from 1955 to 1972, all with Pittsburgh. He was awarded the [[National League]]’s [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player Award]] in 1966. During the course of his career, Clemente was selected to participate in the league's All Star Game on twelve occasions. He won twelve [[Gold Glove Awards]] and led the league in batting average four different seasons. He was involved in charity work both in Puerto Rico and other Latin American countries, often delivering baseball equipment and food to them. He died in an [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation accident]] on December 31, 1972, while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in [[Nicaragua]]. His [[body]] was never recovered. He was elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] posthumously in 1973, thus becoming the first Latin American to be selected and the only current Hall of Famer for whom the mandatory five year waiting period was waived since the wait was instituted in 1954.

==Early life==
Roberto was born in [[summit, new jersey]] to Melchor Clemente and Luisa Walker. He was the youngest of seven siblings, having five brothers and one sister. During his childhood, Don Melchor worked as foreman of the sugar crops located in the municipality.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto’s father, Don Melchor Clemente, worked as foreman in the sugar fields.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=3 |chapter=The way of the Jibaro}}</ref> The family’s resources were limited and Roberto had to work to earn money; this work included delivering milk cans to the family’s neighbors. Clemente demonstrated interest in baseball early in his life and would often play against neighboring [[barrio]]s. He studied in Vizcarondo High School, a public school located in Carolina. During his first year in high school, he was recruited by Roberto Marin to play [[softball]] with the Sello Rojo team; Marin had taken interest in Clemente when he saw him playing baseball in Barrio San Anton.<ref>{{cite book|quote=For the next two years, Roberto played for the Sello Rojo softball team.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=20 |chapter=Where Are You Going, Momen?}}</ref> He was with the team two years, playing shortstop. Clemente joined Puerto Rico’s amateur league when he was sixteen years old; while there, he played for the Ferdinand Juncos team, which represented the municipality of [[Juncos, Puerto Rico|Juncos]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=When he was sixteen, he played for the Ferdinand Juncos team in the Puerto Rican amateur league.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=20 |chapter=Where Are You Going, Momen?}}</ref>

==Baseball career==
Clemente’s professional career began when Pedrín Zorilla offered him a contract with the [[Santurce Crabbers (baseball)|Santurce Crabbers]] of the [[Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League|LBBPR]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=“Well, Marin,” said señor Zorilla, “we can give him $400 bonus and maybe $ 40.00 a week until he learns to wear a uniform.” |author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=25 |chapter=Tell the Man I Will Sign}}</ref> He was a bench player during his first campaign, but was promoted to the team’s starting lineup the following season. During this season he hit .288 as the team’s leadoff hitter. While Clemente was playing in the LBBPR, the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] offered him a contract with the team’s [[AAA (baseball)|Triple-A]] subsidiary.<ref>{{cite book|quote=“Roberto,” said Pedrin Zorilla, “I have spoken with Mr. Campanis. The Dodgers would like to sign you to a contract with their Triple-A team in Montreal. They will pay you a signing bonus of $10,000 and a salary of $5,000 for the year”|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=33 |chapter=Wearing the Uniform}}</ref> He then moved to Montreal to play with the [[Montreal Royals]]. The climate and language differences affected Clemente early on, but he received the assistance of his teammate [[Joe Black]], who was able to speak Spanish. In 1954, Clyde Sukeforth, a scout for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]], noticed that Clemente was being used as a bench player for the team and discussed the possibility of drafting Clemente to the Pirates with the team’s manager Max Macon.<ref>{{cite book|quote=“I noticed you haven’t been playing Clemente much.” Sukeforth smiled across the dinner table at Max Macon. The two men had known each other for years. There was no sense in trying to fool each other. “Well, I don’t care if you never play him” continued the Pittsburgh scout. “We’re going to finish last, and we’re going to draft him number one.”|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= 41|chapter=It’s For Your Own Good}}</ref> The Pirates selected Clemente as the first selection of the rookie draft that took place on November 22, 1954.

==Pittsburgh Pirates==
Clemente debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 17, 1955 in the first of a double header against the Brooklyn Dodgers.<ref>{{cite book|quote=It was Sunday, April 17, 1955, and the Pittsburgh Pirates were playing the first game of a double-header against the Brooklyn Dodgers.[...] For Roberto Clemente it was his first time at bat in the major leagues.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> At the beginning of his time with the Pirates, he experienced frustration because of racial tension between himself, the local media, and even some of his teammates.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Even on his own team, some of the players made fun of him and called him a “nigger.” Roberto grew furious at their insults.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=There were other insults as well. In the newspapers, the writers called him a “Puerto Rican hot dog.” When they quoted the things he said they exaggerated his accent.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> Clemente responded to this by stating, “I don’t believe in color”.<ref name="valores"/> He noted that, during his upbringing, he was taught to never discriminate against someone based on ethnicity.<ref name="valores">{{cite book|quote=“I don’t believe in color,” Roberto said. “I believe in people. I always respect everyone and thanks to God my mother and my father taught me never to hate, never to dislike someone based of their color.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

During the middle of the season, Clemente was involved in a car accident; this caused him to miss several games with an injury in his lower back.<ref>{{cite book|quote=To make matters worse, Roberto had to sit out many games because of pain in his lower back. During the winter, a drunken driver had rammed into his car at sixty miles per hour.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>
He finished his rookie season with an [[Batting average|average]] of .255, despite confronting trouble hitting certain types of pitches.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto continued to struggle at the plate through-out his rookie season, finally finishing with a .255 average.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> His defensive skills, however, were highlighted during this season.<ref>{{cite book|quote=In the outfield, however, he quickly established himself as an outstanding performer.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

During the off season, Clemente played with the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rican baseball winter league, where he was already considered a star.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Once again he was playing for the Santurce Crabbers. In the winter league he was an established star.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

===The 1960s===
The Pirates experienced several difficult seasons through the 1950s, although they did manage their first winning season since 1948 in 1959. During the winter season of 1958-59, Clemente didn't play winter baseball in Puerto Rico; instead, he served in the [[United States Marine Corps Reserves]]. He spent six months in his military commitment at [[Parris Island]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Camp LeJeune]] in [[North Carolina]]. In Camp Lejeune, he served as an [[infantryman]]. The rigorous training program helped Clemente physically. He added strength by gaining ten pounds and said his back troubles had disappeared.

He remained in the reserves until September 1964.<ref>{{cite book|title=Clemente to Start Six-Month Marine Corps Hitch, Oct. 4,|publisher=The Sporting News|date=September 24, 1958|pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Buc Flyhawk Now Marine Rookie|publisher=The Sporting News|date=November 19, 1958|pages=13}}</ref><ref name="Marine">{{cite web|url=http://www.usmc-mccs.org/sports/hof/2003-clemente.cfm|title=Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame: Roberto Clemente|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> Early in the 1960 season, Clemente led the league, batting an average of .353 and scoring [[Run batted in|Runs Batted In]] (RBIs) in twenty-five out of twenty-seven games.<ref>{{cite book|quote=In May, while the Pirates were fighting the San Francisco Giants for first place, Roberto drove in 25 runs in 27 games. By the end of the month he was leading the league with a batting average of .353 and the Pirates were ahead of the Giants by one and a half games.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=63 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> Roberto's batting average stayed above the .300 mark throughout the course of the campaign. In August, he was inactive for five games as a result of an injury on his chin; he received this injury when his head impacted a concrete wall while he was trying to catch a hard line hit that reached the park's outer wall. Following this accident, he was transported to a local hospital, where the doctors stitched his chin; this prohibited him from playing until the injury was healed.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto was rushed to the hospital in an ambulance. The doctors stitched up his jaw and he sat out the next five games waiting for it to heal|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=64 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> The Pirates compiled a 95-59 record during the regular season, winning the National League pennant, and defeated the [[New York Yankees]] in a seven-game [[1960 World Series|World Series]]. Clemente batted .310 in the series, hitting safely at least once in every game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahora.com.do/Edicion1250/SECCIONES/deportes.html|title=Roberto Clemente Un verdadero símbolo latinoamericano|author=Juan Mercado|publisher=[A] hora.com|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> His .314 batting average, 16 home runs, and defense during the course of the season earned him his first participation in the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]], where he served as a reserve player.

During the 1961 spring training, Clemente tried to modify his batting technique by using a heavier bat in order to slow the speed of his swing, following advice from Pirates' batting coach [[George Sisler]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=Now, in the spring of 1961, he made another improvement. He began using a heavier bat to slow down his swing and make better contact with the ball.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=74 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> During the 1961 season, Clemente was selected as the starting right fielder for the National League in the All-Star game. In this game, he batted a triple on his first at-bat and scored the team's first run. With the American League ahead 4-3 in the tenth inning, Clemente hit a double that gave the National League a decisive 5-4 win.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Then he brought his bat around and smashed a line drive to right field. As Roberto raced for first, Willie Mays rounded third and headed for home. The National League had won by a score of 5-4!|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=77 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref>

Following the season, he traveled to Puerto Rico along with [[Orlando Cepeda]], who was a native of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. When both players arrived, they were received by 18,000 people, who were celebrating that this was the first season in which both leagues in Major League Baseball were led in batting average by Puerto Rican players.<ref>{{cite book|quote=When the plane landed, Roberto and Cepeda received a hero's welcome. Eighteen thousand people stood cheering on the side of the road as they were driven from the airport to Sixto Escobar Stadium.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=78-79 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> On November 14, 1964, Clemente married Vera Zabala. The ceremony took place in the church of San Fernando in Carolina and was attended by thousands of fanatics.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Thousands of people filled the plaza in Carolina on November 14, 1964. It was a beautiful sunny day., but they were not there for the sunshine. Inside the church of San Fernando, Roberto Clemente was marrying Vera Zabala.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=84 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref> During this time, he was also involved in managing the ''Senadores de San Juan'' in the LBPPR, as well as playing with the team during the Major League offseason. During the course of the winter league, Clemente was injured and only participated as a pinch hitter in the league's All-Star game. He experienced a complication on his injury during the course of this game and underwent surgery shortly after being carried off of the playing field.<ref>{{cite book|quote=The injury had not affected his swing, and he smashed a hard line drive to right field. But as he limped to first base, his leg collapsed beneath him. He was rushed to the hospital, and a few days later, the doctors cut open his leg to drain a pool of blood in his thigh.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=85 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref>

This condition limited his role with the Pirates in the first half of the 1965 season, during which he batted an average of .257. He was inactive for several games during this stage of the campaign before being fully active; when he returned to the starting lineup, he hit in thirty-three out of thirty-four games and his average improved to .340.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Clemente was back and so were the Pirates. Roberto hit safely in 33 out of 34 games, raising his average all the way up to .340.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=88-89 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref> Roberto and Vera had their first son on August 17, 1965, when [[Roberto Clemente, Jr.]] was born; he was the first of three children, along with Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto.<ref>{{cite book|quote=On August 17, 1965, while Roberto Sr. was chasing his third batting title, Vera gave birth to Roberto Jr.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=90 |chapter=MVP}}</ref> During the 1960s, he batted over .300 in every year except 1968, when he hit .291.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|title=ESPN - Roberto Clemente MLB Career Stats - Major League Baseball|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/alltime/playercard?playerId=2482&type=0|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> He was selected to every All-Star game, and he was given a [[Gold Glove Award|Gold Glove]] every season from 1961 onwards.<ref name="ESPN"/> He led the National League in batting average four times (1961, 1964, 1965, and 1967), led the National League in hits twice (1964 and 1967), and won the Most Valuable Player award in the 1966 season, when he hit .317 while setting career highs in home runs (29) and RBI (119).<ref name="ESPN"/> In 1967, he registered a career high .357 average and hit twenty-three home runs and 110 runs batted in.<ref name="ESPN"/>

===The 1970s===
The 1970 season was the last one that the Pittsburgh Pirates played in [[Forbes Field]] before moving to [[Three Rivers Stadium]]; for Clemente, abandoning this stadium was an emotional situation. The Pirates' final game at Forbes Field took place on June 28, 1970. That day, Clemente noted that it was hard to play in a different field, saying, "I spent half my life there".<ref>{{cite book|quote=On June 28, 1970, the Pittsburgh Pirates played their last game at Forbes Field. For Roberto it was an emotional moment. "I spent half my life there," he said.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=106 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref> The night of July 4, 1970 was declared "Roberto Clemente Night"; on this day, several Puerto Rican fans traveled to Three Rivers Stadium and cheered Clemente while wearing traditional Puerto Rican indumentary. A ceremony to honor Clemente took place, during which he received a scroll with 300,000 signatures compiled in Puerto Rico, and several thousands of dollars were donated to charity work following Clemente's request.<ref>{{cite book|quote=A young Puerto Rican businessman named Juan Jiménez presented Roberto with a scroll containing 300,000 signatures from the people of Puerto Rico.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=107 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=At Roberto's request, thousands of dollars were donated to help the crippled children at Pittsburgh's Children's Hospital.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=108 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref>

During the 1970 campaign, Clemente compiled an average of .352; the Pirates won the [[National League East]] but were subsequently eliminated by the [[Cincinnati Reds]]. In the offseason, Clemente experienced some tense situations while he was working as manager of the Senators and when his father, Melchor Clemente, experienced medical problems and was subjected to a surgery.<ref>{{cite book|quote=That winter, Roberto had other concerns as well. Don Melchor fell seriously ll and had to have surgery.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=111-112|chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref>

In the 1971 season, the Pirates won the National League and faced the Baltimore Orioles in the [[1971 World Series|World Series]]. Baltimore had won 100 games and swept the [[American League Championship Series]], both for the third consecutive year, and were the defending World Series champions. The Orioles won the first two games in the series, but Pittsburgh won the championship in seven games. This marked the second occasion that Clemente had won a World Series with the Pirates. Over the course of the series, Clemente batted a .414 average (12 hits in 29 [[at bat|at-bats]]), performed well defensively, and hit a solo home run in the deciding 2-1 seventh game victory.<ref name="ESPN 2"/> Following the conclusion of the season, he received the World Series Most Valuable Player award. Struggling with injuries, Clemente only managed to appear in 102 games in 1972, but he still hit .312 for his final .300 season.<ref name="ESPN 2"/> On September 30,, in a game at Three Rivers Stadium, he hit a [[double (baseball)|double]] off [[Jon Matlack]] of the [[New York Mets]] for his 3,000th hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/community/clemente.jsp|title=Roberto Clemente Award|publisher=Major League Baseball|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> It was the last at-bat of his career during a regular season, though he did play in the 1972 NLCS playoffs against the Cincinnati Reds.<ref name="ESPN 2">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Clemente_Roberto.html|title=Clemente quietly grew in stature |author=Larry Schwartz |publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> In the playoffs, he batted .235 as he went 4 for 17. His last game ever was at Cincinnati's [[Riverfront Stadium]] in the fifth game of the playoff series.

==Career statistics==
''Offensive''
{|cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 width=400
|- align=center
|[[Games played|G]]
|[[At bat|AB]]
|[[Run (baseball)|R]]
|[[Hit (baseball)|H]]
|[[Double (baseball)|2B]]
|[[Triple (baseball)|3B]]
|[[Home run|HR]]
|[[Run batted in|RBI]]
|[[Stolen base|SB]]
|[[Base on balls|BB]]
|[[Strikeout|SO]]
|[[Batting average|BA]]
|[[On-base percentage|OBP]]
|[[Slugging percentage|SLG]]
|[[On-base plus slugging|OPS]]
|- align=center
|2433
|9454
|1416
|3000
|440
|166
|240
|1305
|83
|621
|1230
|.317
|.359
|.475
|.834
|}

==Death in airplane accident==
Clemente spent much of his time during the off-season involved in charity work. When [[Managua]], the capital city of [[Nicaragua]], was affected by a [[1972 Nicaragua earthquake|massive earthquake]] on December 23, 1972, Clemente (who had been visiting Managua three weeks before the quake) immediately set to work arranging emergency relief flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/dreamteam/robertoclemente.html|title=White House Dream Team: Roberto Walker Clemente|publisher=White House|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> He soon learned, however, that the aid packages on the first three flights had been diverted by corrupt officials of the [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Somoza]] government, never reaching victims of the quake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2004/diciembre/11-diciembre-2004/nacional/nacional-20041211-15.html|title=El vuelo solidario y temerario de Clemente|publisher=El Nuevo Diario|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>

Clemente decided to accompany the fourth relief flight, hoping that his presence would ensure that the aid would be delivered to the survivors.<ref name=Gale">{{cite web|url=http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/chh/bio/clemente_r.htm|title=Hispanic Heritage: Roberto Clemente|publisher=Gale Gengage Learning|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> The airplane he chartered for a New Year's Eve flight, a [[Douglas DC-7]], <ref>[http://www.latinosportslegends.com/Clemente-search.htm]</ref><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jan/04/sports/sp-9152]</ref> had a history of mechanical problems and sub-par flight personnel, and it was overloaded by 5,000 pounds. It crashed into the ocean off the coast of [[Isla Verde, Puerto Rico]] immediately after takeoff on December 31, 1972.<ref name="Latino Legends">{{cite web|url=http://www.latinosportslegends.com/clemente.htm|title=Roberto Clemente|publisher=Latino Legends in Sports|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> A few days after the crash, the body of the pilot and part of the fuselage of the plane were found. An empty flight case apparently belonging to Clemente was the only personal item recovered from the plane. Teammate [[Manny Sanguillen]], a catcher and Clemente's best friend, was the only member of the Pirates not to attend Roberto's funeral. He chose instead to dive into the waters where Clemente's plane had crashed in an effort to find his teammate. Clemente's body was never recovered.<ref name="Latino Legends"/>

At the time of his death, Clemente had established several records within the Pittsburgh Pirates, including possessing the record for hitting the most triples in a single game with three and the record for most hits in two consecutive games with ten, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/pit/history/single_game_records.jsp|title=Pirates Single Game Records|publisher=Pittsburgh Pirates|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> as well as achieving other accomplishments that were unparalleled at the moment. These include tying the record for most [[Gold Glove Award]]s won among outfielders with twelve, which he shares with [[Willie Mays]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_ggnl.shtml|title=Gold Glove National League Outfielders|publisher=Baseball Almanac|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> He also became the only player to have ever hit a [[Walk-off home run|walk-off]] [[Home run#Inside-the-park home run|inside-the-park]] [[Grand slam (baseball)|grand slam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leftfield.homestead.com/roberto_clemente.html|title=Roberto Clemente Presente!|publisher=leftfield.com|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> He accomplished this historic feat on July 25, 1956 in a 9-8 Pittsburgh win against the [[Chicago Cubs]], at [[Forbes Field]]. In addition, he was one of four players to have ten or more Gold Gloves and a lifetime batting average of over .300.

==Posthumous honors==
[[Image:Roberto Clemente Coliseum.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Roberto Clemente Coliseum]]
On March 20, [[1973 in baseball|1973]], the [[Baseball Writers Association of America]] held a special election for the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]].<ref name="Presidential"/> They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 of the 420 available votes, or 92% of the vote.<ref name="Presidential"/> To this day, any player otherwise eligible for Hall of Fame that dies during their career, or before their five-season waiting period lapses, becomes immediately eligible for the Hall of Fame.

Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque had originally read "Roberto Walker Clemente". In 2000, the plaque was recast to express his name in the proper Hispanic format, "Roberto Clemente Walker".<ref>{{cite web| title=Roberto Clemente Plaque is Recast to Correct Cultural Inaccuracy; New One Travels to Puerto Rico (November, 2000)| url= http://209.23.71.87/whats_new/press_releases/2000/pr2000_09_19.htm| publisher=National Hall of Fame and Museum| date=[[2000-09-18]]| accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref>
[[Image:PresMedalFreedom.jpg|thumb|80px|left|Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
MLB presents the [[Roberto Clemente Award]] every year to the player who best follows Clemente's example with humanitarian work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070906&content_id=4991&vkey=hof_news|title=Baseball honors Roberto Clemente|author=Marc Zarefsku|publisher=National Baseball Hall of Fame|date=[[2007-09-06]]|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Clemente was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 1973 and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 2002.<ref name="Presidential">{{cite web|url=http://www.medaloffreedom.com/RobertoWalkerClemente.htm|title=Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient: Roberto Clemente Walker|publisher=The Official Site of the Presidential Medal of Freedom|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> In 2003, he was inducted into the [[United States Marine Corps]] Sports Hall of Fame.<ref name="Marine"/> On October 26, 2005, Clemente was named a member of Major League Baseball's [[Latino Legends Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.astros.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20051026&content_id=1260107&vkey=printer_friendly&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|title=Latino Legends team announced|author=Jesses Sanchez|publisher=Major League Baseball|date=[[2005-10-26]]|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> At the [[Major League Baseball]] [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on July 11, 2006, many of the players on both teams wore yellow wristbands with the initials "RCW" in honor of Clemente. At the end of the fourth inning, Clemente was awarded the Commissioner's Historical Achievement Award by the Commissioner of Baseball; the award was accepted by his widow.<ref name="AS 2006">{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060711&content_id=1553135&vkey=allstar2006&fext=.jsp|title=Baseball honors Clemente|author=Barry M. Bloom|publisher=Major League Baseball|date=[[2006-07-12]]|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> During the award presentation, the [[Commissioner of Baseball]] [[Bud Selig]] stated that "Roberto was a hero in every sense of the word".<ref name="AS 2006"/> [[Image:RobertoClementeStatueatPNCPark.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Clemente outside [[PNC Park]] in [[Pittsburgh]].]] [[PNC Park]], the home ballpark of the Pirates which opened in 2001, includes a right field wall {{convert|21|ft|m}} high, in reference to Clemente's uniform number and his normal fielding position during his years with the Pirates.<ref>{{citeweb| url=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/pit/ballpark/index.jsp| title=PNC Park Overview| publisher=Major League Baseball| accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref>

Puerto Rico has honored Clemente's memory by naming the coliseum in San Juan the [[Roberto Clemente Coliseum]]; two baseball parks are in Carolina, the professional one, [[Roberto Clemente Stadium]], and the Double-A, located at the Escuela de los Deportes (School of Sports), now called ''Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcsc21.com/index.php?page=homepage|title=Bienvenidos|publisher=Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente (official website)|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> In Pittsburgh, the [[Roberto Clemente Bridge|6th Street Bridge]] was renamed in his memory, and the Pirates [[Squad number#Retired number|retired]] his number 21 at the start of the 1973 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19990408clemente3.asp|title=Clemente's family helps to christen renamed bridge|author=Johnna A.|publisher=post-gazette.com|date=[[1999-04-08]]|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> The City of Pittsburgh maintains [[Roberto Clemente Memorial Park]] along North Shore Drive in the city's North Side. In 2007, the [[Roberto Clemente Museum]] opened in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07204/803776-63.stm|title=Clemente Museum brightens Lower Lawrenceville outlook|author=Diana Nelson Jones|publisher=The Pittsburgh Gazette|date=[[2007-07-23]]|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Some schools, such as [[Roberto Clemente High School]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] and the [[Roberto Clemente Charter School]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]], were named in Clemente's honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clementehs.org/|title=About Us|publisher=Roberto Clemente Community Academy|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref>

On August 17, 1984, the day before what would have been his 50th birthday, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[postage stamp]] honoring Clemente.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hispanianews.com/archive/2001/April13/04.htm|title=National Postal Museum to feature Roberto Clemente Walker|publisher=Hispania News|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Designed by Juan Lopez-Bonilla, the spare clean design shows Clemente wearing his Pirates cap, with the Puerto Rican flag in the background. In 1999, he ranked Number 20 on ''[[The Sporting News]]''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking Latino player on the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.sportingnews.com/baseball/100/index-1.html|title=The Sporting News Baseball 100 Greatest Players|publisher=The Sporting News|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> Later that year, Clemente was nominated as a finalist for the [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/mlb/news/1999/1023/129008.html|title=All-Century Team final voting|publisher=ESPN|date=[[1999-10-23]]|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>

There is currently an effort to retire his number 21 throughout Major League Baseball, in the same manner that number 42 has been retired throughout baseball in honor of [[Jackie Robinson]]. It is already retired throughout baseball in Puerto Rico.

===Biographies and documentaries===
Clemente's life has been the subject of numerous books, articles and documentaries. [[David Maraniss]] wrote a book titled ''Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero'', which was published in 2006. Clemente is also the subject of a one-hour biography as part of the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] history series, [[American Experience]] which premiered on April 21, 2008.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/clemente/| title=American Experience: Roberto Clemente| publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]| accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref> The film is directed by Bernardo Ruiz, narrated by [[Jimmy Smits]] and features interviews with Vera Clemente, [[Orlando Cepeda]] and [[George F. Will]].<ref name="PBS"/> The production received an [[ALMA Award]].

==See also==
{{portalpar|Puerto Rico}}
*[[List of players from Puerto Rico in Major League Baseball|Players from Puerto Rico in MLB]]
*[[List of famous Puerto Ricans]]
*[[Black history in Puerto Rico|Afro-Puerto Ricans]]
*[[List of top 500 Major League Baseball home run hitters]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball players with 400 doubles]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball players with 100 triples]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI]]
*[[3000 hit club]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball batting champions]]
*[[Major League Baseball hitters with three home runs in one game]]
*[[List of Major League Baseball triples champions]]
{{portal|United States Marine Corps|USMC_logo.svg}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{baseballstats |br=c/clemero01 |fangraphs=1002340 |cube=C/roberto-clemente}}
*{{bbhof|id=112391}}
*[http://www.latinosportslegends.com/clemente.htm Latino Sports Legends]
*[http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=1255&pid=2553 Society of American Baseball Research BioProject biography of Clemente]
*[http://baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=clemero01 Baseball-almanac]

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-ach}}}}
{{succession box |title=[[List of Major League Baseball batting champions|National League Batting Champion]] |before= [[Dick Groat]] [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] |years=1961 1964–1965 1967 |after= [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] [[Pete Rose]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Willie Mays]] |title = [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|National League Most Valuable Player]]|years = 1966 |after = [[Orlando Cepeda]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Eddie Mathews]] [[Pete Rose]] [[Ron Santo]] |title = [[Player of the Month|Major League Player of the Month]]|years = May 1960 May 1967 July 1969 |after = [[Lindy McDaniel]] [[Hank Aaron]] [[Willie Davis (baseball player)|Willie Davis]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Brooks Robinson]] |title = [[World Series MVP Award|World Series MVP]]|years = 1971 |after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Brooks Robinson]] |title = [[Babe Ruth Award]] |years = [[1971 in baseball|1971]] |after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{end box}}
{{1960 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{1971 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{MLBLLT}}
{{World Series MVPs}}
{{NL MVPs}}
{{Babe Ruth Award}}
{{3000 hit club}}
{{Pirates Retired Numbers}}
{{1973 Baseball HOF}}
{{Baseball Hall of Fame outfielders}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Roberto Clemente Walker
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Roberto Walker Clemente (common misspelling used in the original Hall of Fame plaque)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Puerto Rican professional baseball player, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer
|DATE OF BIRTH = August 18, 1934
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Carolina, Puerto Rico
|DATE OF DEATH = December 31, 1972
|PLACE OF DEATH = Atlantic ocean, off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico
}}
{{BD|1934|1972|Clemente, Roberto}}
[[Category:People from Carolina, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball right fielders]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players]]
[[Category:National League All-Stars]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican baseball players]]
[[Category:Gold Glove Award winners]]
[[Category:National League batting champions]]
[[Category:United States Marines]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican Marines]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military personnel]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican sportspeople]]
[[Category:Afro-Puerto Ricans]]
[[Category:Deaths among active Major League Baseball players]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball players with retired numbers]]

[[es:Roberto Clemente]]
[[fr:Roberto Clemente]]
[[it:Roberto Clemente]]
[[ja:ロベルト・クレメンテ]]
[[pt:Roberto Clemente]]
[[zh:羅伯托·克萊門特]]

Roberto Clemente

2008-10-08T19:02:53Z

Nomadgeek: Reverted edits by 69.198.104.66 to last version by 65.204.21.234 (HG)

Swansea University

2008-04-04T09:38:21Z

Nomadgeek:

{{Infobox University
|name = Swansea University
|native_name = Prifysgol Abertawe
|image_name = Swansea University.svg
|image_size = 150px
|motto = ''Gweddw crefft heb ei dawn'' ("Technical skill is bereft without culture")
|established = [[1920]]
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|staff = 2,500
|chancellor = Professor Sir David Williams
|president =
|vice_chancellor = Professor Richard B. Davies
|students = 15,070<ref name="HESA">{{cite web |url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/holisdocs/pubinfo/student/institution0506.htm |title=Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2005/06 |work=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency]] online statistics |accessdate=2007-04-06}}</ref>
|undergrad = 11,355<ref name="HESA" />
|postgrad = 2,470<ref name="HESA" />
|other = 1,245 [[further education|FE]]<ref name="HESA" />
|city = [[Swansea]]
|state =
|country = [[United Kingdom|UK]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|colours = Green & White
|affiliations = [[University of Wales]], [[European University Association|EUA]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]
|website = http://www.swan.ac.uk/
}}
{{distinguish|Swansea Metropolitan University}}
'''Swansea University''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Prifysgol Abertawe'') is a [[university]] located in [[Swansea]], [[Wales]], [[United Kingdom]]. Swansea University was founded as '''University College, Swansea''' in 1920, as the fourth college of the [[University of Wales]], following the report of the Haldane Commission into University Education in Wales. It later changed its name to the '''University of Wales, Swansea''' following structural changes within the University of Wales. The new title of '''Swansea University''' was formally adopted on 1 September 2007 when the University of Wales became a non-membership confederal institution and the former members became universities in their own right.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6972832.stm BBC NEWS | Wales | Three universities go independent]</ref>

It is the third largest university in Wales in terms of number of students<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales</ref>. The university campus is located next to the coast at the north of [[Swansea Bay]], east of the [[Gower peninsula]], in the grounds of [[Singleton Park]], just outside [[Swansea city centre]]. Swansea was granted its own degree-awarding powers in 2005 in preparation for possible changes within the University of Wales.<ref>[http://www.thes.co.uk/search/story.aspx?story_id=2022355] THES article 'Swansea Goes It Alone'</ref>

Swansea maintains a strong rivalry against [[Cardiff University]], whose sports teams compete in an annual [[varsity match]], known as the Welsh version of the [[Oxbridge]] event, termed the [[Welsh Varsity]].{{fact}}

==Governance and structure==
Swansea received its [[royal charter]] in 1920 and like many universities is governed by its [[constitution]] that is set out in its [[statutes]] and [[charter]]. The governing body of Swansea University is its Council, which, in turn, is supported by the Senate and the Court.

*'''The Council''' consists of 29 members including the Chancellor, Pro-chancellors, Vice-chancellor, Treasurer, Pro-vice-chancellors, staff and student members, city council representation and a majority of lay members. The council is responsible for all of the University's activities and has a well-developed committee structure to help discharge its powers and duties.

*'''The Senate''' consists of 200 members, the majority of whom are academics but includes also representatives from both the Students' Union and the [[Athletic Union]]. The senate is chaired by the Vice-chancellor, who is the head of the university both academically and administratively. The senate is the main academic body of the university and is responsible for teaching and research.

*'''The Court''' consists of over 300 members, who represent the [[Stakeholder (general)|stakeholders]] in the university and stretch from local to national institutions. The court meets annually to discuss the university's annual report and its financial statements, as well as to discuss current issues in [[higher education]]

==Academic structure==

Swansea University's academic departments are organised into 10 schools:

*'''The School of Arts''': Applied Linguistics, Cymraeg/Welsh, English, French, German, Hispanic Studies, Italian, Media and Communication Studies, Russian, Translation
*'''The School of Business and Economics''': Business and Economic departments
*'''The School of Environment and Society''': Biological Sciences, Geography, Centre for Development Studies, Sociology and Anthropology
*'''The School of Health Science''': Adult Studies, Biomedical Studies, Child Health Studies, Clinical Studies, Critical and Emergency Care, E Health Learning, Health Economics and Policy Studies, Midwifery and Gender Studies, Mental Health Studies, Philosophy Humanities and Law in Healthcare, Primary Healthcare, Public Health and Older People
*'''The School of Engineering''': Aerospace, Chemical and Biological, Civil, Electrical and Electronic, Information, Communication & Computing Technology, Materials, Mechanical, Medical, Nanotechnology, Product Design
*'''The School of Humanities''': American Studies; Classics, Ancient History and Egyptology; History; Politics and International Relations Departments (Inc. Callaghan Centre for the study of Conflict)
*'''The School of Human Science''': Psychology, Applied Social Studies, Childhood Studies, Sports Science
*'''The School of Medicine''': Graduate Entry Medicine, Centre for Health Information, Research & Evaluation, Institute of Life Science, BioMedical Research, Genetics Group
*'''The School of Law''': International Maritime, Trade and Commercial Law, Business & Law. Legal Practice Course, Graduate Diploma in Law, IISTL, CEELP, LLB
*'''The School of Physical Sciences''': Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics departments

==Student accommodation==

Swansea University provides approximately 3000 places in University halls and can normally offer accommodation to over 98% of new Undergraduate students who require it. Accommodation is also available for all International Postgraduate students.

Swansea University maintains on-campus and off-campus halls of residence and the purpose built Hendrefoelan Student Village. Several new halls of residence were completed in 2004 and in 2008.

There are also a number of University Managed Properties in the Uplands and Brynmill areas of the city. These are houses and flats located in popular student areas and house between 2 and 8 students.

'''Hendrefoelan Student Village'''

Hendrefoelan Student Village is the University’s largest residence site where 1644 students live in self-catering accommodation. The Hendrefoelan estate is 2½ miles from the campus, just off the main Swansea to Gower road, set amongst mature woodland with open grassy areas.

'''Campus Halls'''

There are nine halls that make up the campus residences providing accommodation to around 1226 students. The halls offer a combination of part and self-catered rooms and a choice of standard or ensuite study rooms. Three of these halls (Caswell, Langland and Oxwich) were completed in 2004 and the original halls (Kilvey, Preseli, Rhossili and Cefn Bryn [formerly known as Sibly, Lewis Jones and Mary Williams]) have undergone some refurbishment in recent years. Penmaen and Horton are the newest addition to the campus residences providing 351 self-catered, ensuite study rooms. Many rooms have spectacular views over the bay or across the park.

'''Ty Beck/ Beck House'''

Six large Victorian town houses situated in the Uplands area of Swansea, approximately a mile from the Singleton campus. Predominantly provide rooms for Postgraduates and students with families, as well as overseas exchange students.

==Recent developments==
The University has restructured in recent years, expanding popular areas such as [[History]], [[English language|English]], [[Geography]] and Computer Science, but closing the Department of [[Sociology]] and [[Anthropology]], and the Department of [[Philosophy]].{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The Department of [[Chemistry]] has also ceased to take undergraduate students, although it continues to carry out research and post-graduate teaching. The stated aim of the closure of these core academic departments was to divert funds into a new Management School designed to recruit lucrative students from the Far East. In the campaign by staff and students against the closures, the Students Union advertised the university on eBay with a starting price of 1p. A new course [[Aerospace Engineering]] has been introduced of which the first intake will pass out in June 2007. Another recent development is the partnership with [[Cardiff University]] to provide a four-year graduate-entry medical degree (MB BCh)in Swansea which was launched in 2004. In 2007 Swansea University awarded the four year course in its own.[http://www.newswales.co.uk/?section=Health&F=1&id=13762]

The Western Britain chapter of the International Conference for the Study of Political Thought was moved to the Department of Politics & International Relations from Exeter University earlier in 2006.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Boots Centre for Innovation==
{{Advert|date=February 2008}}
Boots Centre for Innovation was created in April 2007 as a non profit making partnership between Boots the Chemist, Longbow Capital, Swansea University and the Welsh Assembly Government. The Centre was created to work closely with early stage companies or lone inventors to develop innovative new products and technologies within the health and beauty sectors.

The principle aim of the Centre is to mentor and support these innovators through each stage of product development and eventually launch exciting new consumer products for the shelves of Boots stores.
The Boots Centre for Innovation welcomes entrepreneurs from around the world to present their health & beauty concepts for consideration. At its base in Swansea University, Boots Centre for Innovation provides:
*Business knowledge including: product development expertise, marketing skills and general business management.
*Access to a wealth of scientific expertise
*Funding
*A gate way to 2,400 Boots the Chemist stores in the UK and access to an international distribution and retail network. [http://www.bootsinnovation.com]

==Campus plan==
[[Image:Fulton House Swansea University.jpg|thumb|Fulton House, Swansea University.]]

Accelerating growth in research activities is putting pressure on facilities and requires the University to provide additional workspace and an improved infrastructure. The University recently commissioned a team of consultants, Actium Consult, to research options for a ten-year “Estates Strategy”, taking into account the pressures created by its growth and sustained increases in student numbers. The brief was to research and evaluate all options available to the University. The key finding in the report demonstrates that the University will require a significant amount of additional space in order to provide the facilities necessary to meet future demand. Actium Consult proposed three different options to address this need for space.

#Demolish Fulton House and Union House and redevelop the site
#Refurbish Fulton House and redevelop the site between Singleton Hospital and the halls of residence
#Consider an alternative location (two sites are evaluated in the report).

The consultant’s recommendation is to redevelop central areas of Singleton Campus, although this does raise a number of other issues. The University also needs to consider future provision for student accommodation. Currently, all the options are being considered and the University is consulting with staff, as well as other stakeholders in the local community, to identify the best course of action.

The University have indicated that their preferred option would be to have Fulton House, the main building on campus, [[Listed building|delisted]] and to demolish the building. The independent advisors who examined the University and recommended the plans have stated that the University would require Fulton House to be de-listed by June 2007 in order for the plan to be feasible.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

In written evidence presented to the [[National Assembly for Wales|Welsh Assembly's]] Enterprise and Learning Committee in January 2008, the university stated that it was "at an advanced stage of discussion" about a new 'Innovation Campus' on a second site. The new campus could be home to Engineering, Computing, Telecommunications, the Business and Law Schools and a range of "research/test facilities" for large and small companies.<ref>[http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-committees/bus-committees-third-assem/bus-committees-third-els-home/bus-committees-third-els-agendas.htm?act=dis&id=71547&ds=2/2008 EL(3)-03-08 : Paper 1 : Evidence to the Committee inquiry into the economic contribution of higher education - Swansea University]</ref> One proposal is the development of a 100-acre site near Fabian Way at [[Crymlyn Burrows]].<ref>http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=161366&command=displayContent&sourceNode=161366&contentPK=20194195&folderPk=88499</ref>

==University rankings==

[[The Times]] university Top 100 league table recently listed the University as the 43rd best university in the UK (out of a total of 109), up from 50th position in 2004 but down from 42nd in 2005. In addition, the University picked up the 2005 Times Higher Education Supplement Award for the UK's "best student experience".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4464736.stm BBC Article on the University's Ranking]</ref><ref>[http://www.thes.co.uk/search/story.aspx?story_id=2026270 Times League Table]</ref> However, the survey was criticised by some, as it was carried out by the Student Panel making the sample self-selected and therefore unscientific. The University is also listed as one of the top 500 universities in the World at 401 to 500 in the 2006 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai Jiao Tong University World Rankings]].<ref>[http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_401- 500.htm Academic World Ranking]</ref> The Guardian league tables also placed the university at 42nd in its institution wide table.<ref>[http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=40&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution=&Tariff=6 Guardian Ranking]</ref>

==Library==
Library & Information Services at Swansea provides a combined library, IT and Careers service. The main Library & Information Centre on the Singleton campus has over 800,000 books and periodicals, along with a wide range of electronic resources including over 23,000 electronic journals. There are over 1,000 study spaces, almost half of which are equipped with networked PCs. LIS was awarded the Charter Mark in 2006.

The Library & Information Centre also has major archive collections, based on the South Wales Coalfield Collection, several papers of Welsh writers in English and the Richard Burton Collection, which was recently donated by his wife, Sally Burton. It is hoped that the collection will form the hub of a learning resource dedicated to the actor’s life and work.

Recent developments include a major extension in opening hours (8am to 2am Sundays to Thursdays; 8am to 8pm Fridays and Saturdays), the installation of a Costa coffee pod in the Group Study Area and the transfer of the stock of the Morriston Hospital Nursing Library to the Library & Information Centre.

==Xtreme Radio 1431AM==
[[Xtreme Radio]] is the radio station of the University, run by students. It was founded in November 1968 as Action Radio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} It broadcasts to various areas around campus, around Swansea itself on 1431AM and worldwide on the internet. The station plays a wide variety of music, as well as having a number of specialist programmes including talk and sports shows. Xtreme will be forty years old on [[30 November]] [[2008]], making it one of the longest established student radio stations in the UK.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

==Museum of Egyptian Antiquities (Egypt Centre)==

Located within the Taliesin building, the Egypt Centre is a museum of Egyptian antiquities open to the public. There are over 4500 items in the collection.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Most of them were collected by the pharmacist Sir Henry Wellcome. Others came to the university from: the British Museum; the Royal Edinburgh Museum; National Museums and Galleries of Wales Cardiff; the Royal Albert Museum and Art Gallery and also private donors.

The Centre is a centre of excellence for museology,{{Fact|date=November 2007}} providing advice to other museums throughout Britain and collaborating with the Department of Classics and Ancient History on the Egyptology BA.

Egypt Centre staff regularly give lectures and talks to museum groups and other outside bodies on widening participation in university museums; social inclusion and volunteering. Schools regularly visit us to take part in a stimulating and interactive programme of events.

==Notable alumni==

*[[Donald Anderson, Baron Anderson of Swansea|Lord Anderson of Swansea]], former MP
*[[Peter Black]], AM for South Wales West
*[[Alan Cox]] (Shared with [[University of Wales, Aberystwyth]]), [[Linux]] pioneer
*[[Martin Coles]], President of [[Starbucks Coffee]] International
*[[Andrew Davies]], AM for Swansea West & Minister for Finance & Public Service Delivery, [[Welsh Assembly Government]]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/bbcweather/forecasters/liam_dutton.shtml Liam Dutton, BBC Weather Forecaster]
*[[Richey Edwards]] and [[Nicky Wire]] of rock group [[Manic Street Preachers]]
*[[Hywel Francis]] MP, Aberavon
*[[Sylvia Heal]] MP, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons
*[[Sarah Hendy]], television presenter on [[Price-drop tv]] and [[E4 Music]]
*[[Andy Hopper]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] FRS, Head of Computing at Cambridge University, co-founder of [[Acorn Computers Ltd]]
*[[Sian James (politician)|Sian James]] MP for Swansea East
*[[Alun Wyn Jones]], Welsh Rugby Football International
*[[Val Lloyd]] AM for Swansea East
*[[Anne Main]] MP, St Albans
*Sir [[Terry Matthews]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
*[[Dwayne Peel]], Welsh Rugby Football International
*[[Geoffrey Thomas]], President of [[Kellogg College, Oxford]]
*Sir [[John Meurig Thomas]], Chemist
*Professor [[D.Z. Phillips]]
*[[Charlie Williams (UK writer)]], author of ''The Mangel Trilogy''
*[[Rob Howley]], Wales and Lions Rugby Football International ''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of universities in Wales]]
*[[University of Wales]]
*[[Swansea]]
*[[Academic dress of the University of Wales]]
*[[Singleton Abbey]]
*[[Swansea University Students' Union]]

==External links==
*[http://www.swan.ac.uk/ Swansea University]
*[http://www.swansea-union.co.uk/ Swansea University Student Union (SUSU) website]
*[http://www.suau.co.uk/ Swansea University Athletic Union (SUAU) website]

{{University of Wales}}
{{Universities in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:University of Wales]]
[[Category:Swansea University|*]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Swansea]]

[[ar:مدرسة طب سوانزي]]
[[cy:Prifysgol Abertawe]]
[[no:University of Wales, Swansea]]

Nissan Forum

2008-04-01T08:42:09Z

Nomadgeek: Reverted 1 edit by 78.36.244.80 identified as vandalism to last revision by Bull-Doser. (TW)

{{unsourced|date=December 2007}}
{{concept automobile}}

{{Infobox Automobile
| name = Nissan Forum
| image = [[Image:Nissan Forum NY.jpg|250px|Nissan Forum concept]]
| manufacturer = [[Nissan]]
| class = [[Concept car|Concept]] [[minivan]]
| body_style = 4-door [[van]]
| layout = [[FF layout]]
| transmission = [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]
| wheelbase = {{Auto mm|3075|1}}
| length = {{Auto mm|4987|1}}
| width = {{Auto mm|2114|1}}
| height = {{Auto mm|1763|1}}
}}

The '''[[Nissan]] Forum''' is a new [[concept car|concept]] [[minivan]] that debuted during the 2008 [[North American International Auto Show]]. It is expected to become a production version of next-generation [[Nissan Quest]] ([[North America]]) and [[Nissan Presage]] ([[Asia]]) on the [[Nissan D platform]].

{{Nissan}}

[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Forum]]
[[Category:Front wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Minivans]]
[[Category:Concept automobiles]]

[[nl:Nissan Forum]]

Gouverneurswahl in New York 1822

2008-03-23T12:17:32Z

Nomadgeek:

{{unreferenced|article}}
{| class=wikitable
|+''' 1822 General election results'''
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! width="20%" | Governor candidate
! width="20%"| [[Running mate|Running Mate]]
! width="16%" | Party
! width="18%" colspan="2" | Popular Vote
|-
|'''[[Joseph C. Yates]]'''
|'''[[Erastus Root]]'''
|'''[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]'''
| align="right" | '''128,493'''
| align="right" | '''(97.79%)'''
|-
|Solomon Southwick
|
|
| align="right" | 2,910
| align="right" | (2.21%)
|-
|}

==See also==
{{New York gubernatorial elections}}

{{NewYork-stub}}
{{US-election-stub}}

[[Category:New York gubernatorial elections|1822]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2008-03-22T21:16:19Z

Nomadgeek: Vandalism

{{Dynamic list}}

This article provides a '''list of unusual deaths''' – unique or extremely rare circumstances – recorded throughout history. The list also includes less rare, but still unusual, deaths of prominent people.

To be included on this list, an unusual death has to receive mention in the Wikipedia article of a person, or the death itself has to be the focus of a Wikipedia article.

==Antiquity==
''Note: Many of these stories are likely to be [[apocryphal]] (uncertain authenticity)''

*[[876 BC]]: Found in an ancient Chinese burial ground, a scroll detailed the death of Ling Wang Pai. He was suffocated by his oxen skin tent; it was knocked over by his pet ox which he had raised as if it were his son.
*[[845 BC]]: Ancient records were discovered in [[North Africa]] describing the death of a ruler named Vondracek Beeir who was sacrificed by cutting an inch off his body starting at the bottom of his feet and working up.
* [[458 BC]]: The Greek playwright [[Aeschylus]] was killed when an eagle dropped a live tortoise on him, mistaking his bald head for a stone. The tortoise survived.
*[[454 BC]]: The rebel pharaoh [[Inarus]], leader of the rebellion in Egypt against Persian rule, was taken captive to [[Susa]] after being defeated by the satrap Megabyzus. There, after five years, he was impaled on three stakes and [[Flaying|flayed]] alive.
* [[270 BC]]: The poet and grammarian [[Philitas of Cos]] reportedly wasted away and died of [[insomnia]] while brooding about the [[Liar paradox]].<ref>Donaldson, John William and Müller, Karl Otfried. ''A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece'', p. 262. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858.</ref>
*[[207 BC]]: [[Chrysippus]], a Greek [[stoic]] [[philosopher]], is believed to have [[Fatal hilarity|died of laughter]] after watching his drunk donkey attempt to eat [[fig]]s.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 27.</ref>
*[[53 BC]]: Following his defeat at [[Battle of Carrhae|Carrhae]] at the hands of the [[Parthians]] under [[Spahbod]] [[Surena]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] was executed by having [[molten]] [[gold]] poured down his throat. Some accounts claim that his head was then cut off and used as a stage prop in a play performed for the Parthian king [[Orodes II]].
*[[48 BC]]: The Roman general [[Pompey]], fleeing to Egypt after being defeated at the [[Battle of Pharsalus]] by his rival [[Julius Caesar]], was stabbed, killed, and decapitated: his head was then preserved in a jar by the young king [[Ptolemy XIII]] and presented to Caesar, to whom he intended to ingratiate himself. Caesar was not amused.
*[[43 BC]]: [[Cicero]], the great Roman statesman, was labeled an enemy of the state by the [[Second Triumvirate]]. Like all those [[Proscription|proscribed]] by the Triumvirate, he was hunted down and killed; his severed hands and head were then displayed on the [[Rostra]] in the [[Forum (Roman)|Forum]] for several days, during which time [[Fulvia]], wife of [[Mark Antony]], is supposed to have stabbed his once-skilled tongue several times with a hairpin.
*[[42 BC]]: [[Porcia Catonis]], wife of [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], killed herself by supposedly swallowing hot coals after hearing of her husband's death; however, modern historians claim that it is more likely that she poisoned herself with carbon monoxide, by burning coals in an unventilated room.
*[[4 BC]]: [[Herod the Great]] suffered from fever, intense rashes, colon pains, [[foot drop]], inflammation of the abdomen, a putrefaction of his genitals that produced worms, convulsions, and difficulty breathing before he finally gave up. <ref>Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Book 17, Chapter 6</ref> Similar symptoms-- abdominal pains and worms-- accompanied the death of his grandson [[Herod Agrippa]] in [[44]] AD, after he had imprisoned [[St Peter]]. At various times, each of these deaths has been considered divine retribution.
*[[64]] - [[67]]: [[St Peter]] was executed by the Romans. According to many sources, he asked not to be [[crucifixion|crucified]] in the normal way, but was instead executed on an [[Cross of St. Peter|inverted cross]]. He said he was not worthy to be crucified the same way Jesus was. This is the only recorded instance of this type of crucifixion.
*[[69]]: The short-time Roman emperor [[Galba]] was killed after becoming extremely unpopular with both the Roman people and the Praetorian guard-- however, 120 different people claimed credit for having killed him. All of these names were recorded in a list and they all were later themselves executed by the emperor [[Vitellius]].
*C. [[98]] [[Saint Antipas]], Bishop of Pergamum, was roasted to death in a [[brazen bull]] during the persecutions of Emperor [[Domitian]]. [[Saint Eustace]], as well as his wife and children supposedly suffered a similar fate under [[Hadrian]]. The creator of the brazen bull, Perillos of Athens, was according to legend the first victim of the brazen bull when he presented his invention to [[Phalaris]], Tyrant of [[Agrigentum]].
*[[258]]: [[St Lawrence]] was executed by being burned or 'grilled' on a large metal gridiron at Rome. Images of him often show him holding the instrument of his execution. Legend says that he was so strong-willed that instead of giving in to the Romans and releasing information about the Church, at the point of death he exclaimed "I am done on this side! Turn me over and eat."<ref>http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1103</ref>
*[[260]]: According to an ancient account, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], after being defeated in battle and captured by the [[Sassanid dynasty|Persians]], was used as a footstool by the King [[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]]. After a long period of punishment and humiliation, he offered Shapur a huge ransom for his release. In reply, Shapur had the unfortunate emperor skinned alive and his skin stuffed with straw or dung and preserved as a trophy. Only after the Sassanid dynasty's defeat in their last war with Rome three and a half centuries later was his skin given a cremation and burial.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', v; Wickert, L., "Licinius (Egnatius) 84" in ''[[Pauly-Wissowa|Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie]]'' 13.1 (1926), 488-495; Parker, H., ''A History of the Roman World A.D. 138 to 337'' (London, 1958), 170. From [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm].</ref> (A recent report from Iran mentions the restoration of a bridge supposed to have been built by Valerian and his soldiers for Shapur in return for their freedom).<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=1171&sectionid=351020107 "Iran to restore ancient bridge built by captive Roman emperor"] ''Press TV'', 02 Mar 2007</ref>
*[[336]]: [[Arius]], the heretical priest who precipitated the Council of Nicea, [[Flatulence|passed wind]] and evacuated his internal organs.
*[[415]]: The Greek mathematician and philosopher [[Hypatia of Alexandria]] was murdered by a mob by having her skin ripped off with sharp sea-shells and what remained of her was burned. (Various types of shells have been named: clams, oysters, abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery-shards were used.)



==Middle Ages==
*[[1016]]: [[Edmund II of England]] was rumored to have been stabbed in the gut or bowels while he was performing his [[Ablution in Christianity|ablution]]s.<ref>[[Henry of Huntingdon]] (tr. Thomas Forester). ''The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon'', p. 196. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.</ref>
*[[1135]]: [[Henry I of England]] is said to have died after gorging on [[lampreys]], his favourite food.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/southerncounties/content/articles/2007/09/18/inside_out_lamprey_feature.shtml "The pre-historic visitors"], ''BBC'', September 18, 2007</ref>
*[[1258]]: [[Al-Musta'sim]] was killed during the Mongol invasion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Hulegu]], not wanting to spill royal blood, had the Caliph wrapped in a rug and trampled to death by horses.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/magazine/print?query=lamented&id=84&minGrade=&maxGrade= "The Mamluks"], Jame Waterson, ''History Today'', March, 2006</ref>
*[[1277]]: [[Pope John XXI]] was killed in the collapse of his scientific [[laboratory]].<ref>[[Joseph Epiphane Darras]] and White, Charles Ignatius. ''A General History of the Catholic Church: From the Life of the Christian Era to the Twentieth Century'', pp. 406-7. New York: P. J. Kennedy, 1898.</ref>
*[[1322]]: [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]] was fatally speared through the [[anus]] by a pikeman hidden under the bridge during the Battle of [[Boroughbridge]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Ian|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The Greatest Traitor|year=2006|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=Unknown|id=}} p. 124</ref>
*[[1327]]: [[Edward II of England]], after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumored to have been murdered by having a red-hot iron inserted into his anus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref>
*[[1410]] [[Martin I of Aragon]] died from a lethal combination of indigestion and uncontrollable laughing.<ref>[http://www.cc.jyu.fi/mirator/pdf/Morris.pdf "Patronage and Piety - Montserrat and the Royal House of Medeival Catalonia-Aragon"], Paul N. Morris, ''Mirator Lokakuu'', October, 2000</ref>
*[[1478]]: [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]], [[Duke of Clarence]] reportedly was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]]<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref> at his own request.

==Renaissance==
*[[1556]]: The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] was descending the steps of his library when he heard the ''azaan'', or call to prayer. He wished to kneel down for his prayers, his foot caught the folds of his garment, and he fell down several flights. He died 3 days later of the wounds at the age of 47. <ref>[http://www.the-south-asian.com/Dec2000/Humayun.htm "Humayun"], ''The South Asian'', December, 2000</ref>
*[[1559]]: [[Henry II of France|King Henry II]] of France was killed during a [[jousting]] match, when his helmet's soft golden grille gave way to a broken lancetip which pierced his eye and entered his brain. <ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/showbiz/showbiznews.html?in_article_id=489086&in_page_id=1773&in_page_id=1773&expand=true "Jouster dies after being speared through eye in freak accident on Channel 4's Time Team"], ''Daily Mail'', October 23, 2007</ref>
*[[1599]]: The [[Bamar|Burmese]] king [[Nanda Bayin]] reportedly "[[fatal hilarity|laughed to death]] when informed, by a visiting Italian merchant, that Venice was a free state without a king."<ref name="Miscellany">{{

cite book
|title=Schott's Original Miscellany
|author=Schott, Ben
|location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing
|year=2003
|id=ISBN 0-7475-6320-9

}}</ref>
*[[1601]]: [[Tycho Brahe]], according to legend, died of complications resulting from a strained bladder at a banquet. It would have been extremely bad etiquette to leave the table before the meal was finished, so he stayed until he became fatally ill. This version of events has since been brought into question as other causes of death (murder by [[Johannes Kepler]], [[suicide]], and lead poisoning among others) have come to the fore.<ref>[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Brahe.html Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601) - from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography]</ref>
*[[1626]]: [[Francis Bacon]] died of pneumonia contracted while filling a [[chicken]] with ice in order to prove that freezing preserves food.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/filmnetwork/A14042099 "The Ghost Chicken of Highgate, London"], ''BBC'', October 31, 2006</ref>
*[[1655]]: [[Pope Innocent X]] died and was hidden in a corner for three days by his sister-in-law and probable mistress [[Olimpia Maidalchini]] while she searched and robbed the papal palace of various treasures. Only when she had completed her search was the body allowed to be found.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
*[[1660]]: The [[scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]] into English, [[Thomas Urquhart]], is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-714-620-513 | publisher = Routledge | pages = p. 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scotish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | pages = p. 539}}</ref>
*[[1671]]: [[François Vatel]], chef to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], committed suicide because his seafood order was late and he couldn't stand the shame of a postponed meal. His body was discovered by an aide, sent to tell him of the arrival of the fish. The authenticity of this story is questionable.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatel-Fr.html Bartelby], but it states the authenticity is doubtful.</ref>
*[[1671]]: [[Moliere#Death|Molière]], the French actor and playwright died after being seized by a violent coughing fit, whilst playing the title role in his play [[Le Malade imaginaire]] (The Imaginary Invalid).<ref>[http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=1420 "Moliere,: The Imaginary Invalid"], ''NYU Literature, Arts, and Medicine Database'', October 23, 2003</ref>
*[[1687]]: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[composer]], died of a [[gangrene|gangrenous]] [[abscess]] after piercing his foot with a staff while he was vigorously conducting a ''[[Te Deum]]'', as it was customary at that time to conduct by banging a staff on the floor. The performance was to celebrate the king's recovery from an illness.<ref>[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL243/lullbio.htm Biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully], ''Vanderbilt University''</ref>

==Age of Reason==
*[[1751]]: [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]], the author of ''L'Homme machine'', a major materialist and sensualist philosopher died of over eating at a feast given in his honor. His philosophical adversaries suggested that by doing so, he had contradicted his theoretical doctrine with the effect of his practical actions.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/julien-offray-de-la-mettrie/ Julien Offray de La Mettrie Biography] ''Encyclopedia of World Biography''</ref>
*[[1753]]: Professor [[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]], of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], was struck and killed by a globe of [[ball lightning]] while observing a storm.<ref>[http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-1/p42.html Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods] ''Physics Today'', January 2006</ref>
*[[1771]]: King of [[Sweden]], [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]], died of digestion problems on [[February 12]], 1771 after having consumed a meal consisting of [[lobster]], [[caviar]], [[sauerkraut]], smoked [[herring]] and [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]], which was topped off with 14 servings of his favorite [[dessert]]: [[semla]] served in a bowl of hot [[milk]].<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/6470/20070220/ The lowdown on Sweden's best buns] ''The Local'', February 2007</ref> He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death." <ref>[http://www.messengernews.net/page/content.detail/id/503630.html?nav=5007 Semlor are Swedish treat for Lent] Sandy Mickelson, ''The Messenger'', February 27, 2008</ref>

==Modern Age==
===19th century===
*[[1830]]: [[William Huskisson]], statesman and financier, was crushed to death by the world's first mechanically powered passenger train ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at its public opening.<ref>[http://www.lmu.livjm.ac.uk/lhol/content.aspx?itemid=329 "Huskisson, William"], ''International Centre for Digital Content'', January 17, 2003</ref>
*[[1834]]: [[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[botanist]], fell into a pit trap accompanied by a bull. He was gored and possibly crushed.<ref>[http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/PBIO/LnC/douglas.html University of Maryland]: The source is uncertain if the bull fell in before or after him.</ref>
*[[1868]]: [[Matthew Vassar]], brewer and founder of [[Vassar College]], died in mid-speech while delivering his [[Farewell speech|farewell address]] to the College [[Trustee|Board of Trustees]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0CE5DA1230EE34BC4C51DFB0668383679FDE "VASSAR COLLEGE.; Sudden Death of Matthew Vassar, Founder of the Institution, While Reading the Annual Address."], ''The New York Times'', June 24, 1868</ref>
*[[1897]]: The three polar explorers [[Salomon August Andrée]], Knut Fraenkel and Nils Strindberg died in October 1897 at Kvitöya (White Island), NE of [[Svalbard]] where they had arrived after a failed attempt to reach the North Pole in a balloon. Their deaths might've been due to exhaustion but also could have been due to eating insufficiently cooked polar bear meat causing [[trichinosis]], or carbon monoxide poisoning from the miniature kerosene stove when snow made it difficult to air out the fumes.<ref>[http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/andree.htm "Solomon August Andree - Sweden"], ''True Magazine through Aviation-History.com'', August, 1962</ref>
*[[1899]]: French president [[Félix Faure]] died of a stroke while receiving [[oral sex]] in his office.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}

===20th century===
* A number of performers have died '''of natural causes''' during public performances, including:
**[[1943]]: Critic [[Alexander Woollcott]] suffered a fatal heart attack during an on-air discussion about [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A662230 BBC]</ref>
**[[1958]]: [[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]], actor, collapsed and died while in make-up between scenes of a [[live television]] play, ''Underground'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones's absence.
**[[1960]]: [[Baritone]] [[Leonard Warren]] collapsed on the stage of the [[New York Metropolitan Opera]] of a major stroke during a performance of ''[[La forza del destino]]''. According to legend, the last line he sang was "Morir? Tremenda cosa." ("To die? A tremendous thing.") However, witnesses say he was just past that aria and his actual last line was "Gioia, o gioia!" (Joy, oh joy!)
**[[1971]]: [[Jerome Irving Rodale]], an [[United States|American]] pioneer of [[organic farming]], died of a heart attack while being interviewed on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''. According to [[urban legend]], when he appeared to fall asleep, Cavett quipped "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?"<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm</ref>. Cavett says this is incorrect; the initial reaction to Rodale was fellow guest [[Pete Hamill]] noticing something was wrong, and saying in a low voice to Cavett, "This looks bad."<ref>http://donkeyod.wordpress.com/2007/05/04/when-that-guy-died-on-my-show/ Reprint of NYT article by Cavett</ref> The show was never broadcast.
**[[1984]]: Welsh comedian [[Tommy Cooper]] collapsed from a massive heart attack live in front of the audience midway through his act at Her Majesty's theatre. At first the audience assumed he was joking, and started applauding.
**[[1987]]: [[Dick Shawn]], a comedian who starred in the 1968 movie ''[[The Producers (1968 film)|The Producers]]'', died of a heart attack while portraying a politician. Just before he died, he announced, "if elected, I will not lay down on the job,".
*[[1993]]:[[Tatiana Nikolayeva]], the famous Soviet Russian concert pianist, suffered a stroke during a concert in [[San Francisco]], while playing ''24 preludes and fugues'' by Dmitry Shostakovich, stopping sharp in the middle of one of the pieces. She was taken to hospital but died nine days later without regaining consciousness. The work she was playing had been dedicated to her by the composer about forty years earlier.
*[[1996]]: Opera singer Richar Versalle suffered a fatal heart attack and tell 10 feet from a ladder onto the stage during the Metropolitan Opera premier of Janacek's "Makropulous Case". He had just finished singing the line "You can only live so long." [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/20/arts/music/20oper.html?_r=1&oref=slogin] His replacement did not climb the ladder in future performances.
* A number of performers have died '''from unnatural causes''' during a practice or public performance, including:
**[[1925]]: [[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]], a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died as a result of a demonstration in which he drove a spike through five one-inch thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee. The spike was rusted and caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning. He was the subject of the [[Werner Herzog]] film, ''[[Invincible (2001 film)|Invincible]]''.
**[[1972]]: [[Leslie Harvey]], guitarist of [[Stone the Crows]] was electrocuted on stage by a live microphone.
**[[1976]]: [[Keith Relf]], former singer for British [[rhythm and blues]] band [[The Yardbirds]], died while practising his electric guitar—he was electrocuted because the guitar was not properly grounded.<ref>[http://www.elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm Electrocuted Page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory]</ref>
**[[1999]]: [[Owen Hart]], a professional wrestler for [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] died during a Pay-Per-View event when performing a stunt. It was planned to have Owen come down from the rafters of the [[Kemper Arena]] on a safety harness tied to a rope to make his ring entrance. The safety latch was released and Owen dropped 78 feet, bouncing chest-first off the top rope resulting in a severed aorta, which caused his lungs to fill with blood.

*[[1911]]: [[Jack Daniel]], founder of the [[Jack Daniel's|Tennessee whiskey distillery]], died of [[blood poisoning]] six years after receiving a [[toe]] injury when he kicked his safe in anger at being unable to remember its combination.<ref>Haig, Matt. ''Brand Royalty: how the world's top 100 brands thrive and survive'', p. 197. London: Kogan Page, 2004.</ref>
*[[1912]]: Tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] fell to his death off the first deck of the Eiffel Tower while testing his invention, the coat parachute. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and he'd told the authorities in advance he would test it first with a dummy.
*[[1916]]: [[Grigori Rasputin]], [[Russia]]n [[mysticism|mystic]], was poisoned while dining with a political enemy, and supposedly he was given enough poison to kill three men his size. When he did not die, one assassin sneaked up behind him and shot him in the head, and while checking Grigori's pulse he was grabbed by the neck by the mystic who strangled him. He proceeded to run away, while the other assassins chased. They caught up to him after he was finally felled by three shots during the chase. The pursuers bludgeoned him, then threw him into a frozen river. When his body washed ashore, an autopsy showed the cause of death to be drowning. There is now some doubt about the credibility of this account, though.
*[[1920]]: Baseball player [[Ray Chapman]] was killed when he was hit in the head by a pitch.
*[[1923]]: [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]] became the first to die from the alleged [[Curse of the Pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face became seriously infected.
*[[1923]]: [[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]], [[jockey]], suffered a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] during a [[Horse-racing|horse race]]. The horse, ''[[Sweet Kiss (horse)|Sweet Kiss]]'', went on to finish first, making Hayes the only deceased jockey to win a race.
*[[1927]]: [[J.G. Parry-Thomas]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] racing driver, was decapitated by his car's drive chain which, under stress, snapped and whipped into the cockpit. He was attempting to break his own [[Land speed record]] which he had set the previous year. Despite being killed in the attempt, he succeeded in setting a new record of 171 mph.<ref>Reynolds, Barbara. ''Dorothy L. Sayers: her life and soul'', p. 162. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.</ref>
*[[1927]]: [[Isadora Duncan]], [[dancer]], died of accidental [[strangulation]] and [[cervical fracture|broken neck]] when one of the long [[scarf|scarves]] she was known for caught on the wheel of a [[automobile|car]] in which she was a passenger.<ref>[http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6970 UCLA newsroom]</ref>
*[[1928]]: [[Alexander Bogdanov]], a Russian physician, died following one of his experiments, in which the blood of a student suffering from [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]], L. I. Koldomasov, was given to him in a transfusion.<ref>Bogdanov, Alexander (tr. & ed. Douglas W. Huestis). ''The Struggle for Viability: Collectivism Through Blood Exchange'', p. 7. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation, 2002.</ref>
*[[1933]]: [[Michael Malloy]], a homeless man, was murdered by gassing after surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure and being struck by a car. Malloy was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= }}</ref>
*[[1935]]: Baseball player [[Len Koenecke]] was bludgeoned to death with a fire extinguisher by the crew of an aircraft he had chartered, after provoking a fight with the pilot while the plane was in the air.
*[[1941]]: [[Sherwood Anderson]], [[writer]], swallowed a [[toothpick]] at a party and then died of [[peritonitis]].<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*[[1944]]: Inventor and chemist [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]], accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a [[pulley]]-operated mechanical bed of his own design.
*[[1945]]: Scientist [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].
*[[1945]]: [[Anton Webern]], the Austrian composer, was accidentally shot dead by an American Army soldier on [[15 Sep]] 1945, during the [[Allied-administered Austria|Allied occupation of Austria]]. Despite the curfew in effect, he stepped outside the house to enjoy a cigar without disturbing his sleeping grandchildren.
*[[1947]]: The [[Collyer brothers]], extreme cases of [[Compulsive hoarding|compulsive hoarders]] were found dead in their home in New York. The younger brother, Langley, died by falling victim to a booby trap he had set up, causing a mountain of objects, books, and newspapers to fall on him crushing him to death. His blind brother, Homer, who had depended on Langley for care, died of starvation some days later. Their bodies were recovered after massive efforts in removing many tons of debris from their home.
*[[1956]]: Artist [[Nina Hamnett]] died from complications after falling out her apartment window and being impaled on the fence forty feet below.
*[[1960]]: In the [[Nedelin disaster]], over 100 Soviet [[rocket|missile]] technicians and officials died when a switch was turned on unintentionally igniting the rocket, including [[Red Army]] Marshal Nedelin who was seated in a deck chair just 40 meters away overseeing launch preparations. The events were filmed by automatic cameras.
*[[1961]]: On March 23, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee [[Valentin Bondarenko]] died from shock after suffering [[third-degree burn]]s over much of his body, due to a [[flash fire]] in the pure [[oxygen]] environment of a training simulator. This incident was not revealed outside of the Soviet Union until the [[1980s]].
*[[1963]]: On June 11th [[Thích Quảng Đức]], a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, sat down in the middle of a busy intersection in [[Saigon]], covered himself in gasoline and lit himself on fire burning himself to death. Đức was protesting President [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm's]] administration for oppressing the [[Buddhist]] religion.
*[[1967]]: In an incident similar to the death of Bondarenko, a [[flash fire]] began in the pure [[oxygen]] environment during a training exercise inside the unlaunched [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft, killing Command Pilot [[Gus Grissom]], Senior Pilot [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]], and Pilot [[Roger B. Chaffee]]. The door to the capsule was unable to be opened during the fire because of its particular design. Had the [[Soviet Union]] revealed the earlier death of [[Valentin Bondarenko]], this incident could likely have been avoided.
*[[1967]]: [[Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov|Vladimir Komarov]] became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of [[Soyuz 1|his capsule]] failed to deploy following re-entry.
*[[1967]]: On [[Dec 17]] [[Harold Holt]], Prime Minister of Australia, went for a swim at [[Cheviot Beach]] near Portsea, Victoria, Australia. He was never seen again. Rumors and theories include suicide, kidnapping or defection by submarine, and shark attack; the true cause remains unknown.
*[[1973]]: [[Péter Vályi]], finance minister of Hungary fell into a blast furnace (some sources say a pit of molten iron) on a visit to a steelworks factory at Miskolc.<ref>[http://www.cherwell.org/features/how_would_you_like_to_die Cherwell24 : see more, see 24]</ref><ref>http://www.brewlab.co.uk/pdf/back%20to%20school.pdf</ref><ref>[http://www.rev.hu/html/en/films/industrial.htm INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT. Publicity stories in the Kádár period A documentary film. Judit M. Topits]</ref>
*1973: [[Bruce Lee]], a martial arts actor, is thought to have died by a severe allergic reaction to [[Equagesic]]. His brain had swollen about 13%. His autopsy was written as "death by misadventure."
*[[1974]]: [[Christine Chubbuck]], an [[United States|American]] television [[news reporter]], committed [[suicide]] during a live broadcast on [[July 15]]. At 9:38 AM, 8 minutes into her talk show, on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota]], [[Florida]], she drew out a [[revolver]] and shot herself in the head.

*[[1974]]: [[Austria]]n [[Formula One]] driver [[Helmut Koinigg]] died in a crash in the [[1974 United States Grand Prix]] at the [[Watkins Glen International|Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course]] in [[Watkins Glen, New York]]. On approaching a corner, a suspension failure sent Koinigg's car crashing head-on into the outer [[Armco]] barrier. The bottom rail gave way but the top rail did not. Helmut Koinigg was decapitated and died instantly, in what was only his second Formula One race.
*[[1975]]: On 24 March 1975 [[Alex Mitchell]], a 50-year-old bricklayer from [[King's Lynn]] literally [[Fatal hilarity|died laughing]] while watching an episode of ''[[The Goodies]]''. According to his wife, who was a witness, Mitchell was unable to stop laughing while watching a sketch in the episode "[[Kung Fu Kapers]]" in which [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], dressed as a kilted Scotsman, used a set of [[bagpipes]] to defend himself from a psychopathic [[black pudding]] in a demonstration of the Lancashire martial art of Ecky-thump. After twenty-five minutes of continuous laughter Mitchell finally slumped on the sofa and expired from heart failure.
*[[1975]]: The legendary [[Japanese people|Japanese]] kabuki actor [[Bandō Mitsugorō VIII]] died of severe poisoning when he ate four [[fugu]] livers (also known as [[pufferfish]]). The liver is considered one of the most (if not most) poisonous part of the fish, but Mitsugorō claimed to be immune to the poison. The fugu chef felt he could not refuse Mitsugorō and lost his license as a result.
*[[1977]]: [[Tom Pryce]], a [[Formula One]] driver, and a 19-year-old track marshal [[Jansen Van Vuuren]] both died at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]] after Van Vuuren ran across the track beyond a blind brow to attend to another car which had caught fire and was struck by Pryce's car at approximately 170[[miles per hour|mph]]. Pryce was struck in the face by the marshal's [[fire extinguisher]] and was killed instantly.<ref name="Tom Pryce death">{{cite book |last=Tremayne |first= David|authorlink=David Tremayne |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Lost Generation |origdate= |origyear= 2006 |origmonth=August|url= |format= |accessdate=2007-01-05 |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= Haynes Publishing|location= |language=English |isbn=1-84425-205-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter=Chapter 19 - A Moment Of Desperate Sadness|chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref>
*[[1978]]: [[Georgi Markov]], a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated by poisoning in [[London]] by an unknown assailant who jabbed him in the calf with a specially modified [[umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] poison.
*[[1978]]: [[Janet Parker]], a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory Parker worked at accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. She is believed to be the last smallpox fatality in history.
*[[1979]]: [[Robert Williams (robot fatality)|Robert Williams]], a worker at a Ford Motor Co. plant, was the first known man to be killed by a robot.
*[[1981]]: A 25-year-old Dutch woman studying in [[Paris]], [[Renée Hartevelt]], was killed, raped, and [[cannibalism|eaten]] by a classmate, [[Issei Sagawa]], when he invited her to dinner for a literary conversation. The killer was declared unfit to stand trial and extradited back to [[Japan]], where he was released from custody within fifteen months.
*[[1981]]: [[Carl McCunn]], in March 1981, paid a bush pilot to drop him at a remote lake near the Coleen River in [[Alaska]] to photograph wildlife, but had not arranged for the pilot to pick him up again in August. Rather than starve, McCunn shot himself in the head. His body was found in February 1982.
*[[1981]]: [[Boris Sagal]], a motion picture-director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail-rotor blade of a helicopter and was decapitated.
*[[1982]]: [[Vic Morrow]], [[actor]], was [[decapitation|decapitated]] by a [[helicopter]] blade during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'', along with two child actors, Myca Dinh Le (decapitated) and Renee Shin-Yi Chen (crushed).
*[[1982]]: [[Vladimir Smirnov (fencer)|Vladimir Smirnov]], an [[1980 Summer Olympics|Olympic champion]] [[Fencing (sport)|fencer]], died of [[brain damage]] nine days after his opponent's [[Foil (sword)|foil]] snapped during a match, penetrated his mask, pierced his eyeball and entered his [[brain]].
*[[1983]]: A diver on the [[Byford Dolphin]] [[oil rig|oil exploration rig]] was violently dismembered and pulled through a narrowly opened hatch when the [[decompression chamber]] was accidentally opened, causing [[explosive decompression]].
*[[1983]]: [[Sergei Chalibashvili]], a professional [[Diving|diver]], died after a diving accident during [[World University Games]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse [[somersault]] in the tuck position, he smashed his head on the board and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a [[coma]] for a week.
*[[1983]]: Author [[Tennessee Williams]] died at the age of 71 after he choked on an eyedrop bottle cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye. His brother Dakin and some friends believed he was murdered. The police report, however, suggested his use of drugs and alcohol contributed to his death. Many prescription drugs were found in the room. Williams' lack of gag response may have been due to drugs and alcohol effects.
*[[1984]]: An unidentified man died of presumed natural causes in the unfinished Tokyo apartment building in which he had been squatting for 11 years. His decomposed remains were discovered 20 years later, on June 1, 2004<ref>[http://www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/?p=222 Tokyo Times]</ref>, with a newspaper dated February 20, 1984 by his side.<ref>[http://www.goofball.com/news/200406111001 Goofball News]</ref>
*[[1984]]: [[Jim Fixx]], who wrote "The Complete Book of Running" and lectured about how running and a healthy diet would promote longevity, dropped dead from a heart attack while running. An autopsy revealed he had 3 massively blocked heart arteries.
*[[1984]]: [[Jon-Erik Hexum]], an American television actor, died after he shot himself in the head with a prop gun during a break in filming. Hexum apparently did not realize that blanks use paper or plastic wadding to seal gun powder into the shell, and that this wadding is propelled out of the barrel of the gun with enough force to cause severe injury or death if the weapon is fired at point-blank range.
*[[1986]]: While on the air giving a traffic report, the helicopter that [[Jane Dornacker]] was riding in stalled and crashed into the [[Hudson River]], killing her. This was the second helicopter crash she had been in that year.
*[[1987]]: [[Budd Dwyer]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[politician]], committed [[suicide]] during a televised [[press conference]]. Facing a potential 55-year jail sentence for alleged involvement in a [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], Dwyer shot himself in the mouth with a [[revolver]].
*[[1990]]: [[Joseph W. Burrus]], aged 32, an aspiring magician, decided to perform the "[[buried alive]]" illusion in a plastic box covered with cement. The cement crushed the box and he died of [[asphyxia]].<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm Snopes.com], on a list of those who "died on stage."</ref>
*[[1990]]: [[George Allen (football)|George Allen]], an American football coach, died a month after some of his players gave him a [[Gatorade Shower]] following a victory (as it is tradition in American Football). Some argue this resulted in [[pneumonia]].
*[[1993]]: [[Brandon Lee]], son of Bruce Lee, was shot and killed by a prop [[.44 Magnum]] gun while filming the movie ''[[The Crow (film)|The Crow]]''. A cartridge with only a primer and a bullet was fired in the pistol prior to the scene Brandon was in; this caused a [[squib load]], in which the primer provided enough force to push the bullet out of the cartridge and into the barrel of the revolver, where it became stuck. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, and the same gun was used again later to shoot the death scene, having been re-loaded with blanks. However, the squib load was still lodged in the barrel, and was propelled by the blank cartridge's explosion out of the barrel and into Lee's body. It was not instantly recognized by the crew or other actors; they believed he was still acting.
*[[1993]]: [[Garry Hoy]], a Toronto lawyer, fell to his death after he threw himself through the glass wall on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in order to prove the glass was "unbreakable."
*[[1994]]: [[Stephen Milligan]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] politician who was at the time the Member for Eastleigh in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], died in an apparent case of [[auto-erotic asphyxiation]]. Milligan was also believed to have been engaging in acts of [[self-bondage]] and [[cross-dressing]] at the time of his death.
*[[1996]]: [[Sharon Lopatka]], an internet entrepreneur from Maryland allegedly solicited a man via the Internet to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification. Her killer, Robert Fredrick Glass, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for the homicide.
*[[1998]]: [[Daniel V. Jones]] was a former hotel [[Maintenance, repair and operations|maintenance]] worker in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]] who shot himself through the chin on the [[Los Angeles]] expressway on [[live television]]. His suicide was apparently caused by his resentment against his [[HMO]] for inadequately treating him when he was diagnosed with [[cancer]] and [[HIV]].
*[[1998]]: [[Tom and Eileen Lonergan]] were stranded while [[scuba diving]] with a group of divers off [[Australia]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The group's boat accidentally abandoned them due to an incorrect head count taken by the dive boat crew. The couple was left to fend for themselves in [[shark]]-infested waters. Their bodies were never recovered. The incident is depicted in the film ''[[Open Water]]'' and an episode of ''[[20/20]]''.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/04/1091557908320.html "A mystery resurfaces"], ''The Age'', August 7, 2004</ref>
*[[1999]]: British TV entertainer [[Rod Hull]] died following a fall from the roof of his home at Winchelsea, near Rye. He was attempting to adjust the TV aerial in order to get a better picture of the Inter Milan v Manchester United Champions League Quarter Final, 2nd Leg.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/298801.stm "Rod Hull dies in rooftop fall"], ''BBC News'', March 18, 1999</ref>
*[[1999]]: Drum and Bass producer and DJ [[Kemistry]] died in a car accident where a loose [[cat's eye (road)|cat's eye]] was thrown through her windscreen by another vehicle.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990506/ai_n14234712 "Obituary: Kemi Olusanya"], ''The Independent through FindArticles'', May 6, 1999</ref>

===21st century===
*[[2000]]: [[Jonathan Burton]] stormed the cockpit door of a Southwest Airlines flight from Las Vegas to Salt Lake City. The 19-year-old was subdued by eight other passengers with such force that he died of asphyxiation.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE2DE1F3BF930A1575AC0A9669C8B63 Janofsky, Michael. "Neighbors' Gentler View Of Man Killed on Plane," ''The New York Times'', September 23, 2000.]</ref>
*[[2001]]: Bernd-Jürgen Brandes was stabbed repeatedly in the neck and then eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]]. Before the killing, both men dined on Brandes' severed penis. Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm "German cannibal guilty of murder"], ''BBC News'', May 9, 2006</ref>
*2002: [[Brittanie Cecil]], an American 13-year-old hockey fan, died two days after being struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] at a game between the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] and the [[Calgary Flames]] at [[Nationwide Arena]]. <ref>[http://espn.go.com/nhl/news/2002/0319/1354060.html "Girl dies after getting hit by puck at NHL game"], ''ESPN.com'', May 20, 2002</ref>
*2002: Richard Sumner, an artist suffering from schizophrenia, went into Clocaenog Forest, Denbighshire, Wales, and committed suicide by handcuffing himself to a tree and throwing the keys away. His skeleton was discovered three years later by a hiker walking her dog.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4264282.stm "Artist Died Handcuffed to Tree"], ''BBC News'', September 20, 2005</ref>
*[[2003]]: [[Brian Douglas Wells]], a [[pizza delivery]] man in [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], was killed by a [[Time bomb (explosive)|time bomb]] which was fastened around his neck. He was apprehended by the [[police]] after robbing a [[bank]], and claimed he had been forced to do it by three people who had put the bomb around his neck and would kill him if he refused. The bomb later exploded, killing him. In 2007, police alleged Wells was involved in the robbery plot along with two other conspirators.<ref>[http://www.komotv.com/news/national/5901066.html] ''[[www.komotv.com]]''. Feb 16th 2007. Retrieved August 9th, 2007.</ref>
*2003: [[Brandon Vedas]] died of a [[drug overdose]] while engaged in an [[Internet chat]], as shown on his [[webcam]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2724819.stm "Net grief for online 'suicide'"] ''BBC News'', February 4, 2003.</ref>
*2003: [[Timothy Treadwell]], an [[United States|American]] [[environmentalist]] who had lived in the wilderness among bears for thirteen summers in a remote region in [[Alaska]], was killed and partially consumed by a bear, along with his girlfriend Amie Huguenard. The incident is described in [[Werner Herzog]]'s [[documentary film]] ''[[Grizzly Man]]''.<ref>Medred, Craig.''[http://www.adn.com/front/story/4110831p-4127072c.html Wildlife author killed, eaten by bears he loved]''. ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]''. October 8, 2003. Retrieved September 4, 2006.</ref>
*2004: [[Gayle Laverne Grinds]], A 480-pound woman, died after being grafted onto her sofa due to not leaving it for six years. <ref>http://www.wftv.com/news/3643877/detail.html</ref>
*[[2005]]: [[Kenneth Pinyan]] of [[Enumclaw]] died of acute [[peritonitis]] after submitting to anal intercourse with a [[stallion]]. Pinyan had done this before, and he delayed his visit to the hospital for several hours out of reluctance for official cognizance. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington]].<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html The Seattle Times: Local News: Trespassing charged in horse-sex case]</ref> His story was recounted in the [[2007]] documentary film ''[[Zoo (film)|Zoo]]''.
*2005: 28-year-old [[South Korea]]n, [[Lee Seung Seop]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing [[Starcraft]] for almost 50 consecutive hours in an Internet cafe.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1729573,00.html "Korean drops dead after 50-hour gaming marathon"], ''Times Online'', August 10, 2005</ref>
*[[2005]]: [[Gerry Marshall]], a British Saloon Car racing driver, died of a heart attack at the wheel of an [[IROC]] [[Chevrolet]] [[Camaro]] he was testing at [[Silverstone]] racing circuit. <ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/04/30/db3003.xml "Gerry Marshall"], ''Telegraph'', April 30, 2005</ref>
*[[2006]]: [[Steve Irwin]], a television personality and naturalist known as [[The Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[short-tail stingray]] barb while filming a documentary entitled "Ocean's Deadliest" in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]]. <ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20355064-30417,00.html</ref>
*2006: [[Alexander Litvinenko]], a former [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] operative and Russian expatriate who had been investigating the murder of Russian journalist [[Anna Politkovskaya]], was intentionally [[radiation poisoning|poisoned]] with [[polonium|polonium-210]], an extremely rare radioactive [[metalloid]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6178890.stm Russian ex-spy dies in hospital] ''BBC News''</ref>
*2006: [[Cheryl Sarate]], a 16 year old student in the [[Philippines]], died of severe burns suffered when her [[costume]] caught fire during a college [[beauty pageant]].<ref>[http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=541&Itemid=50 "University ready to face charges for student's death"] Balane, Walter. ''Minda News'', July 29, 2006.</ref>
*2006: [[Megan Meier]], a 13 year-old girl with [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] and other disorders from Missouri committed suicide after being harassed by a boy she made friends with over [[MySpace]], which turned out to be a fake profile made by the mother of a friend of Meier's.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Story?id=3882520 "Parents: Cyber Hoax Led to Teen's Suicide"] ''ABC News'', November 19, 2007</ref>
*[[2007]]: [[Jennifer Strange]], a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating. She placed second in the contest.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"], ''The Los Angeles Times'', January 14, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"] ''KNBC.com'', January 16, 2007</ref>
*2007: [[Carol Gotbaum|Carol Anne Gotbaum]], 45, while in police custody, was shackled to a bench and left alone in an airport holding room, where she reportedly strangled herself by moving the handcuffs to the front of her neck.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/01/AR2007100101077.html "Family Awaits Autopsy in Airport Death"] Kahn, Chris. ''Washington Post'', October 2, 2007.</ref>
*2007: [[Kevin Whitrick]], a 42-year-old man committed [[suicide]] by hanging himself live on a webcam during an internet chat session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=2007-05-27 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=2007-03-24 |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd }}</ref>
*2007: [[Surinder Singh Bajwa]], the Deputy Mayor of Delhi, India, was kicked by a [[Rhesus Macaque]] monkey at his home and fell from a first floor balcony, suffering serious head injuries. He later died from his injuries.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Bajwa-succumbs-to-injuries/230828/ Bajwa succumbs to injuries]</ref>
*2008: An 81-year old man in Queensland Australia built an intricate suicide machine using plans from the internet and had it wired so he could remotely fire bullets from a .22 calibre semi-automatic pistol attached to it. He set the machine up on his driveway, sat in front of it on a chair, and activated it - he died after the machine fired four bullets into his head.<ref>http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2008/03/19/9039_gold-coast-top-story.html</ref>
*2008: Judy Kay Zagorski, 57, died while boating on the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Florida. A stingray jumped out of the water, and struck her in the head. Both she and the stingray died as a result.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23411186-954,00.html</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[Toilet-related injury]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Multiple gunshot suicide]]
* [[List of people who died onstage]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual}}
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Death-related lists]]

[[es:Anexo:Fallecimientos extraños]]
[[fr:Liste de morts insolites]]
[[nl:Lijst van personen die op ongebruikelijke manier zijn overleden]]