Digital Health

2017-04-23T23:58:35Z

NimbleToad: Fixed naming

{{prose|article|date=March 2017}}
{{for|the "health" of computers|malware}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
'''Digital health''' is the convergence of digital and genomic technologies with [[health]], [[healthcare]], living, and society to enhance the efficiency of [[healthcare delivery]] and make medicines more personalized and precise.<ref name="ehj">{{cite journal|pmid=26873093|url=https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/18/1428/2466287/Mobile-technology-and-the-digitization-of|date=7 May 2016 |last1=Bhavnani|first1=Sanjeev P. |title=Mobile technology and the digitization of healthcare|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=37|issue=18|pages=1428-38 |last2=Narula|first2=Jagat |last3=Sengupta|first3=Partho P. |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehv770 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The discipline involves the use of information and communication technologies to help address the health problems and challenges faced by patients.<ref name=ehj/> These technologies include both hardware and software solutions and services, including [[telemedicine]], web-based analysis, email, [[mobile phone]]s and applications, [[text message]]s, and clinic or remote monitoring sensors.<ref name="widmer">{{cite journal|pmc=4551455|date=April 2015 |last1=Widmer|first1=R. Jay |title=Digital Health Interventions for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=90|issue=4|pages=469-80 |last2=Collins|first2=Nerissa M. |last3=Collins|first3=C. Scott |last4=West|first4=Colin P. |last5=Lerman|first5=Lilach O. |last6=Lerman|first6=Amir |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.026 |pmid=25841251 }}</ref><ref name=fda/> Generally, digital health is concerned about the development of interconnected health systems to improve the use of computational technologies, [[smart device]]s, computational analysis techniques and communication media to aid healthcare professionals and patients manage illnesses and health risks, as well as promote health and wellbeing.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=fda/>

Digital health is a multi-disciplinary domain which involves many stakeholders, including clinicians, researchers and scientists with a wide range of expertise in healthcare, engineering, social sciences, public health, health economics and management.<ref name=widmer/>

==Elements==
As an outgrowth of the [[Digital Revolution]] characterized by "the mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits, and its derived technologies, including the computer, digital cellular phone, and the Internet,"{{Cite quote|date=March 2017}} key elements of digital health include [[wireless devices]], hardware [[sensors]] and software sensing technologies, [[microprocessors]] and integrated circuits, the [[Internet]], [[social networking]], mobile/[[cellular networks]] and body area networks, health information technology, [[genomics]], and personal [[Genetics|genetic]] information.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=fda/><ref name="topol">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Creative_Destruction_of_Medicine.html?id=5Q-O9vnNqPkC |via=Google Books |title=The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care |last=Topol |first=Eric J. |author-link=Eric Topol |publisher=Basic Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-465-02550-3 |oclc=868260493 }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}}

[[File:Digital Health Infographic.jpg|thumb|right|Elements of digital health.]]

The underlying concepts and technologies of digital health include:<ref name=ehj/><ref name=widmer/><ref name="fda">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/digitalhealth/ |title=Digital health |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |website=Food and Drug Administration |publication-date=30 August 2016 |dead-url=no |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161112093852/http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/digitalhealth/ }}</ref>

*[[mHealth]] ([[mobile health]])
*[[wireless health]]
*[[Health 2.0]]
*[[eHealth]]
*[[e-Patient]]
*patient engagement
*[[healthcare]] [[information technology]] ([[Health IT]])
*[[big data]]
*[[cloud computing]]
*[[quantified self]]
*[[wearable computing]]
*[[gamification]]
*[[telehealth]]
*[[telemedicine]]
*[[precision medicine]]
*[[personalized medicine]]
*[[connected health]]
*[[medical device]] [[data systems]]
*[[interoperability]]
*[[software]] as a medical device
*general [[wellness (medicine)|wellness]]
*[[cybersecurity]]
*digital patient
*digital clinic
*[[medical imaging]]

==Domains==
There are various domains that span digital health.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=widmer/> These include:

; [[Assistive technology|Assistive technologies]] and [[rehabilitation robotics]]
: The use of rehabilitative systems and devices for patients with disabilities so as to aid in their independence to perform daily tasks.
; [[Clinical decision support system|Clinical decision support]]
: The use of decision support systems to aid clinicians at the point of care. This includes diagnosis, analysis and interpretation of patient-related data.
; [[Computer simulation|Computational simulations]], modeling and [[machine learning]] approaches
: The use of computational and mathematical equations and algorithms to model health-related outcomes.
; [[ehealth|E-health]]
: The combined use of electronic means to deliver health information and services so that data can be transmitted, stored and retrieved for clinical, educational and administrative purposes.
; [[Health technology|Healthcare technology]] assessment and monitoring
: The use of any technological intervention to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases, monitoring of patients, or for rehabilitation or long-term care. Such technologies include assistive and rehabilitation technologies, unobtrusive monitoring sensors and wearable devices.
; [[Health systems engineering]]
: The use of engineering applications in health care systems, such as knowledge discovery, decision making, optimization, [[human factors and ergonomics|human factors engineering]], quality engineering, and information technology and communication.
; Human-computer-environment interactions
: The study of interactions between people, computers and their environment. [[Human-computer interaction]] principles tend to be based around user-centered, experience-centered or activity-centered designs.
; [[Information management]] and policy
: The continual process of systematically reviewing and providing concise data summaries of high quality evidence on digital healthcare technologies based on principles of information design so as to inform decision and policy making regarding patient care.
; [[Virtual reality]], [[video gaming rehabilitation]], and [[serious game]]s
: The use of 3D virtual worlds and gaming technologies to provide a social and interactive experience for healthcare student and patient education. The popular “[[Second Life]]” virtual world is an example.
; Speech and hearing systems
: The use of [[natural language processing]], [[speech recognition]] techniques, and medical devices to aid in speech and hearing (e.g. [[cochlear implant]]s).
; [[Telehealth]], [[telemedicine]], [[telecare]], telecoaching and [[telerehabilitation]]
: The use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide various forms of patient care remotely at a distance.

==Implementation==
National digital programs exist to support healthcare, such as those of [[Canada Health Infoway]] built on core systems of patient and provider registries, clinical and diagnostic imaging systems, clinical reports and [[immunization]]s.<ref name="canada">{{Cite web |url=https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/what-we-do/progress-in-canada |title=Progress in Canada |website=Canada Health Infoway |publication-date=2016|accessdate=11 November 2016 |dead-url=no |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161112155958/https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/en/what-we-do/progress-in-canada }}</ref> By 2014, 75% of Canadian physicians were using electronic medical records.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=25487665|pmc=4284187 |date=6 January 2015 |last1=Collier|first1=Roger |title=National Physician Survey: EMR use at 75%|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=187|issue=1|pages=E17-8|doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-4957 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In [[Uganda]] and [[Mozambique]], partnerships between patients with cell phones, local and regional governments, technologists, [[non-governmental organization]]s, academia, and industry have enabled mHealth solutions.<ref name="jmir">{{cite journal|pmid=23353680|pmc=3636306|date=25 January 2013|last1=Källander|first1=Karin |title=Mobile health (mHealth) approaches and lessons for increased performance and retention of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: A review|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=15|issue=1|page=e17 |last2=Tibenderana|first2=James K. |last3=Akpogheneta|first3=Onome J. |last4=Strachan|first4=Daniel L. |last5=Hill|first5=Zelee |last6=ten Asbroek |first6=Augustinus H.A. |last7=Conteh|first7=Lesong |last8=Kirkwood|first8=Betty R. |last9=Meek|first9=Sylvia R. |doi=10.2196/jmir.2130 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref>

===Innovation cycle===
The innovation process for digital health is an iterative cycle for technological solutions classified into five main activity processes beginning from the identification of the healthcare problem to implementation and evaluation in working clinical practices.<ref name=ehj/><ref name=widmer/>

Processes include:

; Identifying the healthcare problem
: This stage involves defining the healthcare problem, identifying and understanding users and their needs, and the clinical care pathway. User requirements and the context of use of digital technologies will then be formalized through relevant scientific, engineering and psychological theories and principles.
; Doing the research
: The research that informs the digital innovation is produced by scanning published literature to identify existing technologies that are appropriate and relevant to clinical practices, as well as potential technologies that can be developed.
; Designing the digital solution
: The prototype solution is designed and developed with the aid of various stakeholders according to principles of human-computer interaction, and/or activity-centered designs.
; Evaluating the digital solution and generating evidence
: The technological solution is pilot-tested in patient and user groups to ensure its effectiveness, safety and affordability. Impact evaluations are then carried out in large-scale clinical studies and/or trials, and the evidence is synthesized through published literature. This may also include clinical studies that evaluate the economic impact.
; Supporting the digital innovation
: The knowledge generated from the synthesized evidence is then shared among various stakeholders (e.g. patients, clinicians, industry) to promote and spread the digital innovation.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Institute of Digital Healthcare |publisher=University of Warwick |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/idh/ }}

[[Category:Health informatics]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Digital Health