Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Transformers: Botbots

2022-04-27T06:46:48Z

Niceguyedc: v2.04 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Orange

{{Infobox television
| name = Transformers: BotBots
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Comedy]]
* [[Science fiction]]
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Transformers]]''|[[Hasbro]]}}
| developer = {{plainlist|
* Kevin Burke
* [[Chris Wyatt (producer)|Chris "Doc" Wyatt]]
}}
| director = Paul O'Flanagan
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = 
| judges = 
| voices = {{plainlist|
* Louisa Zhu
* James Hartnett
* [[Christian Potenza]]
* [[Mark Little (Canadian comedian)|Mark Little]]
* Deven Mack
* Lisa Norton
* [[Joseph Motiki]]
* Josette Jorge
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = The Wilders Music Group Inc.
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Canada
* Ireland
}}
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
* Olivier Dumont
* Randi Yaffa
* Kevin Burke
* Chris "Doc" Wyatt
}}
| producer ={{plainlist|
* Peter Lewis
* Jon Wigfield
}}
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 11 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Boulder Media]]
* [[Entertainment One]]
}}
| network = [[Netflix]]
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
| last_aired = {{End date|present}}
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| related = 
}}

'''''Transformers: BotBots''''' is an animated [[streaming television]] series based on the collectable toy line of the same name, which is a spin-off of the wider ''[[Transformers]]'' franchise by [[Hasbro]]. The series debuted on [[Netflix]] on March 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-02-17/transformers-botbots-animated-series-debuts-on-netflix-on-march-25/.182716|title=Transformers: BotBots Animated Series Debuts on Netflix on March 25|website=Anime News Network|date=February 17, 2022}}</ref>

==Premise==
A shopping mall is struck by a mysterious Energon cloud, turning the various objects inside into tiny transformable robots called BotBots. Among them, a group of items that were separated from their stores of origin awoke inside the lost-and-found, dubbing themselves the Lost Bots. Lead by Burgertron, the Lost Bots dream to one day return to their original tribes, but after accidentally being spotted by the mall security guard (thus revealing the BotBots' existence to a human), they are treated as pariahs of the mall, and set out to redeem themselves while discovering their own bonds.

==Characters==
===Lost Bots===
*'''Burgertron''' (voiced by James Hartnett) - the leader of the Lost Bots and former leader of the Hunger Hubs. Burgertron is egotistical and constantly thinks of himself as a superhero-type character, despite his shortcomings. He became a Lost Bot after he and Dimlit got caught by Dave, leaving him to be shunned by the others. A large portion of Season 1 revolves around him trying to get reaccepted. He transforms into a [[hamburger]].
*'''Dimlit''' (voiced by Deven Mack) - one of the first 4 Lost Bots. Dimlit is shy, nervous, and very reserved, though he always pulls through when it counts. Much like Clogstopper, he is typically short on intellect. He transforms into a [[flashlight]].
*'''Bonz-Eye''' (voiced by Louisa Zhu) - one of the first 4 Lost Bots. Bonz-Eye is very bold, but far more level-headed than her compatriots. She is an expert swordsman and material artist. She also reveals to be bisexual. She transforms into a potted [[bonzai tree]].
*'''Clogstopper''' (voiced by [[Christian Potenza]]) - one of the first 4 Lost Bots. Clogstopper is idiotic and awkward, and is prone to making very poor decisions as well as unintentional stunts that usually causes problems for his groups. Additionally, he is very relaxed compared to the others. He transforms into a [[plunger]].
*'''Kikmee''' (voiced by Lisa Norton) - one of the first 4 Lost Bots. Kikmee is the most energetic and excitable of the group, and is comparatively hyperactive. She transforms into a [[soccer ball]]. Kikmee was a member of the Playroom Posse in the actual toyline, following her original planned release for the range. Her gender was also changed, with her original toy bio using male pronouns.

===Hunger Hubs===
*'''Spud Muffin''' (voiced by [[Joseph Motiki]]) - a former friend of Burgertron's. Spud actively sought to get rid of him on a permanent basis, and sabotaged the Lost Bots several times at their chances at redemption, before being exposed for his crimes and exiled to the Dark Side of the Mall at the end of Season 1. He transforms into a box of french [[fries]].
*'''Fottle Barts'''
*'''Angry Cheese'''
*'''Ulf the Orange''' (voiced by Josette Jorge) - the love interest of both Burgertron and Spud Muffin. She constantly shot down the former until Spud Muffin was exposed and exiled in the Season 1 finale, finally understanding his motives. She transforms into a [[orange (fruit)|orange]] flavored [[Juicebox (container)|juice box]], and is based on a BotBot in the sixth wave of toys.
*'''Brock O'Lonely'''
*'''Tappy Takeout'''

===Jock Squad===
*'''Batsby'''
*'''Kidd Klobber'''
*'''Laceface'''
*'''Pucksie'''
*'''The In-Sole'''
*'''Dinger''' (voiced by Deven Mack) - a member of the Jock Squad. He is both brash and bold and transforms into a [[baseball]].

===Shed Heads===
*'''Cuddletooth'''
*'''Nail Byter'''
*'''Drilit Yaself'''
*'''Sandy Man'''

===Sugar Shocks===
*'''Frostferatu''' (voiced by Deven Mack) - a member of the Sugar Shocks. He believes he has hypnotism powers and transforms into a [[cupcake]].
*'''Sprinkleberry D'uhnut''' (voiced by Deven Mack) - a member of the Sugar Shocks. He normally stands around and is typically seen usually only saying "BotBots". He transforms into a [[donut]] with [[sprinkles]].
*'''Lolly Licks'''
*'''Wishy-Waffley'''
*'''Lady Macaron''' (voiced by Julie Lemieux) - a member of the Sugar Shocks. Macaron is known for being aristocratic, but is nice deep down if not a little rebellious. She transforms into a [[macaron]], and unlike most of the other BotBots, is not based on any of the toys.
*'''Freezewich'''

===Gamer Geeks===
*'''Game Over''' (voiced by Josette Jorge) - a member of the Gamer Geeks. Game Over is one of the technology specialists amongst his squad, and she is one of the BotBots who covers up the tracks of their fellow beings. Game Over was characterized as a male member of the Lost Bots in the original toyline, and transforms into a [[game controller]].
*'''Fomo''' (voiced by [[Cory Doran]]) - a member of the Gamer Geeks. Fomo is one of the technology specialists amongst his squad, and he provides live footage through his lenses and a series of drones. Fomo was characterized as a female member of the Techie Team in the original toyline, and transforms into a [[camera]].
*'''Steer'd Wrong'''
*'''Chitter Click'''
*'''Playgor Cardquest''' (voiced by Brandon Hackett) - a member of the Gamer Geeks. He is known to the other BotBots for his [[troubador]]-styled sining, which often annoys those around him. He transforms into a stack of [[gaming cards]].
*'''Ring-A-Ling'''

===Custodial Crew===
*'''King Toots'''
*'''Sgt. Scrubforce'''
*'''Caution'''
*'''Handy'''
*'''Lady Loofa''' (voiced by [[Jacqueline Pillon]])
*'''Vomit Comet''' (voiced by Martin Roach) - A member of the Custodial Crew. He is one of the more level-headed BotBots, though he also likes causing mischeif. He transforms into a [[vomit pile]].
*'''Loose Deuce'''

===Swag Stylers===
*'''Ol' Tic Toc'''

===Spoiled Rottens===
*'''Disgusto Dessrto''' (voiced by [[Kyle Dooley]])

===Arcade Renegades===
*'''24K-Bit'''
*'''Knotzel'''
*'''Sweet Cheat'''

===Retro Replays===
*'''Snorg'''
*'''Pop N. Lock'''

===Science Alliance===
*'''Dr. Flaskenstein'''
*'''Face Ace'''
*'''Starscope''' (voiced by Sean Jordan) - a member of the Science Alliance. He serves as the team's observer. Starscope was characterized as female in the original toyline, and transforms into a [[telescope]].
*'''Eye-Goon'''

===Pet Mob===
*'''Anty Farmwell'''

===Other notable BotBots===
*'''Agent Smartlit'''
*'''Jacqueline''' (voiced by Julie Lemieux) - a shy BotBot from another squad and Dimlit's girlfriend. She transforms into a [[mannequin head]], and unlike most of the other BotBots, is not based on any of the toys.

===Humans===
*'''Dave''' (voiced by [[Mark Little (Canadian comedian)|Mark Little]]) - the mall security guard who is aware of the BotBots. He only saw three BotBots in robot form: Burgertron and Dimlit in the series premiere and Spud Muffin in the season 1 finale. He is known for being severely incompetent and easily fooled, though the BotBots refer to him as a dangerous threat.
*'''Dave's mom'''
*'''Randall'''
*'''Agent Wagner'''

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#B11310 |overall=8 |title=29 |writer=30 |aux2= |aux2T=Storyboard by |airdate=20 |released=y |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Mall Than Meets The Eye"<hr />"(Never) Be Yourself
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & [[Chris Wyatt (producer)|Chris "Doc" Wyatt]]
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco<hr />Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Escape from Snackatraz"<hr />"I, Cheeseburger
|WrittenBy = Alan Denton & Greg Hahn<hr />Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco<hr />Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Phoning It In"<hr />"The Lost Bots and the Claw Crusade
|WrittenBy = Taneka Stotts<hr />Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco<hr />Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Live and Let LARP"<hr />"Lone Bot and Carb
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt<hr />Hanah Lee Cook
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Dimlit In Love"<hr />"On the Bot Prom Dance Floor
|WrittenBy = Hanah Lee Cook<hr />Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jean Texier
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Ruckus Rally"<hr />"Crime and Bun-ishment
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt<hr />Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Spirit of Halloween"<hr />"Rage Against the Karaoke Machine
|WrittenBy = Hanah Lee Cook<hr />Merrill Hagan
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Scanned Out"<hr />"The Science Alliance
|WrittenBy = Rose Bueno<hr />Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jean Texier
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Agent Smartlit"<hr />"Shopping Brawl
|WrittenBy = Jacquie Menville<hr />Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla<hr />Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = The Goldrush Games
|WrittenBy = Katie Kaniewski ("Part the First") Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt ("Part the Second")
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla ("Part the First") Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal ("Part the Second")
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.netflix.com/title/81112503 Official website]
* ''[https://tfwiki.net/wiki/Transformers:_BotBots_(cartoon) Transformers: BotBots]'' on Transformers Wiki
* {{IMDb title|14202476}}

{{Transformers animated series}}
{{Transformers}}

[[Category:Transformers (franchise) animated series]]

Thalassiodracon

2021-07-04T06:34:46Z

Niceguyedc: v2.04 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Natural History Museum / Fix errors for CW project (Spelling and typography - Missing end bold/italic)

{{Short description|Extinct genus of reptiles}}
{{Distinguish|Thalassodraco}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|201.6|196.5|[[Rhaetian]] - [[Hettangian]]}}
| image = Thalassiodracon NHM.jpg
| image_caption = [[Holotype]] specimen BMNH 2018, found in the [[Lower Lias]] strata, [[Street, Somerset|Street]], [[Somerset]], [[England]].
| genus = Thalassiodracon
| parent_authority = Storrs & Taylor, 1996
| species = hawkinsi
| authority = ([[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1838)
| synonyms =
*''[[Plesiosaurus]] hawkinsi'' Owen, 1838
}}

'''''Thalassiodracon''''' (tha-LAS-ee-o-DRAY-kon) is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[plesiosauroidea|plesiosauroid]] from the [[Pliosauridae]] that was alive during the [[Late Triassic]]-[[Early Jurassic]] ([[Rhaetian]]-[[Hettangian]]) and is known exclusively from the [[Lower Lias]] of [[England]].<ref name=Storrs1996 /> The [[type species|type]] and only species, is ''Thalassiodracon'' (''[[Plesiosaurus]]'') ''hawkinsi'' ([[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1838).<ref name=Owen1838>[[Richard Owen|Owen, R.]] (1838). A description of Viscount Cole's specimen of ''[[Plesiosaurus|Plesiosaurus macrocephalus]]'' ([[William Conybeare (geologist)|Conybeare]]). ''Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2'', 663-666.</ref><ref name=AA/>

==Discovery and naming==
''Thalassiodracon hawkinsi'' is known from a number of complete skeletons ([[Holotype]]: BMNH 2018) found by the fossil collector [[Thomas Hawkins (geologist)|Thomas Hawkins]] in [[Somerset]], [[England]] during the early 1830s, before 1835.<ref name=AA/><ref>[[Thomas Hawkins (geologist)|Hawkins, T.]] (1835). ''Memoirs of Icthyosaurii and Plesiosaurii.''</ref><ref>[[Thomas Hawkins (geologist)|Hawkins, T.]] (1840). ''The Book of the Great Sea Dragons, Icthyosaurii and Plesiosaurii, Gedolim Taninim of Moses, Extinct Monsters of the Ancient Earth, With Thirty Plates copied from specimens in the authors collection of fossil organic remains, Deposited in the British Museum.'' William Pickering, London.</ref> ''Thalassiodracon'' lived in the Late [[Triassic]] ([[Rhaetian]]) to the Early [[Jurassic]] ([[Hettangian]]) of Europe (age range: 201.6 to 196.5 million years ago).<ref name=AA>[http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=100053&action=basicTaxonInfo Paleobiology Database]</ref> It was named as ''Plesiosaurus hawkinsi'' in 1838 by [[Richard Owen]]<ref name=Owen1838 /> and it was made the type species of the genus ''Thalassiodracon'' in 1996 by Storrs & Taylor.<ref name=Storrs1996 />

A replica of the [[holotype]] specimen, replica catalogued as LDUCZ-X227, has been in the collection of the [[Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy]] in [[London]], [[England]] since 1890 aafter being catalogued by [[Ray Lankester]], and it is a cast of a specimen created in 1862 by [[Henry Augustus Ward]].<ref name=WARD1866 /> The original fossil, catalogued as BMNH 2018 and also found by Hawkins in the 1830s, can be seen on display at the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], also in London, England.

The genus name ''Thalassiodracon'' means "sea dragon", while the species name ''hawkinsi'' honours its discoverer.

==Description==
[[image:Thalassiodracon BW.jpg|thumb|left|Life restoration of ''Thalassiodracon hawkinsi''.]]
This marine reptile measured 1.5–2 m. (5-6.5 ft) had a relatively long neck but the small skull was proportionally larger than ''Plesiosaurus'', being 1/10 of the total body length.

The neck of ''Thalassiodracon'', however, was slightly shorter than that of subsequent Plesiosaurs.<ref name=WARD1866>[[Henry Augustus Ward|Ward, Henry A.]] (1866). ''Catalogue of Casts and Fossils From the Principle Museums of Europe and America with Short Descriptions and Illustrations.'' Benton and Andrews. Rochester, N.Y.</ref> The cervical vertebrae were between 27 and 31, while those of ''Plesiosaurus'' were 35 - 37. Moreover, the skull was unusually short and equipped with long teeth. The orbits were very large, with sclerotic rings. Like all plesiosaurs, this animal had legs like paddles for swimming in the sea.

A computed tomography of an exceptionally preserved skull, and examination of other specimens (Benson ''et al.'', 2011<ref name=Marmornectes />) yields new anatomical data. ''Thalassiodracon'' had a dorsomedian ridge on the premaxilla, a squamosal bulb, four premaxillary teeth, and a heterodont maxillary dentition.<ref name=Storrs1996>Storrs, G. W & Taylor, M. A. (1996). Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England. Jour. Vert. Paleo. 16:403-20.</ref><ref>Roger B. J. Benson, Karl T. Bates, Mark R. Johnson & Philip J. Withers [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2011.572937 Cranial anatomy of Thalassiodracon hawkinsii (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Early Jurassic of Somerset, United Kingdom - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology - Volume 31, Issue 3, 2011]</ref>

==Classification==
[[Image:Hul - Thalassiodracon hawkinsi 1.jpg|thumb|''Thalassiodracon hawkinsi'' skeleton, Natural History Museum in London]]
[[File:Hul - Plesiosaurus hawkinsi 1.jpg|thumb|Fragmentary specimen]]
''Thalassiodracon'' was originally placed in the genus ''[[Plesiosaurus]]''. It has been classified in a new genus ''Thalassiodracon'' many years later following an examination of a skull. This animal is considered one of the oldest representatives of the group of plesiosaurs, perhaps ancestral to the superfamily of [[Pliosauroidea]] (short-necked plesiosaurs).<ref>[http://plesiosauria.com/thalassiodracon.php Plesiosauria]</ref>

The following [[cladogram]] follows an analysis by Ketchum & Benson, 2011.<ref name=Marmornectes>{{cite journal |authors=Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson |year=2011 |title=A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids |journal=Special Papers in Palaeontology |volume=86 |pages=109–129 |url=https://www.palass.org/publications/special-papers-palaeontology/archive/86/article_pp109-129}}</ref>
<div class="noprint">
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1= [[Pistosauria]] 
|1={{clade
|1="''Pistosaurus'' postcranium"
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Augustasaurus hagdorni]]''
|2=''[[Bobosaurus forojuliensis]]''
|3=''[[Pistosaurus]]''
|4=''[[Yunguisaurus liae]]''
|label5= [[Plesiosauria]] 
|5={{clade
|label1= [[Pliosauroidea]] 
|1={{clade
|label1= [[Pliosauridae]] 
|1={{clade
|1='''''Thalassiodracon hawkinsi'''''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hauffiosaurus]] spp.''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Attenborosaurus conybeari]]''
|2=advanced pliosaurids }} }} }}
|label2= [[Rhomaleosauridae]] 
|2={{clade
|1=NHMUK 49202 [now ''[[Anningasaura lymense]]'']
|2={{clade
|1=advanced rhomaleosaurids
|2={{clade
|1=''"Plesiosaurus" macrocephalus''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Archaeonectrus rostratus]]''
|2=''[[Macroplata tenuiceps]]'' }} }} }} }} }}
|label2= [[Plesiosauroidea]] 
|2={{clade
|1=OUMNH J.10337 [now ''[[Stratesaurus taylori]]'']
|2={{clade
|label1= [[Plesiosauridae]] 
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris]]''
|2={{clade
|1=OUMNH J.28585
|2=''[[Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus]]'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Elasmosauridae]] and [[Cryptoclidia]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Microcleidus homalospondylus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hydrorion brachypterygius]]''
|2=''[[Occitanosaurus tournemiensis]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
</div>

==See also==
* [[List of plesiosaur genera]]
* [[Timeline of plesiosaur research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Plesiosauria|Pliosauroidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3985451|from2=Q3472685}}
{{Portal bar|Paleontology|United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Plesiosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Triassic plesiosaurs]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic plesiosaurs of Europe]]
[[Category:Pliosaurids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1996]]

William Gates (Soldat)

2019-12-31T23:13:50Z

Niceguyedc: v2.02 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Bulwark

{{for|other people name William or Bill Gates|Bill Gates (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Colonel William Gates USA.jpg|thumb|300px]]
'''William Gates''' (6 April 1788 – 7 October 1868) was a long serving career [[United States Army]] officer who served on active duty from when he entered West Point as a cadet in 1801 until his final retirement in 1867. He was a veteran of the [[War of 1812]], [[Seminole Wars]], the Mexican War and the [[American Civil War]], to which he was called to duty at the age of 73.

== Early life ==
He was born on 6 April 1788 in [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]]. He was the son of Captain Lemuel Gates, a veteran of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], and attended [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]], graduating in 1800.

== Military career ==
Gates was one of the first cadets at the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point]] when he was appointed as a cadet on 2 March 1801. He graduated on 6 March 1806, and was commissioned in the Army as a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillerists. He was the 11th cadet to graduate West Point and was ranked first in the Class of 1806.

He served in garrison at forts along the Atlantic seaboard from 1806 to 1812. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 3 November 1807.

=== War of 1812 ===
In the War of 1812 he served as acting adjutant of Regiment of Light Artillery, and [[Aide-de-camp]] to Brevet Brigadier General [[Moses Porter]] in 1813, being engaged in the capture of York (now [[Toronto]]) in [[Upper Canada]] on 27 April 1813. He was promoted to captain on 3 March 1813.

Gates then participated in the bombardment and capture of [[Fort George, Ontario|Fort George]] on 27 May 1813.

He was placed in command of [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]], Massachusetts from 1813 to 1815. This coincided with British capturing [[Castine, Maine]] in 1814 which created the fear that any part of the [[New England]] coast might be subject to attack but no attacks were made against Massachusetts. The war ended with the news of the [[Treaty of Ghent]] had been signed in early 1815.

=== Middle career ===
Gates was in garrison at [[Fort Niagara]], New York from 1815 to 1820. He spent the next several years at various posts in New York state including [[Madison Barracks]] in [[Sackett's Harbor]] from 1820 to 1821; Plattsburg from 1821 to 1824; [[Fort Lafayette]] from 1824 to 1826 and [[Fort Columbus]] on [[Governor's Island]] from 1826 to 1827.

He was awarded a brevet (honorary promotion) to the rank of major on March 3, 1823, for "Faithful Service Ten Years in one Grade".

He next series of assignments brought him south and included [[Fort McHenry]] in Maryland in 1827; [[Fort Marion]] in Florida from 1827 to 1829; [[Fort Moultrie]] near [[Charleston, South Carolina]] in 1829 and Fort Marion, Florida from 1829 to 1832.

Gates was promoted to major of 1st Artillery Regiment on May 30, 1832. He was assigned to [[Fort Monroe]], Virginia (where he served as the major of Artillery School for Practice), in 1832 and then to Charleston, South Carolina, from 1832‑33, (which was during South Carolina's threatened nullification) and again to Fort Moultrie from 1833‑35.

=== Seminole War ===
He was assigned to [[Fort Washington (Maryland)|Fort Washington]], Maryland from 1835 to 1836 and then served in the Seminole War in Florida from 1836 to 1838. He fought against the Seminole Indians in defense of Fort Barnwell (Volusia) on April 12, 1836.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} In June of that year he was [[court-martial]]ed for cowardice, having failed to retrieve the bodies of slain soldiers outside his [[bastion|bulwark]], resulting in their being mutilated by the Seminoles.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oPyswIt41YsC&pg=PA16 General Braxton Bragg, C.S.A. - Samuel J. Martin - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-LCgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA237 Army and Navy Chronicle - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YuN0E_vUPrYC&pg=PA154 Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom - Thom Hatch - Google Books]</ref>

Gates transferred to the 2nd Artillery Regiment on August 4, 1836. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 3d Artillery on 17 December 1836.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zKM-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA324 Niles' National Register: Containing Political, Historical, Geographical ... - Google Books]</ref>

Gates arrested Seminole leader [[Osceola]]<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://books.google.com/books?id=R7AZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA627 Congressional Serial Set - Google Books]</ref> on October 21, 1837 during peace negotiations at [[Fort Marion]] (a.k.a. [[Castillo San Marcos]]) in [[St. Augustine, Florida]]. Osceola was sent to [[Fort Moultrie]] near [[Charleston, South Carolina]] where he died a few weeks later. He was in the combat of [[Locha-Hatchee]] on January 24, 1838, in the [[Cherokee Nation]], while transferring the Indians to the West. He returned to Florida from 1839 to 1842 and served in garrison at [[Fort Pickens]].

=== War with Mexico ===
He served at [[Fort Moultrie]] from 1842‑43 and in Savannah, Georgia from 1843 to 1844 before returning to Fort Moultrie from 1844 to 1846. He was promoted to colonel in command of the [[3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|3rd Artillery Regiment]] on 13 October 1845<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=m4SIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2 Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States - United States. Congress. Senate - Google Books]</ref> which made him one of the highest-ranking officers in the Army. He served in the [[War with Mexico]], from 1846 to 1848, as Governor of [[Tampico, Mexico]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He served as the commander of [[Fort Adams]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]] from 1848 to 1853.

=== Wreck of SS ''San Francisco'' ===
Late in 1853 Gates and his regiment were ordered to be stationed in California. Gates was on board, along with hundreds of his soldiers and their families, the ill-fated steamer [[SS San Francisco|SS ''San Francisco'']]<ref>[http://www.sfgenealogy.com/californiabound/cb150.htm California Bound | SS San Francisco Disaster]</ref> when it was wrecked in a storm on 24 December 1853.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jmL_IBbRaUAC&pg=PA289 The Papers of Jefferson Davis: 1853-1855 - Jefferson Davis - Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=exIcDjDelE4C&pg=PA191 A manual of pensions, bounty, and pay - Google Books]</ref>
An investigation of the incident found Gates to be delinquent in this duties and he was placed on waiting orders (i.e. with no active assignment) from 1854 until 1861.

=== Civil War service ===
With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861 the Union needed to maximize its resources and Gates was given an active assignment, despite being 73 years old. In December 1861 he assumed command of [[Fort Trumbull]] in [[New London, Connecticut]]. He was retired from the Army on 1 June 1863, under the retirement law of 17 July 1862, for having served in the Army for more that 45 years. Due to wartime needs, however, he continued to command Fort Trumbull until he was reassigned in March 1864 to [[Fort Constitution]] near [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]]. He remained at Fort Constitution until his full retirement in 1867 after 66 years of military service.<ref>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/11*.html</ref>

After the Civil War, Gates was breveted as a brigadier general for "Long and Faithful Service in the Army" to rank from March 13, 1865.

==Death==
General Gates died in [[New York City]] on 7 October 1868, at the age of 80.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=21RHAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 Reminiscences of West Point in the Olden Time: Derived from Various Sources ... - Google Books]</ref> He is buried in the [[Cypress Hills National Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25717025 Gen William Gates (1788 - 1868) - Find A Grave Memorial]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy. George W. Cullum. Vol. 1.
*Dictionary of American Biography{{date missing}}{{page needed|date=January 2014}}{{publisher missing}}
*http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/11*.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates, William}}
[[Category:1788 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:American people of the Seminole Wars]]
[[Category:People from Gloucester, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Union Army colonels]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]

Der Kampf um die Insel

2019-12-26T06:47:59Z

Niceguyedc: v2.02 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - The Children's Hour / WP:WCW project (Title linked in text)

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{about|the 1930 novel}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Swallows and Amazons
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = ArthurRansome SwallowAndAmazons.jpg
| caption = First edition dust jacket cover 1930
| author = [[Arthur Ransome]]
| illustrator = 1st edition was not illustrated, later editions illustrated by Clifford Webb and later Arthur Ransome
| cover_artist = [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Swallows and Amazons series]]
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]], [[adventure novel]]
| publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]]
| release_date = 1 December 1930
| isbn = 
| oclc= 5973192
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Swallowdale]]
}}

'''''Swallows and Amazons''''' is the first book in the [[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]] by English author [[Arthur Ransome]]; it was first published on 1 December 1930, with the action taking place in the summer of 1929 in the [[Lake District]]. The book introduces the main protagonists John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker (Swallows), their mother, their baby sister (Bridget), as well as Nancy and Peggy Blackett (Amazons), their uncle Jim, commonly referred to as Captain Flint and their widowed mother Molly Blackett.

At the time, Ransome had been working as a journalist with the [[The Guardian|''Manchester Guardian'']], but decided to become a full-time author rather than go abroad as a foreign correspondent. He did continue to write part-time for the press, however.

The book was inspired by a summer spent by Ransome teaching the children of his friends, the Altounyans, to sail. Three of the Altounyan children's names are adopted directly for the Walker family. Ransome and Ernest Altounyan bought two small [[Dinghy sailing|dinghies]] called ''Swallow'' and ''Mavis''. Ransome kept ''Swallow'' until he sold it a number of years later, while ''Mavis'' remained in the Altounyan family and is now on permanent display in the [[Ruskin Museum]]. However, later in life Ransome tried to downplay the Altounyan connections, changing the initial dedication of ''Swallows and Amazons'' and writing a new foreword which gave other sources.<ref>''Autobiography of Arthur Ransome'', Arthur Ransome, ed. Rupert Hart-Davis, 1976</ref><ref>''The Life of Arthur Ransome'', Hugh Brogan, 1984</ref> In 2003, the novel was listed at number 57 on the BBC's survey [[The Big Read]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100_2.shtml "BBC – The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2012</ref>

==Illustrations==
The artist chosen for the first edition of the book was [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]], but Ransome objected to his style and so the first edition did not have any illustrations. Spurrier's drawing for the dust jacket had to be used. The second edition contained drawings by [[Clifford Webb]] but after Ransome successfully illustrated ''[[Peter Duck]]'' himself, he decided to do his own drawings for all the books, including those already published, and Webb's drawings were replaced in later editions.

==Plot summary==

The book relates the outdoor adventures and play of two families of children. These involve sailing, camping, fishing, exploration and [[piracy]]. The Walker children (John, Susan, Titty and Roger) are staying at a farm near a lake in the [[Lake District]] of England, during the school holidays. They sail a borrowed [[dinghy]] named ''Swallow'' and meet the Blackett children (Nancy and Peggy), who sail a dinghy named ''Amazon''. The Walkers camp on an island in the lake while the Blacketts live in their house nearby. When the children meet, they agree to join forces against a common enemy – the Blacketts' uncle Jim Turner whom they call "Captain Flint" (after the parrot in ''[[Treasure Island]]''). Turner, normally an ally of his nieces, has withdrawn from their company to write his memoirs, and has become decidedly unfriendly. Furthermore, when the Blacketts let off a firework on his houseboat roof, it is the Walkers who get the blame. He refuses even to listen when they try to pass on a warning to him about burglars in the area.

To determine who should be the overall leader in their campaign against Captain Flint, the Blacketts and the Walkers have a contest to see which can capture the others' boat. As part of their strategy, the Walkers make a dangerous crossing of the lake by night, and John is later cautioned by his mother for this reckless act. The Walkers nevertheless win the contest – thanks to Titty who seizes the ''Amazon'' when the Blacketts come to Wild Cat Island. During the same night Titty hears suspicious voices coming from a different island – Cormorant Island – and in the morning it transpires that Turner's houseboat has been burgled. Turner again blames the Walkers, but is finally convinced that he is mistaken and feels he was wrong to distance himself from his nieces' adventures all summer. The Swallows, Amazons and Turner investigate Cormorant Island, but they cannot find Turner's missing trunk.

The following day, there is a mock battle between Turner and the children, after which Turner is tried for his crimes and forced to walk the plank on his own houseboat. They agree at the post-battle feast that on the final day of their holidays, Titty and Roger will go back to Cormorant Island while the others go fishing. Titty finds the trunk, which contains the memoirs on which Turner had been working, and is rewarded with Turner's green parrot.

James Turner appears in some ways to be modelled on Ransome himself. The story, set in August 1929, includes a good deal of everyday [[Lake District|Lakeland]] life from the farmers to [[charcoal]] burners working in the woods; [[Corned beef#United Kingdom|corned beef]], which the children fancifully refer to as [[pemmican]], and [[ginger beer]] and [[lemonade]], which they call [[grog]], appear as regular food stuff for the campers; island life also allows for occasional references to the story of [[Robinson Crusoe]].

==Major characters in ''Swallows and Amazons''==
See also [[List of characters in Arthur Ransome books]]

*'''John Walker''' – Eldest of the Walkers and captain of the ''Swallow''
*'''Susan Walker''' – Second eldest of the Walkers and mate of the ''Swallow''
*'''Titty Walker''' – Able Seaman of the ''Swallow''. This name was the nickname of the real life Mavis Altounyan, from [[Joseph Jacobs]]'s children's story, ''Titty Mouse and Tatty Mouse''.<ref>[http://www.allthingsransome.net/literary/tit_tat.htm Origin of Mavis Altounyan's nickname of Titty]</ref> It has been changed to ''Kitty'' in the original BBC adaptation of the book, and ''Tatty'' for a 2016 [[BBC Films]] adaptation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/24/swallows-and-amazons-titty-renamed-tatty-in-bbc-film |title=Titty's family 'furious' over name change for Swallows and Amazons film |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 May 2016 |author=Ben Child |accessdate= 25 May 2016}}</ref>
*'''Roger Walker''' – Youngest of the sailing Walkers and ship's boy of the ''Swallow''
*'''Bridget Walker''' – (nicknamed "Vicky" due to a resemblance to pictures of Queen Victoria in old age, and referred to as such in the book) Youngest of the Walkers and ship's baby of the ''Swallow''
*'''[[Nancy Blackett]]''' (Ruth) – Captain of the ''Amazon''
*'''Peggy Blackett''' (Margaret) – Nancy's younger sister and mate of the ''Amazon''
*'''James Turner''' – Nancy and Peggy's uncle. Known to the children as "Captain Flint" or to the Blacketts as "Uncle Jim"

==Places in ''Swallows and Amazons''==
According to Ransome, every place in his book can be found in the Lake District, but he took different locations and placed them in different ways: the lake is a fictionalised version of [[Windermere]] but the surrounding countryside more closely resembles that around [[Coniston Water|Coniston]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardyment|first=Christina|title=Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk|edition=1988|year=1984|publisher=Jonathan Cape|page=47|quote=…the ''lake'' of the books is almost exactly Windermere, but that the ''land'' round about it was much more like Coniston.}}</ref> Wild Cat Island, the location of the island camp, has elements from [[Peel Island, Cumbria|Peel Island]] in Coniston and Blake Holme (or Blakeholme) in Windermere.<ref>Hardyment (1984: 66–67)</ref> Holly Howe, the farmhouse where the Swallows stay, is based on Bank Ground Farm,<ref>Hardyment (1984: 32)</ref> which exists to this day. It was featured in the 1974 film.

==Critical reception==
Reviewing the book for UK daily newspaper ''The Manchester Guardian'' (forerunner of ''[[The Guardian]]'') [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] wrote: <blockquote>"Children's books are probably the most difficult of all to write; they are certainly the most difficult to review. For children alone can properly judge their worth, and children, very wisely, never review. An adult has to refer back to his own childhood and ask himself: Would I have enjoyed such a book then? The answer, in the case of ''Swallow and Amazons'', [sic] is very definitely, Yes. Moreover, the book is entirely charming quite apart from its qualities as child literature. This is rare; for, generally speaking, nothing makes drearier reading than the conscious juvenility of adults."</blockquote>

Muggeridge continued by saying,<blockquote>"Mr. Ransome has the same magical power that [[Lewis Carroll]] had of being the child in terms of himself. He never talks down; never finds it necessary to be patronising or sentimental. And sentimentality is the most terrible pitfall that besets those who venture into the world of play. […] Captain John and Mate Susan, and Able-seaman Titty, and Ship's Boy Roger are not at all like Christopher Robin. [T]hey are children. And the story of their adventures on a little island in the middle of an English lake is thrilling just because it is not fabulous. […] It is make-believe such as all children have indulged in: even children who have not been so fortunate as to have a lake and a boat and an island but only a backyard amongst the semis of Suburbia."<ref name="Guardian 21 July 1930">{{cite news |last= Muggeridge |first= Malcolm | authorlink= Malcolm Muggeridge |title= Swallows and Amazons book review, 1930 – archive |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/from-the-archive-blog/2016/aug/20/swallows-and-amazons-review-1930-archive| date= 21 July 1930|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |location=Manchester| accessdate=26 October 2016 }}</ref></blockquote>

==Film, TV, radio and theatrical adaptations==
===1936 Radio adaptation===
In 1936 the [[BBC]] broadcast Swallows and Amazons as a "dialogue story" in five weekly episodes during [[Children's Hour|The Children's Hour]] on the [[BBC National Programme]] (later known as the [[BBC Home Service]]). The book was adapted by Barbara Sleigh.<ref>Radio Times Issue 675, 6 September 1936 - 12 September 1936 https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk</ref>

===1947 Radio adaptation===
From 9th October 1947 up to and including 22nd January 1948 Swallows and Amazons was adapted into fifteen episodes and read by [[Derek McCulloch]] (Uncle Mac) during [[Children's Hour]] on the [[BBC Home Service]]<ref>Radio Times Issue 1251, 5 October 1947 - 11 October 1947 https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk</ref>

===1963 TV adaptation===
In 1963, the [[BBC]] produced an adaptation, ''[[Swallows and Amazons (1963 television series)|Swallows and Amazons]],'' with [[John Paul (actor)|John Paul]] as "Captain Flint" and [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] as the renamed "Kitty". The series was directed by Peter Saunders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b695cd584|title=Swallows and Amazons: Swallows and Amazons Episode 1 Sailing Orders|last=Staff|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>

===1974 film version===
{{main article|Swallows and Amazons (1974 film)}}
EMI released a version in 1974, directed by [[Claude Whatham]] and produced by Richard Pilbrow. The film starred [[Virginia McKenna]] (Mrs. Walker) and [[Ronald Fraser (actor)|Ronald Fraser]] (Uncle Jim), and Sophie Neville (Titty), [[Suzanna Hamilton|Zanna Hamilton]] (Susan), Simon West (John) and Stephen Grendon (Roger) as the Swallows.

===2016 film version===
{{main article|Swallows and Amazons (2016 film)}}
The 2016 film was directed by [[Philippa Lowthorpe]] and written by [[Andrea Gibb]]. The film stars [[Andrew Scott (actor)|Andrew Scott]], [[Rafe Spall]], [[Kelly Macdonald]], [[Jessica Hynes]], and [[Harry Enfield]].

===Other versions===
In August 1999 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation by [[David Wood (actor)|David Wood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidwood.org.uk/all_about_me-chronology.html |title=Other Writing 1999 |publisher=David Wood |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref> with [[Jean Anderson]] as Titty seventy years later narrating. Young Titty was played by Phoebe Phillips, John by John Paul Ekins, Susan by Flora Harris, Roger by [[Joe Sowerbutts]], mother by [[Penny Downie]], Nancy by Catherine Poole, Peggy by Jackie Swainson and Uncle Jim by [[Nicholas Le Prevost]].

The [[Royal National Theatre]] started developing a musical version of ''Swallows and Amazons'' in 2007. [[Helen Edmundson]] wrote the book and lyrics while [[The Divine Comedy (band)|The Divine Comedy]]'s frontman [[Neil Hannon]] wrote the music. The musical premiered at the [[Bristol Old Vic]] on 1 December 2010 and played at the [[Vaudeville Theatre]], in London's West End, from 15 December 2011, prior to going on tour around the UK from January to May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inthenews.co.uk/entertainment/music/divine-comedy-singer-pens-musical-$1079112.htm/ |title=article revealing the Royal National Theatre's plans for a stage musical adaptation of Swallows and Amazons |publisher=Inthenews.co.uk |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/234653/swallows-and-amazons|title=Swallows and Amazons at Vaudeville Theatre – West End|work=[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]|accessdate=6 September 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/|title=Swallows and Amazons UK Tour 2012|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> The production features adults playing the children and has been received favourably by reviewers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spencer |first=Charles |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/8189591/Swallows-and-Amazons-Bristol-Old-Vic-review.html |title=Swallows and Amazons, Bristol Old Vic, review. Daily Telegraph, December 8, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 December 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Billington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/08/swallows-and-amazons-review?INTCMP=SRCH |title=Swallows and Amazons review, Guardian, December 8, 2010 |work=The Guardian |date=9 December 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref>

==Release details==
*1930, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1 December 1930, hardback (First edition, unillustrated)
*1931, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1931, hardback (First "Clifford Webb" illustrated edition)
*1931, US, J.B.Lippincott company, Philadelphia, 1931. Hardback, no full illustrations, front and back plates plus chapter headings by Helene Carter.
*1938, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1938, hardback (First "Ransome" illustrated edition)
*1958, US, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ({{ISBN|0-397-30015-8}}), Pub date ? June 1958, hardback
*1994, US, David R. Godine, Publisher ({{ISBN|978-1-56792-420-6}}), paperback
*1995, UK, ISIS Audio Books ({{ISBN|1-85695-974-0}}), Pub date August 1995, audio book cassette (unabridged)
*1999, UK, Jonathan Cape ({{ISBN|0-224-60631-X}}), Pub date 1999, hardback
*2001, UK, Red Fox Classics ({{ISBN|0-09-950391-3}}), Pub date 5 April 2001, paperback
*2001, UK, Red Fox ({{ISBN|0-09-942733-8}}), Pub date 5 October 2001, paperback
*2005, UK, Gabriel Woolf ({{ISBN|0-9550529-0-4}}), Pub date July 2005, audio book CD
*2010, US, David R. Godine, Publisher ({{ISBN|978-1567924206}}), Pub date 16 July 2010, paperback revised edition

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
*[[List of characters in Arthur Ransome books]]
*[[Roger Altounyan]] – real-life scientist; Ransome named characters in the story after Altounyan and his sisters.
*[[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{FadedPage|id=20180107|name=Swallows and Amazons}}
* [http://www.swallowsandamazons.info/ Swallows and Amazons information and news website]
* [http://www.tarboard.net/ TarBoard, the Arthur Ransome and 'Swallows and Amazons' forum]
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(1963 TV series)}}
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(1974 film)}}
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(2016 film)}}
* [http://www.swallowsandamazonsforever.co.uk/ The 2016 film's official website]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/content/image_galleries/swallows_amazons_gallery.shtml The original boats now housed in the Cumbrian museum – BBC photo website]
* {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601110535/http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/|archivedate=2012-06-01|url=http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/| title=Swallows and Amazons | UK Tour 2012}}
* [https://bristololdvictheatre.wordpress.com/tag/swallows-and-amazons/ The 2014–15 theatrical production's pages at the Bristol Old Vic]

{{SwallowsandAmazonsbooks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swallows and Amazons}}
[[Category:Fiction set in 1930]]
[[Category:1930 British novels]]
[[Category:1930 children's books]]
[[Category:British adventure novels]]
[[Category:British children's novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Jonathan Cape books]]
[[Category:Swallows and Amazons series]]
[[Category:Novels set in the Lake District]]
[[Category:Novels set on islands]]

Kara Murad Pascha

2019-12-24T05:51:17Z

Niceguyedc: v2.02 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Albanian

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Other uses|Murat Pasha (disambiguation){{!}}Murat Pasha}}
{{Ottoman Turkish name|Kara Murat|Pasha}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[wikt:kara#Turkish|Kara]] [[wikt:dev#Turkish|Dev]]
| name = Murat
| honorific-suffix = [[Pasha]]
| image =
| imagesize = 250px
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office1 = [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]]
| monarch1 = [[Mehmed IV]]
| term_start1 = 11 May 1655
| term_end1 = 19 August 1655
| predecessor1 = [[Ibşir Mustafa Pasha]]
| successor1 = [[Ermeni Süleyman Pasha]]
| order2 =
| office2 =
| monarch2 = [[Mehmed IV]]
| term_start2 = 21 May 1649
| term_end2 = 5 August 1650
| predecessor2 = [[Sofu Mehmed Pasha]]
| successor2 = [[Melek Ahmed Pasha]]
| order3 =
| office3 = [[Ottoman Governor of Damascus]]
| term_start3 = 1655
| term_end3 = 1655
| predecessor3 = [[Defterzade Mehmed Pasha]]
| successor3 = [[Haseki Mehmed Pasha]]
| order4 =
| office4 =
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| birth_date =
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| death_date = 1655
| death_place = [[Hama]], [[Ottoman Syria]]
| nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]
| party =
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| religion = [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]
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| allegiance = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
| branch = {{navy|Ottoman Empire}} {{army|Ottoman Empire}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Kapudan Pasha]] (grand admiral; 1653–55) [[Janissary]] agha (1648–49)
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Cretan War (1645–1669)]]
* [[Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)]]
| awards =
}}
'''Kara Murat Pasha''', or '''Kara Dev Murat Pasha''', lit. ''Black Giant Murat Pasha in Ottoman language''; died 1655), was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Albanians|Albanian]] statesman and military officer. He served as [[list of Kapudan Pashas|Kapudan Pasha]] and twice as [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire|Grand Vizier]]. His epithet ''[[wikt:kara#Turkish|Kara]]'' ("black") refers to his courage and ''[[wikt:dev#Turkish|Dev]]'' ("giant") to his physical size.

== Early years ==
Murat was of [[Albanian people|Albanian]] origin. He distinguished himself in the early phases of [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]] between the Ottoman Empire and the [[Republic of Venice]]. He was assigned to various posts in the [[Janissary]] corps (the professional regiments that formed the core of the [[Ottoman army]]), and in 1648, during the enthronement of [[Mehmed IV]], he was promoted to be commander of the Janissary corps ({{lang-tr|Yeniçeri ağası}}).<ref name="Buz">Ayhan Buz:Osmanlı Sadrazamları, Neden Kitap, istanbul, 2009, {{ISBN|978-975-254-278-5}} pp105-106</ref> When the [[Ottoman Navy]] was defeated by the Venetians in the [[Battle of Focchies]] on 12 May 1649, the Grand Vizier [[Sofu Mehmed Pasha]] was blamed for the defeat, and he was replaced by Kara Murat Pasha on 21 May. Murat had Sofu Mehmed Pasha exiled and then executed.

== First term as Grand Vizier ==
At the time of Murat's appointment as Grand Vizier, the sultan was only seven years old and the two [[Valide sultan]]s (his mother [[Turhan Hatice]] and grandmother [[Kösem]]), who were acting as regents, were locked in a power struggle. While Kösem supported Murat, Turhan Hatice was against him. Moreover, the leaders of the Janissaries, Murat's former colleagues, were also against him. Feeling that his life was in danger, Murat resigned on 5 August 1650.<ref>Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 103-104</ref> Upon his suggestion, he was succeeded by [[Melek Ahmed Pasha]].

After his resignation, Murat was appointed as the governor of [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire|Budin]] (modern [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]). In 1653, he returned to [[Istanbul]] and was appointed [[Kapudan Pasha]] (grand admiral) and tasked with transporting reinforcements and ammunition to [[Crete]] by sea. The Venetian navy was blockading the [[Dardanelles Strait]] at the time, but Murat managed to defeat the Venetians and break their blockade in the [[Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)|First Battle of the Dardanelles]].<ref name="Buz"/>

== Second term as Grand Vizier and death ==
Murat Pasha was reappointed as the Grand Vizier on 11 May 1655. His second term was very short; due to economic problems as well as opposition from the Janissaries, he had to resign on 19 August 1655. He was then appointed to the governorship of the [[Damascus Eyalet]] in [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]], but along the way to take up the post, he fell ill and died. In the five years between his two terms as Grand Vizier, six different [[pasha]]s were appointed to the office, an indication of the political instability of the empire in the mid-17th century.

==See also==
* [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers]]
* [[List of Ottoman governors of Damascus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]]|before=[[Sofu Mehmed Pasha]]|after=[[Melek Ahmed Pasha]]|years=21 May 1649 – 5 August 1650}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]]|before=[[Ibşir Mustafa Pasha]]|after=[[Ermeni Süleyman Pasha]]|years=11 May 1655 – 19 August 1655}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Ottoman governors of Damascus|Ottoman Governor of Damascus]]|before=[[Defterzade Mehmed Pasha]]|after=[[Haseki Mehmed Pasha]]|years=1655}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Kapudan Pashas|Kapudan Pasha]]|before=[[Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha]]|after=[[Dellak Mustafa Pasha]]|years=1653 – 11 May 1655}}
{{s-end}}

{{Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murat Pasha, Kara}}
[[Category:17th-century Ottoman military personnel]]
[[Category:1655 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Pashas]]
[[Category:Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Kapudan Pashas]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ottoman governors of Damascus]]
[[Category:Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars]]
[[Category:Cretan War (1645–1669)]]

First Secretary of State

2019-12-19T10:47:53Z

Niceguyedc: v2.02 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Johnson ministry

{{Infobox official post
| post = [[United Kingdom]] First Secretary
| body = State
| department = [[Government of the United Kingdom]] [[Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)|Office of the Prime Minister]] [[Cabinet Office]]
| flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| flagsize = 110
| flagcaption = [[Flag of the United Kingdom]]
| insignia = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
| insigniacaption = [[Royal arms of the United Kingdom|Royal Arms]] used by [[Government of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty's Government]]
| image = File:Rt Hon Dominic Raab MP.jpg
| incumbent = [[Dominic Raab]]
| incumbentsince = 24 July 2019
| style = [[The Right Honourable]] ''First Secretary of State''
| residence = None, may use [[Grace and favour]] residences
| nominator = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|The Prime Minister]]
| nominatorpost = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| reports_to = The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
| seat = [[Westminster]], [[London]]
| appointer = The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarch]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
| termlength = No fixed term
| member_of = {{Hlist|[[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] |[[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]]||[[National Security Council (United Kingdom)|National Security Council]]}}
| inaugural = [[Rab Butler]]
| formation = 13 July 1962
| salary = £150,558 (annual, including £79,468 MP's salary)<ref> https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/811042/Salaries_of_Members_of_Her_Majesty_s_Government_April_2019.pdf</ref>
| website = {{Official website|https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/first-secretary-of-state}}
}}
{{PoliticsUK}}
'''First Secretary of State''' is an [[title of honor|honorary title]] occasionally used in the [[Government of the United Kingdom]]. It implies seniority over all other [[Secretary of State (United Kingdom)|Secretaries of State]] in terms of [[Cabinet rank]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/08/george-osborne-made-first-secretary-of-state-in-cabinet-reshuffle |title=George Osborne made first secretary of state in cabinet reshuffle|date=8 May 2015 |author=Nicholas Watt|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=8 May 2015 }}</ref> but has no specific powers or authority attached to it beyond that of any other Secretary of State. When no [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]] is in office, the post is ''[[de facto]]'' second in Government. If there is no First Secretary of State, the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] is typically ''de facto'' second in Government, although under [[Theresa May]], [[David Lidington]] as [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]] held a higher [[Cabinet rank]] than [[Chancellor]] [[Philip Hammond]].{{huh|date=September 2019}}

The title is not always in use, so there have sometimes been extended gaps between successive holders of the title. It was unused the longest in the 25 years between 1970 and 1995. After [[Damian Green]] resigned over sexual harassment allegations on 20 December 2017, no Secretary of State was appointed to fill the post until Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] appointed [[Dominic Raab]] on 24 July 2019 when he became Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42434802|work=BBC News |title=Damian Green sacked after 'misleading statements' on porn claims|date=21 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/20/breaking-theresa-mays-effective-deputy-damian-green-quits-pornography/|newspaper=The Telegraph |title=Damian Green sacked over porn cover-up as Theresa May suffers third Cabinet departure in two months }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dominic Raab appointed UK foreign secretary, first secretary of state: statement |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-leader-raab/dominic-raab-appointed-uk-foreign-secretary-first-secretary-of-state-statement-idUSKCN1UJ2JF |work=Reuters |location=London |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
The role has had varying responsibilities over time. The most recent responsibilities are:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/first-secretary-of-state|title=First Secretary of State - GOV.UK |website=www.gov.uk|access-date=2017-07-25}}</ref>
* Supporting the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] in the running of the [[Government of the United Kingdom]].
* Deputising for the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].
* Advising the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] on developing and implementing Government policy.
* Driving forward government business and implementation including through chairing and deputy chairing cabinet committees and taskforces.
* Overseeing constitutional affairs and maintaining the integrity of the Union.
* Oversight of all [[Cabinet Office]] policies.
*Answering the questions at [[Prime Minister's Questions|PMQs]] in absence of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]].

==Relationship with Deputy Prime Minister==
The post of [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]] had been created in 1942 for [[Clement Attlee]], the leader of the Labour Party in [[Winston Churchill]]'s [[Churchill war ministry|wartime coalition ministry]]. The post indicated that the holder ranked second in government, after the Prime Minister, but did not confer cabinet rank and did not pay a salary. For this reason, the Deputy Prime Minister concurrently held other offices, entitling him to a place in cabinet.

The title ''First Secretary of State'' indicated the holder's rank as a Secretary of State, with a place in cabinet. The title was created in 1962 for Deputy Prime Minister [[Rab Butler|R. A. Butler]], granting him a place in cabinet despite not holding a specific cabinet portfolio. [[Michael Heseltine]] and [[John Prescott]] were also relieved of their cabinet portfolios when serving as Deputy Prime Minister, and were therefore additionally appointed First Secretary of State. In 1964, Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] established the alternative usage, appointing a First Secretary of State among the cabinet without appointing a Deputy Prime Minister.

The two titles have only existed concurrently with different holders in one government: in [[David Cameron]]'s [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|coalition ministry of 2010–15]], [[Nick Clegg]], the leader of the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, while former Conservative leader [[William Hague]] was appointed First Secretary of State.

== List of First Secretaries of State ==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:Center; white-space: nowrap;"
|+First Secretary of State
!colspan=2 |Portrait
!Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=2 |Term of office
!style="font-size:90%" |Other ministerial offices
!Party
!Ministry
!<abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr>
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Rab Butler.png|75px]]
|[[Rab Butler|'''R. A. Butler''']]<ref>{{cite web |last=Howard |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWhZRJI-yOgC&pg=PT255&lpg=PT255&dq=%22first+secretary+of+state%22+r.a.+butler&source=bl&ots=UDXtp2lAhC&sig=Umullj7prm50ucyp7_nHDNwwnDs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1wRNVYvCOerksATNn4H4Cw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22first%20secretary%20of%20state%22%20r.a.%20butler&f=false |title=RAB: The Life of R.A. Butler |date=February 7, 2013 |work=A&C Black}}</ref> {{small|MP for [[Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)|Saffron Walden]] (1902–1982)}}
|{{small|13 July}} 1962
|{{small|18 October}} 1963
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative government, 1957–1964|Macmillan II]]
|<ref name="Butler&Butler">David Butler and Gareth Butler, British Political Facts 1900–1994 (7th edn, Macmillan 1994) 62.</ref>
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |1963–1964
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:George Brown, 1967.jpg|75px]]
|[[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|'''George Brown''']] {{small|MP for [[Belper (UK Parliament constituency)|Belper]] (1914–1985)}}
|{{small|16 October}} 1964
|{{small|11 August}} 1966
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour government, 1964–1970|Wilson {{small|(I & II)}}]]
|<ref name="Butler&Butler" />
|-
|style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Michael Stewart (1966).jpg|75px]]
|[[Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham|'''Michael Stewart''']] {{small|MP for [[Fulham (UK Parliament constituency)|Fulham]] (1906–1990)}}
|{{small|11 August}} 1966
|{{small|6 April}} 1968
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Secretary of State for Economic Affairs]]{{efn|Served as Secretary of State for Economic Affairs until August 1967}}
* [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]]{{efn|Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from March 1968}}
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|<ref name="Butler&Butler" />
|-
|style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Mme Barbara Castle, Ministre britannique du développement outre-mer.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Barbara Castle]]''' {{small|MP for [[Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)|Blackburn]] (1910–2002)}}
|{{small|6 April}} 1968
|{{small|19 June}} 1970
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Secretary of State for Employment|Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity]]
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|<ref name="Butler&Butler" />
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |1970–1995
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Lord Heseltine (6969083278).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Michael Heseltine]]''' {{small|MP for [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]] (born 1933)}}
|{{small|20 July}} 1995
|{{small|2 May}} 1997
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Second Major ministry|Major II]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-heseltine/94 |title=Lord Heseltine |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |1997–2001
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:John Prescott on his last day as Deputy Prime Minister, June 2007.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[John Prescott]]''' {{small|MP for [[Kingston upon Hull East (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston upon Hull East]] (born 1938)}}
|{{small|8 June}} 2001
|{{small|27 June}} 2007
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]]{{efn|Deputy Prime Minister from May 1997}}
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Blair ministry|Blair {{small|(II & III)}}]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-prescott/374 |title=Lord Prescott |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |2007–2009
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Labour Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Peter Mandelson at Politics of Climate Change 3.jpg|75px]]
|[[Peter Mandelson|'''Peter Mandelson''' The Lord Mandelson]] {{small|(born 1953)}}
|{{small|5 June}} 2009
|{{small|11 May}} 2010
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Lord President of the Council]]
* [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]]
* [[President of the Board of Trade]]
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|{{Party shading/Labour}} |[[Brown ministry|Brown]]
|
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:William Hague, Foreign Sec (crop).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[William Hague]]''' {{small|MP for [[Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)|Richmond (Yorks)]] (born 1961)}}
|{{small|12 May}} 2010
|{{small|8 May}} 2015
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]]{{efn|Served as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs until July 2014.}}
* [[Leader of the House of Commons]]{{efn|Served as Leader of the House of Commons from July 2014}}
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} |[[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Cameron–Clegg]] {{small|(''[[Conservative Party (UK)|Con.]]–[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|L.D.]]'')}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-hague-of-richmond/379 |title=Lord Hague of Richmond |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:George osborne hi.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[George Osborne]]''' {{small|MP for [[Tatton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tatton]] (born 1971)}}
|{{small|8 May}} 2015
|{{small|13 July}} 2016
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Second Cameron ministry|Cameron II]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/george-osborne/1458 |title=Rt Hon George Osborne |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |2016–2017
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Official portrait of Damian Green crop 2.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Damian Green]]''' {{small|MP for [[Ashford (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashford]] (born 1956)}}
|{{small|11 June}} 2017
|{{small|20 December}} 2017
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Minister for the Cabinet Office]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Second May ministry|May II]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/damian-green/76 |title=Rt Hon Damian Green MP |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=Heather|title=Damian Green sacked as first secretary of state after porn allegations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/20/damian-green-resigns-as-first-secretary-of-state-after-porn-allegations|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3 |''Title not in use''
|colspan=2 |2017–2019
!
|colspan=3 |
|-
|style="background-color: {{Conservative Party (UK)/meta/color}}" |
|[[File:Rt Hon Dominic Raab MP.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dominic Raab]]''' {{small|MP for [[Esher and Walton (UK Parliament constituency)|Esher and Walton]] (born 1974)}}
|{{small|24 July}} 2019
|{{small|}} 
|style="background:#EAECF0; font-size:90%" |
* [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|{{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} |[[Boris Johnson|Johnson]] {{small|([[First Johnson ministry|I]] & [[Second Johnson ministry|II]])}}
|<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-eu-leader-raab/dominic-raab-appointed-uk-foreign-secretary-first-secretary-of-state-statement-idUSS8N23H00F</ref>
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
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Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat=dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1960 till:01/01/2020
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ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1960
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:01/01/1960

Colors =
id:con value:rgb(0.094,0.525,0.8) legend:Conservative
id:lab value:rgb(0.937,0.094,0.129) legend:Labour

id:linemark value:gray(0.8)
id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9)

Legend = columns:1 left:205 top:35 columnwidth:75

TextData =
pos:(25,65) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political parties:"

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Barset:PPS
Barset:MT
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width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:EPS

from: 13/07/1962 till: 18/10/1963 color:con text:"[[Rab Butler|Butler]]" fontsize:10
from: 16/10/1964 till: 11/08/1966 color:lab text:"[[George Brown|Brown]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/08/1966 till: 06/04/1968 color:lab text:"[[Michael Stewart|Stewart]]" fontsize:10
from: 06/04/1968 till: 19/06/1970 color:lab text:"[[Barbara Castle|Castle]]" fontsize:10
from: 20/07/1995 till: 02/05/1997 color:con text:"[[Michael Heseltine|Heseltine]]" fontsize:10
from: 08/06/2001 till: 27/07/2007 color:lab text:"[[John Prescott|Prescott]]" fontsize:10
from: 05/06/2009 till: 11/05/2010 color:lab text:"[[Peter Mandelson|Mandelson]]" fontsize:10
from: 12/05/2010 till: 08/05/2015 color:con text:"[[William Hague|Hague]]" fontsize:10
from: 08/05/2015 till: 13/07/2016 color:con text:"[[George Osborne|Osborne]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/06/2017 till: 20/12/2017 color:con text:"[[Damian Green|Green]]" fontsize:10
from: 24/07/2019 till: end color:con text:"[[Dominic Raab|Raab]]" fontsize:10

}}

==See also==
*[[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{First Secretary of State}}

{{Downing Street}}

[[Category:Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Honorary titles of the United Kingdom]]

[[sv:First Secretary of State]]

Internationaler Wissenschaftsrat (ISC)

2019-12-15T02:04:24Z

Niceguyedc: v2.02 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Anna Davies / WP:WCW project (Link equal to linktext)

{{Infobox organization
| name = International Science Council (ISC)
| logo = International science council logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| headquarters = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| merger = [[International Council for Science]] (ICSU) and 
[[International Social Science Council]] (ISSC)
| type = [[International non-governmental organization|INGO]]
| leader_title = [[President (corporate title)|President]]
| leader_name = {{Flagicon|RSA}} Daya Reddy
| formation = {{Start date and age|2018|07|04}}
| website = [https://council.science/ Council.Science]
}}

The '''International Science Council''' ('''ISC''') is an [[international non-governmental organization]] that unites scientific bodies at various levels across the social and natural sciences. The ISC was formed with its inaugural general assembly on 4 July 2018 by the merger of the [[International Council for Science]] (ICSU) and the [[International Social Science Council]] (ISSC), making it one of the largest organisations of this type.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/two-main-science-councils-merge-address-complex-global-challenges|title=Two main Science Councils merge to address complex global challenges|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://council.science/about-us/|title=About us|publisher=International Science Council|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McBean|first=Gordon|last2=Martinelli|first2=Alberto|date=2017-11-24|title=Blurring disciplinary boundaries|journal=Science|language=en|volume=358|issue=6366|pages=975|doi=10.1126/science.aar4320|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29170207}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naturalsciences.ch/service/news/103947-international-science-council-established|title=International Science Council established {{!}} 06.07.2018 {{!}} News {{!}} Sciences Switzerland|website=naturalsciences.ch|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>

Daya Reddy from the [[University of Cape Town]] was elected as the inaugural President of the Board.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theecologist.org/2018/jul/19/paris-launches-international-science-council-aims-rebuild-trust-science|title=Paris launches the International Science Council with aims to rebuild trust in science|work=The Ecologist|access-date=2018-10-21|language=en}}</ref> Heide Hackmann serves as the [[chief executive officer|CEO]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://council.science/about-us/main-secretariat|title=About us|work=International Science Council|access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref>

==Mission==
The mission of the International Science Council is to act as the global voice for science.

==Activities==
The Council convenes and mobilises the international [[scientific community]] on issues of major scientific and public importance. Activities focus on three areas of work:

* Stimulating and supporting international scientific research and scholarship, and communicating science that is relevant to international policy issues;
* Promoting the ability of science to contribute to major issues;
* Defending the free and responsible practice of science.

The Council is involved in co-sponsorship of a number of international research programmes, networks and committees.

The Council awards the prestigious [[Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research]].<ref name="ISCnominations">{{cite web|title=Call for nominations: Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research|url=https://council.science/current/news/call-for-nominations-stein-rokkan-prize-for-comparative-social-science-research|website=International Science Council|accessdate=2019-08-16}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Council is governed by a Governing Board, and is advised by a number of Advisory Bodies. The Council's headquarters are located in Paris, France. The members of the Governing Board are currently
[[Geoffrey Boulton]],
Melody Burkins,
[[Saths Cooper]],
[[Anna Davies (academic)|Anna Davies]],
Pearl Dykstra,
Sirimali Fernando,
Rith Fincher,
Sir [[Peter Gluckman]] (President Elect),
Alik Ismail-Zadeh (Secretary),
Li Jinghai (Vice President),
[[James C. Liao]],
[[Daya Reddy]] (President),
Elisa Reis (Vice President),
Natalia Tarasova,
Renée van Kessel (Treasurer),
Martin Visbeck.

It has regional offices in South Africa (for Africa), El Salvador (for Latin America and the Caribbean), and Malaysia (for Asia and the Pacific). A General Assembly of all Members is convened every three years.

== Members ==
In 2019, the International Science Council has 135 Member Organizations, 40 Member Unions and Associations, and 30 Affiliated Members.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Member Unions and Associations
!Acronym
!Name
!Scientific field
|-
|4S
|[[Society for Social Studies of Science]]
|[[Science and technology studies|Social studies of science and technology (STS)]]
|-
|IALS
|International Association of Legal Science
|[[Legal science]]
|-
|IASSA
|International Arctic Social Sciences Association
|[[Social science]] relevant to the [[Arctic]]
|-
|IAU
|[[International Astronomical Union]]
|[[Astronomy]]
|-
|ICA
|[[International Cartographic Association]]
|[[Cartography]]
|-
|IEA
|[[International Economic Association]]
|[[Economics]]
|-
|IFSM
|[[International Federation of Societies for Microscopy]]
|[[Microscopy]]
|-
|IGU
|[[International Geographical Union]]
|[[Geography]]
|-
|IMU
|[[International Mathematical Union]]
|[[Mathematics]]
|-
|INQUA
|[[International Union for Quaternary Research]]
|[[Quaternary period|Quaternary Period]]
|-
|IPRA
|International Peace Research Association
|Peace Research
|-
|IPSA
|[[International Political Science Association]]
|[[Political science|Political Science]]
|-
|ISA
|[[International Sociological Association]]
|[[Sociology]]
|-
|ISEE
|[[International Society for Ecological Economics]]
|[[Ecological economics|Ecological Economics]]
|-
|ISPRS
|[[International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing]]
|[[Photogrammetry]] and [[Remote sensing|Remote Sensing]]
|-
|IUBS
|[[International Union of Biological Sciences]]
|[[Biology]]
|-
|IUCr
|[[International Union of Crystallography]]
|[[Crystallography]]
|-
|IUFoST
|[[International Union of Food Science and Technology]]
|[[Food science]] and [[Food technology|Food Technology]]
|-
|IUFRO
|[[International Union of Forest Research Organizations]]
|[[Forestry]]
|-
|IUGG
|[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]]
|[[Geodesy]] and [[Geophysics]]
|-
|IUGS
|[[International Union of Geological Sciences]]
|[[Geology]]
|-
|IUHPST
|[[International Union of History and Philosophy of Science|International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology]]
|[[History of science|History of Science]] and [[Philosophy of science|Philosophy of Science]]
|-
|IUIS
|[[International Union of Immunological Societies]]
|[[Immunology]]
|-
|IUMRS
|International Union of Materials Research Societies
|[[Materials science]]
|-
|IUMS
|[[International Union of Microbiological Societies]]
|[[Microbiology]]
|-
|IUNS
|[[International Union of Nutritional Sciences]]
|[[Nutrition]]
|-
|IUPAB
|International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics
|[[Biophysics]]
|-
|IUPAC
|[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]
|[[Chemistry]]
|-
|IUPAP
|[[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]
|[[Physics]]
|-
|IUPESM
|[[International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine]]
|[[Medical physics]]
|-
|IUPHAR
|[[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology]]
|[[Pharmacology]]
|-
|IUPS
|[[International Union of Physiological Sciences]]
|[[Physiology]]
|-
|IUPsyS
|[[International Union of Psychological Science]]
|[[Psychology]]
|-
|IUSS
|[[International Union of Soil Sciences]]
|[[Soil science]]
|-
|IUSSP
|[[International Union for the Scientific Study of Population]]
|[[Demography]]
|-
|IUTAM
|[[International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics]]
|[[Mechanics]]
|-
|IUTOX
|International Union of Toxicology
|[[Toxicology]]
|-
|URSI
|[[International Union of Radio Science|Union Radio Scientifique Internationale]]
|[[Radio wave|Radio science]]
|-
|WAPOR
|[[World Association for Public Opinion Research]]
|Public opinion research
|-
|WAU
|World Anthropological Union
|[[Anthropology]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Member Organizations
!Name
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences of Albania|Albania, Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Angola, Foundation of Science and Development
|-
|[[National Scientific and Technical Research Council|Argentina, National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET)]]
|-
|Armenia, [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Australian Academy of Science|Australia, Australian Academy of Science]]
|-
|Austria, Die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
|-
|[[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences|Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Arab Council for the Social Sciences (ACSS)
|-
|[[Bangladesh Academy of Sciences|Bangladesh, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Belarus, National Academy of Sciences (NASB)
|-
|[[Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium|Belgium, Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB)]]
|-
|Bolivia, Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia (ANCB)
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia & Herzegovina: ANUBiH, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska|Bosnia & Herzegovina: ANURS, Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska]]
|-
|Botswana, Ministry of Infrastructure Science and Technology
|-
|[[Brazilian Academy of Sciences|Brazil, Academia Brasileira de Ciências (ABC)]]
|-
|Brazil, Association Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Ciencias Sociais (ANPOCS)
|-
|[[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|Bulgaria, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS)]]
|-
|Burkina Faso, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique
|-
|Cameroon, Cameroon Academy of Sciences
|-
|[[National Research Council (Canada)|Canada, National Research Council of Canada]]
|-
|[[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council|Canada, Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)]]
|-
|Caribbean, Caribbean Academy of Sciences (CAS)
|-
|Chile, Academia Chilena de Ciencias
|-
|China: CAST, China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
|-
|China: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
|-
|[[Academia Sinica|China: Taipei, Academy of Sciences located in Taipei]]
|-
|CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales
|-
|[[Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]]
|-
|Colombia, Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales
|-
|[[Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)|Costa Rica, Academia Nacional de Ciencias]]
|-
|[[Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines|Côte d'Ivoire, Académie des Sciences, des Arts, des Cultures d'Afrique et des Diasporas Africaines (ASCAD)]]
|-
|[[Cuban Academy of Sciences|Cuba, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba]]
|-
|[[Czech Academy of Sciences|Czech Republic, Czech Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters|Denmark, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
|-
|Dominican Republic, Academy of Sciences of the Dominican Republic
|-
|Egypt, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)
|-
|El Salvador, Viceministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de El Salvador
|-
|[[Estonian Academy of Sciences|Estonia, Estonian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Ethiopia, Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency
|-
|Finland, Council of Finnish Academies
|-
|[[Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales|FLACSO, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales]]
|-
|[[French Academy of Sciences|France, Académie des Sciences]]
|-
|[[Georgian National Academy of Sciences|Georgia, Georgian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|Germany, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)]]
|-
|Ghana, Ghana Academy of Arts & Sciences
|-
|[[Academy of Athens (modern)|Greece, Academy of Athens]]
|-
|Guatemala, Academia de Ciencias Médicas Fisicas y Naturales de Guatemala
|-
|Honduras, National Academy of Sciences of Honduras
|-
|[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences|Hungary, Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|India, Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
|-
|[[Indian National Science Academy|India, Indian National Science Academy]]
|-
|Indonesia, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
|-
|Iran, Islamic Rep. Of, University of Tehran
|-
|Iraq, Ministry of Science and Technology
|-
|[[Royal Irish Academy|Ireland, Royal Irish Academy]]
|-
|[[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities|Israel, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
|-
|[[National Research Council (Italy)|Italy, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche]]
|-
|Jamaica, Scientific Research Council
|-
|[[Science Council of Japan|Japan, Science Council of Japan]]
|-
|Jordan, Royal Scientific Society
|-
|[[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences|Kazakhstan, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan]]
|-
|Kenya, Kenya National Academy of Sciences
|-
|Korea Democratic People's Republic of, State Academy of Sciences
|-
|Korea Republic of, Korean Social Science Research Council (KOSSREC)
|-
|[[National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea|Korea Republic of, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea]]
|-
|Lao PDR, Lao National Science Council
|-
|[[Latvian Academy of Sciences|Latvia, Latvian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Lebanon, National Council for Scientific Research
|-
|Lesotho, Department of Science and Technology
|-
|[[Lithuanian Academy of Sciences|Lithuania, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Luxembourg, Fonds National de la Recherche
|-
|[[Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. Of, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
|-
|Madagascar, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique
|-
|Malawi, National Commission for Science and Technology
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences Malaysia|Malaysia, Academy of Sciences Malaysia]]
|-
|Mauritius, Mauritius Research Council
|-
|[[Mexican Academy of Sciences|Mexico, Academia Mexicana de Ciencias]]
|-
|Mexico, Consejo Mexicano de Ciencias Sociales, COMECSO
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences of Moldova|Moldova, Academy of Sciences of Moldova]]
|-
|Monaco, Principauté de, Centre Scientifique de Monaco
|-
|[[Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts|Montenegro, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
|-
|Morocco, Hassan II Academy for Science and Technology
|-
|Mozambique, Scientific Research Association of Mozambique (AICIMO)
|-
|Namibia, National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (NCRST)
|-
|Nepal, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
|-
|[[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|Netherlands, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen]]
|-
|[[Royal Society Te Apārangi|New Zealand, Royal Society of New Zealand Te Aparangi]]
|-
|[[Nigerian Academy of Science|Nigeria, Nigerian Academy of Science]]
|-
|[[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters|Norway, Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
|-
|[[Research Council of Norway|Norway, Research Council of Norway]]
|-
|[[University of Bergen|Norway, University of Bergen, UiB]]
|-
|Oman, Sultanate of, Research Council of Oman
|-
|OSSREA, Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa
|-
|[[Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science|Pakistan, Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|-
|[[University of Panama|Panama, Universidad de Panama]]
|-
|Peru, Academia Nacional de Ciencias
|-
|Philippines, National Research Council
|-
|Philippines, Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC)
|-
|[[Polish Academy of Sciences|Poland, Polish Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Lisbon Academy of Sciences|Portugal, Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa]]
|-
|[[Romanian Academy|Romania, Academia Româna]]
|-
|[[Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Rwanda, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Rwanda
|-
|Saudi Arabia Kingdom of, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST)
|-
|[[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Serbia, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
|-
|Seychelles, Seychelles National Parks Authority
|-
|[[Singapore National Academy of Science|Singapore, Singapore National Academy of Science]]
|-
|[[Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovak Republic, Slovak Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Slovenia, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
|-
|South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (HSRC)
|-
|[[National Research Foundation (South Africa)|South Africa, National Research Foundation (NRF)]]
|-
|[[University of the South Pacific|South Pacific, University of the South Pacific]]
|-
|Spain, State Secretariat for Research, Development and Innovation (SEIDI)
|-
|[[National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka, National Science Foundation]]
|-
|Sudan Republic of, National Centre for Research
|-
|Swaziland, National Research Council
|-
|[[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|Sweden, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Switzerland, Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences (SAHS)
|-
|[[Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences|Switzerland, Swiss Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan|Tajikistan, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan]]
|-
|[[Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology|Tanzania, Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology]]
|-
|Thailand, National Research Council of Thailand
|-
|Togo, Chancellerie des Universités du Togo
|-
|[[Tunis El Manar University|Tunisia, Université Tunis El Manar]]
|-
|Turkey, Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey
|-
|Turkey, Turkish Academy of Science (TÜBA)
|-
|[[Union Académique Internationale|UAI, International Union of Academies]]
|-
|Uganda, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST)
|-
|[[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[British Academy|United Kingdom, British Academy]]
|-
|[[Economic and Social Research Council|United Kingdom, Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)]]
|-
|[[Royal Society|United Kingdom, Royal Society]]
|-
|[[National Academy of Sciences|United States, National Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|Uruguay, Comisión Consejo Nacional de Innovacion Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONICYT)
|-
|Uzbekistan Republic of, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences
|-
|[[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Vatican City State, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum]]
|-
|Venezuela, Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
|-
|[[Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations|Vietnam, Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations]]
|-
|Zambia, Zambia Academy of Sciences
|-
|Zimbabwe, Research Council of Zimbabwe
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Affiliated Members
|[[African Academy of Sciences|AAS, African Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|AASSA, Association of Academies and Societies of Sciences in Asia
|-
|[[Academy of Social Sciences|Academy of Social Sciences, United Kingdom]]
|-
|[[Association of Science-Technology Centers|ASTC, Association of Science-Technology Centers]]
|-
|[[International Commission on Illumination|CIE, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage]]
|-
|EADI, European Association of Development and Training Institutes
|-
|[[European Consortium for Political Research|ECPR, European Consortium for Political Research]]
|-
|[[Fédération Internationale des Géomètres|FIG, Federation Internationale des Geometres]]
|-
|[[International Association of Applied Psychology|IAAP, International Association of Applied Psychology]]
|-
|[[International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research|IAHR, International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research]]
|-
|[[International Arctic Science Committee|IASC, International Arctic Science Committee]]
|-
|[[International Commission for Acoustics|ICA, International Commission for Acoustics]]
|-
|[[International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|ICIAM, International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]]
|-
|ICLAS, International Council for Laboratory Animal Science
|-
|[[International Commission for Optics|ICO, International Commission for Optics]]
|-
|[[International Council for Scientific and Technical Information|ICSTI, International Council for Scientific and Technical Information]]
|-
|IFDO, International Federation of Data Organizations for Social Science
|-
|[[International Federation for Information Processing|IFIP, International Federation for Information Processing]]
|-
|[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]
|-
|IFS, International Foundation for Science
|-
|[[International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis|IIASA, International Institute for Applied System Analysis]]
|-
|[[International Studies Association|ISA, International Studies Association]]
|-
|ISDE, International Society for Digital Earth
|-
|[[International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications|IUVSTA, International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications]]
|-
|[[International Water Association|IWA, International Water Association]]
|-
|[[Pacific Science Association|PSA, Pacific Science Association]]
|-
|[[Social Science Research Council|SSRC, Social Science Research Council]]
|-
|[[Transnational Institute|TNI, Transnational Institute]]
|-
|[[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS, The World Academy of Sciences]]
|-
|[[International Union of Speleology|UIS, Union Internationale de Spéléologie]]
|}
 

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://council.science/}}

[[Category:International organizations based in France]]
[[Category:International scientific organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Paris]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations based in France]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 2018]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Balangiga bells

2018-12-13T12:06:46Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Clark, Pampanga / WP:WCW project (Heading hierarchy - Whitespace characters after heading)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| image1 = Balangiga Bells.jpg
| alt1 = Group of men, a boy and a church bell on the ground
| caption1 = U.S. soldiers of Company C, 9th Infantry Regiment who survived the [[Balangiga massacre]] pose with one of the Balangiga bells. Photo taken in [[Calbayog, Samar]], in April 1902
| image2 = FE Warren bells.jpg
| alt2 = Two bells on frames
| caption2 = Two bells exhibited at [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russel]], now [[F. E. Warren Air Force Base]]
| image3 = Madison Barracks bell.jpg
| alt3 = A bell on concrete pedestal
| caption3 = The third bell in the Madison Barracks at [[Sackets Harbor]], [[New York (state)|New York]], station of the 9th US Infantry Regiment at the turn of the 20th century. This bell was later moved to [[Camp Red Cloud]], their present station in Korea
}}
The '''Balangiga bells''' are three [[church bells]] that had been taken by the [[United States Army]] from the Church of San Lorenzo de Martir<ref name=dm>{{cite paper | author = McKinnon Jr., Daniel W. | title =The Bells of San Lorenzo de Martir | publisher = [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] Wyoming | date =2018 | url =http://vfwwy.org/uploads/Articles/Bells/BellsEssay.pdf | format =[[PDF]] | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}{{sps|date=December 2018}}</ref>{{sps|date=December 2018}} in [[Balangiga, Eastern Samar]], [[Philippines]], as [[war trophies]] after reprisals following the [[Balangiga massacre]] in 1901 during the [[Philippine-American War]]. One church bell was in the possession of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Camp Red Cloud]], their base in [[South Korea]],<ref name="nene">{{cite web|last= |first= |title=Voluntary Return of One Balangiga Bell by US Seen |url=http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517125827/http://www.nenepimentel.org/news/20031002_Balangiga.asp |archivedate=17 May 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="solving">{{cite web | last =Borrinaga | first =Rolando | title =Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle | url=http://www.geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html | accessdate = 19 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022080959/http://geocities.com/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html|archivedate=22 October 2009}}{{sps|date=December 2018}}</ref>{{sps|date=December 2018}} while two others were on a former base of the [[11th Infantry Regiment (United States)|11th Infantry Regiment]] at [[F. E. Warren Air Force Base]] in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]].<ref name="cbcp">{{cite web | last =Medroso | first =Leonardo | title =The Bells of Balangiga: An Appeal for Support | url=http://www.cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html|publisher=Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines| accessdate = 19 March 2008}}{{deadlink|date=December 2018}}</ref> {{deadlink|date=December 2018}}

The recovery of the bells had been sought by various individuals representing the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines]], the [[Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]] and the residents of Balangiga since the late 1950s. These efforts however, have been met with frustration until recently. On 10 December 2018, all three church bells were in [[Kadena Air Base]] in Japan awaiting repatriation to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | last =Rey | first =Aika | title =Balangiga Bells in Japan before return to the Philippines | publisher =[[Rappler]] | date = 10 December 2018 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218617-balangiga-bells-in-japan-before-return-philippines | accessdate = 10 December 2018}}</ref> The morning of the next day, the US Embassy in the Philippines stated that the bells were on board a US Air Force [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] on the way to [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells headed to Manila for historic homecoming | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-headed-to-manila-for-historic-homecoming | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref> The plane arrived later that day, and the bells returned to Philippine soil after 117 years.<ref name=ret>{{cite news | title =Balangiga Bells back in Philippines after 117 years | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/11/18/balangiga-bells-back-in-philippines-after-117-years | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

==Balangiga massacre==
{{Main|Balangiga massacre}}
On 28 September 1901, Filipino militants from the village of Balangiga ambushed Company C of the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th U.S. Infantry Regiment]], while they were at breakfast, killing an estimated 48 and wounding 22 of the 78 men of the unit, with only four escaping unhurt and four missing in action. The villagers captured about 100 rifles and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. An estimated 20 to 25 of the villagers had died in the fighting, with a similar number of wounded.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bautista |first=Veltisezar |title=The Balangiga, Samar, Massacre |url=http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226150445/http://www.filipinoamericans.net/balangiga_massacre.shtml |archivedate=26 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{sps|date=December 2018}}</ref>{{sps|date=December 2018}}

In reprisal, General [[Jacob H. Smith]] ordered that Samar be turned into a "howling wilderness" and that any Filipino male above ten years of age capable of bearing arms be shot. From the burned-out Catholic town church, the Americans looted three bells which they took back to the United States as [[war booty]]. The [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th U.S. Infantry Regiment]], however, maintains that the single bell in their possession was presented to the regiment by villagers when the unit left Balangiga on 9 April 1902.<ref name="robson">{{cite news|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/book-casts-doubt-on-bell-s-history-1.21657|title=Book casts doubt on bell's history|last=Robson|first=Seth|date=7 July 2004|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|accessdate=21 March 2008}}</ref> However, that bell had been given to them by the 11th Infantry Regiment, which had taken all three bells when they left Balangiga for [[Tacloban]] on 18 October 1901.{{fact|date=December 2018}}

Smith and his primary subordinate, Major [[Littleton Waller]] of the [[United States Marine Corps]] were both [[court-martial]]led for illegal vengeance against the civilian population of Samar. Waller was acquitted of the charges. Smith was found guilty, admonished and retired from service, but charges were dropped shortly after. He was later hailed as a war hero.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902: A Working Bibliography | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/p/pi2.asc|website=Ibiblio.org | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref>

==History==
After Balangiga became a separate parish on 27 September 1859, the town probably took four years to raise funds to acquire its first church bell.{{fact|date=December 2018}} It was cast circa-1863 and bears what was initially believed to be an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[emblem]]{{failed verification|date=December 2018}}; latter sources state that the bells are [[Franciscans|Franciscan]].<ref name=chua/> It has a mouth diameter of {{fraction|31|1|4}} inches and height of 30 inches. It is inscribed with a name, R. San Francisco, who was probably the parish priest at that time.<ref name=solving1>{{cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/rolborr/balbellspuzzle.html|title=Solving the Balangiga bell puzzle|work=Banner article in the INQUIRER Visayas section, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Aug. 11, 2001, p. A14|publisher=[Banner article in the INQUIRER Visayas section, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 11 August 2001, p. A14. Banner article in the INQUIRER Visayas section, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 11 August 2001, p. A14.]}}{{sps|date=December 2018}}</ref>{{sps|date=December 2018}} The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"R. San Francisco Ano El 1863"''<ref name=dm/> ("R. San Francisco The Year 1863").

The town may have acquired its second bell, cast circa-1889 and having a mouth diameter of {{fraction|27|3|4}} inches and height of {{fraction|27|1|2}} inches, in 1889 through the initiative of Fr. Agustin Delgado, whose name is inscribed on the bell.<ref name=solving1 /> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Cura Parroco El M.R.P.F{{ref|a}} Augustin Delgado Ano 1889"''. The aforementioned bells were referred to as ''[[wikt:campana|campana]] [[wikt:colgante|colgante]]'' in Spanish, meaning literally, "hanging bells". These are usually hung from a beam and are rung using a rope attached to the clapper.<ref name=dm/>{{sps|date=December 2018}}

The third and smallest bell may have been acquired in 1895, through the initiative of Fr. Bernardo Aparecio. Estimates of its size deduce a 23–24 inch height and a mouth diameter of about 20 inches. It bears the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] emblem.<ref name="solving"/> The following inscription appears on this bell: ''"Se Refundio Siendo Parroco P. Bernardo Aparicio Ano 1895"''. Bells of this type are known as ''[[wikt:esquila|esquila]]'' (small bell) or ''campana [[wikt:vuelo|de vuelo]]'', literally a "flight bell", a bell used to sound warning for locals to escape or evade in times of peril. The Spanish word ''[[wikt:refundir|refundio]]'' meant that the bell had been [[Casting|recast]] from [[scrap]] [[bronze]].<ref name=dm/>

==Removal to the United States==
After the Balangiga incident, the town was recaptured on 29 September 1901 by 55 men of Company G, 9th Infantry. That unit departed the town the same day, and was replaced by 132 men from Companies K and L of the 11th Infantry Regiment which garrisoned the town until relieved on 18 October 1901. When the 11th Infantry departed, they took the bells removed from the burnt-down Balangiga Church and a [[cannon]] from the plaza in front of the church. The bells were taken because one had been used by the Filipinos to signal the attack on Company C, 9th Infantry.<ref name=annals /> Another reason the bells were taken was that the bell metal could have been turned into weapons such as [[cannon]] and [[bayonet]]s. All three bells remained under the charge of the 11th Infantry's [[quartermaster]], Captain Robert Alexander at their [[Tacloban]] headquarters.<ref name=dm/>

=== Small signal bell ===
The small signal bell was the bell that signaled the attack against American troops by the Filipinos in Balangiga incident.<ref name=chua>{{cite news | last = Chua | first = Michael Charleston | title =The Bells of Balangiga: From war trophy to goodwill symbol | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 17 November 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/17/18/the-bells-of-balangiga-from-war-trophy-to-goodwill-symbol | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref> The bell was later given by the 11th Infantry to the [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th U.S. Infantry Regiment]] at their headquarters in [[Calbayog]] a few months before the 9th Infantry's departure for home.<ref name=dm/> They arrived in [[San Francisco]] on 27 June 1902. The unit was returned to its old Madison Barracks in [[Sackets Harbor, New York]]. There, a brick [[pedestal]] was built to display the bell. In 1928, it was moved to [[Fort Lewis]] in [[Tacoma, Washington]]. The bell was later kept at the 2nd Infantry Division Museum in [[Camp Red Cloud]], [[Uijeongbu]], [[South Korea]]. It had previously been displayed at the unit's [[Camp Hovey]] headquarters.<ref name="robson"/>

=== Two large bells ===
The 11th Infantry left the Philippines in February 1904 taking their trophies with them and redeployed to [[Fort D.A. Russell (Wyoming)|Fort D.A. Russell]] in [[Wyoming]], arriving on 23 March 1904. On 16 May 1905, the Cheyenne Daily Leader newspaper reported that the cannon had been mounted on the parade ground near the flagpole along with other relics from the Philippines "...to include the famous bell which gave the signal for the massacre of a whole company. Two large bells three feet tall and a seven-foot cannon were proudly displayed in front of the flagpole on the parade ground of the fort".<ref name=annals />

A sign was installed over one of the bells that said;

{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=center
| halign=center
| quote=<poem>
This bell hung in the church at Balangiga, Samar, PI, and rung the signal for the attack on Company C, 9th U.S. Infantry, Sept 29 [28], 1901. Taken by Company L, 11th Infantry and detachment of Company K, 11th Infantry, the first units to reach the scene after the massacre.<ref name=annals>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofwyom59121987wyom|title=The F.E. Warren Air Force Base War Trophies from Balangiga, P.I|author=Gerald M. Adams|journal=Annals of Wyoming|volume=59|issue=1|date=Spring 1987|pages=29–38}}</ref>
</poem>
|width=60%
}}

The sign above the bell erroneously credited units of the 11th Infantry with being the first to reach Balangiga after the battle. After further research, the sign was changed in 1911 giving proper credit to Company G, 9th Infantry, for recapturing Balangiga.<ref name=annals /> The 11th Infantry reposted to [[Texas]] in 1913, leaving the two large bells behind.

In 1927, Fort D.A. Russell was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren. The [[United States Army]] left Fort Francis E. Warren in 1941, again leaving the bells right where they were. On 7 October 1949, the former Army base became [[Francis E. Warren Air Force Base]]. Officially the bells became artifacts in the collection of the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]].<ref name=dm/>

In 1967 Colonel Robert J. Hill, then commander of the [[90th Missile Wing]], had a curved red brick wall constructed in the F.E. Warren AFB trophy park for the bells, with a bronze plaque on the wall between the bells telling the story of the massacre at Balangiga. {{as of|1987}}, a faint inscription was visible on the back of both bells, reading:

{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=center
| halign=center
| quote=<poem>USED BY {{sic|PHILIP|PINOS}}
TO SOUND SIGNAL FOR MASSACRE
OF COMPANY "C" NINTH INFANTRY
AT BALANGIGA P.l.
28TH SEPTEMBER 1901<ref name=annals />
</poem>
|width=30%
}}

In 1979 it was discovered that the bronze cannon taken from Balangiga along with the bells was in fact British in origin. It had been cast in [[London]] in 1557 and bore the [[monogram]] of [[Mary I of England]].<ref name=dm/> {{as of|2001}}, a glass case housed the bells along with the 400-year-old [[Falconet (cannon)|Falcon cannon]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mead |first=Griver |title=For Whom the Bells Toll |pages= |publisher=AsianWeek.com |date=11 October 2001 |url=http://asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |accessdate=21 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192806/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_10_05/news_bells.html |archivedate=27 August 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Fact Sheets:F.E. Warren History | url=http://www.warren.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4696|website=Warren.af.mil| accessdate = 23 March 2008}}</ref>

==Recovery attempts==
In November 1957, Fr. Horacio de la Costa of the Department of History at the [[Ateneo de Manila University]] wrote a letter to the [[Thirteenth Air Force]] at [[Clark Air Force Base]] stating that the bells belonged to the [[Franciscans]] and that they should be returned to the Philippines. This is the earliest record of Filipino interest in the Balangiga bells.<ref name=dm/>

===1990s===
{{Quote box
|quote = By sharing the bells, we share the agonies they represent, and then we can close this chapter of our history.
|author = [[Domingo Siazon Jr.]], [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
|source = quoted from the [[Los Angeles Times]], 1998<ref name=lamb>{{cite news | last =Lamb | first =David | title =Bells of Balangiga Take Toll on Ties | publisher = ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' | date = 8 May 1998 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/08/news/mn-47615 | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = 1
}}
In the mid-1990s, during the term of [[Fidel Ramos]] as Philippine President, attempts were initiated by his administration to recover one or more of the bells from [[Bill Clinton]]'s administration.<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=The Saga of the Balangiga Bells |url=http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121143002/http://davinci.rodal-intl.org:8020/rudy/filipinas/balangiga.html |archivedate=21 January 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =The Bells of Balangiga Revisited | url=http://www.philnews.com/2005/da.html |website=Philnews.com| accessdate = 19 March 2008}}{{sps|date=December 2018}}</ref>{{sps|date=December 2018}} The United States government has been adamant that the bells are US government property, that it would take an [[Act of Congress]] to return them and that the Catholic Church has no say in the matter. For their part the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]] hold the position that the bells are inappropriate as trophies of war.<ref name="cbcp"/>{{deadlink|date=December 2018}}

In 1998, Ramos proposed casting two new bells, then having each country keep an original and a duplicate. Philippine Ambassador to the United States Raul Rabe visited [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]], twice, trying to win support for this proposal. He was not successful.<ref name=lamb/>

===2000s===
In 2002, the [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]] approved Senate Resolution No. 393, authored by [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]], urging the [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|Arroyo]] administration to undertake formal negotiations with the United States for the return of the bells.<ref name="nene"/>

In 2005, the bishop of [[Borongan]], [[Samar]], Bishop Leonardo Medroso and Balangiga parish priest Saturnino Obzunar wrote an open letter addressed to President [[George W. Bush]], the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|Helsinki Commission]], requesting them to facilitate the return of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Pilapil | first =Jaime | title =Balangiga bells to be returned to RP soon | pages = | publisher =Manila Standard Today | date = 14 November 2005 | url =http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=news03_nov14_2005 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> That same year, the Wyoming Veterans’ Commission favored the return of the Filipino-American War relics, however, [[Wyoming]] Governor [[Dave Freudenthal]] stated that he disagreed with the Commission and opposed returning the bells.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lariosa |first=Joseph |title=US vets group wants to return Balangiga Bells to RP |pages= |publisher=The Filipino Express |date=14 April 2005 |url=http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |accessdate=20 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316202735/http://www.filipinoexpress.com/19/16_news.html |archivedate=16 March 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On 13 January 2005, United States Congressman [[Bob Filner]] had introduced H.Res.313, urging the President to authorize the transfer of ownership of one of the bells to the people of the Philippines. The resolution died on 3 January 2007, with the ''[[wikt:adjournment sine die|sine die]]'' adjournment of the [[109th United States Congress]].

On 26 September 2006, United States Congressman Bob Filner, Congressman [[Dana Rohrabacher]] and Congressman [[Ed Case]] co-sponsored House Concurrent Resolution No. 481 urging the president of the United States to authorize the return of the church bells.<ref>{{cite news | last =Sampayan | first =Sonny | title =Bells of Balangiga Resolution filed in U.S. Congress | pages = | publisher =Samar News.com | date = 29 September 2006 | url =http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm | accessdate = 20 March 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080313233923/http://www.samarnews.com/news_clips5/news85.htm| archivedate= 13 March 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The resolution died on 3 January 2009, with the ''sine die'' adjournment of the [[110th United States Congress]].

In 2007, [[Napoleón Abueva]], the Philippines' [[National Artist of the Philippines|National Artist]] for sculpture, wrote American Ambassador to the Philippines [[Kristie Kenney]] asking for her help in the bells' recovery.<ref>{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Help return Balangiga bells | pages = | publisher =Philstar Global Corp. | date = 26 July 2007 | url =http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=8426 | accessdate = 20 March 2008}}</ref> On 25 October of the same year, during the [[14th Congress of the Philippines]], Senator [[Manny Villar]] filed Senate Resolution No. 177, a resolution "expressing the sense of the Senate for the return to the Philippines of the Balangiga Bells which were taken by the US troops from the town of Balangiga, Province of Samar in 1901".<ref>{{cite web|last=Villar |first=Manuel |title=14th Congress - Senate Resolution No. 177 |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |accessdate=20 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209031139/http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=14&q=SRN-177 |archivedate=9 December 2007 |df= }}</ref>

===2010s===
{{Quote box
|quote = Give us back those Balangiga bells. They are ours. They belong to the Philippines. They are part of our national heritage. ''Isauli naman ninyo. Masakit 'yan sa amin.'' (Please return it. That is painful for us.)
|author = [[Rodrigo Duterte]], Philippine President
|source = quoted from the his [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|SONA]], 24 July 2017<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Give us back Balangiga bells, Duterte tells U.S. | publisher = [[Rappler]] | date = 24 July 2017 | url = https://www.rappler.com/nation/176576-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-us-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
|quoted = 1
}}
The townspeople of Balangiga asked the United States to return their church bells after receiving relief from the U.S. military subsequent to [[Typhoon Haiyan]] hitting the town in 2013.<ref name="reuters please bells">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/21/us-philippines-typhoon-usa-idUSBRE9AK1CO20131121 | title=Please can we have our bells back? Philippine town asks U.S | work=Reuters | date=21 November 2013 | accessdate=22 November 2013 | author=Layne, Nathan}}</ref>

In his second [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|State of the Nation Address]] on 24 July 2017, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] demanded the bells' return, citing ownership of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/07/24/duterte-us-return-balangiga-bells-554668 |title=Duterte to US: Return Balangiga bells |work=Sunstar Philippines |location=Manila |publisher=Sunstar Philippines |date=24 July 2017 |accessdate=24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.philippinerevolution.info/statements/20170801-balangigas-lasting-relevance-of-peoples-uprising-will-haunt-duterte|title= Balangiga’s lasting relevance of people’s uprising will haunt Duterte|publisher=Sunstar Philippines|date=1 August 2017|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> He however did not raise the issue in a bilateral meeting with US President [[Donald Trump]] held in November 2017 during the [[2017 ASEAN Summits|31st ASEAN Summit]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Ranada | first =Pia | title =Duterte doesn't raise Balangiga bells with Trump | publisher =[[Rappler]] | date = 14 November 2017 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/188423-duterte-balangiga-bells-trump-bilateral-meeting-asean-summit-2017 | accessdate = 25 November 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018 two US lawmakers, [[Randy Hultgren]] and [[Jim McGovern (American politician)|Jim McGovern]], objected to the bells being returned to the Philippines due to the current human rights record established by Duterte's [[Philippine Drug War]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Cabico | first =Gaea Katreena | title =US solons object return of Balangiga bells to Philippines due to human rights concerns | publisher =[[The Philippine Star]] | date = 7 February 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/07/1785490/us-solons-object-return-balangiga-bells-philippines-due-human-rights-concerns | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> The bells were restored and returned by December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181211-us-returns-war-trophy-bells-philippines|title=US returns war trophy bells to Philippines|date=11 December 2018|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/117-years-set-return-war-trophy-bells-philippines-181209182622159.html|title=117 years on, US returns war-trophy bells to Philippines|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

== Repatriation ==
{{Quote box
|quote = The history of these bells spans the entire relationship between the United States and the Philippines. In the process, they have touched many lives. And their return underscores the enduring friendship between our countries, our shared values, and shared sacrifices.
|author = [[Sung Kim]], US Ambassador to the Philippines
|source = quoted from the his remarks at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells, 11 December 2018<ref>{{cite news | title =Remarks by Ambassador Sung Kim at the Ceremony of the Return of the Balangiga Bells | publisher = [[Embassy of the United States, Manila]] | date = 11 December 2018 | url = https://ph.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-ambassador-sung-kim-at-the-ceremony-of-the-return-of-the-balangiga-bells/ | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
|quoted = 1
}}
[[File:Balangiga bells after removal from brick wall display in F.E. Warren AFB.jpg|thumb|280px|The two Balangiga bells in Wyoming after removal from display at F.E. Warren AFB.]]
[[File:Balangiga bells on display during repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base.png|thumb|upright=2.0|alt=The Balangiga bells on display during repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left-most bell is the particular one that had been kept by the US Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest, and along with the right-most bell were those that had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.|The Balangiga bells on display during repatriation ceremony at Villamor Air Base. The left-most bell is the particular one that had been kept by the US Army's 9th Infantry Regiment at Camp Red Cloud in South Korea; it is the smallest of the three. The bell in the center is the largest, and along with the right-most bell were those that had been displayed at the F.E Warren Air Force Base's Trophy Park in Cheyenne, Wyoming.]]

During the [[2017 ASEAN Summits]], Philippine [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] [[Delfin Lorenzana]] met with his counterpart, [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Jim Mattis]]; at this meeting, Lorenzana raised the issue of the Balangiga bells. In a later meeting with Philippine President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], Mattis made a personal commitment to secure the bells' return. Mattis then sought [[legislation]] to enable the legal repatriation of the bells.<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Sung Kim|Kim, Sung]] | title =Returning the Balangiga bells | publisher =''[[The Philippine Star]]'' | date = 11 December 2018 | url =https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/11/1876098/returning-balangiga-bells | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref> Philippine Ambassador to the United States Babe Romualdez, however, disclosed in an interview with [[CNN Philippines]] that President Duterte personally told Mattis to return the bells during the ASEAN Summit meeting in [[Clark Air Base|Clark, Pampanga]], in October 2017.<ref>{{cite news | last = Gregorio | first = Xave | title = How Balangiga bells were given back to PH | publisher =[[CNN Philippines]] | date = 6 December 2018 | url =http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/06/balangiga-bells-return-philippines.html | accessdate = 11 December 2018}}</ref>

In August 2018, the [[Embassy of the United States, Manila| US Embassy in the Philippines]] issued a statement that the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] had notified the [[United States Congress]] that it planned to return the bells to the Philippines at an unspecified date.<ref>{{cite news | last =Morales | first =Neil Jerome | title =U.S. to return colonization era church bells to the Philippines | publisher =[[Reuters]] | date = 12 August 2018 | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa-bells/u-s-to-return-colonization-era-church-bells-to-the-philippines-idUSKBN1KW0FT | accessdate = 12 August 2018}}</ref> Three months later, Dr. Rolando Borrinaga of the Philippines' [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] stated that the two bells at the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base will be turned over to Philippine representatives on 15 November 2018. The third bell in South Korea was also ready for repatriation.<ref name=abs>{{cite news | last=Tagala | first=Don | title =Balangiga Bells to begin journey home to Philippines | publisher =[[ABS-CBN News]] | date = 12 November 2018 | url =https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/12/18/us-to-return-balangiga-bells-to-philippines | accessdate = 14 November 2018}}</ref> The two bells in Wyoming were then shipped to [[Philadelphia]] for restoration work before being sent to Japan, where they joined the third bell. All three bells were then returned to the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news | title =Return of Balangiga Bells Shows Deep RP-US Friendship - Gordon | publisher =[[Senate of the Philippines]] | date = 18 November 2018 | url =https://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2018/1118_gordon1.asp | accessdate = 21 November 2018}}</ref>

The successful campaign to return the bells came about due to the support of veterans organizations, including the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]] and the [[American Legion]], according to Dr. Borrinaga. Another source cited Borrinaga, and former [[United States Navy]] officers Dennis Wright and Dan McKinnon as those who "campaigned to have the bells repatriated";<ref name=sem>{{cite news | last =Sembrano | first =Edgar Allan M. | title =Balangiga bells to be returned December | publisher =[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] | date = 29 October 2018 | url =https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/311487/balangiga-bells-to-be-returned-december/ | accessdate = 15 November 2018}}</ref> these same American ex-servicemen had spearheaded the recovery from [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in 2016 of another church bell taken in 1901 from the Saints Peter and Paul Church in [[Bauang, La Union]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Olson | first =Wyatt | title =West Point returns bell taken from Philippines church 100 years ago | publisher =[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] | date = 29 April 2016 | url =https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/west-point-returns-bell-taken-from-philippines-church-100-years-ago-1.407085 | accessdate = 20 November 2018}}</ref>

The bells arrived in the Philippines at [[Colonel Jesus Villamor Air Base|Villamor Air Base]] on 11 December 2018<ref name=ret/> and will be returned to the Balangiga Church on 15 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last = Marquez | first = Consuelo | title =Town in frenzy over return of Balangiga bells after 117 years | publisher =''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'' | date = 9 December 2018 | url =https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1061440/town-in-frenzy-over-return-of-balangiga-bells-after-117-years | accessdate = 9 December 2018}}</ref>

On 13 December 2018, Borongan Bishop Crispin Varquez released a statement objecting to the proposal embodied in [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippine Senate]] Resolution No. 965 introduced by Senator [[Juan Miguel Zubiri]] on 6 December 2018. The resolution urged the Philippine government to place one of the three bells in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]] in Manila, "to be shared with the Filipino people". The representatives of the Catholic Church stated that while the bells are historical artifacts, they are above all [[sacramental]]s, scared objects that "call the faithful to prayer and worship" and therefore rightfully belong in a church.<ref>{{cite news | last =Esmaquel II | first =Paterno | title =Church hits bid to put one Balangiga bell in National Museum | publisher =[[Rappler]] | date = 13 December 2018 | url =https://www.rappler.com/nation/218813-church-hits-proposal-put-one-balangiga-bell-national-museum | accessdate = 13 December 2018}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
A [[Chicago]]-based, Philippine-American [[theater company]] called The Pintig Cultural Group presented a [[Musical theatre|musical]] based on the incident, ''The Bells of Balangiga.''<ref>{{cite news| last =Brooke | first =James | title = U.S.-Philippines History Entwined in War Booty| pages = |newspaper =[[The New York Times]] | date = 1 December 1997 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/01/us/us-philippines-history-entwined-in-war-booty.html| accessdate = 21 March 2008}}</ref>

==Notes==
:a.{{note|a}}M.R.P.F. is an [[acronym]] for the title ''Muy Reverendo Padre Fray'' ("[[The Most Reverend|Most Reverend]] Friar").

{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{portal| Philippines}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816172329/http://cbcponline.net/borongan/html/balangiga_bells.html Official Stand of the Philippine Catholic Church regarding the Bells of Balangiga]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/mattis-war-trophy-bells-return-to-help-us-philippine-ties-1.556647 Image of the two Balangiga bells at F. E. Warren Air Force Base]
*[https://www.stripes.com/news/mattis-calls-for-return-of-church-bells-taken-from-philippines-in-colonial-fight-1.542349#gallery Image of the third Balangiga bell in South Korea]
{{coord|14.5164|121.0192|type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink|display=title}}

{{Bells}}

[[Category:Bells (instrument)]]
[[Category:1901 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Samar]]
[[Category:Visayan history]]
[[Category:Looting]]
[[Category:War trophies]]
[[Category:2018 in the Philippines]]

Benutzer:Snackroeg/Kernreaktoren der Generation 5

2018-12-12T11:41:53Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Burn up

{{update|date=October 2017}}
[[File:GenIVRoadmap-en.svg|thumb|480px|Nuclear Energy Systems Deployable no later than 2030 and offering significant advances in sustainability, safety and reliability, and economics]]

'''Generation IV reactors''' ('''Gen IV''') are a set of [[nuclear reactor]] designs currently being researched for commercial applications by the Generation IV International Forum, with [[Technology readiness level]]s varying between the level requiring a demonstration, to economical competitive implementation.<ref name=Locatelli>{{Cite journal|last=Locatelli|first=Giorgio|last2=Mancini|first2=Mauro|last3=Todeschini|first3=Nicola|date=2013-10-01|title=Generation IV nuclear reactors: Current status and future prospects|journal=Energy Policy|volume=61|pages=1503–1520|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.101}}</ref> They are motivated by a variety of goals including improved safety, sustainability, efficiency, and cost.

The most developed Gen IV reactor design, the [[sodium fast reactor]], has received the greatest share of funding over the years with a number of demonstration facilities operated, the principle Gen IV aspect of the design, relates in largest part to the development of a sustainable closed [[Nuclear_fuel_cycle#Plutonium_cycle|fuel cycle]] for the reactor. Amongst nuclear engineers the [[molten-salt reactor]], the least developed and funded technology, is considered as potentially having the greatest [[Passive nuclear safety|inherent safety]] of the six models.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-sodium-save-nuclear-power/|title=Can Sodium Save Nuclear Power?|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moir |first1=Ralph |last2=Teller |first2=Edward |year=2005 |title=Thorium-Fueled Underground Power Plant Based on Molten Salt Technology |journal=Nuclear Technology |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=334–340 |url=http://www.new.ans.org/pubs/journals/nt/a_3655 |accessdate=March 22, 2012 }}</ref> While the [[hydrogen economy]], the [[high temperature electrolysis|thermochemical production]] of hydrogen to synthesize [[Carbon-neutral fuel]]s, is deemed as strengthening the economic case for the two most efficient models, the [[Very-high-temperature reactor|high temperature reactor]] designs.<ref name=Locatelli/>

The majority of the 6 designs are generally not expected to be available for commercial construction until 2020–30.<ref name="Generation IV">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-Reactors/Generation-IV-Nuclear-Reactors/|title=Generation IV Nuclear Reactors: WNA - World Nuclear Association|website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Presently the majority of reactors in operation around the world are considered [[Generation II reactor|second generation reactor]] systems, as the vast majority of the [[Nuclear reactor#Classification by generation|first generation]] systems were retired some time ago, and there are only a dozen or so [[Generation III reactor]]s in operation as of 2014.
[[Nuclear reactor#Generation V+ reactors|Generation V reactors]] refer to reactors that are purely theoretical and are therefore not yet considered feasible in the short term, resulting in limited [[R&D]] funding.

== History ==
The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) is "a co-operative international endeavour which was set up to carry out the research and development needed to establish the feasibility and performance capabilities of the next generation nuclear energy systems."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_9260/public|title=GIF Portal - Home - Public|website=www.gen-4.org|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> It was founded in 2001. Currently active members of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) include: [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[China]], the [[European Atomic Energy Community]] (Euratom), [[France]], [[Japan]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Switzerland]], and the [[United States]]. The non-active members are [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="gen-4">{{cite web|url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_9492/members|title=GIF Membership|website=gen-4.org|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> Switzerland joined in 2002, Euratom in 2003, and China and Russia in 2006. The remaining countries (excluding Australia) were founding members.<ref name="gen-4" />

The 36th GIF meeting in [[Brussels]] was held in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/generation-iv-international-forum-updates-technology-roadmap-and-builds-future|title=generation IV international forum updates technology roadmap and builds future. DOE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://events.r20.constantcontact.com/register/event?llr=mscrkjkab&oeidk=a07e7melf609716b2c6 |title=The Generation IV international forum holds their 36th meeting on Monday 18th Nov 2013 in Brussels }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ''Technology Roadmap Update for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems'' was published in January 2014 which details R&D objectives for the next decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-03/gif-tru2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625102915/https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-03/gif-tru2014.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 June 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=25 June 2014|publisher=}}</ref> A breakdown of the reactor designs being researched by each forum member has been made available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-03/gif_overview_presentation_v9_final3_web.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708023538/https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-03/gif_overview_presentation_v9_final3_web.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 July 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=8 July 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Nuclear power in Australia|Australia]] joined the forum in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_71564/australia-joins-the-generation-iv-international-forum|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160907131656/https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_71564/australia-joins-the-generation-iv-international-forum|deadurl=yes|title=GIF Portal - Australia joins the Generation IV International Forum|date=7 September 2016|archivedate=7 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

In January 2018, it was reported that "the first installation of the pressure vessel cover of the world's first Gen IV reactor" had been completed on the [[HTR-PM]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First-HTR-PM-vessel-head-in-place-0401185.html|title=First HTR-PM vessel head in place - World Nuclear News|website=www.world-nuclear-news.org}}</ref>

== Reactor types ==
Many reactor types were considered initially; however, the list was downsized to focus on the most promising technologies and those that could most likely meet the goals of the Gen IV initiative.<ref name="Generation IV"/> Three systems are nominally [[thermal reactor]]s and four are [[fast reactor]]s. The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) is also being researched for potentially providing high quality process heat for [[thermochemical cycle|hydrogen production]]. The fast reactors offer the possibility of burning [[actinides]] to further reduce waste and of being able to "[[breeder reactor|breed more fuel]]" than they consume. These systems offer significant advances in sustainability, safety and reliability, economics, proliferation resistance (depending on perspective) and physical protection.

=== Thermal reactors ===
A [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal reactor]] is a [[nuclear reactor]] that uses slow or [[thermal neutrons]]. A [[neutron moderator]] is used to slow the [[neutron]]s emitted by fission to make them more likely to be captured by the fuel.

==== Very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) ====
[[File:Very High Temperature Reactor.svg|right|thumb|Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR)]]
{{Main article|Very high temperature reactor}}
{{see also|Fort St. Vrain Generating Station|High-temperature engineering test reactor|HTR-10}}
The '''very high temperature reactor''' concept uses a [[graphite]]-moderated core with a once-through [[uranium]] fuel cycle, using helium or molten salt as the [[Very high temperature reactor#Coolant|coolant]]. This reactor design envisions an outlet temperature of 1,000 °C. The reactor core can be either a prismatic-block or a [[pebble bed reactor]] design. The high temperatures enable applications such as process heat or [[hydrogen]] production via the thermochemical [[Sulfur-iodine cycle|iodine-sulfur]] process. It would also be [[Passive nuclear safety|passively safe]].

The planned construction of the first VHTR, the South African PBMR ([[pebble bed modular reactor]]), lost government funding in February, 2010.<ref>[http://www.powergenworldwide.com/index/display/articledisplay/6322207443/articles/power-engineering-international/volume-18/Issue_3/regulars/world-news/INTERNATIONAL.html South Africa to stop funding Pebble Bed nuclear reactor] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909172743/http://www.powergenworldwide.com/index/display/articledisplay/6322207443/articles/power-engineering-international/volume-18/Issue_3/regulars/world-news/INTERNATIONAL.html |date=2010-09-09 }}</ref> A pronounced increase of costs and concerns about possible unexpected technical problems had discouraged potential investors and customers.

The [[People's Republic of China]] began construction of a 200-MW High Temperature Pebble bed reactor in 2012 as a successor to its [[HTR-10]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2013/01/07/china-begins-construction-of-first-generation-iv-htr-pm-unit|title=China Begins Construction Of First Generation IV HTR-PM Unit|first=Central Office, NucNet a.s.b.l., Brussels,|last=Belgium|website=www.nucnet.org}}</ref>

Also in 2012, as part of the [[Next Generation Nuclear Plant]] competition, [[Idaho National Laboratory]] approved a design similar to [[Areva]]'s prismatic block [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722041246/http://us.areva.com/EN/home-3225/areva-inc-areva-htgr.html Antares reactor] as the chosen [[HTGR]] to be deployed as a prototype by 2021. It was in competition with [[General Atomics]]' [[Gas turbine modular helium reactor]] and [[Westinghouse Electric Company|Westinghouse]]'s [[Pebble Bed Modular Reactor]].<ref name="World nuclear news">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Areva_modular_reactor_selected_for_NGNP_development-1502124.html|title=INL approves Antares design}}</ref>

[[X-energy]] was awarded a five-year $53M U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Reactor Concept Cooperative Agreement award to advance elements of their reactor development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.x-energy.com/doe-partnership|title=x-energy - DOE Partnership|website=x-energy}}</ref>
The [[X-energy#Reactor Design|Xe-100]] is a pebble-bed modular reactor and will generate 200-MWt and approximately 76-MWe. The standard Xe-100 "four-pack" plant generates approximately 300-MWe and will fit on as few as 13 acres. All of the components for the Xe-100 will be road-transportable, and will be installed, rather than constructed, at the project site to streamline construction.<ref name="X-energy">{{cite web|url=https://www.x-energy.com/|title=x-energy|website=x-energy}}</ref>

==== Molten-salt reactor (MSR) ====
[[File:Molten Salt Reactor.svg|right|thumb|Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)]]
{{Main article|Molten salt reactor}}
{{see also|Liquid fluoride thorium reactor}}
A '''molten salt reactor'''<ref name="Roadmap"/> is a type of [[nuclear reactor]] where the primary [[coolant]], or even the fuel itself is a molten salt mixture. There have been many designs put forward for this type of reactor and a few prototypes built. The early concepts and many current ones rely on [[nuclear fuel]], perhaps [[uranium tetrafluoride]] (UF4) or [[thorium tetrafluoride]] (ThF4), dissolved in molten [[fluoride]] salt. The fluid would reach [[Nuclear reactor physics#Criticality|criticality]] by flowing into a core where [[graphite]] would serve as the [[neutron moderator|moderator]]. Many current concepts rely on fuel that is dispersed in a graphite matrix with the molten salt providing low pressure, high temperature cooling.

The Gen IV MSR is more accurately termed an [[epithermal neutron|epithermal reactor]] than a thermal reactor due to the average speed of the neutrons that would cause the fission events within its fuel being faster than [[thermal neutron]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1361&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=10&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true |title=Idaho National Laboratory detailing some current efforts at developing Gen. IV reactors}}</ref>

The principle of a MSR can be used for thermal, epithermal and fast reactors. Since 2005 the focus has moved towards a fast spectrum MSR (MSFR).<ref>H. Boussier, S. Delpech, V. Ghetta et Al. : The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) in Generation IV: Overview and Perspectives, GIF SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS/2012 ANNUAL REPORT, NEA No. 7141, pp95 [https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_44720/annual-reports]
</ref>

While most MSR designs being pursued are largely derived from the 1960s [[Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment]] (MSRE), variants of molten salt technology include the conceptual ''[[Dual fluid reactor]]'' which is being designed with lead as a cooling medium but molten salt fuel, commonly as the metal chloride e.g. [[Plutonium(III) chloride]], to aid in greater "nuclear waste" closed-fuel cycle capabilities.
Other notable approaches differing substantially from MSRE include the ''[[Stable Salt Reactor]]'' (SSR) concept promoted by MOLTEX, which encases the molten salt in hundreds of the common solid [[fuel rod]]s that are already well established in the nuclear industry. This latter British design was found to be the most competitive for [[Small modular reactor]] development by a British-based consultancy firm ''Energy Process Development'' in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daretothink.org/europe-moltex-stable-salt-reactor/|title=Europe: Moltex' Stable Salt Reactor|date=20 April 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/moltex-energy-sees-uk-canada-smr-licensing-springboard-asia|title=Moltex Energy sees UK, Canada SMR licensing as springboard to Asia - Nuclear Energy Insider|website=analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com}}</ref>

Another notable feature of the MSR is the possibility of a [[Thermal-neutron reactor|thermal spectrum]] nuclear [[Nuclear fuel cycle#Fuel cycles|waste-burner]]. Conventionally only fast spectrum reactors have been considered viable for [[Nuclear fuel cycle#Minor actinides recycling|utilization or reduction]] of the [[Spent nuclear fuel|spent nuclear stockpiles]]. The conceptual viability of a thermal waste-burner was first shown in a whitepaper by [[Seaborg Technologies]] spring 2015.<ref name="Seaborg Whitepaper 2015">{{cite web|url=https://seaborg.dk/s/Seaborg-whitepaper-2015.pdf|title=Thermal MSR waste burner benchmark}}</ref> Thermal waste-burning was achieved by replacing a fraction of the [[uranium]] in the spent nuclear fuel with [[thorium]]. The net production rate of [[transuranium element]] (e.g. [[plutonium]] and [[americium]]) is reduced below the consumption rate, thus reducing the magnitude of the [[Radioactive waste|nuclear storage problem]], without the [[nuclear proliferation]] concerns and other [[Fast-neutron reactor#Disadvantages|technical issues]] associated with a [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast reactor]].

==== Supercritical-water-cooled reactor (SCWR) ====
[[File:Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor.svg|right|thumb|Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)]]
{{Main article|Supercritical water reactor}}
The '''supercritical water reactor''' (SCWR)<ref name="Roadmap"/> is a [[reduced moderation water reactor]] concept that, due to the average speed of the neutrons that would cause the fission events within the fuel being faster than [[thermal neutron]]s, it is more accurately termed an [[epithermal neutron|epithermal reactor]] than a thermal reactor. It uses [[supercritical fluid|supercritical water]] as the working fluid. SCWRs are basically [[light water reactor]]s (LWR) operating at higher pressure and temperatures with a direct, once-through heat exchange cycle. As most commonly envisioned, it would operate on a direct cycle, much like a boiling water reactor ([[BWR]]), but since it uses supercritical water (not to be confused with [[Critical mass (nuclear)|critical mass]]) as the working fluid, it would have only one water phase present, which makes the supercritical heat exchange method more similar to a pressurized water reactor ([[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]]). It could operate at much higher temperatures than both current PWRs and BWRs.

Supercritical water-cooled reactors (SCWRs) are promising advanced nuclear systems because of their high [[thermal efficiency]] (i.e., about 45% vs. about 33% efficiency for current LWRs) and considerable plant simplification.

The main mission of the SCWR is generation of low-cost [[electricity]]. It is built upon two proven technologies, LWRs, which are the most commonly deployed power generating reactors in the world, and superheated [[fossil fuel]] fired [[boiler]]s, a large number of which are also in use around the world. The SCWR concept is being investigated by 32 organizations in 13 countries.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

Because SCWRs are water reactors they share the steam explosion and radioactive steam release hazards of BWRs and LWRs as well as the need for extremely expensive heavy duty pressure vessels, pipes, valves, and pumps. These shared problems are inherently more severe for SCWRs due to operation at higher temperatures.

A SCWR Design under development is the [[VVER]]-1700/393 (VVER-SCWR or VVER-SKD) — a Russian Supercritical-water-cooled reactor with double-inlet-core and a [[breeder reactor|breeding ratio]] of 0.95.<ref name="powertecrussia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.powertecrussia.com/blog/tag/nuclear-power/ |title=Technology Developments & Plant Efficiency for the Russian Nuclear Power Generation Market Wednesday |date=March 24, 2010}}</ref>

=== Fast reactors ===
A [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast reactor]] directly uses the fast neutrons emitted by fission, without moderation. Unlike thermal neutron reactors, fast neutron reactors can be configured to "'''burn'''", or fission, all [[actinides]], and given enough time, therefore drastically reduce the actinides fraction in [[spent nuclear fuel]] produced by the present world fleet of thermal neutron [[light water reactor]]s, thus closing the [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. Alternatively, if configured differently, they can also [[breeder reactor|'''breed''']] more actinide fuel than they consume.

==== Gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) ====
[[File:Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor Schemata.svg|right|thumb|Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)]]
{{Main article|Gas-cooled fast reactor}}
The '''gas-cooled fast reactor''' (GFR)<ref name="Roadmap"/> system features a fast-neutron spectrum and closed fuel cycle for efficient conversion of [[Fertile material|fertile uranium]] and management of actinides. The reactor is [[helium]]-cooled and with an outlet temperature of 850 °C it is an evolution of the [[very-high-temperature reactor]] (VHTR) to a more sustainable fuel cycle. It will use a direct [[Brayton cycle]] [[Closed-cycle gas turbine|gas turbine]] for high thermal efficiency. Several fuel forms are being considered for their potential to operate at very high temperatures and to ensure an excellent retention of [[Nuclear fission|fission]] products: composite [[ceramic]] fuel, advanced fuel particles, or ceramic clad elements of actinide compounds. Core configurations are being considered based on pin- or plate-based fuel assemblies or prismatic blocks.

The European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative is funding three Generation IV reactor systems, one of which is a gas-cooled fast reactor, called ''Allegro'', 100 MW(t), which will be built in a central or eastern European country with construction expected to begin in 2018.<ref name="euronuclear.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.euronuclear.org/1-information/news/Gen-IV.htm |title=The European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative (ESNII) will support three Generation IV reactor systems: a sodium-cooled fast reactor, or SFR, called ''Astrid'' that is proposed by France; a gas-cooled fast reactor, GFR, called ''Allegro'' supported by central and eastern Europe; and a lead-cooled fast reactor, LFR, technology pilot called ''Myrrha'' that is proposed by Belgium |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009042600/http://euronuclear.org/1-information/news/Gen-IV.htm |archivedate=2013-10-09 |df= }}</ref> The central European [[Visegrád Group]] are committed to pursuing the technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=133111&CultureCode=en |title=The V4G4 Centre of Excellence for performing joint research, development and innovation in the field of Generation-4 (G4) nuclear reactors have been established. 20 July 2013 National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ)}}</ref> In 2013 German, British, and French institutes finished a 3-year collaboration study on the follow on industrial scale design, known as ''GoFastR''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ist-world.org/ProjectDetails.aspx?ProjectId=5cb8f3f283574cc6b2bdbf72533172d8 |title=the European Gas cooled Fast Reactor |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213091046/http://www.ist-world.org/ProjectDetails.aspx?ProjectId=5cb8f3f283574cc6b2bdbf72533172d8 |archivedate=2013-12-13 |df= }}</ref> They were funded by the EU's 7th FWP [[framework programme]], with the goal of making a sustainable VHTR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2020-horizon.com/GOFASTR-European-Gas-Cooled-Fast-Reactor%28GOFASTR%29-s312.html |title=The GOFASTR research program}}</ref>

==== Sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) ====
[[File:Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Schemata.svg|right|thumb|Pool design Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)]]
{{Main article|Sodium-cooled fast reactor}}
{{see also|Experimental Breeder Reactor II|S-PRISM|Toshiba 4S|CFR-600}}

The two largest commercial sodium cooled fast reactors are both in Russia, the [[BN-600]] and the recently completed [[BN-800]](800 MW). The largest ever operated was the [[Superphenix]] reactor at over 1200 MW of electrical output, successfully operating for a number of years in France before being decommissioned in 1996. In India, the [[Fast Breeder Test Reactor]] reached criticality in October 1985. In September 2002, fuel [[burnup|burn up]] efficiency in the FBTR for the first time reached the 100,000 megawatt-days per metric ton uranium (MWd/MTU) mark. This is considered an important milestone in Indian breeder reactor technology. Using the experience gained from the operation of the FBTR, the [[Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor]], a 500 MWe Sodium cooled fast reactor is being built at a cost of INR 5,677 crores (~US$900 million) and is expected to be critical by June 2019. The PFBR will be followed by six more Commercial Fast Breeder Reactors (CFBRs) of 600 MWe each.

The Gen IV SFR<ref name="Roadmap"/> is a project that builds on two closely related existing projects, the liquid metal [[Breeder reactor#Fast breeder reactor|fast breeder reactor]] and the [[integral fast reactor]].

The goals are to increase the efficiency of uranium usage by [[breeder reactor|breeding]] plutonium and eliminating the need for [[transuranic]] isotopes ever to leave the site. The reactor design uses an unmoderated core running on [[fast neutron]]s, designed to allow any transuranic isotope to be consumed (and in some cases used as fuel). In addition to the benefits of removing the long [[half-life]] transuranics from the waste cycle, the SFR fuel expands when the reactor overheats, and the chain reaction automatically slows down. In this manner, it is passively safe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/logos-winter02-psr.shtml|title=Passively safe reactors rely on nature to keep them cool|author=David Baurac}}</ref>

The SFR reactor concept is cooled by liquid [[sodium]] and fueled by a metallic alloy of uranium and [[plutonium]] or [[spent nuclear fuel]], the "nuclear waste" of [[light water reactor]]s. The SFR fuel is contained in steel cladding with liquid sodium filling in the space between the clad elements which make up the fuel assembly. One of the design challenges of an SFR is the risks of handling sodium, which reacts explosively if it comes into contact with water. However, the use of liquid metal instead of water as coolant allows the system to work at atmospheric pressure, reducing the risk of leakage.

[[File:Ifr concept.jpg|thumb|375px|The sustainable fuel-cycle proposed in the 1990s [[Integral fast reactor]] concept (color), an animation of the [[pyroprocessing]] technology is also available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBThTwFhRlA |title=Historical video about the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) concept. Uploaded by - Nuclear Engineering at Argonne}}</ref>]]
[[File:IFR concept.png|thumb|375px|IFR concept (Black and White with clearer text)]]

The European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative is funding three Generation IV reactor systems, one of which is a sodium-cooled fast reactor, called ''[[ASTRID (reactor)|ASTRID]]'', Advanced Sodium Technical Reactor for Industrial Demonstration, [[Areva]], [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives|CEA]] and [[Électricité de France|EDF]] are leading the design with British collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2010/11/areva--cea-secure.html |title=Areva, CEA secure EUR650m funding to develop ASTRID sodium-cooled Generation IV reactor 11/11/2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powermag.com/uk-and-france-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-cooperation-agreement/ |title=UK and France Sign Landmark Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement 02/22/2012 . POWERnews}}</ref> Astrid will be rated about 600 MWe and is proposed to be built in France, near to the [[Phénix]] reactor. A final decision in construction is to be made in 2019<ref name="euronuclear.org"/>

The [[China|PRC]]'s first commercial-scale, 800 MWe, fast neutron reactor, to be situated near [[Sanming]] in [[Fujian province]] will be a SFR. In 2009 an agreement was signed that would entail the Russian [[BN-800 reactor]] design to be sold to the PRC once it is completed, this would be the first time commercial-scale fast neutron reactors have ever been exported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-Joint_venture_launched_for_Chinese_fast_reactor-3004104.html |title=Joint venture launched for Chinese fast reactor}}</ref> The BN-800 reactor became operational in 2014.

Numerous progenitors of the Gen IV SFR exist around the world, with the 400 MWe [[Fast Flux Test Facility]] operated successfully for ten years at the Hanford site in Washington State.

The 20 MWe [[EBR II]] operated successfully for over thirty years at the Idaho National Laboratory, until it was shut down in 1994.

GE Hitachi's [[PRISM (reactor)|PRISM]] reactor is a modernized and commercial implementation of the technology developed for the Integral Fast Reactor(IFR), developed by [[Argonne National Laboratory]] between 1984 and 1994. With the primary purpose of PRISM differing in the focus on burning up [[spent nuclear fuel]] from other reactors, rather than [[breeder reactor|breeding]] new fuel. Presented as an alternative to burying the spent fuel/waste, the design reduces the half lives of the fissionable elements present in spent nuclear fuel while generating electricity largely as a by-product.

==== Lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) ====
[[File:Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor Schemata.svg|right|thumb|Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)]]
{{Main article|Lead-cooled fast reactor}}
{{See also|MYRRHA}}
The '''lead-cooled fast reactor'''<ref name="Roadmap">{{cite journal|year=2002 |title=A Technology Roadmap for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems |last=US DOE Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee |volume=GIF-002-00 |url=http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129121214/http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/documents/gen_iv_roadmap.pdf |archivedate=2007-11-29 |df= }}</ref> features a fast-neutron-spectrum [[lead]] or [[lead]]/[[bismuth]] [[eutectic]] ([[Lead-bismuth eutectic|LBE]]) liquid-metal-cooled reactor with a closed [[Nuclear fuel cycle|fuel cycle]]. Options include a range of plant ratings, including a "battery" of 50 to 150 MW of electricity that features a very long refueling interval, a modular system rated at 300 to 400 MW, and a large monolithic plant option at 1,200 MW (The term ''battery'' refers to the long-life, factory-fabricated core, not to any provision for electrochemical energy conversion). The fuel is metal or nitride-based containing [[Fertile material|fertile uranium]] and [[transuranic]]s. The LFR is cooled by natural [[convection]] with a reactor outlet coolant temperature of 550 °C, possibly ranging up to 800 °C with advanced materials. The higher temperature enables the production of [[Thermochemical cycle|hydrogen by thermochemical processes]].

The European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative is funding three Generation IV reactor systems, one of which is a lead-cooled fast reactor that is also an [[Subcritical reactor|accelerator-driven sub-critical]] reactor, called ''[[MYRRHA]]'', 100 MW(t), which will be built in [[Belgium]] with construction expected to begin after 2014 and the industrial scale version, known as ''Alfred'', slated to be constructed sometime after 2017. A reduced-power model of Myrrha called ''Guinevere'' was started up at [[Mol, Belgium|Mol]] in March 2009.<ref name="euronuclear.org"/> In 2012 the research team reported that Guinevere was operational.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hellemans|first1=Alexander|title=Reactor-Accelerator Hybrid Achieves Successful Test Run|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2012/01/reactor-accelerator-hybrid-achieves-successful-test-run|accessdate=29 December 2014|work=Science Insider|date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

Two other lead-cooled fast reactors under development are the SVBR-100, a modular 100 MWe lead-bismuth cooled fast neutron reactor concept designed by OKB [[Gidropress]] in Russia and the [[BREST (Reactor)|BREST-OD-300]] (Lead-cooled fast reactor) 300 MWe, to be developed after the SVBR-100, and built over 2016-20, it will dispense with the [[Uranium-238|fertile blanket]] around the core and will supersede the sodium cooled [[BN-600 reactor]] design, to purportedly give enhanced proliferation resistance.<ref name="powertecrussia.com"/>

== Advantages and disadvantages ==
Relative to current nuclear power plant technology, the claimed benefits for 4th generation reactors include:
* Nuclear waste that remains radioactive for a few centuries instead of millennia<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategies to Address Global Warming |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2009/20090713_Strategies.pdf}}</ref>
* 100–300 times more energy yield from the same amount of nuclear fuel<ref>{{cite web |title=4th Generation Nuclear Power |url=http://www.ossfoundation.us/projects/energy/nuclear}}</ref>
* Broader range of fuels, and even unencapsulated raw fuels (non-pebble [[Molten Salt Reactor|MSR]], [[Liquid fluoride thorium reactor|LFTR]]).
* In some reactors, the ability to consume existing nuclear waste in the production of electricity, that is, a Closed [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. This strengthens the argument to deem [[nuclear power as renewable energy]].
* Improved operating safety features, such as (depending on design) avoidance of pressurized operation, automatic passive (unpowered, uncommanded) reactor shutdown, avoidance of water cooling and the associated risks of loss of water (leaks or boiling) and hydrogen generation/explosion and contamination of coolant water.

Nuclear reactors do not emit CO2 during operation, although like all [[low carbon power]] sources, the mining and construction phase can result in CO2 emissions, if energy sources which are not carbon neutral (such as fossil fuels), or CO2 emitting cements are used during the construction process.
A 2012 [[Yale University]] review published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology analyzing {{CO2}} [[life cycle assessment]] (LCA) emissions from [[nuclear power]] determined that:<ref name="Warner + Heath, JoIE">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00472.x|title=Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nuclear Electricity Generation|journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology|volume=16|pages=S73–S92|year=2012|last1=Warner|first1=Ethan S|last2=Heath|first2=Garvin A}}</ref>
{{Quote|The collective LCA literature indicates that life cycle [[Greenhouse gas|GHG]] [greenhouse gas] emissions from nuclear power are only a fraction of traditional fossil sources and comparable to renewable technologies.}}
Although the paper primarily dealt with data from [[Generation II reactor]]s, and did not analyze the {{CO2}} emissions by 2050 of the presently under construction [[Generation III reactor]]s, it did summarize the Life Cycle Assessment findings of in development reactor technologies.{{Quote|FBRs ['[[Fast Breeder Reactor]]s'] have been evaluated in the LCA literature. The limited literature that evaluates this potential future technology reports [[median]] life cycle GHG emissions... similar to or lower than LWRs [Gen II [[light water reactor]]s] and purports to consume little or no [[uranium market|uranium ore]].}}

A specific risk of the sodium-cooled fast reactor is related to using metallic sodium as a coolant. In case of a breach, sodium explosively reacts with water. Fixing breaches may also prove dangerous, as the cheapest noble gas [[argon]] is also used to prevent sodium oxidation. Argon, like helium, can displace oxygen in the air and can pose [[hypoxia (environmental)|hypoxia]] concerns, so workers may be exposed to this additional risk. This is a pertinent problem as demonstrated by the events at the [[LMFBR|loop type]] [[Monju Nuclear Power Plant|Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Monju]] at Tsuruga, Japan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan Strains to Fix a Reactor Damaged Before Quake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/world/asia/18japan.html | work=The New York Times | first=Hiroko |last=Tabuchi |date=17 June 2011}}</ref>
Using lead or molten salts mitigates this problem by making the coolant less reactive and allowing a high freezing temperature and low pressure in case of a leak. Disadvantages of lead compared to sodium are much higher viscosity, much higher density, lower heat capacity, and more radioactive neutron activation products.

In many cases, there is already a large amount of experience built up with numerous proof of concept Gen IV designs. For example, the reactors at [[Fort St. Vrain Generating Station]] and [[HTR-10]] are similar to the proposed Gen IV [[VHTR]] designs, and the [[LMFBR|pool type]] [[EBR-II]], [[Phénix]] and [[BN-600]] reactor are similar to the proposed pool type Gen IV Sodium Cooled Fast reactors being designed.

== Table of designs ==

{| class=wikitable
|+ Summary of designs for generation IV reactors<ref>{{cite web |title=GIF R&D Outlook for Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems |date=21 August 2009 |url=https://www.gen-4.org/gif/upload/docs/application/pdf/2013-09/gif_rd_outlook_for_generation_iv_nuclear_energy_systems.pdf |accessdate=August 30, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! System
! Neutron Spectrum
! Coolant
! Temperature (°C)
! Fuel Cycle
! Size (MW)
!Example developers
|-
| [[Very-high-temperature reactor|VHTR]]
| Thermal
| Helium
| 900–1000
| Open
| 250–300
|[[Japan Atomic Energy Agency|JAEA]] ([[High-temperature engineering test reactor|HTTR]]), [[Tsinghua University]] ([[HTR-10]]), [[X-energy]]<ref name="energy.gov">{{cite web|title=Energy Department Announces New Investments in Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors…|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-new-investments-advanced-nuclear-power-reactors-help-meet|website=[[United States Department of Energy|US Department of Energy]]|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sodium-cooled fast reactor|SFR]]
| Fast
| Sodium
| 550
| Closed
| 30–150, 300–1500, 1000–2000
|[[TerraPower]] ([[Traveling wave reactor|TWR]]), [[Toshiba]] ([[Toshiba 4S|4S]]), [[GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy]] ([[PRISM (reactor)|PRISM]])
|-
| [[Supercritical water reactor|SCWR]]
| Thermal or fast
| Water
| 510–625
| Open or closed
| 300–700, 1000–1500
|
|-
| [[Gas-cooled fast reactor|GFR]]
| Fast
| Helium
| 850
| Closed
| 1200
|[[Energy Multiplier Module]]
|-
| [[Lead-cooled fast reactor|LFR]]
| Fast
| Lead
| 480–800
| Closed
| 20–180, 300–1200, 600–1000
|
|-
| [[Molten salt reactor|MSR]]
| Fast or thermal
| Fluoride or chloride salts
| 700–800
| Closed
| 250, 1000
|[[Seaborg Technologies]], [[TerraPower]], [[Stable Salt Reactor|Moltex Energy]], [[Flibe Energy]] ([[Liquid fluoride thorium reactor|LFTR]]), [[Transatomic Power]], Thorium Tech Solution ([[Fuji Molten Salt Reactor|FUJI MSR]]), Terrestrial Energy ([[IMSR]]), [[Southern Company Services|Southern Company]]<ref name="energy.gov"/>
|-
| [[Dual fluid reactor|DFR]]
| Fast
| Lead
| 1000
| Closed
| 500–1500
| Institute for Solid-State Nuclear Physics<ref name=ifk>{{cite web |url=https://festkoerper-kernphysik.de/dfr.pdf |title=Dual Fluid Reactor - IFK |date=2013-06-16 |website=festkoerper-kernphysik.de |publisher= Institut für Festkörper-Kernphysik |format=PDF |location=Berlin, Germany |access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Energy|Nuclear technology}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nuclear reactor]]
* [[Nuclear material]]
* [[Nuclear physics]]
* [[List of reactor types#Reactor types|List of reactor types]]
* [[Generation II reactor]]
* [[Generation III reactor]]
* [[Integral Fast Reactor]]
* [[Liquid fluoride thorium reactor]]
* [[Breeder reactor]]
* [[Small modular reactor]]
* [[List of nuclear reactors]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1361&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=10&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true Article from Idaho National Laboratory detailing some current efforts at developing Gen. IV reactors.]
* [http://www.gen-4.org/ Generation IV International Forum (GIF)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205115654/http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512033030/http://www.engr.utk.edu/nuclear/colloquia/slides/Gen%20IV%20U-Tenn%20Presentation.pdf Gen IV presentation]
* [http://www.ecology.at/ecology/files/pr577_1.pdf Science or Fiction - Is there a Future for Nuclear?] (Nov. 2007) - A publication from the Austrian [[Ecology Institute (Austria)|Ecology Institute]] about 'Generation IV' and Fusion reactors.
* {{cite web |url=http://memagazine.asme.org/Articles/2011/December/Nuclear_Power_After_Fukushima.cfm |title=Nuclear Power After Fukushima |author=Gail H. Marcus |date=December 2011 |website=Mechanical Engineering (the magazine of [[ASME]]) |accessdate=23 January 2012}} "In the wake of a severe plant accident, advanced reactor designs are getting renewed attention."
* [http://www.itheo.org/ International Thorium Energy Organisation - www.IThEO.org]
* [http://www.ithec.org/ International Thorium Energy Committee - iThEC]

{{Nuclear fission reactors}}

[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]
[[Category:Idaho National Laboratory]]

Direct Air Capture

2018-12-10T04:34:35Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Absorption / WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters - Reference before punctuation - Spelling and typography)

Direct Air Capture is a capture method of [[Carbon capture and storage|Carbon Capture for Storage]] that separates [[carbon dioxide]] from air. While still in the early stages, proponents of Direct Air Capture argue that it is an essential component of [[climate change mitigation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.geoengineeringmonitor.org/2018/05/direct-air-capture/|title=Direct Air Capture (Technology Factsheet)|date=2018-05-24|work=Geoengineering Monitor|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Methods of Capture ==
Like most forms of [[Carbon capture and storage|Carbon Capture for Storage]], direct air capture relies on three main technologies for separating the [[carbon dioxide]] from the air. Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide (DAC) is a carbon capture technique which produces a concentrated CO2 gas stream from ambient air. Generally ambient air is flows through a filter where either adsorption, absorption or mineralization removes the co2 from the air. This concentrated co2 stream may be sequestered or reused for enhanced oil recovery to produce low carbon fuel. When DAC is combined with a carbon capture system, it can produce a negative emissions plant. DAC is one tool used to mitigate climate change and reach the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]] goals. Direct air capture have larger energy and water requirements, because CO2 is removed from a very dilute stream. Current atmospheric CO2 levels are 410 parts per million (ppm). There are currently, seven DAC projects worldwide. Most projects are in infancy and do have not been scaled up to meet climate mitigation goals.

=== Absorption ===
[[Absorption (chemistry)|Absorption]] in the context of carbon capture refers to the use of a liquid [[solvent]] absorbing carbon dioxide from a gas. [[Amine|Amine solvents]] are most commonly used. This is currently the most common technology for carbon capture. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872565493|title=Introduction to carbon capture and sequestration|last=1962-|first=Smit, Berend,|others=Reimer, Jeffrey A. (Jeffrey Allen),, Oldenburg, Curtis M.,, Bourg, Ian C.,|isbn=9781783263295|location=London|oclc=872565493}}</ref>Absorption is the most common method of direct air capture. A fan blows air into a filter that is lined with a liquid solvent absorbent. Currently, the most common sorbents are caustic solution and amine based solvents. Absorption with a caustic solvent is an acid-base reaction in which CO2 reacts with sodium hydroxide and precipitates a stable sodium carbonate. This sodium carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous CO2 stream.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/policy/reports/assessments/upload/dac2011.pdf|website=www.aps.org|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>

=== Adsorption ===
[[Adsorption]] differs from absorption in that the carbon dioxide is removed via a solid.<ref name=":1" /> Alternatively, a solid [[sorbent]] is used in adsorption. In adsorption, the CO2 binds to a gas-solid contact or. Amine based solid sorbents are often proposed for DAC. CO2 is removed from air by [[chemisorption]], usually through primary amines. Through heat and vacuum the CO2 is then desorbed from the solid sorbent. This results in a gaseous CO2 stream that can be cooled and cycled back into the system.

=== Membranes ===
[[Membrane]] separations of carbon dioxide rely on semi-permeable membranes to separate carbon dioxide from air. This method differs from the other two in that it requires little water and has a smaller footprint.<ref name=":1" />

===Mineralization===

In mineral carbonation [[cations]] from chemically weathered minerals reaction with atmospheric CO2. In the process [[mineral]] [[Carbonate|carbonates]] are formed that store the CO2. There are large reserves of magnesium silicate minerals useful for this process. This method is researched because it provides storage for a geological time scale. Current technology requires 1.6 to 3.7 tonnes of rock to fix a tonne of CO2.<ref name=":2" /> Since the reaction is exothermic, it produces energy that can be recycled back to source the reactor. The kinetics of this process are slower than adsorption and absorption processes, and storage of carbonated solids must be done with low environmental impact.<ref name=":2" /> There are currently no large scale implementation of mineral carbonation. One impedance to the implementation of mineralization is the large energetic costs of the preparation of the solid reactant and its additives.

== Energy and Water use requirements for Direct Air Capture ==
Direct air capture of [[carbon dioxide]] requires [[water]] input. One estimate is that for Absorption, amine based technology, to capture 3.3 Gigatonnes of [[carbon dioxide]] a year, the water requirements would be 300km3 a year, or 4% of the water used for [[irrigation]].<ref name=":0" />

In addition to water consumption, direct air capture would require a large amount of energy. This is due to the low [[concentration]] of [[carbon dioxide]] in air, leading to more energy intensive capture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ranjan|first=Manya|last2=Herzog|first2=Howard J.|date=2011|title=Feasibility of air capture|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193|journal=Energy Procedia|volume=4|pages=2869–2876|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193|issn=1876-6102}}</ref>

===Energy Estimates===

Direct air capture requires more energy than carbon capture from a flue gas because the separation occurs from a highly dilute CO2 stream.<ref name=":2" />Estimates state that CO2 separation requires 1.8 to 3.6 times more energy than flue gas CO2 separation. A minimum of 20 kJ of energy is required to separate one mole of CO2 from an air stream. Energy estimates for contact, separation, release and compression of CO2 are 0.66 GJ/tCO2.
== Direct Air Capture Projects around the world ==
There are currently seven direct air capture projects worldwide. The stages of each project vary from in planning, operational and completed.

===Carbon Engineering===

[[Carbon Engineering]] (CE) is a commercial direct air capture company located in [[Calgary|Calgary, Canada]] and founded in 2009. They currently have a direct air capture pilot plant in [[British Columbia|British Columbia, Canada]] that has been in use since 2015. As of 2017, the plant converts a portion of its concentrated CO2 into fuel using [[enhanced oil recovery]]. By 2021, the project is expected to implement a full scale direct air capture to liquid fuel plant. The proposed scale of the project would be 2000 barrels a day of fuel that would be distributed to areas with [[Low-carbon fuel standard|Low Carbon Fuel Standards]]. Currently, the plant captures 1 ton of CO2 a day and produces 1 barrel of fuel a day using its AIR to FUELS technology.

===Climeworks===

Climeworks has created a plant in Zurich, Switzerland that is capable of capturing 900 tonnes of CO2 in a year directly from the air. The $23 million plant with 18 capturing units traps enough CO2 to grow vegetables in a nearby greenhouse. Climeworks stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of CO2 from the air.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tollefson |first1=Jeff |title=Sucking carbon dioxide from air is cheaper than scientists thought |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w |website=Nature |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref>

Climeworks received funding from the [[European Union]] to partner with [[Reykjavik Energy|Reykjavik energy]] to design a pilot plant using direct air capture and carbfix technology. The large-scale plant is expected to remove CO2 from air and sequester it in [[basalt]] in [[Hellisheiði Power Station|Hellisheidi]], Iceland. The direct air capture project runs alongside a [[Geothermal power|geothermal powerplant t]]<nowiki/>hat currently injects and mineralizes CO2 into [[basalt]] [[bedrock]]. By combining both technologies, Climeworks hopes to produce the first carbon negative power plant. The project is currently testing direct air capture and CO2 injection 700 meters into the ground.

===Global Thermostat===

Global Thermostat is privately funded carbon capture company located in [[Manhattan|Manhattan, New York]] and founded in 2010. Global Thermostat uses [[amine]] based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from large scale capture at 50,000 tonne/year to small projects at 40 tonne/year.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://globalthermostat.com/|title=Global Thermostat|website=Global Thermostat|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> The company claims to produce a 98% pure stream of CO2 from direct air capture.<ref name=":3" /> Global Thermostat differentiates itself from other CO2 projects because produces its energy and utilities independently and can be transported to various locations. The company has no post-capture process and sells its CO2 from its remote capture locations.

===Center for Negative Emission===
The Center for Negative Emission of Arizona State University is currently working on a DAC process using [[Ion-exchange resin|ion exchange]] resin. The estimated cost of capture is expected to be $30-200 USD/tonCO2. Water is used to desorb the carbon dioxide with an energy requirement of 50 MJ/mol.

== Financial Costs ==
Due to high energy consumption, direct air capture is expected to cost around $600 a ton of captured [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air|title=Cost plunges for capturing carbon dioxide from the air|date=2018-06-07|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> A plant designed to capture 1 megatonne of carbon dioxide a year is estimated to cost $2.2 Billion.<ref>https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/200555/files/dac2011.pdf </ref>

===Cost Estimates===

One of the largest hurdle to implementation of direct air carbon capture (DAC) are capital and energy costs required to separate CO2 and air.<ref name=":2" /> Point source carbon dioxide levels ([[flue gas]] of a power plant) are 300 times more concentrated than air.<ref name=":2" /> From the Sherwood's Rule the separation costs varies linearly with dilution of the feed stream. CO2 capture costs for hydroxide based solvents generally cost $150 USD/ tonne-CO2. Current liquid amine-based separation is $10-35 USD/ tonne-CO2. Adsorption based CO2 capture costs are between $30-200 USD/ tonne-CO2. It is difficult to find a specific cost for DAC because each method has wide variation in sorbent regeneration and capital costs. <ref name=":2" /> These costs do not take into consideration future plans for the CO2 stream generated. Enhanced oil recovery, urea yield boosting, beverage carbonation and food processing are all economically viable CO2 demands.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Carbon sequestration]]

Mahé highlands and surrounding areas Important Bird Area

2018-12-08T13:02:42Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Beau Vallon

[[File:Morne Seychellois NP footpath.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dalbergia|Rosewood]] trees along a track in the Morne Seychellois National Park]]

The '''Mahé highlands and surrounding areas Important Bird Area''' occupy the central and north-western part of the island of [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] in the [[Seychelles]] [[archipelago]] of the western [[Indian Ocean]].

==Description==
The [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) has an area of 4600 [[hectare|ha]], covering about 20% of the island. It encompasses the 3045 ha Morne Seychellois National Park, which includes the 914 m peak of [[Morne Seychellois]], the highest mountain of Seychelles. During the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries there was extensive exploitation of the original forests for timber as well as for [[cinnamon]] plantations. Present human activity, including [[forestry]], [[tourism]] and some tea cultivation, affect less than 10% of the area of the IBA.<ref name=bli/>

===Flora and fauna===
Land within the national park is characterised by steep terrain covered with dense [[secondary forest]] and [[shrub]] [[woodland]], punctuated by cliffs and large [[granite]] boulders. Above 600 m elevation there are remnant stands of [[primary forest]] with few [[introduced species|exotics]]. Endemic species include the very rare ''[[Medusagyne oppositifolia]]'' and ''[[Vateriopsis seychellarum]]'', the commoner ''[[Dillenia ferruginea]]'' and ''[[Northea hornei]]'', as well as ''[[Phoenicophorium borsigianum]]'', ''[[Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum]]'', ''[[Erythroxylum sechellarum]]'', ''[[Nepenthes pervillei]]'' and ''[[Secamone schimperianus]]''.<ref name=bli/>

Outside the national park the IBA includes the mountainous area to the south-east as well as the adjacent districts of La Misère and [[Cascade, Seychelles|Cascade]]. The latter contain much [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] habitat, such as orchards, small farms, [[Camellia sinensis|tea]] [[plantation]]s, housing, roads and other infrastructure. Forests at low and intermediate altitudes are dominated by exotic plants such as ''[[Cinnamomum verum]]'', ''[[Falcataria moluccana]]'' (= ''Paraserianthes falcataria''), ''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' and ''[[Chrysobalanus icaco]]''.<ref name=bli/>

The site has been identified as an IBA by [[BirdLife International]] because it supports populations of [[Seychelles kestrel]]s, [[Seychelles blue pigeon]]s, [[Seychelles scops owl]]s, [[Seychelles swiftlet]]s, [[Seychelles bulbul]]s, [[Seychelles white-eye]]s and [[Seychelles sunbird]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= http://www.birdlife.org |title= Mahé highlands and surrounding areas|accessdate=2013-08-19 |work= Important Bird Areas factsheet |first= |last= |publisher= BirdLife International |year=2013 }}</ref>

==Selected Points of Interest==

===Morne Seychellois===

''[[Morne Seychellois]]'' is the largest mountain in the Seychelles, standing at 905 m.

===Morne Blanc===
''Morne Blanc'' is a large peak overlooking the west coast of Mahe. At a height of 667 m, it is the third tallest mountain in the Seychelles. <ref> {{cite news | last = Laurence | first = Daniel | title = Seychelles' Highest Heights: 4 Island Mountains | newspaper = Seychelles News Agency | location = | pages = | language = English | publisher = | date = 13 April 2017 | url = http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/7104/Seychelles%27+highest+heights++island+mountains | access-date = 3 December 2018 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:View from Morne Blanc Facing South.jpg|thumb|The view from Morne Blanc facing south. Grand Anse and Ile aux Vaches are seen in the foreground.
File:View from Morne Blanc facing West.jpg|thumb|The view from Morne Blanc facing west. Port Glaud is in the foreground. The islands Therese and Conception are in the distance. The bay to the right is Port Launay Marine National Park.
File:Map at the trailhead of Morne Blanc Trail.jpg|thumb|The trailhead map of Morne Blanc Trail
</gallery>

===Anse Major===
''Anse Major'' is a small beach on the northwest of the island of Mahe, in the Seychelles. The beach can be reached by a short hike from Bel Ombre just to the west of [[Beau Vallon, Seychelles|Beau Vallon]]. Alternatively the beach can be reached by water. There are no nearby roads. The majority of this trail passes through the Morne Seychellois National Park, and takes approximately 3 hours to cover both directions. <ref>{{cite book | last = Mair | first = Lyn | author-link = | title =Seychelles | publisher = The Globe Pequot Press Inc | series = Bradt Travel Guides | volume = | edition = 4 | date = 2012 | location = | pages = 114 | language = English | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 9781841624068 | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Overlook of Anse Major from the trail.jpg|thumb|An overlook of Anse Major from a nearby hill on the trail from Bel Ombre
File:Anse Major with Silhouette Island in Background.jpg|thumb|A view from Anse Major with Silhouette Island in the distant background
File:Anse Major facing North.jpg|thumb|A View of Anse Major facing north
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|04|38|S|55|25|E|region:SC_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahe highlands and surrounding areas Important Bird Area}}
[[Category:Mahé, Seychelles]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Seychelles]]

Diskriminierung von Menschen mit HIV/AIDS

2018-12-08T11:49:15Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Rejection

{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS''' or '''serophobia''' is the [[prejudice]], [[fear]], [[Social rejection|rejection]] and [[discrimination]] against people living with [[HIV/AIDS]] ([[seropositive|PLHIV]]). Discrimination is one manifestation of [[Social stigma|stigma]], and stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors may fall under the rubric of discrimination depending on the legislation of a particular country. [[HIV]] stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease [[AIDS]] (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.avert.org/about-hiv-aids/what-hiv-aids|title=What are HIV and AIDS?|date=2015-06-23|work=AVERT|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en}}</ref> HIV/AIDS is a [[sexually transmitted disease]] and cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, the individual can live just as long as without the disease.

HIV/AIDS discrimination exists around the world, including [[Shunning|ostracism]], [[Social rejection|rejection]], discrimination, and avoidance. Consequences of stigma and discrimination against PLHIV may result in low turn-out for HIV counselling and testing, identity crises, isolation, loneliness, low self-esteem and lack of interest in containing the disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2003-07-01|title=HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953602003040|journal=Social Science & Medicine|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=13–24|doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00304-0|issn=0277-9536|last1=Parker|first1=Richard|last2=Aggleton|first2=Peter}}</ref>

Much HIV/AIDS stigma or discrimination involves [[homosexuality]], [[bisexuality]], [[promiscuity]], [[sex worker]]s, and [[Intravenous drug use (recreational)|intravenous drug use]].

In many [[Developed country|developed countries]], a strong correlation exists between HIV/AIDS and male homosexuality or bisexuality (the CDC states, "Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent approximately 2% of the United States population, yet are the population most severely affected by HIV"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html|title=Gay and Bisexual Men {{!}} HIV by Group {{!}} HIV/AIDS {{!}} CDC|date=2018-02-27|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref>), and association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice such as [[Homophobia|homophobic]] attitudes.<ref>Herek, G.M. (2002). Thinking about AIDS and stigma: A psychologist's perspective. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 30, 594–607.</ref><ref>Herek, G.M., Capitanio, J.P., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). Stigma, social risk, and health policy: Public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and the social construction of illness. Health Psychology, 22 (5), 533–540.</ref> An early name for AIDS was [[gay-related immune deficiency]] or GRID. During the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS was "a disorder that appears to affect primarily male homosexuals".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/science/new-homosexual-disorder-worries-health-officials.html|title=NEW HOMOSEXUAL DISORDER WORRIES HEALTH OFFICIALS|last=Altman|first=Lawrence K.|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en}}</ref>

Some forms of serious discrimination can include: being excluded from consideration for a job, being prohibited from buying a house, needing to pay extra money when renting housing, compulsory HIV testing without prior [[consent]] or protection of [[confidentiality]]; the [[quarantine]] of HIV infected individuals and, in some cases, the loss of property rights when a spouse dies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/stigma-discrimination|title=HIV Stigma and Discrimination|date=2015-07-20|work=AVERT|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en}}</ref> HIV testing without permission or security may also be considered as wrongdoings against those with HIV. The United States' disability laws prohibit HIV/AIDS discrimination in housing, employment, education, and access to health and social services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/living-well-with-hiv/your-legal-rights/civil-rights|title=Civil Rights|website=HIV.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> The [[U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development]] [[Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity]] enforces laws prohibiting housing discrimination based on actual or perceived HIV/AIDS status.

== Structural violence ==
{{Main|Structural violence}}

Structural violence is an important factor in the treatment of people living with AIDS. Poor Farmer argues that social determinants affecting the lives of certain cultural groups alter their risk of infections and their ability to access treatment.<ref name="Farmer2006">{{cite news|last=Farmer|first=Paul|author2=Bruce Nizeye|author3=Sara Stulac|author4=Salmaan Keshavjee|title=Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine|year=2006}}</ref> For example, access to prophylaxis, access to antiretroviral therapy, and susceptibility to illness and malnutrition are all factors which change people's overall risk of illness due to HIV/AIDS. This causes large difference in the rate of illness due to HIV/AIDS in various social/cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=Sandra D.|last2=Rubinstein|first2=Robert A.|last3=Keefe|first3=Robert H.|last4=Webster|first4=Noah|last5=Cibula|first5=Donald A.|last6=Rosenthal|first6=Alan|last7=Dowdell|first7=Jesse|date=August 2004|title=Structural violence and racial disparity in HIV transmission|journal=Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved|volume=15|issue=3|pages=319–335|issn=1049-2089|pmid=15453172}}</ref> Farmer also argues that social intervention may be key in altering the gap in treatment between these groups of people. Educating doctors on the interactions between social life and healthcare would help level out the injustices in healthcare.

==Research==
Current research has found that discrimination against people living with HIV is a contributing factor for delayed initiation of HIV treatment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pharris|title=Community patterns of stigma towards persons living with HIV: A population based latent class analysis from rural Vietnam|journal=BMC Public Health|year=2011|volume=11|page=705|display-authors=1|author2=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.>|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-11-705|pmid=21923941|pmc=3184634}}</ref> As many as 20–40% of Americans who are HIV positive do not begin a care regimen within the first six months after diagnosis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mugavero|title=Improving engagement in HIV care: What can we do?|journal=Top HIV Med|year=2008|volume=16|pages=156–161|pmid=19106431|first1=MJ|issue=5}}</ref> When individuals begin treatment late in the progression of HIV (when CD4+ T cell counts are below 500 cells/µL), they have 1.94 times the risk of mortality compared to those whose treatment is initiated when CD4+ T cells are still about 500 cells/µL.<ref>{{cite news|last=Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents|title=Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents|newspaper=Department of Health and Human Services|date=October 14, 2011}}</ref>
In a 2011 study published in ''AIDS Patient Care and STDs'' ([[sample size]] 215), most of the barriers to care described involve stigma and shame.<ref name="Pollini2011">{{cite journal|last=Pollini|first=Robin A.|author2=Estela Blanco|author3=Carol Crump|author4=Maria Zuniga|title=A community-based study of barriers to HIV care initiation|journal=AIDS Patient Care and STDs|year=2011|series=601-09}}</ref> The most common reasons of not seeking treatment are "I didn't want to tell anyone I was HIV-positive", "I didn't want to think about being HIV-positive", and "I was too embarrassed/ashamed to go".<ref name="Pollini2011" /> The presence and perpetuation of HIV stigma prevents many who are able to obtain treatment from feeling comfortable about addressing their health statue.<ref name="Pollini2011" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pantelic|first=Marija|last2=Boyes|first2=Mark|last3=Cluver|first3=Lucie|last4=Thabeng|first4=Mildred|date=2016-11-23|title='They Say HIV is a Punishment from God or from Ancestors': Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Assessment of an HIV Stigma Scale for South African Adolescents Living with HIV (ALHIV-SS)|journal=Child Indicators Research|volume=11|issue=1|language=en|pages=1–17|doi=10.1007/s12187-016-9428-5|pmid=29497463|pmc=5816760|issn=1874-897X}}</ref>

Additional research has found that education decreases HIV/AIDS discrimination and stigma in communities. A 2015 research study by the University of Malaya found that in Nigerian populations, "Educating the population with factual information on HIV/AIDS is needed to reduce stigma and discrimination towards PLHIV in the community."<ref>{{Cite book|title=HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population|last=Dahlui Azahar Bulgiba Zaki Oche Adekunjo Chinna|first= Maznah, Nazar, Awang, Rafdzah, Oche Mansur, Felix Oluyemi, Karuthan|publisher=Public Library of Science|year=2015|issn=1932-6203|location=|pages=3|quote=|via=}}</ref> Surveys from 56,307 men and women from various educational and socio-economic levels and ages ranging from 15 to 49 years old, found that wealthier individuals with secondary and post-secondary were nonpartisan towards PLHIV. On the contrary, young adults, the poor, and men were more likely to be biased towards PLHIV. Many people also believe that AIDS is related to homosexuality.

Even so, research has found that societal structure and beliefs influence the prevalence stigma and discrimination. "The two concepts of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation have proven to be strong and reliable predictors of different types of prejudice."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Journal of Applied Social Psychology|last=von Collani|first=Germont|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=2016-01-01|issn=0021-9029|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> Similar to sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination, the raised and taught belief to view PLHIV as deviants and outcasts as children who become adults with warped view of PLHIV. "In order to cope with threat, people may adhere to a submissive authoritarian ideology, which will lead them to reject other groups that are perceived as deviant and may threaten their worldview and their system of values."<ref name=":1" />

There are challenges for medical volunteers and nurses involved in caring for people with HIV/AIDS. In third-world countries and some communities in the Americas, low resource funding can make it detrimental to the success of providing proper care to PLHIV that cannot otherwise afford healthcare or don't possess medical insurance or other forms of payments. The nurses or medical volunteers may lack the proper knowledge of how to treat the individuals too, if they lack resources and funding. In Province, South Africa, 223 nurses were surveyed on their qualification and knowledge of AIDS. The nurses scored on Maslach Burnout Inventory; '''AIDS''' Impact Scale and Beck's Depression Inventory. The total knowledge score obtained by all the participants ranged from 2 to 16, with an average of 12.93 (SD = 1.92) on '''HIV'''/'''AIDS''' knowledge.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Makhado|first=Lufuno|year=December 2016|title=Knowledge and psychosocial wellbeing of nurses caring for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH)|journal=Health SA Gesondheid|volume=21|pages=1–10|via=|doi=10.1016/j.hsag.2015.10.003}}</ref> The rise of PLWH impacts on the already burdened health-care workforce and predisposes nurses to workplace stress as they carry out their duties of caring for PLWH.<ref name=":2" /> The discriminatory behaviors of healthcare workers who are expected to be more knowledgeable about epidemiology and control of HIV including its social aspects are not helping matters. They often take extreme precaution against HIV positive clients for fear of transmission, and at times may refuse HIV positive clients some aspects of care. This is supported by another study in which health staff was said to be worried about occupational exposure, with high levels of anxiety and fear when dealing with HIV-positive persons<ref>{{Cite news|pmc=4130669|title=Perception of Societal Stigma and Discrimination Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos, Nigeria: a Qualitative Study|last=Wasiu Olalekan|first=Adebimpe|date=June 2014|work=|via=}}</ref>

In some countries, to prevent the knowledge of PLHIV, medical reports do not reveal HIV/AIDS study.{{clarify|date=December 2016}} In Africa, a person's cause of death may be concealed in order for policies to pay out.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dahlui|first=Maznah|year=2015|title=HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population|journal=PLoS One|volume=10|issue=12|pages=e0143749|via=|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143749|pmc=4675522|pmid=26658767|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043749D}}</ref> This distortion of information does not help in the fight against the spread of HIV and AIDS. Medical volunteers, nurses, and doctors, especially in low-income areas, will disclose their status without fear of rejection, isolation and discriminated against.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://0-hdl.handle.net.ignacio.usfca.edu/10019.1/17834|title=The impact of stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS: An investigation into why family members attribute death to other diseases|last=Mathavha|first=Thomas|date=2011|work=|accessdate=|via=}}</ref>

The psychological support for PLHIV in certain countries around the world scarce. In some places like China and Africa, PLHIV have been noted to have high level of stress due to discrimination and family members contributes to stress level among PLHIV. Research is still being done to see if therapy and other psychological services will be a buffer between the discrimination and stress. The study highlights the importance to reduce discrimination toward PLHIV and the difficulty to alleviate its negative consequences. In China, It is warranted to improve mental health among PLHIV in China and it is still important to provide in PLHIV as it has direct effects on perceived stress.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=Xiaoyou|year=February 2013|title=Perceived discrimination, social support, and perceived stress among people living with HIV/AIDS in China.|url=|journal=AIDS Care|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> PLHIV choose to not tell their HIV status to others, they tend to seek help from the health care professionals and programs and have considerable trust towards outside support. Health service providers are hence promising sources of social support for PLHIV.<ref name=":5" />

== Violence ==
Discrimination that is violent or threatening violence stops a lot of individuals for getting tested for HIV, which does not aid in curing the virus.

Violence is an important factor against the treatment of people living with AIDS. Any violence against HIV infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV can severely shut down the advancement of treatment in response to the progression of the disease. [[Paul Farmer]] argues that social determinants affecting the lives of certain cultural groups alter their risk of infections and their ability to access treatment.<ref>Farmer, Paul. 2006. AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame. Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> For example, access to prophylaxis, access to antiretroviral therapy, and susceptibility to illness and malnutrition are all factors which change people's overall risk of illness due to HIV/AIDS. This causes large difference in the rate of illness due to HIV/AIDS in various social/cultural groups. Farmer also argues that social intervention may be key in altering the gap in treatment between these groups of people. Educating doctors on the interactions between social life and healthcare would help level out the injustices in healthcare.

== Influence on society ==

=== Stigma ===
HIV/AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories:
* ''Instrumental AIDS stigma''—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness.<ref name="Herek1999">Herek, G.M. (1999). AIDS and stigma in the United States. [Special issue]. American Behavioral Scientist, 42 (7).</ref>
* ''Symbolic AIDS stigma''—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease.<ref name="Herek1999"/>
* ''Courtesy AIDS stigma''—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV- positive people.[[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS#cite note-Snyder-4|[4]]]
Research done in South Africa, about the stigma and discrimination in communities, has found that PLHIV not only experience high levels of stigma that negatively impact all spheres of their lives, also interferes psychologically. Internalized stigma and discrimination ran rampant in the study, but also throughout the PLHIV community. Many PLHIV in South Africa blamed themselves for their current situation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Visser|first=Maretha J.|last2=Makin|first2=Jennifer D.|last3=Vandormael|first3=Alain|last4=Sikkema|first4=Kathleen J.|last5=Forsyth|first5=Brian W. C.|date=February 2009|title=HIV/AIDS STIGMA IN A SOUTH AFRICAN COMMUNITY|journal=AIDS Care|volume=21|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.1080/09540120801932157|issn=0954-0121|pmc=4238924|pmid=19229689}}</ref>

Stigma, according to Merriam-Webster dictionary, is "a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stigma|title=Definition of STIGMA|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> Stigma is often enforced by discrimination, callous actions, and bigotry. In response, PLHIV have developed self-depreciating mindsets and coping skills to deal with the social repercussions versus accepting of their current status and seeking help.

People who are HIV positive often deal with stigma, even though with the proper medication this can be manageable lifelong disease. It is now possible for a person who HIV+ to have intimate relationship with someone who is HIV- and not pass the disease to them. It is also possible for a mother who is HIV+ to not pass it to her child.<ref>Roth Cheryl; Hrenchir Pauline F, and Pacheco Christine J. "HIV in Pregnancy." Nursing for Women Health (2016): 87–91. Nwhjournal.com. Web. 10 Apr. 2016</ref> In developing countries, people who are HIV+ are discriminated against at work, school, their community, and even in healthcare facilities.<ref>Cameron, Sally; Jane Wilson, Julian Hows, Rodrigo Pascal, Jaime Todd-Gher, Liz Tremlett, Ann Stevens, and John Godwin. "People Living with HIV Stigma Index; Asia Pacific Regional Analysis 2011."(1–99). Joint United Nations Program, 2011.</ref> Discrimination may also increase the spread of HIV because fewer people will want to get tested.

=== Societal relationships ===

Accordingly, in countries such as Nigeria, PLHIV are less likely to disclose their HIV status, due to the repercussion of exclusion of their community. "In most situations, in order to prevent social rejection, PLHIV will not disclose their HIV status to avoid being isolated from participating in the socio-cultural events." This leads to very high-risk behaviors of passing the illness along to others or delaying the proper treatment. PLHIV, when shut off from their community. can feel isolated, lonely, afraid, a lack of motivation, and identity problems. Stigma enhances the spread and denies the medical research of HIV/AIDS because the social and medical support are gone. Those individuals can no longer feel like part of society, which, as humans, we need communities to feel understood and wanted.

Family and other intimate relationships play a role in the death rate of PLHIV. Due to the fear of isolation, ignorance, denial, and discrimination, people will allow HIV to develop into AIDS, further decreasing life expectancy, since the body's [[immune system]] function will have been significantly lowered. Research done in at Mvelaphanda Primary School children, in Tembisa, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. Many of the children were orphans due to the death of parents, had sibling deaths, and even some themselves, who were born with HIV. It was found through survey that if there is no behavioral change towards HIV/AIDS than no change to fight the epidemic will occur. At Mvelaphanda Primary school, their mortality rate is increasing in their children, especially young women. These women are more at risk than their male counterparts due to many being involved with older men who have various partners and do not participate in safe sex practices. Some of these students are themselves parents of students at the school. The problem is that even when family members are informed of the cause of death, which is likely to be AIDS, they choose to inform people that the cause of death was "[[witchcraft]]". Children and other family members tend to deny the truth and are raised with the belief that HIV and/or AIDS does not exist and they fear to be bewitched than being infected by the virus.

Along with family bonds and intimate relationships, a spiritual relationship is strained for PLHIV. In a research study done in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The stigma is profound in Saudi Arabia as Islam prohibits behaviours associated with risk factors related to transmission of HIV, such as non-marital sex, homosexuality and intravenous drug use. Fear and vulnerability included fear of punishment from God, fear of being discovered as HIV/ AIDS-positive and fear of the future and death. PLHIV experienced isolation and lack of psycho-social and emotional support. In response to their experiences many participants accepted their diagnoses as destiny and became more religious, using spirituality as their main coping strategy.

==See also==
*[[Criminalization of HIV transmission]]
*[[HIV exceptionalism]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Discrimination}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serophobia}}
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]

Maiswürzsauce

2018-12-06T06:48:00Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - Inactivate

'''Corn sauce''' or '''fermented corn sauce''' is produced by [[fermentation]] using [[corn starch]] as the primary substrate. It is used as a food [[condiment]] and ingredient, both in paste and in powder form. Corn sauce, like [[soy sauce]], has a characteristic [[Savoriness|savory]] taste. It is used to flavor dishes including [[soup]]s, [[broth]]s, and [[Gravy|gravies]].
[[File:Corn paste 1.jpg|Dark version of corn sauce paste|alt=|thumb|293x293px]]

[[File:Corn Paste 2.jpg|thumb|Light version of corn sauce paste|293x293px|alt=]]

== Taste and usage ==
Corn sauce is a mix of free and bound [[amino acid]]s, [[organic acid]]s and their salts, [[Maillard reaction]] products, and [[mineral]]s. [[Sensory analysis]] describes corn sauce with characteristic [[savory taste]]s including 'xian' (鲜 in Chinese), [[umami]], [[Caramelization|caramelized]], [[Roasting|roasted]], slightly [[yeast]]y, [[Meaty taste|meat]]y, [[salt]]y, and [[sweet]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Charve|first=J|last2=Manganiello|first2=S|last3=Glabasnia|first3=A|last4=Ulmer|first4=H|date=2018|title=Decoding the savory taste of a fermented corn-sauce using a sensory-guided fractionation approach|url=|journal=Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Symposium on Umami Science and Quality of Life.|volume=|pages=|via=Sixth annual international symposium on umami science and quality of life. Shanghai, P.R. China}}</ref>

The taste of corn sauces has been subject to research, showing that the complexity of the taste results from the composition of salts and fermentation [[metabolite]]s, amino acids, [[Acetic acid bacteria|acetic acid]], [[Ribotide|ribotides]], short [[peptide]]s and [[carbohydrate]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Charve|first=J|last2=Manganiello|first2=S|last3=Glabasnia|first3=A|date=2018|title=Analysis of Umami Taste Compounds in a Fermented Corn Sauce by Means of Sensory-Guided Fractionation|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=66|issue=8|pages=1863–1871|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05633|pmid=29397710|issn=0021-8561}}</ref> Additionally, glutamyl-dipeptides were identified as a class of enriching taste compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dunkel|first=A|last2=Köster|first2=J|last3=Hofmann|first3=T|date=2007|title=Molecular and Sensory Characterization of γ-Glutamyl Peptides as Key Contributors to the Kokumi Taste of Edible Beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=55|issue=16|pages=6712–6719|doi=10.1021/jf071276u|pmid=17616213|issn=0021-8561}}</ref>

[[File:Sensory 2 for corn sauce.jpg|thumb|293 px|Sensory analysis result of corn sauce with a trained sensory panel]]

The [[taste]] of corn sauce led to the usage as a [[condiment]]. Like [[yeast extract]], [[soy sauce]] and [[hydrolyzed vegetable protein]], it rounds off the flavor and taste.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoshida|first=Yoshiko|date=1998|title=Umami taste and traditional seasonings|journal=Food Reviews International|volume=14|issue=2–3|pages=213–246|doi=10.1080/87559129809541158|issn=8755-9129}}</ref>

== Manufacturing process ==
Comparable to the production of [[soy sauce]], corn sauce is obtained by [[fermentation]], sometimes referred as [[brewing]]. The fermentation process is using ''[[Corynebacterium]]'' bacteria species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Principles of fermentation technology|last=F.|first=Stanbury, Peter|date=1984|publisher=Pergamon Press|isbn=9781483292915|location=|pages=99|oclc=563540490}}</ref> The fermentation parameters are controlled for time, temperature and pH. After fermentation the [[broth]] undergoes a cooking step to [[inactivate]] the fermenting [[microorganism]]s and to induce a controlled [[Maillard reaction]]. The cell mass is removed by filtration. The filtered broth is [[Concentrate|concentrated]] in order to obtain a paste and to create further Maillard products. During [[evaporation]], [[salt]] is added to improve microbial stability. For a powdered product a drying step is applied.
[[File:Flow chart for corn sauce production.jpg|thumb|293 px|Production Flow Chart for Corn Sauce Production]]

== Composition ==
Corn sauce contains a mix of compounds, including fermentation metabolites, amino acids, organic acids, minerals and salts. Flavor and color compounds are generated by Maillard reaction during the fermentation, cooking and drying process. [[Glutamate flavoring|Glutamic acid]], [[alanine]], and [[proline]] are the most abundant present amino acids. Other metabolites are ribotides, sugars, organic acids and γ-glutamyl-dipeptides, which are known to have taste-modulating properties.<ref name=":0" />

== Labeling ==
On labels listed as “Corn sauce” or "Fermented corn sauce" listing the used ingredients ([[corn starch]], water, salt).

== Food safety ==
The fermentation of food with ''Corynebacterium'' species is widely present in many parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fermented cereals a global perspective|last=F.|first=Haard, Norman|date=1999|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-9251042960|oclc=803037972}}</ref> The global exposure to these microorganisms in food fermentations assures its safe use and acceptance for food production globally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shin|first=N.-R.|last2=Jung|first2=M.-J.|last3=Kim|first3=M.-S.|last4=Roh|first4=S. W.|last5=Nam|first5=Y.-D.|last6=Bae|first6=J.-W.|date=2010-11-12|title=Corynebacterium nuruki sp. nov., isolated from an alcohol fermentation starter|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=61|issue=10|pages=2430–2434|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.027763-0|pmid=21075904|issn=1466-5026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osungbaro|first=Taiwo O.|date=February 2009|title=Physical and nutritive properties of fermented cereal foods|url=https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJFS/article-abstract/36A3C4920019|journal=African Journal of Food Science|volume=3|issue=2|pages=23–27|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.fil-idf.org/|title=Bulletin of the IDF 455/ 2012: Safety Demonstration of Microbial Food Cultures (MFC) in Fermented Food Products, The 2012 inventory of the microbial species with technological beneficial role in fermented food products.|last=|first=|date=2012|website=|pages=22–61|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The question of toxicity of corn sauce was negated by [[Toxicology|toxicological studies]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tafazoli|first=S|last2=Vo|first2=TD |last3=Petersen|first3=A|last4=Constable|first4=A|last5=Coulet|first5=M|last6=Phothirath|first6=P|last7=Lang|first7=J|last8=Baldwin|first8=N|date=2017|title=Genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity evaluation of savory food ingredients|journal=Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology|volume=87|pages=71–87|doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.006|pmid=28487066|issn=0273-2300}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of sauces]]
* {{portal-inline|Maize}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/microorganisms/fermentation.html Science aid: Fermentation - Process and uses of fermentation]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2184e/x2184e00.htm Fermented cereals. A global perspective - FAO 1999]

{{Corn}}

[[Category:Sauces]]
[[Category:Maize dishes]]
[[Category:Maize products]]

AzarAb Industries

2018-12-05T06:39:03Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Generators

{{Infobox company
| name = Azarab Industries Company
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as =
| founder =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]] [[Construction]] [[Oil Industry]] [[Energy Industry]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Arak, Iran|Arak]], [[Iran]]
| products = [[Automation]] Auxiliary equipment [[Boilers]] [[Gas turbines]] [[Electric generator|Generators]] [[Locomotives]]<ref name="b1">{{cite web|url = http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=10837998| title = Iran Power Plant Projects Management Co.| accessdate= 26 June 2011| publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]| work = investing.businessweek.com}}</ref> [[Medical equipment|Medical equipments]] [[Nuclear power plant|Nuclear power plants equipment]] [[Power generation]] [[Power plants]] [[Rolling Stock|Rolling Stocks]] [[Steam turbines]] [[Transformers]] [[Water treatment|Water treatment systems]]
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = +2500
| parent =
| divisions = Power, Oil & Gas, Rail
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| intl =
| caption =
| homepage = [http://www.azarab.ir/ www.azarab.ir]
}}
'''Azarab Industries Company''' is a large [[Iran]]ian manufacturer of [[Power station|power plant]] and [[oil refinery|oil]], [[Sugar beet#Processing|sugar]] and [[gas refinery]] equipment in [[Arak, Iran|Arak]].

As of 2005, Azarab Industries, employed more than 2,500 people. Their main products are [[boiler]]s, [[butterfly valve]]s, [[turbine]]s, and [[pressure vessel]]s.

Some of the projects the company has worked on are:
* Shahid Rajaie 1000 M.W. Thermal Power Plant, Iran{{Ref|proj1}}
* Gilan 810 M.W. Combined Cycle Power Plant, Iran{{Ref|proj2}}
* Abadan Petrochemical Plant, Iran{{Ref|proj3}}

The company has [[ISO 9000#Certification|ISO 9001 certification]]{{Ref|9001}} and is a member of the Association of Iran Industry Equipment Manufacturers{{Ref|assoc}}.
[[File:Arazab145.jpg|thumb|Giant Boiler manufactured by Azarab Company]]

==References==
<references />
# {{note|proj1}} {{cite web|title=Profile - References |work=Cyber Space Trading LLC |url=http://www.cyberspace-uae.com/profile_ref.html |accessdate=December 21, 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205024927/http://cyberspace-uae.com/profile_ref.html |archivedate=February 5, 2005 }}
# {{note|proj2}} ''Ibid.''
# {{note|proj3}} {{cite web | title=Boiler Package Control Panel | work=Contronic | url=http://www.contronic.net/boiler_f.htm | accessdate=December 21, 2005 }}
# {{note|9001}} {{cite web | title=About | work=AZAR AB Industries Co. | url=http://azarab.20un.com/index.html | accessdate=December 21, 2005 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051216051154/http://azarab.20un.com/index.html| archivedate= 16 December 2005 | deadurl= no}}
# {{note|asssoc}} {{cite web| title=The Association of Iran Industry Equipment Manufacturers | url=http://satsa.20un.com/ | accessdate=2005-12-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051217010354/http://satsa.20un.com/| archivedate= 17 December 2005 | deadurl= no}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.azarab.ir}}

{{TSE Companies of Iran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azarab Industries Co}}
[[Category:Companies of Iran]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Iran]]
[[Category:Holding companies of Iran]]

Benutzer:Agriculturalengineer96/AzarAb Industries

2018-12-05T06:39:03Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Generators

Attakullakulla

2018-12-05T06:28:46Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Fort George / WP:WCW project (Spelling and typography)

{{Infobox person
| name = Attakullakulla
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1708
| birth_place =
| death_date = c. 1777
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence = [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]]
| nationality = [[Cherokee]]
| other_names =
| title = First Beloved Man
| predecessor = [[Conocotocko II|Standing Turkey]]
| successor = [[Oconostota]]
}}
'''Attakullakulla''' ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], ''Ata-gul' kalu''; often called '''Little Carpenter''' by the English) (c. 1708–1777) was an influential [[Cherokee]] leader and the tribe's [[Tribal chief|First Beloved Man]], serving from 1761 to around 1775. His son was [[Dragging Canoe]], a leader of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]]. Attakullakulla was a man of remarkably small stature, he was noted for his maturity and for wisdom, and graciousness.<ref>Henry Thompson Malone Cherokees of the Old South</ref> Attakullakulla knew some English but was not fluent. However, he was considered the most gifted Cherokee orator from the 1760s to 1770s. <ref>James C.kelly American nation biography</ref> He first shows up on historic records in 1730 when he accompanied [[Alexander Cuming]], a British treaty commissioner, and six other Cherokee to England, where he signed one of the first Cherokee treaties with Great Britain. By the early 1750s, Attakullakulla, renowned for his oratorical skills, had been appointed a principal speaker for the [[Cherokee Nation ]].<ref> Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law p. 2</ref>
In the 1750-1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a consummate diplomat, always hoping for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for the best interests of the Cherokees.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars p.41</ref>

==Names==
Early on in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah.<ref>Henry Thompson Malone Cherokees of the Old South p.4</ref> According to the anthropologist [[James Mooney]], Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated "leaning wood", from ''ada'' meaning "wood", and ''gulkalu'', a verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" derived from the English meaning of his Cherokee name along with a reference to his physical stature. As naturalist [[William Bartram]] described him, he was "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame."<ref>Bartram, ''Travels,'' p. 485.</ref> "His ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders." He was mild-mannered, brilliant, and witty.<ref>Walker, ''Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure'', pp. 150-51.</ref>
Felix Walker accurately characterized Attakullakulla in his speculation on the origin of the name Little Carpenter: just “as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation”.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> He also excelled at building houses which could be another reason for him getting his title.<ref>Kimber, Isaac London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 35, (Feb 1766): p.87</ref>

==Early life==
Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of the [[Overhill Cherokee]], in what is now [[East Tennessee]] , sometime in the early 1700s.<ref name=tehc>Gerald Schroedl, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=45 Attakullakulla]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''. Retrieved: 17 December 2013.</ref> His son, [[Turtle-at-Home]], said that he was born to a sub-tribe of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking]] [[Nipissing First Nation|Nipissing]] to the north near [[Lake Superior]]. He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought back to Tennessee to be adopted by a Cherokee family, where he was raised as Cherokee.<ref>Klink and Talman, ''The Journal of Major John Norton,'' p. 42</ref> He married ''Nionne Ollie,'' a [[Natchez people|Natchez]] captive adopted as the daughter of his cousin, [[Oconostota]]. The marriage was permissible because they were of different clans; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

He was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to [[Kingdom of Britain|England]] in 1730.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 17-22.</ref> In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the [[Overhill Cherokee]]. Three or four years later, he was captured by the [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]], allies of the French, who held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]].

==Cherokee warrior==
{{Main|Anglo–Cherokee War}}
In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began, Cherokees journeyed to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and Indian strongholds. Cherokees were murdered on their way home by Virginia frontiersmen. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of trade goods as compensation. But this was not enough to satisfy young Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla even led a Cherokee war party against French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 57-58, 60, 63-64, 68.</ref>

These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, Cherokees went to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] to try to negotiate with [[Colony of South Carolina|South Carolina]] authorities for peace. The colonial governor, [[William Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton|William Henry Lyttetton]], seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee responsible for killing white settlers were surrendered. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1700 men, Lyttleton set out for [[Fort Prince George (South Carolina)|Fort Prince George]], with the hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokees would deliver up "murderers" in exchange for nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 77-80.</ref>

Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota subsequently lured a Lt. Richard Coytmore out of the fort by waving a bridle over his head. He then incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated with the execution of all the remaining Cherokee hostages. Cherokee Indians launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokees blamed Attakullakulla for the death of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded the Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle Towns. They were forced to retreat and Fort Loudoun fell to the Cherokees. Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this did not come until after a punitive British and South Carolina military expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns in 1761. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761, but was robbed and harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement and was a frequent guest in Charles Town and Williamsburg.<ref>Oliphant, ''Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier'', pp. 72-78</ref><ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 166-67.</ref> In the early 1740s the French-allied Ottawa warriors captured Attakullakulla and took him to Canada. He returned to the Cherokee country precisely when the imperial rivalry between the British and the French intensified.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</ref>When he returned he became the top lieutenant in his maternal uncle's Connecorte, [[Conocotocko I|old hop]] the head chief of the Chota.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North</ref>

==Diplomatic contributions==
In the 1750-1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for in best interests of the Cherokees<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North</ref> When Connecorte died, it left Attakullakulla, the diplomat, and Oconostota, the war leader, with shared power and they led the Cherokees for a generation.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>

On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods to live, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a punitive British expedition dispatched by General Jeffery Amherst and commanded by Colonel James Grant ravaged the Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Having failed to secure French support, the Cherokees recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as superintendent of Southern Indian affairs.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>

In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the Watauga Association, a government formed by settlers, in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored the so-called [[Transylvania Colony|Transylvania Purchase]] which North Carolina colonel Richard Henderson bought twenty million acres in Kentucky and Middle Tennessee.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>
In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), he agreed to a Cherokee land succession in exchange for the English promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were away at war. He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokees for doing so. However, he played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other to secure fair trading practices for his people.<ref>Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law p. 2</ref>

In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded by his Excellency William-Henry Lyttjelton with Atttakullakulla, it stated that there would “be firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and the nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoever”.<ref>Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 29, (Mar 1760): 144-145.</ref>

==Family and death==
Although little is known of his parentage, his family did produce other leaders. Connecotre (old-hop), the headman of the Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s
And his niece, Nancy Ward, was a ‘beloved woman’, who had the power to free war captives.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref>During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son, [[Dragging Canoe]], the Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the [[Cherokee-American wars]], split with his father during this time.<ref>Kelly, "Attakullakulla", pp. 25-27.</ref><ref>Calloway, ''The American Revolution in Indian Country'', pp. 182-212.</ref>

After the Cherokees massacred [[Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)|Fort Loudon]], Attakullkulla realized that Capt. Stuart, an agent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, had escaped death. Attakullakulla had purchased Stuart from the Indian who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After doing this by Cherokee custom, made Stuart his eldest brother. The lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English.<ref>American Indian Wars p.41</ref>The life of Capt. Stewart being again menaced, for refusing to aid the savages in the mediated reduction of [[Fort Prince George (South Carolina)|Fort George]], Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or perish in the attempt. He accordingly signified to his countrymen that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. The distance to the frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements.<ref>The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819); New York Vol. 4, Iss. 2, (Dec 1818):</ref>Attakullakulla is believed to have died in 1777.<ref>Kelly, "Attakullakulla", p. 27.</ref> He was succeeded as First Beloved Man by Oconostota.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Bartram, William. ''Travels through North Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country...'' Philadelphia: James & Johnson, 1791.
*Calloway, Colin G. ''The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
*[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=45 Entry from the Tennessee Encyclopedia]
*Kelly, James C. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla." ''Journal of Cherokee Studies'' 3:1 (Winter 1978), 2-34.
*Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed. ''The Journal of Major John Norton''. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970.
*Litton, Gaston L. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p253.html "The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation"], ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'' 15:3 (September 1937), 253-270 (retrieved August 18, 2006).
*Mooney, James. ''Myths of the Cherokee'' (1900, reprint 1992).
*Tortora, Daniel J. ''Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. {{ISBN|1-469-62122-3}}.
*Walker, Felix. "Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure in 1775." Edited by Samuel R. Walker. ''DeBow's Review'' 16 (February 1854), 150-55.
*Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison “Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law”, 2009.
*Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener “The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890 : A Political, Social, and Military History”, 2011
*James c kelly “American National biography”, 1999
*Izumi Ishii “Oxford Dictionary of National Biography”, 2004
*Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).”London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 35”, (Feb 1766): p.87.
*The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819); New York Vol. 4, Iss. 2, (Dec 1818): 157
*Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).”London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 29”, (Mar 1760): 144-145.
*Henry Thompson Malone “Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition”, 1956

==External links==
*{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Atta-Culla-Culla|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box| before=[[Standing Turkey]]| title=[[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|First Beloved Man]]|after=[[Oconostota]]| years=1761–1775}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attakullakulla}}
[[Category:1700s births]]
[[Category:1770s deaths]]
[[Category:Cherokee leaders]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:People from Chota (Cherokee town)]]

Euronet Worldwide

2018-11-29T10:49:08Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Currency exchange

{{Infobox company
| name = Euronet Worldwide, Inc.
| logo = Euronet Worldwide logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|EEFT}} [[Russell 1000 Index|Russell 1000 Component]]
| key_people = Michael J. Brown (CEO), Kevin J. Caponecchi, Rick L. Weller, Jeffrey B. Newman, Juan C. Bianchi, Nikos Fountas, Martin L. Brückner, Cindy Ashcraft
| industry = [[Financial Services]], [[Electronic funds transfer]], [[Retail]]
| products =
| revenue = {{profit}} $1,958.6 million (2016)
| operating_income = {{profit}} $249.8 million (2016)
| net_income = {{profit}} $174.4 million (2016)
| assets = {{profit}} 2.706 billion (2016)
| equity = {{profit}} $900.5 million (2016)<ref name="finance2014">[http://ir.euronetworldwide.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1010889 Euronet Worldwide Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Financial Results], Retrieved on February 26, 2017</ref>
| num_employees = 5,600
|
| foundation = 1994
| location = [[Leawood, Kansas]]
| homepage = {{url |http://www.euronetworldwide.com}}
}}

'''Euronet Worldwide''' is a US provider of electronic payment services with headquartered in [[Leawood, Kansas]]. It offers [[automated teller machine]]s (ATM), [[point of sale]] (POS) services, credit/[[debit card]] services, [[Bureau de change|currency exchange]] and other electronic financial services.<ref name="profile">[https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=EEFT EEFT - Profile], [[Yahoo!]] Finance, Retrieved on May 14, 2008</ref>

==History==
The company was founded in 1994 and with headquartered in [[Leawood, Kansas]] by brothers-in-law Dan Henry and Mike Brown.

In 1998, Euronet purchased ARKSYS, a computer software company that specialized in electronic payment and transaction delivery systems.<ref>Euronet to Expand Business and Product Line by Acquiring ARKSYS, [http://www.euronetworldwide.com/downloads/releases/Euronet_98-11-04.pdf Euronet - Press Release], Retrieved on May 14, 2008</ref>

On January 23, 2002, Euronet Worldwide announced the formation of a joint venture with Hong Kong-based First Mobile Group Holdings Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.euronetworldwide.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=375161| title=Euronet Forms Asian Joint Venture with First Mobile Group}}</ref>

In 2007, the company acquired [[Ria Money Transfer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tech-ria-euronet-idUSBNG24990120061121 |title=UPDATE 1-Euronet to acquire RIA Envia for $490 mln |date=January 20, 2007 |publisher=Rueters}}</ref>

In 2013, Euronet purchased Pure Commerce, giving it access to a suite of [[Software as a service|SaaS]] based applications. The following year, it acquired UK-based [[foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] broker [[HiFX]] giving it access to cross border payment business in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/10689420/Money-transfer-company-HiFX-sold-for-145m.html |title=Money transfer company HiFX sold for £145m |publisher=The Telegraph |date=March 11, 2014 |author=Ashley Armstrong}}</ref>

In July 2015, Euronet purchased the popular currency conversion web site [[xe.com]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/ozforex-underlying-profit-up-12-per-cent-20151110-gkutvp.html |title=OzForex undeterred after missing out on xe.com buy |date=November 10, 2015 |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>

==Company operation==
It operates in three segments: [[electronic funds transfer]] (EFT) processing, prepaid processing, and money transfer.<ref name="profile"/>

*The EFT processing segment provides outsourcing and network services to financial institutions and mobile phone companies. This segment provided these services using a network of ATMs and POS terminals in Europe, Asia, and the Middle-East.
*The prepaid processing - ePay division distributes [[Prepaid mobile phone|prepaid mobile]] airtime, and other prepaid products and collections services for various prepaid products, cards, and services. This segment operates in a network of locations in the United States, Europe, Africa, Asia Pacific, and the Middle-East. It also provides prepaid long distance calling card plans, prepaid internet plans, prepaid debit cards, and prepaid gift cards, as well as prepaid mobile content, such as ring tones and games.
*The money transfer segment provides global money transfer and bill payment services primarily in North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia-Pacific.

==See also==
*[[List of companies involved with ATMs]]
*[[ATMIA|ATM Industry Association (ATMIA)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/EEFT/4064096894x0x884849/569A6628-A06B-418A-9112-00EC25F72A2B/0907_Euronet_AR_2015_for_web_FINAL.pdf 2015 Annual Report], includes financial statements audited by KPMG

{{Interbank networks}}
{{Major financial technology companies}}
[[Category:Companies based in Kansas]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Payment service providers]]
[[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Kansas]]

Samstagnacht im Viertel der Schwarzen

2018-11-29T06:22:49Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - disambiguate David McGillivray

{{For|the [[Camp Lo]] album|Uptown Saturday Night (album)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uptown Saturday Night
| image = Uptown-Saturday-Night-Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Jack Rickard]]
| writer = [[Richard Wesley]]
| starring = [[Sidney Poitier]] [[Bill Cosby]] [[Harry Belafonte]]
| director = [[Sidney Poitier]]
| producer = Melville Tucker
| editing = [[Pembroke J. Herring]]
| studio = [[First Artists]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1974|06|15|New York}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| music =
| gross = $6.7 million(rentals)<ref>"All-time Film Rental Champs", ''Variety'', 7 January 1976 p 44</ref>
| awards =
| budget = $3 million (approx.)
}}

'''''Uptown Saturday Night''''' is a 1974 American [[Action film|action]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[crime film]] written by [[Richard Wesley]] and directed by and starring [[Sidney Poitier]], with [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Harry Belafonte]] co-starring.<ref name="Uptown Saturday Night">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4307/Uptown-Saturday-Night/full-credits.html|title=Uptown Saturday Night|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]] ([[Time Warner]])|location=[[Atlanta]]|accessdate=November 6, 2016}}</ref> Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for ''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]'' (1975) and ''[[A Piece of the Action (film)|A Piece of the Action]]'' (1977). Although their characters have different names in each film, the three films are considered to be a [[trilogy]]. ''Uptown Saturday Night'' premiered June 15, 1974 at the [[Olympia Theatre (New York City)|Criterion Theatre in New York]], and opened to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Los Angeles Sentinel|date=June 20, 1974}}</ref>

==Plot==

While enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobia's club on Saturday Night, Steve Jackson (Poitier) and Wardell Franklin (Cosby) are held up by robbers who raid the club, taking Steve's wallet as a result. Upon realizing that a winning lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet, they set out to find the crooks themselves. Determined to retrieve the ticket, they search for it using the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford (Belafonte), who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim (Lockhart). Using their wit, perseverance, and fearlessness, Steve and Wardell devise a plan to get the ticket using the help of both gangsters, in the hopes that it will pay off for them.

==Cast==
'''Main cast'''

*[[Sidney Poitier|Sir Sidney Poitier]] as Steve Jackson, a steel mill worker and tamed family man. He is confident and flirtatious, and he will often take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell. His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia, which contained the lottery ticket.
*[[Bill Cosby]] as Wardell Franklin, a taxi driver and Steve's best friend. He has a carefree attitude, and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations. He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobia's, and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington.
*[[Harry Belafonte]] as Geechie Dan Beauford, a short-tempered gangster. Although he is tough and stubborn, he is also easily persuaded when money is involved. His rival is Silky Slim.
*[[Calvin Lockhart]] as Silky Slim, a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia's estate and steal cash and jewelry, including Steve's wallet. Like his rival, he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money.

'''Supporting cast'''

*[[Flip Wilson]] as The Reverend
*[[Richard Pryor]] as Sharp Eye Washington
*[[Rosalind Cash]] as Sarah Jackson
*[[Roscoe Lee Browne]] as Congressman Dudley Lincoln
*[[Paula Kelly (actress)|Paula Kelly]] as Leggy Peggy/Mrs. Lincoln
*[[Lee Chamberlin]] as Madame Zenobia
*[[Johnny Sekka]] as Geechie's Henchman
*[[Lincoln Kilpatrick]] as Slim's Henchman #1
*[[Don Marshall (actor)|Don Marshall]] as Slim's Henchman #2
*[[Ketty Lester]] as Irma Franklin
*[[Harold Nicholas]] as Little Seymour
*[[Paul Harris (actor)|Paul Harris]] as Police Officer

==Background==

''Uptown Saturday Night'' was made by [[Warner Bros.]] in the midst of the [[blaxploitation]] film era. Movies such as [[Cleopatra Jones]] and the [[Shaft (1971 film)|Shaft series]] had been released by the same company.

Poitier had reached the height of his career during the 1960s. He and Harry Belafonte were considered to be the biggest black male entertainers of the time period. Poitier became the first African-American man to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for his role in ''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]].'' He also starred in ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]'', which won Oscar awards for Best Picture and Best Director.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrence|first1=Novotny|title=Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s: Blackness and Genre|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0415960975}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Poitier was frustrated with how Hollywood was trying to portray the black man in film and television. This was one of the things that led him to direct films during the blaxploitation era. His first directed film was ''[[Buck and the Preacher]]'', where he starred with Belafonte. Poitier then directed ''Uptown Saturday Night'' and its sequels, ''Let's Do It Again'' and ''A Piece of the Action''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fain|first1=Kimberly|title=Black Hollywood: From Butlers to Superheroes, the Changing Role of African-American Men in the Movies|date=2015|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbera, CA|isbn=9781440831904}}</ref>

==Themes==

'''Race'''

The characters in the film, while different in their motives and demeanor, all have a sophisticated and classy appearance in the black community (with the exception of Sharp Eye Washington). Poitier made it a point to represent black actors on screen in an elegant way, which contrasted the image of Blacks that were often thought of in Hollywood. During his career, he refused a role if the character had negative stereotypes, and chose to play characters who were "dignified, proud, and ethical". African-American men in the film carried themselves in a poised, calm manner in all situations. This is most notable with Steve Jackson, who is well-mannered and cautious. Critics have noted on Poitier's pattern of his characters. "In all his films, [Poitier] was educated and intelligent. He spoke proper English, dressed conservatively, and had the best of table manners."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bogle|first1=Donald|title=Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks|date=2001|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|isbn=082641267X}}</ref>

[[Double consciousness|Double-consciousness]] is briefly portrayed in the film, particularly with Congressman Lincoln and Leggy Peggy. While running for re-election, Congressman Lincoln dresses and sets his office in a conservative manner to appeal to the white majority in order to keep his power. When informed that his guests are black, he immediately switches to an [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] presence by reversing his painting and putting on clothes with African fabric. It is also shown shortly after when his wife Leggy Peggy enters the conversation between him, Steve, and Wardell. She begins to use vernacular dialect toward Steve and Wardell, to which Congressman Lincoln states his disapproval in a condescending manner. The monologue that follows reflects double-consciousness in the form of [[tokenism]], where she expresses her frustration of representing herself in a setting of the majority.

'''Sexuality'''

The film was filmed during the blaxploitation era, where women's sexuality in movies was known to be liberated. [[Coffy]] was released in theaters in the same year, where the title character was defined by her appearance. Although ''Uptown Saturday Night'' did not show female characters as explicitly as ''Coffy'', they were shown in a sexually-suggestive manner. Particularly, [[Sexual revolution|sexual liberation]] was present when Steve and Wardell arrived at Madame Zenobia's party. Women were very playful with the men, and their evening gowns showed a fair amount of skin. Another example lies at the beginning of the film, with the interaction of Steve and Sarah Jackson, his wife. While the two of them are reminiscing in the kitchen about when they first met, Steve keeps referencing her butt, to which she responds "Don't you men ever think about something else besides behinds?" This reinforces physical attraction being the primary source of attraction in regards to the female. In spite of this, both Steve and Wardell treat their wives with respect, which highlights a positive message of equality within their marriages.

'''Symbolism'''

In the film, the lottery ticket is a symbol of economic prosperity for African-Americans. The decisions that Steve makes on trying to get his ticket back—from hiring a con-artist without doing a background check, to hanging on top of Silky Slim's car in an effort to get his briefcase—reflect a greater meaning of self-determination for economic freedom. The same symbolism is represented in diamonds. When Silky Slim robs the estate and tells Madame Zenobia to hand over her diamond necklace, her reaction displays a loss of power and confidence, rather than fear itself. It also explains why rivals Geechie Dan and Silky Slim briefly work together toward the end of the movie. These elements convey a message that above all else, economic freedom is imperative to a greater life.

==Reception==
''Uptown Saturday Night'' grossed $7,400,000 in the U.S., surpassing its production cost of $2,500,000. It was on the list of top 50 highest-grossing films at #3, just three months after its release.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Atlanta Daily World|date=September 27, 1974}}</ref> The film received mixed-to-positive reviews upon release. [[Vincent Canby]] of the New York Times wrote that the film "is essentially a put-on, but it's so full of good humor and, when the humor goes flat, of such high spirits that it reduces movie criticism to the status of a most nonessential craft".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Canby |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent Canby |date=June 17, 1974 |title=Film: Poitier in 2 Roles |url= |journal=[[The New York Times]] |page=25 }}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "an old-style comedy revue in which each actor has his chance to crack up the audience with one big scene ... [Poitier] derives natural comedy through the simplest of actions, simply because he's Sidney Poitier. Whether it's waiting for a bus or calmly listening to a boastful friend, Poitier grabs our attention by letting us see him as a regular guy."<ref>[[Gene Siskel|Siskel, Gene]] (June 24, 1974). "Poitier's 'Uptown Saturday Night'". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 14.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "the funniest film since '[[Blazing Saddles]]' and surely one of the year's most enjoyable movies, the old-fashioned kind that leaves you feeling good when it's over."<ref>[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (July 21, 1974). "'Saturday Night': Black Is a Beautiful Comedy". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Calendar, p. 28.</ref> [[Penelope Gilliatt]] wrote that Richard Wesley's script "has managed to say something farcical with courageous and truthful underpinnings about black ways of escape into a world that is full of far more fun than any that more privileged whites ever seem to create."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilliatt |first=Penelope |authorlink=Penelope Gilliatt |date=June 17, 1974 |title=The Current Cinema |url= |journal=[[The New York Times]] |page=89 }}</ref>

Among negative reviews, Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that "while the film is a welcomed change from the many blaxploitation films of recent years, neither the vehicle nor the performers are able to get off the ground."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Gary |date=July 23, 1974 |title='Uptown Saturday Night,' Crying in the Dark |url= |journal=[[The Washington Post]] |page=B7 }}</ref> Paul D. Zimmermann of ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine wrote, "Poitier is not an inventive comic talent - he is erratic behind the camera and amiable but not funny in front of it. When the funny set pieces stop, the film sputters - but not before delivering a carnival of fine comic characters."<ref name="parrish">{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "uneven", opining that "too much of the time 'Uptown Saturday Night' just lies there, impatiently waiting for more inventive comedy business and a zippier pace than the sober Poitier seems able to provide."<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 12, 1974 |title=Uptown Saturday Night |url= |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=18 }}</ref> Walter Burrell of ''Essence'' magazine stated "one walks away a bit dissatisfied...One is left with the feeling these great talents could have used a vehicle more suited to their abilities."<ref name="parrish" /> [[David McGillivray (screenwriter)|David McGillivray]] of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' wrote, "Everyone tries so hard to affect a happy-go-lucky air, but the material is so feeble and Sidney Poitier's direction so uninspired that the performances of all but the urbane Roscoe Lee Browne look depressingly mediocre. It is difficult to see in ''Uptown Saturday Night'' anything but a colossal waste of talent."<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGillivray |first=David |authorlink=David McGillivray (screenwriter) |date=May 1975 |title=Uptown Saturday Night |url= |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=42 |issue=496 |page=117 }}</ref>

==Television pilot==
Shortly after the film's release, [[NBC]] commissioned a [[Television pilot|pilot]] for a sitcom version of ''Uptown Saturday Night'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0856034/ Uptown Saturday Night (1979) (TV)]</ref> starring [[Cleavon Little]] and [[Adam Wade (singer)|Adam Wade]], playing the respective roles played by Cosby and Poitier in the film. The pilot did not sell, though it was seen on NBC during the summer of 1979 as part of ''[[Comedy Theater]]'', one of many showcases featuring unsold pilots.

==Sequels==
Although indirect, the sequels are ''Let's Do It Again'' (1975), and ''A Piece of the Action'' (1977). They also garnered mixed reviews from critics, partly due to the fall of the blaxploitation era.

''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]'' (1975) was written by [[Richard Wesley]] and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier. The first sequel to ''Uptown Saturday Night'' features Poitier and Cosby again on the same screen as Clyde Williams (Poitier) and Billy Foster (Cosby). Many members of the previous film return and play different roles, including Lee Chamberlin and Calvin Lockhart. The film relies primarily on slapstick comedy, compared to ''Uptown Saturday Night'' which had verbal wit comedy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref> The film was met with mostly negative reviews. Stephen Klain of the Independent Film Journal wrote "As he did in the previous film, Poitier had given himself relatively little to do as an actor, preferring to let the camera linger on Cosby, who lets all stops out." [[Richard Eder]] of ''The New York Times'' stated "The movie's main strength is Bill Cosby, who looks like a starved sheep in wolf's clothing, as is shifty and woebegone at the same time." In spite of reviews, it grossed $11,800,800 in North America, surpassing ''Uptown Saturday Night'' in revenue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref>

''[[A Piece of the Action (film)|A Piece of the Action]]'' (1977) was written by Charlies Blackwill and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier. The third of a trilogy of action films directed by Poitier, he and Bill Cosby return as Manny Durrell and Dave Anderson. Like its predecessor, it primarily uses slapstick comedy. It gained fairly positive reviews from critics. David Ansen of Newsweek magazine wrote "Corny and hip, cynical and sentimental, formulaic and funky, ''A Piece of the Action'' may have a medicinal intent, but it goes down like ice cream soda." It grossed $6,700,000 domestically.

==Soundtrack==

The music for ''Uptown Saturday Night'' was written by composers Tom Scott and Morgan Ames. It was produced and arranged by [[Van McCoy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uptown Saturday Night|url=http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/title/23580/Uptown+Saturday+Night|website=soundtrackcollector.com}}</ref> It was released in late 1974, with a duration time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds. The opening song is very upbeat, with themes of self-preservation and happiness. The recurring song throughout the film and credits convey self-determination, a motive that reflects the Black Power movement, with the lyrics "I gotta hold on".

==Remake==
In 2002, it was announced that [[Will Smith]] and his [[production company]], [[Overbrook Entertainment]], had secured the rights to the trilogy for [[remakes]] to star Smith and to be distributed by [[Warner Bros.]] Smith stated that he hoped to get [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Martin Lawrence]] and other famous [[African-American]] stars to be in the films.<ref>[http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1453124/03282002/smith_will.jhtml VH1.com : Will Smith : Will Smith Secures Rights To Sidney Poitier/ Bill Cosby Flicks - Rhapsody Music Downloads]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072351/news Uptown Saturday Night (1974) - News]</ref> In 2012, it was reported that [[Adam McKay]] will direct the remake, based on a script by ''[[Just Go with It]]'' screenwriter Tim Dowling, with Smith and [[Denzel Washington]] in the leads.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/04/adam-mckay-signing-on-to-direct-uptown-saturday-night-remake-will-smith-denzel-washington-eyed-to-star/ |title=Adam McKay Signing On To Direct 'Uptown Saturday Night' Remake; Will Smith, Denzel Washington Eyed To Star |author=Mike Fleming Jr |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=2012-04-26 |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref> There have been no updates since early 2014, when [[Nicholas Stoller]] was re-writing the screenplay, with McKay, Smith and Washington still attached.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://collider.com/uptown-saturday-night-remake-update-nicholas-stoller/ |title=Nicholas Stoller Talks Adam McKay’s UPTOWN SATURDAY NIGHT Remake with Will Smith and Denzel Washington |author=Adam Chitwood |publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc.]] |date=2014-04-24 |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1974]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0072351}}
*{{AllMovie title|52001}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|uptown_saturday_night}}

{{Sidney Poitier}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1970s comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American buddy films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:Blaxploitation films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sidney Poitier]]
[[Category:First Artists films]]
[[Category:Gambling films]]
[[Category:Parody films]]
[[Category:African-American films]]

Samstagnacht im Viertel der Schwarzen

2018-11-29T06:21:43Z

Niceguyedc: v2.0 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - David McGillivray / WP:WCW project (Spelling and typography)

{{For|the [[Camp Lo]] album|Uptown Saturday Night (album)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uptown Saturday Night
| image = Uptown-Saturday-Night-Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[Jack Rickard]]
| writer = [[Richard Wesley]]
| starring = [[Sidney Poitier]] [[Bill Cosby]] [[Harry Belafonte]]
| director = [[Sidney Poitier]]
| producer = Melville Tucker
| editing = [[Pembroke J. Herring]]
| studio = [[First Artists]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1974|06|15|New York}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| music =
| gross = $6.7 million(rentals)<ref>"All-time Film Rental Champs", ''Variety'', 7 January 1976 p 44</ref>
| awards =
| budget = $3 million (approx.)
}}

'''''Uptown Saturday Night''''' is a 1974 American [[Action film|action]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[crime film]] written by [[Richard Wesley]] and directed by and starring [[Sidney Poitier]], with [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Harry Belafonte]] co-starring.<ref name="Uptown Saturday Night">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/4307/Uptown-Saturday-Night/full-credits.html|title=Uptown Saturday Night|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]] ([[Time Warner]])|location=[[Atlanta]]|accessdate=November 6, 2016}}</ref> Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for ''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]'' (1975) and ''[[A Piece of the Action (film)|A Piece of the Action]]'' (1977). Although their characters have different names in each film, the three films are considered to be a [[trilogy]]. ''Uptown Saturday Night'' premiered June 15, 1974 at the [[Olympia Theatre (New York City)|Criterion Theatre in New York]], and opened to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Los Angeles Sentinel|date=June 20, 1974}}</ref>

==Plot==

While enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobia's club on Saturday Night, Steve Jackson (Poitier) and Wardell Franklin (Cosby) are held up by robbers who raid the club, taking Steve's wallet as a result. Upon realizing that a winning lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet, they set out to find the crooks themselves. Determined to retrieve the ticket, they search for it using the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford (Belafonte), who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim (Lockhart). Using their wit, perseverance, and fearlessness, Steve and Wardell devise a plan to get the ticket using the help of both gangsters, in the hopes that it will pay off for them.

==Cast==
'''Main cast'''

*[[Sidney Poitier|Sir Sidney Poitier]] as Steve Jackson, a steel mill worker and tamed family man. He is confident and flirtatious, and he will often take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell. His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia, which contained the lottery ticket.
*[[Bill Cosby]] as Wardell Franklin, a taxi driver and Steve's best friend. He has a carefree attitude, and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations. He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobia's, and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington.
*[[Harry Belafonte]] as Geechie Dan Beauford, a short-tempered gangster. Although he is tough and stubborn, he is also easily persuaded when money is involved. His rival is Silky Slim.
*[[Calvin Lockhart]] as Silky Slim, a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia's estate and steal cash and jewelry, including Steve's wallet. Like his rival, he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money.

'''Supporting cast'''

*[[Flip Wilson]] as The Reverend
*[[Richard Pryor]] as Sharp Eye Washington
*[[Rosalind Cash]] as Sarah Jackson
*[[Roscoe Lee Browne]] as Congressman Dudley Lincoln
*[[Paula Kelly (actress)|Paula Kelly]] as Leggy Peggy/Mrs. Lincoln
*[[Lee Chamberlin]] as Madame Zenobia
*[[Johnny Sekka]] as Geechie's Henchman
*[[Lincoln Kilpatrick]] as Slim's Henchman #1
*[[Don Marshall (actor)|Don Marshall]] as Slim's Henchman #2
*[[Ketty Lester]] as Irma Franklin
*[[Harold Nicholas]] as Little Seymour
*[[Paul Harris (actor)|Paul Harris]] as Police Officer

==Background==

''Uptown Saturday Night'' was made by [[Warner Bros.]] in the midst of the [[blaxploitation]] film era. Movies such as [[Cleopatra Jones]] and the [[Shaft (1971 film)|Shaft series]] had been released by the same company.

Poitier had reached the height of his career during the 1960s. He and Harry Belafonte were considered to be the biggest black male entertainers of the time period. Poitier became the first African-American man to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for his role in ''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]].'' He also starred in ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]'', which won Oscar awards for Best Picture and Best Director.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lawrence|first1=Novotny|title=Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s: Blackness and Genre|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0415960975}}</ref>

Throughout his career, Poitier was frustrated with how Hollywood was trying to portray the black man in film and television. This was one of the things that led him to direct films during the blaxploitation era. His first directed film was ''[[Buck and the Preacher]]'', where he starred with Belafonte. Poitier then directed ''Uptown Saturday Night'' and its sequels, ''Let's Do It Again'' and ''A Piece of the Action''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fain|first1=Kimberly|title=Black Hollywood: From Butlers to Superheroes, the Changing Role of African-American Men in the Movies|date=2015|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbera, CA|isbn=9781440831904}}</ref>

==Themes==

'''Race'''

The characters in the film, while different in their motives and demeanor, all have a sophisticated and classy appearance in the black community (with the exception of Sharp Eye Washington). Poitier made it a point to represent black actors on screen in an elegant way, which contrasted the image of Blacks that were often thought of in Hollywood. During his career, he refused a role if the character had negative stereotypes, and chose to play characters who were "dignified, proud, and ethical". African-American men in the film carried themselves in a poised, calm manner in all situations. This is most notable with Steve Jackson, who is well-mannered and cautious. Critics have noted on Poitier's pattern of his characters. "In all his films, [Poitier] was educated and intelligent. He spoke proper English, dressed conservatively, and had the best of table manners."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bogle|first1=Donald|title=Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks|date=2001|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|isbn=082641267X}}</ref>

[[Double consciousness|Double-consciousness]] is briefly portrayed in the film, particularly with Congressman Lincoln and Leggy Peggy. While running for re-election, Congressman Lincoln dresses and sets his office in a conservative manner to appeal to the white majority in order to keep his power. When informed that his guests are black, he immediately switches to an [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] presence by reversing his painting and putting on clothes with African fabric. It is also shown shortly after when his wife Leggy Peggy enters the conversation between him, Steve, and Wardell. She begins to use vernacular dialect toward Steve and Wardell, to which Congressman Lincoln states his disapproval in a condescending manner. The monologue that follows reflects double-consciousness in the form of [[tokenism]], where she expresses her frustration of representing herself in a setting of the majority.

'''Sexuality'''

The film was filmed during the blaxploitation era, where women's sexuality in movies was known to be liberated. [[Coffy]] was released in theaters in the same year, where the title character was defined by her appearance. Although ''Uptown Saturday Night'' did not show female characters as explicitly as ''Coffy'', they were shown in a sexually-suggestive manner. Particularly, [[Sexual revolution|sexual liberation]] was present when Steve and Wardell arrived at Madame Zenobia's party. Women were very playful with the men, and their evening gowns showed a fair amount of skin. Another example lies at the beginning of the film, with the interaction of Steve and Sarah Jackson, his wife. While the two of them are reminiscing in the kitchen about when they first met, Steve keeps referencing her butt, to which she responds "Don't you men ever think about something else besides behinds?" This reinforces physical attraction being the primary source of attraction in regards to the female. In spite of this, both Steve and Wardell treat their wives with respect, which highlights a positive message of equality within their marriages.

'''Symbolism'''

In the film, the lottery ticket is a symbol of economic prosperity for African-Americans. The decisions that Steve makes on trying to get his ticket back—from hiring a con-artist without doing a background check, to hanging on top of Silky Slim's car in an effort to get his briefcase—reflect a greater meaning of self-determination for economic freedom. The same symbolism is represented in diamonds. When Silky Slim robs the estate and tells Madame Zenobia to hand over her diamond necklace, her reaction displays a loss of power and confidence, rather than fear itself. It also explains why rivals Geechie Dan and Silky Slim briefly work together toward the end of the movie. These elements convey a message that above all else, economic freedom is imperative to a greater life.

==Reception==
''Uptown Saturday Night'' grossed $7,400,000 in the U.S., surpassing its production cost of $2,500,000. It was on the list of top 50 highest-grossing films at #3, just three months after its release.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Atlanta Daily World|date=September 27, 1974}}</ref> The film received mixed-to-positive reviews upon release. [[Vincent Canby]] of the New York Times wrote that the film "is essentially a put-on, but it's so full of good humor and, when the humor goes flat, of such high spirits that it reduces movie criticism to the status of a most nonessential craft".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Canby |first=Vincent |authorlink=Vincent Canby |date=June 17, 1974 |title=Film: Poitier in 2 Roles |url= |journal=[[The New York Times]] |page=25 }}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "an old-style comedy revue in which each actor has his chance to crack up the audience with one big scene ... [Poitier] derives natural comedy through the simplest of actions, simply because he's Sidney Poitier. Whether it's waiting for a bus or calmly listening to a boastful friend, Poitier grabs our attention by letting us see him as a regular guy."<ref>[[Gene Siskel|Siskel, Gene]] (June 24, 1974). "Poitier's 'Uptown Saturday Night'". ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Section 2, p. 14.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "the funniest film since '[[Blazing Saddles]]' and surely one of the year's most enjoyable movies, the old-fashioned kind that leaves you feeling good when it's over."<ref>[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (July 21, 1974). "'Saturday Night': Black Is a Beautiful Comedy". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Calendar, p. 28.</ref> [[Penelope Gilliatt]] wrote that Richard Wesley's script "has managed to say something farcical with courageous and truthful underpinnings about black ways of escape into a world that is full of far more fun than any that more privileged whites ever seem to create."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilliatt |first=Penelope |authorlink=Penelope Gilliatt |date=June 17, 1974 |title=The Current Cinema |url= |journal=[[The New York Times]] |page=89 }}</ref>

Among negative reviews, Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that "while the film is a welcomed change from the many blaxploitation films of recent years, neither the vehicle nor the performers are able to get off the ground."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Gary |date=July 23, 1974 |title='Uptown Saturday Night,' Crying in the Dark |url= |journal=[[The Washington Post]] |page=B7 }}</ref> Paul D. Zimmermann of ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine wrote, "Poitier is not an inventive comic talent - he is erratic behind the camera and amiable but not funny in front of it. When the funny set pieces stop, the film sputters - but not before delivering a carnival of fine comic characters."<ref name="parrish">{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "uneven", opining that "too much of the time 'Uptown Saturday Night' just lies there, impatiently waiting for more inventive comedy business and a zippier pace than the sober Poitier seems able to provide."<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 12, 1974 |title=Uptown Saturday Night |url= |journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=18 }}</ref> Walter Burrell of ''Essence'' magazine stated "one walks away a bit dissatisfied...One is left with the feeling these great talents could have used a vehicle more suited to their abilities."<ref name="parrish" /> [[David McGillivray (screenwriter)|David McGillivray]] of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' wrote, "Everyone tries so hard to affect a happy-go-lucky air, but the material is so feeble and Sidney Poitier's direction so uninspired that the performances of all but the urbane Roscoe Lee Browne look depressingly mediocre. It is difficult to see in ''Uptown Saturday Night'' anything but a colossal waste of talent."<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGillivray |first=David |authorlink=David McGillivray |date=May 1975 |title=Uptown Saturday Night |url= |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=42 |issue=496 |page=117 }}</ref>

==Television pilot==
Shortly after the film's release, [[NBC]] commissioned a [[Television pilot|pilot]] for a sitcom version of ''Uptown Saturday Night'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0856034/ Uptown Saturday Night (1979) (TV)]</ref> starring [[Cleavon Little]] and [[Adam Wade (singer)|Adam Wade]], playing the respective roles played by Cosby and Poitier in the film. The pilot did not sell, though it was seen on NBC during the summer of 1979 as part of ''[[Comedy Theater]]'', one of many showcases featuring unsold pilots.

==Sequels==
Although indirect, the sequels are ''Let's Do It Again'' (1975), and ''A Piece of the Action'' (1977). They also garnered mixed reviews from critics, partly due to the fall of the blaxploitation era.

''[[Let's Do It Again (1975 film)|Let's Do It Again]]'' (1975) was written by [[Richard Wesley]] and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier. The first sequel to ''Uptown Saturday Night'' features Poitier and Cosby again on the same screen as Clyde Williams (Poitier) and Billy Foster (Cosby). Many members of the previous film return and play different roles, including Lee Chamberlin and Calvin Lockhart. The film relies primarily on slapstick comedy, compared to ''Uptown Saturday Night'' which had verbal wit comedy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref> The film was met with mostly negative reviews. Stephen Klain of the Independent Film Journal wrote "As he did in the previous film, Poitier had given himself relatively little to do as an actor, preferring to let the camera linger on Cosby, who lets all stops out." [[Richard Eder]] of ''The New York Times'' stated "The movie's main strength is Bill Cosby, who looks like a starved sheep in wolf's clothing, as is shifty and woebegone at the same time." In spite of reviews, it grossed $11,800,800 in North America, surpassing ''Uptown Saturday Night'' in revenue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parrish|first1=James Robert|title=Black Action Films: Critiques, Cast, and Credits for 235 theatrical and made-for-television releases|date=1989|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0899504566}}</ref>

''[[A Piece of the Action (film)|A Piece of the Action]]'' (1977) was written by Charlies Blackwill and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier. The third of a trilogy of action films directed by Poitier, he and Bill Cosby return as Manny Durrell and Dave Anderson. Like its predecessor, it primarily uses slapstick comedy. It gained fairly positive reviews from critics. David Ansen of Newsweek magazine wrote "Corny and hip, cynical and sentimental, formulaic and funky, ''A Piece of the Action'' may have a medicinal intent, but it goes down like ice cream soda." It grossed $6,700,000 domestically.

==Soundtrack==

The music for ''Uptown Saturday Night'' was written by composers Tom Scott and Morgan Ames. It was produced and arranged by [[Van McCoy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uptown Saturday Night|url=http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/title/23580/Uptown+Saturday+Night|website=soundtrackcollector.com}}</ref> It was released in late 1974, with a duration time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds. The opening song is very upbeat, with themes of self-preservation and happiness. The recurring song throughout the film and credits convey self-determination, a motive that reflects the Black Power movement, with the lyrics "I gotta hold on".

==Remake==
In 2002, it was announced that [[Will Smith]] and his [[production company]], [[Overbrook Entertainment]], had secured the rights to the trilogy for [[remakes]] to star Smith and to be distributed by [[Warner Bros.]] Smith stated that he hoped to get [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Martin Lawrence]] and other famous [[African-American]] stars to be in the films.<ref>[http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1453124/03282002/smith_will.jhtml VH1.com : Will Smith : Will Smith Secures Rights To Sidney Poitier/ Bill Cosby Flicks - Rhapsody Music Downloads]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072351/news Uptown Saturday Night (1974) - News]</ref> In 2012, it was reported that [[Adam McKay]] will direct the remake, based on a script by ''[[Just Go with It]]'' screenwriter Tim Dowling, with Smith and [[Denzel Washington]] in the leads.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/04/adam-mckay-signing-on-to-direct-uptown-saturday-night-remake-will-smith-denzel-washington-eyed-to-star/ |title=Adam McKay Signing On To Direct 'Uptown Saturday Night' Remake; Will Smith, Denzel Washington Eyed To Star |author=Mike Fleming Jr |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=2012-04-26 |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref> There have been no updates since early 2014, when [[Nicholas Stoller]] was re-writing the screenplay, with McKay, Smith and Washington still attached.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://collider.com/uptown-saturday-night-remake-update-nicholas-stoller/ |title=Nicholas Stoller Talks Adam McKay’s UPTOWN SATURDAY NIGHT Remake with Will Smith and Denzel Washington |author=Adam Chitwood |publisher=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex Media Inc.]] |date=2014-04-24 |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1974]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0072351}}
*{{AllMovie title|52001}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|uptown_saturday_night}}

{{Sidney Poitier}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1970s comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American buddy films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:Blaxploitation films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sidney Poitier]]
[[Category:First Artists films]]
[[Category:Gambling films]]
[[Category:Parody films]]
[[Category:African-American films]]

Dave Asprey

2018-11-26T06:38:24Z

Niceguyedc: v1.43 - WP:WCW project (Spelling and typography) / disambiguate The Telegraph

{{Infobox person
| name = Dave Asprey
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = October 30, 1973
| birth_place =
| nationality = [[American people|American]]
| education = [[California State University]], BS, [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton]], MBA
| known_for = Bulletproof Coffee and the Bulletproof diet
| boards =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bulletproofexec.com/}}
}}

'''Dave Asprey''' (born October 30, 1973) is an entrepreneur, businessman, and author.<ref name="time">{{cite web |url=http://time.com/money/3678614/dave-asprey-bulletproof-diet-money/ |title=I Made $6 Million at Age 26—and Lost It by 28 |last1=Torabi |first1=Farnoosh |last2= |first2= |date=January 23, 2015 |website=TIME: Money |publisher=TIME Magazine |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> from [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]].<ref>"...Albuquerque, I grew up there..." [https://blog.bulletproof.com/transcript-138-sex-power-and-domination-with-geoffrey-miller/ Transcript – Geoffrey Miller: Sex, Power, and Domination – #138]</ref> He founded Bulletproof 360, Inc. in 2013,<ref name=bloom360>{{cite web|title=Bulletproof 360, Inc.: Private Company Information -|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=282979929|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> and in 2017, founded Bulletproof Nutrition Inc.<ref name=CASOS/>

Asprey is a "[[Grinder (biohacking community)|biohacker]],"<ref>{{cite web|title='Biohackers' mining their own bodies' data|url=http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Biohackers-mining-their-own-bodies-data-3668230.php|publisher=SF Gate|accessdate=21 July 2014}}</ref> creator of 'Bulletproof Coffee' and the 'Bulletproof diet', and author of a book describing the diet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Sellers – Food and Fitness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2015-01-11/food-and-fitness/list.html|accessdate=17 February 2015|work=New York Times|date=11 January 2015}}</ref>

Asprey is also known for being early to exploit the [[Internet]] for commerce and selling [[caffeine]]-molecule [[t-shirt]]s via the alt.drugs.caffeine [[newsgroup]] in 1994.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/alt.drugs.caffeine/FAQ$3A$20Vensor$20List/alt.drugs.caffeine/5biXSOEb-Qk/WVfv4KAKmcYJ
| title = FAQ: Vendor List – Version 1.05 – Coffee, Coffee Appliances, Related Accouterments
| author = Tim Nemec
| date = 1994-03-30
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| author = Stuart Wilson
| quote = Dave Asprey of the West American T-Shirt Company tried marketing his T-Shirts on UseNet, another internet function. The problem he avoided that he could have come across is that UseNet has a serious anti-commercial bias. He states, 'A newsgroup called "Alt.drugs. caffeine" had a serious base of coffee drinkers, so I created a shirt for them. I posted a message on that newsgroup that an unofficial "Alt.drugs" caffeine shirt was available. I got lots of orders. Enough that I made more from UseNet posts in 2 months than I had made locally in 6.'
| title = Internet or Not?
| url = http://www.apinchofsalt.co.uk/internet_or_not.html
| year = 1995
}}</ref> Previously, Asprey held executive and director positions for technology companies including [[Trend Micro]], [[Blue Coat Systems]], and [[Citrix Systems]].<ref name="pando">{{cite web |url=http://pando.com/2014/02/14/bulletproof-yourself-how-dave-asprey-is-teaching-valley-insiders-to-hack-their-biology/|title=Bulletproof yourself: How Dave Asprey is teaching Valley insiders to hack their biology |last1=Carney |first1=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=February 14, 2014 |website= |publisher=PandoDaily |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

==Career==
Asprey earned his undergraduate degree in computer information systems from [[California State University]] and later earned an MBA from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dave Asprey Bio|url=http://asprey.net/pro/bio.htm|publisher=Personal website|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref>

After graduation from college, Asprey worked in the IT industry for companies that included Bradshaw <ref>{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Dave |date=October 13, 1997 |title=Inside the Firewall: Intranets add fuel to the never-ending platform battle |publisher=InfoWorld|volume=19|issue= 41}}</ref> and [[3Com]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=Shachtman| first=Noah| date=September 28, 1998| title=Next-Level Web -- Businesses Are Raising The Skills Levels Of Their Web-Site Staffs| journal=InformationWeek| publisher=CMP Media LLC}}</ref> He also ran the Internet and Web Engineering program at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], in which Asprey created one of the first working instances of [[cloud computing]].<ref name="cio11">{{cite web |url=http://www.cio.com/article/2403343/careers-staffing/stress-management--better-living-through-technology.html |title=Stress Management: Better Living Through Technology |last1=Levinson |first1= Meridith |last2= |first2= |date=October 14, 2011 |website=CIO |publisher=CXO Media Inc. |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> Later, he joined [[Exodus Communications]] as director of strategic planning,<ref>{{cite journal| last=Barthhold| first=Jim |title=Exodus hangs onto customers - for now Most are sticking with Web host despite analysts' warnings|date=August 13, 2001 |publisher=Telephony| volume=241 |issue=7 |page=32| issn=0040-2656 }}</ref> where he co-founded the company's professional services group.<ref name="cio11" />

Asprey was the director of product management for a Silicon Valley startup called NetScaler which was later acquired by [[Citrix Systems]].<ref name="cio11" /> After working at Citrix, Asprey served as the vice president of marketing for [[Zeus Technology]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Broadhead|first1=Steve|title=Optimising small business networks|url=http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Optimising-small-business-networks|work=ComputerWeekly|date=February 2008}}</ref> and later, vice president of technology and corporate development at [[Blue Coat Systems]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/biztech/blue-coat-integrates-sophos-true-file-type-detection-to-fight-malware-1870709.html |title=Blue Coat Integrates Sophos True File Type Detection To Fight Malware |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=February 12, 2009 |website= |publisher=FirstPost |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> He then became an [[entrepreneur in residence]] at Trinity Ventures before co-founding a company called Basis.<ref name="pando" /> Asprey was the vice president of cloud security for [[Trend Micro]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gigaom.com/2012/03/22/trend-micro-structure-data-2012/ |title=What big data really needs is security |last1=Lawler |first1=Ryan |last2= |first2= |date=March 22, 2012 |website= |publisher=Gigaom |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> before he left to run his own business full-time.<ref name="crains">{{cite web |url=http://www.crainswealth.com/article/20150422/WEALTH/150429970/could-buttered-coffee-make-you-smarter |title=Could buttered coffee make you smarter? |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=April 22, 2015 |website=Crain's Wealth |publisher=Bloomberg News |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>

Asprey founded Bulletproof 360, Inc. in 2013 <ref name=bloom360/> and founded Bulletproof Nutrition Inc. in 2014.<ref name=CASOS>{{cite web|title=Bulletproof Nutrition, Inc. registration|url=https://businessfilings.sos.ca.gov/frmDetail.asp?CorpID=03732199|website=businessfilings.sos.ca.gov|publisher=California Secretary of State|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bulletproof Nutrition Securities Registration|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1630823/000163082315000003/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml|website=www.sec.gov|publisher=SEC Edgar|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

Asprey initially started the Bulletproof brand after developing Bulletproof Coffee. He posted the recipe for the beverage and details on the health benefits he experienced on his website while still working for Trend Micro.<ref name="crains" /> Asprey also developed low-mold coffee beans, oils, and supplements and started selling them on his website in 2011.<ref name="Megroz"/> The following year, Asprey was a panelist at the “Hack Your Brain” event at [[South by Southwest]]. By 2013, Asprey had left his position at Trend Micro to run the Bulletproof companies.<ref name="crains" />

Asprey also runs a podcast, "Bulletproof Radio," which was downloaded 10.5 million times in 2014.<ref name="Megroz">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-04-21/buttered-coffee-could-make-you-invincible-and-this-man-very-rich |title=Buttered Coffee Could Make You Invincible. And This Man Very Rich |last1=Megroz |first1=Gordy |last2= |first2= |date=April 21, 2015 |website=Bloomberg Business |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=June 14, 2015 |quote=}}</ref> The stated goal of Bulletproof Nutrition is to enhance human performance. It supports the [[Quantified Self]] movement as a way to empower individuals to understand and 'hack' their own health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/xerox/2013/10/07/biohack-your-way-to-a-healthier-less-stressful-life/|title=XeroxVoice: Biohack Guru Stresses Big Data and Biofeedback for Wellness|author=Xerox Contributor|date=7 October 2013|work=Forbes}}</ref>

In 2014, Asprey authored ''The Bulletproof Diet'' published by [[Rodale, Inc.|Rodale Books]].<ref name="time" />

On July 25, 2015, Asprey opened a cafe in Santa Monica selling Bulletproof Coffee and high fat foods.<ref name="Megroz"/><ref name=LAWeekly>{{cite news|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Jessica P.|title=David Asprey Wants You to Drink Coffee With Butter. Some Dismiss His Science (VIDEO)|url=http://www.laweekly.com/restaurants/david-asprey-wants-you-to-drink-coffee-with-butter-some-dismiss-his-science-video-5658426|work=L.A. Weekly|date=27 July 2015}}</ref>

On July, 2015, Asprey raised $9 million from Trinity Ventures to expand the company.<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/23/trinity-bulletproof/</ref>

In June, 2017, Asprey partnered with [[Ross Franklin]], CEO and Founder of Pure Green, to launch Bulletproof Coffee in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wellandgood.com/good-food/bulletproof-cafe-nyc/|title=BULLETPROOF IS IN MAJOR EXPANSION MODE—HERE’S EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW|last=Laurence|first=Emily|date=April 19, 2017|website=Well + Good|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Bulletproof Diet==
The Bulletproof diet developed and marketed by Asprey recommends eating foods high in fat, moderate in protein, and low in carbohydrates; the foundation is "Bulletproof Coffee", a drink with [[cattle feeding#grass-fed|grass-fed]] unsalted butter and either [[coconut oil]] or [[medium-chain triglyceride]]s (MCTs) (Asprey sells both mixed MCT and pure [[caprylic acid]] MCT oils).<ref name=Amidor>{{cite web| url=http://blog.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/2015/02/15/diet-101-the-bulletproof-diet/ |title=Diet 101: The Bulletproof Diet|author=Toby Amidor|publisher=Food Network|date=February 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Star>{{cite web| url =https://www.thestar.com/life/2015/01/28/diet-decoder-do-the-claims-of-the-bulletproof-diet-add-up.html|title=Butter and coffee for breakfast touted as the latest weight-loss trick|author=Megan Ogilvie|publisher=The Star|date=January 28, 2015}}</ref>

Asprey developed his Bulletproof Coffee recipe after traveling to [[Tibet]] and tasting [[butter tea|yak-butter tea]] drinks. He returned to the United States and experimented with buttered drink recipes and published the preparation for his buttered coffee drink on his blog in 2009.<ref name="fastcompany"/><ref name=inc>{{cite web| url=http://www.inc.com/jill-krasny/dave-asprey-bulletproof-coffee-cafe.html| title=Turning the 'Bulletproof' Coffee Craze Into a Big Brand| author=Jill Kransy| date=January 29, 2015| publisher=Inc. Magazine| accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref> The Bulletproof diet also recommends incorporating [[intermittent fasting]].<ref name=Amidor/>

Asprey has claimed that when used in combination with other "health hacks", the coffee helped to boost his [[IQ score]] by more than 20 points.<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite web |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3032635/most-creative-people/bulletproof-coffee-the-new-power-drink-of-silicon-valley|title=Bulletproof Coffee, the New Power Drink of Silicon Valley|publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> His company claims that Bulletproof Coffee can aid cognition and trigger weight loss through [[ketosis]].<ref name="fast2"/>

Asprey warns coffee drinkers to avoid [[mycotoxins|mold toxins]] such as [[ochratoxin]] in coffee,<ref name="AspreyMoldToxin">{{cite web |last1=Asprey |first1=Dave |title=The Science Behind Just One Mold Toxin in your Coffee |url=https://blog.bulletproof.com/one-ugly-mug-the-science-behind-just-one-mold-toxin-in-your-coffee/ |website=Bulletproof Blog |publisher=Bulletproof 360 |accessdate=3 August 2018 |date=14 March 2014}}</ref> which he claims "steals your mental edge and actually makes you weak." He sells a brand of "upgraded" beans that are advertised as having undergone a secret, proprietary process to reduce mycotoxin levels.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-04-21/buttered-coffee-could-make-you-invincible-and-this-man-very-rich | title=Make You Invincible. And This Man Very Rich | publisher=Bloomberg Business | date=21 April 2015 | accessdate=1 July 2015 | author=Megroz, Gordy}}</ref><ref name=LAWeekly/> However, Physician David Bach has observed that coffee producers already are good at removing mycotoxins from their product, and that there is no evidence to support Asprey's claim that mycotoxins make people "sluggish".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2014/12/24/the-bulletproof-diet-is-anything-but | title=The Bulletproof Diet Is Anything But | work=US News | date=24 December 2014 | accessdate=16 February 2015 | author=Khan, Amir}}</ref>

==Criticism==

Critics have described the Bulletproof diet as unscientific.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/the-bulletproof-diet-simplistic-invalid-and-unscientific/ "The Bulletproof Diet: simplistic, invalid and unscientific"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. Retrieved November 24, 2018.</ref>

[[Vox (website)|Vox]] contributor [[Julia Belluz]] criticized the Bulletproof diet referring to it as "like a caricature of a bad fad-diet book". Belluz wrote particularly against claims that changing diet can reduce inflammation and lead to weight loss, saying Asprey ignored contradictory studies about the health benefits of certain foods, and inappropriately extrapolated studies on animals, very small groups of people, and people with specific diseases to the general human population.<ref name="belluz">{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/12/19/7416939/bulletproof-coffee|date=2014-12-19|accessdate=2015-02-10|author=Julia Belluz|title=The Bulletproof Diet is everything wrong with eating in America}}</ref> Dietitian Lynn Weaver criticized the diet as being hard to follow and supported by only small studies that are "not generally part of the scientific literature used by medical and nutritional professionals".<ref name=Star/>

Dietitians also point out there is no scientific basis for claims of an IQ boost, and that any sense of alertness from Bulletproof Coffee is "just a caffeine buzz".<ref name="fast2">{{cite web|url=http://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-superfoods-like-bulletproof-coffee-get-popular-012715#5|title=How ‘Superfoods’ Like Bulletproof Coffee Get Popular|work=Healthline}}</ref><ref name=USNWR>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Amir|title=The Bulletproof Diet Is Anything But|url=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2014/12/24/the-bulletproof-diet-is-anything-but|work=US News & World Report|date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Some physicians, such as Dr. [[Frank Lipman]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/14/style/the-cult-of-the-bulletproof-coffee-diet.html?_r=2| title=The Cult of the Bulletproof Coffee| author=Courtney Rubin| date=December 12, 2014| publisher=The New York Times| accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref> and Dr. [[Andrew Weil]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.businessinsider.com/stronger-bulletproof-coffee-with-butter-2014-10| title=The One Thing You Can Add To Coffee For Even More Energy In The Morning| author=Alana Kakoyiannis| date=October 18, 2014| publisher=Business Insider| accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref> believe that, when combined with a balanced diet, drinking buttered coffee could be healthy and "might give you a bit more energy than your everyday cup."<ref name=mensj>{{cite web| url=http://www.mensjournal.com/health-fitness/nutrition/should-you-be-drinking-bulletproof-coffee-20140128| title=Should You be Drinking Bulletproof Coffee?| author=Adam Hadhazy| date=January 28, 2015| publisher=Men's Journal| accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA401262/Should-I-Drink-Bulletproof-Coffee.html| title=Q and A Library: Should I Drink Bulletproof Coffee?| author=Andrew Weil| date=April 4, 2013| publisher= Weil Lifestyle| accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* ''The Better Baby Book'' (2013) co-authored with his wife Lana Asprey
* ''The Bulletproof Diet'' (2014)
* ''Headstrong'' (2017)

==See also==
*[[Paleo diet]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bulletproofexec.com/about-dave-asprey/ About Dave Asprey]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asprey, Dave}}

[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:American drink industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:California State University alumni]]
[[Category:Brand name diet products]]
[[Category:Fad diets]]
[[Category:High-fat diets]]
[[Category:Pseudoscientific diet advocates]]
[[Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]

Angelababy

2016-08-03T04:52:21Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 2 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - First Time, Running Man

{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
| name = Angelababy
| image = Angelababy in 2014 crop2.jpg
| caption = Angelababy in 2014
| tradchinesename = 楊穎
| pinyinchinesename = Yáng Yǐng
| jyutpingchinesename = Joeng4 Wing6
|ancestry = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| birth_name = Yang Ying
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| religion = Islam
| ethnicity = 3/4 Han Chinese, 1/4 German
| occupation = Model, actress, singer
| label = Style International
Asia Cross Agency [[Avex Group]] [[Huayi Brothers]]
| nationality = Chinese
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| spouse = [[Huang Xiaoming]] (m. 2015)
| hongkongfilmwards =
| goldenbauhiniaawards =
| hkfcsawards =
| goldenhorseawards =
| goldenroosterawards =
| ntsawards =
| Website =iloveangelababy.com
|Origin=Hong Kong}}
{{Chinese name|[[Yang (surname)]]}}
'''Yang Ying''' (born 28 February 1989), better known by her stage name '''Angelababy''', is a Chinese model, actress, and singer.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/entertainment/art/20080203/10716841 | title=14歲箍牙薯妹撞入行紅模坊： Angelababy蛻變姬魔 |date=3 February 2008 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[Apple Daily]]}}</ref> Her stage name came from the combination of her English name "Angela" and her nickname "Baby".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vogue.com/13364617/angelababy-social-media-star-next-kim-kardashian | title=Who Is Angelababy, and Why Did She Spend More on Her Wedding Than Kim Kardashian West? |last=Okwodu |first=Janelle |date=23 October 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Angelababy was born on 28 February 1989 in [[Shanghai]], to a father from Hong Kong, who is of half Chinese and half German descent, and a [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] mother from Shanghai. Her birth name is '''Yang Ying''' (Cantonese: '''Yeung Wing'''). Her father runs a fashion business in Shanghai.<ref name=Q&A>{{cite web| url=http://www.scmp.com/article/690328/qa-angelababy | title=Q&A: Angelababy | work=[[South China Morning Post]] | date=22 August 2009}}</ref> She gained an interest in fashion as a child under her father's influence. She said in an interview, "Even though he [her father] sells more mature clothes, I loved going to his store and trying on new outfits, and mixing and matching them. It was fun. I think that's how I developed a passion for fashion."<ref name=Q&A/> She is fluent in [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Shanghainese]], [[Cantonese]], and has a basic command of English.

Angelababy moved to Hong Kong when she was thirteen,<ref name=Q&A/> and graduated from Notre Dame College.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Although her English name is Angela, she was sometimes called "Baby" during her primary and secondary school years. When she started modeling, she combined these two names to Angelababy.<ref name=Q&A/>

== Career ==
Angelababy entered the entertainment industry when she was 14 years old, signing on as a model at Style International Management. In 2007, she became a back-up dancer for [[Jay Chou]].

Yeung debuted as an actress in the movie ''Trival Matters''. She then starred in numerous films as supporting roles, slowly gaining fame as an actress in the Hong Kong film industry. In 2011, Yeung had her first leading role in the film, ''[[Love You You]]''.

In 2012, Yeung began to shift her career into [[Mainland China]] and set up her own personal studio. She then starred in kungfu movie, ''[[Tai Chi O]]'' and its sequel ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' with [[Eddie Peng]], whom she co-starred with in ''Love You You''. Yeung also appeared in romance film ''[[First Time (film)|First Time]]'', playing the role of an adventurous university student, which garnered her the Most Anticipated Female Actress award at the Chinese Film Media Awards.

In 2013, Yeung was chosen as the one of the four Fadan actresses along with [[Liu Shishi]], [[Yang Mi]] and [[Ni Ni]]. The same year, Yeung starred in romance film ''[[Crimes of Passion]]'' and won the Best Actress award at the China International Film Festival. She also appeared in crime action film ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'', which was a box office hit, and greatly raises Yeung's profile as a film actress.

In 2014, Yeung joined the cast of ''[[Hurry Up, Brother]]'', a spin-off from the original South Korean variety program ''[[Running Man (TV series)|Running Man]]''. The series became a huge hit in China, drawing huge audience and achieving a whopping viewership rating of 4.2. This greatly raises Yeung's popularity and recognition, making her a household name. Yang also starred in romantic comedy film ''[[Love on the Cloud]]'', which drew positive reviews from critics as well as excellent box office results. At the end of the year, Yeung was honored as the Goddess of the Year at the Sina Weibo Ceremony.

In 2015, Yeung made her foray into hollywood, taking on a small role in the film, ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]''. Yeung also starred in a couple of films, most notably the huge commercial hit, ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'', which went on to become the highest-grossing Chinese-language IMAX film in China, with US$278 million. Yeung also made her television debut in the historical romance drama, ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'', based on Tong Hua's novel ''Song in the clouds''.

In 2016, Yeung participated in the Hollywood production, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''. She was also listed as one of [[Forbes]]' inaugural 30 under 30 Asian Celebrities under the film, music, television and sport category.

== Personal life ==
Angelababy had been dating Chinese actor [[Huang Xiaoming]], who is 11 years her senior, for six years, but their relationship was not revealed to the public until February 2014. On 27 May 2015 they obtained their marriage certificate in [[Qingdao]], China<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-marry-in-qingdao-planning-big-shanghai | title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy marry in Qingdao, planning big Shanghai wedding: Report |date=27 May 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> and their [[Marriage in China|wedding]] banquet took place in Shanghai on 8 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-hold-fairy-tale-like-wedding | title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy hold fairy-tale like wedding |date=9 October 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> The wedding banquet was reported to be one of the most lavish in China's history with a reported estimate of US$31 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2015/10/19/inside-chinese-star-angelababy-huang-xiaoming-31-million-wedding-shanghai | title=Inside Chinese Star Angelababy's $31 Million Wedding in Shanghai |last=Tablang |first=Kristin |date=19 October 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[Forbes]]}}</ref> In the same month, Ying sued a [[Ruili]] clinic for US$80,000 for referring to her as a recipient of [[plastic surgery]]. An examination she underwent at a Beijing hospital concluded that her face showed no signs of prior surgical work.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34536268 | title=Chinese actress Angelababy's face examined for court case |date=15 October 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |publisher= [[BBC News]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! English title<ref>[http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=36911 Angelababy at hkmdb.com]</ref><ref>[http://chinesemov.com/actors/Angela%20Baby.html Angelababy at chinesemov.com]</ref>
! Chinese title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Trivial Matters'' || 破事兒 || Tak Nga ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Short of Love]]'' || 矮仔多情 || Angel ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2010]]'' || 花田囍事2010 || Princess Pearl of Flowerland ||
|-
| ''[[Hot Summer Days]]'' || 全城熱戀熱辣辣 || Xiao Qi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2011 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2011]]'' || 最強囍事 || Better ||
|-
| ''[[Tangled]]'' || 魔髮奇緣 || Rapunzel (speaking) || Cantonese version
|-
| ''[[The Founding of a Party]]'' || 建黨偉業 || Xiao Fengxian ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Space (film)|Love in Space]]'' || 全球熱戀 || Huang Mudan ||
|-
| ''[[Love You You]]'' || 夏日樂悠悠 || Xia Mi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2012 || ''[[A Simple Life]]'' || 桃姐 || Herself || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[First Time (film)|First Time]]'' || 第一次 || Song Shiqiao ||
|-
| ''[[Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault|Black & White]]'' || 痞子英雄 || Fan Ning ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' || 太極之零開始 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' || 太極２英雄崛起 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013 || ''Together'' || 在一起 ||Lin Shengnan ||
|-
| ''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]'' || 一場風花雪月的事 || Yue Yue ||
|-
| ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' || 狄仁杰之神都龍王 || Yin Ruiji ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Temporary Family]]'' || 失戀急讓 || Lui Yuen-ping ||
|-
| ''[[Rise of the Legend]]'' || 黃飛鴻之英雄有夢 || Xiao Hua ||
|-
| ''[[Love on the Cloud]]'' || 微愛之漸入佳境 || Chen Xi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2015 || ''[[Running Man (2015 film)|Running Man]]'' || 奔跑吧！兄弟 || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[You Are My Sunshine (2015 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]'' || 何以笙簫默 || He Yimei ||
|-
| ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' || 新娘大作戰 || He Jing ||
|-
| ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]'' || 代號47 || Diana Burnwood || Small role
|-
| ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'' || 鬼吹燈之尋龍訣 || Ding Sitian ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2016 || ''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]'' || 謀殺似水年華<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.mtime.com/2015/11/19/1549180.html | title=《谋杀似水年华》曝概念海报 Angelababy阮经天主演定档2016情人节 |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate= 14 December 2015 |work= mtime}}</ref> || Tian Xiaomai || <ref>{{cite web |url= http://twitchfilm.com/2015/10/fruit-chan-discovers-the-kill-time-gallery.html | title=Fruit Chan Discovers The KILL TIME |last=Brown |first=Todd |date=23 October 2015 |accessdate= 28 October 2015 |work= [[Twitch Film]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' || 天煞—地球反擊戰2 || Rain Lao||
|-
| ''[[League of Gods]]'' || 封神傳奇 || Mermaid ||
|-
| ''[[Love O2O]]'' || 微微一笑很傾城 || Bei Weiwei ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[The Ferryman (2016 film)|The Ferryman]]'' || 酒國英雄之擺渡人 || Ah Yu || Post-production<ref>[http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20150701/42444107_0.shtml Angelababy将出演《摆渡人》搭档梁朝伟金城武]</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! English title
! Chinese title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' || 大漢情緣之雲中歌 || Huo Yunge ||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jaynestars.com/news/angelababys-cloud-in-the-song-to-air-september-13|title= Angelababy's "Cloud in the Song" to Air September 13|author= joanna |date= 10 September 2015|accessdate= 10 September 2015|work= JayneStars}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''General & I'' || 孤芳不自赏 || Bai Pingting ||
|-
|}

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
* 2010: Beauty Survivor
* 2011: Love Never Stops
* 2011: Everyday's A Beautiful Story
* 2012: Can We Smile Together<ref>{{cite web|url= http://yeinjee.com/angelababy-smile-together-the-first-time-ost/ |title= Can We Smile Together (The First Time OST)}}</ref>

=== Compilation albums ===
* 2011: m-flo TRIBUTE ～stitch the future and past～ (Her song "Tripod Baby" is included)

Ying sings the theme from the 2010 [[Vidal Sassoon]] Japanese "Beauty Survivor" campaign. The song was released as a single. It is sung in English and Japanese.

==See also==
* [[Pseudo-model]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Angelababy}}
* {{IMDb name|2854802|Angelababy}}
* [http://weibo.com/realangelababy Angelababy] on [[Sina Weibo]]
* [https://instagram.com/angelababyct Angelababy] on [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angelababy}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Avex Group talents]]
[[Category:Chinese female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Hong Kong actresses]]
[[Category:Hong Kong female models]]
[[Category:Hong Kong entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Actresses from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Hong Kong voice actresses]]
[[Category:People with acquired residency of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese television actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Chinese actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese people of German descent]]

Böser Clown

2016-08-03T04:49:06Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Sadistic

{{about||the serial killer who was also known by the nickname "Killer Clown"|John Wayne Gacy|the wrestler who used to work under the [[ring name]] Killer Clown|Los Psycho Circus|the landmark outdoor sign in New Jersey|Evil Clown of Middletown|the 1988 comedy monster film|Killer Klowns from Outer Space}}
{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=March 2010}}
{{synthesis|date=September 2011}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2013}}
}}
[[File:Scary clown.jpg|thumb|A generic "Evil Clown"]]
Although clowns are originally comic performers and characterized to humor and entertain people, the image of the '''evil clown''' is a development in [[popular culture]] in which the playful [[trope (literature)|trope]] of the [[clown]] is rendered as disturbing through the use of [[Horror and terror|horror]] elements and [[dark humor]].

==Origins==
[[File:Enrico Caruso As Canio.jpg|thumb|[[Enrico Caruso]] as the murderous Canio in ''[[Pagliacci]]'']]
The modern archetype of the evil clown has unclear origins; the stock character appeared infrequently during the 19th century, in such works as [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s [[Hop-Frog]],<ref name="hopfrog">[[s:Hop-Frog|Poe, Edgar Allan, ''"Hop-Frog"'' (1849)]]</ref> which is believed by Jack Morgan, of the [[University of Missouri-Rolla]], to draw upon an [[Bal des Ardents|earlier incident]] "at a masquerade ball", in the 14th century, during which "the king and his frivolous party, costumed—in highly flammable materials—as simian creatures, were ignited by a flambeau and incinerated, the King narrowly escaping in the actual case."<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Jack|title=The biology of horror: gothic literature and film|year=2002|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale|isbn=978-0809324712|pages=41–42|url=http://books.google.dk/books?id=yk-0SmCIZ_kC}}</ref> Evil clowns also occupied a small niche in drama, appearing in the 1874 work ''La femme de Tabarin'' by Catulle Mendès and in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo]]'s ''[[Pagliacci]]'' (accused of being a plagiarism of Mendès' piece), both works featuring murderous clowns as central characters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mendès|first=Catulle|title=La femme de Tabarin: Tragi-parade|year=1904|publisher=Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle |pages=1–34|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/La_femme_de_Tabarin.html?id=pUcESQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dryden|first=Konrad|title=Leoncavallo: Life and Works|year=2007|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Plymouth, UK|isbn=978-0-8108-5880-0}}</ref>

The modern stock character of the evil clown was popularized by [[Stephen King]]'s novel ''[[It (novel)|It]]'', published in 1986, which became the first to introduce the fear of an evil clown to a modern audience. Another one of the first appearances of the concept is that of [[John Wayne Gacy]], an American [[serial killer]] and [[rape|rapist]] arrested in 1978, who became known as the ''Killer Clown'' after it was discovered he had performed as Pogo the Clown at children's parties and other events; however, Gacy did not actually commit his crimes while wearing his clown costume.<ref name="gacy">{{cite book |first=Terry |last=Sullivan |first2=Peter T. |last2=Maiken |title=Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Pyrotechnic_Insanitarium.html?id=u71s2gNZqJoC&redir_esc=y | publisher=[[Kensington Books#Imprints|Pinnacle]] | location=[[New York City]] | year=2000 | isbn= 0-7860-1422-9| oclc = 156783287}}</ref>

The evil clown archetype plays strongly off the sense of dislike caused by inherent elements of [[coulrophobia]]; however, it has been suggested by Joseph Durwin<ref name="trickster">{{cite journal | last=Durwin| first=Joseph| title=Coulrophobia and the Trickster| journal=Trickster's Way| volume=3| issue=1| id=Article 4| publisher=Trinity University| location=San Antonio| date=15 November 2004| url=http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=trickstersway&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.uk%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Devil%2Bclown%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5| issn=1538-9030| accessdate=2 January 2013}}
</ref> that the concept of evil clowns has an independent position in popular culture, arguing that "the concept of evil clowns and the widespread hostility it induces is a cultural phenomenon which transcends just the phobia alone". A study by the [[University of Sheffield]] concluded "that clowns are universally disliked by children. Some found them quite frightening and unknowable."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7189401.stm |title=Health | Hospital clown images 'too scary' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-01-15 |accessdate=2011-07-05}}</ref><ref name="Why scary">{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|date=2008-01-16|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7191721.stm|title=Why are clowns scary?|first=Finlo|last=Rohrer}}</ref> This may be because of the nature of clowns' makeup hiding their faces, making them potential threats in disguise; as a psychology professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] stated, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face".<ref name="trinity">{{cite web|url=http://www.trinity.edu/org/tricksters/trixway/current/Vol%203/Vol3_1/Durwin.htm |title=Trinity.edu |publisher=Trinity.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-07-05}}</ref> This natural dislike of clowns makes them effective in a literary or fictional context, as the antagonistic threat perceived in clowns is desirable in a villainous character.

==Interpretations==
The concept of the evil clown is related to the irrational fear of clowns, known as [[coulrophobia]]. The cultural critic [[Mark Dery]] has theorized the [[postmodern]] [[archetype]] of the evil clown in "Cotton Candy Autopsy: Deconstructing Psycho-Killer Clowns" (a chapter in his cultural critique ''The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink'').<ref name="insanitarium">{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Dery | title=The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium: American Culture on the Brink| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Pyrotechnic_Insanitarium.html?id=u71s2gNZqJoC&redir_esc=y | publisher=[[Grove Press]] | location=[[California]] | year=1999 | isbn= 0-8021-3670-2}}</ref>

Tracking the image of the demented or deviant clown across [[popular culture]], Dery analyzes the "Pogo the Clown" persona of the [[serial killer]] [[John Wayne Gacy]]; the obscene clowns of the neo-[[Situationist International|situationist]] [[Cacophony Society]]; the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]] (of "[[Batman]]" Fame); the grotesque art of R.K. Sloane; the sick-funny [[Bobcat Goldthwaite]] comedy ''[[Shakes the Clown]]''; and Pennywise the Dancing Clown from [[Stephen King]]'s ''[[It (novel)|It]]''.

Using [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s theory of the carnivalesque, [[Analytical Psychology|Jungian]] and historical writings on the images of the fool in myth and history, and ruminations on the mingling of ecstasy and dread in the [[Information Age]], Dery asserts the evil clown is an icon of our times. Clowns are often depicted as murderous [[psychopath]]s at many American [[Haunted attraction (simulated)|haunted houses]].

Wolfgang M. Zucker points out the similarities between a clown's appearance and the cultural depictions of demons and other infernal creatures, noting "[the clown's] chalk-white face in which the eyes almost disappear, while the mouth is enlarged
to a ghoulish bigness looks like the mask of death".<ref name="wolfgang">{{cite web |url=http://ttj.sagepub.com/content/24/3/306.short|title=The Clown as the Lord of Disorder|work=Theology Today, October 1967|accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

==Depictions of evil clowns==
* Pagliaccio and Crazy Joe Da Vola's depiction of him in the ''[[Seinfeld]]'' episode "[[The Opera (Seinfeld)|The Opera]]"
* [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]], the nemesis of [[Batman]] whose key features are chalk-white skin, green hair, red lips and a [[Glasgow smile|permanent smile]],<ref>Newsstand on-sale date April 25, 1940 per: {{Cite web| title = The first ad for ''Batman'' #1 | publisher = DC Comics | url = http://www.goldenagebatman.com/batman1ad.htm | accessdate = 2006-10-23 }}</ref> purportedly caused by a chemical bath, and in various appearances is depicted as a murderous and [[sadistic personality disorder|sadistic]] [[psychopath]].
* [[Harley Quinn]], whose name is a play on the name "[[Harlequin]]", a character which originated in the [[commedia dell'arte]]. The character is a frequent accomplice and girlfriend of [[Batman]]'s nemesis [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]], and is also a close friend of the supervillain [[Poison Ivy]], from whom she gained her immunity to poisons and toxins.
* [[It (character)|Pennywise the Dancing Clown]], the main antagonist in [[Stephen King]]'s novel ''[[It (novel)|It]]'' and its [[It (1990 film)|film adaptation]] in which he's portrayed by [[Tim Curry]].<ref name="it">{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=King | title=It | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6a5vXEod09oC&dq=it+stephen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U8sBT_e5NIjLhAeL9L25Dg&sqi=2&redir_esc=y | publisher=[[Viking Press]] | location=[[New York City]] | year=1986 | isbn=0-451-16951-4}}</ref>
* Shakes the Clown, a depressed, alcoholic clown framed for murder and coming into conflict with other clowns, in the [[Shakes the Clown|eponymous film]] by [[Bobcat Goldthwait]].
*Laughing Jack, is a famous [[Creepypasta]] character, whose form is that of a small doll, shaped like a clown. He was given to Isaac Grossman for a Christmas present by a guardian angel, but Jack became evil and sadistic and eventually killed Isaac for neglecting him then went on to kill others.
* [[Red Bastard]], a [[bouffon]] clown created and portrayed by [[Eric Davis (clown)|Eric Davis]].
* [[Shawn Crahan]], also known as Clown from the metal band [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]].
* The Bicycle Doctor, in the film ''[[Pee-Wee's Big Adventure]]'', a malevolent clown disguised as a doctor who destroys [[Pee-Wee Herman]]'s beloved bicycle after feigning attempts to repair it.
* Captain Spaulding, a gas-station owner, museum operator, and patriarch of the murderous Firefly family, featured in the [[Rob Zombie]] films ''[[House of 1000 Corpses]]'' and its sequel, ''[[The Devil's Rejects]]''. Captain Spaulding is portrayed by actor [[Sid Haig]].
* [[Violator (comics)|Violator]], a demon from hell who takes the appearance of a balding, middle-aged man with face paint, and an enemy of [[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]] in the comic franchise by [[Todd McFarlane]].
* [[Insane Clown Posse]] members [[Violent J]] and [[Shaggy 2 Dope]] present themselves as wicked clowns and rap about the [[Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)|Dark Carnival]] storyline in their music.
*In [[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|the CW show ''Supernatural'']], there was a season 2 episode about a [[Raksasha]], an ancient Indian demon, whose main disguise is a clown which it uses at a circus (where it works at under its human form of the blind knife thrower) to follow children home, and eat their parents. Also, [[Sam Winchester|Sam Winchester's]] worst fear is clowns, and witches often utilize this fear against him. In one season 7 episode, Sam fights multiple demonic clowns.
[[File:Doinktheclown.jpg|thumb|160px|Doink the Clown.]]
* [[Doink the Clown]], a professional wrestling character portrayed by a number of wrestlers. He is frequently depicted as malevolent, playing malicious pranks and cheating in unusual ways.
* [[Kefka Palazzo]], the main antagonist of ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]'', a [[Psychopathy|psychopath]] with the outfit and mannerisms of an insane [[jester]].
* [[Characters of Final Fantasy IX#Zorn and Thorn|Zorn and Thorn]], the court jesters of the evil queen, [[Characters of Final Fantasy IX#Queen Brahne|Brahne]], in ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]''. These insane twins have a similar personality to [[Kefka]] from ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]'', wreaking havok and using dark magic while simultaneously providing comic relief.
[[Image:Twisted Metal 2 SweetTooth.jpg|thumb|160px|Sweet Tooth, from the Twisted Metal video game series.]]
* [[Sweet Tooth (Twisted Metal)|Sweet Tooth]], a homicidal, clown-themed ice cream truck driver in the ''[[Twisted Metal]]'' franchise.
* ''[[Killer Klowns from Outer Space]]'', the 1988 [[horror comedy]] [[monster movie]] about carnivorous aliens from outer space that resemble clowns.
* ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]'', the 1982 [[supernatural]] [[movie]] directed by [[Tobe Hooper]] features a clown doll in several scenes. During the finale, this doll becomes possessed by a demonic presence and attempts to strangle the character Robby Freeling.
* [[Killjoy (film series)|Killjoy]], a demonic clown who is summoned to assist revenge plots.
* ''[[Clownhouse]]'', a [[slasher film]] in which three mental patients escape and stalk a young boy home from the circus dressed in clown costumes.
* Joey and Clara, a male and female clown from the 1966 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[The Celestial Toymaker]]" who represent the title villain in a deadly game against the Doctor's companions.
* A sinister mocking clown seen in a mirror in the [[Matrix (Doctor Who)|Matrix]] in the 1976 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[The Deadly Assassin]]"
* George Cranleigh, an insane killer in the 1982 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[Black Orchid (Doctor Who)|Black Orchid]]" who murders and kidnaps in a masked harlequin fancy dress costume (stolen from the Doctor)
* The Robot Clowns, lead by the sinister human Chief Clown from the 1988–1989 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[The Greatest Show in the Galaxy]]".
* [[Sideshow Bob]], a clown on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' who continually tries to kill [[Bart Simpson]]. Unlike traditional clowns, he does not wear any sort of make-up.
* Adam MacIntyre, a psychopathic clown from the [[Capcom]] video game ''[[Dead Rising]]''. Also has a psychopathic brother with similar job role in ''[[Dead Rising 2: Off the Record]]'' called Evan MacIntyre.
* [[Shang Tsung]], the one of the [[player character]]s in [[Mortal Kombat (2011 video game)|Mortal Kombat]], who takes a shape of an evil clown during his usage of his fatality move on opponent, which parodies [[Joker (comics)|The Joker's]] first fatality move from [[Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe]].{{clarify|date=November 2015}}
* With his distinctive appearance, surreal feats of magic, and behavior that is simultaneously comedic and menacing, the [[Tim Burton]] character [[Beetlejuice]] can be considered a manifestation of this theme.
* Twisty, a clown played by [[John Carroll Lynch]] who becomes a serial killer, on the television series ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]''.
* [[Frenchy the Clown]], the title character in [[National Lampoon (magazine)|''National Lampoon'']]'s "Evil Clown Comics", which ran in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
* Art the Clown, a psychopathic clown ghost from the film ''[[All Hallows' Eve (film)|All Hallows' Eve]]''.
* In the 1978 film ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' and [[Halloween (2007 film)|its 2007 remake]], [[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]] murders his older sister [[Judith Myers]] while dressed as a clown. In ''[[Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers]]'', Michael's niece [[Jamie Lloyd]] wears a clown costume when she stabs her foster mother with a pair of scissors.
*One of the monsters in the 2012 horror film ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]'' is a murderous clown.
*In the 2015 [[The Walt Disney Corporation|Disney]]-[[Pixar]] film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'', Riley dreams about a menacing clown named Jangles.
*One of the principal icons for Universal Orlando Resort's [[Halloween Horror Nights]] is Jack the Clown who is an evil clown who secretly murdered innocent people while working in a circus run by Dr. Oddfellow.

==Response to evil clowns in media==
In 2014, Clowns of America International responded to the depiction of Twisty on ''[[American Horror Story]]'', and evil clowns in media generally. President Glenn Kohlberger said, "Hollywood makes money sensationalizing the norm. They can take any situation no matter how good or pure and turn it into a nightmare. ... We do not support in any way, shape or form any medium that sensationalizes or adds to coulrophobia or 'clown fear.'"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/professional-clown-club-attacks-american-740768 |title=Professional Clown Club Attacks 'American Horror Story' Over Murderous Character |last=Abramovitch |first=Sam |date=15 October 2014 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>

==Phantom clowns==
The related [[urban legend]] of evil clown sightings in real life is known as "phantom clowns".<ref name=eul>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Urban Legends|last=Brunvand|first=Jan Harold|authorlink=Jan Harold Brunvand|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2002|isbn=9780393323580|pages=313–315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpdvLYZX2kIC&pg=PA314}}</ref> First reported in 1981 in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], children said that men dressed up as clowns had attempted to lure them into a van.<ref name=media>{{cite book|title=The Martians Have Landed!: A History of Media-Driven Panics and Hoaxes (Google eBook)|last1=Bartholomew|first1=Robert E.|last2=Radford|first2=Benjamin|authorlink2=Benjamin Radford|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|year=2011|isbn=9780786486717|pages=105–109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyik93izNqEC&pg=PA105}}</ref> The panic spread throughout the US in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]. It resurface in 1985 in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]; in 1991 in [[West Orange, New Jersey]];<ref name=deseret>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/177088/SOMEONE-KEEPS-SENDING-IN-THE-PHANTOM-CLOWNS.html?pg=all|title=SOMEONE KEEPS SENDING IN THE PHANTOM CLOWNS|last=Brunvand|first=Jan Harold|work=[[Deseret News]]|date=9 August 1991|accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref> and 1995 in [[Honduras]]. Later sightings include Chicago, Illinois, in 2008.<ref name=media/> Explanations for the phenomenon have ranged from [[Stephen King]]'s book ''[[It (novel)|It]]'' and the crimes of serial killer [[John Wayne Gacy]],<ref name=eul/> to a [[moral panic]] influenced by contemporaneous fears of [[Satanic ritual abuse]].<ref name=media/> It also shows similarities to the story of the [[Pied Piper of Hamlin]].<ref name=deseret/> No adult or police officer has ever seen the evil clowns,<ref name=media/> though a prankster called the "[[Northampton Clown]]" has been cited as a real-life example of an evil clown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/48166/real-life-evil-clown-terrorizing-town-in-england/|title=Real Life Evil Clown Terrorizing Town in England!|last=Squires|first=John|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=18 September 2013|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref> Further complaints of evil clown pranksters have been reported in France and the United States, possibly inspired by ''[[American Horror Story: Freak Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/news/a30429/france-joins-the-evil-clown-hysteria-102714/|title=France Joins The Creepy Clown Hysteria|last=Howard|first=Michael|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>

On May 26, 1990, in [[Wellington, Florida]], Marlene Warren opened her front door to a brown-eyed clown bearing flowers and balloons. It shot her in the face, drove off in a white [[Chrysler LeBaron]] and was never seen again. Her murder remains unsolved.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-05-26/news/9202110190_1_marlene-warren-clown-car-dealership|title=Clown Case Still Mystery After 2 Years Woman Gunned Down In Doorway Of Home|work=Sun Sentinel|author=Mike Folks|date=May 26, 1992|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Coulrophobia]]
* [[Insane Clown Posse]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Stock characters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Evil Clown}}
[[Category:Clowns]]
[[Category:Stock characters]]
[[Category:Black comedy]]
[[Category:Postmodernism]]
[[Category:Phobias]]

Benutzer:Cockamouse/Sisters of the Infant Jesus

2016-08-02T06:01:19Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Butterworth

{{distinguish|Little Sisters of Jesus}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Sisters of the Infant Jesus
|image =
|size = 150px
|caption =
|abbreviation = SJI, IJS (previously CHIJ)
|motto =
|founder = [[beatification|Blessed]] [[Nicolas Barré]]
|formation = 1675 in [[France]]
|headquarters =
|location =
|coords =
|type = [[Roman Catholic]] [[religious institute]] [[Teaching order]]
|leader_title = Leader of the Institute
|leader_name = Sr. Marie Pitcher
|main_organ =
|key_people =
|website = {{URL|http://www.infantjesussisters.org/}}
|num_staff =
}}
The '''Sisters of the Infant Jesus''', previously known as the '''Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus''' or the '''Dames of Saint Maur''', is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[religious institute]], dedicated to education and the training of underprivileged schoolchildren. They were founded in [[Paris]] in 1675, as part of the work of the [[beatification|Blessed]] [[Nicolas Barré]], a [[Minim (religious order)|Minim]] [[friar]] and [[Catholic priest]] (1621-1686), who had gathered some young women for the free instruction of the poor in [[Rouen]] in 1662.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infantjesussisters.org/about-us/celebrating-350-years|title= Celebrating 350 years|work=Infant Jesus Sisters|accessdate= 16 September 2012}}</ref>

Today, the IJ sisters and their lay volunteers have a presence worldwide through social projects and schools. They are also known as "Dames of St. Maur" and, more commonly, "Infant Jesus (IJ) Sisters".

The foundation of Barré's schools and of the Sisters suggested to St. [[John Baptist de La Salle]] the idea of accomplishing a similar work for boys, resulting in his founding of the [[Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=912|work=Catholic Culture Archive|title=Bl. Nicolas Barre Worked for the Education of Poor Youth}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
{{Main article|Nicholas Barré}}
In 1659 Barré, who was a respected scholar within his Order, was sent to the [[monastery]] of the Order in [[Rouen]]. He became widely known as a preacher and his sermons attracted a large audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/nbarre|work=Katolsk|title=Den salige Nikolas Barré|language=no}}</ref> In 1662 Barré saw the need for the education of the poor in France.

France in the late 17th century was suffering from the effects of the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)]] and a [[Black Death#Recurrence|terrible plague]]. As a result of his efforts to promote a planned [[parish mission]] in the nearby village of [[Sotteville-lès-Rouen]], Barré came to see the suffering of the local population. To enable parents to attend the mission, Barré asked two young women to come and help with the children. One was a local resident, Françoise Duval, 18 years old, the other was Marguerite Lestocq, then aged 20, who, like him, was from [[Amiens]] and with whom he had family connections.

He saw the need to make basic education more accessible to all. There were hardly any schools for girls and very few for boys. Most primary school teachers were poorly educated and religious education was almost non-existent; there was profound ignorance of the Catholic faith.<ref name=IJS /<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infantjesussisters.org/about-us/our-founder|work=Infant Jesus Sisters|title=Our Founder}}</ref> In 1662, half the children in Rouen died of famine. Many were homeless and wandered the streets as beggars and, for some, prostitution became one of the few means of livelihood available.<ref name=SCS /<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stchadssanctuary.wordpress.com/reflections/|last=Walsh|first=Margaret, IJS|title=Reflections: Blessed Nicholas Barré|date=October 2012|work=St. Chad's Sanctuary}}</ref>

They began to give daily classes to young girls in a room which they were allowed to use, spending that year in this work. Soon three other young women joined them, and two separate schools were opened. Barré would visit the classes frequently, guiding the young women in how to teach and deal with both the children and their parents, drawing upon his own rigorous education under the [[Jesuits]] and his experience as a professor. He taught them the value of “instruction and education” and from the beginning he trained the young teachers to respect the uniqueness of each child and to develop each one’s potential. The teachers were to speak in a humble, gentle and simple manner so that even the youngest could understand, and they were to teach only what they themselves had adequately grasped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infantjesussisters.org/about-us/history/a-turning-point-rouen|work=Infant Jesus Sisters|title=History: A Turning Point}}</ref>

As the enrollment increased, more schools were established, and four years later, the ladies in charge of these schools began to live in a community under a Superior. This was the beginning of a [[religious congregation]] whose main work was the education of the poor.

The year 1666 saw the founding of the '''Congregation of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus'''. After several years of teaching in the schools, the five young women were invited by Barré to consider becoming part of a committed community. After some reflection, they felt that they were indeed called to this way of life and agreed. These women were not bound by religious vows or confined to a cloister. They were free to serve the local community and provide free education for poor children. They committed themselves to this in a legal document drawn up in 1669, becoming called the '''Charitable Teachers of the Infant Jesus''' ({{lang-fr|Maîtresses Charitable de l'Infant Jésus}}). As part of their living in trust in God, it was established that the material needs of the schools were to be handled by women outside the new community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infantjesussisters.org/about-us/history/community-life-1666|work=Infant Jesus Sisters|title=History: Community Life}}</ref>

===Expansion and division===
Due to his declining health, in 1675 Barré was sent to the Minim monastery in Paris. Though limited in his activities, he promoted new foundations of his "charitable schools of Providence", starting with two, Saint Jean en Grèves and Saint Nicolas des Champs, training teachers, both men and women for them. He urged his teachers not to wait until pupils arrived at the school; they were to seek out especially those who might be at risk. He also set up [[trade school]]s so that girls could earn a living. Again, the education offered was to be entirely free and any profit derived from the pupils’ work was to go to them.<ref name =EJNB /<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicolas-barre.cef.fr/pages_web/ejnb/origines.htm|work=Enfant Jésus-Nicolas Barré|title=Histoire|language=fr}}</ref>

In 1677 Barré began to send teachers to other locations in France, starting with his native [[Picardy]], reaching as far as [[New France]] in North America. These women were not part of a [[religious institute]], and so were free to serve their local communities as needed, without the barriers that status would have imposed at that time.

Around that time, he acquired a house located on the Rue Saint Maur in the [[6th arrondissement of Paris]] (now called the Rue de l'Abbé Grégoire), which was to become the [[motherhouse]] of the Institute. In 1677 a Convent was established in Rue Saint Maur, Paris (ii) and the Sisters were subsequently known as the "Dames of St. Maur". In 1678, Barré founded a novitiate for the sisters on the Seine.<ref>[http://www.chijsec.edu.sg/school-info/general/chij-history "CHIJ History", CHIJ Secondary]</ref>

The [[Daughters of Providence (Paris)|Daughters of Providence]] were members of a Catholic religious congregation for women founded in 1643, by a pious widow, Marie Polaillon (née de Lumague) under a Rule of Life drawn up by [[Vincent de Paul]]. The Daughters would profess annual vows of obedience, chastity, service and stability. In 1681 several houses of the congregation merged with the Sisters of the Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus, becoming the '''Sisters of St. Maur and of Providence'''. A number of ‘Little Charitable Schools’ were established throughout France. In 1683 Mother Françoise Duval, one of the foundresses, was sent to open a school in [[Lisieux]]. At the time of Barré's death in 1686, there were over 100 schools being operated by the Sisters of the Holy Infant Jesus throughout France.<ref name =EJNB />

Throughout his life, Barré had refused to allow the schools to accept [[benefice]]s as a means of support, determined to place his trust in God alone, and was followed in this commitment by the teachers of the Institute. Upon his death, however, the [[laity|lay]] trustees in Paris and Rouen, who were in charge of the finances of the schools and the teachers who staffed them, strongly disagreed over whether or not to continue this practice.

This was eventually referred to the royal court, and, in 1691, King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] divided the Institute into three independent groups, with motherhouses in Rouen, Paris and Lisieux.<ref name =EJNB />
*The Sisters in the original communities became known as the '''Sisters of Providence of Rouen''' and in 1921 became a [[congregation of diocesan right]], under the authority of the local bishops where they served,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idref.fr/028942396|title=Soeurs de la Providence de Rouen|work=IdRef|language=fr}}</ref> with a missionary outreach in Madagascar and Central Africa.
*The group based in Lisieux also became a diocesan congregation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lehavre.catholique.fr/rubriques/soeurs-de-la-providence-de-lisieux-le-havre|work=Diocèse du Havre|title=Soeurs de la Providence de Lisieux|language=fr}}</ref>
*The '''Sisters of St Maur''' in Paris became an institute of pontifical right with communities in five continents.

===Current era===
The [[French Revolution]] closed all the schools of the institute and it was not until 1805 a new community of teachers was formed by seven surviving members.<ref name=akl>[http://www.archkl.org/index.php/religious-communities-sisters/309-sisters-of-the-infant-jesus-ijs "Sisters of the Infant Jesus", Archdiocese of Kuala Lampur]</ref> Less than twenty-five years after the opening of the [[motherhouse]] in Paris, eighty schools for free education and forty boarding schools had been established in France. With the granting of official approval from Rome, the Sisters extended their work to America, England, Spain, Malaysia, Japan and Thailand. The new growth of the Institute was such that, by the mid-19th century, schools were opened in Spain and Asia. '''Sisters of the Holy Infant Jesus'' (Dames of Saint Maur) were among the pioneer missionaries in [[British Malaya]], Japan and Thailand. In 1887, after over 200 years of service without the taking of [[religious vows]], this congregation of Sisters became a [[religious institute]] of [[pontifical]] right, able to operate independently worldwide.<ref name =EJNB />

[[File:"CHIJMES" from a Convent to an Entertainment Hub, Singapore (474406346).jpg|thumb|Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus in Singapore]]

====Southeast Asia====
In 1849 a Catholic [[missionary]] in the [[Straits Settlements]], [[the Rev.]] Jean Marie Beurel, a native of [[Saint-Brieuc]] in France, suggested to the colonial governor, William John Butterworth, that it might be worthwhile to found a charitable organisation for girls next to the Church in Victoria Street. In August 1852, Beurel bought the house at the corner of Victoria Street and Bras Basah Road. Beurel then appealed to the [[Superior General]] of the congregation in France for Sisters to run a school.<ref name=chijp>[http://www.chijpritoapayoh.moe.edu.sg/about-us/history "History", Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus Primary, Singapore]</ref>

=====Malaysia=====
Four Sisters were sent to the East. After a long and perilous voyage, three of them landed at Penang in April 1852; one had died at sea. The three Sisters established a convent which contained an orphanage and school in [[Penang]] that same year. The school, Convent Light Street ([[Malay language|Malay]]: SMK Convent Lebuh Light), is Penang's oldest girls' school and has occupied its current site along Light Street near historic [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] for over 150 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convent Light Street in Penang|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/malaysia/penang/penang-popular-destinations/convent-light-street-in-penang.html|publisher=asiarooms.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chij-sisters.org/writeups/Malaysia.pdf CHIJ Malaysia]</ref> While on the [[Malaysian Peninsula|peninsula]], the Sisters continued establishing schools with help from the local community such as [[Kuala Lumpur]]'s oldest girls' school [[Convent Bukit Nanas]]. During [[World War II]], the Japanese [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|invaded Malaya]] and either took over or closed down many such mission schools, notably the iconic Convent Primary School in the hills of [[Tanah Rata]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Landmarks - The Convent|url=http://www.cameronhighlands.com/Destination-Guide/History/The-Convent/|publisher=cameronhighlands.com}}</ref> The Tanah Rata convent is one of the few in the region which still contains an operating school and a church. Today, CHIJ schools can be found in most states and many major cities and they continue to educate local girls of all races and religion.

=====Mother Mathilde Raclot=====
Justine Raclot was born in 1814 to a middle class family in France. When she was 18 she entered the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Infant Jesus and took the name of St Mathilde. In September 1852, the Congregation sent four sisters to Penang, with Mother St Mathilde in charge, to guide and support the group of sisters who had arrived earlier.
In February 1854, three Sisters led by Rev. Mother St. Mathilde Raclot arrived in Singapore and set up the convent in Singapore at [[Victoria Street, Singapore|Victoria Street]]. Soon they also started a Convent Orphanage and a Home for Abandoned Babies as they found day-old babies were being left at their doorstep.<ref name=swhf>[http://www.swhf.sg/the-inductees/16-education/134-st-mathilde-raclot "Mother Mathilde Raclot",Singapore Women's Hall of Fame]</ref>

To raise funds for their work, St Mathilde taught needlework to her fellow nuns and their students, and they sold their products to the wives of the local Chinese merchants. The school became well-known and within ten years, the enrollment had increased to 300. Secondary education began in 1905. Under Mother Hombeline, the expansion programme continued.<ref name=chijp/>

Of the 79 years that St Mathilde was a nun, 59 were spent in Asia. In 1872, 20 years after arriving in Penang, she led the first group of French nuns to Japan where they worked with disadvantaged women and children. St. Mathilde Raclot died, aged 97, in 1911 whilst still in Japan. In 2014 Mother Mathilde Raclot was inducted into the Singapore Women's Hall of Fame.<ref name=swhf/>

The convent occupied a full street block bordered by [[Bras Basah Road]], [[Stamford Road]], Victoria St and [[North Bridge Road]]. The iconic church was [[Deconsecration|deconsecrated]] during the 1980s. Part of the Sisters' quarters has been demolished and converted into the offices of [[SMRT Corporation]]. Most of the original buildings were redeveloped as part of the Heritage Board's preservation scheme. The complex has since been redeveloped into a high-end retail complex called [[CHIJmes]] while the church is now a popular attraction for tourists and those interested in history. The former school moved out after [[World War II]] and has since split into two schools located in the same site in Toa Payoh,CHIJ Secondary [Toa Payoh]and CHIJ Primary and one located in Ang Mo Kio, St Nicholas Girls' School. There are currently 11 different CHIJ Schools <ref>{{cite web|title=Our CHIJ Schools|url=http://catholicnews.sg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7937|website=catholicnews.sg|publisher=Catholic News|accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> in Singapore.

====Europe====
The shortage of English teachers forced the Sisters to turn to the British Isles in hopes of recruiting and training potential missionary teachers. In 1909, Mother St Beatrice Foley, who had returned from Singapore, established Drishane Convent in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It had a "knitting school" for younger girls and was also used to train teachers for the Asian mission. Less than half a decade after opening, the convent was churning out teachers and Sisters and sending them to Asia and South America.

====South America====
The Sisters first set foot in South America during the 1960s. Some of the Spanish-speaking Sisters arrived in [[Peru]] in 1967 and have since expanded to several other countries in the continent.<ref>[http://www.chij-sisters.org/writeups/Peru.pdf CHIJ Peru]</ref>

==Motto==
'''Simple in Virtue, Steadfast in Duty'''

==Schools==

===England===
*St Maur's Convent School, [[Weybridge]] (merged with [[St George's College, Weybridge|St George's College]] in 2000)<ref>[http://www.chij-sisters.org/writeups/England%20n%20Ireland.pdf CHIJ England]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Last Orders|url=http://www.josephiteweb.org/downloads/CJ-NEWS_2008-04_Tablet_-_Last_Orders.pdf|publisher=[[Josephites-CJ|josephiteweb.org]]}}</ref>

===Japan===
*[[Saint Maur International School]], [[Yokohama]]

===Malaysia===
''Incomplete list''

;Primary
*SK Convent [[Butterworth, Penang|Butterworth]], Penang
*SK Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus 1 & 2, [[Malacca]]
*SK Convent Father Barre, [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kedah]]
*SK Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus , [[Johor Bahru]]
*SJK(C) Ave Maria Convent, Ipoh, Perak

;Secondary
*SMJK Ave Maria Convent, [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]]
*SMK Convent [[Bukit Mertajam]], Penang
*[[Convent Bukit Nanas|SMK Convent Bukit Nanas]], [[Kuala Lumpur|KL]]
*SMK Convent [[Butterworth, Penang|Butterworth]], Penang
*[[Convent Jalan Peel|SMK Convent Jalan Peel]], [[Kuala Lumpur|KL]]
*[[Convent Datuk Keramat|SMJK (C) Convent Datuk Keramat]], Penang
*[[SMK Main Convent, Ipoh|SMK Convent Ipoh]], [[Perak]]
*SMK Convent [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]], [[Selangor]]
*SMK Convent Light Street, Penang
*SMK Convent Green Lane, Penang
*SMK Convent [[Muar town|Muar]], [[Johor]]
*SMK Convent Pulau Tikus, Penang
*SMK Convent [[Taiping, Perak|Taiping]], Perak
*SMK St. Nicholas Convent, [[Alor Setar]], Kedah
*SMK Infant Jesus Convent [[Johor Bahru]]
*SMK Infant Jesus Convent, Malacca
*SMK Convent, Kajang
 
Note that mission schools were nationalised by the government during the 1980s and are no longer directly under their respective religious institutions. The IJ schools are no longer run by nuns but still retain the historic crest and motto, albeit translated in [[Malay language|Malay]]. A rare few many still have a nun working in a chaplaincy or pastoral capacity.

===Republic of Ireland===
*Drishane Convent<ref name="corkman">{{cite news|title=Drishane Convent to celebrate centenary|url=http://www.corkman.ie/news/drishane-convent-to-celebrate-centenary-1686744.html|publisher=[[The Corkman]]|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>
*Scoil Íosa (now part of [[Malahide Community School]])

===Spain===
*Colegio Niño Jesús, [[Burgos]]<ref>[http://www.colegioninojesus.com Colegio Niño Jesús]</ref>
*Colegio Blanca de Castilla, [[Madrid]]<ref>[http://www.colegioblancadecastilla.es/ Colegio Blanca de Castilla]</ref>
*Escola Infant Jesús, [[Barcelona]]<ref>[http://www.infantjesus.cat/ Escola Infant Jesús]</ref>

===Singapore===
;Primary
* CHIJ (Katong) Primary<ref>[http://chijkcp.moe.edu.sg/ CHIJ (Katong) Primary]</ref>
* CHIJ (Kellock)<ref>[http://www.chijkellock.moe.edu.sg/ CHIJ (Kellock)]</ref>
* CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel<ref>[http://www.chijourladyofgoodcounsel.moe.edu.sg/ CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel]</ref>
* CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity – formerly CHIJ Ponggol<ref>[http://www.chijourladyofthenativity.moe.edu.sg/ CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity]</ref>
* CHIJ Our Lady Queen of Peace – formerly CHIJ Bukit Timah<ref>[http://www.chijourladyqueenofpeace.moe.edu.sg/ CHIJ Our Lady Queen of Peace]</ref>
* [[CHIJ Primary (Toa Payoh)]]

;Secondary
* [[CHIJ Katong Convent]]
* [[CHIJ Secondary (Toa Payoh)]]
* [[CHIJ Saint Joseph's Convent]]
* [[CHIJ Saint Theresa's Convent]]

;Full
* [[CHIJ Saint Nicholas Girls' School]]

In the 20th century, the Sisters expanded their service, and currently serve in: Bolivia, Burma, Cameroon, China, Czech Republic, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, United Kingdom, and the United States.

In 1970 a federation was established between the congregations of Paris and Rouen to facilitate a greater sense of cooperation and common identity. In 2007 a revival of the original form of life was established, one open to both women and men, called the Fraternity of the Infant Jesus, whereby they can live and serve in the spirit of Barré.<ref name =EJNB />

==See also==
*[[Saint Maur International School]], Japan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.infantjesussisters.org/ IJ Sisters International]
* [http://www.nicolasbarre.org/ Nicolas Barre's writing]

;Local websites
* [http://www.ijs.ie/ Ireland & England]
* [http://www.ijnico.or.jp/ Japan]
* [http://www.chij-sisters.org/ Singapore]
**[http://www.chijalumni.org/ CHIJ Alumni Singapore]

[[Category:1675 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic religious institutes established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic teaching orders]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic female orders and societies]]
[[Category:Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus schools| ]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1660s]]

Fu Lu Shou

2016-08-02T04:53:47Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Dali

{{Chinese
|pic=Sanxing at Chinese temple in Bangkok.jpg
|piccap=Fu, Lu and Shou gods at a [[Chinese folk religious]] temple in [[Thailand]].
|t=福祿壽|s=福禄寿
|p=Fú Lù Shòu|w=|j=Fuk1 Luk6 Sau6|y=|poj=Hok-lo̍k-siū|h=
|kanji=|hiragana=|romaji=
|hangul=|mr=|rr=
|qn=Phúc Lộc Thọ
}}
The '''Sanxing''' (三星 "Three Stars"), who are '''Fu''', '''Lu''', and '''Shou''' ({{zh|t={{linktext|福|祿|壽}}|s={{linktext|福|禄|寿}}||p=Fú Lù Shòu}}), or '''Cai''', '''Zi''' and '''Shou''' (財子壽), are the gods of the three stars and the three qualities of '''Prosperity''' ([[Fu character|Fu]]), '''Status''' (Lu), and '''Longevity''' ([[Shou character|Shou]]) in [[Chinese religion]]. These icons are thought to date back to the [[Ming dynasty]],<ref>{{zh icon}} [http://www.gb.taoism.org.hk/taoist-immortal/pg3-6-2.htm 福禄寿星]. British Taoist Association.</ref> when the gods of the three stars were represented in human form for the first time. They are sometimes identified with other deities of the Chinese religion or of Taoism.

The term is commonly used in Chinese culture to denote the three attributes of a good life. Statues of these three gods are found on the facades of folk religion's temples and ancestral shrines, in nearly every Chinese home and many Chinese-owned shops on small altars with a glass of water, an orange or other auspicious offerings, especially during Chinese New Year. Traditionally, they are arranged right to left (so Shou is on the left of the viewer, Lu in the middle, and Fu on the far right), just as Chinese characters are traditionally written from right to left.

==The three gods, their stars and their attributes==
[[File:Dali 2007 179.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Fuxing, Luxing, and Shouxing at a [[Benzhu]] temple at the Jinsuo Island in [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]], [[Yunnan]].]]

===Fuxing===
The star of Fu (福), ''Fuxing'' 福星, refers to the planet [[Jupiter]]. In traditional astrology, the planet Jupiter was believed to be auspicious. Alternatively, according to a Taoist myth of the Ming dynasty, the Fu star is associated with Yang Cheng, a governor of Daozhou in Western Han (206 BC - 24 AD). Yang Cheng risked his life by writing a memorial to the emperor to save the people from presenting dwarf slaves as the special tribute to the imperial court. After his death, the people built a temple to commemorate him, and over time he came to be considered the personification of good fortune.

He is generally depicted in scholar's dress, holding a scroll, on which is sometimes written the character "Fu". He may also be seen holding a child, or surrounded by children. He is sometimes conflated with [[Caishen]], the "Wealth God".

===Luxing===
The star of Lu (禄), ''Luxing'' 禄星, is [[Zeta Ursae Majoris|ζ Ursa Majoris]], or, in traditional Chinese astronomy, the sixth star in the [[Wenchang]] cluster, and like the Fu star came to be personified. The Lu star is believed to be Zhang Xian who lived during the [[Later Shu]] dynasty. The word ''lu'' specifically refers to the salary of a government official. As such, the Lu star is the star of prosperity, rank, and influence.

The Lu star was also worshipped separately from the other two as the deity dictating one's success in the [[imperial examination]]s, and therefore success in the imperial bureaucracy. The Lu star is usually depicted in the dress of a [[mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]].

===Shouxing===
{{main|Old Man of the South Pole}}
The star of Shou (壽), ''Shouxing'' 寿星, is α Carinae ([[Canopus]]), the star of the south pole in Chinese astronomy, and is believed to control the life spans of mortals. According to legend, he was carried in his mother's womb for ten years before being born, and was already an old man when delivered. He is recognized by his high, domed forehead and the peach which he carries as a symbol of [[immortality]]. The longevity god is usually shown smiling and friendly, and he may sometimes be carrying a gourd filled with the elixir of life. He is sometimes conflated with [[Laozi]] and corresponding gods of Taoist theology.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=150
|lines=5
|File:Tuaran Sabah LingSanPagoda-06.jpg|Fu, Lu and Shou statues on the roof of Ling San Temple, a [[Chinese folk religion]]'s temple in Turan, [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]
|File:Nouvel_an_chinois_2015_Paris_13_autel.jpg|A street altar with Fu, Lu and Shou statues during [[Chinese New Year]] 2015 in [[Paris]], France
|File:LonggangZhen-YongGongCi-0023.jpg|This shrine to a Master Yong in a [[Yangxin County, Hubei|Yangxin County]] village, [[Hubei]] features a tablet, high in the facade, saying "The Three Stars are Present". The symbol at the top of the facade is a stylised derivation of the character ''shou'' , "longevity"
}}

==See also==
* [[Fukurokuju]], Japanese god believed to be derived from these
* [[Seven Lucky Gods]], analogous Japanese group of gods

==References==
{{commons category|Fu Lu Shou}}
{{reflist}}
* Seow, Jeffrey. ''Fu Lu Shou: Gods of Blessings, Prosperity and Longevity'', Singapore, 1999.

[[Category:Chinese gods]]
[[Category:Triple deities]]
[[Category:Fortune gods]]
[[Category:Holiday characters]]

Benutzer:Meon43/Ōme Station

2016-07-31T07:51:29Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - disambiguate Mitake Station

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ōme Station
| native_name = 青梅駅
| native_name_lang = ja
| type =
| image = JR-Ome Sta 0803.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ōme Station, March 2012
| other_name =
| address = 192 Honcho, Ōme-shi, Tokyo {{Nihongo2|（東京都青梅市本町192 ）}}
| country = Japan
| coordinates =
| operator = [[File:JR logo (east).svg|20px]] [[JR East]]
| line = {{colorbull|OrangeRed}} [[Ōme Line]]
| distance = 18.5 km from {{ja-stalink|Tachikawa}}
| platforms = 1 island platform
| connections =
| structure =
| code =
| opened = 19 November 1894
| closed =
| former =
| passengers = 6869
| pass_year = FY2014
| services =
| map_type = Japan
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Ōme Station'''|青梅駅|Ōme-eki}} is a railway station in [[Ōme, Tokyo]], Japan, operated by [[East Japan Railway Company]] (JR East).

==Lines==
Ōme Station is served by the [[Ōme Line]], located 18.5 kilometers from the [[terminal station|terminus]] of the line at [[Tachikawa Station]].

==Station layout==
The station has one [[island platform]] serving two tracks, with a station building connected to the platform by an underground passage. The station has a ''[[Midori no Madoguchi]]'' staffed ticket office. The theme song from ''[[Himitsu no Akko-chan]]'' is used as a departure melody.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

===Platforms===
{{ja-rail-line|pfn=1|first=2|name= Ōme Line|linecol= OrangeRed |dir= for {{ja-stalink|Tachikawa}}, {{ja-stalink|Shinjuku}}, and {{ja-stalink|Tokyo}}}}for {{ja-stalink|Ōme}} and {{ja-stalink|Okutama}}
{{ja-rail-line|pfn=2|first=3|nidx= Ōme Line|linecol= OrangeRed |dir= for {{ja-stalink|Mitake||Tokyo}} and {{ja-stalink|Okutama}}}}

== Adjacent stations ==
{{J-railservice start}}
{{J-route|route=Ōme Line|col=OrangeRed|f=w}}
{{J-rserv|service=''Ōme Liner''|previous={{Ja-stalink|Kabe||Tokyo}}|col=red}}
{{J-rserv|service=Holiday Rapid|previous={{Ja-stalink|Fussa}}|next={{Ja-stalink|Mitake||Tokyo}}|col=blue}}
{{J-rserv|service=Rapid|previous={{Ja-stalink|Higashi-Ōme}}|col=green}}
{{J-rserv|service=Local|previous=Higashi-Ōme|next={{Ja-stalink|Miyanohira}}|col=gray}}
{{S-end}}

==History==
Ōme Station opened on 19 November 1894.<ref name="jnr1985">{{cite book |title = 日本国有鉄道停車場一覧 |trans_title= JNR Station Directory | publisher = Japanese National Railways | year = 1985 | location = Japan | page = 55| isbn = 4-533-00503-9}}</ref> It was nationalized in 1944. It became part of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) with the breakup of the [[Japanese National Railways]] in 1987.

==Passenger statistics==
In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 6,869 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).<ref name="jreast2014stats">{{cite web |url= http://www.jreast.co.jp/passenger/2014_03.html|script-title=ja: 各駅の乗車人員 (2014年度)|trans_title= Station passenger figures (Fiscal 2014)|year= 2015|publisher= East Japan Railway Company|location= Japan|language= Japanese|archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= 5 May 2016}}</ref>

==Surrounding area==
* [[Ome Railway Park]]

==See also==
* [[List of railway stations in Japan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.jreast.co.jp/estation/station/info.aspx?StationCd=303 JR East Station information] (JR East) {{ja icon}}

{{Ōme Line}}

{{Coord|35.7906|N|139.2582|E|type:railwaystation_region:JP|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ome Station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Stations of East Japan Railway Company]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 1894]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Ōme, Tokyo]]

Mawazine

2016-07-31T02:58:24Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Nadia Ali

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Mawazine
| image = Logo mawazine.png
| caption =
| location = [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| founders = [[Mounir Majidi]] (Maroc Cultures)
| genre = Diverse
| website = {{URL|http://www.festivalmawazine.ma}}
}}
[[File:Festival Mawazine.jpg|thumb|440x440px]]
'''Mawazine''' ("World Rhythms") is a music festival that takes place annually in [[Rabat]], featuring many international and local music artists. The festival is presided by [[Mounir Majidi]], personal secretary of the Moroccan King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]]. Majidi is also the founder and president of ''"Maroc culture"'' the cultural foundation which organizes Mawazine and other events.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/music/news/justin-timberlake-to-open-moroccos-mawazine-music-fest-1201112457/|title=Justin Timberlake to Open Morocco's Mawazine Music Fest|author=Nick Vivarelli|work=Variety}}</ref>

The 2013 festival was attended by an estimated 2.5 million people, which makes Mawazine the biggest festival in the world after [[Donauinselfest]] in [[Vienna]]. With 90 acts on 7 stages it has the highest ratio of attendees per stage in the world.<ref name="The 10 biggest Music Festivals in the World">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtviggy.com/lists/the-10-biggest-music-festivals-in-the-world-2/|title=The 10 biggest music festivals in the world|date=2013-05-24|accessdate=2015-06-21|publisher=MTVIGGY}}</ref>

Mawazine is one of several events which are intended to promote an image of [[Morocco]] as a tolerant nation, with a post on the event's website declaring that the festival intends to promote and support Rabat, as a city open to the world.<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/><ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/> However, it is controversial as some of the country's politicians have criticised the event for also "encouraging immoral behaviour" in addition to its dubious financing by Moroccan state-owned companies or private companies whose only client is the Moroccan state.<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8065651.stm|title=Deadly stampede at Rabat festival|date=2009-05-24|accessdate=2009-05-25|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="11 killed in Rabat stampede (KBC)"/> Artists such as [[Mariah Carey]], [[Akon]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Shakira]], [[Kanye West]], [[Evanescence]], [[Rihanna]], [[Jessie J]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Usher (singer)|Usher]], [[Mika (singer)|Mika]], [[Sugababes]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Hardwell]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[LMFAO]], [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[P-Square]], [[Alicia Keys]] and [[Chris Brown]] have performed at Mawazine.

==History==
The Festival has known two eras. The first spanned between 2001 and 2007, where the festival was dedicated to the [[World music|music of the world]] genre.<ref name=5telquel/> During this period the event had some financial difficulties and was struggling to find sponsors.<ref name=5telquel/> The second era which started in 2008, has seen [[Mounir Majidi]], the personal secretary of the Moroccan King, take over the event.<ref name=5telquel/> During this period, the festival started programming more mainstream music, it has also become much stronger financially with many sponsorships from large Moroccan businesses.<ref name=5telquel/> The press reported that the list of artists performing in the event is validated by Mohammed VI.<ref name=5telquel/>

===Funding controversy===
In Morocco, the funding of the festival has often been the target of much criticism.<ref name=2magh>{{cite news|title=Calls mount for cancelling Mawazine|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2011/04/14/feature-02|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=Magharebia|date=14 April 2011|author=Hassan Benmehdi}}</ref><ref name=magh11>{{cite news|title=Mawazine marks decennial amid controversy|url=http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2011/05/25/feature-04|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=Magahrebia|date=25 May 2011|author=Naoufel Cherkaoui}}</ref> According to critics, the festival has been funded through state-owned companies such as [[Caisse de dépôt et de gestion|CDG]], [[Office Chérifien des Phosphates|OCP]], [[ONCF]] and [[Royal Air Maroc]],<ref name=3telquel>{{cite news|title=Mawazine. Un miracle royal|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/425/images/Infog1.pdf|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=Telquel|date=22 May 2010|author=Aïcha Akalay|author2=Mehdi Michbal|author3=Hassan Hamdani}}</ref><ref name=7lakome>{{cite news|title=Les organisateurs de Mawazine : le festival n’est pas financé par l’argent du contribuable|url=http://fr.lakome.info/archives/culture/50-actualites-culture/299-les-organisateurs-de-mawazine-le-festival-nest-pas-finance-par-largent-du-contribuable.html|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=Lakome|date=11 April 2011}}</ref> money which they deem can be better spent in sectors such as health/education/unemployment.<ref name=2magh/><ref name=magh11 /> In 2011, the management of Mawazine declared that budget of the festival is around 62 million Dirhams, of which 27 million is provided by sponsors and 35 million from revenues of the event.<ref name=7lakome /> They added that only 4 million dirham is given by Rabat's city council.<ref name=7lakome />

JLEC (Jorf Lasfar Energy Company), a Morocco-based subsidiary of [[Abu Dhabi National Energy Company|Taqa]], appeared in 2010 as a major sponsor of the event on the festival's official website.<ref name=5telquel>{{cite news|title=Mawazine. Un miracle royal|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/425/couverture_425.shtml|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=TelQuel|date=22 May 2013|author=Aïcha Akalay|author2=Mehdi Michbal|author3=Hassan Hamdani}}</ref> In January 2011, Peter Barker-Homek, CEO of Taqa between 2006 and October 2009, declared in a letter sent to the [[Securities Exchange Commission]], that he was instructed to donate $5 million/year to Hassan Bouhemou, CEO of [[Société Nationale d'Investissement|SNI]] ([[holding company]] controlled by the [[Alaouite dynasty|Moroccan royal family]]), the sum was allegedly going to fund the music festival.<ref name=4Barker>{{cite web|title=Peter Barker-Homek à la SEC|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/117569309/Peter-Barker-Homek-a-la-SEC|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> In the letter Barker states that he was unconvinced of the utility of such donation, and inquired Taqa's Chairman al-Suwaidi about it, the latter stated that in return for the payment Taqa would get the green light to expand its energy plant in the country.<ref name=4Barker/> JLEC holds a 30 years contract with Morocco's main electricity distributor ONE,<ref name=6telquel>{{cite news|title=Affaire. Comme un parfum de scandale|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/441/actu_economie2_441.shtml|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=TelQuel|date=2 October 2010}}</ref> and supplies as much as 50% of the country's electricity needs according to its management.<ref name=10leconomiste>{{cite news|title=Jlec: La centrale qui produit 50% de l'électricité nationale|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/leconomiste/87877|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=L'Economiste|date=11 August 2008|author=Saad Souleymane BOUHMADI}}</ref>

Hassan Bouhemou, denied being involved in any way in the organisation of the festival or its management<ref name=8LNT>{{cite news|title=Diffamé, Hassan Bouhemou porte plainte|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/latribune/2412|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=LNT|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> and Aziz Daki director of the festival declared that the amounts reported by Barker are incorrect.<ref name=9Telquel>{{cite news|title=Exclusif. Les secrets d’un festival royal|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/468/mage_culture_468.shtml|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=TelQuel|date=9 April 2011|author=Youssef Ziraoui|author2=Hassan Hamdani}}</ref> According to Telquel JLEC donated 10 million Dirhams to Mawazine, replacing Emirati firm Maabar as a major sponsor of the event in 2010.<ref name=5telquel/>

===2009 deadly Stampede===
{{main|Mawazine stampede}}
Eleven people were killed and forty were injured in a [[stampede]] at the "Hay Nahda stadium" during the festival shortly after midnight on 24 May 2009.<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/> The incident occurred when spectators attempted to leave in a hurry near the end of a free<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/> concert by Moroccan pop star [[Abdelaziz Stati]].<ref name="Eleven killed in Moroccan stampede"/> A wire fence collapsed during this attempt, endangering the lives of the 70,000 spectators.<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/><ref name="11 killed in Rabat stampede (KBC)">{{cite web|url=http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=57582 |title=11 killed in Rabat stampede |date=2009-05-25 |accessdate=2009-05-25 |publisher=[[Kenyan Broadcasting Corporation]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5ixoac7Q9 |archivedate=11 August 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Eleven killed in Moroccan stampede"/><ref name="Stampede during Moroccan music festival kills 11"/><ref name="11 killed in Morocco festival stampede"/> The concert had begun at 23:00, later than billed, and this caused people attending other concerts, including one by Stevie Wonder, to go to the stadium when their concerts were finished.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/>

Eight of the victims were seriously injured.<ref name="Eleven killed in Moroccan stampede"/> Five of the dead were women, four were men and two were teenagers.<ref name="Eleven killed in Moroccan stampede">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0525/1224247325042.html|title=Eleven killed in Moroccan stampede|date=2009-05-25|accessdate=2009-05-25|publisher=''[[The Irish Times]]''}}</ref><ref name="Stampede during Moroccan music festival kills 11"/> They were all discovered after the stampede had completed and found to have been crushed by suffocation.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival">{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090525-11-killed-stampede-rabat-world-music-festival-morocco-stevie-wonder|title=11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival|date=2009-05-25|accessdate=2009-05-25|publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref><ref name="Stampede during Moroccan music festival kills 11"/><ref name="11 killed in Morocco festival stampede"/><ref name="Stampede kills 11 people at world music festival in Morocco"/> Survivors had to be pulled from the wreckage by rescuers.<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/> The dead were all Moroccan.<ref name="Stampede kills 11 people at world music festival in Morocco">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article6354693.ece|title=Stampede kills 11 people at world music festival in Morocco|date=2009-05-25|accessdate=2009-05-25|publisher=''[[The Times]]'' | location=London | first=Jenny | last=Booth}}</ref> Seven people were still in hospital the following day.<ref name="Stampede during Moroccan music festival kills 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/05/24/morocco-concert-stampede.html|title=Stampede during Moroccan music festival kills 11|date=2009-05-25|accessdate=2009-05-25|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref>

[[Hassan Lamrani]], the [[Governor of Rabat]], blamed concert-goers for the stampede, saying that they had "decided to go over the metal barriers to have a quick exit".<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/> There were 3,000 police on duty at the event.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/> Maroc Cultures issued a statement to express "its great sorrow", extending "its profound and sincere condolences" to those affected by the tragedy.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/> [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]] also sent the families of those affected messages of condolence and offered to pay for funeral services and hospital costs.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/> Morocco's interior ministry has announced it will investigate the incident.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/>

== 2008 ==
Mawazine was attended by 1.2 million people and was located in nine venues across Rabat.<ref name="11 killed in stampede at Rabat world music festival"/><ref name="Stampede kills 11 people at world music festival in Morocco"/>
The festival featured many artists from all around the globe, including [[Whitney Houston]], [[Juanes]], [[Goran Bregovic]], [[George Benson]], [[Hoba Hoba Spirit]], [[Tony Allen (musician)|Tony Allen]] and [[Issac Delgado]].

== 2009 ==
The 2009 festival, a nine-day event entitled "Rhythms of the World",<ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival"/><ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> was the eighth edition and began on 15 May,<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> attracting crowds of one million people from cities such as [[Casablanca]], [[Marrakech]], [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] and [[Tangiers]] to Rabat.<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/><ref name="Mawazine draw a million people"/> Admission cost between 100 and 500 [[dirham]]s (15 to 70 [[USD]]).<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> 1700 performers performed in 2009.<ref name="11 killed in Morocco festival stampede">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0524/morocco.html|title=11 killed in Morocco festival stampede|date=2009-05-24|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref>

The opening three days featured acts such as [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Alicia Keys]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[K'naan]], [[Hoba Hoba Spirit]], [[Cheb Khaled]], [[Najwa Karam]], [[Warda Al-Jazairia]], [[Ali Campbell]] (formerly of [[UB40]]), and [[Johnny Clegg]] of [[White Zulu]].<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival">{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2009/05/18/feature-02|title=Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival|date=2009-05-18|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=''[[Magharebia]]''}}</ref> Other musical acts to feature include [[Mali]]'s [[Amadou & Mariam]],<ref name="Mawazine draw a million people"/> [[Cuba]]n musician [[Eliades Ochoa]],<ref name="Just a Minute With: Cuban musician Eliades Ochoa">{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idINTRE54J1ZF20090520|title=Just a Minute With: Cuban musician Eliades Ochoa|date=2009-05-17|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> [[The Joubran Trio]], three brothers from [[State of Palestine|Palestine]],<ref name="Mawazine rocks on">{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/05/20/mawazine-rocks-on/|title=Mawazine rocks on|date=2009-05-20|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=[[Euronews]]}}</ref> and [[Iran]]ian ensemble Eshtiaq.<ref name="Art news in brief">{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=194889|title=Art news in brief|date=2009-05-18|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=''[[Tehran Times]]''}}</ref>

The festival opened with a concert by [[Ennio Morricone]], accompanied by a Moroccan choir with ninety members, on the Bouregreg stage.<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> This was followed by a Kylie Minogue performance on the OLM Souissi stage.<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> Khaled's concert was attended by 50,000 people, whilst 40,000 and 30,000 attendance figures were registered for Kylie Minogue and Warda respectively.<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/> Stevie Wonder closed the festival on 23 May.<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/>

[[Najwa Karam]]'s performance was the first in [[Morocco]]; it attracted about 60,000 spectators. Warda Al-Jazairia was granted the "Wissam Royal".<ref name="Cheb Khaled, Kylie Minogue kick off star-studded Mawazine festival"/><ref name="Mawazine draw a million people">{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/05/19/mawazine-draw-a-million-people/|title=Mawazine draw a million people|date=2009-05-19|accessdate=2009-05-24|publisher=[[Euronews]]}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Kylie Minogue (15 May 2009)
|-
|
'''Act 1: Xlectro Static'''
*"Speakerphone"
*"[[Can't Get You Out of My Head]]" (contains elements of "[[Blue Monday (New Order song)|Blue Monday]]" along with excerpts from "Boombox")
*"Ruffle My Feathers"
*"[[In Your Eyes (Kylie Minogue song)|In Your Eyes]]"

'''Act 2: Cheer Squad'''
*"Heart Beat Rock" (contains elements of "[[Mickey (song)|Mickey]]")
*"[[Wow (Kylie Minogue song)|Wow]]"
*"[[Shocked]]" (DNA Mix)

'''Act 3: Xposed'''
*"Like a Drug"
*"[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]" (with excerpts of "Free")
*"[[The One (Kylie Minogue song)|The One]]"
*"[[2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song)|2 Hearts]]"

'''Act 4: Black Versus White'''
*"[[On a Night Like This]]"
*"[[Kids (Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue song)|Kids]]"
*"[[Step Back in Time]]"
*"[[In My Arms (Kylie Minogue song)|In My Arms]]"
*"[[Love at First Sight (Kylie Minogue song)|Love at First Sight]]" (Ruff and Jam U.S. Remix)

'''Act 5: Naughty Manga Girl'''
*"[[Sometime Samurai]]" (contains excerpts from "[[German Bold Italic]]") (Video Interlude)
*"[[Come Into My World (song)|Come into My World]]" (Fischerspooner Mix) (contains elements of "[[Finer Feelings]]" and "Dreams")
*"Nu-di-ty"
*"Sensitized"

'''Act 6: Starry Nights'''
*"[[Flower (Kylie Minogue song)|Flower]]" (an unreleased song from ''X'')
*"[[I Believe in You (Kylie Minogue song)|I Believe in You]]"
*"Cosmic"

'''Act 7: Beach Party'''
*"Loveboat" (contains elements of "[[Love Boat (song)|The Love Boat Theme Song]]")
*"[[Copacabana (song)|Copacabana]]"
*"That's Why They Write Love Songs" (an unreleased song co-written by [[Steve Anderson (music)|Steve Anderson]])
*"[[Spinning Around]]" (contains elements of "[[Got to be Real]]")

'''Encore'''
*"No More Rain"
*"[[All I See]]"
|}

== 2010 ==
The ninth edition of Mawazine took place from 21 May to 29 May 2010. [[Elton John]] and [[B.B. King]] performed at the OLM Souissi stage on 26 and 27 May respectively. [[Julio Iglesias]] performed on 23 May. [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] closed the 10-day festival with a performance on Saturday, 29 May 2010. Other performers at the 10-day festival included [[Mika (singer)|Mika]], [[Harry Connick Jr.]], [[Thievery Corporation]], [[Al Jarreau]], [[Deolinda]], [[Angélique Kidjo]] and [[Carlos Santana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalmawazine.ma/fr/artistes-2010.html|title=Festival Mawazine Rythmes du Monde - 14ème édition - du 29 Mai au 06 Juin 2015|work=festivalmawazine.ma}}</ref>

The festival also brought famous Arab singers such as [[Najwa Karam]], [[Tamer Hosny]], [[Elissa (Lebanese singer)|Elissa]], [[Wael Jassar]], [[Majida El Roumi]], [[Myriam Fares]], [[Rami Ayach]].

The Generation Mawazine competition launches the music career of promising young talent. This artistic competition, which has been run since 2006 as a fringe activity to the festival, sets out to find the talent of tomorrow and offers them a major springboard into the music business. Open to all styles of music, this competition gives the stage to new young talents and is judged along 3 predefined categories: rap/hip hop, fusion/neo pop and electronic music. This initiative gives unknown bands the opportunity to perform in front of the general public and media in a professional setting. The winning groups see their career launched in Morocco, produce an album and perform at the following year's festival as established artists.

== 2011 ==
The tenth edition was held from 20 May to 28 May 2011 at the OLM Souissi. The show was opened on the Friday with traditional and international performers. Notable performances which followed were [[Kanye West]] and Spaniard Ivica pica on the 21st and the English pogirls group [[Sugababes]] on the 22nd. The following days saw legends like [[Yusuf Islam]], [[Quincy Jones]], [[Joe Cocker]] and [[Lionel Richie]] take on the big stage. The event was again lightened when it had [[Shakira]] alongside Swiss DJ and producer [[Yves Larock]] on the last day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalmawazine.ma/festival-2011/fr/artistes-2011.html |title=MAWAZINE 2011 - FESTIVAL DE MUSIQUES ET RYTHMES DU MONDE, A RABAT CAPITALE DU MAROC - Liste des artistes |publisher=Festivalmawazine.ma |date=2011-05-30 |accessdate=2012-05-23}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Kanye West (20 May 2011)
|-
|
# Intro (Contains simples from "[[H.A.M.|H•A•M]]")
# [[Dark Fantasy (song)|Dark Fantasy]]
# [[Power (Kanye West song)|POWER]]
# [[Jesus Walks]]
# [[Can't Tell Me Nothing]]
# [[Diamonds from Sierra Leone|Diamonds From Sierra Leone]]
# [[Hell of a Life (song)|Hell Of A Life]]
# [[Monster (Kanye West song)|Monster]]
# [[Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)|Flashing Lights]]
# [[Good Life (Kanye West song)|Good Life]] (Contains simples from "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]")
# [[Love Lockdown]]
# Say You Will
# [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
# Rap medley :
## [[Swagga like Us]]
## [[Run This Town]]
## [[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]
# [[Homecoming (Kanye West song)|Homecoming]]
# [[Through the Wire]]
# [[All Falls Down]]
# [[Touch the Sky (Kanye West song)|Touch the Sky]]
# [[Gold Digger (Kanye West song)|Gold Digger]]
# [[All of the Lights]]
# [[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]] (Contains simples from [[Chariots of Fire (instrumental)|Chariots Of Fire]] ([[Vangelis]] song)
# [[Runaway (Kanye West song)|Runaway]]
# [[Lost in the World]]
# [[Hey Mama (Kanye West song)|Hey Mama]]
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Shakira (28 May 2011)
|-
|
# "Pienso en Ti"
# "[[Why Wait (Shakira song)|Why Wait]]"
# "[[Te Dejo Madrid]]"
# "[[Whenever, Wherever]]" (contains excerpts from "[[Unbelievable (EMF song)|Unbelievable]]")
# "[[Inevitable (Shakira song)|Inevitable]]"
# "A'atini El Nay" (Interlude) ([[Fairuz]] cover)
# Medley: "[[Nothing Else Matters]]" / "Despedida"
# "[[Gypsy (Shakira song)|Gypsy]]"
# "[[La Tortura]]"
# "[[Ciega, Sordomuda]]"
# "[[Underneath Your Clothes]]"
# "[[Sale el Sol (song)|Sale el Sol]]"
# "[[Las de la Intuición]]"
# "[[Loca (Shakira song)|Loca]]"
# "[[She Wolf (Shakira song)|She Wolf]]" (contains elements of "[[Mapalé]]")
# "[[Ojos Así]]"
'''Encore'''
{{ordered list|start=17
|"[[Hips Don't Lie]]"
|"[[Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)]]"
}}
|}

== 2012 ==
The eleventh edition was held from 18 May to 26 May 2012 at the OLM Souissi as well as other stages on [[Rabat]]. The show was opened on the Friday with [[LMFAO]] during their [[Sorry For Party Rocking Tour]]. Also other following performances by [[Pitbull (entertainer)|Pitbull]] ([[Planet Pit World Tour]]), [[Evanescence]] ([[Evanescence Tour]]), [[Scorpions (Band)|Scorpions]] ([[Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour]]), [[Jimmy Cliff]], [[Nigel Kennedy]], [[Khaled (singer)|Khaled]], [[Gloria Gaynor]] (in Mohammed V theatre), [[Lenny Kravitz]] who spent his birthday on stage, and without forgetting the epic finale: The historical performance by the American diva [[Mariah Carey]] (exclusive concert "doesn't belong to any of her tours").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festivalmawazine.ma/fr/artistes-2012.html|title=Festival Mawazine Rythmes du Monde - 14ème édition - du 29 Mai au 06 Juin 2015|work=festivalmawazine.ma}}</ref>

House DJs were [[Yolanda Be Cool]], and [[DJ Abdel]].

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: LMFAO (18 May 2012)
|-
|
#"Rock The Beat II"
#"[[Sorry for Party Rocking (song)|Sorry For Party Rocking]]"
#"Get Crazy"
#"Take It To The Hole"
#"Put That A$$ To Work"
#"[[I'm in Miami Bitch]]"
#"Gettin Over You"
#"[[Boom Boom Pow]]"
#"Shooting Star"
#"Reminds Me Of You"
#"I Am Not A Whore"
#"Hot Dog"
#"One Day"
#"[[La La La (LMFAO song)|La La La]]"
#"[[Yes (LMFAO song)|Yes]]"
#"Quest Crew Dance Mashup"
#"[[Shots (LMFAO song)|Shots]]"
'''Encore'''
{{ordered list|start=18
|"[[Party Rock Anthem]]"
|"[[Champagne Showers]]"
|"[[Sexy And I Know It]]"
}}
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Pitbull (19 May 2012)
|-
|
#"Mr. Worldwide" (Intro)
#"[[Hey Baby (Drop It to the Floor)]]"
#"Triumph"
#"[[Can't Stop Me Now]]"
#"[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] cover)
#"[[I Like How It Feels|I Like (The Remix)]]"
#"[[Sexy and I Know It]]" ([[LMFAO]] cover)
#"[[International Love]]"
#"[[Pause (Pitbull song)|Pause]]"
#"[[Hello (Martin Solveig song)|Hello]]" ([[Martin Solveig]] cover)
#"[[Party Rock Anthem]]" ([[LMFAO]] cover)
#"[[I'm in Miami Bitch|I'm From Miami Trick]]" ([[LMFAO]] re-made song)
#"[[Move Shake Drop]]"
#"[[Shut It Down (song)|Shut It Down]]"
#"[[Sweet Child o' Mine|Sweet Child O' Mine]]" ([[Guns N' Roses]] cover)
#"[[Rain Over Me]]"
#"[[Ai Se Eu Te Pego]]" ([[Michel Teló]] cover)
#"[[Bon, Bon]]" (Include simples from "[[We No Speak Americano]]")
#"[[Danza Kuduro|Throw Your Hands Up (Danza Kuduro)]]" ([[Don Omar]] & [[Lucenzo]] cover)
#"Alright"
#"[[Krazy (song)|Krazy]]"
#"[[Feel So Close]]" ([[Calvin Harris]] cover)
#"[[Back in Time (Pitbull song)|Back In Time]]"
#"[[Barbra Streisand (song)|Barbra Streisand]]" ([[Duck Sauce]] cover)
#"[[Shake Señora]]"
#"Shake"
#"[[Culo (song)|Culo]]"
#"[[I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)]]"
#"[[On the Floor]]" ([[Jennifer Lopez]] song featuring Pitbull)
#"[[I Like It (Enrique Iglesias song)|I Like It]]" ([[Enrique Iglesias]] song featuring Pitbull)
#"[[DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love]]" ([[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] song featuring Pitbull)
#"[[Hotel Room Service]]"
#"[[I Gotta Feeling]] ([[Fuck Me I'm Famous|FMIF]] Remix)" ([[The Black Eyed Peas]] cover)
#"[[Loca People|Crazy People]]" ([[Sak Noel]] re-made song)
#"[[Niggas in Paris|Latinos In Paris]]" ([[Jay-z]] & [[Kanye West]] re-made song)
#"[[Give Me Everything (Pitbull song)|Give Me Everything]]"
#"[[Dance Again]]" ([[Jennifer Lopez]] song featuring Pitbull)
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Evanescence (20 May 2012)
|-
|
#"[[What You Want (Evanescence song)|What You Want]]"
#"[[Going Under]]"
#"The Other Side"
#"Weight of the World"
#"The Change"
#"Made of Stone"
#"[[Lost in Paradise (song)|Lost in Paradise]]"
#"[[My Heart Is Broken]]"
#"[[Lithium (Evanescence song)|Lithium]]"
#"Erase This"
#"Sick"
#"[[Call Me When You're Sober]]"
#"Imaginary"
#"Never Go Back"
#"[[Bring Me to Life]]"
;Encore
{{ordered list|start=16
|"Swimming Home"
|"Your Star"
|"[[My Immortal]]"
}}
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Scorpions (24 May 2012)
|-
|
#"Sting in the Tail"
#"Make It Real"
#"Is There Anybody There?" / "Bad Boys Running Wild"
#"The Zoo"
#"Coast to Coast"
#"Loving You Sunday Morning"
#"Living for Tomorrow" (in Russia)
#"The Best Is Yet to Come" / "Rhythm of Love"
#"Send Me an Angel" / "Always Somewhere"
#"Holiday"
#"Raised on Rock"
#"Tease Me Please Me"
#"Hit Between the Eyes" / "Dynamite"
#"Kottak Attack"
#"Blackout"
#"Six String Sting"
#"Big City Nights"

Encore:
#"Still Loving You"
#"Wind of Change"
#"No One Like You" (in America)
#"Rock You Like a Hurricane"
#"When the Smoke Is Going Down"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Lenny Kravitz (25 May 2012)
|-
|
# [[Come On Get It]]
# [[Always on the Run]]
# [[American Woman (song)|American Woman]] ([[The Guess Who]] cover)
# [[It Ain't Over 'til It's Over]]
# [[Mr. Cab Driver]]
# [[Black and White America]]
# [[Fields of Joy]]
# Stand By A Woman
# Believe
# [[Stand (Lenny Kravitz song)|Stand]]
# Rock Star City Life
# [[Where Are We Runnin'?]]
# [[Fly Away (Lenny Kravitz song)|Fly Away]]
# [[Are You Gonna Go My Way (song)|Are You Gonna Go My Way]]
# [[Let Love Rule (song)|Let Love Rule]]
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Mariah Carey (26 May 2012)
|-
|
#[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]] (Def Club Remix)
#[[It's Like That (Mariah Carey song)|It's Like That]]
#[[Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song)|Shake It Off]]
#[[Underneath the Stars (song)|Underneath The Stars]]
#[[I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]] ([[The Jackson 5]] cover)
#[[Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)|Obsessed]]
#[[Touch My Body (Mariah Carey song)|Touch My Body]]
#[[Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)]]
#[[Always Be My Baby]]
#[[Heartbreaker (Mariah Carey song)|Heartbreaker]]
#[[My All]]
#[[Dreamlover (song)|Dreamlover]]
#[[Honey (Mariah Carey song)|Honey]]
#[[We Belong Together (Mariah Carey song)|We Belong Together]]
#[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]
#[[Without You (Mariah Carey song)|Without You]]
#[[Butterfly (Mariah Carey song)|Butterfly]]
|}

== 2013 ==
Mawazine took place from 24 May to 1 June.

International stars in OLM Souissi stage : [[Rihanna]] opened the festival as a part of her [[Diamonds World Tour]]; she made history by performing to one of the largest crowds of all time, performing in front of 150,000 people.<ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/2501201/rihanna-kicks-off-moroccos-mawazine-global-music-fest/</ref> Other artists included [[Jessie J]] ([[Nice to Meet You Tour]]), [[Mika (singer)|MIKA]], [[Sexion d'Assaut]], [[The Jacksons]] ([[Unity Tour]]), [[David Guetta]], [[Deep Purple]] ([[Now What? World Tour (Deep Purple)|Now What? World Tour]]), [[Enrique Iglesias]] during his (Enrique Iglesias India Tour) featuring the Moroccan-Swedish pop star [[Loreen (singer)|Loreen]], R&B singer [[Cee-Lo Green]]and [[Taio Cruz]].

Arab (oriental) stars in Nahda stage : Day 1) Walid Taoufic. Day 2) Mouhcine Salahdine, Sherine Abdel Wahab, Farid Ghennam. Day 3) Bouchra Khalid, Mohamed Mounir. Day 4) Rabab, Cheb Mami. Day 5) Abed, Najwa Karam. Day 6) Zakaria Ghafouli, Assi El Hellani, Mourad Bouriki. Day 7) Shada Hassoun, Ahlam. Day 8) Hatim Ammor, Hoda Saad. Day 8) Leila Al Maghribiya, Ahmed Chawki, Tamer Hosni.

Moroccan scene in Salé stage : Siham, Jil Ghiwan Jalal, Ghiwane Salwan, LooNope, Jbara, Mjid Bekkas, Aouatif, Mohamed Anbari, Fatim Zahra Laaroussi, Atika Ammar, Numedia et Mallal, Izenzaren Abdelhadi, M.boy, Barry, Casa Crew, Hamid Kasri, Chaht Man, H-Kayne, Don Bigg, Ben Moussa, Hajib, Rachid Lamrini, Mohammed Iskandar, Najat Atabou, Tarik Laamirat,Said Mouskir, Hamid Hadri.

Other stars in so many other stages : Haj Youness, Amir Ali, Leila Lamrini, Tinariwen, African United, Gnawa Diffusion, Amadou & Meriem, Blitz The Ambassador, [[George Benson]], Bond Girls, Sandra Nkaké, Lotfi Bouchnak, [[Abdelwahab Doukkali]], Patrizia Laquidara, Ensemble Dragon.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Rihanna (24 May 2013)
|-
|
#"[[Mother Mary (Rihanna song)|Mother Mary]]"
#"[[Phresh Out the Runway]]"
#"[[Birthday Cake (song)|Birthday Cake]]"
#"[[Talk That Talk (Rihanna song)|Talk That Talk]]"
#"[[Pour It Up]]"
#"[[Cockiness (Love It)]]"
#"[[Numb (Rihanna song)|Numb]]"
#"[[You da One]]"
#"[[Man Down (song)|Man Down]]"
#"No Love Allowed"
#"[[Rude Boy (Rihanna song)|Rude Boy]]"
#"[[What's My Name? (Rihanna song)|What's My Name?]]"
#"[[Jump (Rihanna song)|Jump]]"
#"[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]"
#"[[All of the Lights]]" ([[Kanye West]] song feat. Rihanna)
#"[[Rockstar 101]]"
#"[[What Now (Rihanna song)|What Now]]"
#"[[Loveeeeeee Song]]"
#"[[Love the Way You Lie (Part II)]]" / "[[Take a Bow (Rihanna song)|Take A Bow]]" / "Cold Case Love"
#"[[Hate That I Love You]]"
#"Red Lipstick"
#"[[We Found Love]]"
#"[[S&M (Rihanna song)|S&M]]" / "[[Only Girl (In the World)]]" / "[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]"
#"[[Where Have You Been]]"
Encore:
#"[[Stay (Rihanna song)|Stay]]"
#"[[Diamonds (Rihanna song)|Diamonds]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Jessie J (25 May 2013)
|-
|
# "[[Price Tag]]"
# "[[Who's Laughing Now (song)|Who's Laughing Now]]"
# "Rainbow"
# "Stand Up"
# "[[Nobody's Perfect (Jessie J song)|Nobody's Perfect]]"
# "I Need This"
# 80's Medley (Medley n°1):
## "[[Ain't Nobody (Chaka Khan song)|Ain't Nobody]]" ([[Chaka Khan]] cover)
## "[[Emotions (Mariah Carey song)|Emotions]]" ([[Mariah Carey]] cover)
## "[[Never Too Much (song)|Never Too Much]]" ([[Luther Vandross]] cover)
# "[[Abracadabra (Jessie J song)|Abracadabra]]"
# A dedication to a random girl from the audience.
# "[[Wild (Jessie J song)|Wild]]"
# "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing|I Don't Want To Miss A Thing]]" ([[Aerosmith]] cover)
# "[[Who You Are (Jessie J song)|Who You Are]]"
# Medley n°2:
## "[[Queen of the Night (song)|Queen Of The Night]]" ([[Whitney Houston]] cover)
## "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]" ([[Michael Jackson]] cover)
## "[[Work It Out (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Work It Out]]" ([[Beyoncé]] cover)
# "[[Do It like a Dude|Do It Like A Dude]]" (Include simples from "[[Price Tag]])"
# "[[LaserLight]]"
# "[[Domino (Jessie J song)|Domino]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: MIKA (26 May 2013)
|-
|
# [[Elle me dit|Elle Me Dit]]
# [[Relax, Take It Easy]]
# Blue Eyes
# Billy Brown
# [[Rain (Mika song)|Rain]]
# [[Popular Song (Mika song)|Popular Song]]
# [[Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)]]
# Origin Of Love
# Stardust
# [[Underwater (Mika song)|Underwater]]
# Stuck In The Middle
# [[Celebrate (Mika song)|Celebrate]]
# Love You When I'm Drunk
# Lola
# [[Happy Ending (song)|Happy Ending]]
# Step With Me
# [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]
# [[Love Today]]
# [[We Are Golden]]
# [[Lollipop (Mika song)|Lollipop]]
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: The Jacksons (28 May 2013)
|-
|
# [[Can You Feel It (The Jacksons song)|Can You Feel It]]
# [[Blame It on the Boogie]]
# [[I Wanna Be Where You Are]] (from Michael Jackson's [[Got to Be There]])
# [[Rock with You (Michael Jackson song)|Rock With You]] (from Michael Jackson's [[Off the Wall (album)|Off The Wall]])
# [[Show You the Way to Go]]
# [[Lovely One]]
# Good Times
# Looking Through The Windows
# Time Waits for No One
# Heaven Knows I Love You Girl
# Push Me Away
# Man of War
# [[Gone Too Soon]] (From Michael Jackson's [[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]])
# [[The Jackson 5]] medley :
## [[I Want You Back]]
## [[ABC (song)|ABC]]
## [[The Love You Save]]
## [[Never Can Say Goodbye]]
# All I Do Is Think Of You
# [[I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song)|I'll Be There]]
# Dynamite (From Jermaine Jackson's [[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Dynamite]])
# [[Let's Get Serious (song)|Let's Get Serious]] (From Jermaine Jackson's [[Let's Get Serious (Jermaine Jackson album)|Let's get Serious]])
# [[Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)|Do What You Do]] (From Jermaine Jackson's [[Jermaine Jackson (album)|Dynamite]])
# Can't Let Her Get Away (From Michael Jackson's [[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]])
# Heartbreak Hotel
# [[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']] (from Michael Jackson's [[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]])
# [[Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough]] (from Michael Jackson's [[Off the Wall (album)|Off The Wall]])
# [[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: David Guetta (29 May 2013)
|-
|
#[[Titanium (song)|Titanium]]
#[[Just One Last Time]]
#[[She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)]]
#[[Pursuit of Happiness (Kid Cudi song)|Pursuit Of Happiness]] ([[Kid Cudi]] cover)
#[[Play Hard]]
#[[Sexy Bitch|Sexy B***h]]
#[[Harlem Shake (song)|Harlem Shake]] ([[Baauer]] cover)
#[[Love Is Gone]] vs . [[Little Bad Girl]]
#[[Turn Me On (David Guetta song)|Turn Me On]]
#[[Wet (Snoop Dogg song)|Sweat]] ([[David Guetta]] Remix)
#[[Don't You Worry Child]] ([[Swedish House Mafia]] cover)
#[[Right Now (Rihanna song)|Right Now]] ([[Rihanna]] feat. [[David Guetta]])
#[[Wild Ones (song)|Wild Ones]] ([[Flo Rida]] cover)
#Iron ([[Nicky Romero]] & [[Calvin Harris]] song)
#Pandor (Tony Romera song) ([[Hardwell]] Rambo Edit)
#Wakanda (Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike cover)
#Head Up (Arno Cost cover)
#[[One Love (David Guetta song)|One Love]]
#[[When Love Takes Over]]
#[[Memories (David Guetta song)|Memories]]
#Moombah ([[Afrojack]] Remix) ([[Chuckie (DJ)|Chuckie]] cover)
#[[Rock the House (Afrojack song)|Rock The House]] ([[Afrojack]] cover)
#[[Aerodynamic (instrumental)|Aerodynamic]] ([[Daft Punk]] cover)
#[[I Can Only Imagine (David Guetta song)|I Can Only Imagine]]
#[[I Could Be the One (Avicii and Nicky Romero song)|I Could Be The One]] ([[Avicii]] & [[Nicky Romero]] cover)
#[[Without You (David Guetta song)|Without You]]
#[[Wonderwall (song)|Wonderwall]] ([[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] cover)
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Deep Purple (30 May 2013)
|-
|
# "[[Fireball (Deep Purple song)|Fireball]]" (From ''[[Fireball (album)|Fireball]]'')
# "Into The Fire" (From ''[[In Rock (Deep Purple album)|Deep Purple In Rock]]'')
# "[[Hard Lovin' Man]]" (From ''[[Deep Purple in Rock]]'')
# "[[Highway Star (song)|Highway Star]]" (From ''[[Machine Head (album)|Machine Head]]'')
# "[[Strange Kind of Woman]]" (From ''[[Fireball (album)|Fireball]]'')
# "[[The Battle Rages On...|The Battle Rages On]]" (From ''[[The Battle Rages On...|The Battle Rages On]]'')
# "Knocking At Your Back Door" (From ''[[Perfect Strangers (album)|Perfect Strangers]]'')
# "Contact Lost" (From ''[[Bananas (album)|Bananas]]'')
# "Wasted Sunsets" (From ''[[Perfect Strangers (album)|Perfect Strangers]]'')
# "The Well-Dressed Guitar" (From ''[[Rapture of the Deep|Rapture of the Deep - Tour Edition]]'')
# "The Mule" (From ''[[Fireball (album)|Fireball]]'')
# "[[Lazy (Deep Purple song)|Lazy]]" (From ''[[Machine Head (album)|Machine Head]]'')
# "No One Came" (From ''[[Fireball (album)|Fireball]]'')
# "[[Perfect Strangers (Deep Purple song)|Perfect Strangers]]" (From ''[[Perfect Strangers (album)|Perfect Strangers]]'')
# "[[Space Truckin']]" (From ''[[Machine Head (album)|Machine Head]]'')
# "[[Smoke on the Water]]" (From ''[[Machine Head (album)|Machine Head]]'')
'''Encore'''
{{ordered list|start=17
| "[[Hush (Deep Purple song)|Hush]]" ([[Billy Joe Royal]] cover) (From ''[[Shades of Deep Purple]]'')
| "[[Black Night]]" (From ''[[Deep Purple in Rock]]'')
}}
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Loreen (31 May 2013)
|-
|
# "In My Head"
# "[[No Woman, No Cry]]" ([[Bob Marley]] cover)
# "[[We Got the Power]]"
# "[[My Heart Is Refusing Me]]"
# "[[Euphoria (Loreen song)|Euphoria]]"
# "[[Crying Out Your Name]]"
# "[[Sober (Loreen song)|Sober]]"
# "If She's the One"
# "Sidewalk"
# "Breaking Robot"
# "Heal"
'''Encore'''
{{ordered list|start=12
| "Euphoria" (Remix)
}}
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: CeeLo Green (1 June 2013)
|-
|
#[[Bright Lights Bigger City]]
#[[Let's Dance (David Bowie song)|Let's Dance]] ([[David Bowie]] cover)
#Champain
#Wildflower
#[[Don't Cha]] ([[Pussycat Dolls]] cover)
#Satisfied
#[[Smiley Faces]] ([[Gnarls Barkley]] cover)
#[[Gone Daddy Gone]] ([[Violent Femmes]] cover)
#[[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] ([[Gnarls Barkley]] cover)
#[[Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)|Fuck You!]]
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Taio Cruz (1 June 2013)
|-
|
#[[Hangover (Taio Cruz song)|Hangover]]
#[[Break Your Heart]]
#[[There She Goes (Taio Cruz song)|There She Goes]]
#[[Without You (David Guetta song)|Without You]] ([[David Guetta]] cover)
#[[Little Bad Girl]] ([[David Guetta]] feat. Taio Cruz & [[Ludacris]])
#DJing Session by Taio Cruz :
##[[Call Me Maybe]] ([[Carly Rae Jepsen]] song)
##[[Greyhound (song)|Greyhound]] ([[Swedish House Mafia]] song)
##[[I Could Be the One (Avicii and Nicky Romero song)|I Could Be The One]] ([[Avicii]] & [[Nicky Romero]] cover)
##[[Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall]] ([[Coldplay]] song)
##City Of Dreams ([[Dirty South (musician)|Dirty South]], [[Alesso]] & Rudy song)
##[[Levels (Avicii song)|Levels]] ([[Avicii]] song)
##[[Walking on a Dream (song)|Walking On A Dream]] ([[Empire of the Sun (band)|Empire Of The Sun]] song)
##REJ (Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike song)
##[[I Love It (Icona Pop song)|I Love It]] ([[Icona Pop]] song)
##Diamonds In The Sky (TV ROCK, Hook N Sling & Rudy song)
##[[Somebody That I Used to Know]] ([[Gotye]] song)
##Sunrise ([[The Aston Shuffle]] & [[Tommy Trash]] song)
##Vertigo ([[Daddy's Groove]] & Cryogenix song)
##[[Seven Nation Army]] ([[The White Stripes]] song) (sung by Taio Cruz)
##[[Don't You Worry Child]] ([[Swedish House Mafia]] song)
#[[Dirty Picture]] (with [[Ke$ha]]'s voice)
#[[Troublemaker (Taio Cruz song)|Troublemaker]]
#[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]
#[[Dynamite (Taio Cruz song)|Dynamite]]
#[[Hangover (Taio Cruz song)|Hangover]] (sung one more time as Outro)
|}

== 2014 ==
Mawazine was held this year from 30 May until 7 June.
Many artists performed starting with [[Justin Timberlake]], for the opening ([[The 20/20 Experience World Tour]]) on 30 May which marked his first performance in Morocco, [[Jason Derülo]] as part of [[Tattoos World Tour]] on 31 May, the mythic French hip-hop group [[IAM (band)|IAM]] on 1 June, the Belgian house producer and singer [[Stromae]] promoting his new album Racine Carrée on 2 June, [[Kool & the Gang]] on 3 June, the R&B sensation Ne-Yo on 4 June.[[Robert Plant]] the former vocalist of one of the best rock bands ever [[Led Zeppelin]] with his new founded band The Sensational Space Shifters on 5 June, the Latino icon [[Ricky Martin]] on 6 June, and the finale of this season the strong-voiced R&B diva [[Alicia Keys]] on 7 June.
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Justin Timberlake (30 May 2014)
|-
|
# "[[Pusher Love Girl]]"
# "[[Gimme What I Don't Know (I Want)]]" (Snippet)
# "[[Rock Your Body]]"
# "[[Don't Hold the Wall]]" (Snippet)
# "[[FutureSex/LoveSound]]"
# "[[Like I Love You]]"
# "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|Let Me Talk To You]]"
# "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
# "[[TKO (Justin Timberlake song)|TKO]]"
# "[[Summer Love (Justin Timberlake song)|SummerLove]]"
# "[[LoveStoned]]"
# "[[Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé song)|Until The End Of Time]]"
# "[[Holy Grail (Jay-Z song)|Holy Grail]]" ([[Jay-Z]]'s song featuring Justin Timberlake)
# "[[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)|Cry Me A River]]"
# "[[Señorita (Justin Timberlake song)|Señorita]]"
# "[[Take Back the Night]]"
# "[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]" (The Jackson 5 cover)
# "[[Heartbreak Hotel]]" (Elvis Presley cover)
# "[[Not a Bad Thing|Not A Bad Thing]]"
# "[[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]" (Michael Jackson cover)
# "[[What Goes Around... Comes Around|What Goes Around.../...Comes Around]]"
# "[[Suit & Tie]]"
# "[[SexyBack]]"
# "[[Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)|Mirrors]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Jason Derülo (31 May 2014)
|-
|
# "[[In My Head (Jason Derulo song)|In My Head]]"
# "[[Whatcha Say]]"
# "[[Stupid Love (song)|Stupid Love]]"
# "[[Ridin' Solo]]"
# "[[Marry Me (Jason Derulo song)|Marry Me]]"
# "[[The Other Side (Jason Derulo song)|The Other Side]]" {{small|(Acoustic)}}
# "[[It Girl (Jason Derulo song)|It Girl]]"
# "[[Breathing (Jason Derulo song)|Breathing]]"
# "[[Fight for You|Fight For You]]"
# "With The Lights On"
# "[[Royals (song)|Royals]]" {{small|([[Lorde]] cover)}}
# "Vertigo"
# "Side FX"
# "[[Don't Wanna Go Home]]"
# "[[The Other Side (Jason Derulo song)|The Other Side]]"
# "[[Talk Dirty (Jason Derulo song)|Talk Dirty]]"
# "[[Wiggle (song)|Wiggle]]"
# "[[Trumpets (song)|Trumpets]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
! Setlist: Ne-Yo (4 June 2014)
|-
|
# "[[Let's Go (Calvin Harris song)|Let's Go]]" (Calvin Harris song featuring Ne-Yo)
# "[[Knock You Down]]" (Keri Hilson song featuring Kanye West & Ne-Yo)
# "[[Beautiful Monster]]"
# "[[Don't Make Em Like You]]"
# "[[Mad (Ne-Yo song)|Mad]]"
# "[[Miss Independent (Ne-Yo song)|Miss Independent]]"
# "[[Burning Up (Ne-Yo song)|Burning Up]]"
# "[[So Sick]]"
# "[[Stay (Ne-Yo song)|Stay]]"
# "[[Champagne Life]]"
# "[[Make Me Better]]" (Fabulous song featuring Ne-Yo)
# "[[Baby by Me]]" (50 Cent song featuring Ne-Yo)
# "[[Leave You Alone]]" (Young Jeezy song featuring Ne-Yo)
# "[[One in a Million (Ne-Yo song)|One In A Million]]"
# "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because Of You]]"
# "[[Sexy Love]]"
# "[[Lazy Love]]"
# "[[Closer (Ne-Yo song)|Closer]]"
# "[[Play Hard]]" (David Guetta song featuring Ne-Yo & Akon)
# "[[Give Me Everything (Pitbull song)|Give Me Everything]]" (Pitbull song featuring Ne-Yo, Nayer & Afrojack)
# "[[Let Me Love You (Until You Learn to Love Yourself)]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: IAM (1 June 2014)
|-
|
# "Debout les braves"
# "Quand tu allais, on revenait"
# "L'école du micro d'argent"
# "C.Q.F.D."
# "Nés sous la même étoile"
# "Notre‐Dame veille"
# "Samurai" (Shurik'n cover)
# "Spartiate Spirit"
# "Habitude"
# "Fuck le refrain"
# "Si j'avais 20 ans"
# "L'empire du côté obscur"
# DJ Daz (Medley n°1)
# "Marvel"
# "Bad Boys de Marseille (part II)" (Akhenaton cover)
# "Tous les saints de la Terre"
# "Bouger la tête"
# "Dangereux"
# "Au quartier"
# "Sombres Manœuvres/Manœuvres sombres"
# "Les Raisons de la colère"
# Medley n°2 :
## "La Face B"
## "Chez le Mac"
## "Independenza"
## "Tu le Sais"
# "La Part du démon"
# Medley n°3 :
## "La Ronde"
## "La Garde Meurt Mais Ne Se Rend Pas"
## "Offishall"
# "Un bon son brut pour les truands"
# "La Saga"
# "Pain au chocolat"
# "Ouais c'est ça"
# "Demain, c'est loin"
# "Je danse le mia"
# "Petit Scarabée"
# "Petit frère"
# "Dernier Coup d’éclat"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Stromae (2 June 2014)
|-
|
# "[[Ta fête|Ta Fête]]"
# "Bâtard"
# "[[Peace or Violence|Peace Or Violence]]"
# "[[Te Quiero (Stromae song)|Te Quiero]]"
# "[[Tous les mêmes|Tous Les Mêmes]]"
# "Ave Cesaria"
# "Sommeil"
# "Quand C'est ?"
# "Moules Frites"
# "[[Formidable (song)|Formidable]]"
# "Carmen"
# "Humain à L'eau"
# "[[Alors on danse|Alors On Danse]]"
# "Encore"
# "[[Papaoutai]]"
# "Merci"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Ricky Martin (6 June 2014)
|-
|
# "[[Come with Me (Ricky Martin song)|Come with Me]]"
# "[[Shake Your Bon-Bon]]"
# "[[It's Alright (Ricky Martin song)|It's Alright]]"
# "[[Vuelve (song)|Vuelve]]"
# "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]"
# "[[She Bangs]]"
# "[[Loaded (Ricky Martin song)|Loaded]]"
# "[[She's All I Ever Had]]"
# "[[Private Emotion]]"
# "[[Nobody Wants to Be Lonely]]"
# "[[Más (Ricky Martin song)|Más]]"
# "[[La Bomba (Ricky Martin song)|La Bomba]]"
# "[[Vuelve (album)|Lola, Lola]]"
# "[[Pégate]]" (with elements of [[Por Arriba, Por Abajo]])
# "[[María (song)|María]]"
# "[[The Cup of Life]]"
|}
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Alicia Keys (7 June 2014)
|-
|
#"[[Karma (Alicia Keys song)|Karma]]"
#"[[You Don't Know My Name]]"
#"[[Tears Always Win]]"
#"Listen to Your Heart"
#"[[Like You'll Never See Me Again]]"
#"[[A Woman's Worth]]"
#"[[Diary (Alicia Keys song)|Diary]]"
#"[[Love You Down]]"
#"[[Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)]]"
#"[[Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart]]"
#"101"
#"[[Fallin' (Alicia Keys song)|Fallin']]"
#"[[I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By]]" (Performed by background vocalists)
#"When It's All Over"
#"[[Fire We Make]]"
#"[[Unbreakable (Alicia Keys song)|Unbreakable]]"
#"[[Not Even the King]]"
#"[[If I Ain't Got You]]"
#"[[No One (Alicia Keys song)|No One]]"
#"[[New Day (Alicia Keys song)|New Day]]"
#"[[Chaka Demus & Pliers|Murder She Wrote]]"
#"[[Girl on Fire (song)|Girl On Fire]]"
'''Encore'''
{{ordered list|start=23
|"[[Brand New Me (song)|Brand New Me]]"
|"[[Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down]]"
}}
|}

==2015==

This year’s edition of Mawazine Festival is set to new records of attendance. 160,000 people attended the concert of American singer [[Jennifer Lopez]] at the opening of the festival, and 180,000 people attended [[Pharrell Williams]] concert on Saturday, May 30th. The concert of DJ [[Avicii]] attracted over 200,000 festival-goers, on Monday, June 1st at the OLM Soussi stage of Rabat, as part of the 14th Mawazine Festival-Rhythms of the World, according to the organizers.<ref>http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/06/159936/record-200000-people-attend-dj-avicii-concert-at-mawazine-festival/</ref>
{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Jennifer Lopez (29 May 2015)
|-
|
# "[[Booty (song)|Booty]]"
# "[[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost A Thing]]"
# Medley :
## "[[Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)]]"
## "[[All I Have (song)|All I Have]]"
## "[[I'm Real (Jennifer Lopez song)|I'm Real (Murder Remix)]]"
# "[[Get Right (song)|Get Right]]"
# "[[Girls (Jennifer Lopez song)|Girls]]" / "[[If You Had My Love]]" (Dancing act by Jennifer Lopez)
# "[[I'm Into You]]"
# "[[Waiting for Tonight|Waiting For Tonight]]"
# "[[Feel the Light|Feel The Light]]"
# "[[First Love (Jennifer Lopez song)|First Love]]"
# "[[Do It Well]]"
# "[[Hold It Don't Drop It]]" (including elements of "[[Goin' In]]" & "[[Papi (song)|Papi]]")
# "[[Let's Get Loud]]"
# "[[Dance Again]]"
# "[[On the Floor|On The Floor]]"
# "[[Jenny from the Block|Jenny From The Block]]" (including elements of "[[Same Girl (Jennifer Lopez song)|Same Girl]]")
|}

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Pharrell Williams (30 May 2015)
|-
|
# "[[Come Get It Bae]]"
# "[[Frontin']]"
# "Hunter"
# "[[Marilyn Monroe (Pharrell Williams song)|Marilyn Monroe]]"
# "Brand New"
# Medley :
## "[[Hot in Herre|Hot In Herre]]" ([[Nelly (rapper)|Nelly]] cover)
## "[[I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)]]" [[Jay Z]] cover)
## "[[Pass the Courvoisier, Part II]]" ([[Busta Rhymes]] cover)
# "Gush"
# "[[Rock Star (N.E.R.D song)|Rockstar]]"
# "[[Lapdance (song)|Lapdance]]"
# "[[She Wants to Move]]"
# "[[Beautiful (Snoop Dogg song)|Beautiful]]" / "[[Drop It Like It's Hot]]" ([[Snoop Dogg]] cover)
# "[[It Girl (Pharrell Williams song)|It Girl]]"
# "[[Hollaback Girl]]" ([[Gwen Stefani]] cover)
# "[[Blurred Lines]]" ([[Robin Thicke]] cover)
# "[[Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)|Get Lucky]]" ([[Daft Punk]] cover)
# "[[Lose Yourself to Dance]]" ([[Daft Punk]] cover)
# "[[Gust of Wind]]"
# "[[Happy (Pharrell Williams song)|Happy]]"
|}

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Sean Paul (31 May 2015)
|-
|
# Intro (Including "[[Culo (song)|Culo]]", "[[The Final Countdown (song)|The Final Countdown]]" & "[[Animals (Martin Garrix composition)|Animals]]")
# "[[Come On to Me|Come On To Me]]"
# "[[Get Busy]]"
# "[[Give It Up to Me (Sean Paul song)|Give It Up To Me]]"
# "[[Got 2 Luv U]]"
# "[[How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song)|How Deep Is Your Love]]"
# "[[Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)|Baby Boy]]" ([[Beyoncé]] song)
# "[[Bailando (Enrique Iglesias song)|Bailando]]" ([[Enrique Iglesias]] song)
# "One Wine"
# "Hey Baby"
# "Inflitrate"
# "[[Deport Them]]"
# "[[Like Glue]]"
# "[[Gimme the Light|Gimme The Light]]"
# "[[We Be Burnin']]"
# "Riot"
# "[[I'm Still in Love with You (Sean Paul song)|I'm Still In Love With You]]"
# "Punkie"
# "[[No Woman No Cry]]" ([[Bob Marley and the Wailers|Bob Marley & The Wailers]] cover)
# "[[Never Gonna Be the Same|Never Gonna Be The Same]]"
# "[[Hold My Hand (Sean Paul song)|Hold My Hand]]"
# "[[Other Side of Love|Other Side Of Love]]"
# "Lowe Me"
# "Living The Dream"
# "Take It Low"
# "Want Dem All"
# "[[She Doesn't Mind]]"
# "[[Temperature (song)|Temperature]]"
# "[[Turn It Up (Sean Paul song)|Turn It Up]]"
|}

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Avicii (1 June 2015)
|-
|
# "[[Love Me Again (song)|Love Me Again]]" ([[John Newman (singer)|John Newman]] song)
# "Snake" ([[Blasterjaxx]] song)
# "[[Addicted to You (Avicii song)|Addicted To You]]"
# "Heaven"
# "My Feelings For You"
# "Make Your Move" (Dave Amstrong song)
# "Echoes" (Henrik B, Niklas Gustavsson & Peter Johansson song)
# "[[You Make Me]]"
# "[[The Nights]]"
# "All You Need Is Love"
# "[[The Tracks of My Tears|The Tracks Of My Tears]]" ([[The Miracles]] song)
# "Utopia"
# "[[Animals (Martin Garrix song)|Animals]]" ([[Martin Garrix]] song)
# "Smile" (Galantis song)
# "[[Superlove (Lenny Kravitz song)|Superlove]]" ([[Lenny Kravitz]] song)
# "Fade Into The Darkness"
# "Maple" (Wasteland song)
# "[[Rapture (iiO song)|Rapture]]" ([[Nadia Ali (singer)|Nadia Ali]] song)
# "Blessed" (Tom Hangs & Shermanology song)
# "XXX" (Phunk Investigation song)
# "Alcoholic"
# "Tear It Down" (The Aston Shuffle song)
# "[[Sunshine (David Guetta and Avicii song)|Sunshine]]"
# "[[Spectrum (Say My Name)]]" ([[Florence and the Machine|Florance + The Machine]] song)
# "[[Seek Bromance]]"
# "Dear Boy"
# "[[The Days (song)|The Days]]"
# "[[Return of the Mack|Return Of The Mack]]" ([[Mark Morrison]] song)
# "[[I Could Be the One (Avicii and Nicky Romero song)|I Could Be The One]]"
# "Love Looks" (Style of Eye & Lars Allertz song)
# "[[White Noise (Disclosure song)|White Noise]]" ([[Disclosure (band)|Disclosure]] song)
# "[[Lovers on the Sun|Lovers On The Sun]]" ([[David Guetta]] song)
# "[[Silhouettes (Avicii song)|Silhouettes]]"
# "[[Hey Brother]]"
# "[[Levels (Avicii song)|Levels]]"
# "[[Waiting for Love (song)|Waiting For Love]]"
# "On My Way" (Axwell /\ Ingrosso song)
# "[[Coming Home (Diddy – Dirty Money song)|Coming Home]]" ([[Diddy – Dirty Money]] song)
# "Flash" (Green Velvet song)
# "Deep Down Low" (Valentino Khan song)
# "Punx" (Tristan Garner song)
# "Kangaroo" (Sander Van Doorn & Julian Jordan song)
# "[[Antidote (Swedish House Mafia song)|Antidote]]" ([[Swedish House Mafia]]& [[Knife Party]] song)
# "[[Greyhound (song)|Greyhound]]" ([[Swedish House Mafia]] song)
# "Zeus" (John Dahlback song)
# "[[Hypnotize (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Hypnotize]]" ([[The Notorious B.I.G.]] song)
# "Wakanda" ([[Dimitri Vegas and Like Mike]] song)
# "Power Glove" ([[Knife Party]] song)
# "EDM Death Machine" ([[Knife Party]] song)
# "[[Wake Me Up (Avicii song)|Wake Me Up]]"
|}

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: AKON (3 June 2015)
|-
|
# "Shake Down"
# "[[We Takin' Over]]" ([[DJ Khaled]] song)
# "[[I'm So Paid]]"
# "[[Soul Survivor (Young Jeezy song)|Soul Survivor]]" ([[Young Jeezy]] song)
# "[[Ghetto (Akon song)|Ghetto]]"
# "[[Sorry, Blame It on Me|Sorry, Blame It On Me]]"
# "[[Lonely (Akon song)|Lonely]]"
# "[[Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)]]" ([[Wyclef Jean]] song)
# "I Love The Way She Moves" ([[Zion & Lennox|Zion]] song)
# "[[Don't Matter]]"
# "[[Danza Kuduro]]" ([[Don Omar]] & [[Lucenzo]] cover)
# "[[Oh Africa]]"
# "[[Mama Africa (song)|Mama Africa]]"
# "[[I Can't Wait (Akon song)|I Can't Wait]]"
# "Against The Grain"
# "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" ([[T-Pain]] song)
# "[[I Wanna Love You (Akon song)|I Wanna Love You]]"
# "[[Smack That]]"
# "[[I Just Had Sex]]" ([[The Lonely Island]] song)
# "[[Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)|Dangerous]]" ([[Kardinal Offishall]] song)
# "[[Chop My Money]]" ([[P-Square]] song)
# "[[Right Now (Na Na Na)]]"
# "[[Angel (Akon song)|Angel]]"
# "Keep You Much Longer"
# DJing Session :
## "[[Habits (Stay High)]]" ([[Tove Lo]] song)
## "[[Papaoutai]]" ([[Stromae]] song)
## "[[Am I Wrong (song)|Am I Wrong]]" ([[Nico & Vinz]] song)
## "Crunk It Up" ([[David Guetta]] song)
## "[[Shut It Down (song)|Shut It Down]]" ([[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] song)
# "[[Beautiful (Akon song)|Beautiful]]"
# "[[Sexy Bitch]]" ([[David Guetta]] song)
# "[[Play Hard]]" ([[David Guetta]] song)
# "Millionaire Dance"
# "Freedom"
|}

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:55em"
|-
! Setlist: Usher (5 June 2015)
|-
|
# "[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
# "[[Love in This Club|Love In This Club]]"
# "[[You Make Me Wanna...]]"
# "[[Nice & Slow]]"
# "[[U Remind Me]]"
# "[[Caught Up (Usher song)|Caught Up]]"
# "[[She Came to Give It to You|She Came To Give It To You]]"
# "[[Climax (Usher song)|Climax]]"
# "[[Confessions Part II]]"
# Medley :
## "[[Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home)]]"
## "[[My Boo (Usher and Alicia Keys song)|My Boo]]"
## "[[I Need a Girl (Part One)|I Need A Girl]]" ([[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]] song)
## "[[Lovers and Friends (song)|Lovers And Friends]]" ([[Lil Jon]] song)
## "[[New Flame]]" ([[Chris Brown]] song)
# "[[I Don't Mind (Usher song)|I Don't Mind]]"
# "[[Don't Look Down (Martin Garrix song)|Don't Look Down]]" / "[[Animals (Martin Garrix song)|Animals]]" ("[[Martin Garrix]]" song medley) 
# "[[More (Usher song)|More]]" ([[RedOne]] & Jimmy Joker Remix)
# "[[Burn (Usher song)|Burn]]"
# "[[U Got It Bad]]"
# "[[Bad Girl (Usher song)|Bad Girl]]"
# "[[Good Kisser]]"
# "[[U Don't Have to Call|U Don't Have To Call]]"
# "[[Scream (Usher song)|Scream]]"
# "[[DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love|DJ Got Us Fallin' In Love]]"
# "[[Yeah! (Usher song)|Yeah!]]"
# "[[Without You (David Guetta song)|Without You]]" ([[David Guetta]] song)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stages !! OLM Souissi !! Nahda !! Bouragrag !! Salé !! La Renaissance !! Chellah !! Théatre Mohammed V
|-
| Friday 29 May || [[Jennifer Lopez]] || Khalid Hajar / Ghazi El Amir / Saad Sattar || Temenik Electric || Bawss & Soultana / Khawla El Moujahed / Khansa Batma / Oum || TBA || TBA || TBA
|-
| Saturday 30 May || [[Pharrell Williams]] || [[Assala Nasri|Assala]] || Yuri Buenaventura || Nidal Ibourk / Moataz Abou Zouz / Aziz Al Maghribi / Mohamed Adly / Orchestre Ashjan Al Awetar || TBA || Srishti – Nina Rajarani / Dance Creations || Nihad Fathi / Orchestre Hafni
|-
| Sunday 31 May || [[Sean Paul]] || [[Amal Maher]] || [[P-Square]] || Najat Al Houceimiya / Imghrane / Mustapha Oumguil || TBA || Débora Russ || [[Magida El Roumi]]
|-
| Monday 1 June || [[Avicii]] || [[Maher Zain]] || Daara J Family || Melimane / Ibham Band / Issam & Abidate Rma / Essiham || Malek || Carmen Souza || Flavia Coelho
|-
| Tuesday 2 June || [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]] || [[Elissa (Lebanese singer)|Elissa]] || [[Black M]] || Gnawa Stone / Gnawa Click / Lamaalam Mahmoud Guinea || Les Frères & Les Fils Akkaf || Maria Berasarte || [[Barbara Hendricks]]
|-
| Wednesday 3 June || [[Akon]] || [[Melhem Zein]] || Yannick Noah || Babel / Rwapa Crew / Hassan Al Maghribi / Farid Ghannam / Mazagan & Hamid El Hadri || Haim Botbol || Lo Cor De La Plana || Mesut Kurtis
|-
| Thursday 4 June || [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] || Nabil Shuail || Les Ambassadeurs || Draganov / AZ Flow / Shayfeen / Chouft'Chouf / Fnaire || TBA || Luis De La Carrasca : Lo Essential || TBA
|-
| Friday 5 June || [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] || [[Dounia Batma]] / [[Ibtissam Tiskat]] / Fadwa Al Malki || Aziz Sahmaoui & Mamani Keita || Africa United / The Basement / Cheb Simo || Batoul Marouani || Katerina Fotinaki || [[Dorsaf Hamdani]]
|-
| Saturday 6 June || [[Maroon 5]] || [[Wael Kfoury]] || Metá Metá || Daoudi / Tahour || TBA || Özlem özdil || Bajeddoub / Abderrahim Souiri / Orchestre Debbi
|}

==2016==
{{Main|15th edition of Mawazine Festival}}
The 15th edition of Mawazine took place from 20 May to 28 May 2016. American singer [[Chris Brown]] and Australian rapper [[Iggy Azalea]] both performed at the OLM Souissi stage on 20 and 21 May respectively. [[Pitbull]] performed for 130 000 fans, and [[Saad Lamjerrad]] performed for 140 000 people in the Nahda stage. The Dutch DJ [[Harwell]] also performed in the festival for 180 000 people. The [[Dirrty]] singer, [[Christina Aguilera]] closed the festival in May 28th.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stages !! OLM Souissi !! Nahda !! Bouragrag !! Salé !! Chellah !! Théatre Mohammed V
|-
| Friday, May 20th || [[Chris Brown]] || [[Diana Haddad]] || [[Rokia Traoré]] || Hatim Idar,Mohammed Reda and Zainab Oussama || TBA || [[Kadhim Al-Sahir]]
|-
| Saturday, May 21st || [[Iggy Azalea]] || [[Melhem Barakat]] || [[Marcus Miller]] || DJ K-Rim, Rhany and Saïda Fikri || Alireza Ghorbani || Alma de Tango
|-
| Sunday, May 22nd || [[Wyclef Jean]] || [[Myriam Fares]] || National Orchestra of Barbes || Ahouzar, Fatima Tachtoukt and Najat Tazi || Noëmie Waysfeld || [[Le Trio Joubran]]
|-
| Monday, May 23rd || [[Maître Gims]] || Hatem Al-Iraqi || Omar Sosa & Friends || Aminux, Sami Ray and Kader Japonais || The Musicians of Cairo || [[Natacha Atlas]]
|-
| Tuesday, May 24th || [[Kendji Girac]] || [[Yara]] || [[Bombino (musician)|Bombino]] || [[Hoba Hoba Spirit]], Gabacho Maroc and Darga || [[Ines Bacán]], [[Majid Bekkas]] et [[Pedro Soler]] || Qawwali Flamenco
|-
| Wednesday, May 25th || [[Hardwell]] || [[Assi El Helani]] || [[Faiz Ali Faiz]] || Alamri, Hajib and Abdelaziz Stati || Antonio Castrignanò || [[Imany]]
|-
| Thursday, May 26th || [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]] || [[Sherine]] || The Afrobeat Experience || Muslim, H-Kayne, and H-name || Souffles Quartet || Paco Renteria
|-
| Friday, May 27th || [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] || [[Saad Lamjarred]] || Ernest Ranglin & Friends || Douzi, Rachid Berriah and Rachid Casta || Kakushin Nishihara and Gaspar Claus || El Gusto
|-
| Saturday, May 28th || [[Christina Aguilera]] || [[Saber Rebaï]] || [[Mokhtar Samba]] || [[Najat Aatabou]], Bilal El Maghribi and Hamid El Mardi || [[Houria Aïchi]] || Safwan Bahlawan
|}

==See also==
[[15th edition of Mawazine Festival]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Festival_Mawazine}}
* [http://www.festivalmawazine.ma Official site]
{{Mohammed VI}}

{{coord|34|01|31|N|6|50|10|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:2009 in Morocco]]
[[Category:Music festivals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2001]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Morocco]]
[[Category:World music festivals]]
[[Category:Rabat]]
[[Category:Corruption in Morocco]]
[[Category:Entertainment events in Morocco]]
[[Category:Electronic music festivals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 2001]]

Sentinel-5P

2016-07-30T22:09:40Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - SWIR

{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = Sentinel-5 Precursor
| image = File:Sentinel 5P model.jpg
| image_caption = Sentinel-5P model
| manufacturer = * [[Airbus Defence and Space]]
* [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs]]
| designer =
| country =
| operator = [[ESA]]
| applications = [[Atmospheric chemistry|Atmospheric composition]], [[air pollution]], [[ozone layer]] monitoring

| spacecraft_type = Satellite
| spacecraft_bus = Astrobus-L 250 M<ref name="DataSheet">{{cite web|url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/S5-prec_Data_Sheet.pdf|title=Sentinel 5 Data Sheet|format=PDF|publisher=[[ESA]]|date=August 2013|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>
| constellation =
| design_life = 7 years
| launch_mass = {{convert|900|kg}}
| dry_mass = {{convert|820|kg}}
| payload_capacity =
| crew_capacity =
| dimensions = {{convert|1.40|x|0.65|x|0.75|m|ft|abbr=mos|sigfig=3}} - height × width × length<ref name="eoPortal">{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/copernicus-sentinel-5p|title=Copernicus: Sentinel-5P (Precursor - Atmospheric Monitoring Mission)|publisher=eoPortal|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>
| volume =
| power = {{convert|1500|W}}
| batteries = 156 [[Ampere-hour|Ah]]
| equipment = TROPOMI
| orbits =


| status = Under construction
| built = 0
| orders = 1
| launched = 0
| operational = 0
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = 2016<ref name="launch"/>
| last =
| lastretired =


| derivedfrom =
| derivatives =
| subsatellites =
| subsatellite_of = [[Sentinel (satellite)|Sentinel constellation]]


| insignia =
| insignia_size =
| insignia_alt =
| insignia_caption =


| bottom_image =
| bottom_image_size =
| bottom_image_alt =
| bottom_image_caption =

| previous = [[Sentinel-4]]
| next = [[Sentinel-5]]
}}
'''Sentinel-5 Precursor''' ('''Sentinel-5P''') is an [[Earth observation satellite]] developed by the [[European Space Agency|ESA]] as part of the [[Copernicus Programme]] to close the gap in continuity of observations between [[Envisat]] and [[Sentinel-5]].<ref name="Sent5ESApage">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinels_-4_-5_and_-5P|title=Sentinels -4/-5 and -5P|publisher=ESA|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sentinel-5 Precursor will be the first mission of a [[Copernicus Programme]] dedicated to monitoring [[air pollution]]. It's instrument will be [[ultraviolet]], [[Visible spectrum|visible]], [[near-infrared|near]] and [[Infrared#Regions within the infrared|short-wavelength infrared]] [[spectrometer]] called Tropomi. Satellite is build on a hexagonal Astrobus L 250 [[satellite bus]] equipped in [[S band|S-]] and [[X-band]] communication antennas, three foldable solar panels generating 1500W and a [[hydrazine]] thrusters for [[orbital station-keeping|station-keeping]].<ref name="DataSheet"/><ref name="eoPortal"/>

Once launched satellite will be put on 824 km [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] with a [[Orbital period|period]] of 13:30 hours.

===Tropomi===
Tropomi (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) will be a spectrometer sensing ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), near (NIR) and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) to monitor [[ozone]], [[methane]], [[formaldehyde]], [[aerosol]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO2]] and [[Sulfur dioxide|SO2]] in the atmosphere extending the capabilities of [[Ozone Monitoring Instrument|OMI]] from [[Aura (satellite)|Aura satellite]] and [[SCIAMACHY]] instrument from [[Envisat]].<ref name="TropomiSite">{{cite web|url=http://www.tropomi.eu/|title=TROPOMI|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

Instrument will be taking measurements every second covering an area of approximately 2600km wide and 7km long in a resolution of 7x7km. Light will be separated into a different wavelengths using grating spectrometers and then measured with four different detectors for respective spectral bands. UV spectrometer is going to work in spectral range of 270-320nm, visible light spectrometer in 310-500nm, NIR in 675-775nm and SWIR in 2305-2385nm.<ref name="TropomiSiteInstrument">{{cite web|url=http://www.tropomi.eu/TROPOMI/Instrument.html|title=TROPOMI: Instrument|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

Instrument is split into four major blocks: UV-VIS-NIR spectrometers and a calibration block, SWIR spectrometer with its optics, instrument control unit and a cooling block. Total mass of Tropomi will be 200kg with a power consumption of 170W on average and a data output of 140 Gbits per orbit.<ref name="TropomiSiteInstrument"/><ref name="DataSheet"/>

Instrument is being build by a joint venture between the [[Netherlands Space Office]], [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]], [[Netherlands Institute for Space Research]], [[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research]] and [[Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands]].<ref name="TropomiContract" /><ref name="TropomiSRON">{{cite web|url=http://www.sron.nl/sentinel-5-precursortropomi-missionsmenu-2067|title=Sentinel 5-Precursor/TROPOMI |publisher=[[Netherlands Institute for Space Research]]|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

The SWIR spectrometer was designed and built by the Optical Payloads Group of Surrey Satellites (SSTL); it employs an immersed grating design in which light impinges upon an etched grating from within a high-index substrate (silicon in this case). The reduced wavelength within the refractive medium permits an efficient, space-saving design. The SWIR grating was provided by SRON (Netherlands), who also provided the Front-End Electronics (FEE). The SWIR spectrometer receives light from the main instrument via an intermediate pupil, and directs this - via a telescope - towards a slit which defines the along-track footprint of the instrument on the ground. Light from the slit is re-collimated, diffracted by the immersed-grating at high-order and finally imaged onto a two-dimensional detector by a high aperture relay lens. The SWIR detector (furnished by Sofradir, France) has 256 elements in the across-track direction and 1024 elements in the spectral direction (the element pitch is 30 microns); it is operated cold (typically 140 K). The SWIR spectrometer optics are mounted on a cooled optical bench (approximately 200K) and the instrument is insulated by a multiple-layer insulation (MLI) blanket. The SWIR instrument was aligned, focussed and characterised at the Mullard Space Science laboratory thermal vacuum facility in Surrey, UK.

==History==
First large contract for Sentinel-5P was signed in July 2009 for Tropomi instrument between the [[European Space Agency]] and [[Ministry of Economic Affairs (Netherlands)|Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs]] which contributed {{Euro|78}} million.<ref name="TropomiContract">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Agreement_between_the_Netherlands_and_ESA_signed_for_Sentinel-5_Precursor_instrument|title=Agreement between the Netherlands and ESA signed for Sentinel-5 Precursor instrument |publisher=ESA|date=6 July 2009|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> On 8 December 2011 ESA selected [[Astrium]] UK as a prime contractor for the satellite, signing contract worth {{Euro|45.5}} million<ref name="SatelliteContract">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/ESA_selects_Astrium_to_build_Sentinel-5_Precursor_satellite|title=ESA selects Astrium to build Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite|publisher=ESA|date=8 December 2011|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> Construction of the satellite itself was completed in May 2014, however it still awaits for its primary instrument.<ref name="platformReady">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Platform_brings_air_monitoring_a_step_closer|title=Platform brings air monitoring a step closer|publisher=ESA|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

Satellite will be launched by [[Eurockot Launch Services]] onboard [[Rokot]] in 2016.<ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurockot.com/2014/01/esa-books-eurockot-launch-for-sentinel-5p-satellite/|title=ESA books Eurockot Launch for Sentinel-5p Satellite|publisher=[[Eurockot Launch Services]]|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-5p Sentinel 5 Precursor website]
* [http://www.tropomi.eu/TROPOMI/Home.html TROPOMI website]
* [http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos/2014/05/Sentinel-5P_internal_view Sentinel-5 Precursor internal view video]
* [http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/S5-prec_Data_Sheet.pdf Sentinel-5 Precursor datasheet]

{{Copernicus programme}}
{{European Space Agency}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

[[Category:Earth observation satellites]]
[[Category:Copernicus Programme]]
[[Category:2016 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:European Space Agency satellites]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Georgian mythology

2016-07-29T20:22:13Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Phoenix

{{refimprove|date=April 2016}}
{{Georgians}}

'''Georgian mythology''' refers to the [[mythology]] of pre-Christian [[Georgians]].

Georgian myths and legends are preserved mainly as popular tales. Many of them have eventually fused with [[Christian]] legends after the Christianization of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] seventeen centuries ago.

== List of mythic characters ==

A list of Georgian mythical characters includes:

===Gods===
*'''[[Adgilis Deda]]''' (ადგილის დედა) - A fertility and livestock goddess who is revered by the people who live in the mountainous areas of northeastern Georgia, such as [[Khevsureti]], as a patron of places and their travellers. She is portrayed as a beautiful lady with silver jewellery. She later became associated with the [[Virgin Mary]] when the area was converted to Christianity. Her name means "Mother of Locality".
*'''[[Ainina and Danina]]''' (აინინა და დანინა) - A pair of goddesses who are mentioned in [[Conversion of Kartli (chronicle)|The Conversion of Kartli]] and the mediaeval [[Georgian Chronicles]].

*'''[[Apsat (mythology)|Apsat]]''' (აფსათ) - A male god of birds and animals in [[Svaneti|Svan]] mythology.
*'''[[Armazi (god)|Armazi]]''' (არმაზი) - Chief of the gods; central figure in Kartli’s (Iberia) official religion established by King Pharnavaz of Iberia (4th century, BC). According to the legend, an immense statue of Armazi was destroyed by lightning after [[Saint Nino|St. Nino’s]] prayer. Armazi is also the name of an ancient fortress near [[Mtskheta]] that dates from the same period.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
*'''Barbale''' (ბარბალე)- The goddess of cattle and poultry fertility, the sun, women's fertility, and healing.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/> Worshippers honour her in the Barbalesadmi festival with solar symbols, which occurs at the winter solstice. Her name is similar to the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] epithet "bibbiru", which means "shining, splendour".
*'''Batonebi''' (ბატონები)- Spirits of disease. Also known as "batonebshi" (ბატონებში), their name means "the masters". If anyone is infected by a batonebi, their family will prepare special food and candies, and place presents under trees to appease the batonebi. In rural areas of Georgia, "batonebi" or "batonebshi" are used as a term to refer to infectious diseases.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Beri-Bera''' (ბერი ბერა) - An agricultural god of fertility, harvests, and animals who is worshipped in eastern Georgia. His festival is held at the end of the year.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Bochi''' (ბოჩი) - Thought to be the patron saint of cattle. The first written documentation of this deity comes from [[Euthymius of Athos]]. According to historian [[Ivane Javakhishvili]], the name "Bochi" is related to words for "male goat."
*'''Dali''' (დალი) - The goddess of the hunt. She is also known as Dæl. She was believed to have extraordinary beauty, with long golden hair and radiant white skin. She dwells high up in the mountains where she watches over and protects wild animals. She sometimes shared animals with hunters, as long as they respect her rules by not hunting more than their needed amounts or taking aim at animals that are her manifestations. In some myths, she entered in intimate relations with a hunter, and warned him not to reveal their relationship at the risk of death. She is the mother of the hero [[Amirani]]. In [[Samegrelo]], she is named as "Tkashi-Mapa", the Queen of the Forest.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/><ref name="Protectress of the Ibex">[http://www.angelfire.com/dragon2/leavesandtrees/cailleach/dali.html Protectress of the Ibex]</ref>
*'''[[Gatsi and Gaim]]i''' (გაცი და გაიმი) - Gods in the official Iberian pantheon according to the medieval annals.
*'''Ghmerti''' (ღმერთი) - The supreme divinity and the head of the pantheon of gods. He is the all-powerful Lord of the Universe and its Creator. He lives in the ninth sky, where he rules from a golden throne. His children include the Sun (as his daughter), the Moon (as his son), and the ''khvitis-shvilni'' who protect people against evil. He is also addressed as Morige Ghmerti (მორიგე ღმერთი, "God the Director") and Dambadebeli (დამბადებელი, "The Creator"). His name is later used to refer to [[God the Father]] in Christian belief.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Kamar''' (კამარ) The daughter of the god of nature and the god of the sky. She is a symbol of divine fire. Her beautiful appearance caused Amirani to abduct her from heaven.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''[[Lamara]]''' (ლამარა) - Goddess, was called ‘eye of the earth’.
*'''Mamberi''' (მამბერი) - The lord of wolves who was worshiped in [[Svaneti]] and other mountainous regions.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Michpa''' (მიჭპა) - The patron god of cattle and other domestic animals who was worshiped in Svaneti during winter.
*'''Mindort-batoni''' (მინდორთ ბატონი) - The god of valleys, fields, and wild flowers. Humans had to ask for his approval before they can explore or cultivate on his fields. His daughter, Mindort-brdzanebeli, is the beautiful goddess of flowers.
*'''Mindort-brdzanebeli''' (მინდორთ ბრძანებელი) - The goddess of flowers. She is the daughter of the god Mindort-batoni. She flutters over plants and lived off their pollen.
*'''Ochopintre''' (ოჭოპინტრე) - A spirit of the forest and protector of wild animals. The first part of his name (ocho, ოჭო) is connected to the ancient pagan god Bochi, the second part (pintre, პინტრე) to the Greek god Pan. Born with the legs and horns of a goat, he assists the goddess Dali in herding the animals. Hunters usually made sacrifice in his name since no one could hunt the animals without his help. The fate of a person entering his forest was believed to be fully in his hands.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''[[Tamar (goddess)|Tamar]]''' - Goddess of the sky, riding on a snake; is identified with Lamara.
*'''[[Tetri Giorgi]]''' (White George) - Popular character in Georgian mythology; a warrior and a moon god. Later Tetri Giorgi became one of the names of [[St. George]] in eastern Georgia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}
*'''[[Zadeni]]''' - God of fertility in the official pantheon established by Pharnavaz I.

===Demigods, heroes, and notable people===
*'''[[Amirani]]''' (ამირანი) - Mythic hero and titan, son of Dali. Equivalent of the Greek [[Prometheus]].<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''[[Iakhsari]]''' (იახსარი) - A mythic hero who aided Kopala in his adventures to slay demons and monsters, and was deified and venerated as a popular deity.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/beer-and-blood-sacrifices-meet-the-caucasus-pagans-who-worship-ancient-deities-10451756.html The Independent]</ref>
*'''Khvitis Shvilni''' (ხვითის შვილნი) - A group of demigods who protected humans, assured good crops and milk yields, fought against devis and kudiani witches. Amirani, Giorgi, Iakhsari, and Kopala were among them, and they fought alongside Iakhsari and Kopala to drive out the devis from the land, and to help Giorgi to raid the impregnable fortress of the Kajis to plunder their treasures, cattle, and women.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''[[Kopala]]''' (კოპალა) - A mythic hero, mighty warrior, and a demon killer. He is a lightning god. He and Iakhsari led a campaign to drive out the devis who were persecuting humans on the land. His weapons include a mace and an iron bow made for him by the blacksmith god Pirkusha (პირქუშა). Only he can have to power to defeat the most stubborn demons, who were believed to seize anyone's soul and cause madness, and he cures the victim's insanity in the process.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/> The locals of the mountainous areas of Khevsureti and Pshavi revere him.
*'''Kviria''' (კვირია) - A hero and a son of the gods who served as a mediator between Ghmerti and humanity. He is invoked as the protector of human society and an instrument of divine justice. In some regions of Georgia, he was also believed to be a deity of fertility and the harvest, while in the mountains of western Georgia he was worshiped as the supreme deity. The festival of Kviritskholovba (კვირიწხოვლობა) was celebrated to honour him.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Natsiliani''' (ნაწილიანი) - Humans who received magic gifts or divine signs (natsili, ნაწილი) from the gods. Their signs are usually located on their shoulder-blades and glowed with magic light, empowering their bearers. These signs must be kept hidden, as their bearers will lose their powers if they revealed them. <ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/> Certain signs can only be given by their respective gods.

===Spirits, creatures, and other beings===
*'''Ali''' (ალი) - An evil soul that haunts pregnant women, the elderly, and infants who happen to stumble into remote woods, caves, and ruins. Alis can be male or female (who are known as ''alkali''); male alis appear monstrous, while female alis are temptingly beautiful.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future">[http://rustaveli.tripod.com/mythology.html Georgia: Past, Present, and Future]</ref> Their name is related to the word for "flame" (ალი).
*'''Devi''' (დევი) - Many-headed ogres whose heads can regenerate if any of them are cut off. These malevolent giants live in the underworld or in remote mountains, where they hoard treasure troves and keep their captives. In Georgian mythology, they live in a family, usually numbering in around nine brothers of devis. Bakbak-Devi (ბაკბაკ დევი) was the strongest and the most powerful of the devis. To defeat them, heroes tricked them into various tricks and games.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/> Their name is related to that of the [[daeva]]s of Zoroastrian and Persian mythology.
*'''Doblini''' (დობლინი) - Spirits who usually appear as women, children, and animals to spread diseases. Doblini towers (დობილთ კოშკი, dobilt k'oshk'i) were built in [[Khevsureti|Khevsurian]] shrines to keep them at bay. Some doblini are benevolent, such as Princess Samdzimari (სამძიმარი) of [[Khevsureti]] and [[Pshavi]] legend, who is invoked upon for the birth of healthy children, an easy childbirth, and women's health in general. Shrines' to benevolent doblini were also invoked to bless cattle and for the protection of travellers.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Gveleshapi''' (გველეშაპი) - Evil dragons<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/> that ruled and lived in lakes, rivers, and water sources. In folklore, they were associated with water-related disasters, and heroes fought against them.
*'''Kaji''' (ქაჯი) - A race of spirits who are often portrayed as magic-wielding, demonic metal-workers. They lived in Kajeti (ქაჯეთი) or Kajaveti (ქაჯავეთი), and has magic powers that they used against humans. Land kajis were malevolent, while river and lake kajis were friendly to humans. Female kajis were beautiful, and they either seduced heroes or helped them in their quests. They appear prominently in [[Shota Rustaveli]]'s ''[[The Knight in the Panther's Skin|Vepkhistkaosani]]'', in which kajis abduct one of the main characters and fight the heroes at Kajeti fortress. Their name is related to the Armenian storm and wind spirits, the kaj ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: քաջ, k'aǰ; plural: քաջք k'aǰk').
*'''Kudiani''' (კუდიანი) - An hideous hunchbacked witch with large teeth and a tail, the latter of which her name is derived (kudi, კუდი, "tail"). Kudianis disguise themselves as humans to bewitch them. The leader of the kudianis, Rokapi (როკაპი), often summon them to a special mountain where they held a festival similar to the [[Walpurgis Night]] of Europe.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Matsili''' (მაცილი) - Evil spirits from the underworld that plagued travelers and hunters. Folk tales mention about Kopala's quests to defeat them.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Paskunji''' (პასკუნჯი) - A [[phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]-like being who helps heroes and humans. He lives in the underworld, and fights the gveleshapis there. Heroes summoned him by burning one of his feathers, and he could transport them to other places and heal wounds and illnesses. In some myths, paskunjis were also hostile to humans and persecuted them.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Rashi''' (რაში) - A magical winged horse. There are three types of rashis: land rashis are well disposed to heroes and humans and could perceive the future; sea rashis are more hostile, but can take humans to the bottom of the sea, while their milk was believed to cure many illnesses; and heavenly rashis have wings and can breathe fire, and are difficult to subdue yet loyal to their owners.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>
*'''Rokapi''' (როკაპი) - An evil spirit who was the leader of the kudiani witches. Ghmerti punished him by chaining him to a column under the earth, where he devoured the hearts of humans that the kudiani brought to him. Every year, he tries to free himself, but he always fails.<ref name="Georgia: Past, Present, Future"/>

==References==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Armenian mythology]]
*[[Greek mythology]]
*[[Ossetian mythology]]
*[[Slavic mythology]]
*[[Persian mythology]]
*[[Vainakh mythology]]
{{Europe topic|Mythology of}}
{{List of mythological figures by region}}
{{Paganism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Georgian Mythology}}
[[Category:Georgian mythology]]

Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance

2016-07-28T23:18:18Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - 1999 (album)

{{Infobox award
| name = Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
| description = quality male vocal performances in the [[pop music]] genre
| image =
| imagesize = 100px
| alt = A gold gramophone trophy with a plaque set on a table
| caption = Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
| presenter = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| year = 1966
| year2 = 2011
| website = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com]
}}
The [[Grammy Award]] for '''Best Male Pop Vocal Performance''' was awarded between 1966 and 2011 (the final year it was awarded for records issued in 2010). The award had several minor name changes:

*In 1966 the award was known as '''Best Contemporary (R&R) Vocal Performance - Male'''
*In 1967 the award was combined with the equivalent award for women as the [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary (R&R) Solo Vocal Performance – Male or Female]]
*In 1968 it was awarded as '''Best Contemporary Male Solo Vocal Performance'''
*In 1969 it was awarded as '''Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance, Male'''
*From 1970 to 1971 it was awarded as '''Best Contemporary Vocal Performance, Male'''
*From 1972 to 1994 it was awarded as '''Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male'''
*Since 1995 it has been awarded as '''Best Male Pop Vocal Performance'''

The award was discontinued from 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, all solo performances in the pop category (male, female, instrumentalist) were shifted to the newly formed '''[[Best Pop Solo Performance]]''' category.

A similar award for [[Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male|Best Vocal Performance, Male]] was awarded from 1959 to 1968. This was also in the pop field, but did not specify pop music.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! scope="col" style="width:175px;" | Winner(s)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Nominees
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope=''row''|[[1st Annual Grammy Awards|1959]]
|{{sortname|Perry|Como}}
|"[[Catch a Falling Star]]"
| 
*"[[Come Fly with Me (1957 song)|Come Fly With Me]]" – [[Frank Sinatra]]
*"[[The Hawaiian Wedding Song]]" – [[Andy Williams]]
*''[[Volare (song)|Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu (Volare)]]'' – [[Domenico Modugno]]
*"[[Witchcraft (1957 song)|Witchcraft]]" – [[Frank Sinatra]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search">{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=24|title=Past Winners Search|publisher=Grammy.Com}}</ref><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male">{{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/popsolo.htm|title=Grammy Awards: Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male|publisher=Rock on the Net}}</ref>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[2nd Annual Grammy Awards|1960]]
|{{sortname|Frank|Sinatra}}
|''[[Come Dance with Me! (album)|Come Dance with Me!]]''
| 
*''[[Belafonte at Carnegie Hall]]'' – [[Harry Belafonte]]
*''An Evening with Lerner and Loewe'' – [[Robert Merrill]]
*''Guess Who'' – [[Jesse Belvin]]
*"[[Mack the Knife#Popular song|Mack The Knife]]" – [[Bobby Darin]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[3rd Annual Grammy Awards|1961]]
|{{sortname|Ray|Charles}}
|"[[Georgia On My Mind]]"
|
*"[[Are You Lonesome Tonight? (song)|Are You Lonesome Tonight?]]" – [[Elvis Presley]]
*"[[He'll Have to Go]]" – [[Jim Reeves]]
*"[[Misty (song)|Misty]]" – [[Johnny Mathis]]
*"[[Nice 'n' Easy]]" – [[Frank Sinatra]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[4th Annual Grammy Awards|1962]]
|{{sort|Jones, Jack|[[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]]}}
|"[[Lollipops and Roses (song)|Lollipops and Roses]]"
| 
*"[[Big Bad John]]" – [[Jimmy Dean]]
*''[[Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing|Danny Boy]]'' – [[Andy Williams]]
*"[[A Little Bitty Tear]]" – [[Burl Ives]]
*''[[Portrait of My Love]]'' – [[Steve Lawrence]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1963|1963]]
|{{sortname|Tony|Bennett}}
|''[[I Left My Heart in San Francisco (album)|I Left My Heart in San Francisco]]''
| 
*''[[Comin' Home Baby!]]'' – [[Mel Torme]]
*"[[I Can't Stop Loving You]]" – [[Ray Charles]]
*"[[What Kind of Fool Am I?]]" – [[Anthony Newley]]
*''What Kind of Fool Am I - and Other Show-Stoppers'' – [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1964|1964]]
|{{sort|Jones, Jack|[[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]]}}
|"[[Wives and Lovers]]"
| 
*"[[Busted (Johnny Cash song)|Busted]]" – [[Ray Charles]]
*''[[Catch a Rising Star (album)|Catch a Rising Star]]'' – [[John Gary]]
*"[[Days of Wine and Roses (song)|Days Of Wine And Roses]]" – [[Andy Williams]]
*''[[I Wanna Be Around...]]'' – [[Tony Bennett]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1965|1965]]
|{{sortname|Louis|Armstrong}}
|"[[Hello, Dolly! (song)|Hello, Dolly!]]"
| 
*''[[The Academy Award-Winning "Call Me Irresponsible" and Other Hit Songs from the Movies|Call Me Irresponsible]]'' – [[Andy Williams]]
*''Everybody Loves Somebody (The Hit Version)'' – [[Dean Martin]]
*''[[Getz/Gilberto]]'' – [[João Gilberto]]
*''[[Who Can I Turn To (album)|Who Can I Turn To?]]'' – [[Tony Bennett]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1966|1966]]
|{{sortname|Frank|Sinatra}}
|"[[It Was a Very Good Year]]"
| 
*''Baby the Rain Must Fall'' – [[Glenn Yarbrough]]
*"[[King of the Road (song)|King Of The Road]]" – [[Roger Miller]]
*"[[The Shadow of Your Smile]]" – [[Tony Bennett]]
*"[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]" – [[Paul McCartney]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1967|1967]]
|{{sortname|Frank|Sinatra}}
|"[[Strangers in the Night]]"
| 
*"[[Almost Persuaded]]" – [[David Houston (singer)|David Houston]]
*"[[Distant Drums (song)|Distant Drums]]" – [[Jim Reeves]]
*"[[Eleanor Rigby]]" – [[Paul McCartney]]
*''The Impossible Dream'' – [[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1968|1968]]
|{{sortname|Glen|Campbell}}
|"[[By the Time I Get to Phoenix]]"
| 
*"[[Can't Take My Eyes Off You]]" – [[Joe South]]
*''[[Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim]]'' – [[Frank Sinatra]]
*''[[My Cup Runneth Over]]'' – [[Ed Ames]]
*"[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]" – [[Ray Charles]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1969|1969]]
|{{sortname|José|Feliciano}}
|"[[Light My Fire#Jos.C3.A9_Feliciano|Light My Fire]]"
| 
*"[[Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)|Honey]]" – [[Bobby Goldsboro]]
*"[[Little Green Apples]]" – [[O. C. Smith|O.C. Smith]]
*"[[MacArthur Park (song)|MacArthur Park]]" – [[Richard Harris]]
*"[[Wichita Lineman]]" – [[Glen Campbell]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1970|1970]]
|{{sortname|Harry|Nilsson}}
|"[[Everybody's Talkin']]"
| 
*''Games People Play'' – [[Joe South]]
*''[[Gitarzan (album)|Gitarzan]]'' – [[Ray Stevens]]
*"[[My Way]]" – [[Frank Sinatra]]
*"[[Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head]]" – [[B. J. Thomas|B.J. Thomas]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1971|1971]]
|{{sortname|Ray|Stevens}}
|"[[Everything Is Beautiful]]"
| 
*''[[Elton John (album)|Elton John]]'' – [[Elton John]]
*''[[Mad Dogs & Englishmen (album)|Mad Dogs & Englishmen]]'' – [[Joe Cocker]]
*"[[Rainy Night in Georgia]]" – [[Brook Benton]]
*"[[Sweet Baby James (song)|Sweet Baby James]]" – [[James Taylor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1972|1972]]
|{{sortname|James|Taylor}}
|"[[You've Got a Friend]]"
| 
*"[[Ain't No Sunshine]]" – [[Bill Withers]]
*"[[I Am... I Said]]" – [[Neil Diamond]]
*"[[If You Could Read My Mind]]" – [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
*"[[Somos Novios (It's Impossible)|It's Impossible]]" – [[Perry Como]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1973|1973]]
|{{sortname|Harry|Nilsson}}
|"[[Without You (Badfinger song)#Harry Nilsson version|Without You]]"
| 
*"[[Alone Again (Naturally)]]" – [[Gilbert O'Sullivan]]
*"[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]" – [[Don McLean]]
*''[[Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me (album)|Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me]]'' – [[Mac Davis]]
*"[[The Candy Man]]" – [[Sammy Davis Jr.|Sammy Davis, Jr.]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1974|1974]]
|{{sortname|Stevie|Wonder}}
|"[[You Are the Sunshine of My Life]]"
| 
*"[[And I Love You So (song)|And I Love You So]]" – [[Perry Como]]
*"[[Bad, Bad Leroy Brown]]" – [[Jim Croce]]
*"[[Daniel (song)|Daniel]]" – [[Elton John]]
*''[[There Goes Rhymin' Simon]]'' – [[Paul Simon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1975|1975]]
|{{sortname|Stevie|Wonder}}
|''[[Fulfillingness' First Finale]]''
| 
*"[[Cat's in the Cradle]]" – [[Harry Chapin]]
*"[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"[[Nothing from Nothing (Billy Preston song)|Nothing From Nothing]]" – [[Billy Preston]]
*"[[Please Come to Boston]]" – [[Dave Loggins]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1976|1976]]
|{{sortname|Paul|Simon}}
|''[[Still Crazy After All These Years]]''
| 
*"[[Bad Blood (Neil Sedaka song)|Bad Blood]]" – [[Neil Sedaka]]
*''[[Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy]]'' – [[Elton John]]
*"[[Feelings (song)|Feelings]]" – [[Morris Albert]]
*"[[Rhinestone Cowboy]]" – [[Glen Campbell]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1977|1977]]
|{{sortname|Stevie|Wonder}}
|''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''
| 
*''[[Silk Degrees]]'' – [[Boz Scaggs]]
*"[[This Masquerade]]" – [[George Benson]]
*"[[The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald]]" – [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
*"[[You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine]]" – [[Lou Rawls]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1978|1978]]
|{{sortname|James|Taylor}}
|"[[Handy Man (song)|Handy Man]]"
| 
*"[[After the Lovin']]" – [[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)|Englebert Humperdink]]
*"[[I Just Want to Be Your Everything]]" – [[Andy Gibb]]
*"[[On and On (Stephen Bishop song)|On and On]]" – [[Stephen Bishop (singer)|Stephen Bishop]]
*"[[When I Need You]]" – [[Leo Sayer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1979|1979]]
|{{sortname|Barry|Manilow}}
|"[[Copacabana (song)|Copacabana (At the Copa)]]"
| 
*"[[Baker Street (song)|Baker Street]]" – [[Gerry Rafferty]]
*"[[I Just Wanna Stop]]" – [[Gino Vannelli]]
*"[[Running on Empty (song)|Running on Empty]]" – [[Jackson Browne]]
*"[[Sometimes When We Touch]]" – [[Dan Hill]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1980|1980]]
| {{sortname|Billy|Joel}}
| ''[[52nd Street (album)|52nd Street]]''
| 
*"[[Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]" – [[Rod Stewart]]
*"[[Sad Eyes]]" – [[Robert John]]
*"[[She Believes in Me]]" – [[Kenny Rogers]]
*"[[Up on the Roof (song)|Up on the Roof]]" – [[James Taylor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1981|1981]]
| {{sortname|Kenny|Loggins}}
| "[[This Is It (Kenny Loggins song)|This Is It]]"
| 
*''[[Christopher Cross (album)|Christopher Cross]]'' – [[Christopher Cross]]
*"[[Lady (Kenny Rogers song)|Lady]]" – [[Kenny Rogers]]
*"[[One-Trick Pony (album)|Late in The Evening]]" – [[Paul Simon]]
*"[[Theme from New York, New York]]" – [[Frank Sinatra]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1982|1982]]
| {{sortname|Al|Jarreau}}
| ''[[Breakin' Away (album)|Breakin' Away]]''
| 
*"[[Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)]]" – [[Christopher Cross]]
*''[[Double Fantasy]]'' – [[John Lennon]]
*"[[The Dude (Quincy Jones album)|Just Once]]" – [[James Ingram]]
*"[[Just the Two of Us (Grover Washington, Jr. song)|Just the Two of Us]]" – [[Bill Withers]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1983|1983]]
| {{sortname|Lionel|Richie}}
| "[[Truly (song)|Truly]]"
| 
*"[[Blue Eyes (Elton John song)|Blue Eyes]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"[[I.G.Y. (What a Beautiful World)]]" – [[Donald Fagen]]
*"[[I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)]]" – [[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]]
*"[[Steppin' Out (Joe Jackson song)|Steppin' Out]]" – [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]]
*"[[Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet|Don't Talk to Strangers]]" – [[Rick Springfield]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1984|1984]]
| {{sortname|Michael|Jackson}}
| ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]''
| 
*''[[1999 (Prince album)|1999]]'' – [[Prince (entertainer)|Prince]]
*"[[All Night Long (All Night)|All Night Long]]" – [[Lionel Richie]]
*"[[Maniac (Michael Sembello song)|Maniac]]" – [[Michael Sembello]]
*"[[Uptown Girl]]" – [[Billy Joel]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1985|1985]]
| {{sortname|Phil|Collins}}
| "[[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)]]"
| 
*"[[Footloose (song)|Footloose]]" – [[Kenny Loggins]]
*"[[Hello (Lionel Richie song)|Hello]]" – [[Lionel Richie]]
*"[[I Just Called to Say I Love You]]" – [[Stevie Wonder]]
*"[[Missing You (John Waite song)|Missing You]]" – [[John Waite]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1986|1986]]
| {{sortname|Phil|Collins}}
| ''[[No Jacket Required]]''
| 
*''[[The Dream of the Blue Turtles]]'' – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
*"[[Everytime You Go Away|Every Time You Go Away]]" – [[Paul Young (singer and guitarist)|Paul Young]]
*"[[The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)|The Heat Is On]]" – [[Glenn Frey]]
*"[[Part-Time Lover]]" – [[Stevie Wonder]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1987|1987]]
| {{sortname|Steve|Winwood}}
| "[[Higher Love]]"
| 
*"[[Danger Zone (song)|Danger Zone]]" – [[Kenny Loggins]]
*"[[Glory of Love]]" – [[Peter Cetera]]
*''[[Graceland (album)|Graceland]]'' – [[Paul Simon]]
*"[[Sweet Freedom (Michael McDonald song)|Sweet Freedom]]" – [[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1988|1988]]
| [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
| ''[[Bring on the Night]]''
| 
*''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' – [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[Brilliant Disguise]]" – [[Bruce Springsteen]]
*"[[Candle in the Wind#1986_live_version|Candle in the Wind (live 1986)]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"[[Moonlighting (theme song)|Moonlighting (theme)]]" – [[Al Jarreau]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1989|1989]]
| [[Bobby McFerrin]]
| "[[Don't Worry, Be Happy]]"
| 
*"[[A Groovy Kind of Love#Phil Collins version|A Groovy Kind of Love]]" – [[Phil Collins]]
*"[[Be Still My Beating Heart]]" – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
*"[[Father Figure (song)|Father Figure]]" – [[George Michael]]
*"[[Roll with It (Steve Winwood song)|Roll With It]]" – [[Steve Winwood]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1990|1990]]
| {{sortname|Michael|Bolton}}
| "[[How Am I Supposed to Live Without You#Michael_Bolton_version|How Am I Supposed to Live Without You]]"
| 
*"[[We Didn't Start the Fire]]" – [[Billy Joel]]
*"[[Right Here Waiting]]" – [[Richard Marx]]
*"[[You Got It (Roy Orbison song)|You Got It]]" – [[Roy Orbison]]
*''[[Batman (album)|Batman]]'' – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1991|1991]]
| {{sortname|Roy|Orbison}}
| "[[Oh, Pretty Woman|Oh, Pretty Woman (live 1987)]]"
| 
*"[[Another Day in Paradise]]" – [[Phil Collins]]
*"[[Georgia on My Mind]]" – [[Michael Bolton]]
*"[[I Don't Have the Heart]]" – [[James Ingram]]
*''[[Storm Front (album)|Storm Front]]'' – [[Billy Joel]]
*"[[Downtown Train]]" – [[Rod Stewart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[Grammy Awards of 1992|1992]]
| {{sortname|Michael|Bolton}}
| "[[When a Man Loves a Woman (song)|When a Man Loves a Woman]]"
| 
*"[[(Everything I Do) I Do It For You]]" – [[Bryan Adams]]
*"[[Walking in Memphis]]" – [[Marc Cohn]]
*"[[Freedom 90]]" – [[George Michael]]
*''[[Warm Your Heart]]'' – [[Aaron Neville]]
*"[[Crazy (Seal song)|Crazy]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[35th Grammy Awards|1993]]
| {{sortname|Eric|Clapton}}
| "[[Tears in Heaven]]"
| 
*''[[Us (Peter Gabriel album)|Us]]'' – [[Peter Gabriel]]
*"[[Black or White]]" – [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[The One (Elton John song)|The One]]" – [[Elton John]]
*''[[Joshua Judges Ruth]]'' – [[Lyle Lovett]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[36th Grammy Awards|1994]]
| [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
| "[[If I Ever Lose My Faith in You]]"
| 
*"[[The Crying Game (song)|The Crying Game]]" – [[Boy George]]
*"[[The River of Dreams]]" – [[Billy Joel]]
*"Don't Take Away My Heaven" – [[Aaron Neville]]
*"[[Have I Told You Lately]]" – [[Rod Stewart]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[37th Grammy Awards|1995]]
| {{sortname|Elton|John}}
| "[[Can You Feel the Love Tonight]]"
| 
*"[[Said I Loved You...But I Lied]]" – [[Michael Bolton]]
*"[[The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song)|The Most Beautiful Girl in the World]]" – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
*"[[Prayer for the Dying]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
*"[[Love the One You're With]]" – [[Luther Vandross]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[38th Grammy Awards|1996]]
| [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
| "[[Kiss From a Rose]]"
| 
*"[[Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?]]" – [[Bryan Adams]]
*"[[You Are Not Alone]]" – [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[Believe (Elton John song)|Believe]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"When We Dance" – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[39th Grammy Awards|1997]]
| {{sortname|Eric|Clapton}}
| |"[[Change the World]]"
| 
*"[[Let's Make a Night to Remember]]" – [[Bryan Adams]]
*"Key West Intermezzo (I Saw You First)" – [[John Mellencamp]]
*"[[Nobody Knows (Tony Rich song)|Nobody Knows]]" – [[Tony Rich Project]]
*"Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot" – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[40th Grammy Awards|1998]]
| {{sortname|Elton|John}}
| "[[Candle in the Wind 1997]]"
| 
*"[[Every Time I Close My Eyes]]" – [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]]
*"Whenever Wherever Whatever" – [[Maxwell (singer)|Maxwell]]
*"[[Fly Like an Eagle]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
*"[[Barely Breathing]]" – [[Duncan Sheik]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[41st Grammy Awards|1999]]
| {{sortname|Eric|Clapton}}
| |"[[My Father's Eyes (song)|My Father's Eyes]]"
| 
*"[[Save Tonight]]" – [[Eagle-Eye Cherry]]
*"Anytime" – [[Brian McKnight]]
*"[[Lullaby (Shawn Mullins song)|Lullaby]]" – [[Shawn Mullins]]
*"You Were Meant for Me" by [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[42nd Grammy Awards|2000]]
| [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|"Brand New Day"
|
*"[[I Need to Know (Marc Anthony song)|I Need to Know]]" – [[Marc Anthony]]
*"[[Mambo No. 5]]" – [[Lou Bega]]
*"Sogno" – [[Andrea Bocelli]]
*"[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]" – [[Ricky Martin]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[43rd Grammy Awards|2001]]
|[[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|"She Walks This Earth"
|
*"[[You Sang to Me]]" – [[Marc Anthony]]
*"Taking You Home" – [[Don Henley]]
*"[[She Bangs]]" – [[Ricky Martin]]
*"6, 8, 12" – [[Brian McKnight]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[44th Grammy Awards|2002]]
| {{sortname|James|Taylor}}
|"[[Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight]]"
|
*"[[Fill Me In]]" – [[Craig David]]
*"[[You Rock My World]]" – [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[I Want Love]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"Still" – [[Brian McKnight]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[45th Grammy Awards|2003]]
| {{sortname|John|Mayer}}
|"[[Your Body Is a Wonderland]]"
|
*"[[7 Days (Craig David song)|7 Days]]" – [[Craig David]]
*"[[Original Sin (Elton John song)|Original Sin]]" – [[Elton John]]
*"[[Fragile (song)|Fragile]]" (live) – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
*"October Road" – [[James Taylor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[46th Grammy Awards|2004]]
| {{sortname|Justin|Timberlake}}
|"[[Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song)|Cry Me a River]]"
|
*"[[Any Road]]" – [[George Harrison]]
*"[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]" – [[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]]
*"[[Send Your Love]]" – [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
*"Keep Me In Your Heart" – [[Warren Zevon]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[47th Grammy Awards|2005]]
| {{sortname|John|Mayer}}
|"[[Daughters (John Mayer song)|Daughters]]"
|
*"Let's Misbehave" – [[Elvis Costello]]
*"[[You Raise Me Up]]" – [[Josh Groban]]
*"[[Cinnamon Girl (Prince song)|Cinnamon Girl]]" – [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
*"[[Love's Divine]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[48th Grammy Awards|2006]]
| {{sortname|Stevie|Wonder}}
|"[[From the Bottom of My Heart (Stevie Wonder song)|From the Bottom of My Heart]]"
|
*"[[Sitting, Waiting, Wishing]]" – [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]]
*"[[Fine Line]]" – [[Paul McCartney]]
*"[[Walk On By (song)|Walk On By]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
*"[[Lonely No More]]" – [[Rob Thomas (musician)|Rob Thomas]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[49th Grammy Awards|2007]]
| {{sortname|John|Mayer}}
|"[[Waiting on the World to Change]]"
|
*"[[You're Beautiful]]" – [[James Blunt]]
*"[[Save Room]]" – [[John Legend]]
*"[[Jenny Wren]]" – [[Paul McCartney]]
*"[[Bad Day (Daniel Powter song)|Bad Day]]" – [[Daniel Powter]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[50th Grammy Awards|2008]]
| {{sortname|Justin|Timberlake}}
|"[[What Goes Around... Comes Around]]"
|
*"[[Everything (Michael Bublé song)|Everything]]" – [[Michael Bublé]]
*"[[Belief (John Mayer song)|Belief]]" – [[John Mayer]]
*"[[Dance Tonight]]" – [[Paul McCartney]]
*"[[Amazing (Seal song)|Amazing]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[51st Grammy Awards|2009]]
| {{sortname|John|Mayer}}
|"[[Say (song)|Say]]"
|
*"[[All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)|All Summer Long]]" – [[Kid Rock]]
*"That Was Me" – [[Paul McCartney]]
*"[[I'm Yours (Jason Mraz song)|I'm Yours]]" – [[Jason Mraz]]
*"[[Closer (Ne-Yo song)|Closer]]" – [[Ne-Yo]]
*"[[Wichita Lineman]]" – [[James Taylor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref name="Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male"/>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[52nd Grammy Awards|2010]]
| {{sortname|Jason|Mraz}}
|"[[Make It Mine]]"
|
*"This Time" – [[John Legend]]
*"[[Love You (Maxwell song)|Love You]]" – [[Maxwell (musician)|Maxwell]]
*"[[If You Don't Know Me by Now]]" – [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
*"[[All About the Love Again]]" – [[Stevie Wonder]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1968-218.html|title=Grammy Awards 1968|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|-
! scope=''row''|[[53rd Grammy Awards|2011]]
| {{sortname|Bruno|Mars}}
|"[[Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars song)|Just the Way You Are]]"
|
*"[[Haven't Met You Yet]]" – [[Michael Bublé]]
*"[[This Is It (Michael Jackson song)|This Is It]]" – [[Michael Jackson]]
*"[[Whataya Want from Me]]" – [[Adam Lambert]]
*"[[Half of My Heart]]" – [[John Mayer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Past Winners Search"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/grammy-awards-1968-218.html|title=Grammy Awards 1968|publisher=Awards & Shows}}</ref>
|}

==Category records==
'''Most wins'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| Rank
! style="width:120px;"| 1st
! style="width:120px;"| 2nd
! style="width:120px;"| 3rd
|- align=center
| Artist
| [[Stevie Wonder]] [[Sting (singer)|Sting]] [[John Mayer]]
| [[Frank Sinatra]] [[Eric Clapton]] [[James Taylor]]
| [[Jack Jones (singer)|Jack Jones]] [[Harry Nilsson]] [[Elton John]] [[Michael Bolton]] [[Justin Timberlake]] [[Phil Collins]]
|- align=center
| Total wins
| 4 Wins
| 3 wins
| 2 wins
|}

'''Most nominations'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| Rank
! style="width:120px;"| 1st
! style="width:120px;"| 2nd
! style="width:120px;"| 3rd
|- align=center
| Artist
| [[Elton John]]
| [[Sting (singer)|Sting]]
| [[Frank Sinatra]] [[Seal (musician)|Seal]]
|- align=center
| Total wins
| 12 nominations
| 11 nominations
| 8 nominations
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.grammy.com Official Site of the Grammy Awards]

{{Grammy Award years}}
{{Grammy Award categories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance}}
[[Category:Grammy Award categories|Male Pop Vocal Performance]]
[[Category:Grammy Awards for pop music]]

Joe Napolitano

2016-07-28T01:33:38Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - The Pretender

{{notability|1=Bio|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joe Napolitano
| image = Joe Napolitano Quantum Leap.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Napolitano directing an episode of ''Quantum Leap'' in 1991
| birth_name = Joseph Ralph Napolitano
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1948|11|22|mf=y}} <ref name=BirthRef> Birth reference via intelius.com & stevenmorse.org</ref>
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.<ref name=BirthRef/>
| death_date = {{death date and age |2016|7|23 |1948|11|24 |mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| citizenship = American
| nationality =
| other_names = J. R. Napolitano
| known_for =
| occupation = Director
| years_active = 1974–2016
}}

'''Joseph Ralph "Joe" Napolitano''' (November 22, 1948 – July 23, 2016) was an American film and television director who worked in both industries since the mid-1970s directing both [[television film]]s and multiple [[television series|episodic series]].

==Career==
Napolitano's television credits include directing twelve episodes of ''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'', two episodes of ''[[The X-Files]]'', two episodes of ''[[Picket Fences]]'', three episodes of ''[[The Pretender (TV series)|The Pretender]]'', two episodes of ''[[L.A. Doctors]]'', two episodes of ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'', four episodes of ''[[Boston Public]]'', and fourteen episodes of ''[[Strong Medicine]]'', as well as the 1991 film ''Earth Angel''.<ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors, Volume 1 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | author=Jerry Roberts | year=2009 | chapter=Joe Napolitano | page=411 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YB6tyFdq5TcC&lpg=PA354-IA3&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn=0-8108-6138-0}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news | url=http://movies.nytimes.com/person/104043/Joe-Napolitano/filmography | title=Joe Napolitano filmography | work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=November 7, 2011 | author=[[InBaseline]]}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo! TV">{{cite web|url=http://tv.yahoo.com/contributor/762565/credits;_ylt=AtMT8ezDKF0BT7v2u77sSUW.o9EF |title=Joe Napolitano credits |publisher=Yahoo! TV |accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo! Movies">{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1808794896 |title=Joe Napolitano (II) |publisher=Yahoo! Movies |accessdate=November 3, 2011}}</ref> The film ''Contagious'' earned an [[ALMA Award|American Latino Media Arts Award]] for actress [[Elizabeth Peña]] for 'Outstanding Actress in a Made-for-Television Movie or Mini-Series'.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-awards/5222/2/elizabeth-pena.html | title=Elizabeth Pena: 1998 - ALMA Award - Outstanding Actress in a Made-for-Television Movie or Mini-Series for Contagious | publisher=OneIndia | accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Napolitano's work included acting as [[assistant director]] on [[feature film]] projects, working on films with directors [[Brian G. Hutton|Brian Hutton]], [[Danny DeVito]], [[Stuart Rosenberg]], [[Donald P. Bellisario]], [[Ron Howard]], [[Howard Zieff]], [[Terry Gilliam]], [[Antoine Fuqua]], and on multiple projects directed by [[Brian De Palma]].<ref name="NYT"/>

== Filmography ==
;As director<ref name="Yahoo! TV"/>

===Television===
*''[[The Big Blue Marble]]'' (1974)
*''Earth Angel'' (1991) (film)
*''[[Reasonable Doubts]]'' (1 episode, 1991)
*''[[I'll Fly Away (TV series)|I'll Fly Away]]'' (1 episode, 1992)
*''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' (12 episodes, 1990–1992)
* ''[[Covington Cross]]'' (1 episode, 1992)
* ''[[Going to Extremes]]'' (1 episode, 1992)
* ''[[Northern Exposure]]'' (1 episode, 1993)
* ''[[Class of '96]]'' (1 episode, 1993)
* ''[[SeaQuest 2032]]'' (1 episode, 1993)
* ''[[The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.]]'' (1 episode, 1993)
* ''[[The X-Files]]'' (2 episodes, 1993–1994)
* ''[[M.A.N.T.I.S.]]'' (1 episode, 1994)
* ''Medicine Ball'' (1995)
* ''[[Earth 2 (TV series)|Earth 2]]'' (3 episodes, 1994–1995)
* ''[[Chicago Hope]]'' (1 episode, 1995)
* ''[[Picket Fences]]'' (2 episodes, 1995–1996)
* ''[[Murder One (TV series)|Murder One]]'' (1 episode, 1996)
* ''[[Viper (TV series)|Viper]]'' (1 episode, 1996)
* ''[[Virus (1999 film)|Contagious]]'' (1997) (film)
* ''[[The Practice]]'' (1 episode, 1997)
* ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' (4 episodes, 1995–1997)
* ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' (1 episode, 1997)
* ''Hotel del Sol'' (1998)
* ''[[The Pretender (TV series)|The Pretender]]'' (3 episodes, 1997–1998)
* ''[[Mercy Point]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Wasteland (TV series)|Wasteland]]'' (1 episode, 1999)
* ''[[L.A. Doctors]]'' (2 episodes, 1999)
* ''[[Cold Feet (U.S. TV series)|Cold Feet]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Martial Law (TV series)|Martial Law]]'' (1 episode, 1999)
* ''[[Snoops (1999 TV series)|Snoops]]'' (1 episode, 1999)
* ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2 episodes, 1998–2000)
* ''[[The Huntress (TV series)|The Huntress]]'' (2000)
* ''[[FreakyLinks]]'' (1 episode, 2001)
* ''[[Kate Brasher]]'' (2001)
* ''[[For the People (2002 TV series)|For the People]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Birds of Prey (TV series)|Birds of Prey]]'' (1 episode, 2003)
* ''[[Boston Public]]'' (4 episodes, 2001–2003)
* ''[[The District]]'' (1 episode, 2003)
* ''[[Strong Medicine]]'' (14 episodes, 2000–2006)
* ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' (1 episode, 2006)
* ''[[Runaway (2006 TV series)|Runaway]]'' (1 episode, 2006)
* ''[[Cashmere Mafia]]'' (1 episode, 2008)

===Video games===
* ''[[Zork: Nemesis]]'' (1996)

;As first assistant director<ref name="Yahoo! Movies"/>

===Film===
*''[[The First Deadly Sin]]'' (1980) – Director: [[Brian G. Hutton|Brian Hutton]]
*''[[Blow Out]]'' (1981) Director: – [[Brian De Palma]]
*''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' (1983) – Director: Brian De Palma
*''[[The Pope of Greenwich Village]]'' (1984) – Director: [[Stuart Rosenberg]]
*''[[Body Double]]'' (1984) – Director: Brian De Palma
*''[[Wise Guys (1986 film)|Wise Guys]]'' (1986) – Director: Brian De Palma
*''[[The Untouchables (1987 film)|The Untouchables]]'' (1987) – Director: Brian De Palma
* ''[[Throw Momma from the Train]]'' (1987) – Director: [[Danny DeVito]]
*''[[Last Rites (film)|Last Rites]]'' (1988) Also as second unit director – Director: [[Donald P. Bellisario]]
*''[[Parenthood (1989 film)|Parenthood]]'' (1989) – Director: [[Ron Howard]]
*''[[The Dream Team (film)|The Dream Team]]'' (1989) – Director: [[Howard Zieff]]
*''[[The Fisher King]]'' (1991) – Director: [[Terry Gilliam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/77235/The-Fisher-King/details|title=Movies:The Fisher King (1991)|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=September 24, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Brooklyn's Finest]]'' (2008) Also as co-producer – Director: [[Antoine Fuqua]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0621137/ Joe Napolitano] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* {{AllRovi person|104043}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Napolitano, Joe}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:American film directors]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]

Vtora Makedonska Liga

2016-07-26T03:18:04Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Novaci

{{Infobox football league
| name = Македонска Втора Лига Macedonian Second League
| logo = Macedonian Second Football League logo.jpg
| pixels = 180
| country = [[Republic of Macedonia]]
| confed = UEFA
| founded = 1992
| divisions = 1
| teams = 10
| promotion = [[Macedonian First Football League|1. MFL]]
| relegation = [[Macedonian Third Football League|3. MFL]]
| levels = 2
| domest_cup = [[Macedonian Football Cup]]
| champions = [[FK Pobeda (2010)|Pobeda]]
| season = [[2015–16 Macedonian Second Football League|2015–16]]
| most successful club = [[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]] (3 titles)
| tv =
| website = [http://ffm.mk/ ffm.mk]
| current = [[2016–17 Macedonian Second Football League|2016–17]]
}}

The '''Macedonian Second Football League''' ({{lang-mk|Втора македонска Фудбалска Лига}}, ''Vtora Мakedonska Fudbalska Liga''; also called '''Macedonian Second League''', '''2. MFL''' and '''Vtora Liga''') is the second highest professional [[football (soccer)|football]] competition in the [[Republic of Macedonia]].

The competition is contested by 10 clubs, playing each other 3 times over 27 rounds. At the end of the season, the winner of the league along with the 2nd placed team will gain promotion to the [[First Macedonian Football League|Macedonian First League]], while the 3rd placed team will go into a play-off against the 8th placed team in the Macedonian First League.

== Teams ==
=== Second League members for 2016–17 ===

{{Location map+|Republic of Macedonia|float=right|width=370|caption=Location of teams in '''2016–17 Macedonian Second League'''|places=
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=42 |long=21.433333 |label='''Skopje'''|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.4378 |long=22.6427 |label=[[Akademija Pandev|A. Pandev]] |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.041944 |long=21.456111 |label=[[FK Novaci|Novaci]] }}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=42 |long=20.966666 |label=[[FK Teteks|Teteks]] |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.433333 |long=22 |label=[[FK Tikveš|Tikveš]] |position=left}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.438055 |long=22.773333 |label=[[FK Horizont Turnovo|Turnovo]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.517778 |long=20.965556 |label=[[FK Vëllazërimi 77|Velazerimi]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|Republic of Macedonia|lat=41.482922 |long=22.092349 |label=[[FK Vardar Negotino|Vardar N.]]|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |Croatia|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png|lat=46.65 |long=19.90 |label='''Skopje clubs:'''|position=left }}
{{Location map~ |Croatia|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png|lat=46.45 |long=19.90 |label=[[FK Gorno Lisiče|Euromilk]] [[FK Metalurg Skopje|Metalurg]] [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]|position=left}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City/Town
! Stadium
! Capacity
! 2015–16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/national/macedonia-fyr/second-league/20152016/regular-season/r32387/|title=Second League 2015/2016|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akademija Pandev]]
| [[Strumica]]
| [[Stadion Mladost, Strumica|Stadion Mladost]]
| 6,500
| 1st ([[2015–16 Macedonian Third Football League#East|3. MFL - East]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://macedonianfootball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8147:second-league-akademija-pandev-promoted-ljubanci-remains&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=223|title=Second League: Akademija Pandev promoted, Ljubanci remains |work=MacedonianFootball.com|date=29 May 2016|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[FK Gorno Lisiče|Euromilk Gorno Lisiče]]
| [[Skopje]]
| [[Cementarnica Stadium|Stadion Cementarnica]]
| 2,000
| 7th
|-
| [[FK Metalurg Skopje|Metalurg]]
| [[Skopje]]
| [[Železarnica Stadium|Stadion Železarnica]]
| 3,000
| 9th ([[2015–16 Macedonian First Football League|1. MFL]])<ref name=2015161st>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/national/macedonia-fyr/first-league/20152016/relegation-round/r32385/|title=First League 2015/2016|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[FK Novaci]]1
| [[Novaci, Republic of Macedonia|Novaci]]
| Stadion Novaci
| 500
| 1st ([[2015–16 Macedonian Third Football League#South-West|3. MFL South-West]])
|-
| [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
| [[Skopje]]
| Stadion Avtokomanda
| 4,000
| 6th
|-
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
| [[Tetovo]]
| [[Gradski stadion Tetovo]]
| 15,000
| 4th
|-
| [[FK Tikveš|Tikveš]]1
| [[Kavadarci]]
| [[Gradski Stadion Kavadarci]]
| 7,500
| 3rd ([[2015–16 Macedonian Third Football League#South|3. MFL - South]])
|-
| [[FK Horizont Turnovo|Horizont Turnovo]]
| [[Turnovo, Republic of Macedonia|Turnovo]]
| [[Stadion Kukuš]]
| 1,500
| 8th ([[2015–16 Macedonian First Football League|1. MFL]])<ref name=2015161st/>
|-
| [[FK Vardar Negotino|Vardar (N)]]
| [[Negotino]]
| Gradski stadion Negotino
| 1,500
| 1st ([[2015–16 Macedonian Third Football League#South|3. MFL - South]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://macedonianfootball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8151:vardar-negotino-confirmes-second-league-promotion&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=223|title=Vardar Negotino confirmes Second League promotion |work=MacedonianFootball.com|date=1 June 2016|accessdate=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[FK Vëllazërimi 77|Vëllazërimi 77]]
| [[Kičevo]]
| Vëllazërimi Arena
| 3,000
| 5th
|}
1 Tikveš, the third placed team in the Third League South, and Novaci, the winner of the Third League South-West, will take the place of Ljubanci and Mladost Carev Dvor, which were declined their participation in the Second League due to financial problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://macedonianfootball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8183:draw-for-new-season-to-take-place-on-monday&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=223 |title=Draw for new season to take place on Monday |publisher=MacedonianFootball.com |date=24 July 2016 |accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>

Source: [[2016–17 Macedonian Second Football League|Wikipedia article]]

==Winning clubs==
[[File:Second Macedonian Football League (emblem).png|thumbnail|right|Macedonian Second League's former logo]]
Note: '''Bold''' indicates clubs that was promoted to the [[Macedonian First Football League|Macedonian First League]].

===1992–93===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:99%;"
|-
!scope="col" width=50|Season
!scope="col" width=150|Champions
!scope="col" width=150|Runners-up
!scope="col" width=150|Third place
|-
| [[1992–93 Macedonian Second Football League|1992–93]]
| '''[[FK Ljuboten|Ljuboten]]'''
| '''[[FK Karaorman|Karaorman]]'''
| [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
|}
===1993–2000===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:99%;"
|-
!scope="col" width=50|Season
!scope="col" width=25|Region
!scope="col" width=150|Champions
!scope="col" width=150|Runners-up
!scope="col" width=150|Third place
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1993–94 Macedonian Second Football League|1993–94]]
| East
| '''[[FK Kožuf|Kožuf]]'''
| [[FK Horizont Turnovo|Prvi Partizan]]
| [[FK Bregalnica Štip|Bregalnica Štip]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Ohrid|Ohrid]]'''
| [[FK Metalurg Skopje|Metalurg Skopje]]
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1994–95 Macedonian Second Football League|1994–95]]
| East
| [[FK Pobeda Valandovo|Pobeda Valandovo]]
| [[FK Kumanovo|Kumanovo]]
| [[FK Bregalnica Štip|Bregalnica Štip]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov|Makedonija Skopje]]'''
| [[FK Shkëndija Aračinovo|Shkëndija Aračinovo]]
| [[FK Gostivar (1919)|Gostivar (1919)]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1995–96 Macedonian Second Football League|1995–96]]
| East
| '''[[FK Bregalnica Štip|Bregalnica Štip]]'''
| [[FK Borec|Borec]]
| [[FK Plačkovica|Plačkovica Jaka]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]]'''
| [[FK Napredok|Napredok]]
| [[FK Shkëndija Aračinovo|Shkëndija Aračinovo]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1996–97
| East
| '''[[FK Borec|Borec]]'''
| [[FK Osogovo|Osogovo]]
| [[FK Bregalnica Delčevo|Bregalnica Delčevo]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Skopje|Skopje]]'''
| [[FK Karaorman|Karaorman]]
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997–98
| East
| '''[[FK Osogovo|Osogovo]]'''
| [[FK Kumanovo|Kumanovo]]
| [[FK Plačkovica|Jaka Radoviš]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Rabotnički|Rabotnički]]'''
| [[FK Jugohrom|Jugohrom]]
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998–99
| East
| '''[[FK Kumanovo|Kumanovo]]'''
| [[FK Belasica|Belasica]]
| [[FK Bashkimi (1947–2008)|Bashkimi]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Napredok|Napredok]]'''
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
| [[FK Ohrid|Ohrid]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1999–2000 Macedonian Second Football League|1999–2000]]
| East
| '''[[FK Belasica|Belasica]]'''
| [[FK Sloga 1934 Vinica|Sloga Vinica]]
| [[FK Bregalnica Delčevo|Bregalnica Delčevo]]
|-
| West
| '''[[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]]'''
| [[FK Karaorman|Karaorman]]
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
|}

===2000–present===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:99%;"
|-
!scope="col" width=50|Season
!scope="col" width=150|Champions
!scope="col" width=150|Runners-up
!scope="col" width=150|Third place
|-
| [[2000–01 Macedonian Second Football League|2000–01]]
| '''[[FK Kumanovo|Kumanovo]]'''
| '''[[FK Napredok|Napredok]]'''
| [[FK Jugohrom|Jugohrom]]
|-
| [[2001–02 Macedonian Second Football League|2001–02]]
| '''[[FK Tikveš|Tikveš]]'''
| '''[[FK Bregalnica Delčevo|Bregalnica Delčevo]]'''
| [[FK Bashkimi (1947–2008)|Bashkimi]]
|-
| width=50|[[2002–03 Macedonian Second Football League|2002–03]]
| '''[[FK Bashkimi (1947–2008)|Bashkimi]]'''
| '''[[FK Madžari Solidarnost|Madžari Solidarnost]]'''
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
| [[2003–04 Macedonian Second Football League|2003–04]]
| '''[[FK Bregalnica Štip|Bregalnica Štip]]'''
| '''[[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija 79]]'''
| [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
|-
| [[2004–05 Macedonian Second Football League|2004–05]]
| '''[[FK Vëllazërimi 77|Vëllazërimi]]'''
| '''[[FK Renova|Renova]]'''
| '''[[FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov|Makedonija Gj. P.]]'''
|-
| [[2005–06 Macedonian Second Football League|2005–06]]
| '''[[FK Pelister|Pelister]]'''
| '''[[FK Napredok|Napredok]]'''
| [[FK Karaorman|Karaorman]]
|-
| [[2006–07 Macedonian Second Football League|2006–07]]
| '''[[FK Milano Kumanovo|Milano]]'''
| '''[[FK Cementarnica 55|Cementarnica 55]]'''
| [[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|-
| [[2007–08 Macedonian Second Football League|2007–08]]
| '''[[FK Horizont Turnovo|Turnovo]]'''
| '''[[FK Metalurg Skopje|Metalurg]]'''
| [[FK Miravci|Miravci]]
|-
| [[2008–09 Macedonian Second Football League|2008–09]]
| '''[[FK Teteks|Teteks]]'''
| '''[[FK Sloga Jugomagnat|Sloga Jugomagnat]]'''
| [[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]]
|-
| [[2009–10 Macedonian Second Football League|2009–10]]
| '''[[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]]'''
| '''[[FK Skopje|Skopje]]'''
| '''[[FK Napredok|Napredok]]'''
|-
| [[2010–11 Macedonian Second Football League|2010–11]]
| '''[[FK 11 Oktomvri|11 Oktomvri]]'''
| '''[[FK Ohrid|Ohrid]]'''
| [[FK Tikveš|Tikveš]]
|-
| [[2011–12 Macedonian Second Football League|2011–12]]
| '''[[FK Pelister|Pelister]]'''
| '''[[FK Drita|Drita]]'''
| [[FK Gorno Lisiče|Gorno Lisiče]]
|-
| [[2012–13 Macedonian Second Football League|2012–13]]
| '''[[FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov|Makedonija Gj. P.]]'''
| '''[[FK Gostivar|Gostivar]]'''
| [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
|-
| [[2013–14 Macedonian Second Football League|2013–14]]
| '''[[FK Sileks|Sileks]]'''
| '''[[FK Teteks|Teteks]]'''
| [[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
|-
| [[2014–15 Macedonian Second Football League|2014–15]]
| '''[[FK Shkupi|Shkupi]]'''
| '''[[FK Mladost Carev Dvor|Mladost Carev Dvor]]'''
| [[FK Gostivar|Gostivar]]
|-
| [[2015–16 Macedonian Second Football League|2015–16]]
| '''[[FK Pobeda (2010)|Pobeda]]'''
| '''[[FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov|Makedonija Gj. P.]]'''
| '''[[FK Pelister|Pelister]]'''
|}
Source:<ref>http://ffm.com.mk/resultsranking/61</ref>

==Records==
===By club===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:99%;"
|-
!scope="col" width=60|Rank
!scope="col" width=150|Club
!scope="col" width=60|Titles
!scope="col" width=400|Winning years
|-
|style="text-align:center"|1
!scope="row"|[[FK Shkëndija|Shkëndija]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|1996, 2000, 2010
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=2
!scope="row"|[[FK Kumanovo|Kumanovo]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|1999, 2001
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=2
!scope="row"|[[FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov|Makedonija Gj. P.]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|1995, 2013
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=2
!scope="row"|[[FK Bregalnica Štip|Bregalnica Štip]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|1996, 2004
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=2
!scope="row"|[[FK Pelister|Pelister]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|2006, 2012
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Pobeda (2010)|Pobeda]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2016
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Shkupi|Shkupi]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2015
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK 11 Oktomvri|11 Oktomvri]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2011
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Teteks|Teteks]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2009
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Belasica|Belasica]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2000
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Borec|Borec]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1997
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Ohrid|Ohrid]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1994
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Osogovo|Osogovo]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1998
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Skopje|Skopje]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1997
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Horizont Turnovo|Turnovo]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2008
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Sileks|Sileks]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2014
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Bashkimi (1947–2008)|Bashkimi]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2003
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Tikveš|Tikveš]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2002
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Kožuf|Kožuf]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1994
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Ljuboten|Ljuboten]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1993
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Milano Kumanovo|Milano]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2007
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Napredok|Napredok]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1999
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Pobeda Valandovo|Pobeda Valandovo]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1995
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Rabotnički|Rabotnički]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|1998
|-
|style="text-align:center"|=5
!scope="row"|[[FK Vëllazërimi 77|Vëllazërimi]]
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|2005
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ffm.mk/ Football Federation of Macedonia] {{mk icon}} {{en icon}}
*[http://www.macedonianfootball.com Macedonian Football] {{en icon}}

{{Makedonska Vtora Liga}}
{{Football in the Republic of Macedonia}}
{{UEFA second leagues}}

[[Category:Macedonian Second Football League| ]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Football competitions in the Republic of Macedonia|2]]
[[Category:Second level football leagues in Europe]]

Jun Hong Lu

2016-07-25T00:27:42Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Brisbane flood / WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=July 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Lu (surname 卢)|Lu]]}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jun Hong Lu
| native_name = 盧軍宏
| native_name_lang = zh
| image = JunHong Lu.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|04}}
| occupation = President and Director of 2OR Australia Oriental Radio (2OR)
| known_for = Founder of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Doors
| website =
}}

'''Jun Hong Lu''' ({{zh|t=盧軍宏|p=Lú Jūnhóng}}, born 4 August 1959) is the Chairman and Director of Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association registered<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/61321-Australia-Oriental-Media-Buddhist-Charity-Association|title=Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association - UN Global Compact|publisher=}}</ref> under [[United Nations Global Compact]] as NGO-[[Non Government Organisation]] since July 2015. Participant ID:61321. The Charity Asso. has been registed under Australian Charities and Non for profit Commission-[[ACNC]] since May 2014.Charity [http://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=6C7A4BEB-26B3-4824-B89F-F8A3A26A306F&noleft=1 ABN: 96169422664] Registered Charities and Non for profit under Australian Charity Commission required by law to maintain a transparent, correct, and complete financial records. He is also the President of the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre.

== Awards ==
[[File:Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena.jpg|thumb|Honorary visiting professorship by Siena University]]

In recognition of Lu's efforts to promote Traditional [[Chinese Culture]], [[Buddhism]], and [[World Peace]], the UK-based [http://theunityoffaiths.org Unity of Faiths Foundation] [http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1153619&SubsidiaryNumber=0 (Charity No.1153619)] honoured Lu with the ‘World Peace Award (Buddhism)’ and the title of the [[Ambassador]] for World Peace Ambassador for World Peace’ in July 2012.The Unity of Faiths Festival was one of the events in celebration of the [[Queen's Diamond Jubilee]]. In September 2012, Lu was invited to give a public talk at [[Harvard University]]. In October 2012, he received the [http://www.bcha.info/?s=LU+JUN+HONG 'British Community Honours Award'] at the [[House of Lords]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/ |title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy |website=Arabtelegraph.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref> This award is recognised and honoured by [https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen Her Majesty the Queen] [[Elizabeth II]] for members of the British Community for their contribution to British Society.

On 31st Mar 2014, Lu was awarded Honorary [[Visiting Professor]] by the [http://en.unisi.it University of Siena, Italy]. The visiting professorship is under the Master Program in Global Governance and Cultural Diplomacy of the [[University of Siena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-awarded-honorary-visiting-professorship-by-university-of-siena-in-italy/ |title=Master Lu Awarded Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena in Italy |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>

“Yearbook of Who’s Who of China 2014” lists people in various fields who have made outstanding contributions to China. It is approved for publication by China’s [[General Administration of Press and Publication]].<ref>http://baike.baidu.com/view/4598179.htm</ref> The yearbook is published annually. It is the only official publication in China that lists prominent Chinese individuals in the form of a yearbook. The 2014 edition contains detailed biographical information about people in various fields who have made an impact on Chinese life in 2014. In addition to Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Jun Hong Lu is also featured in the 2014 edition.<ref>''中国人物年鉴 2014''. ''中国人物年鉴社'', 2014. p451.</ref> Other featured subjects include leading people from the Chinese Communist Party and other political parties, government bodies, and the Army.

==Buddhism Promotion==
Since 2010, in response to the invitations from Buddhist followers around the globe, Lu and his Dharma Propagating Team have organized public talks in many countries and regions including major cities in Australia; New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston in the United States; and Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. Brussel in Belgium and Madrid in Spain and Rome in Italy. Lu also gave talks in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Thailand, New Zealand, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/events/ |title=Events |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
On Dec 2013 Lu was invited to give a speech at [http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy] ( ICD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3|title=Welcome Address|publisher=}}</ref> in recognition of Jun Hong Lu’s contribution to the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/guan-yin-citta-in-a-top-tier-university-congratulations-to-master-lu-for-his-successful-talk-at-harvard-university/|title=Guan Yin Citta in a Top-tier University Congratulations to Master Lu for his Successful Talk at Harvard University|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

==Views==
===Mahayana Buddhism===
According to Jun Hong Lu, Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door belongs to the [[Mahayana]] Buddhist tradition. It encourages people to recite Buddhist scriptures (sutras and mantras) on a daily basis, practise life liberation (that is, saving the lives of beings destined for slaughter), and make great vows to help more people. It is believed that these three “golden practices” lay a solid foundation for improved physical and mental well-being.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=4 |isbn=}}</ref>

====Three Golden Practices of Guan Yin Citta====
#Reciting Buddhist sutras/mantras: Guan Yin Citta believes that reciting Buddhist sutras and mantras on a daily basis helps one benefit from the blessings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Recitation will not only help eliminate one’s negative karma; it will also bring strength, wisdom and inner peace, so that one can overcome all kinds of obstacles. The three major sutras and mantras recited by Guan Yin Citta followers are: [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī|the Great Compassion Mantra]], the [[Heart Sutra]], and the Eighty-eight Buddhas Repentance.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=7 |isbn=}}</ref>
#Practising life liberation: that is, Release of animals, especially those in grave danger of being killed, is a popular practice performed by all schools of [[Buddhism]]. Guan Yin Citta believes that setting animals free helps one cultivate compassion towards all beings, and deepens the understanding that all living beings are all interdependent. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E5%BC%80%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%91%E5%BD%BC%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%91%E5%B7%B1%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89-%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84|title=救彼命，救己心——放生的重要性|publisher=}}</ref>
#Making great vows: When one makes a vow, he or she will be motivated to fulfill the vow. The vow then becomes very strong energy; it can overcome countless obstacles. This is especially true when one makes a vow out of compassion. Seeing the suffering and hearing the cries of sentient beings, Bodhisattvas bring forth immense compassion and vow to benefit all sentient beings. <ref>http://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=19411</ref>

===Patriotism===
On Jun Hong Lu’s official Chinese-language blog,<ref>http://lujunhong2or.com</ref> he emphasizes the importance of Guan Yin Citta followers’ abiding by rules and regulations in their respective countries and regions when practising Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door. This idea can be found on the top banner area of his blog and from the content of his public talk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F-%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E9%AB%93%E6%95%91%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E8%A7%89%E6%82%9F|title=中华文化普利众生指导人生佛法精髓救度众生觉悟人生|publisher=}}</ref>

===Religions===
In an interview with [[Radio France Internationale]], Master Lu stated that "The reason of having 84,000 Dharma is to accommodate all beings and creatures to understand One’s self in order to create a soulful world. It will be good enough as long as you have the heart and soul to create a better place for all beings. That is why I respect the Dharma. It doesn’t matter which Dharma you choose; it will still be the path that you have to proceed. This is a very important point. Therefore, Chinese in Sydney will practice vegetarian during the first and the fifteenth of the Chinese calendar. There are also a lot of Chinese worshipping the Buddha during festive seasons. Some even know how to practice loving kindness. A few organizations in Sydney such as the [[Tzu Chi Foundation]], [[Pure Land Buddhism]] by Master [[Chin Kung]] and also Master [[Hsing Yun]]’s [[Nan Tien temple]] are all well established with the same priority, and that is to carry forward the Buddhism Teaching in order to unite everyone physically, mentally and soulfully. Hence, I believe that every Buddhist Chinese from all over the world should continue to practice Buddhism as it will benefit in the cultivation of One’s mindset, and also to create a peaceful and harmonious world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120718-%E8%87%AA%E5%BA%A6%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA-%E9%87%87%E8%AE%BF%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8D%A2%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%8F%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF|title=采访澳洲华人佛教学会卢军宏会长|publisher=}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
===Flood Relief===
:Yantze River, [[China]] - 1998<ref>http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/jun-hong-lu</ref>
:[[2010–11 Queensland floods|Brisbane flood]], Australia - 2011
:[[Kelantan]], Malaysia - 2015<ref>http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1425944</ref>
===Earthquake===
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2008
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0502/102777.html|title=华协会向芦山灾区捐款献爱心|publisher=}}</ref>
===Disaster Relief Program===
:[[Tzu Chi|Tzu Chi Foundation]] - 2013<ref>http://www.huashangbao.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=1559</ref>
===Other philanthropic work===
In 2013, Jun Hong Lu, with his team from the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre, had organised a charity event to raise funds for Tibetan students with financial difficulties. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0729/108614.html|title=悉尼侨界倡议支援西藏贫困学生|publisher=}}</ref>
In 2014, Jun Hong Lu established the Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association (AOMB) to restore the peaceful state of mind for modern people and improving their mental well-being. AOMB reaches out to people suffering from mental illnesses, raise money for adults and children with disabilities and organise charitable events to support disaster relief efforts around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aombca.org/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B|title=澳洲东方传媒积善机构|publisher=}}</ref>

==Different Opinion==

Buddhist communities in several countries, such as China, Malaysia and Singapore, have casted doubts that Lu Jun Hong and his Guan Yin Citta does not represent orthodox Buddhism.<ref>http://www.sara.gov.cn//xwzx/xwjj/86634.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ybam.org.my/v2/zh/news/news/item/714-%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%90%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%96%87%E5%91%8A.html|title=马来西亚各主要佛教团体联合文告|publisher=}}</ref>Three main points were quoted. Secondly, according to Guan Yin Citta, Lu has claimed to be able to observe people's fortune through their "totem". Such practices are prohibited in Buddhism. Lastly, while Guan Yin CItta uses some Buddhist concepts, they are superficial or even misrepresented.<ref>http://www.sara.gov.cn//xwzx/xwjj/86634.htm</ref>

<ref>http://www.linzi.gov.cn/lz/ztzl/fxjgzzl/n67375.html</ref>
<ref>http://www.zichuan.gov.cn/HTML/5107/ArticleView5107_1_48829.html</ref>
<ref>http://www.ft.gov.cn/DocHtml/1/16/01/00061219.html</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hcq.gov.cn/zwgk/Show.aspx?id=48772|title=从佛教看“心灵法门”的邪性 - 惠州市惠城区人民政府网|first=|last=Jackson|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>http://bbs.xinghua.gov.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&action=printable&tid=57472</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hhkcfw.kenli.gov.cn/info/1021/1334.htm|title=“心灵法门”实为地狱之门-黄河口春风网|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>http://www.liandu.gov.cn/zhxx/rdzt/fxj/zx/201404/t20140422_507281.shtml</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-biography/ Guan Yin Citta: Biography of Master Lu]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Jun Hong}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Shanghai]]

Eddie Peng

2016-07-22T03:04:36Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 2 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Run for Love, The Great Escape / WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
|image = File:2008TIBE Day2 Hall2 MightyMedia Honey and Clover Signing EddiePeng.jpg
|caption = Peng in 2008
|name = Eddie Peng
|tradchinesename = 彭于晏
|simpchinesename = 彭于晏
|pojchinesename = Phîⁿ Û-òaⁿ (Hokkien)
|pinyinchinesename = Péngyúyàn (Mandarin)
|jyutpingchinesename = paang4 jyu1 aan3
|ethnicity = Hakka Chinese
|ancestry = Meixian, China
|birth_date = 24 March 1982 (age 34)
|birth_place = Taipei, Taiwan
|occupation = actor, singer, model
|genre = Mandopop
|label= [https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/fei-ai-bu-ke-can-lan-ri-guang/id814984516 彭于晏– 非爱不可(灿烂日光版) – EP (2010)]
|yearsactive = 2002-present}}'''Eddie Peng''' ({{zh|c=彭于晏|p=Péng Yúyàn}}, born in Taipei, also known as '''Peng Yu-yen''') is a Taiwanese actor, singer, and model. Peng moved to Vancouver, Canada at the age of thirteen. In 2000, he graduated from [[Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School (Vancouver)|Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School]].<ref>[http://tribes.tribe.net/churchillbulldog/thread/75fb4239-aa02-486c-b411-713b5ad6584c,''SWC Biography''], tribes,18 March 2007</ref> Subsequently, he was admitted into the [[University of British Columbia]] and majored in economics, but later dropped out to begin his acting career.

The incident of returning to Taiwan to attend his beloved grandmother's funeral set out a new fate for him when he was referred by a family member to director Yang Daqing, who cast him in the TV series named ''[[Tomorrow (Taiwanese TV series)|The White Paper of Love]]'' (爱情白皮书).

==2002-2008: Career Beginnings==

Peng began his career when he was cast as the 2nd male lead in ''[[Tomorrow (Taiwanese TV series)|Tomorrow]]'' by director Yang Daqing. The drama is adapted from the Japanese manga series ''[[Asunaro Hakusho]]'', written by [[Fumi Saimon]]. In 2003, he took on his first leading role in the Taiwanese drama series ''Scent of Love'', which tells the story of two star-crossed lovers who transcend life and death to find one another in their many reincarnations.<ref>[http://movie.mtime.com/66590/, ''Scent of Love''], MTime</ref> In 2005, he starred in ''[[Chinese Paladin]]'' and rose to fame in China. In the same year, he acted in the idol drama ''When Dolphin Met Cat''. To prepare himself for the filming, Peng took one month to learn how to interact with dolphins from a trained instructor. His dedication to his craft and professionalism was praised by the director.

The following year, Peng made his big screen-debut in the movie ''Exit No.6'', directed by Yu-Hsien Lin. Since then, he was attracted to the movie industry and embarked on a number of movies including ''My DNA Says I Love You'', ''[[All About Women]]'', ''My So Called Love''. Peng was nominated as Best New Actor in the 44th Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards based on the movie ''My DNA Says I Love You''.<ref>[http://yule.sohu.com/20071113/n253224989.shtml., ''Complete List of Nominees of 44th Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards''], 搜狐娱乐,13 November 2007</ref>

[[File:2008TIBE Hall2 ComicPavilion Spokespeople.jpg|left|thumb|2008 Taipei International Book Exhibition - Spokespeople of Comic Pavilion Eddie Peng (left) and Janine Chang (right)]]

==2009-2010: Contractual Disputes==
In 2009, Peng was also involved in a contract dispute lawsuit against his former manager, reaching the nadir of his career. However during this period, Peng continued to work, starring in the movie ''[[Hear Me (film)|Hear Me]]'', directed by Fen-Fen Cheng, about a delivery boy who falls for a hearing impaired girl and they communicate using sign language throughout the whole movie. The film was released a week prior to the opening of the 21st Summer [[Deaflympics]], and Peng learned sign language for the movie. <ref>Ho Yi,[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2009/08/28/2003452149,''FILM REVIEW: A love story in silence''], Taipei Times,28 August 2009</ref> ''Hear Me'' became the highest grossing locally produced movie at Taiwan's box office in 2009.<ref>[http://yule.sohu.com/20090901/n266360017.shtml,''《听说》上映3天突破160万再现《海角》奇迹''], 搜狐娱乐，1 September 2009</ref> After winning the lawsuit,<ref>[http://oriental-news.blogspot.com/2009/06/eddie-peng-announces-his-freedom-star.html,''Eddie Peng announces his freedom; Star Power: Judge has final say''], Oriental News,8 June 2009</ref> he released his debut EP titled ''Fei Ai Bu Ke'', which featured 5 songs,<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/subview/1436858/11241576.htm,''《非爱不可》], Baidu Baike</ref> under the management of [[Avex Group]]<ref>[http://www.avex.com.tw/eddie/,''彭于晏中文官方网站''], Avex Taiwan</ref> in 2010. In the same year, he starred as the male lead in the movie ''Close to You'' and was nominated as as the Best Actor in the 2nd [[Macau International Movie Festival]].<ref>[http://ent.163.com/10/1207/08/6N9NAVCU000300B1.html,''澳门国际电影节今开幕彭于晏想称帝有得拼''], 网易娱乐,7 December 2010</ref>

==2011-Present: Increasing Popularity and Critical Acclaim==

In 2011, Peng's portrayal of a gymnast in ''Jump Ashin!'', directed by Yu-Hsien Lin, earned him several nominations for Best Actor in 48th Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards and 13th [[Taipei Film Festival]], which marked the turning point of his career. The movie became a box-office hit and stayed in theaters for three months in Taiwan.<ref>Ho Yi,[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/08/12/2003510539,''Movie review: Jump Ashin! ''], Taipei Times,12 August 2011</ref> In 2012, he took on several roles in movies such as ''[[Love (2011 film)|LOVE]]'', ''[[Cold War (film)|Cold War]]'',<ref>James Marsh,[http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/counterpoint-review-cold-war.html,''Counterpoint Review: COLD WAR Brings a Spark to the Boardroom''], Twitch Film,3 November 2012</ref>''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' and ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'',<ref>James Marsh,[http://twitchfilm.com/2012/10/review-tai-chi-hero-bides-its-time-before-final-throwdown.html,''Review: TAI CHI HERO Bides Its Time Before The Final Throwdown''], Twitch Film,18 October 2014</ref> boosting his acting acclaim, giving critics and audiences alike a taste of his versatility and growing competence in challenging roles.

In 2013, his popularity increased after shooting the movie ''[[A Wedding Invitation]]'' starring [[Bai Baihe]]. The movie grossed RMB¥192 million (US$31.4 million) in China and ￦127 million (US$118,000) in South Korea.<ref>Kevin Ma,[http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/korean-cinema-chinese-characteristics,''Korean cinema, Chinese characteristics''], Film Business Asia,20 March 2015</ref> Peng also starred in MMA action movie ''[[Unbeatable (film)|Unbeatable]]'', which received strong reviews from critics and topped the box office in Hong Kong. The movie earned over HK$43 million and became the highest grossing locally produced movie of 2013.<ref>DEAN NAPOLITAN,[http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2014/01/03/unbeatable-earns-its-name-at-hong-kong-box-office/,''‘Unbeatable’ Earns Its Name at Hong Kong Box Office''], The Wall Street Journal:Scene Asia,3 January 2014</ref> Peng's realistic portrayal of a MMA fighter in the film was highly praised, and he was nominated as Best Supporting Actor in 33rd [[Hong Kong Film Award]] and 50th [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]].

==2014-present: Career Peak==

In 2014, Peng played as the male lead, General Wei Wuji, in the Chinese drama series ''[[Sound of the Desert (TV series)|Sound of the Desert]]'', based on the novel ''[[Ballad of the Desert]]'' (also known as ''Da Mo Yao''), written by [[Tong Hua (writer)|Tong Hua]]. The drama aired in October<ref>Cleo Fagela,[http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/11659/20140920/song-of-the-dessert-to-air-on-october-1.htm,''Song of the Dessert to Air on Oct 1''], China Topix,20 September 2014</ref> and gained huge popularity. Peng also starred in ''[[Rise of the Legend]]'' as the titular [[Wong Fei-hung]], an iconic martial artist in China, who previously had been portrayed by [[Jet Li]],<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120530/,''Once Upon a Time in China and America''], IMDb</ref>[[Vincent Zhao]]<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0962745/,''Once Upon a Time in China''], IMDb</ref> and [[Jackie Chan]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111512/,''The Legend of Drunken Master''], IMDb</ref> Peng rejected all the other filming offers in 2013 to focus on his martial arts training. After 9 months of immense training, he was able to do most of the action scenes by himself.<ref>[http://news.mtime.com/2014/11/07/1533716-all.html,''专访《黄飞鸿之英雄有梦》主演彭于晏''], Mtime,24 November 2014</ref> He then earned the nomination for Best Actor in the 34th [[Hong Kong Film Awards]]. Peng took up the role of Chen Xun in the movie ''[[Fleet of Time]]'', adapted from the famous novel of the same name written by Jiuye Hui. The film is the highest grossing movie of the month at the box office of China, pulling in about RMB¥578 million.<ref>[http://ent.qq.com/a/20150101/018536.htm,''12月贺岁票房大战《匆匆那年》5.78亿意外夺冠''], 腾讯娱乐,1 January 2015</ref> By March 2015, the movie grossed RMB¥589 million in China.<ref>[http://www.cbooo.cn/ChinaUSMARKET], CBO中国票房</ref> Peng's continual success in the TV and film industry brought his career to a new height and he was said to have reached the peak of his career.

In 2015, Peng played the role of a professional cyclist in sports-themed movie ''[[To the Fore]]'', and continued to receive praises and favorable reviews from critics in Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. As a result, he was appointed to become the first Chinese Goodwill Ambassador of the 2015 ''[[Tour de France]]''.<ref>Heidi Hsia,[https://sg.news.yahoo.com/eddie-peng-elected-goodwill-ambassador-tour-france-034100758.html,''Eddie Peng elected goodwill ambassador of Tour de France''], YAHOO!News Singapore,7 July 2015</ref> ''[[To the Fore]]'' is Hong Kong's submission for the 88th [[Academy Awards]] for Best Foreign Language Film <ref>Patrick Frater,[http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/hong-kong-selects-to-the-fore-as-oscar-contender-1201598518/,''Hong Kong Selects ‘To The Fore’ as Oscar Contender''], Variety, 21 September 2015</ref> and won the Outstanding Film in 16th [[Huabiao Awards]]. Peng's movie with [[Shu Qi]], ''[[The Last Women Standing]]'' was also released in the same year.

In 2016, Peng starred in the crime thriller film, ''[[Cold War 2]]'', the sequel to the critically and commercially successful ''[[Cold War]]''. The film was a huge success, grossing over US$52.1 million in less than a month. Peng also starred in numerous films throughout the year, including ''[[Run for Love (film)|Run for Love]]'' with [[Zhang Ziyi]], ''[[The Great Escape (2016 film)|The Great Escape]]'' with [[Zhou Xun]], ''[[Call of Heroes]]'', ''[[Operation Mekong]]'' and the upcoming ''[[The Great Wall]]'', featuring an ensemble cast from Hollywood and China.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"

! Year

! Title

! Chinese Title

! Role

|-
| 2005 || ''A Record'' || 记录 || Ah Xiang
|-
| 2006 || ''Open To Midnight'' ||午夜照相馆 || A Hai
|-
| rowspan=3|2007 || ''Muddy but Pure White'' ||泥巴色的纯白 || Tang Xuchuan
|-
| ''Exit No. 6'' || 六号出口 || Fan Dayin
|-
| ''My DNA Says I Love You'' ||基因决定我爱你 || Xiao Xiong
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 || ''Sleeplessness All Through the Night'' ||公主在台北彻夜未眠 || Gong Ping
|-
| ''[[All About Women]]'' ||女人不坏 || Mo Qiyan
|-
| ''My So Called Love'' ||爱的发声练习 || A Liang
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Hear Me (film)|Hear Me]]'' ||听说 || Tian Kuo
|-
| rowspan=2|2010 || ''Lover's Discourse'' ||恋人絮语 || Li Guangsheng
|-
| ''Close to You''||近在咫尺的爱恋 || Zhao Dajie
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Love You You]]'' ||夏日乐悠悠|| You Lele
|-
| ''Jump Ashin!'' ||翻滚吧!阿信 || Ashin
|-
| rowspan=4|2012 || [[Love (2012 Taiwanese film)|''LOVE'']] ||爱|| Ah Kai
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' ||太极1：从零开始 || Fang Zi Jing
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' ||太极2：英雄崛起|| Fang Zi Jing
|-
| ''[[Cold War (film)|Cold War]]'' ||寒战 || Joe Lee
|-
| rowspan=2|2013 || ''[[A Wedding Invitation]]'' ||分手合约 || Li Xing
|-
| ''[[Unbeatable (film)|Unbeatable]]'' ||激战 || Lin Siqi
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Rise of the Legend]]'' ||黄飞鸿之英雄有梦 || Huang Fei Hong
|-
| ''[[Fleet of Time]]'' ||匆匆那年|| Chen Xun
|-
| rowspan=3|2015 || ''[[12 Golden Ducks]]'' ||12金鸭|| Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[To the Fore]]''||破风|| Chou Ming
|-
| ''[[The Last Women Standing]]'' ||剩者为王|| Ma Sai
|-
| rowspan=7|2006 || ''[[Run for Love (film)|Run for Love]]''||奔爱 || Feng Yujian
|-
| ''The Great Escape'' ||明月几时有 ||Liu Heizai
|-
| ''[[The Bodyguard (2016 film)|The Bodyguard]]''||我的特工爷爷 || Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[Cold War 2 (film)|Cold War 2]]''||寒战2 || Joe Lee
|-
| ''[[Call of Heroes]]''||危城歼霸 || Ma Feng
|-
| ''[[Operation Mekong]]''||湄公河行动 || Lin Chaoxian
|-
| ''[[The Great Wall (film)|The Great Wall]]''||长城||
|-
| 2017 || ''The Tales of Wukong''||悟空传 ||Sun Wukong
|-

|}
<ref>YIP WAI YEE [http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/movies/story/eddie-peng-well-cast-rise-the-legend-20141126,'' Eddie Peng Well Cast in Rise of the Legend''], The Straits Times,26 November 2014</ref>
<ref>James Marsh,[http://twitchfilm.com/2014/12/trailer-dante-lam-eddie-peng-back-in-the-saddle-for-to-the-fore.html,''Dante Lam,Eddie Peng Back In The Saddle for TO THE FORE''], Twitch Film,23 December 2014</ref>
<ref>Jingles,[http://www.jaynestars.com/movies/shu-qi-and-eddie-peng-star-in-new-movie/,''Shu Qi and Eddie Peng Star In New Movie''], Jaynestars,21 January 2015</ref>
<ref>Marc Graser,[http://variety.com/2015/film/news/matt-damon-leads-cast-of-legendarys-the-great-wall-1201450991/ ''Matt Damon Leads Cast of Lengedary's The Great Wall''],''Variety'',11 March 2015</ref>
<ref>Liz Shackleton,[http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/filmart/benny-chan-war-epic-casts-up/5085476.article,''Benny Chan war epic 'The Deadly Reclaim' casts up], Screen Daily,23 March 2015</ref>
<ref>Heidi Hsia,[https://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/news/zhang-ziyi-eddie-peng-movie-043900842.html,''Zhang Ziyi and Eddie Peng in new movie''], Yahoo!Entertainment Singapore,19 March 2015</ref>

===TV series===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Tomorrow (Taiwanese TV series)|Tomorrow]]'' ||爱情白皮书 || Xu Shouzhi
|-
| 2003 || ''Scent of Love''||恋香 || Jin Chengtian
|-
| rowspan=3|2005 || ''I Only Care About You''||我只在乎你 || Lin Qingyun
|-
| ''[[Chinese Paladin (TV series)|Chinese Paladin]]'' ||仙剑奇侠传|| Tang Yu
|-
| ''When Dolphin Met Cat'' || 海豚爱上猫||Xu Wei
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Young Warriors (TV series)|The Young Warriors]]'' ||少年杨家将|| Yang Yansi /Qilang
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || ''[[Wayward Kenting]]'' ||我在垦丁*天气晴 || Zhong Hanwen
|-
| ''Liao Zhai'' ||聊斋 || Yang Yuedan
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Honey and Clover]]'' ||蜂蜜四叶草|| Ren Sentian
|-
| 2009 || ''The Concerto'' || 协奏曲||Yuan Hao
|-
| 2010 || ''My Sassy Girl'' || 牵牛的夏天||Jin Qianniu
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sound of the Desert (TV series)|Sound of the Desert]]'' ||风中奇缘|| Wei Wuji

|}
<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2108643/ Peng Yuyan at imdb.com]</ref>
<ref>[http://chinesemov.com/actors/Eddie%20Peng.html Peng Yuyan at chinesemov.com]</ref>

==Representative works==

===Hear me<ref>[http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2009/08/21/2414850.html]</ref>===

This movie starred Eddie Peng, [[Ivy Chen]] and Chen Yanxi. Inspired by the [[Paralympic Games]], the main characters, Yang Yang and Tian Kuo, were portrayed by [[Ivy Chen]] and Eddie Peng respectively.

The female protagonist, Yang Yang, was accompanying her disabled sister to practice in the natatorium for the upcoming [[Paralympic Games]] when Tian Kuo met her. He was delivering boxed lunches to the members of the swimming team. He saw Yang Yang communicating in [[sign language]] to some children and fell in love with her at first sight.

Afterwards, Yang Yang fell while riding a moped. Tian Kuo helped her up and sent her to hospital.
On the way there, he asked her for her MSN ID, prompting the beginning of their friendship. Subsequently, Tian Kuo, whose parents ran a small restaurant, brought lunch to Yang Yang every day. Sometimes, he personally made "love" lunch boxes for her. Yang Yang was very touched by his actions, however, she continued to insist on paying him for her lunches.

Finally, Tian Kuo decided to confess his love for Yang Yang. He took her to his restaurant to pay a formal visit to his parents. Believing that she was mute, Tian Kuo's parents used a board to communicate with Yang Yang. When Yang Yang was asked if she was willing to marry Tian Kuo, she said yes aloud. Both Tian Kuo and his parents were shocked to discover that Yang Yang could in fact speak perfectly well. It was only then that Tian Kuo and Yang Yang realised that they had mutually misunderstood each other - they were, in fact, both perfectly normal people who had built up a silent relationship assuming that the other was physically disabled.

===Jump Ashin!<ref>[http://www.m1905.com/news/20111210/486124.shtml]</ref>===
This movie was an inspirational story about a physically disabled boy who persevered in pursuing his dreams and eventually succeeded. The main character, Ashin, contracted [[polio]] at a young age; however, he was greatly talented in sports. Ashin became very interested in [[gymnastics]] and set a personal goal to become an excellent gymnast. Ashin was discovered by a talent scout who decided to cultivate his natural talent. However, the strain of the highly intense training took a toll on Ashin's weak body - his legs could not withstand training and his physical health deteriorated. His mother opposed further training. The tremendous pressure of both mental and physical stress almost crushed Ashin, leading him to stray onto a destructive path of alcoholism and brawling. Fortunately, with the support of his friends and mother, he rebuilt his confidence and finally returned to gymnastics.

==Discography==
===Albums===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Tracks !! Released date !! Label
|-
| 2010 || 非爱不可 || 01. 非爱不可 02. 就是我爱你 03. 变色龙 04. 变色龙 05. 转角的夏天 || April 23, 2010 || 爱贝克思娱乐
|-
|}

===Singles===
{|class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Album !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || "不能拒绝 " || ''Scent of Love'' (恋香) original soundtrack ||
|-
| 2005 || "大海爱蓝天" || ''When Dolphin Met Cat'' (海豚爱上猫) original soundtrack ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || "幸运草的祝福" || rowspan=2|''[[Honey and Clover]]'' (蜂蜜幸运草) original soundtrack ||
|-
| "Give Me Love" ||
|-
| 2013 || "我们不是说好了吗" || ''[[A Wedding Invitation]]'' (分手合约) original soundtrack ||
|-
|}

==Awards==

===Film===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Awards
!Result
|-
| 2007 || My DNA Says I Love You || ''44th [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]] Best New Actor'' ||{{nom}}
|-
| 2010 || Close To You || ''2nd [[Macau International Movie Festival]] Best Actor'' ||{{nom}}
|-
| 2011 || Jump Ashin! || ''13th [[Taipei Film Festival]] Best Actor'' ||{{nom}}
|-
| 2011 || Jump Ashin! || ''48th [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]] Best Actor'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2012 || Jump Ashin!||''12th Chinese Film Media Awards Favourite Actor ''|| {{nom}}
|-
| 2013 || Cold War || ''13th Chinese Film Media Awards Favourite Performance'' ||{{nom}}
|-
| 2013 || Unbeatable || ''50th [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]] Best Supporting Actor''|| {{nom}}
|-
| 2014 || Unbeatable || ''33rd [[Hong Kong Film Award]] Best Supporting Actor'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2014 || Cold War || ''30th [[People's Hundred Flowers Award]] Best New Actor'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2015 || Rise of the Legend || ''34th [[Hong Kong Film Award]] Best Actor'' ||{{nom}}
|-

|}

===TV===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!TV Series
!Awards
!Result
|-
| 2006 || I Only Care About You || ''41st [[Golden Bell Awards]] Best Supporting Actor'' || {{nom}}
|-
| 2008 || Wayward Kenting || ''43rd [[Golden Bell Awards]] Best Actor'' ||{{nom}}
|-
|}

<ref>[http://www.hkfaa.com/winnerlist.html ''List of Nominees''] The Official Hong Kong Film Awards Website</ref>
<ref>[http://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/ui/index.php?class=ghac&func=archive&search_regist_year=2011&nwlist_type=award ''List of Nominees''] The Official Golden Horse Awards Website</ref>

==Endorsements==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! Year
! Brand
! Region

|-
| 2004 || ''Coca-Cola'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Sony VAIO'' ||
|-
| 2010-2013 || ''Extra Chewing Gum'' || PRC
|-
| 2011 || ''Men's Bioré '' ||
|-
| 2011-2013 || ''ALBA Watches''||
|-
| 2011-2015 || ''Adidas Neo Label''|| PRC
|-
| 2012 || ''Volvo S60'' ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Nikon'' ||
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''LEE Jeans'' || PRC
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''Lipton Milk Tea''|| PRC
|-
| 2013-now || ''Head and Shoulders Men's Shampoo'' || PRC
|-
| 2013-now || ''Biotherm Homme''|| Asia
|-
| 2014-now|| ''Longines Ambassador of Elegance'' || Worldwide
|-
| 2015- || ''Minute Maid''||
|-
| 2015- || ''Monster Hunter OL'' ||
|-
| 2016- || ''Adidas Performance ''|| PRC
|-
| 2016- || ''HUGO Boss Eyewear''|| Asia
|-

|}

<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/15262.html ''Eddie Peng's Baidu Baike'']</ref>
<ref>Apple Lam,[http://www.marketing-interactive.com/eddie-peng-leighton-meester-faces-biotherm-latest-ad-campaigns/''Eddie Peng and Leighton Meester front new Biotherm campaign''], 17 June 2014</ref>
<ref>[http://www.longines.com/events/2014/Eddie_peng,''Longines presents its new Longines Ambassador of Elegance: Eddie Peng (Taiwan, Taiwan)''], Longines,6 June 2014</ref>

==Music videos==
*2005 - The Most Beautiful (最美) - [[Maggie Chiang]] （江美琪）
*2005 - One To One （一对一） - [[Fish Leong]]
*2006 - Find the Unicorn （寻找独角兽）- [[Fiona Sit]] （薛凯琪）
*2007 - the Sea Loves the Blue Sky (大海爱蓝天) - Eddie Peng （彭于晏）
*2008 - Wishes of Lucky Grass (幸运草的祝福)- Clover Band
*2008 - Coastal Highway Exit<ref>[[FM S.H.E#Music videos]]</ref> （沿海公路的出口）- [[S.H.E]]
*2008 - Because You Love Me (因为你爱我) - [[Joanna Wang]](王若琳)
*2010 - Break up Needs Practice (分手需要练习的) - [[A-Lin]] （黄丽玲）
*2010 - Fei Ai Bu Ke (非爱不可） - Eddie Peng （彭于晏）
*2010 - Chameleon （变色龙）- Eddie Peng （彭于晏）
*2010 - Corner of Summer （转角的夏天）- Eddie Peng （彭于晏）

==Books==
*Photos of Lian Xiang (Eddie & Ben 照相簿/恋香全追踪)(2004)
*Eddie Peng's dolphin diary (彭于晏的海豚日记)(2005)
*Eddie Peng Ken Ding 15x6 (彭于晏垦丁15x6)(2008)

<ref>[http://book.douban.com/subject/6938050/,''彭于晏.垦丁15x6'']，豆瓣读书</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://t.sina.com.cn/eddiepeng ''Eddie Peng's Weibo'']
*[https://www.facebook.com/Eddie0324 ''Eddie Peng's Facebook'']
*[https://instagram.com/yuyanpeng ''Eddie Peng's Instagram'']
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbAlbfbAjA5YYz7quz35Pqg Eddie Peng's YouTube Channel'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peng, Eddie}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Taiwanese male actors]]
[[Category:Canadian Hakka people]]
[[Category:Canadian male actors of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Taiwanese descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from Taipei]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Meixian District]]
[[Category:Taiwanese emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Taiwanese people of Hakka descent]]
[[Category:Taiwanese male film actors]]
[[Category:Taiwanese male television actors]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]

Manhan Quanxi

2016-07-20T20:55:21Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Happy Ever After (TV series)

{{about||the TV series|The Perfect Banquet|the Movie|The Chinese Feast}}

{{Chinese
|pic=Manchu Han Imperial Feast Tao Heung Museum of Food Culture.jpg
|piccap=Manchu Han Imperial Feast displayed at Tao Heung Museum of Food Culture
|t=滿漢全席|s=满汉全席
|j=mun5 hon3 cyun zik6
|p=mǎn hàn quán xí
|bpmf=ㄇㄢˇ ㄏㄢˋ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧˊ
|poj=buán-hàn tsuân-si̍k
|wuu=moe上 hoe去 zie平 zih入
|h=man24 hon55　qion11 qiag5
|kanji=満漢全席
|kana=まんかんぜんせき
|romaji=man kan zenseki
|hangul=만한전석
|hanja=滿漢全席
|rr=Manhan jeonseok
|mr=Manhan chŏnsŏk
|qn=Mãn Hán Toàn Tịch
}}

'''Manhan Quanxi''', literally '''Manchu Han Imperial Feast''' was one of the grandest meals ever documented in Chinese cuisine. It consisted of at least 108 unique dishes from the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] and [[Han Chinese]] culture during the [[Qing dynasty]], and it is only reserved and intended for the [[Emperor of China|Emperor]]s. The meal was held for three whole days, across six banquets. The culinary skills consisted of cooking methods from all over [[Late Imperial China|Imperial China]].<ref name="Hoover">Hoover, Michael. Stokes, Lisa, Odham. (1999). City on Fire: Hong Kong Cinema. Verso publishing. ISBN 1-85984-203-8</ref>

== Names ==
Quite a number of English names have been used to describe the dish combinations.

* Manchu Han Imperial Feast<ref name="Hoover" />
* Qing Han Imperial Feast
* Manchu Han Feast
* Feast of Complete Manchu-Han Courses
* Man Han Quan Xi

== History ==

=== Qing dynasty ===
When the [[Qing conquest of the Ming|Manchus conquered China]] and founded the [[Qing dynasty]], the Manchu and Han Chinese peoples struggled for power. The [[Kangxi Emperor]] wanted to resolve the disputes so he held a banquet during his 66th birthday celebrations. The banquet consisted of Manchu and Han dishes, with officials from both ethnic groups attending the banquet together. After the [[Wuchang Uprising]], common people learned about the imperial banquet. The original meal was served in the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]].<ref name="Hoover" />

=== Preparation ===
The meal was prepared comprising six banquets over three days with over 300 dishes. Altogether there are said to have been 196 main dishes and 124 snack dishes, for a total of 320 dishes sampled over three days. Depending on how the dishes are counted with the samples, at the absolute minimum there were 108 dishes.<ref name="Hoover" /> The Emperor, after previewing the dishes, gave the feast its present name. The feast was divided into inner-palace and outer-palace banquets; only the imperial family and meritorious officials, including Han officials above the second rank, were invited into the inner-palace banquets. A book from the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong era]] gives a detailed description of the feast and the dishes and ingredients.

=== The meal ===
It is said that there were "Thirty-Two Delicacies", referring to the more exotic ingredients used for the banquet. The "Eight Mountain Delicacies" includes such dishes as camel's hump, bear's paws, monkey's brains, ape's lips, leopard fetuses, rhinoceros tails and deer tendons. The "Eight Land Delicacies" includes several precious fowls and mushrooms, and the "Eight Sea Delicacies" includes [[Hoi sam|dried sea cucumbers]], [[shark's fin]], [[bird's nest soup|bird's nest]] and others.

Some of the individual names of the dishes within:
* Snowy Palm - [[bear]] claw with [[sturgeon]]<ref name="Hoover" />
* Golden Eyes and Burning Brain - [[bean curd]] simmered in [[chicken]], [[duck]] and [[cuckoo]] brains
* Monkey King and Shark - goat brain
* [[Monkey brain (cuisine)|Monkey brain]]
* [[Egg tart]]

=== Utensils ===
The utensils, like the food, were also lavish; the majority of utensils were finely crafted bronzeware, and [[Chinese ceramic|porcelainware]] in the shape of many animals were designed with mechanisms for keeping the dishes warm throughout the meal. In general the Manchu dishes were first sampled, followed by the Han dishes.

==In popular culture ==
The imperial meal was re-enacted in the movie ''[[The Chinese Feast]]'' and the television drama ''[[Happy Ever After (Hong Kong TV series)|Happy Ever After]]''. It is also featured in the anime ''[[Cooking Master Boy]]'' and the television series ''[[My Fair Princess]]'' as well as in chapters 106 and 142 of the ''[[Medaka Box]]'' manga.

In modern times, the Chinese term "Manhan Quanxi" can be used as an idiomatic expression to represent any feast of significant proportions. As an example, various media outlets may refer to a dinner gala as "Manhan Quanxi", while in China there are also numerous cooking competitions which make use of the aforementioned name,<ref>[http://www.6eat.net/show.aspx?id=190 红厨帽快车-新闻中心]</ref> while not specifically referring to the original meaning of the imperial feast. The name is also used extensively in product names in the food industry, such usage evident as brands of sauces and instant noodles by various companies.

An abridged version of the Cantonese version of the imperial meal was depicted in [[Mister Ajikko]], where the dessert: Almond Tofu dessert is used as a contest against the expert in the dish: A corrupt monk in the Cuisine Temple.<ref name=":0">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW-VYe9RiaY Episode 57 of Mr. Ajikko (Japanese with Chinese subtitles)]</ref>

== Replicas ==
The cuisine is extremely rare in China today, and if offered it is by a large margin one of the most expensive meals in the entire collection of [[Chinese cuisine]]s, even in the late 80's, it was estimated to cost over 1 million [[Japanese yen|yen]] then.<ref name=":0" /> Even when served, it is done with replacement ingredients, as many of the animals are essentially [[endangered species]]. Waiters serving the replicas are required to wear some form of [[Fashion of China|traditional Chinese clothing]].

== References ==
{{Portal|China|Food|History}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}

[[Category:Chinese imperial cuisine]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]

David A. Clarke

2016-07-18T06:39:37Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Democratic

{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = David A. Clarke, Jr.
|image = Sheriff Clarke.png
|caption = Sheriff Clarke at the NPS Graduation Ceremony in 2013
|office = 64th Sheriff of Milwaukee County
|term_start = March 19, 2002<ref name="milmag">[http://www.milwaukeemag.com/2008/01/25/TheNewBlackPower/ The New Black Power] Milwaukee Magazine</ref>
|term_end =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|predecessor = [[Leverett F. Baldwin]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|08|21}}
|birth_place = [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]
|spouse = Julie Clarke
|alma_mater = [[Concordia University Wisconsin]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.sheriffclarke.com/}}
}}
'''David A. Clarke Jr.''' (born August 21, 1956) is the 64th Sheriff of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]]. In 2002, Clarke was appointed to a vacancy by Governor [[Scott McCallum]], and later elected that same year to his first four-year term. He was re-elected in November 2006, 2010, and 2014, and is currently serving his fourth full term.

== Early life, education, and early career ==
Clarke was born in Milwaukee, the son of Jeri and David Clarke Sr. His father is a former paratrooper with the [[2nd Ranger Infantry Company (United States)|2nd Ranger Infantry Company]].<ref name="milmag"/> Clarke Jr. attended [[Marquette University High School]].

His career in law enforcement began in 1978 at the [[Milwaukee Police Department]] (MPD). After 11 years as a patrol officer, Clarke was promoted to Detective, making the Homicide Division less than 1 year later. In 1992, Clarke was again promoted to Lieutenant of Detectives. The next step was becoming Captain of Police for the MPD in 1996. In 1999, Clarke took over the post of Commanding Officer for MPD's Intelligence Division. Clarke then became Milwaukee County Sheriff in 2002, currently holding the same post.<ref name="milwaukee">{{cite web|url=http://county.milwaukee.gov/MeettheSheriff9152.htm|title=Meet the Sheriff|publisher=county.milwaukee.gov|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

== Sheriff of Milwaukee ==

=== Budget and clashes with Milwaukee County government===
Clarke has often clashed with the county government over the sheriff's office budget, engaging "in a long-running, high-profile tiff" over the issue with Milwaukee County Executive [[Chris Abele]], "with Clarke providing the more incendiary rhetoric."<ref name="AbeleClarke">{{cite web|author=Steve Schultze|title=Abele wants to cut Clarke's budget; sheriff calls exec 'vindictive little man'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/abele-wants-5-million-to-end-long-term-care-at-mental-health-complex-b99107268z1-225351372.html|website=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> Clarke's proposed budget for 2014 would cut $12 million from the Sheriff's Office budget, eliminating 69 jobs and "shifting park patrols, emergency management, 911 communications and training divisions" to other entities, such as the Milwaukee Police Department, suburban police departments, and the county Department of Emergency Preparedness.<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Abele described the budget as a way to refocus the sheriff's office on "core, mandated services."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Clarke issued a statement calling Abele a "vindictive little man" and saying that "Abele should be drug-tested. He has to be on heroin or hallucinating with that statement."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Abele responded by saying that it was "unfortunate the sheriff, instead of engaging in thoughtful civil discourse, is making personal attacks and making light of a serious problem in our community and state."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> On another occasion, Clarke said that Abele had "[[penis envy]]."<ref name="Kaiser">{{cite web|url=http://expressmilwaukee.com/article-permalink-23685.html|title=Is It Time For a New Sheriff in Town?|publisher=Shepherd Express|accessdate=2014-07-30}}</ref>

In 2015, Clarke clashed with Abele again after Clarke filed a lawsuit against the county over the sheriff's budget, seeking $25 million in funds to hire 75 deputies, 43 House of Corrections officers and 17 supervisors.<ref name="2015BudgetLawsuit">[http://www.cbs58.com/story/28027841/sheriff-clarke-sues-milwaukee-county-over-budgeting-issues Clarke, Abele at odds over sheriff's budget lawsuit], [[WDJT-TV]] (February 4, 2015).</ref> Clarke argued that his office is underfunded by the county, while Abele noted that the sheriff's office had received the largest increase of any county department and criticized Clarke for having what he termed "a very heavy command staff," "a lot of unnecessary overtime," and redundancies in courthouse security.<ref name="2015BudgetLawsuit"/>

A county audit released in 2012 showed that the Milwaukee County Sheriff's Office used [[asset forfeiture]] funds and to buy [[exercise equipment]] for Clarke's command staff, for a [[Walt Disney Co.|Disney]] training, and for a mounted patrol unit.<ref name="SchultzeAudit">Steve Schultze, [http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/clarke-spent-asset-forfeitures-on-workout-equipment-horse-patrol-5j71hn1-171816481.html Clarke spent asset forfeitures on workout equipment, horse patrol], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (September 28, 2012).</ref> The audit reported that the spending violated county procurement rules, although not federal rules on the use of seized money.<ref name="SchultzeAudit"/> Clarke was criticized for the amount of money spent on the mounted patrol by County Supervisor Patricia Jursik; Clarke defended the office's use of the funds.<ref name="SchultzeAudit"/>

===House of Corrections===
In January 2008, a [[National Institute of Corrections]] audit of the Milwaukee County House of Correction in [[Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Franklin]] identified 44 areas of concern, calling the House of Correction "dysfunctional" and determining that it suffered from "serious security, staff morale and management flaws."<ref name="HouseofCorrection">{{cite web|author=Steve Schultze|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/42833992.html|title=Sheriff cleans House to address audit's critiques|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|date=April 10, 2009}}</ref> The House of Corrections was at the time a separate Milwaukee County department overseen by a superintendent who reported to then [[Milwaukee County Executive]] [[Scott Walker]].<ref name="HouseofCorrection"/> Walker and the County Board transferred control over the House to the Sheriff's Department under Clarke on January 1, 2009. The House's former work-release center was transferred to the Milwaukee County Jail. Clarke received praise for rapidly correcting many of the issues identified in the report.<ref name="HouseofCorrection"/>

===Position on gun issues===
In January 2013, Clarke was featured on a series of public radio ads that said citizens could no longer rely on the police for timely protection and should arm themselves. Later that month, Clarke appeared on the CNN program ''[[Piers Morgan Live]]'', with Milwaukee Mayor and [[gun control|gun-control]] advocate [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]], who "said it was irresponsible of Clarke to 'basically imply' that it won't help citizens to call [[9-1-1|911]] when they need help."<ref name="jsonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/clarke-barrett-square-off-over-guns-on-cnn-h98inr1-188955951.html|title=David Clarke, Tom Barrett square off over guns on CNN|publisher=jsonline.com|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

=== Christian Centurians lawsuit ===
In 2006, Clarke invited members of an [[evangelical Christian]] organization, the Fellowship of Christian Centurions, to speak at several [[Roll call (policing)|mandatory employee meetings]], at which the group members [[proselytizing|proselytized]].<ref name="AULawsuit">{{cite web|title=Milwaukee Deputy Sheriffs Association v. Clarke|url=https://www.au.org/our-work/legal/lawsuits/milwaukee-deputy-sheriffs-association-v-clarke|publisher=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]}}</ref><ref name="CaseCite">''[http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1499070.html Milwaukee Deputy Sheriffs Ass'n v. Clarke]'', 588 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2009), ''aff'g'' [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1612749/milwaukee-deputy-sheriffs-assn-v-clarke/ 513 F.Supp.2d 1014] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin|E.D. Wis.]] 2007).</ref> Several deputies complained about the Centurions' proselytizing, but Clarke refused to stop the presentations.<ref name="AULawsuit"/><ref name="CaseCite"/> The sheriff deputies' union and two individual sheriff's deputies (a Catholic and a Muslim) successfully sued Clarke in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin]]. Clarke appealed to the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]], which upheld the lower court's ruling in 2009.<ref name="AULawsuit"/><ref name="CaseCite"/> The sheriff did not [[Certiorari|seek review]] in the U.S. Supreme Court.<ref name="AULawsuit"/>

===Political views and associations===
Clarke is registered as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]],<ref name="OfficialCampaignBio" /> which is advantageous in heavily Democratic Milwaukee County.<ref name="BiceParty">Daniel Bice, [http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/noquarter/does-anyone-still-think-sheriff-david-clarke-is-a-democrat-apparently-one-b99319030z1-268812281.html Does anyone still think Sheriff David Clarke is a Democrat? Apparently, one], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (July 27, 2014).</ref> However, Clarke is almost universally regarded as a conservative.<ref name="BiceParty"/> Clarke "is frequently critical of Milwaukee Democrats, such as Milwaukee Mayor [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]]; he speaks at many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] functions, and he has the backing of the [[National Rifle Association]]," which has raised funds for his reelection campaigns.<ref name="BiceParty"/> Bice has in turn been criticized by the local Democratic Party.<ref name="Kaiser"/> On his website in 2014, Bice stated that he questioned "why the Office of Sheriff is a partisan election" and wrote: I have never asked a person to vote for me because I run as a Democrat. I ask them to vote for me based on my 35-year commitment to keeping citizens safe. Most voters get it when it comes to public safety. There is no Democrat or Republican way to be a sheriff. The enemy is not the opposing party; the enemy is the criminal."<ref name="OfficialCampaignBio" /><ref name="BiceParty2">{{cite news|last1=Bice|first1=Daniel|title=Sheriff David Clarke files for re-election amid talk of other offices|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/261361241.html|accessdate=20 August 2014|work=Journal Sentinel|date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

Clarke is viewed as an "iconoclastic sheriff," one of "a long line of controversy-courting lawmen" that includes [[Richard Mack]] and [[Joe Arpaio]] in Arizona.<ref name="ChammahSheriffs">Maurice Chammah, [https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/05/06/america-s-loudest-sheriffs-a-reading-guide America's Loudest Sheriffs: A Reading Guide: Milwaukee’s David Clarke is the latest in a long line of controversy-courting lawmen], [[The Marshall Project]] (May 6, 2016).</ref> Clarke has been "associated with those on the political extremes" on occasion, and has attracted attention for these "dalliances with the far right."<ref name="BiceAward">Daniel Bice, [http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/noquarter/bicecol16-7l9v73c-207614191.html David A. Clarke's sheriff of the year honor isn't your typical award: Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association known for anti-government views], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (May 15, 2013).</ref> In 2013, Clarke accepted the "Sheriff of the Year Award" by the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association, a group of sheriffs founded by Mack.<ref name="BiceAward"/> The group is identified by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (which tracks [[hate group]]s) as a "radical-right" organization.<ref name="BiceAward"/> Earlier the same year, Clarke appeared for an interview on the syndicated show of [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]], who is "best known for his anti-government views and conspiracy theories on everything from fluoride to the 9-11 terrorist attacks."<ref name="BiceAward"/>

Clarke is a frequent and vociferous critic of the [[Black Lives Matter]] (BLM) movement, referring to it as "Black Lies Matter" and terming the movement as a hate group.<ref>David Clarke, [http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/07/11/sheriff-david-clarke-its-time-to-stand-up-to-black-lives-matter.html It's time to stand up to Black Lives Matter], Fox News (July 11, 2016).</ref><ref name="O'BrienBLM">Brendan O'Brien, [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-police-clarke-idUSKCN0W00GH Black Milwaukee sheriff takes on Black Lives Matter movement], Reuters (February 27, 2016).</ref> Clarke has referred to BLM members as "subhuman creeps" and has "calling for the movement's eradication 'from American society.'"<ref name="O'BrienBLM"/> Clarke's stance on the movement has been criticized by the Milwaukee chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]] and other activists.<ref name="O'BrienBLM"/>

Clarke's has harshly criticized various black critics of police abuses.<ref name="Chammah"/> He has called former [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]] an "a-hole" and accusing him in testimony before the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] of "outright hostility' toward police; referred to [[Al Sharpton]] as a "charlatan"; and criticized [[Beyoncé]] for her [[Super Bowl XLVII halftime show|halftime-show performance at Super Bowl]] in 2016.<ref name="Chammah"/>

Clarke is a strong supporter of Republican [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|2016 presidential campaign]], saying that he would "do everything I can" to help Trump win the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bice|first1=Daniel|title=Clarke says he will 'do everything I can' to help Trump win|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/383199261.html|accessdate=13 July 2016|publisher=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> Clarke has been added to the list of speakers at the [[2016 Republican National Convention]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>[http://www.wisn.com/news/sheriff-clarke-rep-duffy-added-to-gop-convention-speakers-list/40704184 Sheriff Clarke, Rep. Duffy added to GOP convention speakers list], [[WISN-TV]] (July 14, 2016).</ref>

===Persona and media appearances===
Clarke frequently appears at public events on horseback wearing a cowboy hat.<ref name="Kaiser" />

Clarke "has become a fixture of conservative media" and in 2015 began hosting a podcast talk show, "David Clarke: The People's Sheriff," on [[Glenn Beck]]'s [[TheBlaze Radio Network]].<ref name="Chammah">Maurice Chammah, [http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/american-sheriff/481131/ American Sheriff: David Clarke, the Trump-loving, pro-mass-incarceration, Fox News favorite, is challenging criminal-justice reform—and stereotypes], ''The Atlantic'' (May 5, 2016).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2015/06/02/the-peoples-sheriff-is-the-latest-addition-to-theblaze-radio-network |title='The People's Sheriff' Is the Latest Addition to TheBlaze Radio Network |publisher=[[TheBlaze]] |date=2015-06-02}}</ref> Clarke also frequently appears as a guest on [[Fox News]], and on one occasion in September 2015 guest-hosted ''[[The Sean Hannity Show]]''.<ref name="Chammah"/>

===Potential mayoral run===
In January 2014, Clarke announced he was considering a run for [[Mayor of Milwaukee]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fox6now.com/2014/01/31/milwaukee-co-sheriff-david-clarke-considers-2016-run-for-mayor/|title=Milwaukee Co. Sheriff David Clarke considers 2016 run for mayor|publisher=[[WITI (TV)|Fox 6 TV]]|date=January 31, 2014}}</ref> but ultimately decided not to run,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newstalk1130.iheart.com/onair/the-jay-weber-show-14669/exclusive-sheriff-david-clarke-will-not-14168056/|title=Sheriff David Clarke will not run for MKE Mayor in '16|publisher=[[WISN (AM)|News/Talk 1130 WISN]]|date=December 2, 2015}}</ref> instead endorsing Republican Alderman Bob Donovan's unsuccessful<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/milwaukee-mayor-race-tom-barrett-vs-bob-donovan-b99698481z1-374674121.html|title=Mayor Barrett wins easy re-election victory over Donovan|newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|last=Spicuzza|first=Mary|date=April 6, 2016}}</ref> bid to unseat Mayor Barrett.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fox6now.com/2016/03/16/race-for-mayor-of-milwaukee-big-endorsements-for-incumbent-tom-barrett-challenger-bob-donovan/|title=Race for mayor of Milwaukee: Big endorsements for incumbent Tom Barrett, challenger Bob Donovan|publisher=[[WITI (TV)|Fox 6 TV]]|date=March 16, 2016}}</ref>

== Personal ==
Clarke and his wife live on the northwest side of Milwaukee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://county.milwaukee.gov/MeettheSheriff9152.htm|title=Meet the Sheriff|publisher= county.milwaukee.gov|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Milwaukee County Sheriff Elections (2002-2014) ===

==== 2002 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 59%
*Pete Misko - 26%
*Mark Hayes - 15%<ref name="Milw Election Results">{{cite web|title=Election Results|url=http://city.milwaukee.gov/ElectionResults1717.htm#.U-uMf_ldV8E|website=City of Milwaukee|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==== 2002 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 74%
*Ken Bohn (R), 25%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2006 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 54%
*Vincent Bobot - 46%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2006 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 78%
*Don Holt (R), 21%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2010 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 53%
*Chris Moews - 47%<ref name="jsonline2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/102928759.html|title=Election 2010 | Milwaukee County Sheriff - Clarke defeats Moews in Milwaukee County sheriff's primary|publisher=jsonline.com|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

==== 2010 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 74%
*Steven Duckhorn (R) - 25%<ref name="milwaukee2">{{cite web|url=http://county.milwaukee.gov/ElectionResults23729/2010ElectionResults.htm#Sept14|title=2010 Election Results|publisher=county.milwaukee.gov|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

==== 2014 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 52%
*Chris Moews - 48%<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisconsin 2014 fall primary election results|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/wisconsin-2014-fall-primary-election-results-253583691.html#Milwaukee_Sheriff_Dem_Primary|website=JS Online|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==== 2014 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 79%
* [[Angela Walker]] (I) - 21%<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisconsin 2014 fall general election results|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/wisconsin-2014-fall-general-election-results-272052351.html#Milwaukee_Sheriff|website=JS Online|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.thepeoplessheriff.com Campaign website]
*{{C-SPAN|David Clarke 03}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, David A.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:American gun rights advocates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Concordia University Wisconsin alumni]]
[[Category:Wisconsin sheriffs]]
[[Category:African Americans in law enforcement]]
[[Category:Wisconsin Democrats]]
[[Category:African-American people in Wisconsin politics]]
[[Category:Milwaukee Police Department officers]]

Poppy (Sängerin)

2016-07-16T09:08:24Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Acoustic

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_name = Moriah Pereira
| alias = That Poppy, Poppy
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| agent =
| notable_works =
| height =
| weight =
| television =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = http://www.thatpoppy.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{Flat list|
*[[Singing|Vocals]]
*[[guitar]]
*[[piano]]
}}
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| label = [[Island Records]]
}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| spouse =
| partner =
}}

'''Moriah Pereira'''<ref name="josep">{{cite web|last1=Vinaixa|first1=Josep|title=that Poppy "Lowlife" (featuring Travis Mills) [Single Premiere]|url=http://www.josepvinaixa.com/blog/that-poppy-lowlife/|website=Josep Vinaixa|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> is an American singer/songwriter best known for her musical project '''That Poppy''', also known as simply '''Poppy''', and for her [[YouTube]] channel of the same name. She grew up in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]<ref name="iheart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iheart.com/news/interview-who-is-that-poppy-everything-14443732/|title=INTERVIEW: Who Is That Poppy?|last=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|date=March 3, 2016|website=iHeartRadio|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref> and moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 2014 to pursue her musical career,<ref name="racked" /> teaming up with [[Music video director|director]]<ref name="iheart" /> and [[guitar]]ist<ref name="next2shine" /> Titanic Sinclair to make a series of abstract promotional videos on [[YouTube]].

==Early life==
Pereira was born and raised in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. She recalls wanting to be a [[Rockette]] as a child and grew up [[Dance|dancing]]. Her father was a [[drummer]] in a band,<ref name="racked">{{cite web|last1=Brooke|first1=Eliza|title=Parsing the Aesthetics of That Poppy, Pop Singer and Internet Enigma|url=http://www.racked.com/2016/4/11/11394848/that-poppy-interview|website=Racked|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> the name of which remains unknown, and she recalls watching his band play when she was very young.<ref name="next2shine">{{cite web|title=Getting to Know the Imaginative Vision behind THAT POPPY|url=http://next2shine.com/interview-that-poppy|website=Next2Shine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 March 2016}}</ref> She has also stated that at the age of 6, her older sister [[Hair dye|dyed]] her hair [[red]] while their mother was away at the [[grocery store]].<ref name="galore">{{cite web|last1=Llewellyn|first1=Mallory|title=Meet The Doe-Eyed Singer Who Made Thrifting An Art Project: That Poppy|url=https://galoremag.com/meet-the-doe-eyed-singer-who-made-thrifting-an-art-project-that-poppy/|website=Galore Magazine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Pereira claims that the first album she ever bought was [[Missundaztood]] by [[P!nk]].<ref name="next2shine" />

==Music career==
Pereira recalls beginning to write music in 2012. She has said before that a large inspiration of hers, along with her favorite artist, is [[Cyndi Lauper]].<ref name="iheart" /><ref name="galore" /><ref name="tigerbeat">{{cite web|last1=Chesky|first1=Allison|title=Fashion, Music and Prom According to Pop Sensation That Poppy|url=http://tigerbeat.com/video/that-poppy-talks-exclusively-to-tiger-beat/|website=Tiger Beat|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> She has also cited [[Elvis Presley]] as a musical inspiration.<ref name="tigerbeat" />

In 2015, Pereira signed to [[Island Records]], and released her debut single, "Lowlife", on July 24, 2015.<ref name="josep" /> In an interview with [[iHeartRadio]], she described the meaning of Lowlife as being "about living on your own, or Poppy's own, for some time, and then meeting somebody that kind of shakes up your world and makes bad times good times."<ref name="iheart" /> ''PopularTV'' has described the track as one that "will make you want to break out your old [[checkered]] [[Vans]] and hang with the skater boys."<ref name="populartv">{{cite web|last1=Kaplan|first1=Ilana|title=EP PREMIERE : THAT POPPY|url=http://www.populartv.com/music/ep-premiere-that-poppy/|website=PopularTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> ''Lowlife'' was later featured on the compilation album ''[[Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (U.S. series)|Now That's What I Call Music! 58]]'' in the [[United States of America|United States]]. A remix of the ''Lowlife'' track was released in April 2016.<ref name="Island reference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/artists/that-poppy/|title=Island Records|website=www.islandrecords.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> and has received airplay on [[BBC|BBC Radio]].<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/4ad8190b-d2fd-46f8-a3d9-c0f55c034976|title=That Poppy - New Songs, Playlists, Videos & Tours - BBC Music|website=BBC|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Pereira released her first EP, ''Bubblebath'' on February 12, 2016, a four-track pop record on [[Island Records|Island]].<ref name="Amazon">{{Citation|last=That Poppy|title=Bubblebath|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bubblebath-Explicit-That-Poppy/dp/B01BKTUG9O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1466978210&sr=8-2&keywords=that+poppy&linkCode=ll1&tag=anorakzonecom-21&linkId=185874ad00b207a936478b6c14c683ac|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> A track from the EP, titled "Money", was used in the television show [[Scream (TV series)|Scream]] during the debut episode of the second season, [[List of Scream episodes#Season 2 .282016.29|"I Know What You Did Last Summer"]].<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|last1=Jantz|first1=Ryan|title=Music from Scream: SEASON 2 PREMIERE|url=http://soundtrack.mtv.com/post/music-from-scream-season-2-premiere/|website=MTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

Pereira has described Poppy as a "[[kawaii]] [[Barbie]] princess",<ref name="next2shine" /><ref name="ladygunn">{{cite web|last1=Hardy|first1=Alyssa|title=SUGAR AND SPICE: A CUTE CHAT WITH THAT POPPY!|url=http://ladygunn.com/music/sugar-and-spice-a-cute-chat-with-that-poppy|website=Ladygunn|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> and has said that her style is inspired by that of [[J-pop]] artists.<ref name="tigerbeat" /> She has described her music style as "music [that] makes you want to rule the world."<ref name="iheart" />

===Reception===
Although many have praised the catchiness of her music, many have also discussed her persona of Poppy as being distant from reality. ''Racked'' described That Poppy as being "sweet [and] cute, but alien [and] bizarre" and also "brightly addictive".<ref name="racked" /> PopularTV said of Poppy: "Paralleling [[Gwen Stefani]] in the [[No Doubt]] era, That Poppy mixes [[punk rock|punk]] with [[ska]]-[[pop music|pop]] and makes you want to get up and dance." The UQ Music Blog described Poppy as "[[Electra Heart]] meets [[Princess Peach]]".<ref name="uq">{{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Tyler|title=That Poppy – Bubblebath EP|url=http://uqmusicblog.com/2016/02/that-poppy-bubblebath-ep/|website=UQ Music Blog|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

==YouTube==
Poppy's [https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV YouTube channel] was created on 6 October 2011, and uploaded her first video in November 2014, an abstract skit called ''Poppy Eats Cotton Candy'', directed by Titanic Sinclair. Since then she has released a further 60 videos. The videos are described by their producer Sinclair as "a combination of [[Andy Warhol]]'s pop accessibility, [[David Lynch]]'s creepiness, and [[Tim Burton]]'s zany comedic tone".<ref name="racked" /> Among the most controversial videos on her channel are "I'm Poppy.",<ref name="I'm Poppy video">{{Citation|last=Poppy|title=I'm Poppy.|date=2015-01-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpCXxqiTjqE|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> in which she repeats the phrase "I'm Poppy" for ten minutes, "Am I Okay?", in which she discusses various topics, most of which revolve around whether or not she is "okay", at the end of which her nose begins to bleed, and "Poppy Reads the Bible", a series of videos in which she reads the entirety of [[the Bible]] into a corded [[microphone]].

Aside from her abstract promotional videos, Poppy's channel has various covers and [[acoustic music|acoustic]] versions of her songs, including a cover of [[Mac DeMarco]]'s "[[My Kind of Woman]]" and an acoustic version of her song "Everybody Wants to Be Poppy", alongside a [[guitarist]] in a purple [[zentai]], or full body suit, and a man in a pink [[zentai]]. The channel also has an [[animated]] promotional [[mini-series]] called "Everybody Wants to Be Poppy", directed by Titanic Sinclair and illustrated by Melanie Foreman, which stars Pereira as herself, Titanic Sinclair as Rex, [[Matt Bennett]] as Pho, [[Simon Wilcox]] as Phoebe, [[Los Angeles]]-based [[photographer]] Sam McGuire as Wyatt.

== Discography ==
Singles:
* "Everybody Wants To Be Poppy"<ref name="Wants to be">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/news/that-poppy-releases-everybody-wants-to-be-poppy/|title=THAT POPPY RELEASES "EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE POPPY"|date=June 23, 2016|website=www.islandrecords.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* "Lowlife" (July 2015)
* "Lowlife" (Slushii Remix) (April 2016)

EP:
* ''Bubblebath'' (June 2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thatpoppy.com/ Official Website]
* [https://twitter.com/thatPoppy Twitter account]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV YouTube Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ThatPoppyVEVO Vevo Channel]
* [https://soundcloud.com/thatpoppy Soundcloud page]
* [https://www.instagram.com/thatpoppy/ Instagram account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:That Poppy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Island Records artists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:American female pop singers]]

Poppy (Sängerin)

2016-07-16T00:33:32Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 3 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Director, Pop, Punk / WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation - Internal link written as an external link)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_name = Moriah Pereira
| alias = That Poppy, Poppy
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| agent =
| notable_works =
| height =
| weight =
| television =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = http://www.thatpoppy.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{Flat list|
*[[Singing|Vocals]]
*[[guitar]]
*[[piano]]
}}
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| label = [[Island Records]]
}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| spouse =
| partner =
}}

'''Moriah Pereira'''<ref name="josep">{{cite web|last1=Vinaixa|first1=Josep|title=that Poppy “Lowlife” (featuring Travis Mills) [Single Premiere]|url=http://www.josepvinaixa.com/blog/that-poppy-lowlife/|website=Josep Vinaixa|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> is an American singer/songwriter best known for her musical project '''That Poppy''', also known as simply '''Poppy''', and for her [[YouTube]] channel of the same name. She grew up in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]<ref name="iheart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iheart.com/news/interview-who-is-that-poppy-everything-14443732/|title=INTERVIEW: Who Is That Poppy?|last=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|date=March 3, 2016|website=iHeartRadio|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref> and moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 2014 to pursue her musical career,<ref name="racked" /> teaming up with [[Music video director|director]]<ref name="iheart" /> and [[guitar]]ist<ref name="next2shine" /> Titanic Sinclair to make a series of abstract promotional videos on [[YouTube]].

==Early life==
Pereira was born and raised in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. She recalls wanting to be a [[Rockette]] as a child and grew up [[Dance|dancing]],<ref name="amp">{{cite web|first1=Niko|title=That Poppy Talks 'Princesses, Unicorns, and Real Life Experiences' with Niko|url=http://923amp.cbslocal.com/2016/03/01/that-poppy-talks-princesses-unicorns-and-real-life-experiences-with-niko/|website=92.3 AMP Radio|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> which she did for 11 years.<ref name="jakestake">{{cite web|last1=Elyachar|first1=Jacob|title=The Five Question Challenge with That Poppy|url=http://jakes-take.com/2015/07/the-five-question-challenge-with-that-poppy/|website=Jake's Take|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Her father was a [[drummer]] in a band,<ref name="racked">{{cite web|last1=Brooke|first1=Eliza|title=Parsing the Aesthetics of That Poppy, Pop Singer and Internet Enigma|url=http://www.racked.com/2016/4/11/11394848/that-poppy-interview|website=Racked|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> the name of which remains unknown, and she recalls watching his band play when she was very young.<ref name="next2shine">{{cite web|title=Getting to Know the Imaginative Vision behind THAT POPPY|url=http://next2shine.com/interview-that-poppy|website=Next2Shine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 March 2016}}</ref> She has also stated that at the age of 6, her older sister [[Hair dye|dyed]] her hair [[red]] while their mother was away at the [[grocery store]].<ref name="galore">{{cite web|last1=Llewellyn|first1=Mallory|title=Meet The Doe-Eyed Singer Who Made Thrifting An Art Project: That Poppy|url=https://galoremag.com/meet-the-doe-eyed-singer-who-made-thrifting-an-art-project-that-poppy/|website=Galore Magazine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Pereira claims that the first album she ever bought was [[Missundaztood]] by [[P!nk]].<ref name="next2shine" />

==Music career==
Pereira recalls beginning to write music in 2012. She has said before that a large inspiration of hers, along with her favorite artist, is [[Cyndi Lauper]].<ref name="iheart" /><ref name="galore" /><ref name="tigerbeat">{{cite web|last1=Chesky|first1=Allison|title=Fashion, Music and Prom According to Pop Sensation That Poppy|url=http://tigerbeat.com/video/that-poppy-talks-exclusively-to-tiger-beat/|website=Tiger Beat|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> She has also cited [[Elvis Presley]] as a musical inspiration.<ref name="tigerbeat" />

In 2015, Pereira signed to [[Island Records]], and released her debut single, "Lowlife", on July 24, 2015.<ref name="josep" /> In an interview with [[iHeartRadio]], she described the meaning of Lowlife as being "about living on your own, or Poppy’s own, for some time, and then meeting somebody that kind of shakes up your world and makes bad times good times.”<ref name="iheart" /> ''PopularTV'' has described the track as one that "will make you want to break out your old [[checkered]] [[Vans]] and hang with the skater boys."<ref name="populartv">{{cite web|last1=Kaplan|first1=Ilana|title=EP PREMIERE : THAT POPPY|url=http://www.populartv.com/music/ep-premiere-that-poppy/|website=PopularTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> ''Lowlife'' was later featured on the compilation album ''[[Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (U.S. series)|Now That's What I Call Music! 58]]'' in the [[United States of America|United States]]. </ref> A remix of the ''Lowlife'' track was released in April 2016.<ref name="Island reference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/artists/that-poppy/|title=Island Records|website=www.islandrecords.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> and has received airplay on [[BBC|BBC Radio]].<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/4ad8190b-d2fd-46f8-a3d9-c0f55c034976|title=That Poppy - New Songs, Playlists, Videos & Tours - BBC Music|website=BBC|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Pereira released her first EP, ''Bubblebath'' on February 12, 2016, a four-track pop record on [[Island Records|Island]].<ref name="Amazon">{{Citation|last=That Poppy|title=Bubblebath|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bubblebath-Explicit-That-Poppy/dp/B01BKTUG9O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1466978210&sr=8-2&keywords=that+poppy&linkCode=ll1&tag=anorakzonecom-21&linkId=185874ad00b207a936478b6c14c683ac|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> A track from the EP, titled "Money", was used in the television show [[Scream (TV series)|Scream]] during the debut episode of the second season, [[List of Scream episodes#Season_2_.282016.29||"I Know What You Did Last Summer"]].<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|last1=Jantz|first1=Ryan|title=Music from Scream: SEASON 2 PREMIERE|url=http://soundtrack.mtv.com/post/music-from-scream-season-2-premiere/|website=MTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

Pereira has described Poppy as a "[[kawaii]] [[Barbie]] princess",<ref name="next2shine" /><ref name="ladygunn">{{cite web|last1=Hardy|first1=Alyssa|title=SUGAR AND SPICE: A CUTE CHAT WITH THAT POPPY!|url=http://ladygunn.com/music/sugar-and-spice-a-cute-chat-with-that-poppy|website=Ladygunn|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> and has said that her style is inspired by that of [[J-pop]] artists.<ref name="tigerbeat" /> She has described her music style as "music [that] makes you want to rule the world."<ref name="iheart" />

===Reception===
Although many have praised the catchiness of her music, many have also discussed her persona of Poppy as being distant from reality. ''Racked'' described That Poppy as being "sweet [and] cute, but alien [and] bizarre" and also "brightly addictive".<ref name="racked" /> PopularTV said of Poppy: "Paralleling [[Gwen Stefani]] in the [[No Doubt]] era, That Poppy mixes [[punk rock|punk]] with [[ska]]-[[pop music|pop]] and makes you want to get up and dance." The UQ Music Blog described Poppy as "[[Electra Heart]] meets [[Princess Peach]]".<ref name="uq">{{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Tyler|title=That Poppy – Bubblebath EP|url=http://uqmusicblog.com/2016/02/that-poppy-bubblebath-ep/|website=UQ Music Blog|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

==YouTube==
Poppy created her [[YouTube]] Channel <ref name="Poppy's YouTube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV|title=Poppy|website=YouTube|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> on 6 October 2011, and uploaded her first video in November 2014, an abstract skit called ''Poppy Eats Cotton Candy'', directed by Titanic Sinclair. Since then she has released a further 60 videos, amassing over 3.8 million views*. The videos are described by their producer Sinclair as "a combination of [[Andy Warhol]]'s pop accessibility, [[David Lynch]]'s creepiness, and [[Tim Burton]]'s zany comedic tone".<ref name="racked" /> Her most successful video on her channel is called "I'm Poppy.",<ref name="I'm Poppy video">{{Citation|last=Poppy|title=I'm Poppy.|date=2015-01-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpCXxqiTjqE|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> which is ten minutes of her repeating the phrase "I'm/I am Poppy", and has been watched over 360,000 times*

* Figure accurate as of 15th July 2016.

== Discography ==
Singles:
* "Everybody Wants To Be Poppy"<ref name="Wants to be">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/news/that-poppy-releases-everybody-wants-to-be-poppy/|title=THAT POPPY RELEASES "EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE POPPY"|date=June 23, 2016|website=www.islandrecords.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* "Lowlife" (July 2015)
* "Lowlife" (Slushii Remix) (April 2016)

EP:
* ''Bubblebath'' (June 2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thatpoppy.com/ Official Website]
* [https://twitter.com/thatPoppy Twitter account]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV YouTube Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ThatPoppyVEVO Vevo Channel]
* [https://soundcloud.com/thatpoppy Soundcloud page]
* [https://www.instagram.com/thatpoppy/ Instagram account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:That Poppy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American singers]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]

Li Chen (Schauspieler)

2016-07-15T23:36:30Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Weibo

{{chinese-name|[[Li (surname)|Li]]}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor 
| name = Li Chen
| image =
| caption =
| chinesename =
| tradchinesename = [[wikt:李|李]][[wikt:晨|晨]]
| simpchinesename = [[wikt:李|李]][[wikt:晨|晨]]
| pinyinchinesename = lichen {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|LI Chen.ogg|l|i|3|-|ch|en|2}}
| origin = [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
| occupation = [[Actor]] and [[Singer]]
| label = [[Huayi Brothers]]
| partner = [[Fan Bingbing]]
}}
'''Li Chen''' (born November 24, 1978), is a [[China|Chinese]] actor. He became familiar to audiences in 1997 as Jian Ning, a young, energetic and pure boy he played in 《十七岁不哭》. Impressing people with his performances in ''士兵突击'', ''[[Aftershock (2010 film)|Aftershock (film)]]'' and ''生死线'', Li Chen received wide recognition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinesemov.com/actors/Li%20Chen.html|title=Li Chen|work=chinesemov.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In May 2015 he and Fan BingBing confirmed their relationship on [[Sina Weibo|Weibo]].

==Work Experience==

In 1997 Li, a 19-year-old freshman acting major, was chosen to be the main character JianNing in a TV series ''十七岁不哭''. His performance remained on people's minds.<ref>[http://v.sohu.com/20091228/n269264680.shtml Video: the stars of the "first" Li Chen initial wage Super Dad]</ref> In 1998, Li acted the part of Mei Ying in ''刑警本色''.

In 2004, ''危情24小时'' was created specially for Li. Li played an intelligent, capable and experienced anti-terrorism policeman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.ent.sina.com.cn/tv/2681.html|title=电视详情页|work=sina.com.cn}}</ref> In 2009, in ''Aftershock'' he played ''Fang Da''. An audience said that Fang Da was the only one who affected the audience.

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9;
|- align="center"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Awards
|-
|1998年
|岁岁平安
|Zhao Gen
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Assembly (film)|Assembly]]'' 集结号
|Liu
|[[Golden Rooster Awards]] for Best Story [[Hong Kong Film Award]] for Best Asia Film [[Hundred Flowers Awards]] for Best Story
|-
|2007
|''Ultimate Rescue'' 极限救援
|Liu Wu
| Nominated – [[Emmy Awards]] for Best Actress [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] for 电影频道最具潜力男新人奖
|-
|2009
|''[[Aftershock (2010 film)|Aftershock]]'' 唐山大地震
|Fang Da
| [[Asia Pacific Film Festival]] for Best Film [[Golden Rooster Awards]] for Best Story
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|''[[The Founding of a Party]]'' 建党伟业
|Zhang Guotao 张国焘
|
|-
|''Love on Lushan Mountain'' 庐山恋
|Ma Jiang
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Love is Not Blind]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=1|2012
|[[风和日丽]] Sunny
|Liu Shi Jun
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Saving General Yang]]'' 忠烈楊家將
|Yang Yanhui 楊延輝
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Breakup Buddies]]'' 心花路放
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2015
|''[[The Empress of China]]'' 武則天
|Li Mu
|TV drama
|-
|''[[Running Man (2015 film)|Running Man]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Let's Get Married (2015 film)|Let's Get Married]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[MBA Partners]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3176351}}
* [http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNDI3ODA2NDA=.html 视频: 第29届大众电影百花奖《集结号》荣获最佳]
* [http://6.cn/watch/11143253.html 最佳亚洲电影]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kk4.com/vt/movie/12820.html|title=kk4.com|work=kk4.com}} 建党伟业高清晰观看

{{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Chen}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Beijing]]
[[Category:Chinese male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Beijing]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male television actors]]

Katherine Ryan

2016-07-15T22:04:35Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - A League of Their Own (game show)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox comedian 
| name = Katherine Ryan
| image = Katherine Ryan 2014.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1983|6|30}}
| birth_place = [[Sarnia]], Ontario, Canada
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medium =
| nationality = Canadian/Irish<ref name=BTJ713/>
| active =
| children = 1
| genre =
| subject =
| influences =
| influenced =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| notable_work =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.katherineryan.co.uk/}}
| footnotes =
| module =
}}
'''Katherine Ryan''' (born 30 June 1983) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]]/[[Ireland|Irish]]<ref name=BTJ713/> comedian, writer, presenter and actress, based in [[London]], [[England]].

She has appeared on British [[panel show]]s including ''[[Mock the Week]]'', ''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'', ''[[A League of Their Own (UK game show)|A League of Their Own]]'', ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'', ''[[QI]]'' and ''[[Have I Got News For You]]''. In 2015, she replaced [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]] as the presenter of ''[[Hair (TV series)|Hair]]'' on [[BBC Two]]. As an actress, she has appeared in the [[Channel 4]] sitcom ''[[Campus (TV series)|Campus]]'',<ref>{{cite web|first=Louisa |last=Mellor |url=http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/10360/campus-episode-2-review-the-culling-fields |title=Campus episode 2 review: The Culling Fields |publisher=Den of Geek |date=12 April 2011 |accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2011/06/29/13552/channel_4_goes_off_campus |title=Channel 4 goes off Campus : News 2011 |publisher=''Chortle'' |date=29 June 2011 |accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref> [[BBC Two]] sitcom ''[[Episodes (TV series)|Episodes]]''<ref name="thenews">{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/lifestyle/the-guide/arts-and-comedy/slipping-makes-her-smile-1-4744494 |title=Slipping makes her smile – Arts and Comedy |work=[[The News (Portsmouth)|The News]] |date=1 February 2013 |accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> and ''Don't Sit in the Front Row'' with [[Jack Dee]].<ref name="thenews"/>

As a stand-up comedian, Ryan has appeared on the BBC's Live At The Apollo, both as a featured act and as a lead act.

Ryan won the Nivea [[Funny Women]]<ref name="thesun.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/1335475/Katherine-Ryan-wins-Nivea-Funny-Women-Award.html|title=Female comic is tickled pink|work=thesun.co.uk}}</ref> Award, a comedy competition in the UK and was also runner-up in the Amused Moose Laugh-Off competition in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/comedy-review-katherine-ryan-1-1503455 |title=Comedy review: Katherine Ryan – News |publisher=Scotsman.com |date=2 March 2011 |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bristol/hi/things_to_do/newsid_8660000/8660264.stm |title=BBC – Funny Women Awards head to Bath for talent show heat |publisher=BBC News |date=4 May 2010 |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
The daughter of an [[Irish people|Irish]]-immigrant [[draughtsman]] father who owns an engineering company,<ref name=BTJ713/> and a [[Canadians|Canadian]]-born mother of Irish descent,<ref name=BTJ713/><ref name=LonStand9654725/><ref>Was It Something I Said? (Series 1, Episode 4)</ref> Ryan and her two younger sisters were born and raised in [[Sarnia, Ontario]].<ref name=BTJ713>{{cite web|url=http://www.beyondthejoke.co.uk/content/713/new-interview-katherine-ryan|title=New Interview: Katherine Ryan|work=Beyond The Joke}}</ref><ref name=LonStand9654725/> The three siblings spent most summers in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland visiting their paternal grandparents.<ref name=BTJ713/><ref name=LonStand9654725/>

Her parents split up when she was 15. When she was 18 years old, she decided to leave home and chose to study [[city planning]] at university in [[Toronto]].<ref name="manchestereveningnews1">{{cite web|author=Denise Evans |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/comedy-gigs/comic-katherine-ryan-tom-play-1302262 |title=Comic Katherine Ryan tom play The Lowry after appearances on Mock The Week and Never mind The Buzzcocks |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=8 February 2013 |accessdate=2 December 2013}}</ref> While attending university, she worked at [[Hooters]] and then began training other waitresses. In her spare time, she undertook [[open mic]] nights as an alternative form of personal entertainment and by graduation had developed a basic comedic routine.<ref name=LonStand9654725/>

==Career==
After graduation, Ryan continued working for Hooters as a corporate trainer, travelling around Canada to train other waitresses,<ref name="manchestereveningnews1"/> and helping to open the only UK branch in [[Nottingham]].<ref name=BTJ713/>

Her partner at the time wanted to explore London, so she agreed to do so for an initial month from summer 2007,<ref name=LonStand9654725/> moving there permanently from January 2008.<ref name=BTJ713/>

Ryan won the 2008 [[Nivea]] [[Funny Women]] Award<ref name="thesun.co.uk"/> at the [[Comedy Store]]. Ryan was featured on the [[Whitney Cummings]] [[Just for Laughs]] 2013 Gala that was taped before a live audience on 28 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duguay |first=Denise |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment/festival-central/Just+Laughs+closes+with/8719156/story.html |title=Just for Laughs closes with ... sex |work=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=29 July 2013 |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahaha.com/en/show/whitney-cummings-gala |title=Whitney Cummings Gala Press Release |publisher=Hahaha.com |date= |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She has since taken new routines to the [[Edinburgh Festival]].<ref name=LonStand9654725>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/meet-the-queen-of-confessional-comedy-katherine-ryan-9654725.htmlM|title=Meet the queen of confessional comedy: Katherine Ryan|author=Viv Groskop|date=7 August 2014|work=Evening Standard}}</ref>

Ryan first appeared on television on [[Channel 4]]'s ''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'' in 2012. Soon after, she gained acting roles in Channel 4’s ''Campus'' and in the [[BBC Two]] sitcom ''Episodes'', playing the blonde assistant to TV executive Merc and star [[Matt LeBlanc]]. On 23 February 2013, she appeared as a celebrity contestant on BBC One's ''[[Let's Dance for Comic Relief]]'' as [[Nicki Minaj]] dancing to "[[Starships (song)|Starships]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unrealitytv.co.uk/lets-dance-for-comic-relief/lets-dance-for-comic-relief-2013-katherine-ryan-goes-all-nicki-minaj-with-starships-video/ |title=Let's Dance For Comic Relief 2013: Katherine Ryan steals the show with Nicki Minaj's 'Starships'(VIDEO) |publisher=www.unrealitytv.co.uk |date=23 February 2013 |accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> Ryan reached the final, and finished in fourth place.

In 2015, Ryan replaced [[Steve Jones (presenter)|Steve Jones]] as the presenter of ''[[Hair (TV series)|Hair]]'' on [[BBC Two]].

Also in 2015, Ryan became a panellist for [[Tinie Tempah]]'s team on [[Sky 1]]'s music/comedy panel show ''[[Bring the Noise (game show)|Bring the Noise]]'' and on the [[ITV2]] show, ''[[Safeword (game show)|Safeword]]''.

Ryan has a weekly column in the British entertainment magazine ''[[NME]]''.

==Personal life==
Ryan has a daughter, Violet, by an ex-boyfriend. She has faced two bouts of [[skin cancer]]. Ryan is currently in a relationship with comedian Alex Edelman<ref>{{cite web|first=Oscar |last=Harding |url=http://whatculture.com/tv/exclusive-interview-with-katherine-ryan.php |title=Exclusive interview with Katherine Ryan |publisher=What Culture |accessdate= 26 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/whatson/goingout/articles/2013/02/23/86936-comic-katherine-ryan-looks-on-the-bright-side/ |title=Comic Katherine Ryan looks on the bright side |work=[[Reading Chronicle]] | publisher = Berkshire Media Group |date= 23 February 2013 | accessdate = 26 August 2014 }}</ref> She and her daughter live in [[Crouch End]], London.<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Moore-Bridger | first1 = Benedict | last2 = Groskop | first2 = Viv | title = TV comedian Katherine Ryan gives her cheating boyfriend a star role in new show | date = 7 August 2014 | accessdate = 8 June 2015 | url = http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/tv-comedian-katherine-ryan-gives-her-cheating-boyfriend-a-star-role-in-new-show-9653298.html | work = [[London Evening Standard]] | publisher = [[Alexander Lebedev]], [[Evgeny Lebedev]] and [[Daily Mail and General Trust]] }}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Episodes (TV series)|Episodes]]'' (2012) – Merc's Assistant
*''[[Mock the Week]]'' (2012–15) – Guest
*''[[Never Mind the Buzzcocks]]'' (2012–14) – Guest
*''[[8 Out of 10 Cats]]'' (2012–14) – Guest
*''[[Sweat the Small Stuff]]'' (2013–14) – Guest
*''[[Let's Dance for Comic Relief]]'' (2013) – Contestant
*''[[Fake Reaction]]'' (2013) – Guest
*''[[QI]]'' (2013) – Guest
*''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (2013–16) – Guest panelist and presenter
*''[[Celebrity Squares]]'' (2014, 2015) – Guest
*''[[Room 101 (TV series)|Room 101]]'' (2015) – Guest
*''[[8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown]]'' (2015) – Guest
*''[[Hair (TV series)|Hair]]'' (2015) – Presenter
*''[[Safeword (game show)|Safeword]]'' (2015–present) – Team captain
*''[[The Cube (game show)|The Cube: Celebrity Special]]'' (2015) – Contestant
*''[[The Last Leg]]'' (2015) – Guest
*''[[Bring the Noise (game show)|Bring the Noise]]'' (2015) – Regular panellist
*''[[Lip Sync Battle UK]]'' (2016) – Contestant
*''[[Let's Play Darts for Comic Relief|Let's Play Darts for Sport Relief]]'' (2016) – Contestant
*''[[Counterfeit Cat]]'' (2016) – Ranceford (voice)
*''[[Taskmaster (TV series)|Taskmaster]]'' (2016) – Contestant
*''[[It's Not Me, It's You (game show)|It's Not Me, It's You]]'' (2016) – Guest & guest team captain
*''[[Sunday Brunch]]'' (2016) – Stand-in presenter

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.katherineryan.co.uk}}
*{{IMDb name|1789329}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryan, Katherine}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sarnia]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian women comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Irish people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Irish women comedians]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in England]]
[[Category:Skin cancer survivors]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]

Poppy (Sängerin)

2016-07-15T20:45:10Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 3 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Director, Pop, Punk / WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation - Internal link written as an external link - Reference tags without correct match - Spell...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_name = Moriah Pereira
| alias = That Poppy, Poppy
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| agent =
| notable_works =
| height =
| weight =
| television =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = http://www.thatpoppy.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{Flat list|
*[[Singing|Vocals]]
*[[guitar]]
*[[piano]]
}}
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| label = [[Island Records]]
}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| spouse =
| partner =
}}

'''Moriah Pereira'''<ref name="josep">{{cite web|last1=Vinaixa|first1=Josep|title=that Poppy “Lowlife” (featuring Travis Mills) [Single Premiere]|url=http://www.josepvinaixa.com/blog/that-poppy-lowlife/|website=Josep Vinaixa|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> is an American singer/songwriter best known for her musical project '''That Poppy''', also known as simply '''Poppy''', and for her [[YouTube]] channel of the same name. She grew up in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]<ref name="iheart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iheart.com/news/interview-who-is-that-poppy-everything-14443732/|title=INTERVIEW: Who Is That Poppy?|last=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|date=March 3, 2016|website=iHeartRadio|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref> and moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 2014 to pursue her musical career,<ref name="racked" /> teaming up with [[Music video director|director]]<ref name="iheart" /> and [[guitar]]ist<ref name="next2shine" /> Titanic Sinclair to make a series of abstract promotional videos on [[YouTube]].

==Early life==
Poppy was born and raised in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. She recalls wanting to be a [[Rockette]] as a child and grew up [[Dance|dancing]],<ref name="amp">{{cite web|first1=Niko|title=That Poppy Talks 'Princesses, Unicorns, and Real Life Experiences' with Niko|url=http://923amp.cbslocal.com/2016/03/01/that-poppy-talks-princesses-unicorns-and-real-life-experiences-with-niko/|website=92.3 AMP Radio|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> She has also stated that at the age of 6, her older sister [[Hair dye|dyed]] her hair [[red]] while their mother was away at the [[grocery store]] and how that was the start of her self-expression.<ref name="galore">{{cite web|last1=Llewellyn|first1=Mallory|title=Meet The Doe-Eyed Singer Who Made Thrifting An Art Project: That Poppy|url=https://galoremag.com/meet-the-doe-eyed-singer-who-made-thrifting-an-art-project-that-poppy/|website=Galore Magazine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Poppy claims that the first album she ever bought was [[Missundaztood]] by [[P!nk]].<ref name="next2shine" />

==Music career==
Poppy recalls beginning to write music in 2012. <ref name="iheart" /> She has said before that a large inspiration of hers, along with her favorite artist, is [[Cyndi Lauper]].<ref name="iheart" /><ref name="galore" /><ref name="tigerbeat">{{cite web|last1=Chesky|first1=Allison|title=Fashion, Music and Prom According to Pop Sensation That Poppy|url=http://tigerbeat.com/video/that-poppy-talks-exclusively-to-tiger-beat/|website=Tiger Beat|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> She has also cited [[Elvis Presley]] as a musical inspiration.<ref name="tigerbeat" />

In 2015, Pereira signed to [[Island Records]], and released her debut single, "Lowlife", on July 24, 2015.<ref name="josep" /> In an interview with [[iHeartRadio]], she described the meaning of Lowlife as being "about living on your own, or Poppy’s own, for some time, and then meeting somebody that kind of shakes up your world and makes bad times good times.”<ref name="iheart" /> ''PopularTV'' has described the track as one that "will make you want to break out your old [[checkered]] [[Vans]] and hang with the skater boys."<ref name="populartv">{{cite web|last1=Kaplan|first1=Ilana|title=EP PREMIERE : THAT POPPY|url=http://www.populartv.com/music/ep-premiere-that-poppy/|website=PopularTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> ''Lowlife'' was later featured on the compilation album ''[[Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (U.S. series)|Now That's What I Call Music! 58]]'' in the [[United States of America|United States]]. A remix of the ''Lowlife'' track was released in April 2016.<ref name="Island reference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/artists/that-poppy/|title=Island Records|website=www.islandrecords.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> and has received airplay on [[BBC|BBC Radio]].<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/4ad8190b-d2fd-46f8-a3d9-c0f55c034976|title=That Poppy - New Songs, Playlists, Videos & Tours - BBC Music|website=BBC|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Pereira released her first EP, ''Bubblebath'' on February 12, 2016, a four-track pop record on [[Island Records|Island]].<ref name="Amazon">{{Citation|last=That Poppy|title=Bubblebath|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bubblebath-Explicit-That-Poppy/dp/B01BKTUG9O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1466978210&sr=8-2&keywords=that+poppy&linkCode=ll1&tag=anorakzonecom-21&linkId=185874ad00b207a936478b6c14c683ac|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> A track from the EP, titled "Money", was used in the television show [[Scream (TV series)|Scream]] during the debut episode of the second season, [[List of Scream episodes#Season_2_.282016.29|"I Know What You Did Last Summer"]].<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|last1=Jantz|first1=Ryan|title=Music from Scream: SEASON 2 PREMIERE|url=http://soundtrack.mtv.com/post/music-from-scream-season-2-premiere/|website=MTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

Poppy has described herself as a "[[kawaii]] [[Barbie]] princess",<ref name="next2shine" /><ref name="ladygunn">{{cite web|last1=Hardy|first1=Alyssa|title=SUGAR AND SPICE: A CUTE CHAT WITH THAT POPPY!|url=http://ladygunn.com/music/sugar-and-spice-a-cute-chat-with-that-poppy|website=Ladygunn|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> and has said that her style is inspired by that of [[J-pop]] artists.<ref name="tigerbeat" /> She has described her music style as "music [that] makes you want to rule the world."<ref name="iheart" />

===Reception===
Although many have praised the catchiness of her music, many have also discussed her persona of Poppy as being distant from reality. ''Racked'' described That Poppy as being "sweet [and] cute, but alien [and] bizarre" and also "brightly addictive".<ref name="racked" /> PopularTV said of Poppy: "Paralleling [[Gwen Stefani]] in the [[No Doubt]] era, That Poppy mixes [[punk rock|punk]] with [[ska]]-[[pop music|pop]] and makes you want to get up and dance." The UQ Music Blog described Poppy as "[[Electra Heart]] meets [[Princess Peach]]".<ref name="uq">{{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Tyler|title=That Poppy – Bubblebath EP|url=http://uqmusicblog.com/2016/02/that-poppy-bubblebath-ep/|website=UQ Music Blog|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

==YouTube==
Poppy created her [[YouTube]] Channel<ref name="Poppy's YouTube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV|title=Poppy|website=YouTube|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> on 6 October 2011, and uploaded her first video in November 2014, an abstract skit called ''Poppy Eats Cotton Candy'', directed by Titanic Sinclair. Since then she has released a further 59 videos, amassing over 3.3 million views as of July 2016. The videos are described by their Sinclair as "a combination of [[Andy Warhol]]'s pop accessibility, [[David Lynch]]'s creepiness, and [[Tim Burton]]'s zany comedic tone".<ref name="racked" /> Her most successful video on her channel is called "I'm Poppy.",<ref name="I'm Poppy video">{{Citation|last=Poppy|title=I'm Poppy.|date=2015-01-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpCXxqiTjqE|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> which is ten minutes of her repeating the phrase "I'm/I am Poppy", and has been watched over 340,000 times as of July 2016.

== Discography ==
Singles:
* "Everybody Wants To Be Poppy"<ref name="Wants to be">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/news/that-poppy-releases-everybody-wants-to-be-poppy/|title=THAT POPPY RELEASES "EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE POPPY"|date=June 23, 2016|website=www.islandrecords.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* "Lowlife" (July 2015)
* "Lowlife" (Slushii Remix) (April 2016)

EP:
* ''Bubblebath'' (June 2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thatpoppy.com/ Official Website]
* [https://twitter.com/thatPoppy Twitter account]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV YouTube Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ThatPoppyVEVO Vevo Channel]
* [https://soundcloud.com/thatpoppy Soundcloud page]
* [https://www.instagram.com/thatpoppy/ Instagram account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:That Poppy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American singers]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]

David A. Clarke

2016-07-15T19:41:09Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Tom Barrett / WP:WCW project (Reference duplication - Spelling and typography)

{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = David A. Clarke, Jr.
|image = Sheriff Clarke.png
|caption = Sheriff Clarke at the NPS Graduation Ceremony in 2013
|office = 64th Sheriff of Milwaukee County
|term_start = March 19, 2002<ref name="milmag">[http://www.milwaukeemag.com/2008/01/25/TheNewBlackPower/ The New Black Power] Milwaukee Magazine</ref>
|term_end =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=David A. Clarke Jr.'s file|url=http://www.politifact.com/personalities/david-clarke-jr/|website=PolitiFact Wisconsin|publisher=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|accessdate=3 November 2015}}</ref>
|predecessor = [[Leverett F. Baldwin]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
|birth_place = [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]
|spouse = Julie Clarke
|alma_mater = [[Concordia University Wisconsin]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.sheriffclarke.com/}}
}}
'''David A. Clarke Jr.''' (born August 21, 1956) is the 64th Sheriff of [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]]. In 2002, Clarke was appointed to a vacancy by Governor [[Scott McCallum]], and later elected that same year to his first four-year term. He was re-elected in November 2006, 2010, and 2014, and is currently serving his fourth full term.

== Early life, education, and early career ==
Clarke was born in Milwaukee to Jeri and David Clarke Sr. His father is a former paratrooper with the [[2nd Ranger Infantry Company (United States)|2nd Ranger Infantry Company]].<ref name="milmag"/> Clarke Jr. attended [[Marquette University High School]].

His career in law enforcement began in 1978 at the [[Milwaukee Police Department]] (MPD). After 11 years as a patrol officer, Clarke was promoted to Detective, making the Homicide Division less than 1 year later. In 1992, Clarke was again promoted to Lieutenant of Detectives. The next step was becoming Captain of Police for the MPD in 1996. In 1999, Clarke took over the post of Commanding Officer for MPD's Intelligence Division. Clarke then became Milwaukee County Sheriff in 2002, currently holding the same post.<ref name="milwaukee">{{cite web|url=http://county.milwaukee.gov/MeettheSheriff9152.htm|title=Meet the Sheriff|publisher=county.milwaukee.gov|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

== Sheriff of Milwaukee ==

=== Budget and clashes with Milwaukee Country government===
Clarke has often clashed with the county government over the sheriff's office budget, engaging "in a long-running, high-profile tiff" over the issue with Milwaukee County Executive [[Chris Abele]], "with Clarke providing the more incendiary rhetoric."<ref name="AbeleClarke">{{cite web|author=Steve Schultze|title=Abele wants to cut Clarke's budget; sheriff calls exec 'vindictive little man'|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/abele-wants-5-million-to-end-long-term-care-at-mental-health-complex-b99107268z1-225351372.html|website=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> Clarke's proposed budget for 2014 would cut $12 million from the Sheriff's Office budget, eliminating 69 jobs and "shifting park patrols, emergency management, 911 communications and training divisions" to other entities, such as the Milwaukee Police Department, suburban police departments, and the county Department of Emergency Preparedness.<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Abele described the budget as a way to refocus the sheriff's office on "core, mandated services."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Clarke issued a statement calling Abele a "vindictive little man" and saying that "Abele should be drug-tested. He has to be on heroin or hallucinating with that statement."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> Abele responded by saying that it was "unfortunate the sheriff, instead of engaging in thoughtful civil discourse, is making personal attacks and making light of a serious problem in our community and state."<ref name="AbeleClarke"/> On another occasion, Clarke said that Abele had "[[penis envy]]."<ref name="Kaiser">{{cite web|url=http://expressmilwaukee.com/article-permalink-23685.html|title=Is It Time For a New Sheriff in Town?|publisher=Shepherd Express|accessdate=2014-07-30}}</ref>

In 2015, Clarke clashed with Abele again after Clarke filed a lawsuit against the county over the sheriff's budget, seeking $25 million in funds to hire 75 deputies, 43 House of Corrections officers and 17 supervisors.<ref name="2015BudgetLawsuit">[http://www.cbs58.com/story/28027841/sheriff-clarke-sues-milwaukee-county-over-budgeting-issues Clarke, Abele at odds over sheriff's budget lawsuit], [[WDJT-TV]] (February 4, 2015).</ref> Clarke argued that his office is underfunded by the county, while Abele noted that the sheriff's office had received the largest increase of any county department and criticized Clarke for having what he termed "a very heavy command staff," "a lot of unnecessary overtime," and redundancies in courthouse security.<ref name="2015BudgetLawsuit"/>

A county audit released in 2012 showed that the Milwaukee County Sheriff's Office used [[asset forfeiture]] funds and to buy [[exercise equipment]] for Clarke's command staff, for a [[Walt Disney Co.|Disney]] training, and for a mounted patrol unit.<ref name="SchultzeAudit">Steve Schultze, [http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/clarke-spent-asset-forfeitures-on-workout-equipment-horse-patrol-5j71hn1-171816481.html Clarke spent asset forfeitures on workout equipment, horse patrol], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (September 28, 2012).</ref> The audit reported that the spending violated county procurement rules, although not federal rules on the use of seized money.<ref name="SchultzeAudit"/> Clarke was criticized for the amount of money spent on the mounted patrol by County Supervisor Patricia Jursik; Clarke defended the office's use of the funds.<ref name="SchultzeAudit"/>

===House of Corrections===
In January 2008, a [[National Institute of Corrections]] audit of the Milwaukee County House of Correction in [[Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Franklin]] identified 44 areas of concern, calling the House of Correction "dysfunctional" and determining that it suffered from "serious security, staff morale and management flaws."<ref name="HouseofCorrection">{{cite web|author=Steve Schultze|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/42833992.html|title=Sheriff cleans House to address audit's critiques|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|date=April 10, 2009}}</ref> The House of Corrections was at the time a separate Milwaukee County department overseen by a superintendent who reported to then [[Milwaukee County Executive]] [[Scott Walker]].<ref name="HouseofCorrection"/> Walker and the County Board transferred control over the House to the Sheriff's Department under Clarke on January 1, 2009. The House's former work-release center was transferred to the Milwaukee County Jail. Clarke received praise for rapidly correcting many of the issues identified in the report.<ref name="HouseofCorrection"/>

===Position on gun issues===
In January 2013, Clarke was featured on a series of public radio ads that said citizens could no longer rely on the police for timely protection and should arm themselves. Later that month, Clarke appeared on the CNN program ''[[Piers Morgan Live]]'', with Milwaukee Mayor and [[gun control|gun-control]] advocate [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]], who "said it was irresponsible of Clarke to 'basically imply' that it won't help citizens to call [[9-1-1|911]] when they need help."<ref name="jsonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/clarke-barrett-square-off-over-guns-on-cnn-h98inr1-188955951.html|title=David Clarke, Tom Barrett square off over guns on CNN|publisher=jsonline.com|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

=== Christian Centurians lawsuit ===
In 2006, Clarke invited members of an [[evangelical Christian]] organization, the Fellowship of Christian Centurions, to speak at several [[Roll call (policing)|mandatory employee meetings]], at which the group members [[proselytizing|proselytized]].<ref name="AULawsuit">{{cite web|title=Milwaukee Deputy Sheriffs Association v. Clarke|url=https://www.au.org/our-work/legal/lawsuits/milwaukee-deputy-sheriffs-association-v-clarke|publisher=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]}}</ref><ref name="CaseCite">''[http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1499070.html Milwaukee Deputy Sheriffs Ass'n v. Clarke]'', 588 F.3d 523 (7th Cir. 2009), ''aff'g'' [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1612749/milwaukee-deputy-sheriffs-assn-v-clarke/ 513 F.Supp.2d 1014] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin|E.D. Wis.]] 2007).</ref> Several deputies complained about the Centurions' proselytizing, but Clarke refused to stop the presentations.<ref name="AULawsuit"/><ref name="CaseCite"/> The sheriff deputies' union and two individual sheriff's deputies (a Catholic and a Muslim) successfully sued Clarke in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin]]. Clarke appealed to the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]], which upheld the lower court's ruling in 2009.<ref name="AULawsuit"/><ref name="CaseCite"/> The sheriff did not [[Certiorari|seek review]] in the U.S. Supreme Court.<ref name="AULawsuit"/>

===Political views and associations===
Clarke is registered as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], which is advantageous in heavily Democratic Milwaukee County.<ref name="BiceParty">Daniel Bice, [http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/noquarter/does-anyone-still-think-sheriff-david-clarke-is-a-democrat-apparently-one-b99319030z1-268812281.html Does anyone still think Sheriff David Clarke is a Democrat? Apparently, one], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (July 27, 2014).</ref> However, Clarke is almost universally regarded as a conservative and right-winger.<ref name="BiceParty"/> Clarke "is frequently critical of Milwaukee Democrats, such as Milwaukee Mayor [[Tom Barrett (politician)|Tom Barrett]]; he speaks at many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] functions, and he has the backing of the [[National Rifle Association]]," which has raised funds for his reelection campaigns.<ref name="BiceParty"/> Bice has in turn been criticized by the local Democratic Party.<ref name="Kaiser"/> On his website in 2014, Bice stated that he questioned "why the Office of Sheriff is a partisan election" and wrote: I have never asked a person to vote for me because I run as a Democrat. I ask them to vote for me based on my 35-year commitment to keeping citizens safe. Most voters get it when it comes to public safety. There is no Democrat or Republican way to be a sheriff. The enemy is not the opposing party; the enemy is the criminal."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bice|first1=Daniel|title=Sheriff David Clarke files for re-election amid talk of other offices|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/261361241.html|accessdate=20 August 2014|work=Journal Sentinel|date=31 May 2014}}</ref>

Clarke is viewed as an "iconoclastic sheriff," one of "a long line of controversy-courting lawmen" that includes [[Richard Mack]] and [[Joe Arpaio]] in Arizona.<ref name="ChammahSheriffs">Maurice Chammah, [https://www.themarshallproject.org/2016/05/06/america-s-loudest-sheriffs-a-reading-guide America's Loudest Sheriffs: A Reading Guide: Milwaukee’s David Clarke is the latest in a long line of controversy-courting lawmen], [[The Marshall Project]] (May 6, 2016).</ref> Clarke has been "associated with those on the political extremes" on occasion, and has attracted attention for these "dalliances with the far right."<ref name="BiceAward">Daniel Bice, [http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/noquarter/bicecol16-7l9v73c-207614191.html David A. Clarke's sheriff of the year honor isn't your typical award: Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association known for anti-government views], ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' (May 15, 2013).</ref> In 2013, Clarke accepted the "Sheriff of the Year Award" by the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association, a anti-government group of sheriffs founded by Mack.<ref name="BiceAward"/> The group is identified by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (which tracks [[hate group]]s) as a "radical-right" organization.<ref name="BiceAward"/> Earlier the same year, Clarke appeared for an interview on the syndicated show of [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]], who is "best known for his anti-government views and conspiracy theories on everything from fluoride to the 9-11 terrorist attacks."<ref name="BiceAward"/>

Clarke is a frequent and vociferous critic of the [[Black Lives Matter]] (BLM) movement, referring to it as "Black Lies Matter" and terming the movement as a hate group.<ref>David Clarke, [http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/07/11/sheriff-david-clarke-its-time-to-stand-up-to-black-lives-matter.html It's time to stand up to Black Lives Matter], Fox News (July 11, 2016).</ref><ref name="O'BrienBLM">Brendan O'Brien, [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-police-clarke-idUSKCN0W00GH Black Milwaukee sheriff takes on Black Lives Matter movement], Reuters (February 27, 2016).</ref> Clarke has referred to BLM members as "subhuman creeps" and has "calling for the movement's eradication 'from American society.'"<ref name="O'BrienBLM"/> Clarke's stance on the movement has been criticized by the Milwaukee chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]] and other activists.<ref name="O'BrienBLM"/>

Clarke's has harshly criticized various black critics of police abuses.<ref name="Chammah"/> He has called former [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]] an "a-hole" and accusing him in testimony before the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] of "outright hostility' toward police; referred to [[Al Sharpton]] as a "charlatan"; and criticized [[Beyoncé]] for her [[Super Bowl XLVII halftime show|halftime-show performance at Super Bowl]] in 2016.<ref name="Chammah"/>

Clarke is a strong supporter of Republican [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|2016 presidential campaign]], saying that he would "do everything I can" to help Trump win the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bice|first1=Daniel|title=Clarke says he will 'do everything I can' to help Trump win|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/383199261.html|accessdate=13 July 2016|publisher=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel|date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> Clarke has been added to the list of speakers at the [[2016 Republican National Convention]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>[http://www.wisn.com/news/sheriff-clarke-rep-duffy-added-to-gop-convention-speakers-list/40704184 Sheriff Clarke, Rep. Duffy added to GOP convention speakers list], [[WISN-TV]] (July 14, 2016).</ref>

===Persona and media appearances===
Clarke frequently appears at public events on horseback wearing a cowboy hat.<ref name="Kaiser" />

Clarke "has become a fixture of conservative media" and in 2015 began hosting a podcast talk show, "David Clarke: The People's Sheriff," on [[Glenn Beck]]'s [[TheBlaze Radio Network]].<ref name="Chammah">Maurice Chammah, [http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/american-sheriff/481131/ American Sheriff: David Clarke, the Trump-loving, pro-mass-incarceration, Fox News favorite, is challenging criminal-justice reform—and stereotypes], ''The Atlantic'' (May 5, 2016).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2015/06/02/the-peoples-sheriff-is-the-latest-addition-to-theblaze-radio-network |title='The People's Sheriff' Is the Latest Addition to TheBlaze Radio Network |publisher=[[TheBlaze]] |date=2015-06-02}}</ref> Clarke also frequently appears as a guest on [[Fox News]], and on one occasion in September 2015 guest-hosted ''[[The Sean Hannity Show]]''.<ref name="Chammah"/>

==Potential mayoral run==
In January 2014, Clarke announced he was considering a run for [[Mayor of Milwaukee]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox6now.com/2014/01/31/milwaukee-co-sheriff-david-clarke-considers-2016-run-for-mayor/|title=Milwaukee Co. Sheriff David Clarke considers 2016 run for mayor|work=FOX6Now.com}}</ref>

== Personal ==
Clarke and his wife live on the northwest side of Milwaukee.

== Electoral history ==

=== Milwaukee County Sheriff Elections (2002-2014) ===

==== 2002 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 59%
*Pete Misko - 26%
*Mark Hayes - 15%<ref name="Milw Election Results">{{cite web|title=Election Results|url=http://city.milwaukee.gov/ElectionResults1717.htm#.U-uMf_ldV8E|website=City of Milwaukee|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==== 2002 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 74%
*Ken Bohn (R), 25%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2006 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 54%
*Vincent Bobot - 46%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2006 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 78%
*Don Holt (R), 21%<ref name="Milw Election Results" />

==== 2010 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 53%
*Chris Moews - 47%<ref name="jsonline2">{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/102928759.html|title=Election 2010 | Milwaukee County Sheriff - Clarke defeats Moews in Milwaukee County sheriff's primary|publisher=jsonline.com|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

==== 2010 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 74%
*Steven Duckhorn (R) - 25%<ref name="milwaukee2">{{cite web|url=http://county.milwaukee.gov/ElectionResults23729/2010ElectionResults.htm#Sept14|title=2010 Election Results|publisher=county.milwaukee.gov|accessdate=2014-03-30}}</ref>

==== 2014 Democratic Primary ====
*'''David Clarke''' - 52%
*Chris Moews - 48%<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisconsin 2014 fall primary election results|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/wisconsin-2014-fall-primary-election-results-253583691.html#Milwaukee_Sheriff_Dem_Primary|website=JS Online|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==== 2014 General Election ====
*'''David Clarke''' (D) - 79%
* [[Angela Walker]] (I) - 21%<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisconsin 2014 fall general election results|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/wisconsin-2014-fall-general-election-results-272052351.html#Milwaukee_Sheriff|website=JS Online|accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.thepeoplessheriff.com Campaign website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, David A.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:American gun rights advocates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Concordia University Wisconsin alumni]]
[[Category:Wisconsin sheriffs]]
[[Category:African Americans in law enforcement]]
[[Category:Wisconsin Democrats]]
[[Category:African-American people in Wisconsin politics]]

Futsal-Weltmeisterschaft 2016

2016-07-15T09:52:23Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - VTV

{{Infobox international football competition
| tourney_name = FIFA Futsal World Cup
| year = 2016
| other_titles = Copa Mundial de fútbol sala de la FIFA Colombia 2016
| image = 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup.svg
| size =
| country = {{COL}}
| dates = {{nowrap|10 September – 1 October 2016}}
| num_teams = [[#Qualified teams|24]]
| confederations = 6
| venues = [[#Venues|3]]
| cities = 3
| champion_other = 
| count =
| second_other = 
| third_other = 
| fourth_other = 
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| top_scorer =
| player =
| goalkeeper =
| fair_play =
| prevseason = [[2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2012]]
| nextseason = [[2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup|''2020'']]
}}

The '''2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup''' will be the 8th edition of the [[FIFA Futsal World Cup]], the quadrennial international [[futsal]] championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of [[FIFA]]. The tournament will be held in [[Colombia]] from 10 September to 1 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/02/51/30/61/circularno.1471-fifafutsalinternationalmatchcalendar2016-2020_neutral.pdf|title=FIFA futsal international match calendar 2016-2020|publisher=FIFA.com|date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

==Host selection==
Two countries bid for the tournament:
* {{COL}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fcf.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4603:futsal-positivo-balance-deja-inspeccion-de-fifa-en-colombia&catid=4:&Itemid=296 |title=Futsal: Positivo balance deja inspección de FIFA en Colombia |publisher=[[Colombian Football Federation]] |date=6 May 2013 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
* {{CZE}}<ref name="Colombia the only rival">{{cite web |url=http://nv.fotbal.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=129954&tmplid=1480 |title=MS 2016 ve futsalu: Jediným soupeřem Česka o pořadatelství je Kolumbie |publisher=[[Football Association of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic Football Association]] |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=6 May 2013 |language=Czech}}</ref>
Four countries withdrew their bids:
* {{FRA}}
* {{IRN}}
* {{PUR}}<ref name="Colombia the only rival"/>
* {{ESP}}

The [[FIFA Executive Committee]] announced on 28 May 2013 that Colombia was appointed as host of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/congress/news/newsid=2085775/index.html|title=FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination|publisher=FIFA.com|date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

==Qualified teams==
A total of 24 teams qualify for the final tournament. In addition to Colombia who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 23 teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. FIFA ratified the distribution of spots at the Executive Committee meeting in March 2014.<ref name="distribution">{{Cite web|url=http://www.conmebol.com/es/content/la-fifa-ratifico-la-distribucion-de-plazas-que-corresponden-cada-confederacion|title=La FIFA ratificó la distribución de plazas que corresponden a cada confederación|publisher=CONMEBOL.com|date=4 April 2014|language=Spanish}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
!Confederation
!Competition
!Date
!Venue
!Berths
!Qualifier(s)
|-
|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC (Asia)]]
|[[2016 AFC Futsal Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/asia.html|title=The Road to Colombia – AFC|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|10–21 February 2016
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|align=center|5
||{{futsal|AUS}} {{futsal|IRN}} {{futsal|THA}} {{futsal|UZB}}{{ref|1|1}} {{futsal|VIE}}{{ref|1|1}}
|-
|[[Confederation of African Football|CAF (Africa)]]
|[[2016 Africa Futsal Cup of Nations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/africa.html|title=The Road to Colombia – CAF|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|15–24 April 2016
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|align=center|3
|{{futsal|EGY}} {{futsal|MAR}} {{futsal|MOZ}}{{ref|1|1}}
|-
|[[CONCACAF|CONCACAF (North, Central America & Caribbean)]]
|[[2016 CONCACAF Futsal Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/nccamerica.html|title=The Road to Colombia – CONCACAF|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|8–14 May 2016
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|align=center|4
|{{futsal|CRC}} {{futsal|CUB}} {{futsal|GUA}} {{futsal|PAN}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[CONMEBOL|CONMEBOL (South America)]]
|colspan=3|Host nation
|align=center|1
|{{futsal|COL}}
|-
|[[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/southamerica.html|title=The Road to Colombia – CONMEBOL|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|5–13 February 2016
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|align=center|3
|{{futsal|ARG}} {{futsal|BRA}} {{futsal|PAR}}
|-
|[[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC (Oceania)]]
|[[2016 OFC Futsal Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/oceania.html|title=The Road to Colombia – OFC|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|8–13 February 2016
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|align=center|1
|{{futsal|SOL}}
|-
|[[UEFA|UEFA (Europe)]]
|[[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup qualification (UEFA)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/teams/road-to-colombia/europe.html|title=The Road to Colombia – UEFA|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>
|22 October 2015 – 13 April 2016
|Various
|align=center|7
|{{futsal|AZE}}{{ref|1|1}} {{futsal|ITA}} {{futsal|KAZ}}{{ref|2|2}} {{futsal|POR}} {{futsal|RUS}} {{futsal|ESP}} {{futsal|UKR}}
|-
! colspan=4|Total !! 24 !!
|}

{{refbegin}}
:1.{{Note|1}}Teams that will make their debut.
:2.{{Note|2}}Kazakhstan's last appearance was when it was a member of the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
{{refend}}

==Venues==
Colombia presented the cities of [[Bogotá]], [[Villavicencio]], [[Bucaramanga]], [[Cúcuta]], [[Ibagué]] and [[Neiva, Huila|Neiva]] as the venue cities, when they bid to host the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fcf.com.co/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4670:copa-mundial-de-futsal-de-la-fifa-se-jugara-en-colombia-en-2016&catid=4:&Itemid=296|title=Copa Mundial de Futsal de la FIFA se jugará en Colombia en 2016|publisher=fcf.com.co|date=28 May 2013}}</ref> After an inspection meeting in October 2014, four stadiums were confirmed, with Neiva allowed an extension to finish works,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/deportes/noticias/fifa-confirmo-cali-como-sede-mundial-futsal-2016 |title=FIFA confirmó a Cali como sede del Mundial de Futsal en 2016 |publisher=[[El Pais]] (Colombia) |language=Spanish |date=3 October 2014 |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> before being removed as a venue later that month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://opanoticias.com/neiva-se-quedo-sin-la-sede-del-mundial-de-futsal-2016 |title=Neiva se quedó sin la sede del Mundial de Futsal 2016 |publisher=Opanoticias.com |language=Spanish |date=17 October 2014 |accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref>

Confirmation of the four host cities were presented to the [[Colombian Football Federation]] and FIFA on 11 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ligaargosfutsal.com.co/futsal-internacional/especiales/547-cada-vez-mas-cerca-del-mundial-de-futsal-2016-en-colombia |title=Cada vez más cerca del Mundial de futsal 2016 en Colombia |publisher=Liga Argos Futsal |date=17 December 2014 |accessdate=19 December 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> [[Medellín]] then replaced Villavicencio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hsbnoticias.com/noticias/deportes/futbol/todo-listo-para-el-mundial-de-futsal-de-la-fifa-en-colombia-150233 |title=Todo listo para el Mundial de Futsal de la FIFA en Colombia el 2016 |publisher=hsbnoticias.com |date=28 July 2015 |accessdate=4 August 2015 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
A further inspection in January 2016 saw the removal of Ibagué as a host, meaning half of the cities in the initial bids proposal are confirmed, with the three remaining cites scheduled to accommodate two groups per stadia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canalrcn.com/futbolmania/internacional/articulo-nota/ibagu%C3%A9-ya-no-ser%C3%A1-sede-del-mundial-de-futsal-colombia-2016-exclusivas |title=Ibagué ya no será sede del mundial de Futsal Colombia 2016 |publisher=[[RCN Televisión]] |date=29 January 2016 |accessdate=2 February 2016 |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=1/news=three-venues-for-colombia-2016-2757460.html|title=Three venues for Colombia 2016|publisher=FIFA.com|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

<center>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=185|[[Cali]]!![[Bucaramanga]]!![[Medellín]]
|-
|[[Coliseo El Pueblo]]||[[Coliseo Bicentenario]]||[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván De Beodut]]
|-
|Capacity: '''18,000'''||Capacity: '''7,000'''<ref>http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/destination/cities/city=1576/index.html</ref>||Capacity: '''6,000'''
|-
||[[File:Coliseo El Pueblo.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Coliseo Bicentenario de Bucaramanga.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Coliseo de Baloncesto Ivan de Bedout (3).jpg|150px]]
|-
!colspan=4|{{Location map+ |Colombia |float=center|width=500 |caption= |places=
{{Location map~ |Colombia |lat=3.420556 |long=-76.522222 |label=[[Cali]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |Colombia |lat=7.133333 |long=-73 |label=[[Bucaramanga]] |position=right }}
{{Location map~ |Colombia |lat=6.230833 |long=-75.590556 |label=[[Medellin]] |position=right }}
}}
|}
</center>

==Emblem==
The official emblem was unveiled on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2015/m=9/news=colombia-reveals-fifa-futsal-world-cup-2016-official-emblem-2702531.html|title=Colombia reveals FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 Official Emblem|publisher=FIFA.com|date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

==Mascot==
The official mascot was launched on 19 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=4/news=official-mascot-host-cities-logos-and-ticket-sales-launched-in-bucaram-2781519.html|title=Official Mascot, Host Cities' logos and ticket sales launched in Bucaramanga|publisher=FIFA.com|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>

==Draw==
The official draw was held on 19 May 2016, 18:00 [[Colombia Time|COT]] ([[UTC−05:00|UTC−5]]), at the [[Plaza Mayor, Medellín|Plaza Mayor Conference Centre]] in [[Medellín]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=5/news=medellin-all-set-to-host-final-draw-2791523.html|title=Medellin all set to host final draw|publisher=FIFA.com|date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=5/news=fifa-futsal-world-cup-official-draw-to-be-streamed-live-on-fifa-com-2791539.html|title=Relive: FIFA Futsal World Cup Official Draw|publisher=FIFA.com|date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=5/news=colombia-2016-hopefuls-discover-their-destiny-2791637.html|title=Colombia 2016 hopefuls discover their destiny|publisher=FIFA.com|date=20 May 2016}}</ref> The teams were seeded based on their performances in previous FIFA Futsal World Cups and confederation tournaments, with the hosts Colombia automatically seeded and assigned to position A1. Moreover, for ticket sales reasons, the hosts and the top two teams (Colombia, Brazil and Spain) were spread across the three venues for the group matches: [[Cali]] (Groups A and C), [[Medellín]] (Groups B and F) and [[Bucaramanga]] (Groups D and E). Teams of the same confederation could not meet in the group stage, except that there were one group with two UEFA teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/79/13/64/fifafutsalworldcupcolombia2016drawprocedures_neutral.pdf|title=Draw procedure: FIFA Futsal World Cup Colombia 2016|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Pot 1
!Pot 2
!Pot 3
!Pot 4
|-
|
*{{futsal|COL}}
*{{futsal|BRA}}
*{{futsal|ESP}}
*{{futsal|ITA}}
*{{futsal|ARG}}
*{{futsal|RUS}}
|
*{{futsal|IRN}}
*{{futsal|UKR}}
*{{futsal|POR}}
*{{futsal|PAR}}
*{{futsal|EGY}}
*{{futsal|CRC}}
|
*{{futsal|SOL}}
*{{futsal|THA}}
*{{futsal|MAR}}
*{{futsal|PAN}}
*{{futsal|GUA}}
*{{futsal|AUS}}
|
*{{futsal|CUB}}
*{{futsal|MOZ}}
*{{futsal|KAZ}}
*{{futsal|AZE}}
*{{futsal|UZB}}
*{{futsal|VIE}}
|}
==Officials==
==Squads==
{{main|2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup squads}}

Each team must name a squad of 14 players (two of whom must be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline.<ref name="regulations">{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/73/49/51/ffwccol2016weben_neutral.pdf|title=Regulations – FIFA Futsal World Cup Colombia 2016|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>

==Group stage==
The match schedule was officially confirmed on 5 February 2016, a week after the removal of Ibagué from the host cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/news/y=2016/m=2/news=futsal-world-cup-match-schedule-confirmed-2764033.html|title=Futsal World Cup match schedule confirmed|publisher=FIFA.com|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

The top two teams of each group and the four best third-placed teams advance to the round of 16. The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows:<ref name="regulations"/>
# points obtained in all group matches;
# goal difference in all group matches;
# number of goals scored in all group matches;
If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:
#<li value=4> points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned;
# goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned;
# number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;
# drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee.

All times are local, [[Time in Colombia|COT]] ([[UTC−05:00|UTC−5]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/76/40/57/ffwc2016_matchschedule_14062016_en_neutral.pdf|title=Match Schedule FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 Colombia|publisher=FIFA.com}}</ref>

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_COL={{futsal|COL}}
|name_POR={{futsal|POR}}
|name_UZB={{futsal|UZB}}
|name_PAN={{futsal|PAN}}


|update=future |start_date=10 September 2016
|win_COL=0 |draw_COL=0 |loss_COL=0 |gf_COL=0 |ga_COL=0 |status_COL=H
|win_POR=0 |draw_POR=0 |loss_POR=0 |gf_POR=0 |ga_POR=0 |status_POR=
|win_UZB=0 |draw_UZB=0 |loss_UZB=0 |gf_UZB=0 |ga_UZB=0 |status_UZB=
|win_PAN=0 |draw_PAN=0 |loss_PAN=0 |gf_PAN=0 |ga_PAN=0 |status_PAN=


|team1=COL |team2=POR |team3=UZB |team4=PAN

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|10|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|UZB}}
|score=Match 2
|team2={{futsal|PAN}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|10|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|COL}}
|score=Match 1
|team2={{futsal|POR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|13|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|PAN}}
|score=Match 14
|team2={{futsal|POR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|13|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|COL}}
|score=Match 13
|team2={{futsal|UZB}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|16|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|PAN}}
|score=Match 25
|team2={{futsal|COL}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|16|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|POR}}
|score=Match 26
|team2={{futsal|UZB}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_THA={{futsal|THA}}
|name_RUS={{futsal|RUS}}
|name_CUB={{futsal|CUB}}
|name_EGY={{futsal|EGY}}


|update=future |start_date=10 September 2016
|win_THA=0 |draw_THA=0 |loss_THA=0 |gf_THA=0 |ga_THA=0 |status_THA=
|win_RUS=0 |draw_RUS=0 |loss_RUS=0 |gf_RUS=0 |ga_RUS=0 |status_RUS=
|win_CUB=0 |draw_CUB=0 |loss_CUB=0 |gf_CUB=0 |ga_CUB=0 |status_CUB=
|win_EGY=0 |draw_EGY=0 |loss_EGY=0 |gf_EGY=0 |ga_EGY=0 |status_EGY=


|team1=THA |team2=RUS |team3=CUB |team4=EGY

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|10|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|CUB}}
|score=Match 4
|team2={{futsal|EGY}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|10|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|THA}}
|score=Match 3
|team2={{futsal|RUS}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|13|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|EGY}}
|score=Match 16
|team2={{futsal|RUS}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|13|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|THA}}
|score=Match 15
|team2={{futsal|CUB}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|16|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|EGY}}
|score=Match 27
|team2={{futsal|THA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|16|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|RUS}}
|score=Match 28
|team2={{futsal|CUB}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_PAR={{futsal|PAR}}
|name_ITA={{futsal|ITA}}
|name_VIE={{futsal|VIE}}
|name_GUA={{futsal|GUA}}


|update=future |start_date=11 September 2016
|win_PAR=0 |draw_PAR=0 |loss_PAR=0 |gf_PAR=0 |ga_PAR=0 |status_PAR=
|win_ITA=0 |draw_ITA=0 |loss_ITA=0 |gf_ITA=0 |ga_ITA=0 |status_ITA=
|win_VIE=0 |draw_VIE=0 |loss_VIE=0 |gf_VIE=0 |ga_VIE=0 |status_VIE=
|win_GUA=0 |draw_GUA=0 |loss_GUA=0 |gf_GUA=0 |ga_GUA=0 |status_GUA=


|team1=PAR |team2=ITA |team3=VIE |team4=GUA

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|11|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|VIE}}
|score=Match 6
|team2={{futsal|GUA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|11|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|PAR}}
|score=Match 5
|team2={{futsal|ITA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|14|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|GUA}}
|score=Match 18
|team2={{futsal|ITA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|14|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|PAR}}
|score=Match 17
|team2={{futsal|VIE}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|17|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|GUA}}
|score=Match 29
|team2={{futsal|PAR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|17|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|ITA}}
|score=Match 30
|team2={{futsal|VIE}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_UKR={{futsal|UKR}}
|name_BRA={{futsal|BRA}}
|name_MOZ={{futsal|MOZ}}
|name_AUS={{futsal|AUS}}


|update=future |start_date=11 September 2016
|win_UKR=0 |draw_UKR=0 |loss_UKR=0 |gf_UKR=0 |ga_UKR=0 |status_UKR=
|win_BRA=0 |draw_BRA=0 |loss_BRA=0 |gf_BRA=0 |ga_BRA=0 |status_BRA=
|win_MOZ=0 |draw_MOZ=0 |loss_MOZ=0 |gf_MOZ=0 |ga_MOZ=0 |status_MOZ=
|win_AUS=0 |draw_AUS=0 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=0 |ga_AUS=0 |status_AUS=


|team1=UKR |team2=BRA |team3=MOZ |team4=AUS

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|11|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|MOZ}}
|score=Match 8
|team2={{futsal|AUS}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|11|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|UKR}}
|score=Match 7
|team2={{futsal|BRA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|14|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|AUS}}
|score=Match 20
|team2={{futsal|BRA}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|14|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|UKR}}
|score=Match 19
|team2={{futsal|MOZ}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|17|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|AUS}}
|score=Match 31
|team2={{futsal|UKR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|17|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|BRA}}
|score=Match 32
|team2={{futsal|MOZ}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group E===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_ARG={{futsal|ARG}}
|name_KAZ={{futsal|KAZ}}
|name_SOL={{futsal|SOL}}
|name_CRC={{futsal|CRC}}


|update=future |start_date=12 September 2016
|win_ARG=0 |draw_ARG=0 |loss_ARG=0 |gf_ARG=0 |ga_ARG=0 |status_ARG=
|win_KAZ=0 |draw_KAZ=0 |loss_KAZ=0 |gf_KAZ=0 |ga_KAZ=0 |status_KAZ=
|win_SOL=0 |draw_SOL=0 |loss_SOL=0 |gf_SOL=0 |ga_SOL=0 |status_SOL=
|win_CRC=0 |draw_CRC=0 |loss_CRC=0 |gf_CRC=0 |ga_CRC=0 |status_CRC=


|team1=ARG |team2=KAZ |team3=SOL |team4=CRC

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|12|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|SOL}}
|score=Match 10
|team2={{futsal|CRC}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|12|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|ARG}}
|score=Match 9
|team2={{futsal|KAZ}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|15|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|CRC}}
|score=Match 22
|team2={{futsal|KAZ}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|15|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|ARG}}
|score=Match 21
|team2={{futsal|SOL}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|18|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|CRC}}
|score=Match 33
|team2={{futsal|ARG}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|18|df=y}}
|time=16:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|KAZ}}
|score=Match 34
|team2={{futsal|SOL}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Group F===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|name_IRN={{futsal|IRN}}
|name_ESP={{futsal|ESP}}
|name_MAR={{futsal|MAR}}
|name_AZE={{futsal|AZE}}


|update=future |start_date=12 September 2016
|win_IRN=0 |draw_IRN=0 |loss_IRN=0 |gf_IRN=0 |ga_IRN=0 |status_IRN=
|win_ESP=0 |draw_ESP=0 |loss_ESP=0 |gf_ESP=0 |ga_ESP=0 |status_ESP=
|win_MAR=0 |draw_MAR=0 |loss_MAR=0 |gf_MAR=0 |ga_MAR=0 |status_MAR=
|win_AZE=0 |draw_AZE=0 |loss_AZE=0 |gf_AZE=0 |ga_AZE=0 |status_AZE=


|team1=IRN |team2=ESP |team3=MAR |team4=AZE

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=3rd
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_3rd=blue1 |text_3rd=Possible knockout stage
}}

{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|12|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|MAR}}
|score=Match 12
|team2={{futsal|AZE}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|12|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|IRN}}
|score=Match 11
|team2={{futsal|ESP}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|15|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|AZE}}
|score=Match 24
|team2={{futsal|ESP}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|15|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|IRN}}
|score=Match 23
|team2={{futsal|MAR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|18|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|AZE}}
|score=Match 35
|team2={{futsal|IRN}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|18||df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1={{futsal-rt|ESP}}
|score=Match 36
|team2={{futsal|MAR}}
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Ranking of third-placed teams===
The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows:<ref name="regulations"/>
# points obtained in all group matches;
# goal difference in all group matches;
# number of goals scored in all group matches;
# drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee.

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|source=[http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/groups/index.html FIFA]
|show_groups=T
|group_GrA='''[[#Group A|A]]''' |name_GrA=Third Group A
|group_GrB='''[[#Group B|B]]''' |name_GrB=Third Group B
|group_GrC='''[[#Group C|C]]''' |name_GrC=Third Group C
|group_GrD='''[[#Group D|D]]''' |name_GrD=Third Group D
|group_GrE='''[[#Group E|E]]''' |name_GrE=Third Group E
|group_GrF='''[[#Group F|F]]''' |name_GrF=Third Group F


|update=future |start_date=10 September 2016
|win_GrA=0 |draw_GrA=0 |loss_GrA=0 |gf_GrA=0 |ga_GrA=0 |status_GrA=
|win_GrB=0 |draw_GrB=0 |loss_GrB=0 |gf_GrB=0 |ga_GrB=0 |status_GrB=
|win_GrC=0 |draw_GrC=0 |loss_GrC=0 |gf_GrC=0 |ga_GrC=0 |status_GrC=
|win_GrD=0 |draw_GrD=0 |loss_GrD=0 |gf_GrD=0 |ga_GrD=0 |status_GrD=
|win_GrE=0 |draw_GrE=0 |loss_GrE=0 |gf_GrE=0 |ga_GrE=0 |status_GrE=
|win_GrF=0 |draw_GrF=0 |loss_GrF=0 |gf_GrF=0 |ga_GrF=0 |status_GrF=


|team1=GrA |team2=GrB |team3=GrC |team4=GrD |team5=GrE |team6=GrF

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO |result4=KO
|col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

==Knockout stage==
{{#invoke:RoundN|N16
|3rdplace=yes|bold_winner=high|widescore=yes


|20 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Runner-up Group A||Runner-up Group C|
|21 September — [[Coliseo Bicentenario|Bucaramanga]]|Winner Group D||Third Group B / E / F|
|20 September — [[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Medellín]]|Winner Group B||Third Group A / C / D|
|21 September — [[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Medellín]]|Winner Group F||Runner-up Group E|
|22 September — [[Coliseo Bicentenario|Bucaramanga]]|Winner Group E||Runner-up Group D|
|22 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Group C||Third Group A / B / F|
|22 September — [[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Medellín]]|Runner-up Group B||Runner-up Group F|
|21 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Group A||Third Group C / D / E|

|24 September — [[Coliseo Bicentenario|Bucaramanga]]|Winner Match 38||Winner Match 39|
|24 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Match 37||Winner Match 40|
|25 September — [[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Medellín]]|Winner Match 43||Winner Match 42|
|25 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Match 44||Winner Match 41|

|27 September — [[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Medellín]]|Winner Match 45||Winner Match 46|
|28 September — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Match 47||Winner Match 48|

|1 October — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Winner Match 49||Winner Match 50|

|1 October — [[Coliseo El Pueblo|Cali]]|Loser Match 49||Loser Match 50|
}}

===Round of 16===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|20|df=y}}
|time=17:30
|team1=Winner Group B
|score=Match 37
|team2=Third Group A / C / D
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|20|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1=Runner-up Group A
|score=Match 38
|team2=Runner-up Group C
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|21|df=y}}
|time=17:30
|team1=Winner Group D
|score=Match 39
|team2=Third Group B / E / F
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|21|df=y}}
|time=17:30
|team1=Winner Group F
|score=Match 40
|team2=Runner-up Group E
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|21|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1=Winner Group A
|score=Match 41
|team2=Third Group C / D / E
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|22|df=y}}
|time=17:30
|team1=Winner Group E
|score=Match 43
|team2=Runner-up Group D
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|22|df=y}}
|time=17:30
|team1=Runner-up Group B
|score=Match 44
|team2=Runner-up Group F
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|22|df=y}}
|time=20:00
|team1=Winner Group C
|score=Match 42
|team2=Third Group A / B / F
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|24|df=y}}
|time=15:30
|team1=Winner Match 38
|score=Match 45
|team2=Winner Match 39
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo Bicentenario]], [[Bucaramanga]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|24|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1=Winner Match 37
|score=Match 46
|team2=Winner Match 40
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|25|df=y}}
|time=15:30
|team1=Winner Match 43
|score=Match 47
|team2=Winner Match 42
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|25|df=y}}
|time=18:00
|team1=Winner Match 44
|score=Match 48
|team2=Winner Match 41
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|27|df=y}}
|time=19:00
|team1=Winner Match 45
|score=Match 49
|team2=Winner Match 46
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Medellín Sports Coliseum#Iván de Beodut Coliseum|Coliseo Iván de Beodut]], [[Medellín]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|9|28|df=y}}
|time=19:00
|team1=Winner Match 47
|score=Match 50
|team2=Winner Match 48
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Third place match===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|10|1|df=y}}
|time=12:00
|team1=Loser Match 49
|score=Match 51
|team2=Loser Match 50
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Final===
{{Football box
|date={{Start date|2016|10|1|df=y}}
|time=14:30
|team1=Winner Match 49
|score=Match 52
|team2=Winner Match 50
|report=
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Coliseo El Pueblo]], [[Cali]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==Broadcasting rights==

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|{{ARG}}
|[[Televisión Pública Argentina]] [[TyC Sports]]
|
|-
|{{noflag|[[Asia-Pacific]]}}
|[[Fox Sports Asia]]
|
|-
|{{AUS}}
|[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]
|
|-
|{{AZE}}
|[[İctimai Television|İTV]]
|
|-
|{{BRA}}
|[[Rede Bandeirantes|Band]] [[Rede Globo|Globo]] [[SporTV]]
|
|-
|{{noflag|[[Central America]]}}
|[[SKY México|SKY Centroamérica]]
|
|-
|{{flag|CARICOM}}
|[[:es:DIRECTV Sports|DIRECTV Sports]]
|
|-
|{{COL}}
|[[Caracol Televisión]] [[RCN Televisión]]
|
|-
|{{CUB}}
|[[Tele Rebelde]]
|
|-
|{{EU}}
|[[Eurosport]]
|
|-
|{{IRN}}
|[[IRIB Varzesh]]
|
|-
|{{ITA}}
|[[RAI]]
|
|-
|{{KAZ}}
|[[KAZsport]]
|
|-
|{{MEX}}
|[[SKY México]] [[Televisa]]
|
|-
|{{noflag|[[MENA]]}}
|[[beIN Sports (MENA)|beIN Sports]]
|
|-
|{{PAR}}
|[[Paraguay TV]] [[:es:Tigo Sports|Tigo Sports]]
|
|-
|{{POL}}
|[[Polsat]]
|
|-
|{{POR}}
|[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]]
|
|-
|{{RUS}}
|[[Match TV]]
|
|-
|{{ESP}}
|[[Mega (Spanish television channel)|Mega]]
|
|-
|{{THA}}
|[[Channel 7 (Thailand)|BBTV]]
|
|-
|{{TUR}}
|[[Show TV]]
|
|-
|{{UKR}}
|[[Ukrayina (TV channel)|Ukrayina]]
|
|-
|{{flag|UNASUR}}
|[[:es:DIRECTV Sports|DIRECTV Sports]]
|
|-
|{{URU}}
|[[VTV Uruguay|VTV]]
|
|-
|{{USA}}
|[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]] (English) [[NBC Deportes]] (Spanish)
|<ref>http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-fc-yahoo/fifa-surprisingly-awards-2026-world-cup-broadcast-rights-to-fox--telemundo-without-any-bidding-183015281.html</ref>
|-
|{{UZB}}
|[[National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan|SPORT-UZ]]
|
|-
|{{VIE}}
|[[Vietnam Television|VTV]]
|
|}

===Radio===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Channel
!Ref
|-
|{{ARG}}
|[[:es:LRI710 ESPN 107,9 FM|ESPN 107.9 FM]] [[Radio Continental]] [[:es:Radio La Red|Radio La Red]] [[LRA Radio Nacional|Radio Nacional]]
|
|-
|{{AUS}}
|[[SBS Radio]]
|
|-
|{{BRA}}
|[[Jovem Pan]] Rádio Difusora
|
|-
|{{COL}}
|[[:es:Antena 2|Antena 2]] [[Bluradio]] [[Caracol Radio]] [[La FM]] [[:es:Q'Hubo Radio (Colombia)|Q'Hubo Radio]] [[Radioacktiva]] [[RCN Radio]]
|
|-
|{{CRC}}
|Radio Columbia Radio Monumental
|
|-
|{{CUB}}
|[[Radio Rebelde]]
|
|-
|{{GUA}}
|Emisoras Unidas Radio Punto
|
|-
|{{ITA}}
|[[RAI]]
|
|-
|{{IRN}}
|IRIB Radio Varzesh
|
|-
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Kazakh Radio]]
|
|-
|{{MEX}}
|[[XEX-AM|Televisa Deportes W]] [[XEW-AM|W Radio]] affiliated stations
|
|-
|{{PAN}}
|RPC Radio
|
|-
|{{PAR}}
|La 970 Megacadena de Comunicación ABC Cardinal La Unión Radio Uno Monumental Caritas La Deportiva Radio Nacional
|
|-
|{{POR}}
|[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]] [[Rádio Renascença|Renascença]] [[TSF (radio station)|TSF]]
|
|-
|{{RUS}}
|[[All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company|VGTRK]]
|
|-
|{{ESP}}
|[[Cadena SER]] [[Cadena COPE|COPE]] [[Onda Cero]] [[Marca (newspaper)|Radio Marca]] [[Radio Nacional de España|RNE]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.fifa.com/futsalworldcup/index.html}}

{{FIFA Futsal World Cup}}
{{World championships in 2016}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Fifa Futsal World Cup 2016}}
[[Category:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup| ]]
[[Category:FIFA Futsal World Cups|2016]]
[[Category:2016 in futsal|FIFA World Cup]]
[[Category:International futsal competitions hosted by Colombia|2016]]
[[Category:2016 in Colombian sport]]
[[Category:Scheduled association football competitions]]

Poppy (Sängerin)

2016-07-15T08:30:55Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 3 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Director, Pop, Punk / WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation - Reference tags without correct match)

{{notability|Web|date=July 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_name = Moriah Pereira
| alias = That Poppy, Poppy
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| agent =
| notable_works =
| height =
| weight =
| television =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = http://www.thatpoppy.com/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{Flat list|
*[[Singing|Vocals]]
*[[guitar]]
*[[piano]]
}}
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| label = [[Island Records]]
}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| spouse =
| partner =
}}

'''Moriah Pereira'''<ref name="josep">{{cite web|last1=Vinaixa|first1=Josep|title=that Poppy “Lowlife” (featuring Travis Mills) [Single Premiere]|url=http://www.josepvinaixa.com/blog/that-poppy-lowlife/|website=Josep Vinaixa|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> is an American singer/songwriter best known for her musical project '''That Poppy''', also known as simply '''Poppy''', and for her [[YouTube]] channel of the same name. She grew up in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]<ref name="iheart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iheart.com/news/interview-who-is-that-poppy-everything-14443732/|title=INTERVIEW: Who Is That Poppy?|last=Mastrogiannis|first=Nicole|date=March 3, 2016|website=iHeartRadio|access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref> and moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 2013 to pursue her musical career,<ref name="racked" /> teaming up with [[Music video director|director]]<ref name="iheart" /> and [[guitar]]ist<ref name="next2shine" /> Titanic Sinclair to make a series of abstract promotional videos on [[YouTube]].

==Early life==
Pereira was born and raised in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. She recalls wanting to be a [[Rockette]] as a child and grew up [[Dance|dancing]],<ref name="amp">{{cite web|first1=Niko|title=That Poppy Talks 'Princesses, Unicorns, and Real Life Experiences' with Niko|url=http://923amp.cbslocal.com/2016/03/01/that-poppy-talks-princesses-unicorns-and-real-life-experiences-with-niko/|website=92.3 AMP Radio|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> which she did for 11 years.<ref name="jakestake">{{cite web|last1=Elyachar|first1=Jacob|title=The Five Question Challenge with That Poppy|url=http://jakes-take.com/2015/07/the-five-question-challenge-with-that-poppy/|website=Jake's Take|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> Her father was a [[drummer]] in a band,<ref name="racked">{{cite web|last1=Brooke|first1=Eliza|title=Parsing the Aesthetics of That Poppy, Pop Singer and Internet Enigma|url=http://www.racked.com/2016/4/11/11394848/that-poppy-interview|website=Racked|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=11 April 2016}}</ref> the name of which remains unknown, and she recalls chewing on a [[microphone]] while watching his band play when she was very young.<ref name="next2shine">{{cite web|title=Getting to Know the Imaginative Vision behind THAT POPPY|url=http://next2shine.com/interview-that-poppy|website=Next2Shine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=15 March 2016}}</ref> She has also stated that at the age of 6, her older sister [[Hair dye|dyed]] her hair [[red]] while their mother was away at the [[grocery store]].<ref name="galore">{{cite web|last1=Llewellyn|first1=Mallory|title=Meet The Doe-Eyed Singer Who Made Thrifting An Art Project: That Poppy|url=https://galoremag.com/meet-the-doe-eyed-singer-who-made-thrifting-an-art-project-that-poppy/|website=Galore Magazine|accessdate=15 July 2016|date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Pereira claims that the first album she ever bought was [[Missundaztood]] by [[P!nk]].<ref name="next2shine" />

==Music career==
Pereira recalls beginning to write music in 2012, claiming that the first song she ever wrote "was just a piano thing" that "never really finished itself".<ref name="iheart" /> She has said before that a large inspiration of hers, along with her favorite artist, is [[Cyndi Lauper]].<ref name="iheart" /><ref name="galore" /><ref name="tigerbeat">{{cite web|last1=Chesky|first1=Allison|title=Fashion, Music and Prom According to Pop Sensation That Poppy|url=http://tigerbeat.com/video/that-poppy-talks-exclusively-to-tiger-beat/|website=Tiger Beat|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> She has also cited [[Elvis Presley]] as a musical inspiration.<ref name="tigerbeat" />

In 2015, Pereira signed to [[Island Records]], and released her debut single, "Lowlife", on July 24, 2015.<ref name="josep" /> In an interview with [[iHeartRadio]], she described the meaning of Lowlife as being "about living on your own, or Poppy’s own, for some time, and then meeting somebody that kind of shakes up your world and makes bad times good times.”<ref name="iheart" /> ''PopularTV'' has described the track as one that "will make you want to break out your old [[checkered]] [[Vans]] and hang with the skater boys."<ref name="populartv">{{cite web|last1=Kaplan|first1=Ilana|title=EP PREMIERE : THAT POPPY|url=http://www.populartv.com/music/ep-premiere-that-poppy/|website=PopularTV|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> ''Lowlife'' was later featured on the compilation album ''[[Now That's What I Call Music! 58 (U.S. series)|Now That's What I Call Music! 58]]'' in the [[United States of America|United States]]. A remix of the ''Lowlife'' track was released in April 2016.<ref name="Island reference">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/artists/that-poppy/|title=Island Records|website=www.islandrecords.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> and has received airplay on [[BBC|BBC Radio]].<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/4ad8190b-d2fd-46f8-a3d9-c0f55c034976|title=That Poppy - New Songs, Playlists, Videos & Tours - BBC Music|website=BBC|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> Pereira released her first EP, ''Bubblebath'' on February 12, 2016, a four-track pop record on [[Island Records|Island]].<ref name="Amazon">{{Citation|last=That Poppy|title=Bubblebath|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bubblebath-Explicit-That-Poppy/dp/B01BKTUG9O/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1466978210&sr=8-2&keywords=that+poppy&linkCode=ll1&tag=anorakzonecom-21&linkId=185874ad00b207a936478b6c14c683ac|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref>

Pereira has described herself as a "[[kawaii]] [[Barbie]] princess",<ref name="next2shine" /><ref name="ladygunn">{{cite web|last1=Hardy|first1=Alyssa|title=SUGAR AND SPICE: A CUTE CHAT WITH THAT POPPY!|url=http://ladygunn.com/music/sugar-and-spice-a-cute-chat-with-that-poppy|website=Ladygunn|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref> and has said that her style is inspired by that of [[J-pop]] artists.<ref name="tigerbeat" /> She has described her music style as "music [that] makes you want to rule the world."<ref name="iheart" />

===Reception===
Although many have praised the catchiness of her music, many have also discussed her persona of Poppy as being distant from reality. ''Racked'' described That Poppy as being "sweet [and] cute, but alien [and] bizarre" and also "brightly addictive".<ref name="racked" /> PopularTV said of Poppy: "Paralleling [[Gwen Stefani]] in the [[No Doubt]] era, That Poppy mixes [[punk rock|punk]] with [[ska]]-[[pop music|pop]] and makes you want to get up and dance." The UQ Music Blog described Poppy as "[[Electra Heart]] meets [[Princess Peach]]".<ref name="uq">{{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Tyler|title=That Poppy – Bubblebath EP|url=http://uqmusicblog.com/2016/02/that-poppy-bubblebath-ep/|website=UQ Music Blog|accessdate=15 July 2016}}</ref>

==YouTube==
Poppy created her [[YouTube]] Channel<ref name="Poppy's YouTube">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV|title=Poppy|website=YouTube|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> on 6 October 2011, and uploaded her first video in November 2014, an abstract skit called ''Poppy Eats Cotton Candy'', directed by Titanic Sinclair. Since then she has released a further 59 videos, amassing over 3.3 million views as of July 2016. The videos are described by their Sinclair as "a combination of [[Andy Warhol]]'s pop accessibility, [[David Lynch]]'s creepiness, and [[Tim Burton]]'s zany comedic tone".<ref name="racked" /> Her most successful video on her channel is called "I'm Poppy.",<ref name="I'm Poppy video">{{Citation|last=Poppy|title=I'm Poppy.|date=2015-01-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpCXxqiTjqE|accessdate=2016-07-02}}</ref> which is ten minutes of her repeating the phrase "I'm/I am Poppy", and has been watched over 340,000 times as of July 2016.

== Personal life ==
Pereira has claimed before that "Poppy" is a [[vegan]] and has never smoked [[marijuana]], although it is unclear whether she was referring to herself or the character.<ref name="amp" />

== Discography ==
Singles:
* "Everybody Wants To Be Poppy"<ref name="Wants to be">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islandrecords.com/news/that-poppy-releases-everybody-wants-to-be-poppy/|title=THAT POPPY RELEASES "EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE POPPY"|date=June 23, 2016|website=www.islandrecords.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* "Lowlife" (July 2015)
* "Lowlife" (Slushii Remix) (April 2016)

EP:
* ''Bubblebath'' (June 2016)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thatpoppy.com/ Official Website]
* [https://twitter.com/thatPoppy Twitter account]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/thatPoppyTV YouTube Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ThatPoppyVEVO Vevo Channel]
* [https://soundcloud.com/thatpoppy Soundcloud page]
* [https://www.instagram.com/thatpoppy/ Instagram account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:That Poppy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American singers]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]

Károly Huszár

2016-07-13T04:58:43Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Nussdorf

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox President
| name= Károly Huszár
| image= Huszar Karoly.jpg
| nationality=[[Hungary|Hungarian]]
| order= [[President of Hungary|Head of State of Hungary]] Acting
| term_start=24 November 1919
| term_end=1 March 1920
| predecessor=[[István Friedrich]]
| successor=[[Miklós Horthy]] (Regent)
| order2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Hungary|Prime Minister of Hungary]]
| president2= ''himself'' [[Miklós Horthy]] as Regent
| term_start2 = 24 November 1919
| term_end2 = 15 March 1920
| predecessor2 = [[István Friedrich]]
| successor2 = [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]]
| birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1882|09|10}}
| birth_place=[[Nußdorf am Attersee|Nussdorf]]
| death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1941|10|29|1882|09|10}}
| death_place=[[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
| spouse=
| party=Catholic People's Party, KNEP, Unity Party, Party of National Unity
| profession=politician, teacher
}}
{{eastern name order|sárvári Huszár Károly}}
'''Károly Huszár de Sárvár''' (1882–1941) was a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Hungary|prime minister]] and acting Head of State of Hungary from 1919 to 1920.

==Biography==
Huszár was born in 1882 [[Nussdorf am Attersee]] (now [[Austria]]). In 1919 with the collapse of the communist [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], he was appointed Minister of Religion and Education in an interim cabinet composed of former members of the anti-Communist government in [[Szeged]].

In November 1919 Huszár was appointed Prime Minister and provisional head of state. He served until the official re-establishment of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] on 1 March 1920.

Károly Huszár died on 29 October 1941 in Budapest at the age of 59 years.

==References==
* [http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC05727/06673.htm Hungarian Biographical Lexicon]
* Macartney, C. A.:October fifteenth : a history of modern Hungary, 1929–1945, p. 23-25. Edinburgh : The University Press, 1957
* Szilassy, Sándor: "Hungary at the Brink of the Cliff 1918–1919", East European Quarterly 3(1), 1969, p. 95-109

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Education of Hungary|Minister of Religion and Education]]|before=[[Sándor Imre]]|after=[[István Haller]]|years=1919}}
{{S-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[István Friedrich]] }}
{{S-ttl| title = [[List of Hungarian rulers|Acting Head of State of Hungary]]
| years = 1919–1920 }}
{{S-aft| after = [[Miklós Horthy]] }}
{{S-ttl| title = [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
| years = 1919–1920 }}
{{S-aft| after = [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam]] }}
{{S-end}}

{{HungarianPrimeMinisters}}
{{HungarianPresidents}}
{{HungarianEducationMinisters}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huszar Karoly}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]

{{Hungary-politician-stub}}

Z213: Exit

2016-07-12T02:54:46Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 2 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Matthew, Ulysses

{{refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Z213: Exit
| title_orig = Ζ213: ΕΞΟΔΟΣ
| translator = Shorsha Sullivan
| image =Z213 EXIT cover.jpg
|caption =Z213: EXIT, Front Cover of Second Edition

| author = [[Dimitris Lyacos]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Gudrun Bielz
| country = Greece
| language = Greek
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[World literature]], [[Postmodernism]]
| publisher = [[Shoestring Press]]
| release_date = 2009
| english_release_date = 2010
| media_type =
| pages = 101
| isbn = 1907356053
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[With the People from the Bridge]]
}}

'''''Z213: Exit''''' is the first installment of the Poena Damni trilogy by Greek writer [[Dimitris Lyacos]].<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica. Greece, The arts</ref> Despite being first in narrative order, the book was the third to be published of the three.<ref name=Shoestring>{{cite web|title=Poena Damni: Z213: Exit|url=http://www.shoestring-press.com/2010/01/poena-damni-z213-exit/|website=Shoestring Press|accessdate=October 9, 2015}}</ref> The work develops as a sequence of diary entries recording the solitary experiences of an unnamed, Ulysses-like persona<ref name="cleavermagazine.com">Poena Damni Trilogy. Review by Justin Goodman. Cleaver Magazine 2015. http://www.cleavermagazine.com/poena-damni-trilogy-by-dimitris-lyacos-reviewed-by-justin-goodman/</ref> in the course of a train voyage gradually transformed into an inner exploration of the boundaries between [[self]] and [[reality]]. The voyage is also akin to the experience of a religious quest with a variety of biblical references, mostly from the Old Testament,<ref>Shorsha Sullivan, The art of translating. The Writing Disorder Anthology, vol. 2, page 82.https://books.google.gr/books?id=dGOAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=dimitris+lyacos+old+testament&source=bl&ots=zd9eq6Swc6&sig=xW-4jisLtrDtwA0-mMNWQxD5lo0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitjf3fvJXKAhVMiSwKHQ0XDgAQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=dimitris%20lyacos%20old%20testament&f=false</ref> being embedded into the text which is often fractured and foregoing punctuation.<ref name="cleavermagazine.com"/> Most critics place Z213: Exit in a postmodern context exploring relationships with such writers as [[Samuel Beckett]]<ref name="asiancha.com">Michael O' Sullivan. A philosophy of exits and entrances. Cha Magazine, October 2011, Hong Kong. http://www.asiancha.com/content/view/778/280/</ref> and [[Cormac McCarthy]]<ref name="asiancha.com"/><ref>Poena Damni Trilogy. Review by Justin Goodman. Cleaver Magazine 2015. http://www.cleavermagazine.com/poena-damni-trilogy-by-dimitris-lyacos-reviewed-by-justin-goodman</ref> while others underline its modernist affinities<ref>From the ruins of Europe. Lyacos's debt riddled Greece. Review by Joseph Labernik. Tikes Magazine, 2015.http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/from-the-ruins-of-europe-lyacoss-debt-riddled-greece</ref> and the work's firm foundation on classical and religious texts.<ref>With the people from the bridge. Review by Toti O' Brien. Sein und Warden Magazine. http://www.kissthewitch.co.uk/seinundwerden/with_the_people_from_the_bridge.html</ref>

==Synopsis==

The work recounts, in what reads like a personal journal, in verse form as well as in postmodern poetic prose,<ref name="ReferenceA">Manos Georginis, Verse Wisconsin, Issue 106, 2011</ref> the wanderings of a man who escapes from a guarded building, in a nightmarish version of a post-[[Armageddon]] ambient. In the opening sections of the book, the narrator/protagonist flees from what seems like an imprisonment in a building consisting of wards and personnel and from where people are being inexplicably taken away to be thrown into pits.<ref>The Adirondack Review. Allison Elliott, Poena Damni Z213: Exit by Dimitris Lyacos</ref> The fugitive leaves the "camp" to get to the nearby train station and starts a journey he records in a "found" bible-like booklet which he turns into his diary. As the journey continues a growing sense of paranoia ensues and the idea of being pursued becomes an increasingly central preoccupation. There are no pursuers to be identified, however, in the course of the journey and the supposed hunt remains a mystery until the end.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The environment seems to allude to a decadent futuristic state of a [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] kind. The journey is mapped in an indeterminate way, though oblique references creating a feeling of a time/space vacuum. The narrator seems to be moving ahead while at the same time being engulfed in his own nightmarish fantasies.<ref>Decomp Magazine. Spencer Dew, Dimitris Lyacos' Z213: Exit. July 2011.</ref> ''Z213: Exit'' ends with a description of a sacrifice where the protagonist and a "hungry band feasting" roast a lamb on a spit, cutting and skinning its still bleating body and removing its entrails as if observing a sacred rite.<ref>Cha An Asian Literary Journal, Issue 13, February 2011. Michael O' Sullivan. A philosophy of exits and entrances: Dimitris Lyacos' Poena Damni, Z213 Exit</ref> The mood is enhanced by the overriding waste-land setting, which could be (it is never explicit) the result of a war that has left the landscape in ruins. The general impression is reminiscent of a spiritual quest or an [[Eschatology|eschatological]] experience.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== Style==

The book is written in an almost telegraphic style omitting articles and conjunctions,<ref>The Writing Disorder. Shorsha Sullivan, The art of translating. A note on translating Dimitris Lyacos's trilogy. 2012</ref> using the rhetorics of diary form; mainly colloquial, with violations and distortions of grammar. Fragmentation combines occasionally with lacunae to form a broken unstructured syntax, seemingly tight but leaving enough loopholes through which subconscious fears are expressed.

==Title==

Z213: EXIT seems to present a case of [[overdetermination]], and a variety of proposals by scholars and reviewers alike have been made, pointing at different directions within the text. There is a general impression that, given the book’s content as an escapee’s fictional diary, Z213 could indicate inmate unique number, ward or section in a supposed detention center. A number of other interpretations have been suggested as follows:
*1) The time of the initial departure of the protagonist from the train station is 21.13, the same passage referring to [[Odysseus|Ulysses]] and [[Moses]], two archetypal wanderers.
*2) In [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 2:13 an angel prompts Mary and Joseph to flee to Egypt in order to avoid Herod’s massacre.
*3) 1313 – namely 13 repeated twice is the year of the Red(reed) sea crossing as well as the year of the revelation on the [[Mount Sinai]].
*4) In 213 BCE major book burnings take place in China after decision by Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]].
*5) 213 AD is the year of the implementation by [[Constitutio Antoniana]] by which all freemen were given the right to Roman citizenship with the exception of the [[Dediticii]]. The book makes specific reference to them and to a state of statelessness.
*6) The book makes oblique reference to an unnamed substance which seems to provoke states of hallucination: According to the book’s character, the letter Z is the second letter of name of the substance followed by “some numbers”.
*7) The letter Z is related to the root of the word [[Azazel]] (לַעֲזָאזֵל la-aza'zeyl), designating the [[scapegoat]] cast in the wilderness in [[Leviticus]] 16. Explicit mention of this Leviticus excerpt is made in the book.

==Further reading==

A special feature on Dimitris Lyacos's trilogy on the Bitter Oleander Magazine<ref>The Bitter Oleander, Volume 22, No 1, Spring 2016, New York. http://www.bitteroleander.com</ref> including extensive excerpts and a long interview with the author:
*http://www.bitteroleander.com/editor.html
*Overview of the Poena Damni trilogy in Cleaver Magazine:
*http://www.cleavermagazine.com/poena-damni-trilogy-by-dimitris-lyacos-reviewed-by-justin-goodman/

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:2009 novels]]
[[Category:Greek novels]]
[[Category:Postmodern novels]]

Desoutter Tools

2016-07-11T07:59:49Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Off Road

{{Infobox company
| name = Desoutter Tools
| logo = LOGO Desoutter WEB.gif
| native_name = Desoutter Industrial Tools
| native_name_lang = en
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = {{ublist |[[Automotive]]|[[Aerospace]]|[[Off-roading|Off Road]]|Light Assembly}}
| founded = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] ({{Start date|1914}})
| founder = Marcel Desoutter
| hq_location_city = [[Saint-Herblain]], [[Loire-Atlantique]]
| hq_location_country = France
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = {{unbulleted list|[[Industrial tools]]|Maintenance tools}}
| brands = {{hlist|Seti-Tec|Georges Renault|Tech-motive|Scan Rotor}}
| num_employees = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{steady}} 1,000 (2015)}}
| subsid = {{ublist|20 business units}}
| website = {{URL|www.desouttertools.com}}
}}
[[File:CPD technocentre3.jpg|thumb|Desoutter Tools main office in Saint-Herblain, 2012]]
'''Desoutter Industrial Tools''' founded in 1914 and headquartered in France, is an industrial manufacturer providing [[power tools|electric]] and [[pneumatic tools|pneumatic assembly tools]]. Products and services are sold in more than 170 countries through 20 business units. Desoutter Tools is active in fields such as [[Aerospace]], [[Automotive Industry]], Light Assembly and Heavy Vehicles, Off-Road, General Industry.

The French companies Georges Renault.<ref name="Georges Renault">[http://www.presseocean.fr/actualite/saint-herblain-la-marque-centenaire-desoutter-ne-connait-pas-la-crise-15-09-2014-126799 Georges Renault] Century french company</ref> in 1989 and Seti-Tec in 2011, the American Tech-motive in 2005 and the Swedish Scan Rotor in 2004 have been integrated in the Desoutter Tools company.

==History==

===Origin===
[[Marcel Desoutter]], one of the five Desoutter brothers, was an aviator. When he lost a leg in an aircraft crash,<ref name="Desoutter Air crash">[http://fly.historicwings.com/2013/01/desoutters-lesson/ Marcel Desoutter Crash] Desoutter Air Crash</ref> he was fitted with an "uncomfortable wooden replacement". His brother Charles helped him regain his mobility by designing a prototype for a new artificial leg<ref name="Artificial Legs">{{cite web|last=Craig |first=Berry |url=http://www.healio.com/orthotics-prosthetics/prosthetics/news/print/o-and-p-news/%7Be9d3479d-effd-4734-b878-4ee79b8bc169%7D/british-amputee-aviator-pioneered-the-metal-artificial-leg |title=British Amputee Aviator Pioneered the Metal Artificial Leg |website=healio.com |publisher=Healio |date= |access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Artificial Legs 2">{{cite web|last=Oatman-Stanford |first=Hunter |url=http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/war-and-prosthetics/ |title=War and Prosthetics: How Veterans Fought for the Perfect Artificial Limb |website=collectorsweekly.com |publisher=Collectors Weekly |date=29 October 2012 |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> made of [[duralumin]]. It was the first ever metal leg. Lighter and easier to manoeuvre than wooden legs, Marcel was flying again by the following year.<ref name="More comfortable limb">[https://books.google.fr/books?id=bWBtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=marcel+desoutter+flying+again&source=bl&ots=NvuNOMWo0e&sig=eaK13oAsiJV7-D5Wc-aG-Ih_rB4&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjP8rnWmvzLAhVFWBQKHR-mBFcQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=marcel%20desoutter%20flying%20again&f=false More Comfortable limb] Description about the articial limb chosen</ref>

This innovation was met with interest from other persons needing a lighter artificial leg; and it resulted in the founding of the Desoutter Company, headed by Marcel Desoutter.

===Product lines===
From the outset, Desoutter needed to develop specific [[pneumatic tools]] to ensure that the aluminum components of the artificial limbs were drilled efficiently.

Adjust to the numerous developments in its production, the company acquired expertise in this field that in the 1950s they decided to make it their sole business.<ref name="Desoutter Tools Solutions">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/about/yourpartner/ Desoutter Tools solutions] Desoutter Tools solutions</ref>

===Logo===
The original idea for this symbol was accredited to Charles Cunliffe who headed Desoutter<ref name="Desoutter Tools company">[https://www.desouttertools.com Desoutter Tools company] Desoutter Tools website</ref>’s Advertising department for many years after the Second World War. This was a period of growth, particularly owing to the development of a new range of products.<ref name="Growth Period">[http://www.healio.com/orthotics-prosthetics/prosthetics/news/print/o-and-p-news/%7Be9d3479d-effd-4734-b878-4ee79b8bc169%7D/british-amputee-aviator-pioneered-the-metal-artificial-leg World War II] World War II become Growth Period for artificial limbs</ref> Their launch was accompanied by a novel advertising campaign presenting diminutive figures in worker’s overalls, but with the heads of horses.

This horsepower concept was developed in many of the brand’s advertisements for about twenty years. The managing board at the time even decided that it was the embodiment of the company’s identity.

In 1973, the horse’s head was combined with the Desoutter logo script, which was a facsimile of Louis Albert Desoutter’s<ref name="Louis Albert Desoutter">[http://www.de-soutter.com/De-Soutter-Medical-About Louis Albert Desoutter story] the Desoutter Medical company presents him in the "Our History tab"</ref> signature,<ref name="Desoutter signature">[http://www.desouttertools-100.com Logo story] Anecdotes presenting Desoutter logo history</ref> one of the company’s founders.

To mark the centenary of the brand, the emblem recently adopted a more contemporary graphic design.

===Products===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Battery Tools<ref name="Battery Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/elit/|site Battery Tools] E-LIT series - Desoutter Innovation at its finest</ref> !! Electric Tools<ref name="Electric Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Electric Tools] On the Desoutter Tools quick Catalog</ref> !! Pneumatic Tools<ref name="Pneumatic Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Pneumatic Tools] On the Desoutter Tools quick Catalog</ref> !! Torque Measurement Systems<ref name="Measurement Systems">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/measurement/ Measurement Systems] On the Desoutter Tools website</ref> !! Others
|-
| E-LIT Series<ref name="E-Lit Series">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/elit/ E-LIT series] E-LIT series - Desoutter Innovation at its finest</ref>|| EB Tools<ref name="EB Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/cvi/ Transducerized EB Tools] Transducerized EB Tools</ref>|| Fastening Tools<ref name="Pneumatic Fastening Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Fastening Tools] Pneumatic Fastening Tools</ref>|| Controllers<ref name="Controllers">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Controllers] Controllers</ref>|| Auto Feed Drills and Tappers<ref name="Auto Feed Drills and Tappers">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/afd/ Auto Feed Drills and Tappers] Auto Feed Drills and Tappers</ref>
|-
| B-Flex<ref name="B-Flex">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/elit/ B-FLEX] B-Flex</ref>|| Current Control EB Tools<ref name="Current Control EB Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/cvi/ Current Controlled EB Tools] Current Control EB Tools</ref>|| Riveting<ref name="Riveting">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Riveting] Riveting</ref>|| Softwares<ref name="Softwares">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Softwares] Softwares</ref>|| Air Motors<ref name="Air Motors">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/airmotors/ Air Motors] Air Motors</ref>
|-
| || Fastening Tools<ref name="Electric Fastening Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/focus/cvi/ Fastening Tools] Electric Fastening Tools</ref>|| Compression Tools<ref name="Compression Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Compression Tools] Compression Tools</ref>|| || Miscellaneous Tools<ref name="Miscellaneous Tools">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Miscellaneous Tools] Miscellaneous Tools</ref>
|-
| || || Drills<ref name="Drills">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Drills] Drills</ref>|| || Accessories<ref name="Accessories">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Accessories] Accessories</ref>
|-
| || || Tappers<ref name="Tappers">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Tappers] Tappers</ref>|| ||
|-
| || || Grinders / Sanders<ref name="Grinders / Sanders">[http://www.desouttertools.com/en/products/catalog/ Grinders / Sanders] Grinders / Sanders</ref>|| ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Flight magazine, 29 March 1913
* Flight magazine, 2 May 1929
* Flight magazine, 25 April 1952 (Obituary)
* Jackson, A J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 2. Putnam, 1973
* Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume15. Oxford University Press, 2004

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.desouttertools.com}}
* [http://papers.nber.org/books/jero34-1 Mechanization in Industry, Harry Jerome, 1934 ]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=bloeAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&dq=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHzJ_KyYbMAhXJwxQKHXFMCk8Q6AEIQDAD Design for Industry, Volumes 48-49 ]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=8VcnAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&dq=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC1qqZ44bMAhVJXBQKHX4wD6YQ6AEITDAG Machinery & Production Engineering Volume 77, Issue 2]
*[https://books.google.fr/books?id=_z8PAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&dq=%22Desoutter+Tools%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC1qqZ44bMAhVJXBQKHX4wD6YQ6AEIVDAI Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News, Volume 97]

[[Category:Pneumatic tool manufacturers]]
[[Category:Automotive tool manufacturers]]
[[Category:Power tool manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1914]]
[[Category:Companies of France]]
[[Category:Tool manufacturing companies of the United States]]

Kirstin Maldonado

2016-07-10T07:34:39Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - American / WP:WCW project (Category with space)

'''Kirstin Maldonado''' is an [[Americans|American]] singer and the only female member of [[Grammy]] winning [[a cappella]] group [[Pentatonix]].

Maldonado was born in [[Arlington, Texas]] on May 16, 1992.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2016/01/05/pentatonix-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-worlds-biggest-a-cappella-act/#4aa7ce0240a8|title=Pentatonix: Everything You Need To Know About The World's Biggest A Cappella Act|work=Forbes|first=Zack|last=O'Malley-Greenburg|date=January 5, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref> She studied Musical Theater at the [[University of Oklahoma]] but did not graduate.<ref name=Forbes/><ref name="DFW">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Patrick M. |title=As part of Pentatonix, Arlington trio shines on NBC's 'The Sing-Off' |work=dfw.com |date=November 8, 2011 |url=http://www.dfw.com/2011/11/07/535039/as-part-of-pentatonix-arlington.html#storylink=misearch |accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref>

Maladano attended Martin High School with Mitch Grassi and Scott Hoying and they performed as a trio.<ref name="NBCbio">{{cite web |title=Biography of Pentatonix |url=http://www.nbc.com/sing-off/contestants/pentatonix/bio/ |publisher=nbc.com |accessdate=June 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malkoff |first=Amy |title=An Exclusive Interview With Pentatonix's Scott Hoying |url=http://www.casa.org/content/exclusive-interview-pentatonixs-scott-hoying |work=casa.org |accessdate=August 25, 2012 |date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> They later formed Pentatonic in 2011 along with Ben Bram and Kevin Olusola, entering and eventually winning the [[The Sing-Off (season 3)|third season]] of ''[[The Sing-Off]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallo |first=Phil |title='The Sing-Off' Finale: Pentatonix Takes The Trophy |work=Billboard.com |date=November 29, 2011 |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/464941/the-sing-off-finale-pentatonix-takes-the-trophy |accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref> They have since won two Grammy awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/living/article60586756.html|title=Pentatonix takes home another Grammy; Fort Worth’s Kirk Franklin also a winner|first=Preston|last=Jone|work=Star-Telegram|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016, Maldonado appeared in an episode of ''[[Bones]]'' along with Grassi and Hoying.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/living/article77976747.html|title=Pentatonix to appear in ‘Bones’ musical mystery|work=Star-Telegram|date=May 16, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016|first=Robert|last=Philpot}}</ref> As of May 29, 2016, she is engaged to singer Jeremy Lewis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/pentatonix-singer-kirstin-maldonado-is-engaged-see-her-ring-w208225|title=Pentatonix Singer Kirstin Maldonado Is Engaged to Jeremy Michael Lewis: See Her Ring|first=Kathy|last=Campbell|work=US magazine|date=May 30, 2016|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Arlington, Texas]]
[[Category:American female singers]]

Predatory Publishing

2016-07-09T22:21:29Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - The Scientist

In [[academic publishing]], '''predatory open access publishing''' is an exploitative [[open access|open-access]] publishing business model that involves charging [[article processing charge|publication fees]] to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate [[academic journal|journals]] (open access or not). "Beall's List", a regularly-updated report by [[Jeffrey Beall]], sets forth criteria for categorizing predatory publications and lists publishers and independent journals that meet those criteria.<ref name=CHE2012>{{cite web |last=Elliott |first=Carl |title=On Predatory Publishers: a Q&A With Jeffrey Beall |website=Brainstorm |publisher=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=June 5, 2012 |url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/on-predatory-publishers-a-qa-with-jeffrey-beall/47667}}</ref> Newer scholars from developing countries are said to be especially at risk of becoming the victim of these practices.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/nur.21640|title=Predatory Publishing: What Authors Need to Know|journal=[[Research in Nursing & Health]]|volume=38|pages=1–3|year=2015|last1=Kearney|first1=Margaret H.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/asi.23265|title=Who publishes in "predatory" journals?|journal=[[Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology]]|pages=n/a|year=2014|last1=Xia|first1=Jingfeng|last2=Harmon|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Connolly|first3=Kevin G.|last4=Donnelly|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Anderson|first5=Mary R.|last6=Howard|first6=Heather A.|volume=66|issue=7}}</ref>

== History ==
In July 2008, Richard Poynder's interview series brought attention to the practices of new publishers who were "better able to exploit the opportunities of the new environment."<ref name="PoynderDove">{{cite web|last1=Poynder|first1=Richard|title=The Open Access Interviews: Dove Medical Press|url=http://poynder.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/open-access-interviews-dove-medical.html|website=Open and Shut?|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Suber">{{cite book|last1=Suber|first1=Peter|title=Open Access|date=2012|publisher=MIT Press|url=https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2016}} Doubts about honesty and scams in a subset of open-access journals continued to be raised in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suber|first= Peter|title=Ten challenges for open-access journals|newspaper= [[SPARC Open Access Newsletter]]|issue=138|date=October 2, 2009|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4316131}}</ref><ref>Beall, Jeffrey (2009), "Bentham Open", ''[[The Charleston Advisor]]'', Volume 11, Number 1, July 2009, pp. 29-32(4) [http://charleston.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/charleston/chadv/2009/00000011/00000001/art00008]</ref>
Concerns for [[spamming]] practices from the "[[black sheep]] among open access journals and publishers" ushered the leading open access publishers to create the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]] in 2008.<ref>Eysenbach, Gunther. Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. Originally posted 2008-03-08, updated (postscript added) 2008-04-21, 2008-04-23, 2008-06-03. [http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.ca/2008/03/black-sheep-among-open-access-journals.html]. Accessed: 2008-06-03. (Archived by WebCite at [http://www.webcitation.org/5YIqkyRE4])</ref>
In another early precedent, in 2009 the ''[[Improbable Research]]'' blog had found that [[Scientific Research Publishing]]'s journals duplicated papers already published elsewhere;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.improbable.com/2009/12/22/strangest-academic-journals/ |first=Marc |last=Abrahams |title=Strange academic journals: Scam? |website=[[Improbable Research]] |date=2009-12-22 |accessdate=2015-01-13}}</ref> the case was subsequently reported in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1038/463148a
| volume = 463
| issue = 7278
| pages = 148–148
| last = Sanderson
| first = Katharine
| title = Two new journals copy the old
| journal = [[Nature News]]
| accessdate = 2013-04-11
| date = 2010-01-13
| url = http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100113/full/463148a.html
| pmid=20075892
}}</ref> In 2010, [[Cornell University]] graduate student Phil Davis (editor of the ''[[Scholarly Kitchen]]'' blog) submitted a manuscript consisting of computer-generated nonsense (using [[SCIgen]]) which was accepted for a fee (but withdrawn by the author).<ref name="chronicle.com">{{cite news
|last= Basken
|first= Paul
|title= Open-Access Publisher Appears to Have Accepted Fake Paper From Bogus Center
|work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
|date= June 10, 2009
|url= http://chronicle.com/article/Open-Access-Publisher-Appears/47717
}}</ref>

== ''Beall's List'' ==
[[University of Colorado Denver]] librarian and researcher [[Jeffrey Beall]], who coined the term "predatory publishing," first published his list of predatory publishers in 2010.<ref name=Butler /> After noticing a large number of emails inviting him to submit articles or join the editorial board of previously unknown journals, he began researching open-access publishers and created ''Beall's List'' of ''potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers''.<ref name=Butler /> In August 2012 he posted his criteria for evaluating publishers,<ref name=Butler /> with the second edition posted on December 1 the same year.<ref name=BeallCriteria2ndEd>{{cite web |last1=Beall |first1=Jeffrey |title=Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers (2nd edition) |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/ |website=[[Scholarly Open Access]] |date=December 1, 2012}}</ref> In February 2013 he added a process for a publisher to appeal its inclusion in the list.<ref name=Butler /> Beall has also written on this topic in ''[[The Charleston Advisor]]'',<ref name=CHE2012 /> in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/489179a| pmid = 22972258| title = Predatory publishers are corrupting open access| journal = Nature| volume = 489| issue = 7415| pages = 179| year = 2012| last1 = Beall | first1 = J. | bibcode = 2012Natur.489..179B}}</ref> and in ''[[Learned Publishing]]''.<ref name=Beall2013>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1087/20130203| title = Predatory publishing is just one of the consequences of gold open access| journal = [[Learned Publishing]]| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 79–83| year = 2013| last1 = Beall | first1 = J. }}</ref>

== Bohannon's experiment ==
In a more recent test of this evolving system of publishing (''[[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?]]''), [[John Bohannon]], a staff writer for ''Science'' magazine and popular science publications targeted the open access system in 2013 by submitting to a number of such journals a deeply flawed paper on the purported effect of a lichen constituent. About 60% of those journals, including the ''Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals'', accepted the faked medical paper, although 40%, including the most established one (''[[PLOS ONE]]''), did reject it.<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Bohannon |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full |title=Who's Afraid of Peer Review? |journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]] |publisher=Sciencemag.org |accessdate=2013-10-07 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |pmid=24092725 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |date=Oct 2013 |pages=60–5}}</ref> Bohannon's experiment was criticised in turn, for being not peer-reviewed itself and for having a flawed methodology and lack of a control group.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eve|first=Martin|title=What’s "open" got to do with it?|url=https://www.martineve.com/2013/10/03/whats-open-got-to-do-with-it/|work=Martin Eve|accessdate=7 October 2013|date=3 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Eisen|title=I confess, I wrote the Arsenic DNA paper to expose flaws in peer-review at subscription based journals |url=http://www.michaeleisen.org/blog/?p=1439|work=it is NOT junk|accessdate=7 October 2013|date=3 October 2013}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Complaints that are associated with predatory open-access publishing include
* Accepting articles quickly with little or no peer review or quality control,<ref name=Stratford>{{cite news
|last= Stratford
|first= Michael
|title= 'Predatory' Online Journals Lure Scholars Who Are Eager to Publish
|work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
|date= March 4, 2012
|url= http://chronicle.com/article/Predatory-Online-Journals/131047/
}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> including [[hoax]] and nonsensical papers.<ref name="chronicle.com" /><ref>{{cite journal
|doi= 10.1038/news.2009.571
|last= Gilbert
|first= Natasha
|title= Editor will quit over hoax paper
|journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|date= June 15, 2009
|url= http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090615/full/news.2009.571.html
}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/25/journal-accepts-paper-requesting-removal-from-mailing-list?CMP=twt_gu|title=Journal accepts bogus paper requesting removal from mailing list|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 25, 2014|first=Michael|last=Safi}}.</ref>
* Notifying academics of article fees only after papers are accepted.<ref name=Stratford />
* Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit articles or serve on editorial boards.<ref name=Butler>{{cite journal
|doi= 10.1038/495433a
|volume= 495
|issue= 7442
|pages= 433–435
|last= Butler
|first= Declan
|title= Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing
|journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|date= March 27, 2013
|url= http://www.nature.com/news/investigating-journals-the-dark-side-of-publishing-1.12666
|pmid=23538810
|bibcode= 2013Natur.495..433B
|ref=harv
}}</ref>
* Listing academics as members of editorial boards without their permission,<ref name=CHE2012 /><ref>{{cite news
|title= Predatory Publishing
|last= Beall |first= Jeffrey |date= August 1, 2012
|work= [[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]
|url= http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32426/title/Predatory-Publishing/
}}</ref> and not allowing academics to resign from editorial boards.<ref name=CHE2012 /><ref name=Kolata>{{cite news
|last= Kolata
|first= Gina
|title= For Scientists, an Exploding World of Pseudo-Academia
|work= [[The New York Times]]
|date= April 7, 2013
|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html
}}</ref>
* Appointing fake academics to editorial boards.<ref>{{cite web
|title="Junk Journals" und die "Peter-Panne" |work= [[Laborjournal]]
|date= February 2, 2012 |first= Ralf |last= Neumann
|url= http://www.laborjournal.de/blog/?p=4191
}}</ref>
* Mimicking the name or web site style of more established journals.<ref name=Kolata />
* Misleading claims about the publishing operation, such as a false location.<ref name=CHE2012 />
* Improper use of [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSNs]].<ref name=CHE2012 />
* [[Fake impact factor|Fake]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeffrey Beall|title= Bogus New Impact Factor Appears |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/02/11/bogus-new-impact-factor-appears/ |website=[[Scholarly Open Access]]|date=February 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mehrdad Jalalian |author2=Hamidreza Mahboobi |title=New corruption detected: Bogus impact factors compiled by fake organizations |journal=[[Electronic Physician ]]|date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=685–686 |url=http://www.ephysician.ir/2013/685-686.pdf}}</ref> or non-existent [[impact factor]]s.
*

=== Growth and structure ===
Predatory journals have rapidly increased their publication volumes from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 articles in 2014, published by around 8,000 active journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = ‘Predatory’ open access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics|url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/13/230/abstract|journal = BMC Medicine|date = 2015-10-01|issn = 1741-7015|pages = 230|volume = 13|issue = 1|doi = 10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2|first = Cenyu|last = Shen|first2 = Bo-Christer|last2 = Björk}}</ref><ref name="IHE">{{Cite web| title = Study finds huge increase in articles published by 'predatory' journals| author = Carl Straumsheim| date = October 2015| accessdate = 2016-02-15| url = https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/10/01/study-finds-huge-increase-articles-published-predatory-journals}}</ref> Early on, publishers with more than 100 journals dominated the market, but since 2012 publishers in the 10–99 journal size category have captured the largest market share. The regional distribution of both the publisher’s country and authorship is highly skewed, in particular Asia and Africa contributed three quarters of authors. Authors paid an average article processing charge of 178 USD per article for articles typically published within 2 to 3 months of submission.

== Response ==

===Beall's list===
Beall's List of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers attempts to identify scholarly open access publishers with questionable practices.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beall|first1=Jeffrey|title=List of Publishers|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/|website=Scholarly Open Access|accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref> In 2013, ''Nature'' reported that Beall's list and web site are "widely read by librarians, researchers, and open-access advocates, many of whom applaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices."<ref name=Butler /> Others have raised doubts that "Whether it's fair to classify all these journals and publishers as 'predatory' is an open question — several shades of gray may be distinguishable."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1214750| title = The Downside of Open-Access Publishing| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]| volume = 368| issue = 9| pages = 791–793| year = 2013| last1 = Haug | first1 = C. }}</ref>

Beall's analyses have been called sweeping generalizations with no supporting evidence.,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/617/574 |title=Reactionary Rhetoric Against Open Access Publishing |last1=Bivens-Tatum |first1=Wayne |journal=[[tripleC]] |year=2014 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=441–446}}</ref> and he has also been criticized for being biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://crln.acrl.org/content/76/3/132.full|title = Beyond Beall’s List|work = [[College & Research Libraries News]]|date = March 2015|accessdate = 15 June 2015|author1=Berger, Monica |author2=Cirasella, Jill |lastauthoramp=yes |pages = 132–135}}</ref> One librarian wrote that Beall's list "attempts a binary division of this complex gold rush: the good and the bad. Yet many of the criteria used are either impossible to quantify..., or can be found to apply as often to established OA journals as to the new entrants in this area... Some of the criteria seem to make First World assumptions that aren't valid worldwide."<ref>{{cite web|first=Karen|last= Coyle|date= April 4, 2013 |url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/opinion/peer-to-peer-review/predatory-publishers-peer-to-peer-review/ |title=Predatory Publishers – Peer to Peer Review |work=[[Library Journal]]}}</ref> Others find that it is wrong for a single person to maintain such a list, especially when lacking discipline knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last= Murray-Rust|authorlink=Peter Murray-Rust|url=https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2014/02/18/bealls-criticism-of-mdpi-lacks-evidence-and-is-irresponsible/|title=Beall's criticism of MDPI lacks evidence and is irresponsible|date=February 18, 2014|work=petermr's blog}}</ref> Crawford has made critical attempts to verify Beall's list independently, and - documenting numerous instances of inconsistency and ambiguity - concludes that the lists should be ignored, and offers an alternative algorithm based primarily on the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ).<ref name=Crawford>Walt Crawford, (July 2014), "[http://citesandinsights.info/civ14i7on.pdf Journals, 'Journals' and Wannabes: Investigating The List]", ''[[Cites & Insights]]'', 14:7, {{ISSN|1534-0937}}</ref> Beall differed with these opinions and wrote a letter of rebuttal in mid-2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://crln.acrl.org/content/76/6/340.full|title = Response to "Beyond Beall’s List"|author1=Monica Berger |author2=Jill Cirasella |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher = }}</ref>

As a result of Beall's list and the ''[[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?]]'' investigation,{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} the DOAJ has tightened up its inclusion criteria, with the purpose of serving as a [[whitelist]], very much like Beall's has been a [[blacklist]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/512017a| pmid = 25100463| title = Open-access website gets tough| journal = Nature| volume = 512| issue = 7512| pages = 17| year = 2014| last1 = Van Noorden | first1 = R. | bibcode = 2014Natur.512...17V}}</ref> The investigation found that "the results show that Beall is good at spotting publishers with poor quality control."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bohannon |first1=J |title=Who's afraid of peer review? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=4 October 2013 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |pages=60–65 |pmid=24092725 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |bibcode=2013Sci...342...60B}}</ref> However, the managing director of DOAJ, Lars Bjørnshauge, estimates that questionable publishing probably accounts for fewer than 1% of all author-pays, open-access papers, a proportion far lower than Beall's estimate of 5-10%. Instead of relying on blacklists, Bjørnshauge argues that open-access associations such as the DOAJ and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association should adopt more responsibility for policing publishers: they should lay out a set of criteria that publishers and journals must comply with to win a place on a 'white list' indicating that they are trustworthy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Butler | first1 = D | year = 2013 | title = Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 495 | issue = 7442| pages = 433–435 | doi = 10.1038/495433a | pmid = 23538810 | bibcode = 2013Natur.495..433B }}</ref>

Beall has been threatened with a [[Jeffrey Beall#Legal threat|lawsuit]] by a Canadian publisher that appears on the list. He reports that he has been the subject of online harassment for his work on the subject. His list has been criticized<ref name=Crawford/> for relying heavily on analysis of publishers' web sites, not engaging directly with publishers, and including newly founded but legitimate journals. Beall has responded to these complaints by posting the criteria he uses to generate the list, as well as instituting an anonymous three-person review body to which publishers can appeal to be removed from the list.<ref name=Butler /> For example, a 2010 re-evaluation resulted in [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation#Beall's list|some journals being removed]] from Beall's list.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/495433a |title=Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing |year=2013 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=433–435 |pmid=23538810|bibcode=2013Natur.495..433B }}</ref>

The list is used as an authoritative source by South Africa's Department of Higher Education and Training in maintaining its list of accredited journals: articles published in those journals will determine funding levels for their authors; however, journals identified as predatory will be removed from this list.<ref name=SA>{{cite web |url=http://www0.sun.ac.za/research/research-outputs-and-accreditation/accredited-journals.html |title=Accredited Journals |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]]}}</ref> [[ProQuest]] is reviewing all journals on Beall's list, and has started removing them from the [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]].<ref name=SA />

===Other efforts===
More transparent peer review, such as [[open peer review]] and [[post-publication peer review]], has been advocated to combat predatory journals.<ref>{{cite web|first= Bonnie|last= Swoger |date=November 26, 2014|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/2014/11/26/is-this-peer-reviewed-predatory-journals-and-the-transparency-of-peer-review/|title=Is this peer reviewed? Predatory journals and the transparency of peer review.|publisher=[[Scientific American]]}}</ref> Others have argued instead that the discussion on predatory journals should not be turned "into a debate over the shortcomings of peer review – it is nothing of the sort. It is about fraud, deception, and irresponsibility..."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=R. E. |title=Science for sale: the rise of predatory journals |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |date=2014 |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=384–385 |doi=10.1177/0141076814548526 |pmid=25271271 |url=http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/107/10/384}}</ref>

In an effort to "set apart legitimate journals and publishers from non-legitimate ones," principles of transparency and best practice have been identified and issued collectively by the [[Committee on Publication Ethics]], the DOAJ, the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]], and the [[World Association of Medical Editors]].<ref>Committee on Publication Ethics, [http://publicationethics.org/files/u7140/Principles_of_Transparency_and_Best_Practice_in_Scholarly_Publishing.pdf ''Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing'']</ref>
Various journal review websites (crowd-sourced or expert-run) have been started, some focusing on the quality of the peer review process and extending to non-OA publications.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Perkel |title=Rate that journal |journal=Nature |date=30 March 2015 |volume=520 |issue=7545 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/rate-that-journal-1.17225 |doi=10.1038/520119a |pmid=25832406 |pages=119–120|bibcode=2015Natur.520..119P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Quality Open Access Market and Other Initiatives: A Comparative Analysis |first1=Danielle |last1=van Gerestein |journal=LIBER Quarterly |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=2015 |publisher=Association of European Research Libraries |url=http://liber.library.uu.nl/index.php/lq/article/view/9911 |doi=10.18352/lq.9911 |pages=162}}</ref>
A group of libraries and publishers launched an awareness campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2015/10/avoiding-fake-journals-and-judging-work-real-ones |title=Avoiding fake journals and judging the work in real ones |date=October 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2015/10/02/awareness-campaign-predatory-publishing |title=Awareness Campaign on 'Predatory' Publishing |date=October 2, 2015}}</ref>

A number of measures have been suggested to further combat predatory journals. Some have called research institutions to improve the publication literacy notably among junior researchers in developing countries.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = J. | last2 = Smith | first2 = R. | year = 2015 | title = Firm action needed on predatory journals | url = | journal = [[The BMJ|BMJ]] | volume = 350 | issue = | page = h210 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h210 }}</ref> As Beall has ascribed predatory publishing to a consequence of [[gold open access]] (particularly its [[author-pays model|author-pays]] variant),<ref name="Beall2013"/> one researcher has argued for platinum open access, where the absence of [[article processing charges]] removes the publisher's [[conflict of interest]] in accepting article submissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/cobo/?p=967|title=(Gold) Open Access: the two sides of the coin|work=ox.ac.uk}}</ref> More objective discriminating metrics<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = J | year = 2013 | title = Unethical Practices in Scholarly, Open-Access Publishing | url = | journal = [[Journal of Information Ethics]] | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 11–20 | doi=10.3172/jie.22.1.11}}</ref> have been proposed, such as a "predatory score"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teixeira | first1 = | last2 = da Silva | first2 = J. A. | year = 2013 | title = How to better achieve integrity in science publishing | url = http://www.ease.org.uk/resources/journal/archive/november-2013-394 | journal = [[European Science Editing]] | volume = 39 | issue = 4| page = 97 }}</ref> and positive and negative journal quality indicators.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Beaubien | first1 = S | last2 = Eckard | first2 = M | year = 2014 | title = Addressing Faculty Publishing Concerns with Open Access Journal Quality Indicators | url = | journal = Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication | volume = 2 | issue = 2| page = eP1133 | doi = 10.7710/2162-3309.1133 }}</ref>
Others have encouraged authors to consult subject-area expert-reviewed journal listings, such as the Directory of Nursing Journals, vetted by the International Academy of Nursing Editors and its collaborators.<ref>"Predatory Publishers: What Editors Need to Know." ''Nurse Author & Editor'', September 2014. [http://www.nurseauthoreditor.com/article.asp?id=261]. Republished as open access in: {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/jmwh.12273|title=Predatory Publishing|journal=[[Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health]]|volume=59|issue=6|pages=569–571|year=2014}}</ref>
It has been argued that the incentives for fraud need to be removed.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Wehrmeijer |first=M |date=2014-08-27 |title=Exposing the predators. Methods to stop predatory journals |type=Master's |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1887/28943 |institution=[[Leiden University]]}}</ref>

Bioethicist [[Arthur Caplan]] has warned that predatory publishing, fabricated data, and academic plagiarism erodes public confidence in the medical profession, devalues legitimate science, and undermines public support for [[evidence-based policy]].<ref name="Caplan2015">{{cite journal|last1=Caplan|first1=Arthur L.|title=The Problem of Publication-Pollution Denialism|journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]]|volume=90|issue=5|year=2015|pages=565–566|issn=0025-6196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.017}}</ref>

In 2015, Rick Anderson, associate dean in the J. Willard Marriot Library, University of Utah, challenged the term itself: “what do we mean when we say ‘predatory,’ and is that term even still useful?... This question has become relevant because of that common refrain heard among Beall’s critics: that he only examines one kind of predation—the kind that naturally crops up in the context of author-pays OA.” Anderson suggests that the term “predatory” be retired in the context of scholarly publishing. “It’s a nice, attention-grabbing word, but I’m not sure it’s helpfully descriptive… it generates more heat than light.”<ref>Anderson R. Should We Retire the Term "Predatory Publishing"? The Scholarly Kitchen. May 11, 2015. http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2015/05/11/should-we-retire-the-term-predatory-publishing/ Retrieved September 25, 2015.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Academic journal]]
* [[Author mill]]
* [[Diploma mill]]
* [[Fraudulent conferences]]
* [[Hijacked journal]]
* [[Mega journal]]
* [[Open access journal]]
* [[Peer review failures]]
* [[Pseudo-scholarship]]
* [[Vanity press]]
; Past inclusions:{{anchor|Past inclusions}}
* [[Dove Medical Press]]
* [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] (only some of its journals)<ref>Listed as on a "watchlist" but not as a confirmed predatory publisher in 2012: {{citation|url=http://www.ep.liu.se/authorinf/pdf/List_of_Predatory_Open-Access_Publishers_2012.pdf|title=Beall's List of Predatory, Open-Access Publishers, 2012 Edition|first=Jeffrey|last=Beall}}. See also {{harvtxt|Butler|2013}}: "A set of Hindawi's journals appeared on a version of Beall's list because
he had concerns about their editorial process, but has since been removed."</ref>
* [[Libertas Academica]]
* [[MDPI]]
; Current inclusions:{{anchor|Current inclusions}}
* [[Frontiers Media]]
* [[OMICS Publishing Group]]
* [[Scientific Research Publishing]]
* [[World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/ Beall's List of Predatory Journals]
* [http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ Beall's List of Predatory Publishers]
* [http://thinkchecksubmit.org/ Think.Check.Submit.]

[[Category:Open access (publishing)]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]

The Inner Mounting Flame

2016-07-09T19:55:53Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Heavy metal

{{Infobox album
| Name = The Inner Mounting Flame
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]]
| Cover = MahavishnuOrchestraInnerMountingFlamealbumcover.jpg
| Released = {{Start date|1971|8|14}}
| Recorded = 1971
| Genre = [[Jazz fusion]], [[progressive rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| Length = 45:30
| Label = [[Columbia Records|C.B.S.]] [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Producer = [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]]
| Last album =
| This album = '''''The Inner Mounting Flame''''' (1971)
| Next album = ''[[Birds of Fire]]'' (1973)
}}
{{Album ratings
| noprose = yes
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r158966}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Robert Christgau]]
| rev2Score = (A)<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?id=4993&name=Mahavishnu+Orchestra%2FJohn+McLaughlin Robert Christgau]</ref>
| rev3 = [[Sputnikmusic]]
| rev3Score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>[http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/50707/Mahavishnu-Orchestra-The-Inner-Mounting-Flame/ Sputnikmusic]</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide]]''
| rev4Score = {{rating|5|5}}<ref name=RSJRG> {{Cite book
| last = Swenson
| first = J. (Editor)
| author-link =
| year = 1985
| title = The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
| publisher = Random House/Rolling Stone
| location = USA
| isbn = 0-394-72643-X
| pages = 135
}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Inner Mounting Flame''''' is [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]]'s first studio album, released in 1971 and consisting solely of original compositions by [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]].

The track "You Know, You Know" was sampled in [[Massive Attack|Massive Attack's]] "[[Blue Lines|One Love]]", [[Mos Def|Mos Def's]] "Kalifornia", [[Black Sheep (hip hop group)|Black Sheep]]'s single "[[A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing (Black Sheep album)|Similak Child]]", [[David Sylvian]]'s "[[Dead Bees on a Cake|I Surrender]]", Cecil Otter's "[[Rebel Yellow]]" and [[Blahzay Blahzay|Blahzay Blahzay's]] "Intro" from ''[[Blah Blah Blah (Blahzay Blahzay album)|Blah Blah Blah]]'' album. The band [[Gumball (band)|Gumball]] covered the song "Awakening" on their 1992 ''[[Wisconsin Hayride]]'' EP.

A [[remaster]]ed version of the album, on [[CD]], was released in 1998 by [[Sony Music Entertainment]]. It features a facsimile of the LP front cover, a new set of [[liner notes]] by [[Bob Belden]], as well as many photographs of the band. "The Inner Mounting Flame" was included in 2011 as part of "[[Mahavishnu Orchestra: The Complete Columbia Albums Collection|The Complete Columbia Albums Collection]]" boxset, along with the other albums by the first line-up of the band, including "[[The Lost Trident Sessions]]". This version includes a version of "The Noonward Race" recorded live at the [[Mar Y Sol Pop Festival]] 3 April 1972. That version was previously available on the compilation album ''[[Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival (album)|Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival]]'', but the version included in the boxset is two minutes longer.

==Track listing==
All tracks composed by John McLaughlin.

{{tracklist
| headline = Side one
| title1 = Meeting of the Spirits
| length1 = 6:52
| title2 = Dawn
| length2 = 5:10
| title3 = The Noonward Race
| length3 = 6:28
| title4 = A Lotus on Irish Streams
| length4 = 5:39
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Side two
| title1 = Vital Transformation
| length1 = 6:16
| title2 = The Dance of Maya
| length2 = 7:17
| title3 = You Know You Know
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Awakening
| length4 = 3:32
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = 2011 remaster bonus track
| collapsed = yes
| title9 = Noonward Race (live)
| length9 = 15:03
}}

== Personnel ==
===Mahavishnu Orchestra===
*[[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]]: [[guitar]]
*[[Rick Laird]]: [[bass guitar|bass]]
*[[Billy Cobham]]: [[Drum kit|drums]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]
*[[Jan Hammer]]: [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[Organ (music)|organ]]
*[[Jerry Goodman]]: [[violin]]

===Additional personnel===
*Don Puluse: engineer
*Robert Honablue: engineer

==Charts==
; Album

[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] (North America)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-inner-mounting-flame-mw0000198020/awards |title=The Inner Mounting Flame - Mahavishnu Orchestra,John McLaughlin | Awards | AllMusic |first= |last= |work=allmusic.com |accessdate=1 January 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Chart
!Position
|-
|1972
|Jazz Albums
|align="center"|11
|-
|1972
|Pop Albums
|align="center"|89
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.srichinmoylibrary.com/eternity-breath/40.html Aspiration - by Sri Chinmoy]

{{Mahavishnu Orchestra}}
{{John McLaughlin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inner Mounting Flame}}
[[Category:1971 debut albums]]
[[Category:Mahavishnu Orchestra albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]

Jason Butler

2016-07-08T01:58:14Z

Niceguyedc: v1.39 - Repaired 3 links to disambiguation pages - (You can help) - Passive, Sober, The Ghost Inside

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jason Aalon Butler
| background = solo_singer
| image = Jason Aalon Butler Warped 2013.jpg
| caption = Butler performing at the 2013 [[Vans Warped Tour]].
| birth_name = Jason Aalon Alexander Butler
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|7|16|mf=yes}}
| origin = [[Los Angeles, California]], United States
| genre = [[Post-hardcore]], [[punk rock]], [[alternative rock]]
| occupation = [[Musician]]
| instrument = [[Vocals]]
| years_active = 2002-present
| label = [[Tragic Hero Records]], At One Records, [[Epitaph Records]]
| associated_acts = [[Letlive]], [[The Ghost Inside (band)|The Ghost Inside]], [[Pierce the Veil]], [[Of Mice and Men (band)|Of Mice and Men]], [[Architects]], [[The Wonder Years]]
}}{{merge to|Letlive|discuss=Talk:Letlive#Proposed merge with Jason Aalon Butler|date=April 2016}}
'''Jason Aalon Butler''' (born July 17, 1986)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Jason Aalon Butler|url = https://prezi.com/gcr4gmgr-ntd/jason-aalon-butler/|website = prezi.com|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> is an American musician from [[Inglewood, California]]. He is currently the lead singer of the [[post-hardcore]] band [[Letlive.]]

== Early life ==
Butler was born and raised in a rough area of [[Los Angeles]] where he was forced into maturity quicker than many others his age.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Interview: Jason Butler from letlive. talks about anything but what we ask him|url = http://www.thrashhits.com/2011/04/interview-jason-butler-from-letlive-talks-about-anything-but-what-we-ask-him/|website = Thrash Hits|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> He is the son of Aalon Butler, lead singer of the soul group, [[Aalon]]. Butler spent a considerable amount of time away from his father, as he was consistently busy with his music career.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title = Welcome To My World - Jason Aalon Alexander Butler|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS6fehIFxpM|date = 2012-02-17|accessdate = 2016-02-17|last = Rock Sound}}</ref> With his father constantly being busy with his band, Aalon, and his mother going through treatment for leukemia, he was left to raise his sister on his own.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Melody in the Chaos: Letlive.'s Jason Butler on His Troubled Youth and 'The Blackest Beautiful'|url = http://www.fuse.tv/2013/07/warped-tour-2013-letlive-interview|website = Fuse|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> He has stated in several interviews that he would like to have children and give them the childhood that he was never granted due to his parents.<ref name=":0" /> Growing up with a black father and white mother, Butler found that he had problems fitting in with any of the white children in grade school as they would always ask why his mother was white and father wasn’t. "I grew up in the hood. For me all of my homies were African American or Latino, or Asian. We were all part of a minority, so for me it was about class, like we were all from dirt. We were all the same color, dirt poor.".<ref name=":1" /> Many of his closest friends, including Jeff Sahyoun (Current member of Letlive.), came from broken or [[Interracial marriage|interracial]] families. He found that this is something that many children in his school had in common, as they lived in a rough part of [[California]] where everyone is essentially dirt poor.

== Career ==
Growing up with his father being a part of the music scene, music has always been an enormous and essential part of Butler's life.<ref name=":0" /> Butler grew up listening to a wide range of genres and artists. Of those genres, [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Pop music|pop]] seemed to effect Butler the most, as his early inspirations include artists such as [[James Brown]] and [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2002 he started his band Letlive. in order to express his suppressed feelings through means of music.

=== Letlive. ===
Butler got together with Keeyan Majdi, Alex Haythorn, Christian Johansen, and Ben Sharp in 2002 to form letlive., a post-hardcore band based out of Los Angeles. The band has released three full-length records, and are currently signed to [[Epitaph Records|Epitaph records]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = letlive.|url = http://epitaph.com/artists/letlive|website = Epitaph Records|access-date = 2016-02-17|first = Epitaph|last = Records}}</ref> Each track features lyrics that come from personal experiences throughout Butler's life that he has been unable to say in any other way than through music. Butler states that in [[Fake History]] he was, "A little more apprehensive to say certain things, but challenged myself to say those things in [[The Blackest Beautiful]]."<ref>{{Cite web|title = Letlive's Jason Butler Talks Lyrical Inspiration + More|url = http://loudwire.com/letlive-jason-butler-lyrical-inspiration-forthcoming-material/|website = Loudwire|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Butler is the only remaining original member of the band. The band's fourth full-length album titled, "If I’m The Devil," is set to release in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = letlive. confirm album number four will be called 'If I'm The Devil' {{!}} Upset|url = http://www.upsetmagazine.com/read/letlive-confirm-new-album-title-if-im-the-devil/|website = Upset|access-date = 2016-02-17|language = en-US}}</ref>

== Gentlemen in Real Life ==
As well as all of his work with Letlive., Butler has also created his own [[Fashion line|clothing line]] called "Gentlemen in Real Life," or G.I.R.L. for short. In an interview with Blunt Mag, Butler stated that he has always been passionate about fashion and clothing since he grew up with nothing.<ref>{{Cite web|title = letlive: In Conversation With A Gentleman (In Real Life) {{!}} Blunt Mag|url = http://www.bluntmag.com.au/interviews/letlive-in-conversation-with-a-gentleman-in-real-life/|website = Blunt Mag – Alternative Music News, Reviews, and Interviews|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Each week the brand releases a new item, ranging from [[clothing]] and [[Fashion accessory|accessories]], to [[soap]] and [[oil]]s. G.I.R.L is trying to redefine what it means to be a gentleman and how a gentleman would present oneself.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gentlemen In Real Life Web Store|url = http://gentlemeninreallife.com/|website = Gentlemen In Real Life|access-date = 2016-02-17|first = Gentlemen In Real|last = Life}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Stated in an interview with Noisey, Butler stated that he has been [[sobriety|sober]] since he was a kid because he didn’t like the "fever dreams" and "strange way or thinking" that is brought on by drugs. He believes that everyone should live their life to the fullest and shouldn’t have to rely on drugs or any sort of substance in order to obtain happiness.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = The Method Behind letlive.'s Madness {{!}} NOISEY|url = http://noisey.vice.com/blog/letlive-jason-butler-interview|website = NOISEY|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> When asked when the most hungover he’d ever been at a show, his response was "I’ve never consumed alcohol before, so the closest thing I can compare that to would be a sugar-high.".<ref>{{Citation|title = Jason Aalon Buter, letlive. - 7of30: Festival Edition|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brvXfpnxw-k|date = 2014-06-05|accessdate = 2016-02-17|last = Rock Sound}}</ref> He doesn’t believe in hurting others or performing any acts that cause harm on others.<ref name=":2" /> Although he is rather [[passivity (behavior)|passive]] and looked up to as a role model for his "[[gentleman]]ly" behavior in his daily life, when he's on stage he has been described as looking possessed. He has stated in an interview with FuseTV that his reckless behavior "may seem like self-abandonment, but it is simply just me allowing myself to feel something that I wasn’t ever able to feel growing up.".<ref name=":1" /> Because of his childhood and the way he was raised, he was forced into a role of maturity at a young age and before music, had no outlet for those emotions.

Butler married musician [[Gin Wigmore]] in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-gin-wigmore-gravel-and-wine-20150910-story.html|title=Gin Wigmore is tatted, fierce and making waves|last=Tribune|first=Chicago|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Letlive}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Jason}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:People from Inglewood, California]]