Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Verfassung der Islamischen Republik Pakistan

2006-01-23T19:24:45Z

NetBot: Robot: converting to main_article/s

{{Politics of Pakistan}}
There have been several documents known as the '''Constitution of [[Pakistan]]'''. These will be dealt with here in chronological order. The 1973 [[Constitution]] provided for a [[parliamentary system]] with a [[President of Pakistan|President]] as [[head of state]] and popularly elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] as [[head of government]]. However, in 1988 the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] made Pakistan's government a [[Semi-presidential system]]. Pakistan has a [[bicameral legislature]] that consists of the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] (upper house) and the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] (lower house). Together with the President, the Senate and National Assembly make up a body called the [[Majlis-i-Shoora]] (Council of Advisors) or Parliament [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part3.ch2.html].

==Early constitutional beginnings==
The first major step in framing a constitution was the passage by the [[Constituent Assembly]] of the ''Objectives Resolution'' of March [[1949]], which defined the basic principles of the new state. It provided that Pakistan would be a state:

:"wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by [[Islam]], shall be fully observed; wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]]; [and] wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to progress and practice their religions and develop their cultures."

Seven years of debate, however, failed to produce agreement on fundamental issues such as regional representation or the structure of a constitution. This impasse prompted [[Governor General]] Ghulam Mohammad to dismiss the Constituent Assembly in [[1954]]. The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] upheld the action of the Governor General, arguing that he had the power to disband the Constituent Assembly and veto legislation it passed. This preeminence of the Governor General over the legislature has been referred to as the viceregal tradition in Pakistan's politics.

==The Constitution of 1956==
The revived Constituent Assembly promulgated Pakistan's first indigenous constitution in [[1956]] and reconstituted itself as the national legislature--the Legislative Assembly--under the constitution it adopted. Pakistan became an Islamic republic. The Governor General was replaced by a [[President]].

''...more on the interim between 1956 and 1973 to follow...''

==The Constitution of 1973==
[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], Prime minister from [[1971]] to [[1977]], lifted martial law within several months after his election, and after an "interim constitution" granting him broad powers as President, a new constitution was promulgated in April [[1973]] and came into effect on [[August 14]] of that year, the twenty-sixth anniversary of the country's independence. This constitution represented a consensus on three issues: the role of Islam; the sharing of power between the federal government and the provinces; and the division of responsibility between the president and the prime minister, with a greatly strengthened position for the latter. Bhutto stepped down as president and became prime minister. In order to allay fears of the smaller provinces concerning domination by Punjab, the constitution established a bicameral legislature with a Senate, providing equal provincial representation, and a National Assembly, allocating seats according to population. Islam was declared the state religion of Pakistan.

Bhutto had the opportunity to resolve many of Pakistan's political problems. But although the country finally seemed to be on a democratic course, Bhutto lost this opportunity because of series of repressive actions against the political opposition that made it appear he was working to establish a one-party state. In a final step, he suddenly called national elections in March [[1977]], hoping to catch the opposition unprepared and give his party total control of the National Assembly.

''...more on the interim between 1973 and the present to follow...''

==Structure of Government==
===President===
The president, in keeping with the constitutional provision that the state religion is Islam, must be a Muslim. Elected for a five-year term by an [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]] consisting of members of the Senate and National Assembly and members of the provincial assemblies, the president is eligible for reelection. But no individual may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. The president may resign or be impeached and may be removed from office for incapacity or gross misconduct by a two-thirds vote of the members of the parliament. The president generally acts on the advice of the prime minister but has important [[Reserve power|residual powers]]. One of the most important--a legacy of Zia--is contained in the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] which gives the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly "in his discretion where, in his opinion . . . a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary." The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth Amendment]] which was passed in 1997, revoked this power. In December 2003, the President's power was partially restored by the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Seventeenth Amendment]]. In April 2004, the Presidency's influence was augmented by an Act of Parliament that established the [[National Security Council of Pakistan|National Security Council]], a body chaired by the President.

===Parliament===
The bicameral federal legislature consists of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisers).

==== National Assembly ====
{{main_article|[[National Assembly of Pakistan]]}}
Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (over eighteen years of age in Pakistan). Seats are allocated to each of the four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Elections for minority seats are held on the basis of separate electorates at the same time as the polls for Muslim seats during the general elections.

==== Federal Senate ====
{{main_article|[[Senate of Pakistan]]}}
The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and from Islamabad Capital Territory. The chairman of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as president should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills. In the case of other bills, the president may prevent passage unless the legislature in joint sitting overrules the president by a majority of members of both houses present and voting. Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved by the President.

===Federal Government===
====Prime Minister and Cabinet====
The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly. The prime minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose members are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. The Federal Cabinet comprises the ministers, ministers of state, and advisers. As of early 1994, there were thirty-three ministerial portfolios: commerce; communications; culture; defense; defense production; education; environment; finance and economic affairs; food and agriculture; foreign affairs; health; housing; information and broadcasting; interior; Kashmiri affairs and Northern Areas; law and justice; local government; minority affairs; narcotics control; parliamentary affairs; petroleum and natural resources production; planning and development; railroads; religious affairs; science and technology; social welfare; special education; sports; state and frontier regions; tourism; water and power; women's development; and youth affairs.

====Other Offices====
Other offices and bodies having important roles in the federal structure include the attorney general, the auditor general, the Federal Land Commission, the Federal Public Service Commission, the Central Election Commission, and the Wafaqi Mohtasib ([[Ombudsman]]).

===Judiciary===
The judiciary includes the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]], provincial high courts, and other lesser courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction.

====Supreme Court====
{{main_article|[[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]}}
The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction.
The [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president; the other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice. The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age sixty-five.

====Other Courts====
Judges of the provincial high courts are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as well as the governor of the province and the chief justice of the high court to which the appointment is being made. High courts have original and appellate jurisdiction.

There is also a Federal Shariat Court consisting of eight Muslim judges, including a chief justice appointed by the president. Three of the judges are [[Ulema|ulama]], that is, Islamic Scholars, and are well versed in [[Islamic law]]. The Federal Shariat Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. This court decides whether any law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. When a law is deemed repugnant to Islam, the president, in the case of a federal law, or the governor, in the case of a provincial law, is charged with taking steps to bring the law into conformity with the injunctions of Islam. The court also hears appeals from decisions of criminal courts under laws relating to the enforcement of [[hudud]] (see [[List_of_Islamic_terms_in_Arabic#H|Glossary]]) laws that is, laws pertaining to such offenses as intoxication, theft, and unlawful sexual intercourse.

In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offenses. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court.

====Mohtasib====
A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed. The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. Excluded from jurisdiction, however, are personal grievances or service matters of a public servant as well as matters relating to foreign affairs, national defense, and the armed services. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers.

==Amendments==
Pakistan's many constitutional changes are reflected by the following key constitutional amendments:

* [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which gave the president executive powers
* [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which removed the president's [[reserve power]]s to dissolve the National Assembly and call elections before the end of its term.
* [[Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which institutionalized [[party discipline]], diminishing the ability of the legislature to dismiss a Prime Minister by [[Motion of No Confidence|Confidence Voting]], especially if the Prime Minister is also the leader of a party that has a majority rather than just a [[plurality]].
* [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which restored the president's reserve powers, but made them subject to the approval of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].

{{Constitution of Pakistan}}

==Also Read==
*[[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization]]

==External links==
*[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ Full text of Constitution and Amendments]

==Reference==
*{{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan].

[[Category:Pakistani law]]
[[Category:1973 in law]]
[[Category:Constitutions|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Pakistan]]

Verfassung der Islamischen Republik Pakistan

2006-01-23T18:02:04Z

NetBot: Robot: changing main_article

{{Politics of Pakistan}}
There have been several documents known as the '''Constitution of [[Pakistan]]'''. These will be dealt with here in chronological order. The 1973 [[Constitution]] provided for a [[parliamentary system]] with a [[President of Pakistan|President]] as [[head of state]] and popularly elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] as [[head of government]]. However, in 1988 the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] made Pakistan's government a [[Semi-presidential system]]. Pakistan has a [[bicameral legislature]] that consists of the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] (upper house) and the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] (lower house). Together with the President, the Senate and National Assembly make up a body called the [[Majlis-i-Shoora]] (Council of Advisors) or Parliament [http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part3.ch2.html].

==Early constitutional beginnings==
The first major step in framing a constitution was the passage by the [[Constituent Assembly]] of the ''Objectives Resolution'' of March [[1949]], which defined the basic principles of the new state. It provided that Pakistan would be a state:

:"wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by [[Islam]], shall be fully observed; wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]]; [and] wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities freely to progress and practice their religions and develop their cultures."

Seven years of debate, however, failed to produce agreement on fundamental issues such as regional representation or the structure of a constitution. This impasse prompted [[Governor General]] Ghulam Mohammad to dismiss the Constituent Assembly in [[1954]]. The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] upheld the action of the Governor General, arguing that he had the power to disband the Constituent Assembly and veto legislation it passed. This preeminence of the Governor General over the legislature has been referred to as the viceregal tradition in Pakistan's politics.

==The Constitution of 1956==
The revived Constituent Assembly promulgated Pakistan's first indigenous constitution in [[1956]] and reconstituted itself as the national legislature--the Legislative Assembly--under the constitution it adopted. Pakistan became an Islamic republic. The Governor General was replaced by a [[President]].

''...more on the interim between 1956 and 1973 to follow...''

==The Constitution of 1973==
[[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], Prime minister from [[1971]] to [[1977]], lifted martial law within several months after his election, and after an "interim constitution" granting him broad powers as President, a new constitution was promulgated in April [[1973]] and came into effect on [[August 14]] of that year, the twenty-sixth anniversary of the country's independence. This constitution represented a consensus on three issues: the role of Islam; the sharing of power between the federal government and the provinces; and the division of responsibility between the president and the prime minister, with a greatly strengthened position for the latter. Bhutto stepped down as president and became prime minister. In order to allay fears of the smaller provinces concerning domination by Punjab, the constitution established a bicameral legislature with a Senate, providing equal provincial representation, and a National Assembly, allocating seats according to population. Islam was declared the state religion of Pakistan.

Bhutto had the opportunity to resolve many of Pakistan's political problems. But although the country finally seemed to be on a democratic course, Bhutto lost this opportunity because of series of repressive actions against the political opposition that made it appear he was working to establish a one-party state. In a final step, he suddenly called national elections in March [[1977]], hoping to catch the opposition unprepared and give his party total control of the National Assembly.

''...more on the interim between 1973 and the present to follow...''

==Structure of Government==
===President===
The president, in keeping with the constitutional provision that the state religion is Islam, must be a Muslim. Elected for a five-year term by an [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]] consisting of members of the Senate and National Assembly and members of the provincial assemblies, the president is eligible for reelection. But no individual may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. The president may resign or be impeached and may be removed from office for incapacity or gross misconduct by a two-thirds vote of the members of the parliament. The president generally acts on the advice of the prime minister but has important [[Reserve power|residual powers]]. One of the most important--a legacy of Zia--is contained in the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] which gives the president the power to dissolve the National Assembly "in his discretion where, in his opinion . . . a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary." The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth Amendment]] which was passed in 1997, revoked this power. In December 2003, the President's power was partially restored by the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Seventeenth Amendment]]. In April 2004, the Presidency's influence was augmented by an Act of Parliament that established the [[National Security Council of Pakistan|National Security Council]], a body chaired by the President.

===Parliament===
The bicameral federal legislature consists of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisers).

==== National Assembly ====
{{main_article|[[National Assembly of Pakistan]]}}
Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (over eighteen years of age in Pakistan). Seats are allocated to each of the four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Elections for minority seats are held on the basis of separate electorates at the same time as the polls for Muslim seats during the general elections.

==== Federal Senate ====
{{mainarticle|Senate of Pakistan}}
The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and from Islamabad Capital Territory. The chairman of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as president should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills. In the case of other bills, the president may prevent passage unless the legislature in joint sitting overrules the president by a majority of members of both houses present and voting. Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved by the President.

===Federal Government===
====Prime Minister and Cabinet====
The prime minister is appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly. The prime minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a council of ministers whose members are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. The Federal Cabinet comprises the ministers, ministers of state, and advisers. As of early 1994, there were thirty-three ministerial portfolios: commerce; communications; culture; defense; defense production; education; environment; finance and economic affairs; food and agriculture; foreign affairs; health; housing; information and broadcasting; interior; Kashmiri affairs and Northern Areas; law and justice; local government; minority affairs; narcotics control; parliamentary affairs; petroleum and natural resources production; planning and development; railroads; religious affairs; science and technology; social welfare; special education; sports; state and frontier regions; tourism; water and power; women's development; and youth affairs.

====Other Offices====
Other offices and bodies having important roles in the federal structure include the attorney general, the auditor general, the Federal Land Commission, the Federal Public Service Commission, the Central Election Commission, and the Wafaqi Mohtasib ([[Ombudsman]]).

===Judiciary===
The judiciary includes the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]], provincial high courts, and other lesser courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction.

====Supreme Court====
{{main_article|[[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]}}
The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction.
The [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president; the other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice. The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age sixty-five.

====Other Courts====
Judges of the provincial high courts are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as well as the governor of the province and the chief justice of the high court to which the appointment is being made. High courts have original and appellate jurisdiction.

There is also a Federal Shariat Court consisting of eight Muslim judges, including a chief justice appointed by the president. Three of the judges are [[Ulema|ulama]], that is, Islamic Scholars, and are well versed in [[Islamic law]]. The Federal Shariat Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. This court decides whether any law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. When a law is deemed repugnant to Islam, the president, in the case of a federal law, or the governor, in the case of a provincial law, is charged with taking steps to bring the law into conformity with the injunctions of Islam. The court also hears appeals from decisions of criminal courts under laws relating to the enforcement of [[hudud]] (see [[List_of_Islamic_terms_in_Arabic#H|Glossary]]) laws that is, laws pertaining to such offenses as intoxication, theft, and unlawful sexual intercourse.

In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offenses. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court.

====Mohtasib====
A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed. The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. Excluded from jurisdiction, however, are personal grievances or service matters of a public servant as well as matters relating to foreign affairs, national defense, and the armed services. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers.

==Amendments==
Pakistan's many constitutional changes are reflected by the following key constitutional amendments:

* [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which gave the president executive powers
* [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which removed the president's [[reserve power]]s to dissolve the National Assembly and call elections before the end of its term.
* [[Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which institutionalized [[party discipline]], diminishing the ability of the legislature to dismiss a Prime Minister by [[Motion of No Confidence|Confidence Voting]], especially if the Prime Minister is also the leader of a party that has a majority rather than just a [[plurality]].
* [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] which restored the president's reserve powers, but made them subject to the approval of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].

{{Constitution of Pakistan}}

==Also Read==
*[[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization]]

==External links==
*[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ Full text of Constitution and Amendments]

==Reference==
*{{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan].

[[Category:Pakistani law]]
[[Category:1973 in law]]
[[Category:Constitutions|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politics of Pakistan]]

Scott Norton

2005-12-23T17:48:22Z

NetBot: Robot: renaming parameters

{{Infobox Wrestler|
name=Scott Norton
|image=Scott_Norton.jpg|thumb|170px
|names='''Scott Norton''' Scott "Flash" Norton
|height=6 ft 3 in (191 cm)
|weight=360 lb (163 kg)
|birth_date = [[June 15]], [[1958]]
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
|resides=
|billed=
|trainer=[[Verne Gagne]]
|debut=[[1989]]
|retired=
|}}

'''Scott Norton''' is an American [[professional wrestler]] who wrestles for [[New Japan Pro Wrestling]] and previously wrestled for [[World Championship Wrestling]].

==Career==
Scott Norton started out as a professional arm wrestler. He won over 30 championships during his days as an arm wrestler. His status in the arm wrestling world earned him a role in [[Sylvester Stallone]]'s arm wrestling movie, ''[[Over the Top]]''.

Norton was trained to wrestle by the legendary [[Verne Gagne]] and started in [[1989]] in Gagne's [[American Wrestling Association]]. He sometimes teamed with [[John Nord]] as the "Yukon Lumberjacks". By the end of 1989, Norton went to the Pacific Northwest territory with Nord where he won the heavyweight title from [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Brian Adams]].

In 1990, he wrestled for [[New Japan Pro Wrestling]] where he feuded with [[Rick Steiner|Rick]] and [[Scott Steiner]] with a variety of partners. Norton returned to the [[United States]] and joined [[World Championship Wrestling]] where he formed a tag team called "[[Fire & Ice (wrestling)|Fire & Ice]]" with [[Harold Hoag|Ice Train]]. They feuded with [[The Steiner Brothers]] to no avail and Norton turned on Ice Train and they had a brief feud.

In late 1996, Norton joined the [[nWo]] and eventually formed a tag team with [[Marcus Bagwell|Buff Bagwell]] called [[Vicious & Delicious]]. They feuded with the Steiner brothers but never could win the tag team titles. During his nWo days, Norton travelled back and forth to NJPW to be a part of [[nWo|nWo Japan]].

On March 17, 2001 Norton defeated [[Kensuke Sasaki]] in Nagoya, Japan to capture the [[IWGP World Heavyweight Championship]]. He is one of only four Americans ever to hold the title along with [[Leon White|Vader]], [[Bob Sapp]] and most recently [[Brock Lesnar]]. Since 1999, he has wrestled in NJPW and was part of [[Masahiro Chono]]'s "Team 2000" before temporarily retiring in 2004. He since returned and is currently a full time wrestler.

==In wrestling==
=== Finishing and signature moves ===
*'''[[Powerbomb]]'''
*''Jackhammer'' ([[Professional wrestling throws#Suplex powerslam|Suplex powerslam]])
*[[Professional wrestling throws#Falling slam|Falling powerslam]]
*Shoulderbreaker

===Championships and accomplishments===
====[[New Japan Pro Wrestling]]====
*2-Time [[IWGP World Heavyweight Championship|IWGP World Heavyweight Champion]]
*2-Time IWGP World Tag Team Champion with [[Ray Fernandez|Hercules Hernandez]] and [[Tony Halme]]

====Oregon====
*1-Time Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Champion
*1-Time Oregon Pro Wrestling Champion

====[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]====
*PWI ranked him # '''165''' of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.

==Trivia==
*Norton was known as one of the legitimate tough guys in pro wrestling. Before his wrestling career started, he was sometimes used as a bodyguard by wrestling promoters who needed to deal with a problem wrestler.
*Norton was very close friends with late wrestlers [[Rick Rude]] and [[Curt Hennig]].

[[Category:American professional wrestlers|Norton, Scott]]
[[Category:1958 births|Norton, Scott]]
[[Category:People from Minnesota|Norton, Scott]]
[[Category:NWo|Norton, Scott]]
[[ja:スコット・ノートン]]

Heritage Front

2005-12-20T03:41:12Z

NetBot: migrating cleanup to cleanup-date

{{cleanup-date|December 2005}}

The '''Heritage Front''' was a Canadian [[neo-nazi]], ultra-nationalist, and anti-Semitic organization. It was founded in [[1989]] by former [[Ku Klux Klan]] member [[Wolfgang Droege]], [[Gerry Lincoln]], [[Max French]] and other former members of the [[Nationalist Party of Canada]] who were disenchanted with [[Don Andrews]]'s leadership and felt a new organization and new tactics were necessary. The idea for the new group was developed in early [[September]] 1989 when a delegation of 18 extreme rightists from Canada were visiting [[Libya]] at the invitation of [[Moammar Qadaffi]] who was celebrating the twentieth anniversary of his regime.

The Front formed an alliance with the [[Church of the Creator]] and its Canadian leader [[George Burdi]]. Other prominent figures in the Canadian far right such as [[Paul Fromm]] and [[Ernst Zündel]] worked with the Front but did not join the organization.

The group garnered a great deal of media attention and held a series of "racist rock concerts" in [[Toronto]] and elsewhere. Immediately after one of these concerts a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] man returning home from work was beaten and partially paralysed by several skinheads who had just left the concert.

In [[1992]], the Front also brought prominent American neo-Nazis [[Tom Metzger]] and [[John Metzger]] to Canada to speak and provided security at a speech by [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]] [[David Irving]].

The Heritage Front also maintained a telephone message line to which people could phone in and listen to a different editorial each day. The "voice" of the Heritage Front on this phone line was [[Gary Schipper]]. The line resulted in complaints to the Canadian Human Rights Commission and hearings into allegations that the Front violated Canada's [[hate crime]] laws.

The activities of the Heritage Front led to the formation of an [[Anti-Racist Action]] branch in Toronto which engaged in a series of anti-racist demonstrations and confrontations with the Front, culminating in [[1993]] with a riot on [[Parliament Hill]] between members of the ARA and the Front following a concert by Burdi's rock band [[RaHoWa (band)|RaHoWa]]. Four Heritage Front members, including [[George Burdi]], were arrested and charged with assault. Burdi was sentenced to a year in prison for aggravated assault and subsequently dropped out of the movement and renounced racism.

A month later ARA held a militant demonstration outside the Toronto home of Gary Schipper which resulted in thousands of dollars of damage to the property. Droege and other members of the Front responded by attacking members of ARA outside a Toronto pub that evening resulting in Droege and other Heritage Front members being charged with assault.

In 1995, Droege was convicted of the assault and sentenced to five months in prison. He also spent time in jail for [[contempt of court]] and other violations relating to the Canadian Human Rights Commission tribunal.

As a result of his legal troubles, Droege ultimately retired from the Front and turned over its leadership to [[Marc Lemire]].

[[Grant Bristow]], working on behalf of the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS), infiltrated the group and became one of its leaders. CSIS and Bristow claim that their role was to gather intelligence on the far right and try to suppress its violent activity. Bristow's role in the Front was exposed in [[1994]] by the [[Toronto Sun]] and became the subject of an inquiry by the Security Intelligence Review Committee which published a report [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/] on the matter in [[1994]].

Under Lemire's leadership the membership of the Front declined rapidly. The group is now defunct.

On [[April 13]] [[2005]] former leader [[Wolfgang Droege]] was found shot to death in his [[Toronto]] apartment.

==External links==
*[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/ The Heritage Front Affair]
*[http://www.web.apc.org/~ara/documents/boyz3.htm The Boys in the Hood - Neo-Nazis in Toronto]

[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]]
[[Category:Racism]]

Samstagnacht im Viertel der Schwarzen

2005-12-19T08:16:23Z

NetBot: Robot fixing Infobox_Film parameters

{{Infobox_Film |
name = Uptown Saturday Night|
image = USN_MoviePoster.jpg|
imdb_id = 0072351|
writer = Richard Wesley|
starring = [[Sidney Poitier]] [[Bill Cosby]]|
director = [[Sidney Poitier]]|
producer = Melville Tucker|
distributor = [[Warner Brothers]]|
released = [[July 26]], [[1974]]|
runtime = 104 minutes|
language = English|
music = |
awards = |
budget = $3,000,000 (approx.)
}}
'''''Uptown Saturday Night''''' is a [[1974 in film|1974]] [[comedy]]-[[blaxploitation]] [[film]] [[screenwriter|written]] by Richard Wesley, and [[film director|directed]] by [[Sidney Poitier]]. Poitier also stars in this film, along with [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Harry Belafonte]].

==Plot summary==
{{spoiler}}
Working stifff Steve ([[Sidney Poitier]]) thinks he's hit the jackpot. He and pal Wardell ([[Bill Cosby]]) are living it up at a posh after-hours club, until masked bandits steal all the patrons' loot. Safely home, Steve picks up the newspaper and reads he really has hit the jackpot; with a lottery ticket!

==Cast==
*[[Sidney Poitier]] as Steve Jackson
*[[Bill Cosby]] as Wardell Franklin
*[[Harry Belafonte]] as Geechie Dan Beauford
*[[Flip Wilson]] as The Reverend
*[[Richard Pryor]] as Sharp Eye Washington
*[[Calvin Lockhart]] as Silky Slim
*[[Rosalind Cash]] as Sarah Jackson
*[[Roscoe Lee Browne]] as Congressman Lincoln
*[[Paula Kelly]] as Leggy Peggy
*[[Lee Chamberlin]] as Madame Zenobia
*[[Johnny Sekka]] as Geechie's Henchman
*[[Lincoln Kilpatrick]] as Slim's Henchman #1
*[[Don Marshall]] as Slim's Henchman #2
*[[Harold Nicholas]] as Little Seymour Pettigrew

'''Cameo apperances by:'''
*[[Ketty Lester]] as Irma Franklin
*[[Jophery C. Brown]] as Geechie Dan henchman
*[[Gene McDaniels]] as Member of the Choir
*[[Ray Parker Jr.]] as Ray
*[[George Reynolds]] as Big Percy
*[[Richard Warren]] as Driver

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0072351|title=Uptown Saturday Night}}

[[Category:1974 films|Uptown Saturday Night]]
[[Category:Blaxploitation films|Uptown Saturday Night]]
[[Category:Comedy films|Uptown Saturday Night]]

The Kid & I

2005-12-18T21:26:06Z

NetBot: Robot fixing Infobox_Film parameters

{{future film}}
{{Infobox_Film |
name = The Kid & I |
image = The Kid & I film.jpg|
caption = ''The Kid & I'' film poster |
writer = [[Tom Arnold]] |
starring = [[Tom Arnold]], [[Shannon Elizabeth]], [[Linda Hamilton]] |
director = [[Penelope Spheeris]] |
producer = [[Tom Arnold]], [[Brad Wyman]], [[Penelope Spheeris]] |
distributor = Slow Hand Releasing |
released = [[December 2]], [[2005]] |
runtime = 93 minutes |
language = English |
budget = ~ US$5,000,000 |
imdb_id = 0416891 |
}}
'''''[[The Kid & I]]''''' is a [[2005 in film|2005]] [[Film|movie]] with [[Tom Arnold]] and [[Eric Gores]].

Gores is the son of [[Alec Gores]], a [[billionaire]] technology investor and founder of the [[Gores Technology Group]], best known for its acquisition and resale of [[Brøderbund]]. The younger Gores has [[cerebral palsy]] and his father hired Arnold, a neighbor in [[Los Angeles]], to make a sequel to Eric's favorite film, ''[[True Lies]]'' (1994), in which Arnold co-starred. The plot of ''The Kid & I'' closely parallels the actual situation. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/gossip/story/276567p-236899c.html]

== External links ==
*[http://www.kidandi.com/ Official site]
*{{imdb title|id=0416891|title=The Kid & I}}

[[Category:2005 films|Kid and I, The]]
[[Category:Action films|Kid and I, The]]
[[Category:Comedy films|Kid and I, The]]

Großer Preis von Japan 1994

2005-12-15T07:40:08Z

NetBot: Robot: Changing template: F1 race table

Results from the [[1994]] [[Formula One]] '''[[Japanese Grand Prix]]''' held at [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka]] on [[November 6]], 1994

== Classification ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Pos !! No !! Driver !! Team !! Laps !! Time/Retired !! Grid !! Points
|-
! 1
| 0
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Damon Hill]]'''
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]'''
| 50
| 55:54.4
| 2
| '''10'''
|-
! 2
| 5
| {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]'''
| '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''
| 50
| 3.365
| 1
| '''6'''
|-
! 3
| 27
| {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Jean Alesi]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 50
| 52.045
| 7
| '''4'''
|-
! 4
| 2
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]'''
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]'''
| 50
| 56.074
| 4
| '''3'''
|-
! 5
| 15
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} '''[[Eddie Irvine]]'''
| '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]'''
| 50
| +1:42.107
| 6
| '''2'''
|-
! 6
| 30
| {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]]'''
| '''[[Sauber]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]'''
| 50
| +1:59.863
| 3
| '''1'''
|-
! 7
| 7
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mika Häkkinen]]
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| 50
| +2:02.985
| 8
|  
|-
! 8
| 9
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| [[Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 18
|  
|-
! 9
| 20
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Eric Comas]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 22
|  
|-
! 10
| 11
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mika Salo]]
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]-[[Honda]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 25
|  
|-
! 11
| 26
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Panis]]
| [[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 19
|  
|-
! 12
| 31
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[David Brabham]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 48
| +2 Laps
| 24
|  
|-
! 13
| 11
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Alex Zanardi|Alessandro Zanardi]]
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]-[[Honda]]
| 48
| +2 Laps
| 17
|  
|-
! Ret
| 4
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Mark Blundell]]
| [[Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]
| 26
| Engine
| 13
|  
|-
! Ret
| 14
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
| 16
| Gearbox
| 10
|  
|-
! Ret
| 8
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Martin Brundle]]
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| 13
| Spun off
| 9
|  
|-
! Ret
| 10
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| [[Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 13
| Spun off
| 12
|  
|-
! Ret
| 28
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Gerhard Berger]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 10
| Ignition
| 11
|  
|-
! Ret
| 25
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Franck Lagorce]]
| [[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]
| 10
| Collision
| 20
|  
|-
! Ret
| 23
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pierluigi Martini]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 10
| Collision
| 16
|  
|-
! Ret
| 24
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Michele Alboreto]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 10
| Spun off
| 21
|  
|-
! Ret
| 12
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Johnny Herbert]]
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]-[[Honda]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 5
|  
|-
! Ret
| 3
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ukyo Katayama]]
| [[Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 14
|  
|-
! Ret
| 32
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Taki Inoue]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 26
|  
|-
! Ret
| 6
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Jyrki Järvilehto]]
| [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 0
| Engine
| 15
|  
|-
! Ret
| 19
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hideki Noda]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 0
| Spun off
| 23
|  
|-
! DNQ
| 34
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Bertrand Gachot]]
| [[Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
|  
|
|
|  
|}

== Notes ==
*Fastest Lap: Damon Hill 1m 56.597s

{{F1 race report|
Name_of_race = [[Japanese Grand Prix]] |
Year_of_race = 1994 |
Previous_race_in_season = [[1994 European Grand Prix]] |
Next_race_in_season = [[1994 Australian Grand Prix]] |
Previous_year's_race = [[1993 Japanese Grand Prix]] |
Next_year's_race = [[1995 Japanese Grand Prix]]
}}

[[Category:1994 in sports|Japanese Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Formula One race reports]]
[[Category:Japanese Grand Prix]]

[[es:Gran Premio de Japón de 1994]]
[[sv:Japans Grand Prix 1994]]