https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=NatrixWikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-11-23T12:22:13ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.3https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEC_European_Managers&diff=50606912CEC European Managers2008-09-11T00:56:48Z<p>Natrix: interwiki</p>
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<div>Die '''CEC - European Managers''' (Confédération Européenne des Cadres) vertritt europaweit 1,5 Millionen Führungskräfte, die jeweils nationalen Dachverbänden und Berufsverbänden angehören. Seit Ende der achtziger Jahren trägt die CEC mit ihrem Sitz in [[Brüssel]] und als Sozialpartner erheblich zum [[Integration]]sprozess der [[EU]] bei.<br />
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Die CEC - European Managers gehört zu den sechs branchenübergreifenden europäischen Sozialpartnern. Diese sind von Seiten der [[Arbeitnehmer]] [[EGB]], EUROCADRES, CEC und von Seiten der [[Arbeitgeber]] BUSINESSEUROPE, [[CEEP]] und [[UEAPME]].<br />
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== Geschichte ==<br />
Die Führungskräfteverbände aus [[Italien]], [[Deutschland]] und [[Frankreich]] gründeten 1951 die CIC (Confédération Internationale des Cadres).<br />
1989 folgte die Gründung des europäischen Dachverbandes ''CEC'' (Confédération Européenne des Cadres). Zehn Jahre später gehörte die CEC zur Arbeitnehmerdelegation im Rahmen der [[Verhandlung]] zum [[Sozialprotokoll]].<br />
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== Präsidenten der CEC ==<br />
* 1989 – 1996: Henry Bordes-Pagès (F)<br />
* 1996 – 2006: Maurizio Angelo (IT)<br />
* seit 2006: Georges Liarokapis (F)<br />
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Der Deutsche [[Ludger Ramme]] ist seit 2006 Generalsekretär, die Schwedin Annika Hage-Nielsen stellvertretende Generalsekretärin.<br />
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== Ziele ==<br />
Ziel der CEC-European Managers ist es, die [[Interesse]]n der Führungskräfte im Rahmen der europäischen [[Institution]]en zu vertreten und zu fördern. Die CEC ist ein selbstständiger europäischer Sozialpartner im Europäischen Sozialen Dialog.<br />
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== Weblinks ==<br />
*[http://www.cec-managers.org Offizielle Homepage]<br />
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[[Kategorie:Europäischer Gewerkschaftsdachverband]]<br />
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[[en:CEC European Managers]]<br />
[[es:Confederacion Europea de Ejecutivos]]<br />
[[fr:CEC European Managers]]</div>Natrixhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars&diff=56292991Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars2008-08-07T01:02:52Z<p>Natrix: </p>
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<div>[[Image:WilsonCenter.jpg|right]]<br />
<br />
The '''Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars''' (or '''Wilson Center''') (located in [[Washington, D.C.]]) is a [[United States Presidential Memorial]] that was established as part of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by an act of Congress in [[1968]]. Named in honor of President [[Woodrow Wilson]] (the only [[President of the United States]] with a [[Ph.D.]]), its mission is:<br />
<br />
:“to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by: providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy; and fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and world affairs.”<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.about About Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]</ref><br />
<br />
==Purpose==<br />
The Center serves as a national memorial to [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] established by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[1968]] and headquartered in [[Washington, D.C]]. It is a nonpartisan institution supported by public and private funds, engaged in the study of national and world affairs. The Center establishes and maintains a lively, neutral forum for free and informed dialogue. The mission of the Center is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy. The Center also focuses on fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and world affairs. Its location in the U.S. capital makes the Center a unique nonpartisan meeting ground where vital current issues and their deep historical background may be explored through research and dialogue. The Center is charged by the [[Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act]] with symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs. The Center encourages contacts among scholars, policymakers, and business leaders and extends their conversations worldwide through its publishing, broadcasting, and Internet programs.<br />
<br />
==Organization==<br />
The Center was established within the [[Smithsonian Institution]], but it has its own board of trustees, composed both of government officials and of individuals from private life appointed by the [[President of the United States]]. The Center's director and staff include scholars, publishers, librarians, administrators, and support staff, responsible to the trustees for carrying out the mission of the Center. The trustees and staff are advised by a group of private citizens called the [[Wilson Council]]. Interns, usually undergraduate or graduate students, support the activities of visiting scholars and staff while learning the business of top-level research. <br />
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Most of the Center's staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, and publication on topics relevant to their areas.<br />
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The center also publishes a magazine, the ''[[Wilson Quarterly]]''.<br />
<br />
==Funding==<br />
The Center is a public-private partnership. Approximately one third of the Center's operating funds come annually from an appropriation from the U.S. government, and the Center's building, a wing of the [[Ronald Reagan Building]], was provided by the U.S. government. The remainder of the Center's funding comes from foundations, grants and contracts, corporations, individuals, endowment income, and subscriptions.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
The Board of Trustees, currently led by Chairman Joseph B. Gildenhorn, are appointed to six-year terms by the President of the United States. Trustees serve on various committees including executive, audit and finance, development, investment, fellowship, and investment policy.<br />
<br />
*President and director: [[Lee Hamilton|Lee H. Hamilton]]<br />
*Assistant to the director: Kenneth Nelson<br />
*Deputy director: Michael Van Dusen<br />
*Associate director: Samuel F. Wells<br />
<br />
;Board of directors<br />
*Chairman: [[Hon.]] [[Joseph B. Gildenhorn]], Founding Partner, [[The JBG Companies]] <br />
*Vice Chairman: [[David Metzner]], Managing Partner & Founder, [[American Continental Group]]<br />
*Private Citizen Members:<br />
**[[Robin Cook (novelist)]]<br />
**[[Donald E. Garcia]], President, [[Pinnacle Financial Group]] <br />
**[[Hon. Bruce S. Gelb]], Senior Consultant, [[Bristol-Myers Squibb Company]] <br />
**[[Sander R. Gerber]], Chairman and CEO, Hudson Bay Capital Management LP; Chairman, XTF Group<br />
**[[Hon. Charles L. Glazer]], CEO [[C.L. Glazer & Company, Inc.]]; Sitting U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador <br />
**[[Ignacio E. Sanchez]], Partner, [[Piper Rudnick, LLP]]<br />
**[[Susan Hutchison]], Executive Director, Charles Simonyi Fund for Arts & Sciences<br />
*Public members<br />
**[[Hon. James H. Billington]], [[Library of Congress|The Librarian of Congress]] <br />
**[[Hon. Bruce Cole]], Chairman, [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] <br />
**[[Hon. Michael O. Leavitt]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] <br />
**[[Hon. Condoleezza Rice]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of State]] <br />
**[[Hon. Cristian Samper]], Acting Secretary, [[Smithsonian Institution]] <br />
**[[Hon. Margaret Spellings]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of Education]] <br />
**[[Hon. Allen Weinstein]], [[Archivist of the United States]]<br />
**[[Tamala L. Longaberger]], Presidential Appointee from within the Federal Government; President & CEO, [[The Longaberger Company]]<br />
;Past Board Members<br />
* Chairman: [[Joseph Cari Jr.|Joseph A. Cari, Jr.]]<br />
<br />
== Wilson Council ==<br />
The Wilson Council is the Center's private-sector advisory group.<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.council Wilson council]</ref> Council members come from the world of business, the professions, and public service. They participate in stimulating programs on a range of domestic and international public policy issues and also contribute vital financial support that helps the Center achieve its mandate.<br />
<br />
== Woodrow Wilson Awards ==<br />
{{main|Woodrow Wilson Awards}}<br />
Each year, the Woodrow Wilson Center gives out several awards recognizing members of the community who have shown an outstanding commitment to President Woodrow Wilson's dream of integrating politics, scholarship, and policy for the common good. Recipients fall into two award categories, those receiving the award for Public Service, and those receiving the award for Corporate Citizenship. [[Woodrow Wilson Awards|Woodrow Wilson Awardees]] are selected by the Board, and distributed at dinners benefitting the Center in different locations each year.<br />
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== Programs ==<br />
"Most of the Center's staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, and publication on topics relevant to their areas."<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.welcome Programs @ The Woodrow Wilson Center]</ref><br />
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=== Africa Program ===<br />
Launched in [[1999]] with generous support from the [[Ford Foundation]], the Africa Program is currently led by director [[Howard Wolpe]]. The program promotes dialogue among policymakers and academic specialists on both African issues and U.S. policy toward Africa. Presently, the Africa Program is composed of four core elements: public forums and meetings, leadership training programs in [[Burundi]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], scholarship awards and residencies, and a Congressional Staff Forum on Africa.<br />
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===Brazil Institute===<br />
Created in June 2006 as part of the Wilson Center’s Latin American Program, the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/brazil Brazil Institute] strives to foster informed dialogue on key issues important to Brazilians and to the Brazilian-U.S. relationship. We work to promote detailed analysis of Brazil’s public policy and advance Washington’s understanding of contemporary Brazilian developments, mindful of the long history that binds the two most populous democracies in the Americas. The Institute also maintains a comprehensive website with news, analysis, research, and reference sources relating to Brazil.<br />
<br />
The Institute was founded on the conviction that Brazil and the U.S.-Brazilian relationship deserve greater attention within the Washington policy community. Brazil's population, size, and economy, as well as its unique position as a regional leader and global player, justify this attention. The Institute has many unique qualities that set it apart from other Washington institutions: an in-depth and comprehensive approach to the issues that policymakers face in Brazil, in the United States, and in Washington's various international banks and agencies; high-quality presentations and publications; a nonpartisan forum for serious discussion; and the capacity to house public policy scholars. <br />
<br />
Recently the Institute added two new specialized Web pages. The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=210146 Brazil Portal] provides access to continuously updated and archived weekly news clippings from leading national and international newspapers, in English and Portuguese. Featuring a collection of publications from international organizations, policymakers, and leading Brazilian and Brazilianist scholars. Also links to other organizations and resources on Brazil. The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=228810 Biofuels Central] page offers Current news, publications and resources exploring the future of biofuels. The forum is an independent reference source offering diverse analysis and information regarding the potential impacts of alternative energy.<br />
<br />
The Brazil Institute also provides access to new and archived publications, newsletters and special reports. The most recent publications include: the special report on[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=202572 The Global Dynamics of Biofuels], which focuses on the potential supply and demand for ethanol and biodiesel in the coming decade; the book entitled, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=29679 Brazilian Perspectives] on the United States: Advancing U.S. Studies in Brazil. <br />
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[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=139483 Paulo Sotero Marques] is Director of the Brazil Institute. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=172989 Luis Bitencourt] is Senior Scholar. Alan M. Wright is Program Assistant.<br />
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===Canada Institute===<br />
<br />
This institute deals with the bilateral relations between the United States and a key country on the [[North American]] continent, but one that often is missed by politicians in [[Washington DC]].<br />
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=== Cold War International History Project ===<br />
This project provides large [[digital archive]] of documents accessible at the Center [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.home web site].<br />
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=== Comparative Urban Studies Project ===<br />
Committed to improving knowledge about sustainable urban development through research, seminars, and publications, the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1410&fuseaction=topics.intro Comparative Urban Studies Project] (CUSP) brings together broad networks of urban scholars, practitioners, community leaders, and policymakers to better understand the challenges and opportunities brought by urbanization. The CUSP recognizes highly visible disparities exacerbate social tensions, violence, and exclusion. The CUSP maintains that improving the quality of life for residents of urban environments is vital to local sustainability and global security.<br />
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=== Congress Project ===<br />
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1412&fuseaction=topics.intro Congress Project] fosters dialogue between scholars who study Congress and policymakers who have experience with how Congress works. The project offers a series of seminars and forums featuring members of Congress and their staff, political scientists, historians, and Washington media representatives.<br />
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The program director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=5705&topic_id=1412 Donald Wolfensberger].<br />
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=== Environmental Change and Security Program ===<br />
One of the cross-cutting programs at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Center]] is the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1413 Environmental Change and Security Program] (ECSP). ECSP promotes dialogue on the connections among environmental, health, and population dynamics, and their links to conflict, human security, and foreign policy. ECSP is organized into four topics: China Environment Forum; Environment and Security; Population, Health and Environment; and Water. These issues are discussed in ECSP's blog, [http://newsecuritybeat.blogspot.com/ The New Secuirty Beat].<br />
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ECSP's director is [[Geoffrey Dabelko]]. [[Gib Clarke]] serves as the program associate for population, environment, and health. [[Jennifer Turner]] coordinates the China Environment Forum.<br />
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=== Foresight and Governance Project ===<br />
<br />
The Woodrow Wilson Center has established the [http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1414 Foresight and Governance Project] to facilitate better foresight and long-term thinking in the public sector. Work focuses on four main areas:<br />
<br />
*Governance<br />
*Strategic Studies<br />
*Dialogues on the Future<br />
*Outreach/Networks<br />
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David Rejeski serves as the director of the Foresight and Governance Project. Natalie Chin and Evan Hensleigh serve as project assistants. Patrick Polischuk and Todd Kuiken serve as a research assosicates and Alex Parlini consults on media production and project management.<br />
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===Global Energy Initiative===<br />
Building on regional programs that cover the world, the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=236266 Global Energy Initiative] (GEI) examines and brings a nonpartisan perspective to the rapidly evolving geopolitics of energy. It also explores the political context of producer-country decision-making on energy issues. By detailing energy developments around the world, GEI complements ongoing Wilson Center work on economic development, the environment, and international security.<br />
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[[Kent Hughes]] serves as consulting director of GEI.<br />
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===Global Health Initiative===<br />
In September 2005, the Wilson Center launched the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=116811 Global Health Initiative] to provide a forum for an interdisciplinary examination of critical health challenges facing the United States and the world. The initiative seeks to promote dialogue about health among the foreign policy community and focuses on four key themes:<br />
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* Health’s impact on development<br />
* Global and domestic health policies<br />
* Infectious diseases<br />
* Emerging health technologies<br />
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[[Gib Clarke]] serves as the coordinator of this project and Kai Carter serves as the program assistant.<br />
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===History and Public Policy Program===<br />
===International Security Studies===<br />
===Kennan Institute===<br />
{{main|Kennan Institute}}<br />
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan Kennan Institute], founded in 1974 as a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, is committed to improving American understanding of Russia and the successor states to the Soviet Union. The Institute offers residential research scholarships in the humanities and social sciences to academic scholars and specialists from government, the media, and the private sector. The Institute also administers an active program of public lectures featuring scholars and public figures, disseminating the results of its activities and research through a variety of publications. In addition, the Kennan Institute and ISE Center (Information. Scholarship. Education.), Moscow, administer the Centers for Advanced Study and Education (CASE) program. The CASE program has established nine thematic research centers at regional Russian universities in order to foster scholarship in the social sciences and humanities.<br />
<br />
The Kennan Institute director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=4997 Blair A. Ruble]. The deputy director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=274211 William E. Pomeranz] and the senior associate is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=13599 Margaret Paxson].<br />
<br />
===Latin American Program===<br />
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/lap Latin American Program] at the Woodrow Wilson Center encourages a free flow of information and dialogue between the U.S. and the nations of Latin America. The Program, founded in 1977, provides a nonpartisan forum in Washington, D.C. to discuss Latin American and Caribbean issues and to bring these issues to the attention of opinion leaders and policy makers throughout the hemisphere.<br />
<br />
The Latin American Program Director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=7162 Cynthia Arnson]. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=73716 Joseph S. Tulchin] is Senior Scholar. Jose Raul Perales is Senior Program Associate. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=133538 Jessica Varat] is the Program Associate and Adam Stubits is the Program Assistant.<br />
<br />
The Latin American Program encompasses the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5947 Argentina Project], the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.home Brazil Institute], and the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5949 Mexico Institute].<br />
<br />
One of the Program's most recent initiative is the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=140526 Creating Community in the Americas] project.<br />
<br />
===Mexico Institute===<br />
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5949 Mexico Institute]seeks to increase understanding, communication, and cooperation between the United States and Mexico. The Institute organizes studies, events, and publications that explore the relationship between Mexico and the United States, including: Perceptions and Media, Migration, Competitiveness, Security, Environment. The Institute and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales co-sponsor the Mexico Public Policy Scholars Program. The Institute also provides current information on the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=5949&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=143858 2006 Mexican elections] including key headlines, news summaries, analyses, and latest polls.<br />
<br />
===Middle East Program===<br />
The Middle East Program was launched in February 1998 in light of increased U.S. engagement and the profound changes sweeping across many Middle Eastern states. In addition to spotlighting day-to-day issues, the Program continues to concentrate on long-term developments and their impact on political and social structure, economic development, and relations with the United States.<br />
<br />
The Middle East Program's conferences and meetings assess the policy implications of long-term political, social, and economic developments in the region and individual states; the Middle East’s role in the international arena; American interests in the region; the threat of terrorism; and strategic threats to and from the regional states.<br />
<br />
From [[May 8]] until [[August 21]], [[2007]], the Director of the Middle East Program, Dr. [[Haleh Esfandiari]], was detained in Tehran, Iran in the notorious [[Evin Prison]].<ref>The Washington Post:[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/08/AR2007050801276.html?nav=hcmodule Tehran Jails Iranian American Scholar After Long House Arrest] (05/08/07)</ref> She was released on bail and had her passport returned to her on [[September 2]], [[2007]]. Esfandiari was then permitted to leave Iran.<ref>{{cite news | title = Freed Scholar Leaves Iran to Meet Family | author = ASSOCIATED PRESS | publisher = New York Times | date = September 3, 2007| url = http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Iran-American-Detained.html?ex=1346472000&en=9d7c81ac763d9e33&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss }}</ref><br />
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===Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies===<br />
[[Project On Emerging Nanotechnologies|The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies]] was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts. The Project is dedicated to helping ensure that, as nanotechnologies advance, possible risks are minimized, public and consumer engagement remain strong, and the potential benefits of these new technologies are realized.<br />
<br />
David Rejeski is the project director, Julia Moore serves as deputy director, Dr. Andrew Maynard is chief science advisor, Todd Kuiken and Patrick Polischuk are project research associates, Alex Parlini is director of new media and project manager, Colin Finan is public affairs and policy associate, Evan Hensleigh and Natalie Chin are project assistants. For more information about the project refer to http://nanotechproject.org/about or http://wilsoncenter.org/nano.<br />
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===Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity===<br />
The Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity, launched in June 2005, expands upon the work of the former Conflict Prevention Project and responds to the growing demand for leadership training directed at both the prevention of violent conflict and the reconstruction of war-torn societies.<br />
<br />
There is an emerging awareness of the importance of leadership training in achieving sustainable peace. On a technical level, the art of building democratic state capacity is well understood. But the harder political task—helping the leaders of warring factions achieve their objectives, to work collaboratively in avoiding war or supporting postwar reconstruction, and to build democratically accountable links between the governors and the governed—requires a careful examination of the underappreciated “leadership factor” in peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.<br />
<br />
Under the leadership of former Congressman and Presidential Special Envoy [[Howard Wolpe]], the Leadership Project aims to address the missing process and leadership dimensions of peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction; to expand the cadre of professional trainers capable of working in regions in conflict or emerging from conflict; and to deepen the international community’s capacity to conceptualize, implement, and manage these complex interventions.<br />
<br />
===Science, Technology, America, and the Global Economy===<br />
The Science, Technology, America, and the Global Economy program (STAGE) at the Wilson Center explores paths for long-term growth in the United States and around the world. STAGE targets policies that foster sustained, sustainable, and equitable growth. <br />
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STAGE'S director is [[Kent Hughes]].<br />
<br />
===Publications===<br />
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=wwcp.about Woodrow Wilson Center Press] publishes books by fellows, other resident scholars, and staff written in substantial part at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.<br />
<br />
Woodrow Wilson Press titles range from popular accounts of historical topics to fundamental reviews of scholarly fields to authoritative background on important policy issues. The resources of the Center's staff and its worldwide network of friends and alumni contribute to the development of these titles. The directors of the Center's programs are constant advisers in helping to select and shape books. The outstanding pool of expertise is particularly drawn on for comment on proposals and manuscripts to advise our authors on refining their work.<br />
<br />
Press Division director is Joseph Brinley.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* The ''[[Wilson Quarterly]]'', the center's journal<br />
* [[Murray Feshbach]]<br />
* [[Woodrow Wilson Awards]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]]<br />
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution]]<br />
[[Category:Government-owned companies in the United States]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Centro Internacional para Académicos Woodrow Wilson]]</div>Natrixhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catedral_de_Sal&diff=146188235Catedral de Sal2006-09-27T01:46:43Z<p>Natrix: </p>
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<div>{{Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural de Colombia}}<br />
<br />
{| align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 2px"<br />
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #003399" |<br />
{| align="center" width="100%"<br />
| padding=15px|<br />
| <center><font color=white>Escultura de la Creación del Hombre</font><ref>"Obras del Maestro Carlos Enrique Rodríguez Arango en la Catedral de Sal", Taller de las Artes: Bogotá, [http://rodriguezarango.tripod.com/rodriguezarango/catedral.htm Sitio Oficial]</ref></center><br />
| padding=15px|<br />
|}<br />
|-<br />
|align=center colspan=2 style="background: #FFFFFF"| [[Imagen:Catedral de sal - Adan.JPG|260px|center]]<br />
|-<br />
||'''La Creación del Hombre'''<br>obra tallada en mármol que recuerda <br> la ''Creación de Adán'' de [[Miguel Ángel]].<br>La obra, ubicada al fondo de la nave central<br>es del maestro Carlos Enrique Rodríguez<br />
|}<br />
<br />
La '''Catedral de Sal''', uno de los lugares más atractivos e interesantes de [[Colombia]], es una obra maestra de la [[Arquitectura|arquitectura]] y la [[ingeniería]]. Construida en el interior de las minas de [[cloruro sódico|sal]] de [[Zipaquirá]], en la [[Sabana de Bogotá]], es también un [[Religión|centro religioso]] y uno de los santuarios [[Iglesia católica|católicos]] más célebres del [[Colombia|país]] que hace memoria del [[Viacrucis]] de [[Jesucristo]]. En su interior se encuentra una rica colección artística, especialmente de esculturas de sal y mármol en un ambiente lleno de un profundo sentido religioso que atrae a peregrinos y turistas<ref>CALA, Bibiana. ''Los relatos populares reactivados por la institución social del turismo: el caso de [[Zipaquirá]] y [[Nemocón]]''. Monografía de tesis. [[Universidad de Los Andes]]. [[Bogotá]], [[2000]].</ref>.<br />
<br />
La iglesia subterránea hace parte del complejo cultural "''Parque de la Sal''"<ref>http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ "Parque de la Sal", En: [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá]</ref>, espacio cultural temático dedicado a la [[minería]], la [[geología]] y los [[recursos naturales]]. <br />
<br />
== Ubicación ==<br />
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La Catedral de Sal se encuentra en la [[Zipaquirá|Ciudad de Zipaquirá]], población del [[Cundinamarca|Departamento de Cundinamarca]], a 49 kilómetros al norte del [[Bogotá|Distrito Capital de Bogotá]] y a una altitud de 2.652 [[Altitud|msnm]]. La población no es sólo célebre por la explotación de sal, sino también por uno de los hallazgos de restos humanos más antiguos de [[Colombia]] en el [[El Abra|Valle de El Abra]]<ref>Correal, Gonzalo; Thomas van der Hammen y J.C. Lerman 1970: "Artefactos líticos de abrigos en El Abra, Colombia"; Revista Colombiana de Antropología 14: 9-46.</ref>.<br />
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== El Parque de la Sal ==<br />
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[[Imagen:Catedral sal.JPG|left|thumb|300px|La [[Catedral]] hace parte del [[Parque temático]]. Esta es la entrada a las galerías subterráneas del Santuario, precidida por un alto relieve que hace homenaje a los mineros de la sal, los responsables de hacer de esta vieja mina un espacio religioso y cultural.]]<br />
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Aunque la [[Catedral]] en sí misma llega a ser el principal atractivo, ella forma parte del [[Parque temático|complejo temático]] '''Parque de la Sal''', el cual tiene un área de 600 [[hectárea|ht]]s <ref>Idem: [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá]</ref> y constituye una reserva natural única que contrasta con una de las actividades de [[Explotación (ecología)|explotación de los recursos]] que más altera los [[ecosistema]]s: la [[minería]]. En el parque, los visitantes no sólo pueden admirar un encuentro sorprendente entre la delicadeza del [[arte]] con la rudeza de la [[minería|explotación minera]], sino también obtener una interesante lección de [[geología]] y de las maneras de conservar los [[recursos naturales]] paralelo al [[Desarrollo económico|desarrollo]] de un país. De esta manera, el Parque, en unión con la Catedral de Sal, es objetivo del turismo nacional e internacional e interesa en particular al [[ecoturismo]] y a los amantes de las ciencias geológicas.<br />
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Los sitios más importantes del Parque de la Sal son:<br />
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* La Plaza en donde se encuentra la ''Cruz'' (4.20 [[Metro|mts]] de altura) en lo que se denomina "''El Eje Sacro''"<ref>Idem: [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá]</ref>.<br />
* El Domo Salino.<br />
* La Mina.<br />
* '''El Museo de la Salmuera'''(ª), construido en los tanques ya en desuso.<br />
* El embalse.<br />
* El área de bosques.<br />
* <u>'''La Catedral de Sal'''</u>, iglesia subterránea en donde se encuentra además del santuario religioso, el Auditorio.<br />
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(ª) El ''Museo de la Salmuera''"<ref>Idem: [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá]</ref> es uno de los lugares más importantes del Parque de la Sal después de la Catedral. En el mismo, el visitante adquiere una idea pedagógica del proceso de la [[Mina (minería)|explotación]] de la [[cloruro sódico|sal]], los estudios [[geología|geológicos]] y la historia, construcción e ingeniería de la ''Catedral de Sal''.<br />
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== Las salinas de Zipaquirá ==<br />
[[Image:Estacion_galeria_catedral_de_sal.JPG|right|thumb|400px|A lo largo de la galería de acceso se encuentran las estaciones del [[Viacrucis]], un recorrido que hace memoria del Camino al [[Gólgota]] de [[Jesucristo]] con su Cruz. Aquí una de ellas. <small>Fotografía Nidya Rincón, Catedral de Sal</small>]]<br />
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La antiguedad e importancia de las [[salina]]s de [[Zipaquirá]] fueron ampliamente referenciadas por el sabio [[Alexander von Humboldt]] ([[1769]] - [[1859]]) en la visita que este hizo al lugar en [[1801]]<ref>"Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", [[Alexander von Humboldt]], Ed. Epígrafe, con el respaldo de Colciencias, referenciado por [http://www.epigrafe.com/convenios/fundacion.asp Fundación Editorial Epígrafe], Colombia, 2003</ref>.<br />
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<center>«''Inicia su relación [[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]] haciendo una comparación de este yacimiento con los que había visto en [[Europa]],<br> como los de [[España]], [[Suiza]], [[Polonia]] y el [[Tirol]]. A continuación destaca la importancia de dicha explotación <br>en la economía, y en especial la relevancia que tiene para los gobiernos por concepto de recaudación fiscal''»<ref>[http://www.epigrafe.com/Contenido/lib_detalle.asp?lib_id=6Fundación Editorial Epígrafe]: Reseña "Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", Alexander von Humboldt</ref>.</center><br />
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En su libro "''Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá''" Humboldt describe el objeto de su estudio, tal como es referenciado por los [http://www.epigrafe.com/Contenido/lib_detalle.asp?lib_id=6 editores] y, científico y visionario como era, deja apuntes de valor incuestionable:<br />
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<center>«''Desecha Humboldt la idea de que la mina de [[Zipaquirá]] está unida a otras formaciones<br> como las explotadas en [[Nemocón]] y [[Sesquilé]]. Evalúa la capacidad de la mina de Zipaquirá y concluye<br> que debe 500.000 [[Unidades de longitud obsoletas|toesas]] cuadradas. Crítica la manera en que se ha abierto la excavación, y señala<br> que la manera como se hace será un inconveniente para su explotación en el futuro. Recomienda<br> que la explotación se efectúe por medio de galerías, como se hace en Europa, ya que las<br> minas dedicadas a la explotación de sal gema no requieren de galerías apuntadas con madera,<br> lo que las haría más costosas''»<ref>[http://www.epigrafe.com/Contenido/lib_detalle.asp?lib_id=6 Idem]: Reseña "Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá", Alexander von Humboldt</ref></center><br />
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Los estudios practicados en el lugar por arqueólogos y geólogos, han encontrado que la explotación de las minas se daba ya desde el [[siglo V]] y que corresponde a una de las principales actividades económicas<ref>LANGEBAEK, Carl H. 1987 Mercados, poblamiento e integración étnica entre los muiscas —siglo XVI. Banco de la República, Bogotá</ref> y al desarrollo de la cultura [[Muisca]] en el [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]]<ref>Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne, Breve informe sobre unas excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las salinas de Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca, En: [http://www.banrep.gov.co/museo/esp/bol_anterior02.htm Boletín Museo del Oro], [http://www.banrep.org/museo/esp/home.htm Banco de la República, Colombia], No. 1, enero-abril de 1978, p. 39-41</ref>.<br />
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== Formación geológica ==<br />
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[[Imagen:Catedral de sal nave ppal.JPG|left|thumb|400px|''"¡Tocad la trompeta en Sión, clamad en mi monte santo!"''<ref>Libro de Joel 2, 1</ref>. Un ángel en el coro con la trompeta, símbolo [[Biblia|bíblico]] de la visita de [[Dios]], anuncia en el contexto la resurrección de [[Jesucristo]]. Al fondo el Altar de la Catedral precidido por la gran Cruz. ]]<br />
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Los depósitos de sal de las [[Zipaquirá|Montañas de Zipaquirá]] tienen una datación de 200 millones de años, elevados sobre la superficie en el [[periodo terciario]] tardío hace 30 millones de años y concentrados en el lugar donde hoy se encuentran. Bajo presión y calor, la sal se desplaza de manera similar a los [[glaciar]]es, por lo que se pierde el rastro de la estratificación y se crea una masa homogénea de [[cloruro sódico|sal]].<br />
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La acumulación de los depósitos de sal formaron montañas por encima del nivel del [[Sabana de Bogotá|altiplano]], lo que facilitó la excavación de [[túnel]]es para su extracción. Evidencias de antiguas explotaciones de los yacimientos se datan en tiempos previos a la llegada de los [[Conquista de América|españoles]] durante el [[siglo XVI]].<br />
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Las minas ya tenían tradición de santuario religioso hecho por los mineros antes de la construcción de la Catedral en [[1954]], la cual se dedicó a [[Nuestra Señora del Rosario]], que en la [[Católico|religiosidad católica]] es la ''Patrona de los Mineros''. La Catedral inicial tenía tres naves grandes con columnas improvizadas dominadas por una gran cruz iluminada. Con el paso de los años esa primera Catedral se volvió insegura y fue cerrada en [[1990]]. En [[diciembre]] de [[1995]] se inauguró la actual Catedral<ref>Información suministrada por la [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal], Coordinación Comercial, [[Zipaquirá]], [[Colombia]]</ref>.<br />
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==Historia de la Catedral==<br />
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[[Image:Altar_catedral_de_sal.JPG|center|thumb|400px|La [[Cruz]] se levanta imponente sobre el Altar de la nave central como símbolo fundamental del [[cristianismo]] [[católico]]. <small>Fotografía Nidya Rincón, Catedral de Sal, 2006.</small>]]<br />
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=== La catedral antigua ===<br />
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La catedral antigua fue construida a partir del [[7 de octubre]] de [[1950]] e inaugurada el [[15 de agosto]] de [[1954]] en las antiguas galerías cavadas por los [[muiscas]] dos siglos antes. En [[1932]], '''Luis Angel Arango''' tuvo la idea de construir una capilla subterránea llevado por la devoción que los obreros demostraban antes de iniciar su jornada de trabajo. Estos adornaban los socavones con imágenes religiosas de sus [[santos]] a los que pedían bendición y protección.<br />
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La mina poseía entonces cuatro niveles de excavación, cada uno de ellos con una extensión de 80&nbsp;[[metro|m]]&nbsp;. La ''Catedral Salina'' se situaba en el segundo nivel de la montaña.<br />
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La [[Basílica]] tenía una longitud de 120&nbsp;m&nbsp;, una superficie habitable de 5500&nbsp;[[metro cuadrado|m&sup2;]] y una altura de 22&nbsp;m&nbsp;. En su interior habían 6 columnas cada una con una base de 80&nbsp;m&sup2; y podía albergar 8000 personas.<br />
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Al fondo de la [[basílica]] se podía contemplar una gran cruz de madera, iluminada desde su base y que proyectaba sobre el techo una sombra que simbolizaba a un [[Cristo]] con los brazos abiertos. <br />
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En la nave derecha se encontraban el coro y las estaciones del [[Viacrucis]] decoradas con grandes números romanos dorados. En el fondo de esta nave se ubicaba la capilla de la [[Virgen del Rosario]], en cuyo altar labrado en roca estaba la imagen de la Virgen, moldeada por Daniel Rodríguez Moreno. La imagen, que tiene una dimensión de 70&nbsp;[[centímetro|cm]] de altura, fue trasladada a la nueva Catedral.<br />
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La nave izquierda era llamada «El Nacimiento» y poseía una gruta que simbolizaba el nacimiento de [[Jesús]] en [[Belén]]; este espacio conducía al Bautisterio que estaba representado por una cascada, símbolo del bautismo de Jesucristo en el [[Río Jordán]].<br />
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El diseño y distribución de las naves estaba inspirado en la vida y obra de Jesús, y los misterios de paso por la tierra como el hijo de [[Dios]].<br />
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La Catedral presentaba un aspecto majestuoso al visitante del cual era primordial el juego de efectos de la luz puestos de tal forma que crearan una atmósfera de símbolos proyectados en paredes y cielo raso.<br />
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La antigua Catedral fue cerrada en [[1990]] debido a la falta de seguridad para los visitantes y a fallas estructurales de la misma.<br />
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=== La catedral nueva ===<br />
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[[Image:Creacion_adan_catedral_de_sal.JPG|left|thumb|400px|''"Entonces Dios el Señor formó al hombre con polvo del suelo e insufló en sus narices aliento de vida, y resultó el hombre un ser viviente"''<ref>Libro del [[Génesis]] 2, 7</ref>. Detalle de la "''La Creación de Adán''" del Maestro Carlos E. Rodríguez (mármol). La obra hace memoria del trabajo de [[Miguel Ángel]] en la [[Capilla Sixtina]].<small>Fotografía Nidya Rincón, Catedral de Sal, 2006.</small>]]<br />
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La Catedral actual se empezó a construir en [[1991]], 60&nbsp;m por debajo de la Catedral antigua. El ''Instituto de Fomento Industrial'', la ''Concesión Salinas'' y la ''Sociedad de Arquitectos'' abrieron el concurso de [[arquitectura]] con el fin de escoger el mejor [[diseño]] de la que sería la nueva '''Catedral de Sal''' de [[Zipaquirá]] en reemplazo de la antigua.<br />
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El proyecto del arquitecto Roswell Garavito Pearl<ref>http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/parque_01.html Historia del Parque de la Sal, En: Catedral de Sal, Zipaquirá, Colombia.</ref> ganó el concurso que comprendió cambios estructurales en el [[túnel]] de ingreso, la [[cúpula]] y la [[sacristía]]. De esta manera se inauguró en [[diciembre]] de [[1995]]. El diseño comprende las siguientes tres secciones principales: <br />
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* <u>El [[Viacrucis]]</u>: La puerta de ingreso conduce al túnel, a lo largo del cual se encuentran las estaciones del [[Viacrucis]] (Vía al [[Calvario]]), que consisten en pequeños altares tallados en roca de sal. El túnel conduce hacia la [[Cúpula]]. <br />
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* <u>La [[Cúpula]], la rampa de descenso y los balcones</u>: Se llega entonces a la rampa del descenso principal. La sección intermedia parte desde la Cúpula, desde la cual se puede observar la inmensa [[cruz]] tallada en bajo relieve. Desde ahí se puede descender hacia los balcones sobre las cámaras, el coro y las escaleras del laberinto del [[Nártex]].<br />
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* <u>Las naves de la Catedral</u>: El tramo final conduce al centro de la Catedral en donde se dividen las estructuras espaciales de la misma. Estas estructuras están intercomunicadas por una grieta que simboliza el nacimiento y muerte de [[Cristo]]. En la [[nave]] central está la cruz de 16&nbsp;m&nbsp;, el Altar Mayor y el comulgatorio que separa el santuario de la Asamblea; en la profundidad de la nave se encuentra '''''La Creación del Hombre''''', [[obra]] tallada en [[mármol]] del escultor Carlos Enrique Rodríguez. Cuatro inmensas columnas cilíndricas simbolizan los cuatro [[evangelista]]s y éstas están atravesadas por una grieta que simboliza la natividad y descendimiento de [[Cristo]].<br />
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Una [[planta]] de [[energía]] eléctrica propia y una vía vehicular que sólo puede ser usada en ocasiones especiales son parte del complejo de este monumento, además de una óptima infraestructura de servicios preparados para la atención y seguridad de los visitantes, peregrinos o turistas.<br />
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=== Otras construcciones de sal ===<br />
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[[Image:Cupula_catedral_de_sal.JPG|center|thumb|400px|Aunque subterránea, no hay Catedral sin [[Cúpula]]. Después de pasar la Vía del Viacrucis, se encuentra el domo o [[Cúpula]] de la Catedral, que simboliza en la religiosidad [[cristiana]] los [[cielo]]s. <small>Fotografía Nidya Rincón, 2006</small>]]<br />
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La Catedral de Sal de [[Zipaquirá]], aunque es única en el mundo como santuario religioso y cultural, no es la única experiencia de utilización de una [[mina]] como espacio alternativo. Otra experiencia similar puede encontrarse en el ''Museo de obras de sal'' de [[Polonia|Wieliczka]], el más grande museo de sal de [[Europa]]<ref>[http://www.muzeum.wieliczka.pl/pl/english.html Cracow Salt-Works Museum Wieliczka], Museo de obras de sal, Wieliczka, [[Cracovia]], [[Polonia]]</ref>, construido en una mina de sal de 700 años de antiguedad, a 15&nbsp;km al sur de [[Cracovia]] ([[Polonia]]). La Catedral de Sal, sin embargo, permanece como una obra de interés mundial y patrimonio cultural e histórico de [[Colombia]].<br />
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== Bibliografía ==<br />
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[[Image:Auditorio_catedral_de_sal.JPG|right|thumb|400px|Auditorio de la Catedral, un espacio para reuniones bajo tierra con todas las comodidades de cualquier otro auditorio moderno. <small>Fotografía Nidya Rincón, Catedral de Sal, 2006.</small>]] <br />
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* '''CALA, Bibiana'''. ''Los relatos populares reactivados por la institución social del turismo: el caso de [[Zipaquirá]] y [[Nemocón]]''. Monografía de tesis. [[Universidad de Los Andes]]. [[Bogotá]], [[2000]].<br />
* '''CARDALE de Schrimpff, Marianne''', ''Breve informe sobre unas excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en las salinas de Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca'', En: [http://www.banrep.gov.co/museo/esp/bol_anterior02.htm Boletín Museo del Oro], [http://www.banrep.org/museo/esp/home.htm Banco de la República, Colombia], No. 1, enero-abril de 1978, p. 39-41<br />
* '''FUNDACIÓN EDITORIAL EPÍGRAFE''', ''Reseña del libro "[http://www.epigrafe.com/resena/libresena.asp?lib_id=6 Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá]''" de Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia, 2003.<br />
* '''GUISLETTI, Louis V'''. ''Los Mwiskas. Una gran civilización precolombina''. Tomo II, MEN, Biblioteca de autores colombianos, Bogotá, 1954.<br />
* '''[[Alexander von Humboldt|HUMBOLDT, Alexander von]]''', "''Memoria razonada de las salinas de Zipaquirá''", 1801. [http://www.epigrafe.com/index.asp Ed.Fundación Editorial Epígrafe], con el patrocionio de [[http://zulia.colciencias.gov.co/portalcol/ Colciencias]], Colombia, 2003.<br />
* '''LANGEBAEK, Carl H.''', ''Mercados, poblamiento e integración étnica entre los muiscas —siglo XVI''. Banco de la República, Bogotá, 1987.<br />
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== Referencias ==<br />
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== Ver también ==<br />
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{{Portal:Colombia}}<br />
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* [[Turismo en Colombia]]<br />
* [[Cloruro sódico|Sal]]<br />
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== Enlaces externos ==<br />
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* [http://www.catedraldesal.gov.co/ Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá: Sitio oficial de la Catedral de Sal].<br />
* [http://pwp.etb.net.co/ingemetricaltda/tuneles.html Ingemétrica Ltda, Adecuación y restauración de la Capilla de la Mina de sal de [[Nemocón]]].<br />
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{{Wikiportal Colombia nominado}}<br />
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[[Categoría:Arquitectura de Colombia]]<br />
[[Categoría:Turismo en Colombia]]<br />
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[[en:Salt Cathedral]]<br />
[[id:Katedral Garam]]</div>Natrix