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Papst (Titel)

2005-06-02T00:10:30Z

Nadavspi: rv

:''This entry is about the Catholic Pontiff. For other uses of the word, see [[Pope (disambiguation)]].''
{{Christianity}}
The '''Pope''' is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of [[Rome]], and head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Rite|Eastern Catholic Churches]]. The office of the Pope is informally called the Papacy and formally called the Pontificate; his ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the [[Holy See]] (''Sancta Sedes''). Early bishops of Rome were designated "vicar (representative) of Peter"; for later Popes the more authoritative "vicar of Christ" was substituted; this designation was first used by the Roman Synod of [[495|AD 495]] to refer to [[Pope Gelasius I]], an originator of papal supremacy among the patriarchs.

In addition to this spiritual role, the Pope also serves as [[head of state]] of the independent, sovereign [[Vatican City|State of the Vatican City]], a [[city-state]] entirely surrounded by the city of [[Rome]]. Prior to [[1870]], the Pope's temporal authority extended over a large area of central [[Italy]], a territory more familiar as the [[Papal States]] that was formally known as the "Patrimony of St Peter". Though the document on which the territorial powers of the Pontificate were based—the so-called [[Donation of Constantine]]—was proved a forgery in the 15th century, the Pope retained sovereign authority over the Papal States until the [[Italian Unification]] of [[1870]], and a final political settlement between the Italian government and the Pope was not reached until the [[Lateran Treaties]] of [[1929]].

The current pope is [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] (born Joseph Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on [[19 April]] [[2005]]. He succeeds the late [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], who was elected at the age of 58 in [[1978]].

[[Pope Benedict XVI]] is the second non-Italian to be elected to the pontificate since [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]], who was briefly pope in [[1522]]-[[1523|23]], ([[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] (pope [[1978]]-[[2005]]) was the first), and is also the first German to take the seat since the 11th century (although it can be argued that [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]], who is considered both Dutch and German - he lived in Holland but came from German ancestors - was the last German pope). In some quarters, it is felt that Benedict's election as pope is further evidence that the papacy is moving away from being an Italian-dominated institution.

==Office and nature==
The title "Pope" is an informal one; the formal title of the pope is "[[Bishop of Rome]], Vicar of Jesus Christ, [[Apostolic Succession|Successor]] of the [[Saint Peter|Prince of the Apostles]], [[Pontifex Maximus|Supreme Pontiff]] of the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|Universal Church]], [[Patriarch]] of the West, [[Primate (religion)|Primate]] of Italy, [[Archbishop]] and [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, [[Servus Servorum Dei|Servant of the Servants of God]]," although this is rarely seen or used in full (by comparison, the formal title of the [[Eastern_Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Patriarch of Alexandria]] is "Successor of Saint Mark the Apostle, Shepherd of Shepherds, Father of Fathers, Supreme Pontiff of All Metropolitans and Bishops, Judge of the World, and Beloved of Christ", often called the "Ecumenical Judge"; the [[Coptic_Christianity|Coptic]] [[Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Alexandria|Pope]] is styled "Pope and Patriarch of the See of Alexandria and of All the Predication of the Evangelist St. Mark"). In [[canon law]], the Roman Catholic Pope is referred to as the "Roman Pontiff" (''Pontifex Romanus''). He is styled "[[Your Holiness]]" (''Sanctitas Vostra'') and is frequently referred to as "the Holy Father."

The pope's signature is usually in the format "''NN. PP. x''" (''e.g.'', [[Pope Paul VI]] signed his name as "Paulus PP. VI"), the "PP." standing for ''[[Princeps Pastorum]]'' ("Prince of the Shepherds"), and his name is frequently accompanied in inscriptions by the abbreviation "Pont. Max." or "P.M." (abbreviation of the ancient title ''[[Pontifex Maximus]]'', literally "Greatest Bridge-maker", but usually translated "Supreme Pontiff"). The signature of [[Papal bull]]s is customarily ''NN. Episcopus Ecclesia Catholicae'' ("NN. Bishop of the Catholic Church"), while the heading is ''NN. Episcopus [[Servus Servorum Dei]]'' ("NN. Bishop and Servant of the Servants of God"), the latter title dating to the time of [[Pope Gregory I]] ''the Great''. Other titles used in some official capacity include ''Summus Pontifex'' ("Highest Pontiff"), ''Sanctissimus Pater'' and ''Beatissimus Pater'' ("Most Holy Father" and "Most Blessed Father"), ''Sanctissimus Dominus Noster'' ("Our Most Holy Lord"), and, in the [[Middle Ages|Medieval period]], ''Dominus Apostolicus'' ("Apostolic Lord").

[[Image:Flag_of_Vatican_City.png|right|thumb|125px|[[Flag of the Vatican City|Flag]] of the [[Vatican City]]]]

The pope's official residence is the [[Palace of the Vatican]], and he also possesses a summer palace at [[Castel Gandolfo]] (situated on the site of the ancient city-state [[Alba Longa]]). Historically the official residence of the Pope was the [[Lateran Palace]], donated by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Constantinus I]]. The former Papal summer palace, the [[Quirinal Palace]], has subsequently been the official residence of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]] and [[President of Italy|Presidents of the Italian Republic]].

Contrary to popular belief, it is the pope's ecclesiastical jurisdiction (the Holy See) and not his secular jurisdiction (Vatican City) which conducts international relations; for hundreds of years, the Pope's court (the [[Roman Curia]]) has functioned as the government of the Catholic Church.
The name "Holy See" (also "Apostolic See") is in ecclesiastical terminology the ordinary jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the [[Apostle]] [[St. Peter]] (see [[Apostolic Succession]]). Consequently Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The Pope derives his Pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not obligated to reside in Rome; according to the Latin formula ''ubi Papa, ibi Curia'', wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between [[1309]] and [[1378]] the Popes resided not in Rome but in [[Avignon]], a period often called the [[Babylonian Captivity]] in allusion to the [[Bible|Biblical]] exile of [[Israel]] (see [[Avignon Papacy]]).

Catholic [[tradition]] maintains that the institution of the Pontificate can be found in the [[Bible]], and cites certain key passages in support of this contention. Chief among these passages is [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew xvi: 18 – 19]], wherein Jesus Christ says to [[St. Peter]]:

:''"Blessed are you, Simon Bar Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but My Father Who is in Heaven. And I tell you, you are Peter ''("The Rock" derived from Greek)'', and on this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven: and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in Heaven".''

Other important passages include [[Gospel of Luke|Luke xxii: 31 – 32]], [[Gospel of John|John i: 42]], and [[John 21:15-19|John xxi: 15 – 17]].

==Regalia and insignia==
[[Image:Vatican_coa.png|right|thumb|200px|Vatican coat of arms]]
''Main article: [[Papal regalia and insignia]].''

*The "[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]" also called the "tiara" or "triple crown"; recent popes have not, however, worn the ''triregnum'' though it remains the symbol of the papacy and has not been abolished. In liturgical ceremonies popes wear an episcopal [[mitre]] (an erect cloth hat).
*Staff topped by an erect [[crucifix]], a custom established before the [[13th century]].
*The [[pallium]] (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the [[chasuble]] about the neck, breast and shoulders and having two twelve-inch-long pendants hanging down in front and behind, ornamented with six small, black crosses distributed about the breast, back, shoulders, and pendants).
*The "Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven", the image of two keys, one gold and one silver. The silver key symbolises the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven.
*The [[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]], a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning Pope around it.
*The ''[[umbracullum]]'' (better known in the Italian form ''ombrellino'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes).
*One of the most familiar (and now discontinued) trappings of the Papacy was the ''[[sedia gestatoria]]'', a mobile throne carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing ''[[flabella]]'' (fans made of white ostrich-feathers). The use of the ''sedia gestatoria'' and of the ''flabella'' was discontinued by [[Pope John Paul II]], with the former being replaced by the so-called [[Popemobile]].

In heraldry, each pope has his own [[Papal Coat of Arms]]. Though unique for each pope, the arms are always surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in saltire (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an X) behind the escutcheon (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver ''triregnum'' with three gold crowns and red ''infulae'', or the red strips of fabric hanging from the back over the shoulders when worn ("two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or"). The flag most frequently associated with the Pope is the yellow and white flag of Vatican City, with the arms of the Holy See ("Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. This flag was first adopted in [[1808]], whereas the previous flag had been red and gold, the traditional colours of the Pontificate.

==Status and authority==
[[Image:MilChapPope.jpg|thumb|250px|Pope [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] was elected on [[April 19]], [[2005]].]]
The status and authority of the Pope in the Catholic Church was [[dogma]]tically [[dogmatic definition|defined]] by the [[First Vatican Council]] in its ''Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ'' ([[July 18]], [[1870]]). The first chapter of this document is entitled "On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter", and states that (s.1) "according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of [[God]] was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the Lord" and that (s.6) "if anyone says that blessed Peter the [[apostle]] was not appointed by Christ the Lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole [[church militant]]; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not one of true and proper jurisdiction that he directly and immediately received from our Lord Jesus Christ Himself: let him be [[anathema]]."

The Dogmatic Constitution's second chapter, "On the permanence of the primacy of blessed Peter in the Roman pontiffs", states that (s.1) "that which our Lord Jesus Christ [...] established in the blessed apostle Peter [...] must of necessity remain forever, by Christ's authority, in the church which, founded as it is upon a rock, will stand firm until the end of time," that (s.3) "whoever succeeds to the chair of Peter obtains by the institution of Christ Himself, the primacy of Peter over the whole church", and that (s.5) "if anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the Lord Himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy: let him be anathema."

The Dogmatic Constitution's third chapter, "On the power and character of the [[primacy of the Roman pontiff]]," states that (s.1) "the definition of the [[ecumenical council]] of [[Council of Florence|Florence]], which must be believed by all faithful [[Christianity|Christian]]s, namely that the apostolic see and the Roman pontiff hold a world-wide primacy, and that the Roman pontiff is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole church and father and teacher of all Christian people," that (s.2) "by divine ordinance, the Roman church possesses a pre-eminence of ordinary power over every other church, and that the jurisdictional power of the Roman pontiff is both episcopal and immediate" and that "[[clergy]] and faithful, of whatever rite and dignity, both singly and collectively, are bound to submit to this power by the duty of [[hierarchy|hierarchical]] subordination and true obedience, and this not only in matters concerning faith and morals, but also in those which regard the discipline and government of the church throughout the world."

The powers of the Pope are defined by the Dogmatic Constitution (ch.3, s.8) such that "he is the supreme judge of the faithful, and that in all cases which fall under ecclesiastical jurisdiction recourse may be had to his judgement" and that "the sentence of the apostolic see (than which there is no higher authority) is not subject to revision by anyone, nor may anyone lawfully pass judgement thereupon" (can. 331 defines the power of the Pope as "supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary power in the Church, and he can always freely exercise this power"). It also dogmatically defined (ch.4, s.9) the doctrine of [[papal infallibility|Papal infallibility]], ''sc.'' such that

:when the Roman Pontiff speaks ''ex cathedra'', that is, when in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed His church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals. Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.

See [[Donation of Constantine]] for discussion of the broader authority the papacy has argued the Catholic Church possesses in affairs of [[state]].

==Political role==
Though the progressive [[Christianization|Christianisation]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the [[Fourth century]] did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the [[5th century]] left the Pope the senior Imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil leader was vividly displayed by [[Pope Leo I]]'s confrontation with [[Attila]] in [[452]] and was substantially increased in [[754]], when the [[Franks|Frankish]] ruler [[Pepin the Short]] donated to the Pope a strip of territory which formed the core of the so-called [[Papal States]] (properly the Patrimony of St. Peter). In [[800]], [[Pope Leo III]] crowned the Frankish ruler [[Charlemagne]] as Roman Emperor, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the [[Holy Roman Empire]]; from that date it became the Pope's prerogative to crown the Emperor, a tradition which continued until [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (subsequent Emperors never received coronation), and which was partially revived by [[Napoléon Bonaparte]]. As has been hitherto mentioned, the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in [[1870]] with their annexation by [[Italy]].

In addition to the pope's position as a territorial ruler and foremost [[prince bishop]] of Christianity (especially prominent with the [[Renaissance]] popes like [[Pope Alexander VI]], an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politico, and [[Pope Julius II]], a formidable general and statesman) and as the spiritual head of the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the Emperors, such as during the Pontificates of [[Pope Gregory VII]] and [[Pope Alexander III]]), the pope also possessed a degree of political and temporal authority in his capacity as Supreme Pontiff. Some of the most striking examples of Papal political authority are the Bull ''[[Laudabiliter]]'' in [[1155]] (authorising [[Henry II of England]] to invade [[Ireland]]), the Bull ''[[Inter Caeteras]]'' in [[1493]] (leading to the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] in [[1494]], which divided the world into areas of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule) the Bull ''[[Regnans in Excelsis]]'' in [[1570]] ([[excommunication|excommunicating]] [[Elizabeth I of England]] and purporting to release all her subjects from their allegiance to her), the Bull ''[[Inter Gravissimas]]'' in [[1582]] (establishing the [[Gregorian Calendar]]).

==Death, abdication, and election==
===Death===
The current regulations regarding a papal [[interregnum]] — i.e., a ''[[sede vacante]]'' ("vacant seat") — were promulgated by John Paul II in his [[1996]] document ''[[Universi Dominici Gregis]]''. During the ''sede vacante'', the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]], composed of the pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the [[Camerlengo|Cardinal Chamberlain]]; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the [[Holy See]]. Any decision that needs the assent of the pope has to wait until a new pope has been elected and takes office.

It has long been claimed that a pope's death is officially determined by the Cardinal Chamberlain by gently tapping the late pope's head thrice with a silver hammer and calling his birth name three times, though this is disputed and has never been confirmed by the Vatican; there is general agreement that even if this procedure ever actually occurred, it was likely not employed upon the death of John Paul II. A [[medical doctor|doctor]] may or may not have already determined that the pope had passed away prior to this point. The Cardinal Chamberlain then retrieves the [[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]]. Usually the ring is on the pope's right hand. But in the case of Paul VI, he had stopped wearing the ring during the last years of his reign, and left it in his desk. In other cases the ring might have been removed for medical reasons. The Chamberlain cuts the ring in two in the presence of the Cardinals. The deceased pope's seals are defaced, to keep this pope's seal from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed.

The body then lies in state for a number of days before being interred in the [[crypt]] of a leading church or cathedral; the popes of the [[20th century]] were all interred in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. A nine-day period of mourning (''novem dialis'') follows after the interment of the late pope.

===[[Papal abdication|Abdication]]===
The Code of [[Canon law|Canon]] Law [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM 332 §2] states, ''If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone.''

It was widely reported in June and July [[2002]] that the Pope John Paul II firmly refuted the speculation of his resignation using Canon 332, in a letter to the Milan daily newspaper ''Corriere della Sera''.

Nevertheless, 332 §2 gave rise to speculation that either:
* Pope John Paul II would have resigned as his health failed, or
* a properly manifested legal instrument had already been drawn up that put into effect his resignation in the event of his incapacity to perform his duties.

Pope John Paul II did not resign. He died on [[2 April]] [[2005]] after suffering from many diseases and was buried on [[8 April]] [[2005]]. [http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&q=Pope+Dead&btnG=Search+News Articles on the death of John Paul II]

After his death it was revealed in his [[last will and testament]] that he considered abdicating in [[2000]] as he neared his 80th birthday.

===[[Papal election|Election]]===

The pope was originally chosen by those senior [[clergy]]men resident in and near Rome. In [[1059]], the electorate was restricted to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]] of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in [[1179]]. The Pope is usually a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, but theoretically any male Catholic (including a layman) may be elected; [[Pope Urban VI]], elected [[1378]], was the last pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election. Canon law requires that if a layman or non-bishop is elected, he receives episcopal consecration from the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] before assuming the Pontificate. Under present canon law, the pope is elected by the cardinal electors, comprising those cardinals who are under the age of 80.

The [[Second Council of Lyons]] was convened on [[May 7]], [[1274]], to regulate the election of the pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year ''Sede Vacante'' following the death of [[Pope Clement IV]] in [[1268]]. By the mid-[[Sixteenth century]], the electoral process had more or less evolved into its present form, allowing for alteration in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.

Traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation, by selection, by committee, or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote, and was last used in [[1621]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] abolished vote by acclamation and by selection by committee, and henceforth all Popes will be elected by full vote of the [[College of Cardinals|Sacred College of Cardinals]] by [[ballot]].

The election of the pope almost always takes place in the [[Sistine Chapel]], in a meeting called a "[[papal election|conclave]]" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, ''cum clavi'', until they elect a new Pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for any elector to insert multiple ballots. Before being read, the number of ballots are counted while still folded; if the total number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Assuming the number of ballots matches the number of electors, each ballot is then read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Balloting continues until a Pope is elected by a two-thirds majority (since the promulgation of ''Universi Dominici Gregis'' the rules allow for a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days).
[[Image:John23leo.jpg|left|thumb|216px|[[Pope John XXIII]] wearing the [[Papal Tiara]] following his [[coronation]], a tradition which has now been discontinued.]]

One of the most famous aspects of the papal-election process is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special oven erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from [[St Peter's Square]]. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound in order to produce black smoke, or "fumata nera." (Traditionally wet straw was used to help create the black smoke, but a number of "false alarms" in past conclaves have brought about this concession to modern chemistry.) When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke ("fumata bianca") through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new Pope. At the end of the conclave that elected [[Pope Benedict XVI]], church bells were also rung to signal that a new pope had been chosen.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals then asks the successfully elected Cardinal two solemn questions. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election?" If he replies with the word "Accepto," his reign as Pope begins at that instant, <I>not</I> at the coronation ceremony several days afterward. The Dean then asks, "By what name shall you be called?" The new Pope then announces the [[regnal name]] he has chosen for himself.

The new pope is led through the "Door of Tears" to a dressing room in which three sets of white Papal vestments ("immantatio") await: small, medium, and large. Donning the appropriate vestments and re-emerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new Pope is given the "[[Ring of the Fisherman|Fisherman's Ring]]" by the Cardinal Camerlengo, whom he either reconfirms or reappoints. The Pope then assumes a place of honor as the rest of the Cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" ("adoratio"), and to receive his blessing.

The senior [[Cardinal Deacon]] then announces from a balcony over St. Peter's Square the following proclamation: ''Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! Habemus Papam!'' ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a Pope!"). He then announces the new pope's Christian name along with the new name he has adopted as his regnal name.

Until [[1978]], the Pope's election was followed in a few days by a procession in great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], with the newly-elected Pope borne in the ''sedia gestatoria''. There the Pope was crowned with the ''[[Papal Tiara|triregnum]]'' and he gave his first blessing as Pope, the famous ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' ("to the City [Rome] and to the World"). Another famed part of the coronation was the lighting of a torch which would flare brightly and promptly extinguish, with the admonition ''Sic transit gloria mundi'' ("Thus fades worldly glory"). Traditionally, the new pope takes the [[Papal oath]] (the so-called "Oath against modernism") at his coronation, but Popes [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]], [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], and [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] have all refused to do so.

The [[Latin language|Latin]] term ''sede vacante'' ("vacant seat") refers to a papal interregnum, the period between the death of the Pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the name [[sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]], which designates a category of dissident, schismatic Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected Pope, and that there is therefore a ''Sede Vacante''; one of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and especially the replacement of the [[Tridentine Mass]] with the ''[[Novus Ordo Missae]]'' are heretical, and that, per the dogma of Papal infallibility (see above), it is impossible for a valid Pope to have done these things.

==Objections to the Papacy==
The Pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is [[dogma]]tic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council [[anathema]]tised all who dispute the Pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the Pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, but can roughly be outlined as (1.) objections to the extent of the primacy of the Pope; and (2.) objections to the institution of the Papacy itself.
[[Image:J23paceminterris.jpg|frame|John XXIII signed his [[encyclical]] ''Pacem in Terris''.]]

Some non-Catholic Christian communities, such as the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the [[Anglican Communion]], accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], and therefore accept (to varying extents) the papal claims to primacy of honour. However, these churches generally deny that the pope is the successor to St. Peter in any unique sense not true of any other bishop, or that St. Peter was ever bishop of Rome at all. The primacy is therefore regarded as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the [[Roman Empire]], a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th [[canon law|canon]] of the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. In any event, these churches see no foundation at all to papal claims of universal jurisdiction. Because none of them recognise the First Vatican Council as ecumenical, they regard its definitions concerning jurisdiction and infallibility (and [[anathema]]tisation of those who do not accept them) as invalid.

Other non-Catholic Christian denominations do not accept the doctrine of [[Apostolic Succession]], or do not understand it in hierarchical terms, and therefore do not accept the claim that the Pope is heir either to Petrine primacy of honour or to Petrine primacy of jurisdiction or they reject both claims of honor or jurisdiction as unscriptural. The Papacy's complex relationship with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s, and other secular states, and the Papacy's territorial claims in Italy, are another focal point of these objections; as is the [[monarch]]ical character of the office of Pope. In [[Western Christianity]], these objections — and the vehement rhetoric they have at times been cast in — both contributed to, and are products of, the [[Protestant Reformation]]. These denominations vary from simply not accepting the pope's authority as legitimate and valid, to believing that the pope is the [[Antichrist]] or one of the beasts spoken of in the [[Book of Revelation]]. These denominations tend to be more heterogeneous amongst themselves than the aforementioned hierarchical churches, and their views regarding the Papacy and its institutional legitimacy (or lack thereof) vary considerably.

Some objectors to the papacy use empirical arguments, pointing to the corrupt characters of some of the holders of that office. For instance, some argue that claimed successors to [[St. Peter]], like Popes [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]] and [[Callixtus III]] from the [[Borgia]] family, were so corrupt as to be unfit to wield power to bind and loose on Earth or in Heaven. An omniscient and omnibenevolent God, some argue, would not have given those people the powers claimed for them by the [[Catholic Church]]. Defenders of the papacy argue that the Bible shows God as willingly giving privileges even to corrupt men (citing examples like some of the kings of Israel, the apostle [[Judas Iscariot]], and even St. Peter after he denied Jesus). They also argue that not even the worst of the corrupt popes used the office to try to rip the doctrine of the Church from its apostolic roots, and that this is evidence that the office is divinely protected. 

Some objectors to the papacy occasionally refer to the Catholic Church and its members by the [[pejorative]] term ''papist'' to point up what they believe to be an inappropriate focus of attention on the office and an improper attribution of certain divine favors ''ex officio''.

==Other Popes==
An '''[[antipope]]''' is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (see [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]).

The head of the [[Jesuit]] Order of Priests has always been called the [[Black Pope]] due to that order of priests always wearing a long black robe, including its leader (compared to the Pope's always wearing white robes), and to the order's specific allegiance to the Roman pontiff.

The heads of the [[Coptic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] are also called "Popes" for historical reasons, the former being called "'''Coptic Pope'''" or "'''Pope of Alexandria'''" and the latter called "'''Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa'''"; the parallel construction "'''Pope of Rome'''" is frequently used in the Eastern churches.

In [[Islam]], the former office of [[Caliph]] held similar meaning, as the leader of all Muslims, subordinate only to the prophet [[Muhammad]].

==See also==
*[[List of popes|Chronological list of popes]]
*[[Pope Benedict XVI]]
*[[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes]]
*[[List of 10 shortest-reigning Popes]]
*[[Ages of Popes]]
*[[Vestment]]
*[[Immaculate Conception]]
*[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]
*[[Ecumenical Council]]
*[[College of Bishops]]
*[[Pontifical University]]
*[[Caesaropapism]]
*[[Investiture Controversy]]
*[[African popes]]
*[[List of French popes]]
*[[Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy]]
*[[Pope Joan]]
*[[Prophecy of the Popes]]
*[[Regnal name]]
*[[Papal Slippers]]
*[[Papal Coronation]]
*[[Papal Inauguration]]
*[[List of sexually active popes]]

==External links==
*[http://www.vatican.va/ The Holy See]
*[http://www.pope-john-paul.com/ Inside the Vatican: Pope John Paul]
*[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM Code of Canon Law] – Vatican site
*[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/20ecume3.htm The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ], Fourth Session of the First Vatican Council
*[http://web.globalserve.net/~bumblebee/ecclesia/patriarchs.htm Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy]
*[http://thepopeblog.blogspot.com/ The Pope Blog] – Unofficial weblog about the Pope
*[http://www.papst-benedikt.be Pope Benedikt XVI and other Popes] (germ.)
*[http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/papalinfo.htm Papal information] News about ongoing Papal Events
*[http://www.punditguy.com/2005/04/german_pope.html Pope Election News Roundup]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/tv2/benedictxvi/ Windows Media video of Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estevez announcing Habemus Papam (We have a Pope!)]
*[http://www.americancatholic.org/news/BenedictXVI/ American Catholic - Pope Benedict XVI Starts His Papacy]

[[Category:The Papacy|*]]
[[Category:Popes|*]]
[[Category:Christian leaders]]
[[Category:Positions of authority]]

[[bn:পোপ]]
[[ca:Papa]]
[[cs:Papež]]
[[da:Pave]]
[[de:Papst]]
[[als:Papst]]
[[es:Papa]]
[[eo:Papo]]
[[fr:Pape]]
[[ko:교황]]
[[hr:Papa]]
[[id:Paus (Katholik Roma)]]
[[ms:Paus (Katholik)]]
[[it:Papa]]
[[he:אפיפיור]]
[[la:Papa]]
[[lt:Popiežius]]
[[li:Paus]]
[[hu:Pápa (egyházfő)]]
[[nl:Paus]]
[[ja:ローマ教皇]]
[[no:Pave]]
[[pl:Papież]]
[[pt:Papa]]
[[ro:Papă]]
[[ru:Папство]]
[[sk:Pápež]]
[[sl:Papež]]
[[sr:Папа]]
[[fi:Paavi]]
[[sv:Påve]]
[[th:พระสันตะปาปา]]
[[zh:教宗]]

Hugh Ike Shott

2005-06-01T20:10:14Z

Nadavspi: 'controled' -> 'controlled'; -- Join and fix more!

'''Hugh Ike Shott''' was a [[newspaper]] editor, pioneer broadcaster, and [[Republican]] politician in [[West Virginia]].

He was born in [[Staunton, Virginia]] in [[1866]] and aprententiced as a printer. He moved to the then-booming new city of [[Bluefield, West Virginia]]. There he took control of the [[Bluefield Daily Telegraph]], the city's primary morning newspaper. He, via straw parties, also controlled the "competing" evening ''Mountain Sunset Review''.

He was also involved in the railway mail service and was [[postmaster]] for several years. In that era, postmaster was a political appointment given by the [[President of the United States]].

He was elected the the [[United States]] [[House of Represenatives]] in [[1928]] and re-elected in [[1930]]. However he was defeated in [[1932]], and defeated for the [[United States Senate]] in [[1936]].

In [[1942]] he was a candidate for the special Senate "short term" caused by the resignation of [[Matthew M. Neely]]. He won and served from [[November 18]], [[1942]] to [[January 3]], [[1943]]. The election was almost honorary, as the Senate only met twice during his term of office. He was not a candidate in the regular election, held on the same day, for the following regular six-year term. He was referred to as "Senator" for the rest of his life, however.

In broadcasting, he obtained the liscense for the only station, at the time, in Bluefield, WHIS, with the [[call letters]] standing for his initials, in [[1928]]. In [[1948]] he obtained a companion [[FM]] station. Both continue in operation today.

His control of both daily newspapers and both of the primary radio stations gave him a virtual news [[monopoly]] in his area. His outlets were a bold pro-business and anti - [[New Deal]] voice.

He died in Bluefiled on [[October 12]], [[1953]].

In [[1955]] his heirs obtained, by the only special exception ever granted by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] the only [[television]] station in the city, which likewise carried his WHIS initials.

After extended litigation, the [[United States Supreme Court]] orderd that no one company could own both the primary AM and FM stations, the only TV station, and the only daily newspaper in the same town. WHIS-TV was sold and the call letters changed to [[WVVA]] in [[1979]]. His name lives on in WHIS-AM, although it, also was later sold, as was the FM station, and several other radio stations he owned. Today none reflect his viewpoints.

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[U.S. Senator]] from [[West Virginia]]|years=1942 - 1943|before=[[Joseph Rosier]]|after=[[W. Chapman Revercomb]]}}
{{end box}}
[[Category:United States Senators|Shott, Hugh Ike]]
[[Category:West Virginia politicians|Shott, Hugh Ike]]

Nugent Castle

2005-06-01T18:45:54Z

Nadavspi: 'discribed' -> 'described'; 'fictious' -> 'fictitious'; -- Join and fix more!

{{ie citytown infobox |
town_name = Delvin|
Irish_name = Dealbhna |
crest_image = |
pin_coords = left: 104px; top: 55px |
north_coord = 53.6106 |
west_coord = 7.0925 |
irish_grid = N601626 |
town_elevation = 115m |
county_name = Westmeath |
town_pop = 271 (2002) |
rural_pop = 558 (2002)|
}}'''Delvin''' ([[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Dealbhna'') is a small town in north [[County Westmeath]], [[Ireland]] located on the [[N52 road|N52]] [[roads in Ireland|road]]. The town is 20km from [[Mullingar]] and is the setting of the book [[Valley of the Squinting Windows]] by [[Brinsley MacNamara]], described under the fictitious name of "Garradrimna".

==Nugent Castle==
The castle is believed to have been built in [[1181]] by Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath for his brother-in-law, Sir Gilbert de Nugent. Sir Gilbert De Nogent came to Ireland with Hugh de Lacy in [[1171]]. Gilbert settled on some land in Delvin and was granted the title Baron of Delvin. The ruins of Nugent Castle remain near the center of the town.

==Amenities/Facilities==
Delvin Castle Golf Club - an 18 hole golf course - is located near the town. There is a bank branch, school, church, hotel/guest house, a few shops, a few pubs and a take-away in the town. It is likely that several more amenities will open over the next few years due to the construction of a large housing estate near the town in [[2004]].

==See also==

*[[List of towns in the Republic of Ireland]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.hal-pc.org/~nugent/castle.html Nugent Castle]
*[http://homepage.eircom.net/~crowenstown/delvin.htm Delvin Castle]
*[http://cloghmore.bravepages.com/westmeath/delvin.html Picture of the Castle]
*[http://www.golfmidlandsireland.com/clubfrm.htm Delvin Golf Club]

[[Category:Towns in Westmeath]]

Litauische Aktivistenfront

2005-05-31T22:51:12Z

Nadavspi: 'aquired' -> 'acquired'; -- Join and fix more!

'''Lithuanian Activist Front''' (''Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas''), commonly abbreviated LAF, is an organisation established in 1940, when Lithuania was occupied by Soviets, which was meant to liberate [[Lithuania]].

''This article lacks adequate [[Wikipedia:cite sources|references]].''
==History==

The organization was established in [[November]] of 1940 by [[Kazys %u0160kirpa]], former Lithuanian ambassador to [[Germany]]. LAF was meant to unite people of various political believes, from hard-line leftists to hard-line rightists, if these people wanted to see Lithuania as an independent country, rather than as part of [[Soviet Union]] or [[nazi Germany]]. Later LAF units were formed in various Lithuanian cities.

The [[Berlin]] unit, formed by Kazys %u0160kirpa mainly out of former Lithuanian expats and diplomats in Germany, despite of having quite many leftist members at first, with time acquired certain more or less [[nationalsocialist]] views (they were still loyal to Lithuania, but wanted to reform Lithuania in similar way as Hitler reformed Germany); while the units of LAF based in Lithuanian cities remained in normal political views. Due to lack of correspondence between Berlin unit and Lithuanian units however there was almost no exchange of ideology. LAF formed the [[Underground government]] which was meant to take over the control of country by the time Soviets would be deposed. This udnerground government wa smainly formed out of [[Vilnius]] and [[Kaunas]] sections of LAF, however, 2 of the members of it, including prime minister, was to be out of the Berlin branch (prime minister would have been the founder [[Kazys %u0160kirpa]]); in case Lithuania would be liberated these people were meant to go back to Lithuania and join the government. A bunch of people from this underground government, as well as other LAF members, were arrested and executed or exiled by Soviet authorities over the time.

Leadership of LAF thought that a good time to liberate Lithuania might be if Germans would strike Soviet Union, as in that case they hoped that both powers would be busy fighting each other and so dominating Lithuania would not be in their major goals. Germany declared war on Soviet Union in [[June 22]] of 1941, and the same day LAF started the [[June uprising]], which led to declration of independence the next day, [[June 23]] (see [[June independence]]). LAF underground government took power in June 24th despite of suffering great looses few days ago (in June 21th four members of government were arrested by Soviet authorities, while supposed prime minsiter [[Kazys %u0160kirpa]] was put under home arrest in Berlin as Germans did not wanted independent Lithuania; another minister couldn't come too). The prime minister became [[Juozas Ambrazevičius]]. However, the negotiations with Germany over recognition of Lithuania failed, as Germany had no interest in independent Lithuania. germany did not deposed LAF government, but completely ignored it and established countering structures.

The government lost all of it's power in few weeks, and seeing no more reason to continue work, dissolved itself in August. LAF as organisation remained however; later it gave a memorandum to Germany which protested against Lithuanian occupation. Few days after that Lithuanian Activist Front was banned; many of it's leaders were arrested and sent to [[concentration camp]]s.

[[category:Lithuanian history]]
{{hist-stub}}

Gay Nigger Association of America

2004-10-20T23:20:11Z

Nadavspi: rv

The '''Gay Nigger Association of America''', or '''GNAA''', is a self-aggrandizing [[troll organization]] which originated on the discussion website [[Slashdot]]. It consists of six leaders and approximately 30–40 other members. Members have flooded weblogs, produced [[shock sites]], [[prank call]]ed [[technical support]] [[telephone|phone]] lines, as well as flooded, mass-invited, and trolled [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] and [[Soulseek]] channels. GNAA members are generally perceived as nuisances by the communities they attack, who frequently respond with technological and social anti-trolling measures (such as comment moderation) to limit future disruption caused by trolling.

==Background information==
GNAA encourages people to join by watching the [[1992 in film|1992]] [[Denmark|Danish]] [[B-movie|low-budget movie]] ''[[Gayniggers From Outer Space]]'', from which their name derives. The GNAA's entry requirements also include the successful achievement of a "[[first post]]" on Slashdot consisting of GNAA [[Internet troll]] text, or registering one's support by upwardly [[moderation|moderating]] "GNAA" comments. A test on the subject matter in ''Gayniggers From Outer Space'' is administered by an [[IRC bot]].

GNAA first appeared in [[January]] [[2003]], trolling Slashdot using [[ASCII art]] logos representing the organization and satirical [[news release]]s pertaining to the contents of Slashdot articles.

==Activities==
GNAA has also created the [[music]] track "[[Punjab|Punjabi]] Extreme", featuring samples taken from their troll phone calls made to [[AOL]], and the "Hey, everybody! I'm looking at [[homosexuality|gay]] [[pornography|porno]]!" voice from [[shock site#Last Measure|Last Measure]].

During [[May 2004|May of 2004]], GNAA members fiercely flooded and attacked the popular image board website [[4chan]]. It is generally agreed that this was one of the major short-term factors that led to the fourth (non-permanent) shutdown of 4chan shortly thereafter.

In [[July 2004|July of 2004]], GNAA member JesuitX submitted leaked [[screenshot]]s of the then forthcoming [[operating system]] [[Mac OS X 10.4]] to popular Apple [[Macintosh]] news website [http://www.macrumors.com/ MacRumors]. ([http://www.macrumors.com/pages/2004/06/20040626041303.shtml] and [http://www.macrumors.com/pages/2004/06/20040627202026.shtml]). However, when the source was found to be from GNAA, many declared the screenshots to be fake, based on the apparent "disreputability" of the GNAA.

During late [[August 2004]], the GNAA launched a campaign against websites [http://www.aimgirl.com AIMGirl] and [http://www.aimguy.com AIMGuy] by [[crapflooding]] [[shock image]]s onto their affiliated forums. AIMGirl subsequently locked registration and the AIMGuy forums closed.

GNAA member rolloffle (also known as James A. C. Joyce) wrote the article "[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/2/2/171117/8823 Why your Movable Type blog must die]", which then made it to the front page of [[kuro5hin]], a community-moderated site. Rolloffle also produced several other stories and diary entries.

==Racism and sexism==

The name "Gay Nigger Association of America" is often perceived as [[racism|racist]] and [[offensiveness|offensive]], mainly because of the word "[[Nigger (word)|nigger]]". However, most GNAA members deny allegations of actual racism, implying that these statements are made only to elicit angry responses and to subvert or otherwise challenge long-standing social [[norms]]. Critics of this behavior suggest that using the term "nigger" in any context is extremely offensive and inappropriate. True to their perceived offensiveness, GNAA members also regularly make posts to [[Slashdot]] and other web sites claiming that [[Jew]]s were responsible for the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].

The plot of the organization's official movie consists of gay black men who travel to [[Earth]] and proceed to eliminate women from the planet. Some believe the [[sexism]] suggested by this plot may be shared by the organization, which has no female members. This statistic many not be indicatory of sexism, however, since [[Slashdot]], where the GNAA originated, and the [[computing]] industry in general, is dominated by males. The gender makeup of the GNAA may simply reflect that.

== External links ==
*[http://www.gnaa.us GNAA Site]
*[http://punjabi.gnaa.us GNAA Punjabi Extreme]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274518/ Internet Movie Database entry: ''Gayniggers from Outer Space'']

[[Category:Internet trolls]]
[[Category:Slashdot subcultures]]

Gay Nigger Association of America

2004-10-20T23:09:12Z

Nadavspi: rv

Goatse

2004-09-26T17:24:25Z

Nadavspi: rv 'vandalism'

'''Goatse.cx''' is one of the most widely known [[Internet]] [[shock site]]s. Its front page contains an explicit picture, <tt>hello.jpg</tt>, featuring a man wearing a gold ring on his left hand (and nothing else) manually stretching his [[anus]] and [[rectum]] to a diameter roughly equal to the width of his hand. Below the anus, the man's dangling [[penis]] and [[testicles]] are visible. The site is commonly linked to by [[Internet troll]]s in order to shock unsuspecting users with the image. Hello.jpg has the caption "stinger".

As of [[January 16]], [[2004]] the domain Goatse.cx is no longer online, however many [[mirror (computing)|mirror]]s of the site are still available (see the [[#Alternative_locations|alternative locations section]]) and the image itself has been posted at many other web sites.

==Etymology==

The intended meaning of the site's name is not known for certain. It is commonly interpreted as a [[word play]] on the phrase "[[goat]] [[sex]]", although no goats are involved anywhere on the site. An entry on [[Urbandictionary.com]] proposes the acronym "Guy Opens Ass To Show Everyone"; this may be a [[backronym]].

It has been claimed that prior to hello.jpg, Goatse.cx contained a picture of a woman being anally penetrated by a goat.
Archive.org only lists versions as far back as March 1999, at which point hello.jpg was being used, so there is no information on whether this claim is true.

==Identity of the "Goatse Man"==

Despite widespread speculation, the identity of the man featured in hello.jpg is not definitively known. All that is known for certain is that the picture belongs to a series featuring the man demonstrating his anal stretching ability, probably created for [[pornography|pornographic]] purposes. Some have claimed that "he" is actually a [[hermaphrodite]], and he is actually pulling open his [[vagina]]. The developer of this theory later admitted that the theory was never intended to be serious, though some continue to believe the theory is correct.

While his real name is unknown, he has been given many [[nickname]]s by various Internet communities. These include "Bob Goatse", "The Goatse Man/Boy/Guy", "The Goatman", "The Receiver", "Stinger", "Gatasa", and "Gman".

According to some sources, the man is from the [[United States]], and he has been practicing [[anal stretching]] for years as a hobby. Others contend he is one Yam Sthruss, based on an [[email]] in the Feedback section from a person with this name claiming that <tt>hello.jpg</tt> is of him and asking for its removal. This is most likely a hoax, as YamsYamsYams was for some time a synonym of Goatse on the [[Something Awful Forums]].

It has also been claimed that the Goatse man is a man named Kirk Johnson, another well known practitioner of anal stretching. This assumption is based on similarities in the body, particularly the position of a large [[mole (skin marking)|mole]] directly above the Goatse man's anus; the mole is visible in the same location in some of Kirk Johnson's photographs (see link below). One of his photographs commonly used as a shock site is <tt>Lensman.jpg</tt>, in which he is posing in a similar manner to the Goatse.cx photo. It was found by Ferreous of the [[internet forum|forum]]s at [[Penny Arcade]].

==Alternative locations==

'''WARNING!''' All of these addresses lead directly to the pornographic image described above.

The website is available from at least six other locations, all of which are still up:
* <nowiki>http://hick.org/goat/ also http://198.247.175.96/goat/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://retropay.com/goatse/goatse.cx/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://web.archive.org/web/20030623201150/http://goatse.cx/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://synflood.at/mirrors/goatse.cx/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>http://www.goatse.org/mirror/</nowiki>
These sites have the same contents as Goatse.cx before it went down.
*Another mirror, apparently from an older version of the site, is available at <nowiki>http://goat.cx/</nowiki> The [[GNAA (Slashdot)|GNAA]] states that it operates that site [http://pepper.idge.net/gnaa/gnaa-goatse.txt].
* <nowiki>http://goatse.cc/</nowiki> and <nowiki>http://notyet.goatse.cc</nowiki> are the same except for the two links in the "Receiver" section. (Johnnyversace.com)<nowiki>http://johnnyversace.com</nowiki>) and [http://boards.ie Boards.ie] are linked to instead of Urinal Poop and Dolphin Sex.)
* <nowiki>http://www.rokbom.com</nowiki>, which is a "front page" for a personal website (http://rokbom.com/index.php, linked by an additional "Rokbom" link). The receiver page lacks the "merchandise" string that the current version has, suggesting that the front is a mirror of an older version of goatse. The modified contrib section has the text "A small request: SUP XXX JASON IS THE RECEIVER" in addition to other content, and the text "Our first Christmas present: A collage from the people at holyzoo.com! Thank you!" is present, unlike in the current version of Goatse; the image is on both sites, however.
* <nowiki>http://www.goatse.ca</nowiki>, which only has the "Receiver" section. Instead of Dolphinsex and Urinal Poop, the text "Fight Censorship!" is below hello.jpg.
* <nowiki>http://www.lagnet.co.za</nowiki>, which only has hello.jpg and the text "I SUBSCRIBED TO [[Telkom|TELKOM]]'S [[ADSL]] AND LOOK WHAT HAPPENED TO ME!!!"

==External links==

* http://goatse.cx/ - Leads to the notice of the domain suspension.
* http://goat.cx/ - Alternative location. '''WARNING''' - This leads to the picture described above.
* <nowiki>http://www.supa-gangstaz.tk</nowiki> - Redirect to goat.cx that also spawns numerous popups with hello.jpg.
* <nowiki>http://hick.org/goat/index-orig.html</nowiki> - The Goatse page at a new location. '''WARNING''' - This leads to the picture described above.
** http://www.hick.org/goat/mail.html - "Feedback" subsection with reader email selections. This page does not contain pornographic images.
** <nowiki>http://www.hick.org/goat/contrib/gap.zip</nowiki> and <nowiki> http://www.exet.nu/html/bildarkiv/goatse.shtml</nowiki> - Links to gap.zip
** <nowiki>http://www.hick.org/goat/loopback.jpg</nowiki> - The loopback.jpg picture. '''WARNING''' - This leads to pornographic material
** <nowiki>http://www.hick.org/goat/contrib/hello.mpg</nowiki> - The hello.mpg movie. '''WARNING''' - This leads to pornographic material
* <nowiki>http://www.roflmao.com/hatejob</nowiki> - A redirect to Goat.cx
* <nowiki>http://www.stileproject.com/</nowiki> - located the complete image set. '''WARNING!''' This site contains pornographic and potentially offensive materials.
* http://www.fc-uk.org.uk/goatse/index.html - A satirical fictional interview with Bob Goatse.
* <nowiki>http://www.bmezine.com/news/people/A20210/plp56/</nowiki> - Another interview, this one with a French man who some have claimed to be the Goatse Man. '''WARNING!''' This page contains pornographic material similar to that at Goatse.cx.
* http://mjt.nysv.org/ - has a goatse tribute section.
* http://sam.zoy.org/fun/goatse/ - has a comprehensive goatse tribute section with many well-known (and many lesser-known) photoshoppings of the images from the site
* <nowiki>http://adult.pornparks.com/rosebutt/kirk/001/index.htm</nowiki> - Photographs of a man named Kirk Johnson, who some claim to be the Goatse man. '''WARNING!''' This page contains pornographic material similar to that at Goatse.cx.
* <nowiki>http://www.detroithardcore.com/lensman.jpg</nowiki> - Kirk Johnson's "Lensman" photograph. The image is also on the detroithardcore.com main page.
*See [http://www.nic.cx/complaints/goatse.cx/goatse.cx11.01.2004.pdf the official complaint (PDF)] by an individual named Rhonda Clarke [http://web.archive.org/web/20030214010757/%68ttp://training.edu.cx/rhonda.html], [http://www.nic.cx/complaints/goatse.cx/aup.noticeofcomplaint.pdf the official note (PDF)] to the domain's registrant and [http://www.nic.cx/whois.jsp the current state] of the goatse.cx whois entry.
*[http://www.petitiononline.com/Goatse/petition.html Petition launched to bring goatse.cx back].
*The suspension of goatse.cx was [http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/1/16/03540/4020 discussed in detail] on [[Kuro5hin]].
*<nowiki>http://static.stileproject.com/rnd/fp/ripgoatse.gif</nowiki> - "RIP Goatse" cartoon
*http://linux.is.analdeluxe.de/ - The pumpkin picture
*http://www.b0g.org contains many goatse references within its archives
*<nowiki>http://www.stilemedia.com/?v=shmap1.wmv&akey=99d5cdb42c95c70f54713174542d4d30</nowiki> - A video of a man doing two different acts of stretching his anus.
*<nowiki>http://www.siliconsamurai.net/stuff/?chicks</nowiki> - Another copy of gap.zip.

==Organization==

Goatse.cx has four sections, three of which have images of questionable taste:
*The ''"Receiver"'' section, showing the aforementioned hello.jpg. Before the picture is the text in [[black]], "The goatse.cx lawyer has informed us that we need a warning! So.. if you are [[Minor (law)|under the age of 18]] or find this [[photograph]] offensive, please don't look at it. Thank you!" It also has links to <nowiki>http://www.dolphinsex.org/</nowiki> and <nowiki>http://www.urinalpoop.org/</nowiki>. It once had a link to <nowiki>http://www.biganal.com/</nowiki>. The text below hello.jpg reads, "IMPORTANT NOTE: There are many merchandising attempts for goatse.cx around the web-- none of them are real, none of them are official. Do not buy this gimmick merchandise. The official goatse.cx merchandise is coming soon!" The title of this page is "Eh".
*The ''"Giver"'' section, showing a picture (<tt>giver.jpg</tt>) of a man on a boat, which has been artificially altered (with [[Xv]] according to the XCREATOR tag within the [[JPEG]] itself) to appear that he has an oversized [[penis]]. The title of this page is "Whoa". The whole website contains an [[anal sex]] [[joke]] - that the Giver will be able to stick his oversized penis into the Receiver, and therefore, bring on highly pleasurable [[sexual intercourse]] for the two men.
*The ''"Feedback"'' section, where e-mails are exhibited.
*The ''"Contrib"'' section showcasing visitor contributions to the site. Contrib has additional variations of <tt>hello.jpg</tt> and <tt>giver.jpg</tt>, as well as other images and files. The title of this page is "Contributed Work". '''Warning:''' The page begins with an [[ASCII art|ASCII]] version of <tt>hello.jpg</tt>.
** <tt>bush.jpg</tt> is a picture of [[United States President]] [[George W. Bush]], calling someone on a [[telephone]] in his office, with <tt>hello.jpg</tt> displayed on a [[laptop]] [[computer]] on his desk.
** <tt>collage-holyzoo.jpg</tt> is a [[collage]] of faces of different people affiliated with holyzoo.com and thinkattack.com, and a closeup on the gaping anus of the man in <tt>hello.jpg</tt>. The image contains the text "Special Thanks for being there for a laugh. From your friends at http://holyzoo.com and... [http://THINKATTACK.com http://THINKATTACK.com]"
** <tt>goatse-wwii.jpg</tt> is a picture of a large snowball, with "goatse.cx" written on the side, chasing [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini]], and [[Hideki Tojo]].
** <tt>giver2.jpg</tt> is a picture of the Goatse giver holding his oversized penis.
** <tt>magiceye.jpg</tt> is a [[Magic Eye]] picture. After about 16 seconds, the image changes to that of a 256 color version of <tt>hello.jpg</tt>. It attempts to fool viewers by exploiting the fact that, although the server sends a [[MIME]] type stating the filename is a [[JPEG]] image, the image is in fact an animated [[GIF]].
** <tt>warning.jpg</tt> is a warning sign picture telling people not to go to goatse.cx
** <tt>goatsex.swf</tt> is a [[Macromedia Flash|Flash]] Movie, set to the hook from "MMMBop" by [[Hanson]]. The movie shows a large dildo being stuck into the anus of the man posing in hello.jpg. The background is from another gap.zip picture, gap8.jpg.
** <tt>Goatman.mp3</tt> is an [[mp3]] Music file. It takes up 518 KB.
** <tt>Foxy_goatse.mp3</tt> is another [[mp3]] music file, a parody of the [[Jimi Hendrix]] song Foxy Lady. It takes up 1061 KB.
** <tt>goatsecx-winamp.zip</tt> is a [[Zip (file format)|ZIP]] file containing a [[Winamp]] skin, depicting hello.jpg. It takes up 313 KB.
** <tt>hello.mpg</tt> is a movie, first showing the text "HI" on a black background, followed by shots of gap.zip pictures. At the end of the movie, the following text appears next to a picture of a teenage boy:<br> "<nowiki>http://www.goatse.cx</nowiki> <br> The goatse.cx lawyer has informed us that we need a warning! So.. if you are [[Minor (law)|under the age of 18]] or find this [[photograph]] offensive, please don't look at it. Thank you!"

People sometimes link to goatse.cx images not shown on the actual webpages, such as <tt>loopback.jpg</tt>, a picture of a man looping his penis into his anus. There are also numerous other files in the directory http://www.goatse.cx/contrib/.

The image <tt>hello.jpg</tt> originates from a set of 40 images depicting the man performing various anal sexual acts. In those images, the man used [[dildo|dildos]] and [[butt plug|butt plugs]] to stretch his anus. The images were located by ''[[Stile Project]]'' and are also available from the "Contrib" section of the goatse.cx website under the filename <tt>gap.zip</tt>. <tt>hello.jpg</tt> is the third file in the archive, <tt>gap3.jpg</tt>.

==Geographic location==

The site uses the .cx country code, which is the [[top-level domain]] of [[Christmas Island]], whose operators will not disclose registrants' personal information. The actual server of Goatse.cx is not located on Christmas Island, but in the [[United States]] and is owned by Hick.org, which is a website about computer programming. The Hick.org domain was registered by [[Matt Miller]] in [[Overland Park, Kansas]]. Both Goatse.cx and Hick.org originate from the same IP address; the server is located in the [[Kansas City, Missouri]] metro-region. Goat.cx, a mirror of Goatse.cx, is located in the [[Houston, Texas]] metro-region.

==Parodies and tributes==

Because nearly every frequent Internet user has been tricked into viewing the site at one time or another, it has become something of an Internet-wide [[in joke]]. As such, hello.jpg and the other images on the site are common subjects of [[parodies]] and [[tributes]].

* [http://www.the-elite.net/ClarkPage/Phases/ The 8 Phases of Goatse]
* The following three parodies are hosted on [[Yahoo!]] [[Geocities]].
** http://www.geocities.com/bobmaloogakathy/frogsecx/receiver.html - The "Receiver" <tt>hello.jpg</tt> here is a [[Kermit the Frog]] doll with an anus stuck on it. The "giver" <tt>giver.jpg</tt> shows a man taking off his [[pants]] and exposing his [[pubic hair]]. "Feedback" leads to http://hanniballecter.blogspot.com/ and "Contrib" leads to [http://darko.blogspot.com/ http://darko.blogspot.com/].
** http://www.geocities.com/electabuzz2002/lite.htm - Was originally like the Goatse.cx receiver section, but with <tt>hello.jpg</tt> replaced by the ASCII version found in the "Contrib" section of Goatse.cx. It has since been changed so that the "Receiver" and "Giver" are replaced by crude line drawings.
** http://www.geocities.com/internetgoat/ - This website has the Goatse warning, and fake links, as well as a link to this webpage, with the words "Thanks for the hits!"
* The following parodies all originate from the same IP address, hosted in the Houston, Texas metro-region:
** [http://oralse.cx/ Oralse.cx] - The "Pussy" <tt>hello.jpg</tt> is that of a [[kitten]], and the "Wiener" <tt>giver.jpg</tt> is that of a [[dachshund]]. Oralse.cx also has a "Contrib" section of more shots of the cat and the dog, as well as modified versions of the aforementioned pictures. It also had a "Feedback" section with its own letters.
** http://analse.cx/ - This site has <tt>bunny.gif</tt>, which is a picture of bunch of [[cartoon]] [[rabbit]]s, each with a pancake on its head, who open their anuses in imitation of <tt>hello.jpg</tt>. The title of the page is "GoatsePancakeBunnyDance". A song called "bunny.mid" plays on the site, a version of ''[[Girl from Ipanema]]''. The string "Now this is something I just don't get. - Matthew 11:42" is seen in the source code. This site is also a spoof of [[The Hamster Dance]] and [[Oolong (rabbit)|Oolong]] the rabbit.
* In the tradition of oralse.cx and throatse.cx, "anti-shock" (sites that imitate shock/curiosity websites but do not feature objectionable content), has become an [[Internet troll | Internet trolling]] phenomenon where people advertise non-shock sites as containing pornographic or shocking matter. Commonly, the actual website linked-to is an image of a family pet, a recipe for sugar cookies, [http://mary-kateandashley.com the Olsen twins' website].
* [http://trollse.cx Trollse.cx] - a parody of the front page of goatse.cx, replacing the original picture with a picture of [[open source]] figure [[Eric S. Raymond]]. The giver section has a cartoon of two men, a still frame from [[JeffK|Jeff K]]'s animation satiring [[Linux]] users and game designer [[Cliff_Bleszinski | Cliffy B]]. One of them is clothed and sitting down in a chair. His oversized penis is bulging through the crotch of his red pants. In the background are pictures of Something Awful characters Cliff Yablonski and JeffK. The "contrib" only has an ascii picture of Raymond. This website is hosted in the [[Washington, DC]] metro-region. The site links to [[Slashdot]] and [[Slashnet]]. The site also links to cowse.cx, which is advertised as "coming soon."
* [http://xbo.cx/ Xbo.cx], which had the Goatse.cx image altered so that it looks as if the man is covering his anus with a [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox]], and with a Xbox controller covering his penis and testicles. The page is titled "The Butcher". Others were "The Baker", which was "The Butcher" but with an [[Atari 2600]] in place of the Xbox, and "The Candlestick Maker", which had the Goatse.cx giver with a [[joystick]] in place of the oversized penis. The "feedback" button leads to a mailto to gimps@r33t.org. "Hate" leads to a "What would [[Santa Claus|Santa]] do?" thread on the r33t.org [[internet forums]]. And the r33t.org link links to the said website, which has a "[[Communist]]" theme. The website has been taken down due to the lease expiring, and was hosted in the [[Auckland, New Zealand]] metro-region. The Xbox picture (though not the Atari 2600 or the joystick) can be viewed at http://web.archive.org/web/20020526122729/http://www.xbo.cx/ . Currently, http://www.xbo.cx has become a commercial Xbox modding site.
* <nowiki>http://www.goatse.org/</nowiki> - an illustration of [[Mario (Nintendo character)|Mario]] from the video game ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' bending over, with the hello.jpg anus doctored onto the already doctored picture to show an anus to the viewer (The filename of the picture is mariotse.jpg).
* http://members.lycos.co.uk/ferreousx/goats.gif - A modified [[Penny_Arcade]] comic strip that contains a extremely pixilated version of goatse.
* http://sam.zoy.org/fun/goatse/ - A gallery of Goatse parody pictures. Warning: The first page is not pornographic, but it contains links to pornograhpic and disturbing variations on hello.jpg
* http://conese.ath.cx/ - A re-enactment of <tt>hello.jpg</tt> using an ordinary traffic cone. Non-pornographic.
* http://forge.evula.net/fc/fc_goatse.jpg - An altered [[Family Circus]] comic
* http://www.redcoat.net/pics/couldsecx.jpg - A picture of the sky pulling a <tt>hello.jpg</tt>
* http://www.digitaldfw.com/uberzine/hax.asp?clip=32 - A video showing 2 young men in the background of a newscast with a sign that says "Goatse."
* <nowiki>http://www.thinkattack.com/userFiles/replies/16899.jpg</nowiki> - A picture of [[Saddam Hussein]] stuck inside the Goatse man in an altered hello.jpg. The person who altered the picture commented about the picture on the Thinkattack.com [[message board]] "They found Saddam in a dark hole..."
* <nowiki>http://www.thinkattack.com/userFiles/replies/16900.jpg</nowiki> - A modified picture of Saddam Hussein having his mouth checked, replacing his mouth with the hello.jpg anus and two hands stretching it.
* <nowiki>http://www.cadaverine.net/misc/hello.jpg</nowiki> - An altered hello.jpg, showing the face of cartoon [[european dragon|dragon]] blocking the man's anus
* <nowiki>http://www.cellosoft.com/nash/garbage/photos/simonb-goatse.jpg</nowiki> - A picture of a teenage boy doing a Goatse pose. The photo has the goatse anus doctored onto the seat of the boy's pants.
* <nowiki>http://www.tworetards.com/issues/030123_13/images/iraqse-or.jpeg</nowiki> - A doctored photograph of George Bush at the podium, modified to show him holding a piece of paper, with hello.jpg on it and the words "[[Iraq]]" below the hello.jpg picture
*<nowiki>http://web.archive.org/web/20010305142500/http://www.conhugeco.org/goatse.cx</nowiki> - Neo Goatse.cx, which has two sections - The Effect, which shows a picture of a man with a [[prolapse|prolapsed]] rectum, and The Cause, which shows a pair of gap.zip pictures, the first depicting the Goatse man sitting on a large butt plug, the second with a pair of dildos inserted into his anus.
* http://goat.se/cx - features a photograph (oogabooga.jpg) of a [[cat]] with its tail raised, showing its anus. There are no further pictures or links. The [[URL]] of this site is one of two possible URLs contain only the text of the original goatse.cx, the other URL being the unavailable <nowiki>http://go.at/secx</nowiki>.
* <nowiki>http://analcock.tk/</nowiki> - The front page features a picture (ninja.gif) of a crudely drawn man with a wand in his hand, and a penis sticking out of his buttocks, ejaculating. The text "ANAL COCK" written on him. Instead of "the giver", there is "The Gordon" page, which shows a picture (Gordon.jpg, with the caption "stoko") of a teenager. The feedback section leads to the text "CLOCK". The contrib section contains the text "Nothing yet :(".
* http://www.xcesta.org - features a reversed version of hello.jpg (looking out from the man's anus instead of into it) for the "Receiver" section. The "Giver" section features an upside-down, color inverted version of the Goatse.cx Giver picture. The "Feedback" section has some of the e-mail to Goatse.cx reversed, while the "Contrib" section has the ASCII version of Goatse.cx, but with "Goatsex" reversed. On the same page there is also a [[Javascript]] text reverser. The site's name comes from a reversal of the Goatse.cx domain - reversed, Goatse.cx would be Xcesta.og, though the site uses ".org" because there is no such TLD as ".og". Note: The picture on the main page is non-pornographic, although pictures on some of the subpages are mildly pornographic.
* http://goatse.biz/ - A "PG-rated" goatse tribute lacking any pictures, only displaying the text, "<Insert picture of rectum here>".
* [http://blog.jackola.net/725376.html blog.jackola.net] and http://www.timese.cx feature parody versions of [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/archive/covers/0,16641,1101040920,00.html The 20th September 2004 cover of Time Magazine], which look similar to goatse even before the parodies were made.
* Goatse is used extensively at General [M]ayhem: [http://www.genmay.com], where the face of Goatse was uncovered
* http://www.evilscheme.org/defcon/ - A gallery of censored goatse images being shown to people.

''See also:'' [[Internet phenomenon]]

[[Category:Shock sites]][[Category:Internet memes]]

[[fi:Goatse]]

Vom Mythos des Mann-Monats

2004-06-02T11:54:31Z

Nadavspi: Fixed spelling.

'''''The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering''''' is a classic book on [[software]] [[project management]] written by [[Fred Brooks]].

Reflecting on his time at [[IBM]] managing the development of [[OS/360]], Brooks recounts the mistakes made and lessons learned. One of the mistakes was the attempt to add more workers to a project falling behind schedule, in the hope of speeding development. His observation, known as [[Brooks Law|Brooks's Law]], was simple: "Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later."

Another of his challenges to the idea of expecting results to match labor expended was the assertion that writing an [[Algol programming language|Algol]] [[compiler]] requires six months, regardless of the number of workers involved.

Brooks also describes the [[second-system effect]] and advocates [[prototyping]].

The book was first published in [[1975]]. It was republished as an anniversary edition in [[1995]], adding the essay ''[[No Silver Bullet]]'' and commentary by the author.

==Some invaluable insights from the book==
* '''The Mythical Man-Month''': Assigning more programmers to a project running behind schedule, could actually make it even more late.
* '''The Second-System Effect''': The second system an engineer designs is the most dangerous system she will ever design, since it will be disasterously overdesigned. Thus, when embarking upon a new project, a project manager should ask for a chief architect, who has at least three or more systems design experience under his belt.
* '''Conceptual Integrity''': In order to make a user-friendly system, the system must have conceptual integrity, which can only be achieved by separating architecture from implementation. A single chief architect (or a small number of architects), acting on the user's behalf, decides what goes in the system and what stays out. A super cool idea by someone, may NOT be included if it doesn't fit with the overall system design seamlessly. In fact, to ensure a user-friendly system, a system may deliberately provide '''''less''''' features than it is capable of. The point is that if a system is too complicated to use, then many of its '''''features''''' will go unused because no one has the time to learn how to use them.
* '''The Manual''': What the chief architect produces are written specifications for the system in the form of the manual. It describes the external spcifications of the system in detail i.e. everything that the user sees. The manual can be altered as feedback comes in from the implementation teams and the users.
* '''The Pilot System''': When designing a new kind of system, a team '''''will''''' design a throw-away system (whether it likes it or not). This system acts as a '''''pilot plant''''' that will reveal techniques which will subsequently cause a complete redesign of the system. This second '''''smarter''''' system should be the one delivered to the customer, since delivery of the pilot system would cause nothing but agony to the customer and possibly ruin the system's reputation and maybe even the company's.
* '''Formal Documents''': Every project manager must create a small core set of '''''formal documents''''' which acts as the roadmap as to what the project objectives are, how are they to be achieved, who is going to achieve them, when are they going to achieved and how much are they going to cost. These documents may also reveal inconsistencies which are otherwise hard to see.
* '''Project Estimation''': When estimating project times, remember that compilers are three times as hard to write as application programs. And systems programs are three times as hard to write as compilers. And the use of a suitable high level language may dramatically improve programmer productivity. Also, keep in mind how much of the work week will actually be spent on technical issues rather than administrative ones or other non-technical ones, such as meetings or sick leaves.
* '''Communication''': In order to avoid disaster, all the teams working on a project should remain in contact with each other in as many ways as possible (email, phone, meetings, memos etc.) Instead of assuming something, the implementor should instead ask the architects to clarify their intent on a feature she's implementing, before proceeding with an assumption that might very well be completely incorrect.
* '''Code Freeze and System Versioning''': Software is invisible. Therefore, many things only become apprarent once a certain amount of work has been done on a new system, allowing a user to experience it. This experience will yield insights, which will change a user's needs or the perception of the user's needs. The system will therefore need to be changed in order to fulfill the changed requirements of the user. This can only occur upto a certain point, otherwise the system may never be completed. At a certain date, no more changes would be allowed to the system and the code would be frozen. All requests for changes, will be delayed until the '''''next''''' version of the system.
* '''Specialized Tools''': Instead of every programmer having his own special set of tools, each team should have a designated tool-maker that may create tools which are highly customized for the job that team is doing. e.g. a code generator tool that spits out code based on a specification. In addition, system-wide tools should be built by a common tools team, overseen by the project manager.