Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Lin Yi-hsiung

2011-02-04T08:02:32Z

Multivariable: Undid revision 411925582 by 111.255.164.84 (talk)

{{Infobox Premier
| name = Lin Yi-hsiung 林義雄 Lîm Gī-hiông
| image = President Direct Election Movement Yi-hsiung Lin.jpg
| caption = Lin Yi-hsiung at the rally for direct presidential election in 1992
| order = 6th [[Democratic Progressive Party|Chairperson of the DPP]]
| term_start = 18 July 1998
| term_end = 20 April 2000
| predecessor = [[Hsu Hsin-liang]]
| successor = [[Frank Hsieh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|08|24}}
| birth_place = [[Yilan County, Taiwan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = [[Fang Su-min]]
| party = [[Democratic Progressive Party]]
| alma_mater = [[National Taiwan University]] [[Kyoto University]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| religion = [[Taoist]]<ref>http://www.macaudailytimesnews.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=8690</ref>
}}

{{Chinese name|[[Lin (surname)|Lin]]}}
'''Lin Yi-hsiung''' ({{zh|t=林義雄|s=林义雄|p=Lín Yìxióng|first=t}}; born August 24, 1941 in [[Yilan County, Taiwan]], is a politician. He was a major leader of the [[Democracy|democratization]] movement in Taiwan. He graduated from the Department of Law of [[National Taiwan University]]. He was first exposed to politics in 1976 while serving as attorney for Guo Yuxin (郭雨新, 1908–1985) who sued the ruling KMT party for [[electoral fraud]]. Lin was elected a member of Taiwan Provincial Assembly (now defunct) in Guo's old electorate in 1977.

==Lin Family Massacre==
Lin was arrested in December 1979 for his involvement in the [[Kaohsiung Incident]]. On February 27, 1980 Lin Yi-hsiung was in detention and beaten severely by the police. His wife saw him in prison and contacted the [[Amnesty International]] [[Osaka]] office. The next day Lin's mother and twin 7 year old daughters were stabbed to death. The authorities claimed to know nothing about it, even though his house was under 24 hour police surveillance.<ref name="Roy">Roy, Denny. ''Taiwan: A Political History''. [2003] (2003). Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801488052.</ref> There are no suspects to this day.

Lin's eldest daughter, Huan-Jun Lin (林奐均, aka. Judy Linton), who was badly wounded in the incident, was the only survivor in this murder which stunned Taiwan. She later traveled to the United States, embraced Christianity, and married Rev. Joel Linton.<ref>[http://www.judylinton.com/judytest.html Judylinton.com]</ref> She is now a renown pianist and gospel singer in Taiwan.

In 1984, Lin left jail on parole, and went to [[Harvard University]] with his wife.

==Post incident career==
Lin returned to Taiwan in 1989 and became a major advocate against nuclear power in Taiwan soonafter. In 1995, he ran and lost in the [[Democratic Progressive Party]]'s four-way primary for the 1996 Taiwan presidential election.

Three years later, Lin Yi-hsiung became the 8th Chairman of Democratic Progressive Party (1998–2000) and successfully ran a campaign for [[Chen Shui-bian]] as the 10th President of the [[Republic of China]]. Immediately following Chen's election in May 2000, Lin demonstrated his unwillingness to share the spoils of victory in a surprising retirement from DPP's chairmanship. Citing Robert Frost's poem, he retired with the remark that he preferred to take "the road less travelled by".

Leaving all public and party posts behind him, Lin has been concerning himself with 'reform from outside (the centers of power)' as he campaigns for various issues of environmental justice and parliamentary reform, most importantly in mobilizing public support against nuclear power (2000) and for reducing the number of parliamentary seats by half (2004), both of which are detrimental to Chen's and DPP's hold on power.

In late 2005, he encouraged and endorsed Ong Jin-Ju's (翁金珠) candidacy in the Democratic Progressive Party's chairmanship by-election of January 15, 2006. Some observers considered Ong as the reformist candidate because the two other candidates each represented the then president and premier's factions respectively. Lacking a factional base, however, Ong was only able to marshall 9.4% of the votes.

Less than two weeks later, on January 24, 2006, Lin Yi-hsiung renounced membership of the Democratic Progressive Party of Taiwan. He said the elections of recent years had become partisan dogfights, resulting in national upheaval. He therefore had no intention of serving in the party's administration, nor of running for public office for the party. According to Lin Yi-hsiung, it was no longer meaningful to be a DPP member, and he has chosen to be a non-partisan citizen of his democratic country.

Despite this, Lin recently endorsed and campaigned for the Democratic Progressive Party's two candidates in the December 2006 mayoral elections. Lin went on the campaign trail for [[Frank Hsieh]] (candidate for Mayor of Taipei City) and [[Chen Chu]] (candidate for Mayor of Kaohsiung City), both of whom are long time friends of his dating back to the late 1970s. He states that despite all its vices, the Democratic Progressive Party still remains the most progressive party in Taiwan.<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/12/07/2003339427 Taipeitimes.com]</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Hsu Hsin-liang]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Democratic Progressive Party|Chairperson of the DPP]]|years=1998-2000}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Frank Hsieh]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{DPP Chairpersons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Lin, Yi-Hsiung
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1941-08-24
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Yilan County, Taiwan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lin, Yi-Hsiung}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Democratic Progressive Party chairpersons]]
[[Category:National Taiwan University alumni]]
[[Category:Taiwan independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Yilan County]]

[[zh-min-nan:Lîm Gī-hiông]]
[[ja:林義雄 (台湾)]]
[[ru:Линь Исюн]]
[[zh:林義雄]]

Lin Yi-hsiung

2011-02-03T06:45:26Z

Multivariable: Undid revision 411721490 by 111.255.172.204 (talk) no explanation given for change

Soziales Modell von Behinderung

2010-09-19T20:57:17Z

Multivariable: rv

{{unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{Template:Disability}}
{{dablink|For specific activity related to implementation of certain aspects of this model, see the article '''[[Inclusion (disability rights)]]''' and the other articles and links there.}}

The '''social model of disability''' proposes that systemic barriers, negative attitudes and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled and who is not in a particular society. It recognizes that while some people have [[physiology|physical]], sensory, intellectual, or [[psychology|psychological]] variations, which may sometimes cause individual functional limitation or [[impairment]]s, these do not have to lead to [[disability]], unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences.

The model does not deny that some individual differences lead to individual limitations or impairments, but rather that these are not the cause of individuals being excluded. The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s and the disabled people's [[Civil Rights Movement]]/[[human rights]] movements; the specific term itself emerged from the [[United Kingdom]] in the 1980s.

==History==
The approach behind the model is traced to the 1960s. In 1976, the UK organization [[Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation]] (UPIAS) claimed that disability was: ‘the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes little or no account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities.’

In 1983, the disabled academic [[Mike Oliver (disability advocate)|Mike Oliver]] coined the phrase ‘social model of disability’ in reference to these ideological developments. Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model (of which the medical was a part) versus a social model, derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS.

The 'social model' was extended and developed by academics and activists in the UK, US and other countries, and extended to include all disabled people, including those who have learning difficulties, or have experienced the mental health system.

==Components and usage==

A fundamental aspect of the social model concerns equality. The struggle for equality is often compared to the struggles of other socially marginalized groups. Equal rights are said to give empowerment and the 'ability' to make decisions and the opportunity to live life to the fullest. A related phrase often used by disability rights campaigners, as with other [[social activism]], is "[[Nothing About Us Without Us]]."

The social model of disability often focuses on changes required in society. These might be in terms of:

*Attitudes, for example a more positive attitude toward certain mental traits or behaviors, or not underestimating the potential quality of life of those with impairments
*Social support, for example help dealing with the above barriers, resources, aids or [[positive discrimination]] to overcome them
*Information, for example using suitable formats (e.g. [[braille]]) or levels (e.g. simplicity of language) or coverage (e.g. explaining issues others may take for granted)
*Physical structures, for example buildings with sloped access and elevators
*Flexible work hours for people with [[circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]

The social model of disability implies that attempts to change, 'fix' or 'cure' individuals, especially when against the wishes of the patient, can be discriminatory and prejudiced. It is often contended that this attitude, often seen as stemming from a medical model and a subjective value system, can harm the self-esteem and social inclusion of those constantly subjected to it (e.g. being told they are not as good or valuable, in some overall and core sense, as others).

Some communities have actively resisted 'treatments', often alongside defending a unique culture or set of abilities. Some examples include: deaf parents arguing against cochlear implants for deaf infants who cannot consent to them, and valuing sign language even if most do not 'speak' it; people diagnosed with an [[autism spectrum disorder]] arguing against efforts to change them to be more like others.

They argue instead for acceptance of [[neurodiversity]] and accommodation to different needs and goals; people diagnosed with a [[mental disorder]] argue that they are just different, don't necessarily conform, or have a [[psychosocial disability]] ultimately caused by discrimination or exclusion by society.

The social model implies that practices such as [[eugenics]] are founded on social values and a prejudiced understanding of the potential and value of those labeled disabled.

The social model of disability is often based on a distinction between the terms 'impairment' and 'disability.' Impairment is used to refer to the actual attributes (or loss of attributes), the abnormality, of a person, whether in terms of limbs, organs or mechanisms, including psychological. Disability is used to refer to the restrictions caused by society when it does not give equivalent attention and accommodation to the needs of individuals with impairments.

The social model also relates to economics. It proposes that people can be disabled by a lack of resources to meet their needs. It addresses issues such as the under-estimation of the potential of people to contribute to society and add economic value to society, if given equal rights and equally suitable facilities and opportunities as others.

==Policy==
In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Disability Discrimination Act 1995|Disability Discrimination Act]] defines disability using the medical model - disabled people are defined as people with certain conditions, or certain limitations on their ability to carry out ‘normal day-to-day activities.’ But the requirement of employers and service providers to make ‘reasonable adjustments’ to their policies or practices, or physical aspects of their premises, follows the social model.

By making adjustments, employers and service providers are removing the barriers that disable - according to the social model, they are effectively removing the person's disability. However, in 2006, amendments to the act called for local authorities and others to actively promote disability equality. It remains to be seen if this means the social model of disability will be more rigorously observed.

In the [[United States]], the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]] (ADA), revised in 2008, is a wide-ranging [[civil rights]] law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], which made discrimination based on [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[religion]], [[sex]], national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Certain specific conditions are excluded, including [[alcoholism]] and [[transsexualism]].

== See also ==
* [[Inclusion (disability rights)]]
* [[Ableism]]
* [[Medical model of disability]]

==External links==
* "[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Oliver/in%20soc%20dis.pdf The Individual and Social Models of Disability]", 1990, a paper by Mike Oliver, who coined the term.
* UK [[Disability Rights Commission]]: [http://83.137.212.42/sitearchive/drc/citizenship/howtouse/socialmodel/index.html The Social Model of Disability]. Accessed 2009-10-15.
* [http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=/en/hip/odi/documents/Definitions/Definitions003.shtml&hs= Article on Disability Perspectives and Data Sources] from Government of Canada.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9683379&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_DocSum Chapireau F. and Colvez A. (1998)] Social disadvantage in the [[International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicap]]. Soc Sci Med. 47(1):59-66.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15056329 Kearney PM & Pryor J. (2004)] [[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]] (ICF) and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Apr;46(2):162-70.
*[http://www.milieu.it/DisabilityStudiesItaly/DisabilityStudiesItaly.html Disability Studies Italy] (in Italian).
[[Category:Disability]]
[[Category:Disability rights]]
[[Category:Medical sociology]]
[[Category:Accessibility]]

[[es:Modelo social en la discapacidad]]
[[fi:Vammaisuuden sosiaalinen malli]]