Kollektaneenbuch

2016-02-18T09:54:47Z

MultiPoly: Changed tense to reflect that commonplace books are still used.

[[File:Commonplace book mid 17th century.jpg|thumb|A commonplace book from the mid-17th century]]
'''Commonplace books''' (or '''commonplaces''') are a way to compile [[knowledge]], usually by writing information into [[book]]s. Such books are essentially [[Scrapbooking|scrapbook]]s filled with items of every kind: medical recipes, quotes, letters, poems, tables of weights and measures, proverbs, prayers, legal formulas. Commonplaces are used by readers, writers, students, and scholars as an aid for remembering useful concepts or facts they have learned. Each commonplace book is unique to its creator's particular interests. They became significant in [[Early Modern Europe]].

"Commonplace" is a [[Calque|translation]] of the [[Latin]] term ''locus communis'' (from Greek ''tópos koinós'', see [[literary topos]]) which means "a theme or argument of general application", such as a statement of proverbial wisdom. In this original sense, commonplace books were collections of such sayings, such as [[John Milton]]'s commonplace book. Scholars have expanded this usage to include any manuscript that collects material along a common theme by an individual.

Commonplace books are not [[Diary|diaries]] nor
[[Travel journal#Travelogues|travelogues]], with which they can be contrasted:
English Enlightenment philosopher [[John Locke]] wrote the 1706 book ''[[A New Method of Making Common-Place-Books]]'', "in which techniques for entering proverbs, quotations, ideas, speeches were formulated. Locke gave specific advice on how to arrange material by subject and category, using such key topics as love, politics, or religion. Commonplace books, it must be stressed, are not journals, which are chronological and introspective."
<ref>
[[Nicholas A. Basbanes]],
[http://books.google.com/books?id=o4K_KMO1DWUC&pg=PA82 "Every Book Its Reader: The Power of the Printed Word to Stir the World"],
Harper Perennial, 2006, p. 82.
</ref>
By the early eighteenth century they had become an information management device in which a note-taker stored quotations, observations and definitions. They were even used by influential scientists. [[Carl Linnaeus]], for instance, used commonplacing techniques to invent and arrange the nomenclature of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (which is the basis for the system used by scientists today).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eddy|first=M. D.|title=Tools for Reordering: Commonplacing and the Space of Words in Linnaeus's Philosophia Botanica|journal=Intellectual History Review|date=2010|volume=20|pages=227–252|url=https://www.academia.edu/1112087/Tools_for_Reordering_Commonplacing_and_the_Space_of_Words_in_Linnaeuss_Philosophia_Botanica_Intellectual_History_Review_20_2010_227-252|doi=10.1080/17496971003783773}}</ref>

==History==

===Zibaldone===
[[File:Zibaldone di pensieri VI.djvu|thumb|right|''Zibaldone di pensieri'', written by the Italian [[poet]] [[Giacomo Leopardi]]]]
During the course of the 15th century, the Italian peninsula was the site of a development of two new forms of book production: the deluxe registry book and the zibaldone (or hodgepodge book). What differentiated these two forms was their language of composition: a vernacular.<ref>Armando Petrucci, ''Writers and Readers in Medieval Italy'', trans. Charles M. Radding (New Haven: Yale UP: 1995), 185.</ref> [[Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai|Giovanni Rucellai]], the compiler of one of the most sophisticated examples of the genre, defined it as a "salad of many herbs."<ref>Dale V. Kent, ''Cosimo de' Medici and the Florentine Renaissance: The Patron's Oeuvre'' (New Haven and London: Yale UP, 2000), p. 69</ref>

Zibaldone were always paper codices of small or medium format – never the large desk copies of registry books or other display texts. They also lacked the lining and extensive ornamentation of other deluxe copies. Rather than miniatures, zibaldone often incorporate the author's sketches. Zibaldone were in cursive scripts (first [[chancery minuscule]] and later [[mercantile minuscule]]) and contained what [[palaeographer]] [[Armando Petrucci]] describes as "an astonishing variety of poetic and prose texts."<ref>Petrucci, 187.</ref> Devotional, technical, documentary and literary texts appear side-by-side in no discernible order. The juxtaposition of [[gabelle tax]]es paid, currency exchange rates, medicinal remedies, recipes and favourite quotations from [[Augustine]] and [[Virgil]] portrays a developing secular, literate culture.<ref>An example is the [http://www.metafilter.com/46800/Commonplace-books Zibaldone da Canal] merchant's manual held at the Beinecke Library, which dates from 1312 and contains hand-drawn diagrams of Venetian ships and descriptions of Venice's merchant culture.</ref> By far the most popular of literary selections were the works of [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Francesco Petrarca]] and [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]: the "Three Crowns" of the Florentine vernacular traditions.<ref>Kent, pg. 81.</ref> These collections have been used by modern scholars as a source for interpreting how merchants and artisans interacted with the literature and visual arts of the Florentine Renaissance.

===English===

By the 17th century, commonplacing had become a recognized practice that was formally taught to college students in such institutions as [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. [[John Locke]] appended his indexing scheme for commonplace books to a printing of his ''[[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]]''.<ref>[http://www.stevenberlinjohnson.com/2010/04/the-glass-box-and-the-commonplace-book.html "The Glass Box And The Commonplace Book"]</ref> The commonplace tradition in which [[Francis Bacon]] and [[John Milton]] were educated had its roots in the pedagogy of classical [[rhetoric]], and “commonplacing” persisted as a popular study technique until the early 20th century. Commonplace books were used by many key thinkers of the Enlightenment, with authors like the philosopher and theologian William Paley using them to write books.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eddy|first1=M. D.|title=he Science and Rhetoric of Paley’s Natural Theology|journal=Literature and Theology|date=2004|volume=18|pages=1-22|url=https://www.academia.edu/3667401/_The_Science_and_Rhetoric_of_Paley_s_Natural_Theology_Literature_and_Theology_18_2004_1-22}}</ref> Both [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]] were taught to keep commonplace books at [[Harvard University]] (their commonplace books survive in published form). Commonplacing was particularly attractive to authors. Some, such as [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] and [[Mark Twain]] kept messy reading notes that were intermixed with other quite various material; others, such as [[Thomas Hardy]], followed a more formal reading-notes method that mirrored the original [[Renaissance]] practice more closely. The older, "clearinghouse" function of the commonplace book, to condense and centralize useful and even "model" ideas and expressions, became less popular over time.

==Contemporary evaluations==

Critically, many of these works are not seen to have literary value to modern editors. However, the value of such collections is the insights they offer into the tastes, interests, personalities and concerns of their individual compilers.

From the standpoint of the psychology of authorship, keeping notebooks is in itself a kind of tradition among litterateurs. A commonplace book of literary memoranda may serve as a symbol to the keeper, therefore, of the person's literary identity (or something psychologically not far-removed), quite apart from its obvious value as a written record. That commonplace books (and other personal note-books) can enjoy this special status is supported by the fact that authors frequently treat their notebooks as quasi-works, giving them elaborate titles, compiling them neatly from rough notes, recompiling still neater revisions of them later, and preserving them with a special devotion and care that seems out of proportion to their apparent function as working materials.

==Examples in manuscript==
*[[Zibaldone da Canal]] merchant's commonplace book (New Haven, CT, Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, MS 327)
*[[Robert Reynes of Acle]], Norfolk (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Tanner 407)].
*Richard Hill, a London grocer (Oxford, Balliol College, MS 354).
*Glastonbury Miscellany. (Trinity College, Cambridge, MS 0.9.38). Originally designed as an account book.
*[[Jean Miélot]], 15th century Burgundian translator and author. His book is in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], and the main sources for his verses, many written for court occasions.

==Published examples==
*[[Francis Bacon]], ''"The Promus of Formularies and Elegancies",'' Longman, Greens and Company, London, 1883. The Promus was a rough list of elegant and useful phrases gleaned from reading and conversation that Bacon used as a source book in writing and probably also as a promptbook for oral practice in public speaking.
*[[John Milton]], "Milton’s Commonplace Book," in ''John Milton: Complete Prose Works'', gen. ed. Don M. Wolfe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953). Milton kept scholarly notes from his reading, complete with page citations to use in writing his tracts and poems.
*[[E.M. Forster]], "Commonplace Book," ed. Philip Gardner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985).
*[[W.H. Auden]], ''[[A Certain World]]'' (New York: The Viking Press, 1970).
*{{cite news|last=Lovecraft|first=H.P.|title=Commonplace Book|url=http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2011/07/h-p-lovecrafts-commonplace-book/|work=H.P. Lovecraft's Commonplace Book|publisher=Wired|accessdate=5 July 2011|date=4 July 2011}} Transcribed by Bruce Sterling.

==Literary references to commonplacing==
* [[Bronson Alcott]], 1877: "The habit of journalizing becomes a life-long lesson in the art of composition, an informal schooling for authorship. And were the process of preparing their works for publication faithfully detailed by distinguished writers, it would appear how large were their indebtedness to their diary and commonplaces. How carefully should we peruse Shakespeare’s notes used in compiling his plays—what was his, what another’s—showing how these were fashioned into the shapely whole we read, how Milton composed, Montaigne, Goethe: by what happy strokes of thought, flashes of wit, apt figures, fit quotations snatched from vast fields of learning, their rich pages were wrought forth! This were to give the keys of great authorship!" Amos Bronson Alcott,'' Table-Talk of A. Bronson Alcott'' (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1877), p. 12.
* [[Virginia Woolf]], mid-20th century: "[L]et us take down one of those old notebooks which we have all, at one time or another, had a passion for beginning. Most of the pages are blank, it is true; but at the beginning we shall find a certain number very beautifully covered with a strikingly legible hand-writing. Here we have written down the names of great writers in their order of merit; here we have copied out fine passages from the classics; here are lists of books to be read; and here, most interesting of all, lists of books that have actually been read, as the reader testifies with some youthful vanity by a dash of red ink." Virginia Woolf, "Hours in a Library," ''Granite and Rainbow: Essays by Virginia Woolf'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1958), p. 25.
* In [[Lemony Snicket]]'s ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' a number of characters including Klaus Baudelaire and the Quagmire triplets keep commonplace books.
* In [[Michael Ondaatje]]'s ''[[The English Patient]]'', Count Almásy uses his copy of [[Herodotus]]'s ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' as a commonplace book.
* In Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, Holmes keeps numerous commonplace books, which he sometimes uses when doing research. For example, in "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger," he researches the newspaper reports of an old murder in a commonplace book.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Biji (Chinese literature)]], a similar Chinese genre
* [[Commentarii]]
* [[Hypomnemata]]
* [[Notebook (style)]]
* [[Personal knowledge management]]
* [[Personal wiki]]
* ''[[The Pillow Book]]'', a similar Japanese work
* [[Sammelband]]
* [[Silva rerum]]
* [[Swipe file]]
* [[Family cookbooks]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/reading/commonplace.html Commonplace Books, Harvard Open Collections] — digitized commonplace books
*[http://firstlines.folger.edu/ First Line Index of English Verses] - includes many lines from commonplace books
*[http://thepoetryofsight.blogspot.com/ The Poetry of Sight: An Online Commonplace Book]
* Richard Katzev's [http://marksinthemargin.blogspot.com/ Marks in the Margin: Reflections on Notable ideas from my Commonplace Book]
*Cameron Louis, ed. (1980). ''The Commonplace Book of Robert Reynes of Acle''
*[http://www.figarospeech.com/it-figures/2006/5/25/and-crown-thy-good.html Commonplaces as figures of speech]
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=13942 Extraordinary Commonplaces], [[New York Review of Books]]
*''Schools in Tudor England'' ISBN 0-918016-28-2
*[http://www.assumption.edu/users/lknoles/commonplacebook.html Commonplace Books] by Prof. Lucia Knoles, [[Assumption College]].
*[http://www.metafilter.com/46800/Commonplace-books The Zibaldone da Canal commonplace book]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=VNKK_f4NGFAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false In the Country of Books: Commonplace Books and Other Readings By Richard Katzev]
*[http://www.notesaboutnotes.com/Notes/CommonplaceBook.html Notes About Notes: Commonplace Book]
* {{Internet Archive|acommonplaceboo00miltgoog|A Common-place Book of John Milton, and a Latin Essay and Latin Verses Presumed to be by Milton}}
*{{Internet Archive|gu_newmethodmaki00lock|A new method of making common-place-books, by John Locke}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Commonplace Book}}
[[Category:Medieval literature]]
[[Category:Books by type]]
[[Category:Publishing]]
[[Category:Books of quotations]]

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