Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jakobinische Architektur

2009-02-11T01:43:04Z

Morcus: Changed western hemisphere for the more specific Americas as I and many others would consider europe to be part of the western hemisphere

[[Image:CB Hall1.jpg|thumb|[[Castle Bromwich Hall]]]]
[[Image:Bank_Hall_Daffodils.jpeg|thumb| [[Bank Hall]], Bretherton]]
The '''Jacobean style''' is the name given to the second phase of [[Renaissance]] [[architecture]] in [[England]], following the [[Elizabethan style]]. It is named after King [[James I of England]], with whose reign it is associated.

The reign of James VI of Scotland (or James I of England) (1603–1625), a disciple of the new scholarship, saw the first decisive adoption of Renaissance motifs in a free form communicated to England through [[Germany|German]] and Flemish carvers rather than directly from [[Italy]]. Although the general lines of Elizabethan design remained, there was a more consistent and unified application of formal design, both in plan and elevation. Much use was made of columns and [[pilaster]]s, round-arch [[arcade (architecture)|arcade]]s, and flat roofs with openwork [[parapet]]s. These and other classical elements appeared in a free and fanciful vernacular rather than with any true classical purity. With them were mixed the prismatic rustications and ornamental detail of scrolls, straps, and [[lozenge]]s also characteristic of Elizabethan design. The style influenced furniture design and other decorative arts. Jacobean buildings of note are [[Hatfield House]], [[Hertford]]; [[Knole House]], near [[Sevenoaks]] in [[Kent]]; and [[Holland House]] by [[John Thorpe]].

Although the term is generally employed of the style which prevailed in England during the first quarter of the 17th century, its peculiar decadent detail will be found nearly twenty years earlier at Wollaton Hall, [[Nottinghamshire]], and in [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] examples exist up to 1660, notwithstanding the introduction of the purer Italian style by [[Inigo Jones]] in 1619 at [[Whitehall]].

Already during [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]]'s reign reproductions of the classic orders had found their way into English architecture, based frequently upon [[John Shute]]'s ''The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture'', published in 1563, with two other editions in 1579 and 1584. In 1577, three years before the commencement of [[Wollaton Hall]], a copybook of the orders was brought out in [[Antwerp]] by [[Hans Vredeman de Vries]]. Though nominally based on the description of the orders by [[Vitruvius]], the author indulged freely not only in his rendering of them, but in suggestions of his own, showing how the orders might be employed in various buildings. Those suggestions were of a most decadent type, so that even the author deemed it advisable to publish a letter from a canon of the Church, stating that there was nothing in his architectural designs which was contrary to religion. It is to publications of this kind that Jacobean architecture owes the perversion of its forms and the introduction of strap work and pierced crestings, which appear for the first time at [[Wollaton]] (1580); at [[Bramshill]], [[Hampshire]] (1607–1612), and in [[Holland House]], [[Kensington]] (1624), it receives its fullest development.

==Examples in the Americas==
Examples of Jacobean architecture in the Americas include St. Nicolas Abbey, [[Drax Hall Estate|Drax Hall Great House]] in Barbados, and [[Bacon's Castle]] in [[Surry County, Virginia]] in the [[United States of America]].

==References==
{{Commonscat|Jacobean Architecture}}
See M. Whiffen, ''An Introduction to Elizabethan and Jacobean Architecture'' (1952) and J. Summerson, ''Architecture in Britain, 1530–1830'' (rev. ed. 1963).

''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. 2001.

{{1911}}

[[Category:Renaissance architecture]]
[[Category:Barbadian architecture]]

[[es:Arquitectura jacobina]]
[[fr:Architecture Jacobéenne]]

Cadillac Sixteen

2008-11-11T00:35:00Z

Morcus: Undid revision 250970334 by Sinneed (talk)The US figures and L/100Km are wrong see talk

{{Infobox Automobile
| image = [[Image:Eyes on Design 001.jpg|250px|Cadillac Sixteen Concept Car]]
| name = Cadillac Sixteen
| manufacturer = [[General Motors]]
| parent_company =
| class = [[Concept car]] <br> [[sports car|Prototype sports car]]
| body_style = 4-door [[coupe]]
| engine = 32-valve [[V16]]
| transmission = 10 speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
}}
The '''Cadillac Sixteen''' was a [[prototype]] of a stylish and high performance [[automobile]] first presented by [[Cadillac]] in 2003.

The vehicle was equipped with a 32-valve [[V16]] concept engine displacing 13.6 liters (13600 cc) (approximately 830 cubic inches) and was mated to a four-speed electronically controlled automatic transmission. The engine featured fuel-saving [[Active Fuel Management]] technology, much improved from its [[Cadillac_V8_engine#368_and_V8-6-4|notorious ancestor]], debuting in 2004 on some 2005 [[General Motors|GM]] models. On the Sixteen, it would seamlessly shut down twelve cylinders in light driving, eight during strenuous driving, and only awaken the entire engine under full acceleration.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/topgear/show/episodes/series2episode10.shtml] [[James May]]: "''[...] sixteen cylinders, but if you're just cruising along you only use four cylinders, if you go to overtake someone you get eight cylinders, and it's only when you flatten it, as the Americans would say, that you get all sixteen. Now, that means that this two-and-half tonne twenty-foot-long car will do 20 mpg, which is actually very impressive.''" </ref> With this ingenious system, the engine was capable of 20 mpg Imperial under normal conditions. The engine was said to produce {{convert|1000|hp}} using no form of [[forced induction]].

The car was conceptually related to the [[Cadillac V-16]] of the 1930s. The actual design of the car was a combination of Cadillac's current "Art and Science" design theme and 1967 [[Cadillac Eldorado]] cues. Additional original design elements were provided by an in-house design competition led by GM Vice President [[Robert Lutz]]. The Sixteen has the Cadillac logo carved out of solid crystal on the steering wheel and a [[Bulgari]] clock on the dashboard.

Although the Sixteen fell short (narrowly, by some accounts) of production approval, its legacy is alive in Cadillac's future product planning. The subsequent generation of Cadillac products, particularly the revised [[Cadillac CTS|CTS]], have incorporated elements of the Sixteen's design. A scaled-down version of the car, referred to as the ULS (Ultra Luxury Sedan), with a standard V8 and an optional V12, has been rumored for production since 2005<ref>[http://www.autoblog.com/2005/01/18/cadillac-shores-up-ultra-luxury-sedan/ Cadillac shores up Ultra Luxury Sedan - Autoblog]</ref>, and has neither been confirmed nor denied by General Motors. If built, it would compete with the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]], the [[BMW 7-Series]], the [[Audi A8]], and the [[Jaguar XJ]]. Though it is unclear how much it will resemble the Sixteen, a new range-topping Cadillac is earmarked for 2010.<ref>[http://www3.sympatico.ca/tedkrygier/future.htm Future of GM]</ref>

The Sixteen appeared in the [[racing game|racing video game's]] ''[[Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition]]'', ''[[Project Gotham Racing 3]]'', ''[[Project Gotham Racing 4]]'', appeared in ''[[Test Drive Unlimited]]'' as a DLC car, and was featured on [[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]] in [[Top Gear (series 2)|series 2, episode 10]].
it was also featured on an season 1 episode of [[Ride with Funkmaster Flex]]

It also made an appearance in the movie ''[[Click (film)|Click]]'' with [[Adam Sandler]] as a "future" vehicle.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.rsportscars.com/eng/cars/cadillac_sixteen.asp www.rsportscars.com/eng/cars/cadillac_sixteen]

[[Category:Concept automobiles]]
[[Category:Cadillac vehicles|Sixteen]]
[[Category:Goods manufactured in the United States]]

[[ar:كاديلاك سيكستين]]
[[de:Cadillac Sixteen]]
[[pl:Cadillac Sixteen]]
[[pt:Cadillac Sixteen]]

Mazda Kabura

2008-09-23T22:35:23Z

Morcus: /* Interior */ see talk

{{future automobile}}
{{Infobox Automobile
| image = [[Image:Mazda Kabura Concept.jpg|250px|Mazda Kabura concept from Montreal Auto Show]]
| name = Mazda Kabura Concept
| manufacturer = [[Mazda]]
| production = 2008-
| length = 4.050 m (159.4 in.)
| wheelbase = 2.550 m (100.4 in.)
| width = 1.780 m (70.1 in.)
| height = 1.280 m (50.4 in.)
| weight =
| similar = [[Hyundai Tiburon]]<br>[[Mitsubishi Eclipse]]<br>[[Scion tC]]
| class = [[Sport compact]]
| engine = 2.0L [[Mazda MZR engine]]
| transmission = Mazda 6MT 6-speed manual shift
| fuel_economy =
| body_style = 3-door [[coupé]]
}}

The '''Mazda Kabura''' is a [[concept car]] shown by the [[Japan]]ese [[automaker|manufacturer]] [[Mazda]] in 2006.

==Concept Overview==
The Kabura, introduced at the 2006 [[North American International Auto Show]], is a [[sport compact]] which shows styling themes and technologies which could appear in future production models. It was designed in [[Irvine, California]] by Mazda of North America design chief [[Franz von Holzhausen]], whose past projects have included the [[Audi TT]] and [[Pontiac Solstice]].

Kabura incorporates the front-engine, rear-drive layout similar to the [[Mazda MX-5]] and the [[Mazda RX-8]] and hints of physical design characteristics similar to the [[Mazda RX-8]] and the discontinued [[Mazda MX-3]]. Instead of a typical 2+2 layout, the Kabura has an unusual 3+1 arrangement, giving greater passenger space versus a traditional coupe, without increasing weight or size. All passenger seats fold flat to make additional room for cargo.

“Kabura” is a Japanese term taken from ''[[Whistling-bulb arrow|kabura-ya]]'', an arrow that makes a howling sound when fired, and was historically used to signal the start of a battle. This “first arrow into battle” is meant to represent Mazda's pursuit of unique styling themes and technologies - such as the rotary engine. Kabura represents the first Mazda compact coupe for the 21st century. Mazda has not announced plans to build a production version of the Kabura, but the design embodies several innovations that Mazda could implement when a compact sports coupe is ready for production. One of Kabura’s roles is exposing a possible future design direction for a new model.

Power is supplied to Kabura concept's rear wheels from a 2.0 L version of [[Mazda MZR engine|Mazda’s MZR]] [[DOHC]] 16-valve engine. The Kabura uses 245/35R19 [[Bridgestone]] Potenza front tires and 245/35R20 tires at the rear. While this concept has been assembled with several MX-5 chassis components, the basic dimensions fall between the [[Mazda MX-3|MX-3]] and the [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]]. As a [[sport compact]], it will slot below the RX-8 in the Mazda lineup.

===Exterior===

The Kabura’s exterior is described as a wide "powerful" stance, with pronounced wheel arches and taut surfaces, reminiscent of classic coupes. The windshield and forward portion of the roof are integrated into one seamless glass surface that extends from the cowl to the B-pillar. Overhead portions of the glass have adjustable tinting, so that the driver can adjust a knob to change the roof’s opacity, as desired, from clear to completely opaque.

Behind the B-pillar is a two-piece glass hatch. The uppermost glass panel normally lies flush. When pivoted-up by an electric motor, it acts as a roof spoiler, which also vents air from the interior and increases rear passenger headroom. A photovoltaic solar cell in the panel helps to control interior temperature, as well as helping recharge the battery for powering accessories. The larger glass hatch panel has side-mounted hinges to provide access to the Kabura’s cargo compartment.

===Interior===

The unique 3+1 interior layout is designed to provide comfortable seating for one or two tandem passengers to the right of the driver, with only occasional use of the fourth "jump-seat" behind the driver as needed.

The driver's door provides access to the driver’s cockpit, and to the rear jump seat. The other side of the car is a purposely asymmetrical arrangement. Eliminating the glovebox and minimizing the instrument panel allows shifting the front passenger about six-inches ahead of the driver’s seating position. In turn, the second right side passenger, sitting in tandem behind the right-front passenger, has approximately the same leg, shoulder, and headroom as the front passenger. The Kabura includes a secondary passenger-side door, allowing easier access to the seat behind the front passenger. After the front door is opened, touching a button slides the rear door straight back into a cavity notched into the rear-quarter panel area, instead of swinging on hinges.

Kabura's concept interior is produced from regenerated leather substrate, mostly from post-industrial waste recovered from the manufacturing of [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] brand athletic shoes.

===Specifications===
*Length: 4.05 m (159.4 in.)
*Width: 1.78 m (70.1 in.)
*Height: 1.28 m (50.4 in.)
*Wheelbase: 2.55 m (100.4 in.)
*Seating capacity: 4 person (3+1 seating)

*Engine: MZR 2.0 L DOHC 16-Valve
*Transmission: 6MT manual

*Suspension （F/R）: Double Wishbone / Multi-Link
*Tires - Front: 245/35 R19
*Tires - Rear: 245/35 R20

==Production version==
A production version of the Kabura is expected for the 2009 model year. Slotting in as an entry-level alternative to the [[Mazda RX-8|RX-8]] 2+2, the Kabura is said<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060816/FREE/60814021/1024/LATESTNEWS|title=Future Products - Mazda|work=[[AutoWeek]]|accessdate=August 16|accessyear=2006}}</ref> to borrow significant mechanical components from the [[Mazda MX-5|MX-5]] roadster while having a similar shape to the [[Mazda MX-3|MX-3]]. The production model may be fittingly titled, the "'''Mazda MX-4 Kabura'''".

<gallery>
Image:Mazdakabura.jpg| Mazda Kabura Concept at the 2007 Canadian International Auto Show


</gallery>

==External links==
*[http://www.kaburaforums.com Mazda Kabura Forums / Enthusiasts Site (News, Rumors, Message Board, Videos, Photos)]
*[http://media.ford.com/mazda/article_display.cfm?article_id=22194 Initial Ford/Mazda Media PR release]
*[http://media.ford.com/mazda/article_display.cfm?article_id=22299 Final Ford/Mazda Media Press Release]
*[http://www.roadandtrack.com/article.asp?section_id=9&article_id=3238 ''Road & Track'' magazine report]
*[http://www.mazdausa.com/MusaWeb/displayPage.action?pageParameter=upcomingKabura Official Mazda USA Kabura web site]

==References==
<references/>

{{Mazda}}

[[Category:Mazda vehicles|Kabura]]
[[Category:Concept automobiles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2006]]

[[pt:Mazda Kabura]]