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Sabrina Carpenter

2013-01-05T10:59:59Z

Modi mode:

{{Notability|Biographies|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sabrina Carpenter
| image = Sabrina Carpenter.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Girl with long hair smiles at the camera.
| caption = Sabrina Carpenter, 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|05|11}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], U.S.}}
| residence = [[East Greenville, Pennsylvania]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = sung song smile in Tinkerbell movie
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| television =
| religion = 
| denomination = 
| parents = Elizabeth and David Carpenter
| relatives = Two older sisters: Shannon & Sarah
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = {{URL|http://www.sabrinacarpenter.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sabrina Carpenter''' (born May 11, 1999)<ref>{{cite web|title=sabrinastar|url=http://sabrinacarpenter.proboards.com/index.cgi?action=viewprofile&user=sabrinastar|work=The Music of Sabrina Carpenter Official Forum|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=2010}}; this is Sabrina's profile on her website's official forum.</ref> is an American child actress/singer, who will be appearing as "Young Chloe" in the upcoming 2012-2013 Fox series ''[[The Goodwin Games]]''.

== Career ==
Carpenter placed third in a singing contest run by [[Miley Cyrus]]' website.<ref name=themorningcall-2011-01-05>{{cite news|last=Lauer-Williams|first=Kathy|title=TVWATCHERS: Lower Milford Girl on Law and Order SVU today|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2011-01-05/entertainment/mc-blogs-online-010511-20110105_1_gold-mango-audience-lower-milford-girl-sabrina-carpenter|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=The Morning Call|date=5 January 2011|location=Allentown PA}}</ref>

Sabrina booked her first acting role in Dec 2010, a guest role on NBC drama series ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)|Law & Order: SVU]]''. She played a young victim interviewed by Detective [[Elliot Stabler]] ([[Christopher Meloni]]).<ref name=themorningcall-2011-01-05 /><ref name=15minutes>{{cite web|title=Interview with Sabrina Carpenter|url=http://www.blogtalkradio.com/15minsoffame/2010/04/23/interview-with-sabrina-carpenter|work=15 Minutes of Fame|publisher=blogtalkradio|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref> Around the same time, she performed live on q Chinese television station [[Hunan Broadcasting System]], for the Gold Mango Audience festival. She performed "Something's Got a Hold on Me" from 1963 [[Etta James]] album, in the style of Christina Aguilera from the movie Burlesque ''[[Etta James Top Ten]]''.<ref name=themorningcall-2011-01-05 /> Hollywood-Bound NBC - "The 10 Show" <ref name="test">[http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/video/#!/shows/10-show/Hollywood-Bound/112959894 ''Hollywood-Bound''], Interview with Sabrina "The 10 Show" -NBC.</ref>

Less than two years later, Sabrina booked a series recurring role on Fox's ''The Goodwin Games'', and series regular roles on Disney Channel pilot ''[[Gulliver Quinn]]'' and ABC pilot ''[[The Unprofessional]]''. She was a lead dancer in ''[[Just Dance Kids 2]]''.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4248775/resume</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Production !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)|Law & Order: SVU]]'' || Paula in episode "Possessed" || NBC - Top of Show
|-

|-
| 2011 || ''[[Phineas & Ferb]]''{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} || Girl || Disney
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sofia the First]]'' || Princess Vivian (recurring) || Disney Jr.
|-
| 2012 || ''The Unprofessional'' || Harper (lead) || Bonanza/ ABC
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Goodwin Games]]'' || Young Chloe (guest star) || 20th Century Fox
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Noobz]]'' || Brittany (supporting) || Wunderkind Prod.
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Horns (film)]]'' || Young Merrin (Strong supporting) || Mandalay Pictures
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sabrinacarpenter.com}}
* {{IMDb name|4248775}}
* [http://v.qq.com/cover/3/3i9jw7kjr2isaqx.html Interview "Hello Hollywood"]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Carpenter, Sabrina
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actress
| DATE OF BIRTH = 11 May 1999
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpenter, Sabrina}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American child singers]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania]]

Ziryab

2012-03-04T10:43:29Z

Modi mode: /* Historical context/early life */

[[Image:Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd 002.jpg|thumb|right|]]

'''Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘''' ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع; [[Kurdi]]sh: ئه‌بو ئه‌لحه‌سه‌ن عه‌لی إبن نافع) (c. [[789]]–[[857]]), nicknamed '''Ziryab''' ([[Persian language]]: '''Zaryâb''', [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: زۆراو '''Zorab'''), was a [[Black African]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Sertima|first=Ivan|title=Golden age of the Moor, Volume 11|year=1992|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781560005810|page=267|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gAC81Tsh2bwC&pg=PA267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Salaam/ Ma Salaam|first=Muhammad Ali|title=A Black Man's Journey in America: Glimpses of Islam, Conversations and Travels|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781462873999|page=72|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ORvvTIt9nWYC&pg=PA72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayyusi, Marín|first=Salma Khadra, Manuela|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. The legacy of Muslim Spain, Part 1, Volume 12|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004095991|page=709|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA709}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-Bakr|first=Mohammed|title=Islam's black legacy: some leading figures|year=1993|publisher=Purple Dawn Books|isbn=9781882250080|page=23|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n49ZAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=St. Clair|title=Black folk here and there: an essay in history and anthropology, Volume 2|year=1990|publisher=Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California|isbn=9780934934305|page=123|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yN0YAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> or [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>''A Literary History of the Arabs''. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. p.418</ref><ref>''Persian and Turkish Loan-words in Malay''. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. 1982. p.80</ref><ref>''Hispano Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology''. James T. Monroe. Gorgias Press. 2004. p.7</ref><ref>''Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East''. Sherifa Zuhur. 2001. p.324</ref><ref>''The Holy Sword: The Story of Islam from Muhammad to the Present''. Robert Payne. 1961. p.186</ref><ref>''Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages''. Paul Edward Szarmach. 1979. p.55</ref><ref>''The Story of the Moors in Spain''. Stanley Lane-Poole, Arthur Gilman. p.81</ref><ref>''Shojaedin Shafa'' (شجاع الدین شفا) in his book ''Iran and Spain'' (ایران و اسپانیا) goes into detail about the fallacy of claims of Ziryab's "Arab origins". His argument can be found on p.325-340 of his book. Farzad publications 2005 (نشر فرزاد). A copy of the book is located at the [[Perry-Castañeda Library]] at DS274 S523</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.florilegium.org/files/FEASTS/Andalusan-Fst-msg.html Andalusian Feast]</ref> or [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]<ref>Ana Ruiz, page 53, Vibrant Andalusia: Moorish Culture in Southern Spain, Published 2007, Algora Publishing, ISBN 0875865399</ref><ref>[http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0102/kurdos.html Cello - Los Kurdos - Transoxiana 2]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/2001/05/08/cultura/991630.html CULTURA | Flamenco y música kurda: un tronco común]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/publicaciones/gastronomia/cap01.htm La Gastronomía En Al-Andalus: Islam Y Al-Andalus]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.dipucadiz.es/Portada/cultura/dosorillas.pdf {{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nematollahi.org/revistasufi/leertex.php?articulo=143 La Orden Sufi Nematollahi / Sufismo]</ref> [[polymath]]: a [[Islamic poetry|poet]], [[Islamic music|musician]], [[singer]], [[chemist]], [[Cosmetology|cosmetologist]], [[fashion design]]er, [[Fads and trends|trendsetter]], [[strategist]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomer]], [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution|botanist]] and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geographer]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{citation|title=African Presence in Early Europe|last=van Sertima|first=Ivan|authorlink=Ivan van Sertima|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1985|isbn=0887386644|pages=159–61}}</ref> He was active at the [[Umayyad]] court of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]]. He first achieved notoriety at the [[Abbasid]] court in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]], his birth place, as a performer and student of the great musician and composer, [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]].

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850). He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (d. 833) and moved to Córdoba in southern [[Iberian Peninsula]], where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd al-Rahman II of the [[Umayyad]] Dynasty (822-52).

==Historical context/early life==
As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of [[Hispania]], which they renamed [[Al-Andalus]], the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslim Berbers and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world.<ref name=Marin/> During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.<ref name=Menocal/>

There are conflicting tales of the early years of Ziryab. He was born around 789 CE. According to the earliest accounts we have of him, he was African or a racially mixed African-Arab; in this period, the Muslims brought African slaves with them to the lands they had conquered, and many of these slaves were known for their musical skills. Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad, and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab’s teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.<ref name=Constable>{{Citation|title=Medieval Iberia|author=Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.)|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997}}</ref>

One account recorded by [[Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari|al-Maqqari]] says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.<ref name=Marin/><ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|author=Menocal, María Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, Michael Anthony Sells (eds.)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000}}</ref> Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

Ziryab left [[Baghdad]] During the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to ([[Syria]]), then to Ifriqiya ([[Tunisia]]), where he lived at the [[Aghlabid]] court of [[Ziyadat Allah]] (ruled 816-837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to [[Al-Andalus]] by the Umayyad prince, [[Al-Hakam I]] (ruled 796-822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, [[Abd ar-Rahman II]], renewed his father's invitation.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Ziryab settled in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] he was honored a monthly salary of 200 [[Gold]] [[Dinars]], he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II.<ref name=Menocal/> He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

According to Historians: Ziryab was well known for his black color and beautiful singing voice, which inspired his nickname, said to mean something like "Blackbird".<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Al-Maqqari further states in his ''Nafh al-Tib'' (Fragrant Breeze): ''“There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired”''.

===Music===
Ziryab is said to have improved the [[Oud]] (or [[Laúd]]) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul.<ref name=Marin/> He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusian music]] traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab’s Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.<ref name=Constable/> Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or [[Andalusi nubah|Nuba]], which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of [[music]] in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, especially slave women, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time.<ref name=Davila?>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

===Family===
According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence.<ref name=Menocal/> These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.<ref name=Davila?>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

===Fashion and hygiene===
Ziryab had a lasting influence on fashion, bringing styles from the Middle East to [[Al-Andalus]], including sophisticated styles of clothing based on the season and the time of day. The winter costumes designed by Ziryab were of dark colors, made from warm [[cotton]], [[wool]], and he also introduced [[velvet]]. His summer garments were made of cool and light materials, such as cotton, [[silk]] and [[flax]], in light and bright colors. The brilliant colors for these clothes were produced in the advanced [[Tanning|tanneries]] and [[dye]] works of the Muslim world. In the 12th century, there were more than 86 tanneries and 116 dye works only in [[Fes, Morocco]].<ref>[[Salim al-Hassani|al-Hassani]], Woodcok and Saoud (2004), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publishing, p.38-39.</ref>

Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season.<ref name=Menocal/> He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."<ref>Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.</ref>

He created a new type of deodorant<ref name=Menocal/> and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early [[toothpaste]], which he popularized throughout [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]].<ref name=Sertima/> The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,<ref name=Lebling>{{citation|last=Lebling Jr.|first=Robert W.|title=Flight of the Blackbird|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=July–August 2003|pages=24–33|url=http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste."<ref name=Sertima>{{citation|last=van Sertima| first=Ivan| authorlink=Ivan van Sertima |year=1992|title=The Golden Age of the Moor|page=267|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=1560005815}}</ref>.

According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,"<ref name=Marin>Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993</ref>. He popularized [[shaving]] among men and set new [[haircut]] trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair’s condition.<ref name=Lebling/>

Ziryab is alleged by some<ref name=Lebling/> to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However this is not supported by the early sources.

===Cuisine===
He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as [[asparagus]], and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of [[soup]], the [[main course]], and [[dessert]]. He also introduced the use of [[crystal]] as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal [[Chalice (cup)|goblets]].<ref name=Marin/> Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

==Legacy==
Evariste Levi-Provencal, the renowned historian of Spanish civilization says about Ziryab, "he was a genius and his influence in Spanish society of the time not only encompassed music but also all aspects of Society.” [[Titus Burckhardt]], the German historian of [[Islam]] writes, “he was a genius musical scholar and at the same time the one who brought Arabic music to Spain and consequently to all of the western world.”{{Cite quote|date=March 2009}}Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
*[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 Ziryab, the musician, astronomer, fashion designer and gastronome] FSTC Limited, Fri 13 June 2003.
*[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm Flight of the Blackbird] Robert W. Lebling Jr., ''Saudi Aramco World'' July/August 2003.

==Other sources==
* Encyclopedia of Islam
* al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
* The [[Muqaddima]] of [[Ibn Khaldoun]], [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
* Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
* al-'Iqd al-farid by [[Ibn Abd Rabbih|Ibn 'Abd Rabbih]]
* Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
* Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
* Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
* Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by al-Humaydî
* Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi|Ibn Sa'id]]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?article118 Zaryâb] Article at Fravahr.org
* Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien''.
* [http://www.newrozfilms.com/ziryab.htm Newroz films article ]
* [http://streetwhispers.com/ziryab.htm Biography at streetwhispers.com]
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 MuslimHeritage.com article.]
* [http://www.elijahwald.com/afrarch.html African music pieces, by Elijah Wald]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200304/flight.of.the.blackbird.htm Flight of the Blackbird], Sauid Aramco World

{{persian traditional music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{Persondata 
|name= Ziryab
|alternative names=
|short description= Arabic musician
|date of birth= 789
|place of birth=
|date of death= 857
|place of death=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziryab}}
[[Category:789 births]]
[[Category:857 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian musicians]]
[[Category:Iraqi musicians]]
[[Category:Iraqi Muslims]]
[[Category:Kurdish musicians]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:People of Al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Travelers]]
[[Category:Geographers]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:Iraqi poets]]

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[[ca:Ziryab]]
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[[he:זיריאב]]
[[nl: Ziryab]]
[[ku:Ziryab]]
[[pt:Ziryab]]
[[sv:Ziryab]]
[[uk:Зірйаб]]

Ziryab

2012-03-03T13:56:44Z

Modi mode: /* Music */

[[Image:Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd 002.jpg|thumb|right|]]

'''Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘''' ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع; [[Kurdi]]sh: ئه‌بو ئه‌لحه‌سه‌ن عه‌لی إبن نافع) (c. [[789]]–[[857]]), nicknamed '''Ziryab''' ([[Persian language]]: '''Zaryâb''', [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: زۆراو '''Zorab'''), was a [[Black African]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Sertima|first=Ivan|title=Golden age of the Moor, Volume 11|year=1992|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781560005810|page=267|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gAC81Tsh2bwC&pg=PA267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Salaam/ Ma Salaam|first=Muhammad Ali|title=A Black Man's Journey in America: Glimpses of Islam, Conversations and Travels|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781462873999|page=72|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ORvvTIt9nWYC&pg=PA72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayyusi, Marín|first=Salma Khadra, Manuela|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. The legacy of Muslim Spain, Part 1, Volume 12|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004095991|page=709|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA709}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-Bakr|first=Mohammed|title=Islam's black legacy: some leading figures|year=1993|publisher=Purple Dawn Books|isbn=9781882250080|page=23|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n49ZAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=St. Clair|title=Black folk here and there: an essay in history and anthropology, Volume 2|year=1990|publisher=Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California|isbn=9780934934305|page=123|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yN0YAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> or [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>''A Literary History of the Arabs''. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. p.418</ref><ref>''Persian and Turkish Loan-words in Malay''. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. 1982. p.80</ref><ref>''Hispano Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology''. James T. Monroe. Gorgias Press. 2004. p.7</ref><ref>''Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East''. Sherifa Zuhur. 2001. p.324</ref><ref>''The Holy Sword: The Story of Islam from Muhammad to the Present''. Robert Payne. 1961. p.186</ref><ref>''Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages''. Paul Edward Szarmach. 1979. p.55</ref><ref>''The Story of the Moors in Spain''. Stanley Lane-Poole, Arthur Gilman. p.81</ref><ref>''Shojaedin Shafa'' (شجاع الدین شفا) in his book ''Iran and Spain'' (ایران و اسپانیا) goes into detail about the fallacy of claims of Ziryab's "Arab origins". His argument can be found on p.325-340 of his book. Farzad publications 2005 (نشر فرزاد). A copy of the book is located at the [[Perry-Castañeda Library]] at DS274 S523</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.florilegium.org/files/FEASTS/Andalusan-Fst-msg.html Andalusian Feast]</ref> or [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]<ref>Ana Ruiz, page 53, Vibrant Andalusia: Moorish Culture in Southern Spain, Published 2007, Algora Publishing, ISBN 0875865399</ref><ref>[http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0102/kurdos.html Cello - Los Kurdos - Transoxiana 2]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/2001/05/08/cultura/991630.html CULTURA | Flamenco y música kurda: un tronco común]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/publicaciones/gastronomia/cap01.htm La Gastronomía En Al-Andalus: Islam Y Al-Andalus]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.dipucadiz.es/Portada/cultura/dosorillas.pdf {{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nematollahi.org/revistasufi/leertex.php?articulo=143 La Orden Sufi Nematollahi / Sufismo]</ref> [[polymath]]: a [[Islamic poetry|poet]], [[Islamic music|musician]], [[singer]], [[chemist]], [[Cosmetology|cosmetologist]], [[fashion design]]er, [[Fads and trends|trendsetter]], [[strategist]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomer]], [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution|botanist]] and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geographer]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{citation|title=African Presence in Early Europe|last=van Sertima|first=Ivan|authorlink=Ivan van Sertima|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1985|isbn=0887386644|pages=159–61}}</ref> He was active at the [[Umayyad]] court of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]]. He first achieved notoriety at the [[Abbasid]] court in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]], his birth place, as a performer and student of the great musician and composer, [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]].

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850). He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (d. 833) and moved to Córdoba in southern [[Iberian Peninsula]], where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd al-Rahman II of the [[Umayyad]] Dynasty (822-52).

==Historical context/early life==
The occupation of Persia by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century had exposed the Arab invaders to the richness of the Persian way of life, including music. As the Islamic armies conquered more and more countries in the centuries that followed, this musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of [[Hispania]], which they renamed [[Al-Andalus]], the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslim Berbers and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world.<ref name=Marin/> During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.<ref name=Menocal/>

There are conflicting tales of the early years of Ziryab. He was born around 789 CE. According to the earliest accounts we have of him, he was African or a racially mixed African-Arab; in this period, the Muslims brought African slaves with them to the lands they had conquered, and many of these slaves were known for their musical skills. Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad, and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab’s teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.<ref name=Constable>{{Citation|title=Medieval Iberia|author=Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.)|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997}}</ref>

One account recorded by [[Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari|al-Maqqari]] says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.<ref name=Marin/><ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|author=Menocal, María Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, Michael Anthony Sells (eds.)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000}}</ref> Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

Ziryab left [[Baghdad]] During the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to ([[Syria]]), then to Ifriqiya ([[Tunisia]]), where he lived at the [[Aghlabid]] court of [[Ziyadat Allah]] (ruled 816-837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to [[Al-Andalus]] by the Umayyad prince, [[Al-Hakam I]] (ruled 796-822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, [[Abd ar-Rahman II]], renewed his father's invitation.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Ziryab settled in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] he was honored a monthly salary of 200 [[Gold]] [[Dinars]], he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II.<ref name=Menocal/> He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

According to Historians: Ziryab was well known for his black color and beautiful singing voice, which inspired his nickname, said to mean something like "Blackbird".<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Al-Maqqari further states in his ''Nafh al-Tib'' (Fragrant Breeze): ''“There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired”''.

===Music===
Ziryab is said to have improved the [[Oud]] (or [[Laúd]]) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul.<ref name=Marin/> He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusian music]] traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab’s Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.<ref name=Constable/> Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or [[Andalusi nubah|Nuba]], which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of [[music]] in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, especially slave women, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time.<ref name=Davila?>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

===Family===
According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence.<ref name=Menocal/> These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.<ref name=Davila?>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

===Fashion and hygiene===
Ziryab had a lasting influence on fashion, bringing styles from the Middle East to [[Al-Andalus]], including sophisticated styles of clothing based on the season and the time of day. The winter costumes designed by Ziryab were of dark colors, made from warm [[cotton]], [[wool]], and he also introduced [[velvet]]. His summer garments were made of cool and light materials, such as cotton, [[silk]] and [[flax]], in light and bright colors. The brilliant colors for these clothes were produced in the advanced [[Tanning|tanneries]] and [[dye]] works of the Muslim world. In the 12th century, there were more than 86 tanneries and 116 dye works only in [[Fes, Morocco]].<ref>[[Salim al-Hassani|al-Hassani]], Woodcok and Saoud (2004), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publishing, p.38-39.</ref>

Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season.<ref name=Menocal/> He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."<ref>Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.</ref>

He created a new type of deodorant<ref name=Menocal/> and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early [[toothpaste]], which he popularized throughout [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]].<ref name=Sertima/> The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,<ref name=Lebling>{{citation|last=Lebling Jr.|first=Robert W.|title=Flight of the Blackbird|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=July–August 2003|pages=24–33|url=http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste."<ref name=Sertima>{{citation|last=van Sertima| first=Ivan| authorlink=Ivan van Sertima |year=1992|title=The Golden Age of the Moor|page=267|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=1560005815}}</ref>.

According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,"<ref name=Marin>Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993</ref>. He popularized [[shaving]] among men and set new [[haircut]] trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair’s condition.<ref name=Lebling/>

Ziryab is alleged by some<ref name=Lebling/> to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However this is not supported by the early sources.

===Cuisine===
He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as [[asparagus]], and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of [[soup]], the [[main course]], and [[dessert]]. He also introduced the use of [[crystal]] as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal [[Chalice (cup)|goblets]].<ref name=Marin/> Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

==Legacy==
Evariste Levi-Provencal, the renowned historian of Spanish civilization says about Ziryab, "he was a genius and his influence in Spanish society of the time not only encompassed music but also all aspects of Society.” [[Titus Burckhardt]], the German historian of [[Islam]] writes, “he was a genius musical scholar and at the same time the one who brought Arabic music to Spain and consequently to all of the western world.”{{Cite quote|date=March 2009}}Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
*[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 Ziryab, the musician, astronomer, fashion designer and gastronome] FSTC Limited, Fri 13 June 2003.
*[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm Flight of the Blackbird] Robert W. Lebling Jr., ''Saudi Aramco World'' July/August 2003.

==Other sources==
* Encyclopedia of Islam
* al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
* The [[Muqaddima]] of [[Ibn Khaldoun]], [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
* Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
* al-'Iqd al-farid by [[Ibn Abd Rabbih|Ibn 'Abd Rabbih]]
* Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
* Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
* Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
* Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by al-Humaydî
* Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi|Ibn Sa'id]]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?article118 Zaryâb] Article at Fravahr.org
* Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien''.
* [http://www.newrozfilms.com/ziryab.htm Newroz films article ]
* [http://streetwhispers.com/ziryab.htm Biography at streetwhispers.com]
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 MuslimHeritage.com article.]
* [http://www.elijahwald.com/afrarch.html African music pieces, by Elijah Wald]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200304/flight.of.the.blackbird.htm Flight of the Blackbird], Sauid Aramco World

{{persian traditional music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

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[[Category:789 births]]
[[Category:857 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian musicians]]
[[Category:Iraqi musicians]]
[[Category:Iraqi Muslims]]
[[Category:Kurdish musicians]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:People of Al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Travelers]]
[[Category:Geographers]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:Iraqi poets]]

[[ar:زرياب]]
[[ca:Ziryab]]
[[es:Ziryab]]
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Ziryab

2012-03-03T13:53:54Z

Modi mode: /* Music */

[[Image:Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd 002.jpg|thumb|right|]]

'''Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘''' ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع; [[Kurdi]]sh: ئه‌بو ئه‌لحه‌سه‌ن عه‌لی إبن نافع) (c. [[789]]–[[857]]), nicknamed '''Ziryab''' ([[Persian language]]: '''Zaryâb''', [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: زۆراو '''Zorab'''), was a [[Black African]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Sertima|first=Ivan|title=Golden age of the Moor, Volume 11|year=1992|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781560005810|page=267|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gAC81Tsh2bwC&pg=PA267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Salaam/ Ma Salaam|first=Muhammad Ali|title=A Black Man's Journey in America: Glimpses of Islam, Conversations and Travels|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781462873999|page=72|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ORvvTIt9nWYC&pg=PA72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jayyusi, Marín|first=Salma Khadra, Manuela|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. The legacy of Muslim Spain, Part 1, Volume 12|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004095991|page=709|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA709}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abu-Bakr|first=Mohammed|title=Islam's black legacy: some leading figures|year=1993|publisher=Purple Dawn Books|isbn=9781882250080|page=23|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n49ZAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drake|first=St. Clair|title=Black folk here and there: an essay in history and anthropology, Volume 2|year=1990|publisher=Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California|isbn=9780934934305|page=123|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yN0YAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> or [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref>''A Literary History of the Arabs''. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. p.418</ref><ref>''Persian and Turkish Loan-words in Malay''. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. 1982. p.80</ref><ref>''Hispano Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology''. James T. Monroe. Gorgias Press. 2004. p.7</ref><ref>''Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East''. Sherifa Zuhur. 2001. p.324</ref><ref>''The Holy Sword: The Story of Islam from Muhammad to the Present''. Robert Payne. 1961. p.186</ref><ref>''Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages''. Paul Edward Szarmach. 1979. p.55</ref><ref>''The Story of the Moors in Spain''. Stanley Lane-Poole, Arthur Gilman. p.81</ref><ref>''Shojaedin Shafa'' (شجاع الدین شفا) in his book ''Iran and Spain'' (ایران و اسپانیا) goes into detail about the fallacy of claims of Ziryab's "Arab origins". His argument can be found on p.325-340 of his book. Farzad publications 2005 (نشر فرزاد). A copy of the book is located at the [[Perry-Castañeda Library]] at DS274 S523</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.florilegium.org/files/FEASTS/Andalusan-Fst-msg.html Andalusian Feast]</ref> or [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]<ref>Ana Ruiz, page 53, Vibrant Andalusia: Moorish Culture in Southern Spain, Published 2007, Algora Publishing, ISBN 0875865399</ref><ref>[http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0102/kurdos.html Cello - Los Kurdos - Transoxiana 2]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/2001/05/08/cultura/991630.html CULTURA | Flamenco y música kurda: un tronco común]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.islamyal-andalus.org/publicaciones/gastronomia/cap01.htm La Gastronomía En Al-Andalus: Islam Y Al-Andalus]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.dipucadiz.es/Portada/cultura/dosorillas.pdf {{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nematollahi.org/revistasufi/leertex.php?articulo=143 La Orden Sufi Nematollahi / Sufismo]</ref> [[polymath]]: a [[Islamic poetry|poet]], [[Islamic music|musician]], [[singer]], [[chemist]], [[Cosmetology|cosmetologist]], [[fashion design]]er, [[Fads and trends|trendsetter]], [[strategist]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomer]], [[Muslim Agricultural Revolution|botanist]] and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geographer]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{citation|title=African Presence in Early Europe|last=van Sertima|first=Ivan|authorlink=Ivan van Sertima|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1985|isbn=0887386644|pages=159–61}}</ref> He was active at the [[Umayyad]] court of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]]. He first achieved notoriety at the [[Abbasid]] court in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]], his birth place, as a performer and student of the great musician and composer, [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]].

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850). He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (d. 833) and moved to Córdoba in southern [[Iberian Peninsula]], where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd al-Rahman II of the [[Umayyad]] Dynasty (822-52).

==Historical context/early life==
The occupation of Persia by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century had exposed the Arab invaders to the richness of the Persian way of life, including music. As the Islamic armies conquered more and more countries in the centuries that followed, this musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of [[Hispania]], which they renamed [[Al-Andalus]], the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslim Berbers and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world.<ref name=Marin/> During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.<ref name=Menocal/>

There are conflicting tales of the early years of Ziryab. He was born around 789 CE. According to the earliest accounts we have of him, he was African or a racially mixed African-Arab; in this period, the Muslims brought African slaves with them to the lands they had conquered, and many of these slaves were known for their musical skills. Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad, and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab’s teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.<ref name=Constable>{{Citation|title=Medieval Iberia|author=Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.)|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997}}</ref>

One account recorded by [[Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari|al-Maqqari]] says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.<ref name=Marin/><ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|author=Menocal, María Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, Michael Anthony Sells (eds.)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000}}</ref> Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

Ziryab left [[Baghdad]] During the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to ([[Syria]]), then to Ifriqiya ([[Tunisia]]), where he lived at the [[Aghlabid]] court of [[Ziyadat Allah]] (ruled 816-837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to [[Al-Andalus]] by the Umayyad prince, [[Al-Hakam I]] (ruled 796-822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, [[Abd ar-Rahman II]], renewed his father's invitation.<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Ziryab settled in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] he was honored a monthly salary of 200 [[Gold]] [[Dinars]], he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II.<ref name=Menocal/> He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

According to Historians: Ziryab was well known for his black color and beautiful singing voice, which inspired his nickname, said to mean something like "Blackbird".<ref name=Davila>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> Al-Maqqari further states in his ''Nafh al-Tib'' (Fragrant Breeze): ''“There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired”''.

===Music===
Ziryab is said to have improved the [[Oud]] (or [[Laúd]]) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul.<ref name=Marin/> He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusian music]] traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab’s Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.<ref name=Constable/> Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or [[Andalusi nubah|Nuba]], which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of [[music]] in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, especially slave women, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time.<ref> name=Davila/>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref> According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

===Family===
According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence.<ref name=Menocal/> These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.<ref name=Davila?>{{Citation|title="Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2|year=2009}}</ref>

===Fashion and hygiene===
Ziryab had a lasting influence on fashion, bringing styles from the Middle East to [[Al-Andalus]], including sophisticated styles of clothing based on the season and the time of day. The winter costumes designed by Ziryab were of dark colors, made from warm [[cotton]], [[wool]], and he also introduced [[velvet]]. His summer garments were made of cool and light materials, such as cotton, [[silk]] and [[flax]], in light and bright colors. The brilliant colors for these clothes were produced in the advanced [[Tanning|tanneries]] and [[dye]] works of the Muslim world. In the 12th century, there were more than 86 tanneries and 116 dye works only in [[Fes, Morocco]].<ref>[[Salim al-Hassani|al-Hassani]], Woodcok and Saoud (2004), 'Muslim Heritage in Our World', FSTC publishing, p.38-39.</ref>

Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season.<ref name=Menocal/> He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."<ref>Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.</ref>

He created a new type of deodorant<ref name=Menocal/> and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early [[toothpaste]], which he popularized throughout [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]].<ref name=Sertima/> The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,<ref name=Lebling>{{citation|last=Lebling Jr.|first=Robert W.|title=Flight of the Blackbird|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=July–August 2003|pages=24–33|url=http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste."<ref name=Sertima>{{citation|last=van Sertima| first=Ivan| authorlink=Ivan van Sertima |year=1992|title=The Golden Age of the Moor|page=267|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=1560005815}}</ref>.

According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,"<ref name=Marin>Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004095993</ref>. He popularized [[shaving]] among men and set new [[haircut]] trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair’s condition.<ref name=Lebling/>

Ziryab is alleged by some<ref name=Lebling/> to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However this is not supported by the early sources.

===Cuisine===
He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as [[asparagus]], and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of [[soup]], the [[main course]], and [[dessert]]. He also introduced the use of [[crystal]] as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal [[Chalice (cup)|goblets]].<ref name=Marin/> Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

==Legacy==
Evariste Levi-Provencal, the renowned historian of Spanish civilization says about Ziryab, "he was a genius and his influence in Spanish society of the time not only encompassed music but also all aspects of Society.” [[Titus Burckhardt]], the German historian of [[Islam]] writes, “he was a genius musical scholar and at the same time the one who brought Arabic music to Spain and consequently to all of the western world.”{{Cite quote|date=March 2009}}Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
*[http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 Ziryab, the musician, astronomer, fashion designer and gastronome] FSTC Limited, Fri 13 June 2003.
*[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm Flight of the Blackbird] Robert W. Lebling Jr., ''Saudi Aramco World'' July/August 2003.

==Other sources==
* Encyclopedia of Islam
* al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
* The [[Muqaddima]] of [[Ibn Khaldoun]], [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
* Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
* al-'Iqd al-farid by [[Ibn Abd Rabbih|Ibn 'Abd Rabbih]]
* Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
* Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
* Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
* Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by al-Humaydî
* Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi|Ibn Sa'id]]

==Further reading==
* [http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?article118 Zaryâb] Article at Fravahr.org
* Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien''.
* [http://www.newrozfilms.com/ziryab.htm Newroz films article ]
* [http://streetwhispers.com/ziryab.htm Biography at streetwhispers.com]
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 MuslimHeritage.com article.]
* [http://www.elijahwald.com/afrarch.html African music pieces, by Elijah Wald]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200304/flight.of.the.blackbird.htm Flight of the Blackbird], Sauid Aramco World

{{persian traditional music}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

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[[Category:Iranian musicians]]
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[[Category:Kurdish musicians]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:People of Al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:Travelers]]
[[Category:Geographers]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:Iraqi poets]]

[[ar:زرياب]]
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Bab al-Hara

2008-12-14T19:32:26Z

Modi mode:

'''''Bab al-Hara''''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "The Neighbourhood's Gate" "'''باب الحارة'''") is one of the most popular [[television series]] in the [[Arab world]],<ref name>{{cite web|title=Eid mixes solemn duties with simple fun as faithful mark end of Ramadan|author=Rym Ghazal and Mohammed Zaatari|publisher=Daily Star, Lebanon|date=[[15 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=85976 }}</ref> watched by tens of millions of people<ref name=Stern>{{cite web|title=Arab tradition makes a comeback - on TV|author =Yoav Stern|date=2007-10-09|accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/910260.html}}</ref> from "poverty-stricken [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to the opulent cities of the [[Persian Gulf]]."<ref name=Nammari>{{cite web|title=Hit soap calls Gaza faithful from evening prayer for a nightly dose of nostalgia|author=Dalia Nammari|publisher=The Scotsman|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2007-10-13|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1636092007}}</ref> The series chronicles the daily happenings and family dramas in a neighborhood in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in the [[inter-war]] period under [[France|French]] rule when the local population yearned for independence.<ref name=Nammari/> The appeal is cross-generational, and viewers include [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], [[Druze]] and [[Arab Jews|Jews]] from [[Arab]] countries.<ref name=Stern/>

==Overview==
''Bab al-Hara'' airs during [[Ramadan]] and forms part of the emerging modern tradition of the Ramadan [[soap opera]].<ref name=AP>{{cite web|title=Syrian Soap Opera Captivates Arab World|first=Dalia |last=Nammari|publisher=[[The Associated Press]]|date=October 12, 2007|accessdate=October 14, 2007 from [[Internet Archive]]|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071014045706/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ipIxVFfDlTQeNIr6tYENcdLW0CKAD8S7J3OG0}}</ref> The [[List of Arabic language television channels|Arab satellite channels]] broadcast special programming every night during Ramadan to try and capture audiences from among the families who have gathered together to eat and break the [[Sawm|fast]].<ref name=AP/>

Directed by Bassam al-Mulla and broadcast on [[Middle East Broadcasting Center|MBC]],<ref name=Stern/> the first installment of the series, comprising 31 episodes, aired during Ramadan in 2006 and enjoyed broad viewership and a positive reception. The second installment, entitled ''Bab al-Hara 2'', was highly anticipated, receiving even wider acclaim in Ramadan of 2007. A third installment to be aired in Ramadan of 2008 was officially announced on [[al-Arabiya]] channel in October 2007, and will focus on the post-marriage lives of the children of Abu Issam, the local doctor and barber.<ref name=Waleg>{{cite web|title=Get Ready for Bab al Hara 3!|author=H.A.R|date=2007-10-10|accessdate=2007-10-15|publisher=Waleg|url=http://www.waleg.com/archives/009596.html}}</ref>

Like many of the most recent popular Arabic series, ''Bab al-Hara'' is a Syrian production, financed by the Gulf-state [[satellite television|satellite channels]]. It reflects a new trend representing the shift of Arabic media dominance away from the [[Egypt]]ians to the Syrians. It is speculated that although Syrian cinema has always had the talent and creativity it is now showing, the Egyptians dominated due to the Syrians lack of funding. Now, with recent financing from Gulf-funded TV stations, the Syrians have seen an exponential rise to dominance in the field Arab audiovisual and cinematic productions.

Two more ''Bab al-Hara'' seasons will be produced to be aired in Ramadan 2009 and 2010, ''Bab al-Hara 4'' and ''5'' will be produced directly after each other just like ''Bab al-Hara 1 and 2''. This was announced just after airing 10 episodes of ''Bab al-Hara 3'' after realizing that ''Bab al-Hara 3'' was able to keep its audience and not decline in ratings. Its obvious that MBC will be channel to broadcast the series during the next 2 years, although this year they did give the rights to Libya Al-Shababiya (Libya Youth Channel) to broadcast ''Bab al-Hara 3'' at the same time of airing it in MBC.<ref name=IBRAHIMO>{{cite web|title=Bab El 7ara 3 wont be the last one, Bab El 7ara 4 and 5 are Announced|author=Ibrahim Hussein|date=2008-09-11|accessdate=2008-09-11|publisher=IBRAHIMO|url=http://www.ibrahimo.com/2008/09/12/bab-el-7ara-3-wont-be-the-last-one-bab-el-7ara-4-and-5-are-announced/}}</ref>

==Historic context==
''Bab al-Hara'' takes place in the 1930s, a time when the [[Middle East]] was colonized by [[Western powers]]. [[Syria]] was under [[France|French]] control and [[Palestine]] - where some of the neighborhood men go to fight at the end of the second installment of the series - was [[United Kingdom|British]]-occupied. Bab al-Hara depicts the last moments of Syrian society as it existed in its centuries-old [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman era]] make-up, just prior to the transition into [[Colonialism|colonial]] and [[post-colonial]] [[modernity]]. The series' hearkening back to this era partially explains its massive popularity, an expression of the Arab world's nostalgia and yearning for a simple, more dignified time<ref name=Nammari/> before the cataclysmic turmoil and cultural identity crisis ushered in by the colonial period.

==Society and values==
{{Expand|date=October 2007}}

The director of ''Bab al-Hara'', [[Bassam al-Mulla]], explains that he intended to create nostalgia for "a world with values, honor, gallantry...and the revolutionary spirit."<ref name=AP/>

==Background==
''Bab al-Hara'' is one of numerous series that reflects a very miniature image of the life in the old city of Damascus. Every neighborhood, or ''hara'', has its own ''mukhtar'', a chosen older man held in high regards and respected by everyone for wisdom and reverence. ''Mukhtar'' is chosen based on his history of good deeds and bravery and how he stood the test of time and how he acted in the hour of peril and at time of need. The ''mukhtar'' gathers a number of men around him who are known for their bravery, dependability, and wisdom to run his errands and help him at the hour of need. These members along with the ''mukhtar'' constitute a small nucleus that runs the ''hara'' and decides what is good for it and for its people. The members are always asked for their opinion in every matter that has to do with the ''hara''. The wealthier members donate money to the ''hara'' by giving it to the ''mukhtar'' and then they all decide the fate of the money whether is should be for renovation purposes, to be distributed among the less fortunate, or to be kept for difficult times. This hierarchical division however might be misleading for the reader since it might give the impression that the ''mukhtar'' and the members are isolated diplomats, or are from a different social class. However, such idea is to be dismissed due to the fact that social class did not exist back then. The religion of Islam made all people equal. The only thing that differentiates the members from others is that they are the older generation in the ''hara'' and they had enough experience in life that makes them able to see things better, and on top of all they are individuals known for their generosity, devotion and altruism. Members also have steady incomes from having shop or businesses, such as a barber shop, bakery, iron smith, a farm, a grocery store or merchandizing.

''Mukhtar'' and members are obligated to help whoever is in need -- the poor, sick, or weak; they also work to bring justice amongst people. This motivation springs from a deep feeling or responsibility and a sense of brotherhood and love imposed by religion and inheritance.
If ever existed in the world, such social systems are very rare. Societies based on trust and bravery and manhood and altruism, where a man's word was all that he had, and the good deed was all that counted.

This Image does not exist in Damascus anymore the way it once did, although these old days are acclaimed to be the best that the old city has ever witnessed, and this chapter in the history of Damascus is still revered and remembered by the people of Damascus for its heritage is still kept alive among them.

==Characters==
===Main===
*'''Abu Isam''' - [[Abas al-Noury]] (the [[hakim]] (doctor); the story is based around him though he comes back in season 4 after the characters thought he died)
*'''Ida'shari''' - [[Bassam Kousa]] (Poor, bitter man and troublemaker. He turns his life around somewhat by the end of his life, then dies.) [Season 1 only]
*'''Abu Shehab''' - [[Samer al-Masry]] (the strongman of his hara)
*'''Abu Ghalib''' - ([[Balila]] seller, from nearby rival neighborhood)
*'''Isam''' - [[Meelad Yousef]] (eldest son of Abu Isam)
*'''Mo'tez''' - [[Wael Sharaf]] (younger son of Abu Isam who wants to kill the French for his dad)
*'''Suad''' - [[Sabah al-Jazaery]] (wife of Abu Isam)
*'''Umm Zaki''' - (an old widow and the neighborhood midwife; gives advice to other women)
*'''Firyal''' - (widow and troublemaker)
*'''Jamila''' -[[Taj Haidar]] (daughter of Abu Isam)
*'''Dalal''' - [[Anahed Fead]] (daughter of Abu Isam)
*'''Lutfia''' - [[Leelya al-Atrash]] (wife of Isam)
*'''Al-Za'im''' - (leader of neighborhood until assassinated])
*'''Staif''' - ("blind" beggar and assassin of al-Za'im and spy only on 1 and 2)
*'''Buran''' - (daughter of Abu Issam; has a son and daughter)

===New characters in Season 3===
*'''Abu Arab''' - (Ageed Hara Almawee)
*'''Hamdi''' - (Spy for the French)
*'''Adham''' - (Lawyer in Hara Almawee)
*'''Abu Sayah''' - (Mukhtar Hara Almawee)
*'''Abu Ali''' - (Worker for Mukhtar Hara Almawee)
*'''Samuon''' - (the son of season 2's guard Abu Samuon)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* "[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/10/ramadan.soap.operas/index.html For some, Ramadan means fasting, cleansing and TV drama]." ''[[CNN]]''. [[10 September]] [[2008]].
* [http://www.albawaba.com/en/entertainment/217911 “Bab Al Harah 3” faces problems] - ''[[Al Bawaba]]''
{{commons|Category:Bab al-Hara|Bab al-Hara}}

[[Category:Syrian television soap operas]]

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