Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jesus in der Popmusik

2008-04-16T21:57:35Z

Modemac: Alphabetized

{{refimprove|date=March 2008}}
{{worldview|date=March 2008}}
{{Jesus}}
[[Jesus]] has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly two millennia. The following lists cover various media to include items of historic interest, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture. The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering rather than a complete catalog. Lesser known works are not included.

For purposes of classification, popular culture music is a separate section from operas and oratorios. Television covers live action series, TV movies, miniseries, and North American animation but not Japanese anime, which appears with manga and graphic novels.

==Books==

*''[[Casca: The Eternal Mercenary]]'' by [[Barry Sadler]]
*''Christ the Lord'' series by [[Anne Rice]]
*''[[The Day Christ Died]]'' by [[Jim Bishop]]
*''[[Godbody]]'' by [[Theodore Sturgeon]] ([[1986]])
*''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'' by [[José Saramago]] ([[1991]])
*''[[The Gospel According to the Son]]'' by [[Norman Mailer]]
*''[[The Gospel of Aphranius]]'' by [[Kiril Yeskov]]
*''[[The Gospel of Corax]]'' by [[Paul Park]]
*''[[I, Judas]]'' by [[Taylor Caldwell]] with [[Jess Stearn]]
*''[[Judas Iscariot (novel)|Judas Iscariot]]'' by [[Leonid Andreev]]*''[[King Jesus]]'' by [[Robert Graves]] ([[1947]])
*''[[Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal]]'' by [[Christopher Moore (author)|Christopher Moore]] ([[2001]])
*''[[Memnoch the Devil]]'' by [[Anne Rice]]
*''[[The Nazarene]]'' by [[Sholem Asch]]
*''[[Only Begotten Daughter]]'' and ''The Godhead Trilogy'' by [[James Morrow]]
*''[[Quarantine (Jim Crace novel)|Quarantine]]'' by [[Jim Crace]]
*''[[Riverworld]]'' by [[Philip José Farmer]]
*''[[Testament (novel)|Testament]]'' by [[Nino Ricci]]
*''[[Urantia|The Urantia Book]]'' Authorship assisted by [[William S. Sadler]]
*''[[The Wild Girl]]'' by [[Michèle Roberts]]
*''[[Yahushuwa`: A Midrash]]'' by [[Edmund Camacho]]

{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|}
{| class={| class="prettytable sortable"
! width="8%" | Date
! width="20%" | Title
! width="15%" | Author
! width="10%" | Country
! width="30%" | Notes
! width="13% | ISBN
|- valign="top"
|1880
|''[[Ben-Hur (novel)|Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ]]''
|[[Lew Wallace]]
|USA
|
|N/A
|- valign="top"
|1880
|''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]''
|[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]
|Russia
|
|N/A
|- valign="top"
|1942
|''[[The Robe]]''
|[[Lloyd C. Douglas]]
|USA
|
|N/A
|- valign="top"
|1959
|''[[The Big Fisherman]]''
|[[Lloyd C. Douglas]]
|USA
|
|N/A
|- valign="top"
|1951
|''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]]''
|[[Nikos Kazantzakis]]
|Greece
|
|ISBN 0-684-85256-X
|- valign="top"
|1964
|''[[Judas, My Brother]]''
|[[Frank Yerby]]
|USA
|
|ISBN 0-434-89030-8 & ISBN 0-8037-4289-4
|- valign="top"
|1966
|''[[Behold the Man]]''
|[[Michael Moorcock]]
|UK
|
|ISBN 0-58311-787-2
|- valign="top"
|1967
|''[[The Master and Margarita]]''
|[[Mikhail Bulgakov]]
|Russia
|
|N/A
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[According to Mary Magdalene]]''
|[[Marianne Fredriksson]]
|Sweden
|
|N/A
|}

==Art==
[[Image:Christ Carrying the Cross 1580.jpg|thumb|right|''Christ Carrying the Cross'', by [[El Greco]], 1580.]]
{{main|Depiction of Jesus}}
There has been a long tradition of featuring Jesus in paintings and sculpture, ranging from the Roman [[catacomb]]s and the conservative [[icon]] tradition of the [[Orthodox]] world through medieval [[altarpiece]]s to modern acrylics. Many images depict the Life and [[Passion of Christ]], especially the [[Crucifixion of Christ]], whilst others show the infant Christ with his mother ([[Madonna and Child]]) or [[Christ in Majesty]]. Many of the most famous paintings in Western art feature Christ. The tradition continues in professional and [[folk art]] in many countries, as well as popular commercial imagery. Most images, whatever their origins, (as left) keep fairly close to the conventional appearance (and clothing) of Christ established in [[Byzantine art]] by about 400AD, which is now instantly recognisable.

[[Protestant]] [[Christians]] (following reformers such as [[John Calvin]] and [[Zwingli]]) frequently reject many depictions of [[Jesus]] as a form of [[idolatry]] (cf the [[Decalogue|Ten Commandments]]).

==Music==
{{seealso|Contemporary Christian music}}
[[Gospel music]] has remained a strong pop element in the music of religious America, of which Jesus is a frequent topic.

There have been significant (and successful) attempts to incorporate Jesus in current popular music trends, from rock to hip-hop. This incorporation happens on three different levels:
* Bands or artists who focus almost entirely on Jesus/Christianity. Most of these bands are in support of it, and their music will almost always deal with spiritual themes. A few detractors may critique, attack, or ridicule Christianity and Jesus.
* Songs that deal with Jesus/Christianity. Bands or artists may not be religious at all, but they will still produce a song (or songs) in reference to Jesus. The songs may deal with Jesus/Christianity in a positive light (e.g., "Have A Talk With God" by [[Stevie Wonder]]), a negative light (e.g., "Heresy" by [[Nine inch nails]] or "My God" by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]), or just as a tool to help provide commentary on modern society (e.g., "Jesusland" by [[Ben Folds]]).
* A simple reference to Jesus in a song. Many artists/bands will use a line in a song to show that they are Christian, but the song will have nothing to do with religion. Hip-hop artists will often give a "shout-out" to "the Lord", "Jesus", and other aspects of Christianity as well.

During the 1970s, the "[[Jesus Movement]]" produced many songs on the theme, and there have been many bands since then, both Christian and secular, which have done likewise.

==Film==
The evolution of Jesus films is rooted in the religious or biblical "epic"; a popular genre in the 1950's usually accompanied by towering budgets and names such as [[Charlton Heston]], [[Robert Taylor]], [[Deborah Kerr]], or [[Yul Brynner]].

The ensuing decade brought the first attempt by a major studio to produce a religious epic in which the Christ Event was its singular focus. MGM released ''[[King of Kings (film)|King of Kings]]'' in 1961, inspired by a [[Cecil B. DeMille]] film of the same title from 1927. Critics suggested the film should have been titled ''I Was a Teenage Jesus'', due to Jeffrey Hunter's youthful appearance in the film.

Four years later, ''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]'', directed by George Stevens, was completed for $25 million. Swedish actor Max Von Sydow’s portrayal of Christ was lambasted for being emotionally removed and humorless. The same could be said for ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (film)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'', a 1977 made-for-television mini-series. The film received mostly favorable reviews on the part of the evangelical community.

It wasn’t until 1989 that another major studio took a gamble on a movie involving the life of Jesus, but this one involved a new wrinkle. Universal released ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' amidst what was probably the most inflamed protest against a film in history. The pre-release publicity centered around demonstrations taking place outside of Universal after celebrated figures in the evangelical media began speaking about heretical content in the film. Theater managers across the country were terrified to screen the movie and no major video chain would carry it.

Screenwriter Paul Schrader adapted ''The Last Temptation'' from the [[Nikos Kazantzakis]] novel which engages in a fictional exploration between the two natures of Christ - divine and human. The film was not intended to be a Gospel portrait. The fictional aspect, which apparently provoked opponents of its release, centered around a vision presented by the devil to the Jesus of the film while on the cross. In this vision, Jesus is shown what it would have been like to marry, have a family, live until an old age, and die a natural death. The struggle for the Jesus of the film is the torment between his human wishes for a normal Jewish life and his longing to accomplish the divine mission set before him. In the film is that Jesus conquers these temptations and carries out his sacrificial death by crucifixion.

In [[2004]], [[Academy Award]] winning director Mel Gibson made the blockbuster film ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' which became one of the highest grossing movies of 2004 and of all time. [[Jim Caviezel]] was cast as Jesus.
{| class={| class="prettytable sortable"
! width="8%" | Date
! width="20%" | Title
! width="10%" | Country
! width="53%" | Notes
! width="5% | IMDB
|- valign="top"
|1898
|''The Passion Play of Oberammergau''
|USA
|early black and white silent film, directed by Henry C. Vincent, starring Frank Russell as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0151913/]
|- valign="top"
|1911
|''Jésus de Nazareth''
|France
|early black and white silent film, directed by André Calmettes and Henri Desfontaines
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0463545/]
|- valign="top"
|1914
|''The Last Supper''
|USA
|black and white silent film, directed by Lorimer Johnston, and starring Sydney Ayres as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0365427/]
|- valign="top"
|1915
|''[[The Birth of a Nation]]''
|USA
|directed by [[D.W. Griffith]], Jesus appears toward the end of the film
|[http://imdb.com/title/tt0004972/]
|- valign="top"
|1916
|''[[Intolerance (movie)|Intolerance]]''
|USA
|directed by [[D.W. Griffith]], Jesus is portrayed by Howard Gaye
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0006864/]
|- valign="top"
|1927
|''[[The King of Kings]]''
|USA
|silent film
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018054/]
|- valign="top"
|1928
|''Jesus of Nazareth''
|USA
|black and white silent film, Jesus is portrayed by Philip Van Loan
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0330487/]
|- valign="top"
|1942
|''Jesús de Nazareth''
|Mexico
|black and white film, directed by José Díaz Morales, and starring José Cibrián as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233975/]
|- valign="top"
|1946
|''María Magdalena''
|Mexico
|black and white film directed by Miguel Contreras Torres, Jesus is portrayed by Luis Alcoriza
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042971/]
|- valign="top"
|1953
|''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]''
|USA
|Jesus appears off-screen
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046247/]
|- valign="top"
|1959
|''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]''
|USA
|Jesus does not speak in the movie, he is seen only from behind or in partial view
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052618/]
|- valign="top"
|1959
|''El Redentor'' (''The Redeemer'')
|Spain
|Jesus, played by Luis Álvarez, is always shown from behind. [[Macdonald Carey]] provides the voice in the English version.
|[http://imdb.com/title/tt0050713/]
|- valign="top"
|1961
|''[[King of Kings (film)|King of Kings]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Nicholas Ray]], starring [[Jeffrey Hunter]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055047/]
|- valign="top"
|1964
|''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|Il vangelo secondo Matteo]]''
|Italy / France
|directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], starring Enrique Irazoqui as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058715/]
|- valign="top"
|1965
|''[[The Greatest Story Ever Told]]''
|USA
|directed by [[George Stevens]], [[David Lean]], and [[Jean Negulesco]], starring [[Max von Sydow]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0059245/]
|- valign="top"
|1967
|''[[The Gospel Road|The Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus]]''
|USA
|Robert Elfstrom was both the director and the actor portraying Jesus, [[Johnny Cash]] provided the music for the film
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070125/]
|- valign="top"
|1971
|''[[Johnny Got His Gun]]''
|USA
|[[Donald Sutherland]] portrays Jesus in a dream sequence
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0067277/]
|- valign="top"
|1973
|''[[Godspell (film)|Godspell]]''
|USA
|directed by [[David Greene]], Jesus is portrayed by [[Victor Garber]]
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070121/]
|- valign="top"
|1973
|''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (film)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]''
|USA
|film based on [[Andrew Lloyd Webber|Andrew Lloyd Webber's]] opera, with [[Ted Neeley]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070239/]
|- valign="top"
|1979
|''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]''
|UK
| The story of Jesus is parodied by parallel in this movie. Jesus only appears briefly.
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079470/]
|- valign="top"
|1979
|''[[Jesus (1979 film)|Jesus]]''
|USA
|directed by John Krish and Peter Sykes, starring [[Brian Deacon]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079368/]
|- valign="top"
|1980
|''White 'Pop' Jesus''
|Italy
|directed by Luigi Petrini, Jesus is portrayed by Awana Gana
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0407319/]
|- valign="top"
|1981
|''[[History of the World, Part I]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Mel Brooks]], Jesus is portrayed by [[John Hurt]]
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082517/]
|- valign="top"
|1985
|''Hail Mary''
|France / Switzerland / UK
|a modern-day retelling of the Virgin Birth
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089366/]
|- valign="top"
|1986
|''Jesus - The Film''
|Germany
|Epic film in 35 episodes, shot on Super8. The individual episodes were made by a total of 22 filmmakers from East and West Germany, directed by Michael Brynntrup
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0400553/]
|- valign="top"
|1988
|''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], starring [[Willem Dafoe]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095497/]
|- valign="top"
|1988
|''[[The Seventh Sign]]''
|USA
|directed by Carl Schultz [[Jürgen Prochnow]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096073/]
|- valign="top"
|1989
|''[[Jesus of Montreal]]''
|Canada / France
|directed by [[Denys Arcand]]
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097635/]
|- valign="top"
|1992
|''[[Bad Lieutenant]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Abel Ferrara]], starring Paul Hipp
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103759/]
|- valign="top"
|1996
|''Kristo''
|Philippines
|directed by Ben Yalung starring Mat Ranillo III as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450790/]
|- valign="top"
|1997
|''Matthew''
|USA/South Africa
|directed by Reghardt van den Bergh starring Bruce Marchiano as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0301359/]
|- valign="top"
|1997
|''[[Orgazmo]]''
|USA
|Jesus is seen cheering the lead character on at the end of the film
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0124819/]
|- valign="top"
|1998
|''[[The Book of Life (film)|The Book of Life]]''
|France / USA
|directed by [[Hal Hartley]], starring [[Martin Donovan]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167059/]
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[Superstar (film)|Superstar]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Bruce McCulloch]], Jesus is portrayed by [[Will Ferrell]]
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167427/]
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]]''
|USA
|Jesus can be seen as part of the American army marching in front of Kyle's house
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158983/]
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[Dogma (film)|''Dogma'']]''
|USA
|[[Buddy Christ]] is created as an icon to help revitalize the Catholic Church.
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120655/]
|- valign="top"
|2000
|''[[The Miracle Maker]]''
|UK
|stop-motion animated film with [[Ralph Fiennes]] as the voice of Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0208298/]
|- valign="top"
|2001
|''[[Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter]]''
|Canada
|directed by [[Lee Demarbre]], Jesus is called upon to aid humanity against a [[vampire]] scourge
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311361/]
|- valign="top"
|2003
|''[[The Gospel of John (movie)|The Gospel of John]]''
|Canada / UK
|directed by [[Philip Saville]], starring [[Henry Ian Cusick]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377992/]
|- valign="top"
|2004
|''[[The Passion of the Christ]]''
|USA
|directed by [[Mel Gibson]], starring [[Jim Caviezel]], portrays the final days in the life of Jesus.
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335345/]
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[World Trade Center (film)|World Trade Center]]''
|USA
|Jesus is seen in the vision of a New York City firefighter in the film
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469641/]
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]]''
|USA
|Jesus was supposedly married to [[Mary Magdalene]], who is portrayed as a pagan goddess and the true [[Holy Grail]].
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0382625/]
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[The Nativity Story]]''
|USA
|Retells the Biblical account of the [[nativity of Jesus]], following the story of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] and [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] until the birth of Jesus occurs.
|[http://imdb.com/title/tt0762121/]
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[Color of the Cross]]''
|USA
|[[Jean-Claude La Marre]] both directs the film and stars as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0760160/]
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[Son of Man (film)|Son of Man]]''
|South Africa
|directed by Mark Dornford-May
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0492490/]
|- valign="top"

|}

==Television==
{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|}
{| class={| class="prettytable sortable"
! width="8%" | Date
! width="20%" | Title
! width="10%" | Country
! width="53%" | Notes
! width="5% | IMDB
|- valign="top"
|2006
|''[[The Book of Daniel (TV series)|The Book of Daniel]]''
|USA
|cancelled due to low ratings
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0470642/]
|}

===Television movies===
{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|}
{| class={| class="prettytable sortable"
! width="8%" | Date
! width="20%" | Title
! width="10%" | Country
! width="53%" | Notes
! width="5% | IMDB
|- valign="top"
|1980
|''The Day Christ Died''
|USA
|directed by James Cellan Jones, starring [[Chris Sarandon]] as Jesus
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080595/]
|- valign="top"
|2003
|''[[Ben Hur (2003 film)|Ben Hur]]''
|USA
|animated TV movie
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0363468/]
|- valign="top"
|2004
|''Judas''
|USA
|TV Movie
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286739/]
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[Mary, Mother of Jesus (film)|Mary, Mother of Jesus]]''
|USA
|TV movie
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0214930/]
|- valign="top"
|2007
|''[[The Lost Tomb of Jesus]]''
|USA
|[[Simcha Jacobovici]] stars in this documentary about the supposed findings of the Jesus family tomb. The film dramatizes certain scenes in the Bible to depict Jesus both as a husband and a father.
|}

===Miniseries===
{| cellpadding="2"
|-
|}
{| class={| class="prettytable sortable"
! width="8%" | Date
! width="20%" | Title
! width="10%" | Country
! width="53%" | Notes
! width="5% | IMDB
|- valign="top"
|1999
|''[[Jesus (1999 film)|Jesus]]''
|Czech Republic / Italy / Germany / USA
|TV miniseries
|[http://imdb.com/title/tt0199232/]
|- valign="top"
|1977
|''[[Jesus of Nazareth (film)|Jesus of Nazareth]]''
|Italy / UK
|TV miniseries
|[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075520/]
|}

==Theatre==
Son Of Man by [[Dennis Potter]]
*''[[Godspell]]''
*''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''
*''[[Cotton patch gospel|Cotton Patch Gospel]]
*''[[The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee]]
*''[[!Hero|!Hero the Rock Opera]]''

==Audio dramas==
*''[[The Man Born to be King]]'' ([[1941]])
*''[[Adventures in Odyssey]]'', in [[List of Adventures in Odyssey episodes|episodes]] #66, #67, #137, #141, #176, #177, #183, #226, #227, #232, #302, #304, #305, #345, #346, #383, #389, #404, #413, #425, #439, #461, & #499

==Miscellaneous==
[[Image:JesusActionFigure.jpg|thumb|right|A Jesus action figure]]
* The popular clothing line [[Urban Outfitters]] has launched numerous [[Jesus]]-themed apparel, their most popular being 2004's "[[Jesus]] is my Homeboy" [[T-shirts]], which were publicized by the [[Hip-Hop]] artist [[Kanye West]].
* The Jesus [[action figure]] has become somewhat of a [[meme]] of American culture. The action figure made an appearance in [[Sum 41]]'s music video for [[The Hell Song]]. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} It also made an appearance in Smosh's video of the Pokemon theme song.
* Jesus, the Lamb of Hosts and Our Lord and Saviour, is a minor character in the popular web comic ''[[Penny Arcade (webcomic)|Penny Arcade]]''.[http://www.penny-arcade.com/comic/2004/08/04]
* The English [[Heavy metal|metal band]] [[Cradle of Filth]] attained a large measure of notoriety after a fan was arrested wearing a notorious [[t-shirt]] produced by the band, depicting a [[masturbation|masturbating]] nun on the front and the slogan "Jesus is a [[cunt]]" on the back. A handful of fans have faced [[court]] appearances and [[fine]]s for wearing the shirt in public, with one serving eighty hours of [[community service]].[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1877832,00.html]
* [[John Lennon]] in 1966 compared his group, [[The Beatles]] to Jesus in a flippant remark that sparked outrage and controversy particularly in the US South: "We're more popular than Jesus now." He would later attempt to retract his remark and, under pressure, apologize to anyone who'd been offended.
* Jesus appears very briefly in the PlayStation 2 RPG ''[[Xenosaga Episode III: Also sprach Zarathustra]]''. He is seen only from behind and from far away in a heavily whited out scene.
* Many adult-oriented cartoons, such as ''[[South Park]]'' and ''[[Family Guy]]'', use Jesus Christ as a character, in unusual situations such as a talk show host. Common associations made (e.g. [[The Simpsons]]) are of Christ as a [[hippie]] or [[rock n' roll]]er, due to his popular image as a peaceful man with long hair and a beard.
*The Résumé of Jesus Christ<ref>[http://www.kimiko-usa.com/jesus'_resume.htm kimiko-usa.com, The Résumé of Jesus Christ]</ref>
*The [[Channel 102]] series ''Jesus Christ Supercop'' featured Christ as a renegade [[police officer]] who bears a grudge against the man who [[God is dead|killed his father]], 19th century philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].

==See also==
*[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]
*[[Jesus of Montreal]]
*[[Jesus of Nazareth (film)]]
*[[List of movies based on the Bible]]
*[[Jesus in the Christian Bible]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Jesus}}
{{commonscat|Jesus Christ}}
*{{imdb character|0006201|Jesus Christ}}
*[http://biblefilms.blogspot.com/2005/12/index-of-jesus-films.html Bible Films Blog: Index of Jesus Films]
*[http://www.godweb.org/jesusmore.htm The Face of Jesus / Part II - Some Examples in Popular Culture] (portrayal of Jesus in popular culture with a gallery of images, photos, videos, and other examples)
*{{de icon}} [http://www.v-r.de/data/materialien/tiemann/ Tiemann, Manfed (2002): Jesus comes from Hollywood] (list of more than 650 Jesus films on the electronic appendix of the book)

{{Relphilpop}}

[[Category:Dramatic portrayals of Jesus|*]]
[[Category:Christianity in popular culture|Jesus]]
[[Category:Dynamic lists]]
[[Category:Christian art]]
[[Category:Christian history|Jesus, cultural depictions of]]
[[Category:Jesus]]
[[Category:Folklore]]

[[id:Yesus dalam karya seni]]
[[it:Gesù nell'arte]]
[[ja:キリストを描いた映画]]

Moon Pie

2006-10-29T18:28:25Z

Modemac:

{{citations missing}}

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, with [[marshmallow]] filling in the center. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] (or other flavors).

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[U.S. Southern States|United States' South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their inception. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a nearby [[coal]] [[mining]] town, and asked what kind of [[snack food]] the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the [[moon]] and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."{{fact}}

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[1950s]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five [[United States dollar|cents]], and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." (A novelty song in the early 1950s called "An RC Cola And A Moon Pie" became a popular jingle of the time. In the 1990s the band [[NRBQ]] re-recorded the song, which was so popular among their fans that they held a series of concert/gatherings called "Moon Pie Festivals"). At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution (in part, by references to it in the comedy routines of [[Brother Dave Gardner]]).{{fact}}

The moon pie is a traditional throw of [[Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]] and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade called "Mona Lisa Moon Pie."

In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "scooter pie." In [[New England]], a similar item is known as a "[[Whoopie pie|Whoopie Pie]]," though chocolate cookies are used instead of graham crackers and the pastry is not dipped in chocolate. Elsewhere, including [[Canada]], it is known as a "wagon wheel." "MoonPie" is a registered trademark of The Chattanooga Bakery. The UK also calls them Wagon Wheels where they are manufactured by [http://www.burtonsfoods.com Burtons Biscuits].

Compare [[Mallomars]].

==External links==
* [http://www.moonpie.com/ The Chattanooga Bakery's official page]
* [http://www.nicecupofteaandasitdown.com/biscuits/previous.php3?item=64 Pictures]

[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Brand name cookies]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-10T00:12:59Z

Modemac:

{{ScientologySeries}}
'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

This particular policy has been a source of enormous controversy for Scientology, and it has been revised and altered many times since its original publication in 1965. In 1968 Hubbard declared the term "fair game" would no longer be used, and consequently the Church of Scientology states it does not follow any policy called "fair game." However, critics of Scientology state the primary purpose of the policy has remained unchanged over the years, despite its many names: it is a doctrine for attacking enemies of Scientology. [http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html]

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

===Cancellation and controversy===

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

=== Further modifications to the policy ===

Today the Church of Scientology follows Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter (HCOPL) of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991 and titled: ''Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists.''

As instructed in the "cancellation" HCPOL of 1968, the words "Fair Game" do not appear in the modern policy. It states the procedure the Church of Scientology is to follow regarding suppressive acts (acts meant to harm) against the Church of Scientology or suppressive acts against Scientologists. It closely defines what constitutes a suppressive act and includes "any felony (such as murder, arson, etc), blackmail" and goes on for about 2 pages with a list of such actions which the Church of Scientology considers to be suppressive acts. It disambiguates between those within the CoS who are proven to have done such acts and those exterior to the CoS who are doing such acts against the CoS or Cos members. It spells out how do deal with the above situations. It concludes with this statement:

"Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions."

Because the official policy for confronting its enemies does not include the words "fair game," the Church of Scientology states today that it has no "Fair Game" policy. The term is not found in any extant policy letter published or used by the CoS. However, Policy letters were revised for a number of reasons as the CoS grew. One of the reasons was a larger organization required additional policy. Critics of Scientology state that regardless of the name used to describe its policy, the Church of Scientology continues to attack its enemies relentlessly through any means possible.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T21:00:16Z

Modemac:

{{ScientologySeries}}
'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

This particular policy has been a source of enormous controversy for Scientology, and it has been revised and altered many times since its original publication in 1965. In 1968 Hubbard declared the term "fair game" would no longer be used, and consequently the Church of Scientology states that does not follow any policy called "fair game." However, critics of Scientology state the primary purpose of the policy has remained unchanged over the years, despite its many names: it is a doctrine for attacking enemies of Scientology. [http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html]

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

===Cancellation and controversy===

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

=== Further modifications to the policy ===

Today the Church of Scientology follows Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter (HCOPL) of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991 and titled: ''Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists.''

As instructed in the "cancellation" HCPOL of 1968, the words "Fair Game" do not appear in the modern policy. It states the procedure the Church of Scientology is to follow regarding suppressive acts (acts meant to harm) against the Church of Scientology or suppressive acts against Scientologists. It closely defines what constitutes a suppressive act and includes "any felony (such as murder, arson, etc), blackmail" and goes on for about 2 pages with a list of such actions which the Church of Scientology considers to be suppressive acts. It disambiguates between those within the CoS who are proven to have done such acts and those exterior to the CoS who are doing such acts against the CoS or Cos members. It spells out how do deal with the above situations. It concludes with this statement:

"Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions."

Because the official policy for confronting its enemies does not include the words "fair game," the Church of Scientology states today that it has no "Fair Game" policy. The term is not found in any extant policy letter published or used by the CoS. However, Policy letters were revised for a number of reasons as the CoS grew. One of the reasons was a larger organization required additional policy. Critics of Scientology state that regardless of the name used to describe its policy, the Church of Scientology continues to attack its enemies relentlessly through any means possible.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T20:59:29Z

Modemac:

{{ScientologySeries}}
'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

This particular policy has been a source of enormous controversy for Scientology, and it has been revised and altered many times since its original publication in 1965. In 1968 Hubbard declared the term "fair game" would no longer be used, and consequently the Church of Scientology states that does not follow any policy called "fair game." However, critics of Scientology state the primary purpose of the policy has remained unchanged over the years, despite its many names: it is a doctrine for attacking enemies of Scientology. [http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html]

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

===Cancellation and controversy===

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

== Further modifications to the policy ==

Today the Church of Scientology follows Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter (HCOPL) of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991 and titled: ''Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists.''

As instructed in the "cancellation" HCPOL of 1968, the words "Fair Game" do not appear in the modern policy. It states the procedure the Church of Scientology is to follow regarding suppressive acts (acts meant to harm) against the Church of Scientology or suppressive acts against Scientologists. It closely defines what constitutes a suppressive act and includes "any felony (such as murder, arson, etc), blackmail" and goes on for about 2 pages with a list of such actions which the Church of Scientology considers to be suppressive acts. It disambiguates between those within the CoS who are proven to have done such acts and those exterior to the CoS who are doing such acts against the CoS or Cos members. It spells out how do deal with the above situations. It concludes with this statement:

"Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions."

Because the official policy for confronting its enemies does not include the words "fair game," the Church of Scientology states today that it has no "Fair Game" policy. The term is not found in any extant policy letter published or used by the CoS. However, Policy letters were revised for a number of reasons as the CoS grew. One of the reasons was a larger organization required additional policy. Critics of Scientology state that regardless of the name used to describe its policy, the Church of Scientology continues to attack its enemies relentlessly through any means possible.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T20:55:16Z

Modemac:

{{ScientologySeries}}
'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

This particular policy has been a source of enormous controversy for Scientology, and it has been revised and altered many times since its original publication in 1965. However, critics of Scientology state the primary purpose of the policy has remained unchanged over the years, despite its many names: it is a doctrine for attacking enemies of Scientology. [http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html]

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

===Cancellation and controversy===

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

== Further modifications to the policy ==

Today the Church of Scientology follows Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter (HCOPL) of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991 and titled: ''Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists.''

As instructed in the "cancellation" HCPOL of 1968, the words "Fair Game" do not appear in the modern policy. It states the procedure the Church of Scientology is to follow regarding suppressive acts (acts meant to harm) against the Church of Scientology or suppressive acts against Scientologists. It closely defines what constitutes a suppressive act and includes "any felony (such as murder, arson, etc), blackmail" and goes on for about 2 pages with a list of such actions which the Church of Scientology considers to be suppressive acts. It disambiguates between those within the CoS who are proven to have done such acts and those exterior to the CoS who are doing such acts against the CoS or Cos members. It spells out how do deal with the above situations. It concludes with this statement:

"Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions."

Because the official policy for confronting its enemies does not include the words "fair game," the Church of Scientology states today that it has no "Fair Game" policy. The term is not found in any extant policy letter published or used by the CoS. However, Policy letters were revised for a number of reasons as the CoS grew. One of the reasons was a larger organization required additional policy. Critics of Scientology state that regardless of the name used to describe its policy, the Church of Scientology continues to attack its enemies relentlessly through any means possible.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T20:53:09Z

Modemac: Trying to put together a version of this article that includes Terryeo's edits

{{ScientologySeries}}
'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

This particular policy has been a source of enormous controversy for Scientology, and it has been revised and altered many times since its original publication in 1965. However, critics of Scientology state the primary purpose of the policy has remained unchanged over the years, despite its many names: it is a doctrine for attacking enemies of Scientology. [http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html]

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

===Cancellation and controversy===

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

=== Further Modifications to the policy ==

Today the Church of Scientology follows Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter (HCOPL) of 23 December 1965RB, revised 8 January 1991 and titled: ''Suppressive Acts Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists.''

As instructed in the "cancellation" HCPOL of 1968, the words "Fair Game" do not appear in the modern policy. It states the procedure the Church of Scientology is to follow regarding suppressive acts (acts meant to harm) against the Church of Scientology or suppressive acts against Scientologists. It closely defines what constitutes a suppressive act and includes "any felony (such as murder, arson, etc), blackmail" and goes on for about 2 pages with a list of such actions which the Church of Scientology considers to be suppressive acts. It disambiguates between those within the CoS who are proven to have done such acts and those exterior to the CoS who are doing such acts against the CoS or Cos members. It spells out how do deal with the above situations. It concludes with this statement:

"Nothing in this policy letter shall ever or under any circumstances justify any violation of the laws of the land or intentional legal wrongs. Any such offense shall subject the offender to penalties prescribed by law as well as to ethics and justice actions."

Because the official policy for confronting its enemies does not include the words "fair game," the Church of Scientology states today that it has no "Fair Game" policy. The term is not found in any extant policy letter published or used by the CoS. However, Policy letters were revised for a number of reasons as the CoS grew. One of the reasons was a larger organization required additional policy. Critics of Scientology state that regardless of the name used to describe its policy, the Church of Scientology continues to attack its enemies relentlessly through any means possible.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T09:58:07Z

Modemac: User:Terryeo is abusing 3 Revert Rule (see talk)

'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote that a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

==Cancellation and controversy==

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game policy in the courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html Operation Clambake present: The "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2006-01-09T03:08:58Z

Modemac: Reverted edits by Terryeo (talk) to last version by Mistress Selina Kyle

Fair Game (Scientology)

2005-12-05T23:51:34Z

Modemac:

'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

=="Fair Game" Cancellation and Controversy==

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Scientology-associated private investigator [[Eugene Ingram]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>'' associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game Policy in the Courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

==External Links==
*[http://www.fairgamed.org/ www.fairgamed.org]
*[http://www.suppressiveperson.org/fair_game/index.html suppressiveperson.org on "Fair Game" policy]
*[http://www.xenu.net/fairgame-e.html xenu.net on "Fair Game"]
*[http://www.holysmoke.org/sdhok/fairgame.htm holysmoke.org on "Fair Game"]
*[http://www.scientology-lies.com/fairgame.policy.html "Scientology Lies"]
*[http://faq.scientology.org/page38b.htm Scientology's own explanation of the matter]
*[http://www.skeptictank.org/nl/nutl336.htm Skeptic Tank's coverage]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Fair Game (Scientology)

2005-11-08T01:23:22Z

Modemac:

'''Fair Game''' is a status assigned to those whom the [[Church of Scientology]] has officially declared to be ''[[Suppressive Person]]s'' or ''SPs.'' "Suppressive Persons" are those whose actions are deemed to "suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist." Often, this means they have been overtly critical of the church.

[[L. Ron Hubbard]], founder of Scientology, formulated "The Fair Game Law" in a 1965 policy letter: "A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" In a subsequent policy statement, Hubbard wrote a person deemed "Fair Game" "may be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

The [[Church of Scientology]] consistently maintains that the Fair Game policy was rescinded in [[1968]]. However, critics offer considerable evidence it has effectively remained in force in subsequent decades, and has been applied to attack many non-Scientologists. "Fair Game" is often cited by journalists as one basis for Scientology's alleged pattern of harassing critics.

==The "Fair Game Law," 1965==

The ''Fair Game Law'' was introduced by L. Ron Hubbard in a 1965 '''Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter''' (HCOPL) in March, 1965:

:A [[Suppressive Person|SUPPRESSIVE PERSON]] or GROUP is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts... A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game". By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes and disciplines or the rights of a Scientologist. (source: HCOPL 7 Mar 65 Issue 1, ''Suppressive Acts - Suppression of Scientology and Scientologists - The Fair Game Law'')

Later that year, Hubbard would publish a new policy letter, HCOPL 23 December 1965:

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 23 DECEMBER 1965 (Replaces HCO Policy
:Letter of 7 March 1965, Issue I. ....)

: ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND
: SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW
: ...

: A SUPPRESSIVE PERSON or GROUP is one that actively seeks to
: suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive
: Acts.

: SUPPRESSIVE ACTS are acts calculated to impede or destroy
: Scientology or a Scientologist and which are listed at length in
: this policy letter.
: ...
: A Suppressive Person or Group becomes "fair game".
:
: By FAIR GAME is meant, may not be further protected by the codes
: and disciplines of Scientology or the rights of a Scientologist.
: ....
: The homes, property, places and abodes of persons who have been
: active in attempting to suppress Scientology or Scientologists are
: all beyond any protection of Scientology Ethics, unless absolved by
: later Ethics or an amnesty.
: ....

This 23 December HCOPL was reprinted in OECs (Organizational Executive
course), an official Scientology collections of HCOPLs, the "PTS-SP"
course materials, GO agent training packs, and many other materials well
into the 90s. For example it was found as an item to be studied in 1991
OSA "hat packs".

HCO PL 18 Oct 67 Issue IV, ''Penalties for Lower Conditions'', extends the policy:

:ENEMY — SP Order. Fair game. May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."

=="Fair Game" Cancellation and Controversy==

Hubbard's "Fair Game" policy soon gained notoriety in the British press, and even received mention in Parliament. As a result, Hubbard issued a policy letter in 1968 entitled '"Cancellation of Fair Game":

:The practice of declaring people FAIR GAME will cease. FAIR GAME may not appear on any Ethics Order. It causes bad public relations.
:This P/L does not cancel any policy on the treatment or handling of an SP. (HCO PL 21 Oct 68, ''Cancellation of Fair Game")

Although this and subsequent policy letters publicly cancelled use of the phrase "Fair Game" and its practice outside of Scientology, confidential policy letters of the time show the previously expressed attitude remained in place. In fact, in the OEC volumes collecting official policy letters, HCOPL 21 October 1968 was attached as an addendum
to HCOPL 23 December 1965, making plain that this HCOPL, "ETHICS SUPPRESSIVE ACTS SUPPRESSION OF SCIENTOLOGY AND SCIENTOLOGISTS THE FAIR GAME LAW" was the policy that was
not to be cancelled as active policy on "treatment or handling of an SP".

Fair game concepts continued to be found in other HCOPLs. For example, in HCOPL 16 Feb 69 Issue II, ''Battle tactics'', Hubbard states: "One cuts off enemy communications, funds, connections. He deprives the enemy of political advantages, connections and power. He takes over enemy territory. He raids and harasses. All on a thought plane - press, public opinion, governments, etc. Seeing it as a battle, one can apply battle tactics to thought actions. ... Never treat a war like a skirmish. Treat all skirmishes like wars."

L. Ron Hubbard EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVE 2 December 1966, the "CONFIDENTIAL" "PROJECT SQUIRREL" states:
: ...
: (a) People who attack Scientology are criminals.
: (b) That if one attacks Scientology he gets investigated for crimes.
: (c) If one does not attack Scientology, despite not being
:: with it, one is safe.
: ...

Other similar documents that paralleled and reinforced "fair game" policies included HCOPL 15 February 1966, Attacks on Scientology, the 18 February Attacks on Scientology continued, HCOPL 17 February 1966, Public Investigations, HCOPL 15 Aug, 1960, Department of Government affairs and others.

: HCO POLICY LETTER OF 15 FEBRUARY 1966
: ...
: ATTACKS ON SCIENTOLOGY (Additional Pol Ltr)
: ...
: This is correct procedure:
: (1) Spot who is attacking us.
: (2) Start investigating them promptly for FELONIES or worse using own professionals not outside agencies.
: (3) Double curve our reply by saying we welcome an investigation of them.
: (4) Start feeding lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on the attackers to the press. Don't ever tamely
:: submit to an investigation of us. Make it rough, rough on attackers all the way.

In 1977, after Scientologists had been discovered infiltrating government offices and stealing documents (as part of [[Operation Snow White]]), the FBI raided Scientology headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington DC. Scientology records seized in those raids revealed that Hubbard had set up a division in 1966 called the [[Guardian's Office]] (GO) that gathered intelligence on and harassed percieved enemies of the organization. Among the items seized were 1974 GO agent "Hat Packs", the training materials for GO agents. Included there for study was the original 7 Mar 1965 HCOPL, "Fair Game." This HCOPL was marked "starrated," meaning that GO agents were expected to memorize and be drilled on that particular policy.

Eleven Scientologists eventually plead guilty to the theft of government documents, including [[Mary Sue Hubbard]], Hubbard's wife, who was head of the Guardian's Office. L. Ron Hubbard was named an un-indicted co-conspirator. Two GO officials, Jane Kember and Mo Budlong, admitted through their lawyer that "Fair Game" policy was practiced in the GO.

== Examples of Fair Game ==

=== Paulette Cooper and "Operation Freakout"===

[[Paulette Cooper]] is a New York-based freelance journalist. Cooper wrote a critical article on Scientology in the British ''Queen'' Magazine (now ''Harpers Queen'') in 1969 [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos-que.html]. In 1971 she published a book, "The Scandal of Scientology". [http://www.clambake.org/archive/books/tsos/sos.html].

In 1973 Cooper was indicted by a US federal jury for bomb threats against Scientology offices and for perjury, and she underwent a year of psychiatric treatment as a condition of her negotiations with the US Attorney.

In 1977 the FBI found Church of Scientology documents containing a precise plan to frame Cooper for bomb threats in order to get her "incarcerated in a mental institution or jail or at least to hit her so hard that she drops her attacks." [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/frk.html]. The plan was dubbed by its authors "Operation Freakout." Scientology operatives had sent the bomb threats, using Paulette Cooper's typewriter and paper with her fingerprints on it. On October 12th, 1977 Paulette Cooper was informed by the FBI that her innocence of the charges had been conclusively established.

Cooper's history as the object of "fair gaming" is summarized in Paulette Cooper's Statement to City of Clearwater Commission Hearings in 1982 [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/clearwater.html] and in the harassment diary Cooper kept on the advice of her lawyers, which she posted on the internet in 1997. [http://home.snafu.de/tilman/krasel/cooper/pcintro.html]

=== John Clark ===

[[John Gordon Clark]], a professor of psychiatry at Harvard criticized Scientology 1976 during a testimony before the Vermont senate.

Scientology started to harrass him in the next year. About this harassment, Justice Latey of the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] stated 1984 (Ref: Re B & G (Minors) [1985] FLR 134 and 493)
:''"Beginning in 1977 the Church of Scientology has conducted a campaign of persecution against Dr. Clark. They wrote letters to the Dean at the Harvard Medical School and to the Director of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Then the Dean and the Director refused to gag him. Their [the Church's] agents tracked down and telephoned several of his patient, and interviewed his neighbors looking for evidence to impugn his private or personal actions. They submitted a critical report to a Committee of the Massachusetts State Senate. On three occasions during the last five years a Scientology "front" called the Citizens' Commission on Human Rights have brought complaints against him to the Massachusetts Medical Board of Registration alleging improper professional conduct. In l980 he was declared "Number One Enemy" and in 1981 they brought two law suits against him (summarily dismissed, but costly and worrying). They distributed leaflets in the Massachusetts General Hospital offering a $25,000 reward to employees for evidence which would lead to his conviction on any charge of criminal activity. They stole his employment record from another Boston hospital. They convened press conferences calculated to ruin his professional reputation. "''

1985 Clark started a lawsuit against Scientology, alleging they tried to destroy his reputation and career. "My sin," Clark said in an interview, "was publicly saying this is a dangerous and harmful cult. They did a good job of showing I'm right."

In 1988, the church paid Clark an undisclosed sum to drop his lawsuit. In exchange for the money, Clark agreed never again to publicly criticize Scientology.

=== Richard Behar and ''Time'' magazine===
Investigative journalist [[Richard Behar]] wrote an 11-page cover feature for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine in 1991, titled "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power."[http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Fishman/time-behar.html] Scientology initiated a libel lawsuit against ''Time'' and Behar. After years of legal wrangling, the suit was dismissed by the district court 1996, the dismissal was upheld by the court of appeals 2001 [http://www.law.com/jsp/statearchive.jsp?type=Article&oldid=ZZZGRZEM0IC] and the [[Supreme Court]] refused to reinstate the case [http://www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/00-1683.htm]. In a sidebar to the original article, Behar describes his experiences with Scientology's Fair Game tactics during the five months he was preparing the article:
:''"For the TIME story, at least 10 attorneys and six private detectives were unleashed by Scientology and its followers in an effort to threaten, harass and discredit me... [As] I later learned, copy of my personal credit report -- with detailed information about my bank accounts, home mortgage, credit-card payments, home address and Social Security number -- had been illegally retrieved from a national credit bureau called [[Trans Union]]. The sham company that received it, "Educational Funding Services" of Los Angeles, gave as its address a mail drop a few blocks from Scientology's headquarters. The owner of the mail drop is a private eye named Fred Wolfson, who admits that an Ingram associate retained him to retrieve credit reports on several individuals. Wolfson says he was told that Scientology's attorneys "had judgments against these people and were trying to collect on them." He says now, "These are vicious people. These are vipers." Ingram, through a lawyer, denies any involvement in the scam. ... After that, however, an attorney [[subpoena]]ed me, while another falsely suggested that I might own shares in a company I was reporting about that had been taken over by Scientologists (he also threatened to contact the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]). A close friend in Los Angeles received a disturbing telephone call from a Scientology staff member seeking data about me -- an indication that the cult may have illegally obtained my personal phone records. Two detectives contacted me, posing as a friend and a relative of a so-called cult victim, to elicit negative statements from me about Scientology. Some of my conversations with them were taped, transcribed and presented by the church in [[affidavit]]s to TIME's lawyers as "proof" of my bias against Scientology."''

==The Fair Game Policy in the Courts==

===The case of L. Gene Allard, 1976===

In 1976, Scientology was found legally liable for the malicious prosecution of a dissatified Scientologist named L. Gene Allard who left Scientology in 1969. The suit specifically charged the Church with "Fair Gaming" Allard according to Church policy.

===The case of Jakob Anderson, 1981===

In the March 11-16, 1981, Danish court case of Jakob Anderson vs The Church Of Scientology of Denmark, ex-Guardian's Office operative Vibeke Dammon testified that Scientology did in fact practice Fair Game and had done so in Anderson's case, in an attempt to get Anderson committed to a psychiatric hospital.

===The case of Gerald Armstrong, 1984===

In 1980, Scientologist and [[Sea Org]] officer [[Gerald Armstrong]] was assigned to organize some of Hubbard's personal papers as the basis for a biography of Hubbard. Omar Garrison, a non-Scientologist known to be sympathetic to Scientology, was hired to write the biography. Both Armstrong and Garrison quickly realized that the papers reflected unfavorably on Hubbard, and revealed that many of Hubbard's claimed accomplishments were exaggerations or outright fabrications. Garrison abandoned the project, and a disillusioned Armstrong and his wife left Scientology, retaining copies of the embarrassing materials as insurance against the expected harassment to come from Scientology.

Armstrong was sued by the Church in 1982 for the theft of private documents. The Fair Game policy became an issue in court. Armstrong won the case, in part because the Judge ruled that Armstrong, as a Scientologist of long standing, knew that fair game was practiced, and had good reason to believe that possession of these papers would be necessary to defend himself against illegal persecution by the Church. In a scathing decision, Judge Paul Breckenridge wrote:

:''"In addition to violating and abusing its own members civil-rights, the organization over the years with its "Fair Game" doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the Church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and the bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of its founder LRH. The evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background, and achievements..."''

:''"In determining whether the defendant unreasonably invaded Mrs. Hubbard's privacy, the court is satisfied the invasion was slight, and the reasons and justification for the defendants conduct manifest. Defendant was told by Scientology to get an attorney. He was declared an enemy by the Church. He believed, reasonably, that he was subject to "fair game." The only way he could defend himself, his integrity, and his wife was to take that which was available to him and place it in a safe harbor, to wit, his lawyer's custody."'' (Judge Paul Breckenridge, Los Angeles Superior Court, June 20, 1984)

During the trial, Scientology hired Frank K. Flinn, a professor of comparative religions, to write a report arguing that Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and thus should be considered Constitutionally protected activity.

===The case of Lawrence Wollersheim, 1985===

In a long and contentious trial, [[Lawrence Wollersheim]], a former Scientologist, alleged that he had been harassed and his business nearly destroyed as a result of "fair game" measures. During appeals, Scientology again claimed Fair Game was a "core practice" of Scientology and was thus Constitutionally protected activity. That claim was denied by the appelate court on July 18, 1989. After twenty-five years of legal wrangling, the Church of Scientology paid Wollersheim the amount of the judgement, plus interest: $8,674,643.

==The fair game concept and Scientology doctrine==

From the earliest days of Scientology, Hubbard implied that only those who had been processed according to his therapies were deserving of civil rights. In his view, those who were not "[[Clear (Scientology)|clear]]" – still hindered by their "[[reactive mind]]" – were inherently untrustworthy. In ''[[Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health]]'' ([[1950]]), he states in the chapter ''Judicial Ethics'':

:''An ideal society would be a society of unaberrated persons, clears conducting their lives within an unaberrated culture: for either the persons or culture may be aberrated. ... Perhaps at some distant date, only the unaberrated person will be granted civil rights before the law.''

Similarly, in ''[[Science of Survival]]'' ([[1951]]), Hubbard states:

:''Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a cantonment, away from society, any [such] individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate.''

Anyone who criticized Scientology was counted among the hateful, immoral, and "aberrated," in Hubbard's view. The logic of this was fairly simple: As Scientology was a purely charitable organization, dedicated to the improvement of mankind, clearly only the most depraved or corrupt individuals would have any interest in attacking it. There was no ''legitimate'' criticism of Scientology, so long as Hubbard's instructions were being followed to the letter. Thus anyone who attacked ''bona fide'' Hubbardian Scientology was by definition someone who had put themselves beyond the pale.

Early on, Hubbard advocated a strong counter-attack as the response to any outside criticism of Scientology. In ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'' ([[1955]], collected from his writings in ''Ability'' magazine), he wrote:

:''The DEFENSE of anything is untenable. The only way to defend anything is to ATTACK, and if you forget that you will lose every battle that you engage in, whether it is in terms of personal conversation, public debate, or a court of law. NEVER BE INTERESTED IN CHARGES. Do yourself, much MORE CHARGINGS and you will WIN."

In the same work, he instructed his followers to use litigation as a tactical weapon against critics of Scientology:

:''The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass... If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.''

In addition, he proposed to use a tactic he dubbed "noisy" or "overt" investigation – essentially a means of applying pressure – to dissuade critics of Scientology. In the 1959 ''Manual of Justice'', he stated:

:''Investigation by outside sources: Overt investigation of someone or something by an outside detective agency should be done more often and hang the expense.''

Thus, by the end of the [[1950s]], the two key doctrinal elements that were to support the Fair Game policy were in place: the dismissal of any consideration for critics, and a willingness to take punitive action against them.

==References==

*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Dianetics: The Modern Science Of Mental Health'', 1950
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Science of Survival'', 1951
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''Manual of Dissemination of Materials'', 1955
*L. Ron Hubbard, ''[http://www.ariplex.com/ama/ama_hubb.htm Manual of Justice]'', 1959
*[http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/interests/hubbard_policy-letter_history.html The history of fair game in Scientology as seen from the policy letters] (Michel Snoeck)
*[http://groups.google.ca/group/alt.religion.scientology/msg/84f56775ed7f169d?fwc=1 The Scientology Fair Game Timeline] (William C. Barwell)
* Ex-Scientologist [[Robert Vaughn Young]], Affidafit regarding Fair Game [http://www.xenu.net/archive/go/legal/rvy.htm]
* Eric J. Ascalon: ''Dangerous Science: The Church of Scientology's Holy War against Critics'', American Jurist, November 1995, Vol. 9 No. 2 [http://www.lermanet.com/cos/aujurist.html]

[[Category:Scientology beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Scientology controversy]]

Moon Pie

2004-11-14T12:56:27Z

Modemac:

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, with [[marshmallow]] filling in the center. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] and baked, to produce a moon pie.

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[U.S. Southern States|United States' South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their inception. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a [[mining]] community in the area, asking what kind of [[snack food]] the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the [[moon]] and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[1950s]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five [[United States dollar|cents]], and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution.

The moon pie is a traditional throw of [[Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]] and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade called "Mona Lisa Moon Pie".

In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "scooter pie". In [[New England]], a similar item is known as a "Whoopie Pie." Elsewhere, it is known as a "wagon wheel". "MoonPie" is a registered trademark of The Chattanooga Bakery.

Compare [[Mallomars]].

==External link==
* [http://www.moonpie.com/ The Chattanooga Bakery's official page]

[[Category:Desserts]]
[[Category:Snack foods]]

Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ

2004-08-10T17:20:44Z

Modemac:

{| align="right" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 width=225 style="margin-left:3px"
!align="center" bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation Of Christ''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|[[Image:Passioncover.jpg|Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|[[Vinyl record|LP]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Released
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[June 6]] [[1989]] (UK) [[June 1]] [[1989]] (US)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Recorded
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[1989]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Musical genre|Genre]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[World music|World Music]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Length
|colspan="2" valign="top"|67 [[minute|min]] 1 [[second]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Record label]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Geffen Records]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Record producer|Producer]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|Professional reviews
|-align="center"
|valign="top"|[[All Music Guide|AMG]]
|valign="top"|4 stars out of 5
|valign="top"|[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:sq6dtr89klmx
link]
|-
!bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|Peter Gabriel Chronology
|-align="center"
|valign="top"|''[[So (album)|So]]'' ([[1986]])
|valign="top"|''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation Of Christ'' ([[1989]])
|valign="top"|''[[Shaking the Tree]]'' ([[1990]])
|}

'''''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ''''' is a musical album produced in [[1989]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]. It was originally composed as the soundtrack for the film ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]],'' but Gabriel spent several months after the film's release further developing the music, finally releasing it as a full-fledged album instead of a "movie [[soundtrack]]".

It is seen as a landmark in the popularization of [[world music]]. While music from lands far from the corporation-controlled music industry of the [[United States]] and [[England]] has certainly flourished, little of it has been heard in the Western world. ''Passion'' introduced many listeners to such world-renowned talents as [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], and [[Baaba Maal]], paving the way for these and other musicians to find audiences in America.

As a soundtrack for the film, Gabriel used the resources of the organization he founded, [[WOMAD]], to bring together musicians from the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]. He worked with them to create a soundtrack meant to enhance the mood of the movie, based upon the actual music played during the time of [[Jesus Christ]]. However, he added a modern [[ambient]] musical touch to the original pieces, producing a musical work that has influenced many musicians in the years since its release.

The album has received near-universal praise from audiences around the world. Many have called it Gabriel's finest work, and some have said that his later albums (which have all had similarities to ''Passion'') seem muddled in comparison.

[[Amazon.com]] promotes the album by noting its influence on the popularization of world music by stating: "To call ''Passion'' a pivotal recording in the development of world music would be a significant understatement."

==Track listing==
#"The Feeling Begins"
#"Gethsemane"
#"Of These, Hope"
#"Lazarus Raised"
#"Of These, Hope - Reprise"
#"In Doubt"
#"A Different Drum"
#"Zaar"
#"Troubled"
#"Open"
#"Before Night Falls"
#"With This Love"
#"Sandstorm"
#"Stigmata"
#"Passion"
#"With This Love - Choir"
#"Wall Of Breath"
#"The Promise Of Shadows"
#"Disturbed"
#"It Is Accomplished"
#"Bread And Wine"

Clarkesche Gesetze

2004-08-10T13:23:24Z

Modemac:

[[Science fiction author]] [[Arthur C. Clarke]] formulated the following three [[adage|law]]s:

# When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.
# The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.
# Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

Clarke's Law, later the first of the three laws, was proposed by Arthur C. Clarke in the essay "Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination", in ''Profiles of the Future'' (1962).
The second law is offered as a simple observation in the same essay; its status as Clarke's Second Law was conferred on it by others.
In a revised edition of ''Profiles of the Future'' (1973), Clarke acknowledged the Second Law and proposed the Third in order to round out the numbers, adding "As three laws were good enough for [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], I have modestly decided to stop there."

Other writers have since proposed [[corollary|corollaries]] (not all of them actually corollaries, technically speaking) to Clarke's laws:
*''[[Isaac Asimov]]'s Corollary to Clarke's First Law'': When, however, the lay public rallies round an idea that is denounced by distinguished but elderly scientists and supports that idea with great fervor and emotion — the distinguished but elderly scientists are then, after all, probably right. ("Asimov's Corollary", ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction|F&SF]]'', Feb. 1977)
*''[[Gregory Benford]]'s Corollary to Clarke's Third Law'': Any technology distinguishable from magic is insufficiently advanced. (''[[Foundation's Fear]]'', 1997) Alternative version: ''Benford's Modified Clarke Law'': Any technology that does not appear magical is insufficiently advanced.[http://www.edge.org/q2004/index.html#benford]
*''[[Eric S. Raymond|Raymond]]'s Second Law'': Any sufficiently advanced system of magic would be indistinguishable from a technology.[http://www.edge.org/q2004/index.html#raymond]
*''[[Bruce Sterling|Sterling]]'s Corollary to Clarke's Third Law'': Any sufficiently advanced garbage is indistinguishable from magic.[http://www.edge.org/q2004/page7.html#sterling]

Sometimes referred to as one of Clarke's Laws is [[Amara's law]] that "We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run." which was put forth by [[Roy Amara]] of [[The Institute for the Future]].

==Unrelated topics==
* [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Three Laws of Robotics]]

==External link==
*[http://groups.google.com.au/groups?selm=1991Nov13.122855.10634%40sq.sq.com The origins of the Three Laws]
*[http://freefall.purrsia.com/ff300/fv00255.htm Humorous corollary to Clarke's Third Law] (from the [[web comic]] ''[[Freefall (webcomic)|Freefall]]'')
*[http://www.edge.org/q2004/ "What's Your Law?"] (lists some of the corollaries)

Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ

2004-08-10T11:51:30Z

Modemac:

{| align="right" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 width=225 style="margin-left:3px"
!align="center" bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation Of Christ''
|-
|align="center" colspan="3"|[[Image:Passioncover.jpg|Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|[[Vinyl record|LP]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Released
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[June 6]] [[1989]] (UK) [[June 1]] [[1989]] (US)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Recorded
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[1989]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Musical genre|Genre]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[World music|World Music]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Length
|colspan="2" valign="top"|67 [[minute|min]] 1 [[second]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Record label]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Geffen Records]]
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|[[Record producer|Producer]]
|colspan="2" valign="top"|[[Peter Gabriel]]
|-
!bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|Professional reviews
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|''[[Amazon.com]]'' review
|valign="top"|Favorable
|valign="top"|[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/customer-reviews/B000065V9J/ref=cm_cr_dp_2_1/102-1256103-0959310?%5Fencoding=UTF8&me=ATVPDKIKX0DER Amazon.com customer reviews]
|-
!bgcolor="orange" colspan="3"|Peter Gabriel Chronology
|-align="center"
|valign="top"|''[[So (album)|So]]'' ([[1986]])
|valign="top"|''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation Of Christ'' ([[1989]])
|valign="top"|''[[Shaking the Tree]]'' ([[1990]])
|}

'''''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ''''' is a musical album produced in [[1989]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]. It was originally composed as the soundtrack for the film ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]],'' but Gabriel spent several months after the film's release further developing the music, finally releasing it as a full-fledged album instead of a "movie [[soundtrack]]".

It is seen as a landmark in the popularization of [[world music]]. While music from lands far from the corporation-controlled music industry of the [[United States]] and [[England]] has certainly flourished, little of it has been heard in the Western world. ''Passion'' introduced many listeners to such world-renowned talents as [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], and [[Baaba Maal]], paving the way for these and other musicians to find audiences in America.

As a soundtrack for the film, Gabriel used the resources of the organization he founded, [[WOMAD]], to bring together musicians from the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]. He worked with them to create a soundtrack meant to enhance the mood of the movie, based upon the actual music played during the time of [[Jesus Christ]]. However, he added a modern [[ambient]] musical touch to the original pieces, producing a musical work that has influenced many musicians in the years since its release.

The album has received near-universal praise from audiences around the world. Many have called it Gabriel's finest work, and some have said that his later albums (which have all had similarities to ''Passion'') seem muddled in comparison.

[[Amazon.com]] promotes the album by noting its influence on the popularization of world music by stating: "To call ''Passion'' a pivotal recording in the development of world music would be a significant understatement."

==Track listing==
#"The Feeling Begins"
#"Gethsemane"
#"Of These, Hope"
#"Lazarus Raised"
#"Of These, Hope - Reprise"
#"In Doubt"
#"A Different Drum"
#"Zaar"
#"Troubled"
#"Open"
#"Before Night Falls"
#"With This Love"
#"Sandstorm"
#"Stigmata"
#"Passion"
#"With This Love - Choir"
#"Wall Of Breath"
#"The Promise Of Shadows"
#"Disturbed"
#"It Is Accomplished"
#"Bread And Wine"

Clarkesche Gesetze

2004-06-22T16:45:08Z

Modemac:

[[Science fiction author]] [[Arthur C. Clarke]] formulated the following three [[adage|law]]s:

# When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.
# The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.
# Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

Clarke's Law, later the first of the three laws, was proposed by Arthur C. Clarke in the essay "Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination", in ''Profiles of the Future'' (1962).
The second law is offered as a simple observation in the same essay; its status as Clarke's Second Law was conferred on it by others.
In a revised edition of ''Profiles of the Future'' (1973), Clarke acknowledged the Second Law and proposed the Third in order to round out the numbers, adding "As three laws were good enough for [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], I have modestly decided to stop there."

Other writers have since proposed [[corollary|corollaries]] to Clarke's laws:

''[[Isaac Asimov]]'s Corollary to Clarke's First Law'' (not actually a corollary, strictly speaking): When, however, the lay public rallies round an idea that is denounced by distinguished but elderly scientists and supports that idea with great fervor and emotion — the distinguished but elderly scientists are then, after all, probably right.

''[[Gregory Benford]]'s Corollary to Clarke's Third Law'':Any technology distinguishable from magic is insufficiently advanced.

Sometimes referred to as one of Clarke's Laws is [[Amara's law]] that "We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run." which was put forth by [[Roy Amara]] of [[The Institute for the Future]].

==Unrelated topics==
* [[Isaac Asimov]]'s [[Three Laws of Robotics]]

==External link==
*[http://groups.google.com.au/groups?selm=1991Nov13.122855.10634%40sq.sq.com The origins of the Three Laws]
*[http://freefall.purrsia.com/ff300/fv00255.htm Humorous corollary to Clarke's Third Law] (from the [[web comic]] ''[[Freefall]]'')

Kray-Zwillinge

2004-03-16T12:15:43Z

Modemac: Reverted edits by 212.219.39.100 to last version by 158.169.131.14

'''Ronald Kray''' (1933 - 1995) and '''Reginald Kray''' (1933 - 2000) were [[twin]] brothers, and the foremost organised crime leaders in [[London]] in the [[1960s]]. Ron was the dominant twin, and a psychopath.

The twins were born in [[Hoxton]], in the [[East End]], to Charlie and Violet Kray, and had one older brother, also called Charlie.

In 1939, they moved to Vallance Road, [[Bethnal Green]]. Their father was called up early in [[World War II]], but deserted. The twins saw little of their father during the war years, and grew very close to their mother. The frequent presence of Military Police hardened an already pronounced anti-authoritarian attitude in Ron and Reg, who were both to desert from the army later in life.

The influence of their grandfather, Jimmy 'Cannonball' Lee, led both boys into amateur [[boxing]], at that time a popular pursuit for working class children in the [[East End]]. An element of competition between them spurred them on, and they achieved some success as professional fighters.

Unfortunately, the fighting didn't stop at the edge of the ring, and the Kray twins quickly became famous for their gang of roughs and the mayhem they caused. They narrowly escaped probation and/or prison several times, and then, in 1951, they were called up for [[National Service]]. They deserted, and were sent to a military prison in [[Somerset]] for the duration of their service.

Their boxing careers over, the boys turned to crime on discharge, buying a seedy club in [[Bethnal Green]], and commencing several protection 'rackets'. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were involved in hijacking, armed robbery and arson, through which means they acquired a small empire of clubs and other properties.

In the 1960s, they were well placed, as prosperous night-club owners, to be a part of the 'swinging' [[London]] scene. A large part of their fame is due to their non-criminal activities as figures on the celebrity circuit, being photographed by [[David Bailey]] on more than one occasion. They came into the public eye, however, when Ron's homosexual friendship with [[Lord Boothby]], a [[The Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] peer, was alluded to in a tabloid expose.

Their criminal activities continued, however, behind the scenes. In 1967, Reg was persuaded by his brother to kill Jack 'the Hat' McVitie, an unimportant member of the Kray gang who had stepped out of line. Although this wasn't the first murder the twins had committed. They were also implicated in the deaths of Frank Mitchell and George Cornell, the latter being shot at the notorious Blind Beggar pub by Ronnie in 1966. This latest murder, however, led Inspector Leonard 'Nipper' Read of Scotland Yard right to the twins, and he arrested them early in 1968. Their reign of intimidation over, it was relatively easy to gain a conviction, and both were sentenced to Life imprisonment.

There was a long-running campaign, with much celebrity support, to have the twins released from prison, but successive Home Secretaries vetoed the idea, and Ron died in prison. Reg was a different story however as he was freed on 26 August 2000 on compassionate grounds as a result of unoperable cancer. On 1 October 2000 Reg Kray died a free man.

They were the subject of feature film (''The Krays'', 1990), and there are many books about their reign of terror, amongst the best of which is ''The Profession of Violence'' by John Pearson.

Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ

2004-03-12T21:23:30Z

Modemac:

'''''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ''''' is a musical album produced in [[1989]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]. It was originally composed as the soundtrack for the film ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]],'' but Gabriel spent several months after the film's release further developing the music, finally releasing it as a full-fledged album instead of a "movie [[soundtrack]]."

It is seen as a landmark in the popularization of [[world music]]. While music from lands far from the corporation-controlled music industry of the [[United States]] and [[England]] has certainly flourished, little of it has been heard in the Western world. ''Passion'' introduced many listeners to such world-renowned talents as [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], and [[Baaba Maal]], paving the way for these and other musicians to find audiences in America.

As a soundtrack for the film, Gabriel used the resources of the organization he founded, [[WOMAD]], to bring together musicians from the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]. He worked with them to create a soundtrack meant to enhance the mood of the movie, based upon the actual music played during the time of [[Jesus Christ]]. However, he added a modern [[ambient]] musical touch to the original pieces, producing a musical work that has influenced many musicians in the years since its release.

The album has received near-universal praise from audiences around the world. Many have called it Gabriel's finest work, and some have said that his later albums (which have all had similarities to ''Passion'') seem muddled in comparison.

[[Amazon.com]] promotes the album by noting its influence on the popularization of world music by stating, "To call ''Passion'' a pivotal recording in the development of world music would be a significant understatement."

=== Track Listing ===

# The Feeling Begins
# Gethsemane
# Of These, Hope
# Lazarus Raised
# Of These, Hope - Reprise
# In Doubt
# A Different Drum
# Zaar
# Troubled
# Open
# Before Night Falls
# With This Love
# Sandstrom
# Stigmata
# Passion
# With This Love - Choir
# Wall Of Breath
# The Promise Of Shadows
# Disturbed
# It Is Accomplished
# Bread And Wine

Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ

2003-10-07T23:27:34Z

Modemac:

'''''Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ''''' is a musical album produced in [[1989]] by [[Peter Gabriel]]. It was originally composed as the soundtrac for the film ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ]],'' but Gabriel spent several months after the film's release further developing the music, finally releasing it as a full-fledged album instead of a "movie soundtrack."

It is seen as a landmark in the popularization of [[world music]]. While music from lands far from the corporation-controlled music industry of the [[United States]] and [[England]] has certainly flourished, little of it has been heard in the Western world. ''Passion'' introduced many listeners to such world-renowned talents as [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], and [[Baaba Maal]], paving the way for these and other musicians to find audiences in America.

As a soundtrack for the film, Gabriel used the resources of the organization he founded, [[WOMAD]], to bring together musicians from the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]. He worked with them to create a soundtrack meant to enhance the mood of the movie, based upon the actual music played during the time of [[Jesus Christ]]. However, he added a modern [[ambient]] musical touch to the original pieces, producing a musical work that has influenced many musicians in the years since its release.

The album has received near-universal praise from audiences around the world. Many have called it Gabriel's finest work, and some have said that his later albums (which have all had similarities to ''Passion'') seem muddled in comparison.

[[Amazon.com]] promote the album by noting its influence on the popularization of world music by stating, "To call ''Passion'' a pivotal recording in the development of world music would be a significant understatement."

=== Track Listing ===

# The Feeling Begins
# Gethsemane
# Of These, Hope
# Lazarus Raised
# Of These, Hope - Reprise
# In Doubt
# A Different Drum
# Zaar
# Troubled
# Open
# Before Night Falls
# With This Love
# Sandstrom
# Stigmata
# Passion
# With This Love - Choir
# Wall Of Breath
# The Promise Of Shadows
# Disturbed
# It Is Accomplished
# Bread And Wine

Moon Pie

2003-10-03T20:01:23Z

Modemac:

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th Century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, and [[marshmallow]] filling in between. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] and baked, to produce a moon pie.

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[U.S. Southern States|United States' South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their beginnings. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a [[mining]] community in the area, asking what kind of snack food the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the [[moon]] and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[1950s]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five [[United States dollar|cents]], and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution.

The moon pie is a traditional throw of [[Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]] and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade called "Mona Lisa Moon Pie".

In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "scooter pie."

Moon Pie

2003-09-29T15:05:43Z

Modemac:

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th Century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, and [[marshmallow]] filling in between. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] and baked, to produce a moon pie.

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[U.S. Southern States|United States' South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their beginnings. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a [[mining]] community in the area, asking what kind of snack food the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the [[moon]] and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[Great Depression]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five [[United States dollar|cents]], and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution.

The moon pie is a traditional throw of [[Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]] and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade called "Mona Lisa Moon Pie".

In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "scooter pie."

Moon Pie

2003-09-28T19:34:33Z

Modemac:

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th Century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, and [[marshmallow]] filling in between. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] and baked, to produce a moon pie.

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[American South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their beginnings. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a [[mining]] community in the area, asking what kind of snack food the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the moon and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[Great Depression]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five cents, and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution.

Boston Public Library

2003-08-27T16:03:29Z

Modemac: Removed blog link

The '''Boston Public Library''' was established in [[1848]]. It was the first publicly supported [[municipal]] [[library]] in [[United States|America]]. It was also the first public library to allow people to borrow books and other materials.

The library was initially located in a former schoolhouse located on Mason Street, and was opened to the public on [[March 20]], [[1854]].

It opened a children's room in [[Copley Square]], [[Boston]], in [[1895]] making it the first library to have a space especially for children.

It is located on [[Boylston Street]] in [[Boston]]. It the home of several large collections, including first edition folios by [[William Shakespeare]], and the personal library of [[John Adams]].

==External link==
*http://www.bpl.org

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2003-08-19T18:04:49Z

Modemac: Reverting from pseudoscientific gobbledygook (see talk page)

A '''subliminal message''' is believed to be a form of subtle [[mind control]], implemented through the use of a "hidden" message and or suggestion inserted into an everyday image. The actual commands themselves are supposedly designed to appeal directly to the [[subconscious]] mind of the person targeted by the subliminal commands, so that the person does not even realize he or she is being influenced by an outside source.

A form of subliminal messaging commonly believed to exist involves the insertion of "hidden" messages into [[movie]]s and [[Television|TV]] programs. The concept of "moving pictures" relies on [[persistence of vision]] to create the illusion of movement in a series of images projected at 23 to 30 frames per second; the popular theory of subliminal messages usually suggests that subliminal commands can be inserted into this sequence at the rate of perhaps 1 frame in 25 (or roughly 1 frame per second). The hidden command in a single frame will flash across the screen so quickly that it is not consciously perceived, but the command will supposedly appeal to the subconscious mind of the viewer, and thus have some measurable effect in terms of behavior.

==Origin of the Term==

The term ''subliminal message'' was popularized in a [[1957]] book entitled ''[[The Hidden Persuaders]]'' by [[Vance Packard]]. This book detailed a study of movie theaters that supposedly used subliminal commands to increase the sales of [[popcorn]] and [[Coca-Cola]] at their concession stands. However, this study was proven to be completely false, and the author of the study, [[James Vicary]], was unable to reproduce these results in any further tests.

In [[1973]] the book ''[[Subliminal Seduction]]'' claimed that subliminal techiques were in wide use in advertising. This led to a widespread popularization of the concept of subliminal commands. The public hysteria over its supposed use was enough to lead the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to declare subliminal advertising "contrary to the public interest," whether the technique actually worked or not.

==Validity==

In spite of the popular belief that subliminal messages are widely used to influence audiences, there is little evidence that the technique has ever been used on a mass audience (other than its occasional use by artists who use it to make an artistic statement). There is no evidence that subliminal messages have any effect at all on a viewer or listener, and the current consensus among marketing professionals is that subliminal advertising is ineffective and can be counter-productive. The theory underlying subliminal messages is often considered to be [[pseudoscience]]. However, the concept of subliminal messages is very popular among [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and most people in media-saturated areas (such as the [[United States]]) areas are familiar with the term.

A number of fringe elements in society have made occasional claims that subliminal messages can be found in various forms of popular entertainment. Popular claims of subliminal commands include the supposed use of "[[backward message]]s" in [[rock and roll]] songs. Conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] has claimed that the [[Disney]] corporation inserted the subliminal command "SEX" into the [[animation|animated]] film ''[[The Lion King]].'' Mainstream authorities have generally ignored these claims due to the dubious reputations of their authors.

''see also: [[advertising]], [[marketing]], [[promotion]]''

=== Related topics ===
*[[list of marketing topics|List of Marketing Topics]]
*[[list of management topics|List of Management Topics]]
*[[list of economics topics|List of Economics Topics]]
*[[list of accounting topics|List of Accounting Topics]]
*[[list of finance topics|List of Finance Topics]]
*[[list of economists|List of Economists]]

==External Link==
*[http://www.snopes2.com/business/hidden/popcorn.htm Urban Legends: Subliminal Advertising]

Junk Food News

2003-02-05T18:12:38Z

Modemac:

'''Junk Food News''' are stories that sensationalize, personalize or homogenize inconsequential trivia in the media. The term is used to associate a certain type of news with journalism, in the same way that [[junk food]] applies to nutrition: in a manner similar to junk food, junk food news takes up an unfair percentage of news coverage, wastes valuable time of both the audience and the network or publisher, and does not provide any substantial benefit to its comsumers. Junk food news serves to lower the tone of political discourse in a given community. Typically, junk food news falls into one or another of these categories:

* brand name news (Stories about brand-name products, such as "New Coke")
* sexual titilation (Celebrity pregnancies, unusual sexual affairs and crimes)
* yo-yo news (statistics that change daily, such as stock market numbers and movie box office totals)
* showbiz news
* latest craze news (Brief fads such as [[Furby]], [[Pokemon]], [[Segway]])
* celebrity news (Celebrity gossip)
* anniversary news (Anniversary of a major event or celebrity death)
* sports news
* political junk news

Junk Food News was first used in print in an article written by [[Carl Jenson]] in the March [[1983]] edition of ''[[Penthouse]].'' The term evolved from response to criticism of [[Project Censored]] by news directors and editors who argued that the real issue wasn't censorship - rather a difference of opinion as to what information is important to publish or broadcast. Some critics said that Carl Jenson wasn't exploring [[media censorship]]: he was just another frustrated academic criticizing editorial news judgement. Junk Food News is journalistic noise in the media which reduces time and space for investigative reports.

Junk Food News

2003-02-05T15:24:58Z

Modemac:

'''Junk Food News''' are stories that sensationalize, personalize or homogenize inconsequential trivia in the media. Junk food news serves to lower the tone of political discourse in a given community. Typically, junk food news falls into one or another of these categories:

* brand name news
* sexual titilation
* yo-yo news
* showbiz news
* latest craze news
* celebrity news
* anniversary news
* sports news
* political junk news

Junk Food News was first used in print in an article written by [[Carl Jenson]] in the March [[1983]] edition of ''[[Penthouse]].'' The term evolved from response to criticism of [[Project Censored]] by news directors and editors who argued that the real issue wasn't censorship - rather a difference of opinion as to what information is important to publish or broadcast. Some critics said that Carl Jenson wasn't exploring [[media censorship]]: he was just another frustrated academic criticizing editorial news judgement.

The top ten junk food news items for 2000 were:

# ''[[Survivor (TV series)]]''
# [[Elian Gonzalez]]
# The millionaire bride (''Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire?'')
# [[Britney Spears]]
# ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''
# [[Whitewater]] and the private lives of the Clintons
# [[Napster]]
# Tie: The [[Ellen Degenerese]] and [[Anne Heche]] break up & [[JonBenet Ramsey]]
# [[Rickey Martin]]'s [[sexuality]]
# Tie: [[Brad Pitt]]'s wedding & [[Dot-com]]s and [[IPO]]s

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2003-01-21T18:06:43Z

Modemac:

A '''subliminal message''' is believed to be a form of subtle [[mind control]], implemented through the use of a "hidden" message and or suggestion inserted into an everyday image. The actual commands themselves are supposedly designed to appeal directly to the [[subconscious]] mind of the person targeted by the subliminal commands, so that the person does not even realize he or she is being influenced by an outside source.

A form of subliminal messaging commonly believed to exist involves the insertion of "hidden" messages into [[movie]]s and [[TV]] programs. The concept of "moving pictures" relies on [[persistence of vision]] to create the illusion of movement in a series of images projected at 23 to 30 frames per second; and the popular theory of subliminal messages usually suggests that subliminal commands can be inserted into this sequence at the rate of perhaps 1 frame in 25 (or roughly 1 frame per second). This idea suggests that the hidden command in a single frame will flash across the screen so quickly that it cannot be perceived with the naked eye; however, the command will supposedly appeal to the subconscious mind of the viewer, and thus have an effect.

In spite of the popular belief that subliminal messages are widely used to influence audiences, there is little evidence that the technique has ever been used on a mass audience (other than its occasional use by artists who use it to make an artistic statement). There is no evidence that subliminal messages have any effect at all on a viewer or listener, and the current consensus among marketing professionals is that subliminal advertising is ineffective and can be counter-productive. Subliminal messages are considered to be little more than [[pseudoscience]]. However, the concept of subliminal messages is very popular among [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and most people in media-saturated areas (such as the [[United States]]) areas are familiar with the term.

The term "subliminal message" was popularized in a [[1957]] book entitled ''The Hidden Persuaders,'' by Vance Packard. This book detailed a study of movie theaters that supposedly used subliminal commands to increase the sales of [[popcorn]] and [[Coca-Cola]] at their concession stands. However, this study was proven to be completely false, and the author of the study, James Vicary, was unable to reproduce these results in any further tests.

In [[1973]] the book ''Subliminal Seduction'' claimed that subliminal techiques were in wide use in advertising. This lead to a widespread popularization of the concept of subliminal commands. Even though subliminal commands do not work, the public hysteria over its supposed use was enough to lead the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to declare subliminal advertising "contrary to the public interest," whether the technique actually worked or not.

A number of fringe elements in society have made occasional claims that subliminal messages can be found in various forms of popular entertainment. Popular claims of subliminal commands include the supposed use of "[[backward message]]s" in [[rock and roll]] songs. Conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] has claimed that the [[Disney]] corporation inserted the subliminal command "SEX" into the [[animation|animated]] film ''[[The Lion King]].'' Mainstream authorities have generally ignored these claims due to the dubious reputations of their authors.

==External Link==
*[http://www.snopes2.com/business/hidden/popcorn.htm Urban Legends: Subliminal Advertising]

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2003-01-21T18:06:14Z

Modemac:

A '''subliminal message''' is believed to be a form of subtle [[mind control]], implemented through the use of a "hidden" message and or suggestion inserted into an everyday image. The actual commands themselves are supposedly designed to appeal directly to the [[subconscious]] mind of the person targeted by the subliminal commands, so that the person does not even realize he or she is being influenced by an outside source.

A form of subliminal messaging commonly believed to exist involves the insertion of "hidden" messages into [[movie]]s and [[TV]] programs. The concept of "moving pictures" relies on [[persistence of vision]] to create the illusion of movement in a series of images projected at 23 to 30 frames per second; and the popular theory of subliminal messages usually suggests that subliminal commands can be inserted into this sequence at the rate of perhaps 1 frame in 25 (or roughly 1 frame per second). This idea suggests that the hidden command in a single frame will flash across the screen so quickly that it cannot be perceived with the naked eye; however, the command will supposedly appeal to the subconscious mind of the viewer, and thus have an effect.

In spite of the popular belief that subliminal messages are widely used to influence audiences, there is little evidence that the technique has ever been used on a mass audience (other than its occasional use by artists who use it to make an artistic statement). There is no evidence that subliminal messages have any effect at all on a viewer or listener, and the current consensus among marketing professionals is that subliminal advertising is ineffective and can be counter-productive. Subliminal messages are considered to be little more than [[pseudoscience]]. However, the concept of subliminal messages is very popular among [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and most people in media-saturated areas (such as the [[United States]]) areas are familiar with the term.

The term "subliminal message" was popularized in a [[1957]] book entitled ''The Hidden Persuaders,'' by Vance Packard. This book detailed a study of movie theaters that supposedly used subliminal commands to increase the sales of [[popcorn]] and [[Coca-Cola]] at their concession stands. However, this study was proven to be completely false, and the author of the study, James Vicary, was unable to reproduce these results in any further tests.

In [[1973]] the book ''Subliminal Seduction'' claimed that subliminal techiques were in wide use in advertising. This lead to a widespread popularization of the concept of subliminal commands. Even though subliminal commands do not work, the public hysteria over its supposed use was enough to lead the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to declare subliminal advertising "contrary to the public interest," whether the technique actually worked or not.

A number of fringe elements in society have made occasional claims that subliminal messages can be found in various forms of popular entertainment. Popular claims of subliminal commands include the supposed use of "[backward message]]s" in [[rock and roll]] songs. Conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] has claimed that the [[Disney]] corporation inserted the subliminal command "SEX" into the [[animation|animated]] film ''[[The Lion King]].'' Mainstream authorities have generally ignored these claims due to the dubious reputations of their authors.

==External Link==
*[http://www.snopes2.com/business/hidden/popcorn.htm Urban Legends: Subliminal Advertising]

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2003-01-02T21:00:27Z

Modemac:

A '''subliminal message''' is believed to be a form of subtle [[mind control]], implemented through the use of a "hidden" message and or suggestion inserted into an everyday image. The actual commands themselves are supposedly designed to appeal directly to the [[subconscious]] mind of the person targeted by the subliminal commands, so that the person does not even realize he or she is being influenced by an outside source.

A form of subliminal messaging commonly believed to exist involves the insertion of "hidden" messages into [[movie]]s and [[TV]] programs. The concept of "moving pictures" relies on [[persistence of vision]] to create the illusion of movement in a series of images projected at 23 to 30 frames per second; and the popular theory of subliminal messages usually suggests that subliminal commands can be inserted into this sequence at the rate of perhaps 1 frame in 25 (or roughly 1 frame per second). This idea suggests that the hidden command in a single frame will flash across the screen so quickly that it cannot be perceived with the naked eye; however, the command will supposedly appeal to the subconscious mind of the viewer, and thus have an effect.

In spite of the popular belief that subliminal messages are widely used to influence audiences, there is little evidence that the technique has ever been used on a mass audience (other than its occasional use by artists who use it to make an artistic statement). There is no evidence that subliminal messages have any effect at all on a viewer or listener, and the current consensus among marketing professionals is that subliminal advertising is ineffective and can be counter-productive. Subliminal messages are considered to be little more than [[pseudoscience]]. However, the concept of subliminal messages is very popular among [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and most people in media-saturated areas (such as the [[United States]]) areas are familiar with the term.

The term "subliminal message" was popularized in a [[1957]] book entitled ''The Hidden Persuaders,'' by Vance Packard. This book detailed a study of movie theaters that supposedly used subliminal commands to increase the sales of [[popcorn]] and [[Coca-Cola]] at their concession stands. However, this study was proven to be completely false, and the author of the study, James Vicary, was unable to reproduce these results in any further tests.

In [[1973]] the book ''Subliminal Seduction'' claimed that subliminal techiques were in wide use in advertising. This lead to a widespread popularization of the concept of subliminal commands. Even though subliminal commands do not work, the public hysteria over its supposed use was enough to lead the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to declare subliminal advertising "contrary to the public interest," whether the technique actually worked or not.

A number of fringe elements in society have made occasional claims that subliminal messages can be found in various forms of popular entertainment. Popular claims of subliminal commands include the supposed use of "backward messages" in [[rock and roll]] songs. Conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] has claimed that the [[Disney]] corporation inserted the subliminal command "SEX" into the [[animation|animated]] film ''[[The Lion King]].'' Mainstream authorities have generally ignored these claims due to the dubious reputations of their authors.

===External Link===

[http://www.snopes2.com/business/hidden/popcorn.htm Urban Legends: Subliminal Advertising]

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2003-01-02T15:49:37Z

Modemac:

'''Subliminal messages''' are believed to be a form of subtle [[mind control]], implemented through the use of "hidden" messages and suggestions inserted into everyday images. The actual commands themselves are supposedly designed to appeal directly to the [[subconscious]] mind of the person targeted by the subliminal commands, so that the person does not even realize he or she is being influenced by an outside source.

A form of subliminal messaging commonly believed to exist involves the insertion of "hidden" messages into [[movies]]s and [[TV]] programs. The concept of projected images relies on [[persistence of memory]] to create the illusion of movement in a an series of images projected at 23 to 30 frames per second, and the popular theory of subliminal messages usually suggests that sublliminal commands can be inserted into this sequence at the rate of perhaps 1 frame in 25 (or roughly 1 frame per second). This idea suggests that the hidden command in a single frame will flash across the screen so quickly that it cannot be perceived with the naked eye; however, the command will supposedly appeal to the subconscious mind of the viewer, and thus have an effect.

In spite of the popular belief that subliminal messages are widely used to influence audiences, there is little evidence that the technique has ever been used on a mass audience (other than its occasional use by artists who use it to make an artistic statement). There is no evidence that subliminal messages are effective, and the current consensus among marketing professions is that subliminal advertising is ineffective and can be counter-productive. Subliminal messages are considered to be little more than [[pseudoscience]]. However, the concept of subliminal messages is very popular among [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]], and most people in civilized areas are familiar with the term.

The term "subliminal advertising" was popularized in a [[1957]] book entitled ''The Hidden Persuaders,'' by Vance Packard. This book detailed a study of movie theaters that supposedly used subliminal commands to increase the sales of [[popcorn]] and [[Coca-Cola]] at their concession stands. However, this study was proven to be completely false, and the author of the study, James Vicary, was unable to reproduce these results in any further tests.

In 1973 the book ''Subliminal Seduction'' claimed that subliminal techiques were in wide use in advertising. This lead to a widespread popularization of the concept of subliminal commands. Even though subliminal commands do not work, the public hysteria over its supposed use was enough to lead the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to declare subliminal advertising FCC "contrary to the public interest," whether the technique actually works or not.

A number of fringe elements in society have made occasional claims that subliminal messages can be found in various forms of popular entertainment. Popular claims of subliminal commands include the supposed use of "backward messages" in rock-and-roll songs. Conservative activist [[Donald Wildmon]] has claimed that the [[Disney]] corporation inserted the subliminal command "SEX" into the [[animation|animated]] film ''[[The Lion King]].'' Mainstream authorities have generally ignored these claims due to the dubious reputations of their authors.

===External Link===

[http://www.snopes2.com/business/hidden/popcorn.htm Urban Legends: Subliminal Advertising]