Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Die Schöne und das Biest (2017)

2016-07-29T22:26:03Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 71.195.233.23 (talk) (HG) (3.1.19)

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Beauty and the Beast
| image = Beauty and the Beast 2017 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Bill Condon]]
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Stephen Chbosky]]
* [[Evan Spiliotopoulos]]
}}
| based on = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]'s ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' by [[Linda Woolverton]] ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'' by [[Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Emma Watson]]
* [[Dan Stevens]]
* [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]]
* [[Kevin Kline]]
* [[Josh Gad]]
* [[Ewan McGregor]]
* [[Stanley Tucci]]
* [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]]
* [[Audra McDonald]]
* [[Ian McKellen]]
* [[Emma Thompson]]
}}
| music = [[Alan Menken]]<ref name=thr/>
| cinematography = [[Tobias A. Schliessler]]
| editing = Virginia Katz
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]
* [[Mandeville Films]]
}}
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|2017|3|17}}
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = 
| producers = {{plainlist|
* [[David Hoberman]]<ref name=thr>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/beauty-beast-teaser-tops-star-897032|title='Beauty and the Beast' Teaser Tops 'Star Wars: Force Awakens' in First Day|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 24, 2016|accessdate=May 25, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Todd Lieberman]]<ref name=thr/>
}}
}}
'''''Beauty and the Beast''''' is an upcoming American [[romantic fantasy]] [[musical film]] directed by [[Bill Condon]], produced by [[David Hoberman]] and [[Todd Lieberman]], and written by [[Stephen Chbosky]] and [[Evan Spiliotopoulos]]. The film is a [[Live action|live-action]] remake of the [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|1991 animation of the same name]], itself an adaptation of [[Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont]]'s [[Beauty and the Beast|fairy tale]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Emma Watson]], [[Dan Stevens]], [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]], [[Kevin Kline]], [[Josh Gad]], [[Ewan McGregor]], [[Stanley Tucci]], [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]], [[Audra McDonald]], [[Ian McKellen]], and [[Emma Thompson]].

[[Principal photography]] began at [[Shepperton Studios]] in [[Surrey]], England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. The film is to be released on March 17, 2017, in standard, [[Disney Digital 3-D]], [[RealD 3D]], and [[IMAX 3D]] formats.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Ian|last2=Acuna|first2=Kristin|url=http://www.techinsider.io/disney-movies-until-2019-2015-8|title=Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years — here's what you have to look forward to|publisher=[[Tech Insider]]|date=October 27, 2015|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Belle is a young woman who is taken prisoner by a Beast in his castle. Despite her fears, she befriends the castle's enchanted staff and learns to look beyond the Beast's exterior to recognize the true heart and soul of the human Prince within, just as a hunter named Gaston is on the loose to take Belle for himself and hunt down the Beast at any cost.

==Cast==
{{div col|2}}
* [[Emma Watson]] as [[Belle (Disney)|Belle]]<ref name="WatsonCast" />
* [[Dan Stevens]] as [[Beast (Disney)|The Beast]]<ref name="StevensCast" />
* [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Gaston|Gaston]]<ref name="EvansCast" />
* [[Emma Thompson]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Mrs. Potts|Mrs. Potts]]<ref name="ReleaseThompsonKline" />
* [[Ewan McGregor]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Lumière|Lumière]]<ref name="McGregorCast" />
* [[Ian McKellen]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Cogsworth|Cogsworth]]<ref name="McKellenCast" />
* [[Kevin Kline]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Maurice|Maurice]]<ref name="ReleaseThompsonKline" />
* [[Josh Gad]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Le Fou|LeFou]]<ref name="GadCast" />
* [[Stanley Tucci]] as Cadenza<ref name="TucciCast" />
* [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Babette|Babette]]<ref name="RawCast" />
* [[Audra McDonald]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#The Wardrobe|Wardrobe]]<ref name="McDonaldCast" />
* Nathan Mack as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Chip Potts|Chip Potts]]
* [[Adrian Schiller]] as [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast #Monsieur D'Arque|Monsieur D'Arque]]
* [[Hattie Morahan]] as Agathe, the Enchantress
* Henry Garrett as the King
* Harriet Jones as the Queen
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
Previously in 2009, Disney began progress on a film adaptation of the [[Beauty and the Beast (musical)|1994 Broadway musical]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Marmiroli|first=Adriana|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2009/06/05/spettacoli/alan-menken-adesso-musical-anche-in-italia-tpFNsKZZjpc7PLwUeVEkKM/pagina.html|title=Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia|work=[[La Stampa]]|date=June 5, 2009|accessdate=May 21, 2015|language=Italian|trans-title=Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hill|first=Jim|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hilll/archive/2009/07/01/hollywood-bets-big-on-beast-considers-remake-of-my-fair-lady.aspx|title=Hollywood bets big on 'Beast,' considers remake of 'My Fair Lady'|work=Jim Hill Media|date=July 1, 2009|accessdate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> However, in a 2011 interview, composer [[Alan Menken]] stated the planned film version of the ''Beauty and the Beast'' stage musical "was canned."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/725326/alan_menken_interview_tangled_movie_scores_musicals_enchanted_2_snow_queen_and_more.html|last=Brew|first=Simon|title=Alan Menken interview: Tangled, movie scores, musicals, Enchanted 2, Snow Queen and more|accessdate=January 22, 2011|date=January 11, 2011|publisher=[[Dennis Publishing|Den of Geek]]}}</ref>

In April 2014, it was reported that [[Walt Disney Pictures]] began developing a new live-action version and remake of ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' after making other live-action fantasy films such as ''[[Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'', ''[[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]]'', ''[[Cinderella (2015 Disney film)|Cinderella]]'', and ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chitwood|first1=Adam|title=Rumor: Could Bill Condon Direct Disney’s Live-Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST?|url=http://collider.com/beauty-and-the-beast-bill-condon/|accessdate=May 20, 2015|publisher=[[Collider.com]]|date=April 11, 2014}}</ref> On June 4, 2014, [[Bill Condon]] signed on to direct the film with [[Evan Spiliotopoulos]] writing the script.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Bill Condon to Direct Live-Action ‘Beauty and the Beast’ Film for Disney|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/bill-condon-beauty-and-the-beast-disney-1201151834/|accessdate=January 27, 2015|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 4, 2014}}</ref> Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most, if not all, of the Menken/Ashman songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a "straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tapley|first=Kristopher|url=http://www.hitfix.com/in-contention/twilight-director-bill-condon-to-translate-disneys-beauty-and-the-beat-to-live-action#XlmGEuY4YfavH3C3.99|title='Twilight' director Bill Condon will translate Disney's 'Beauty and the Beast' to live action (UPDATED)|publisher=[[HitFix]]|date=June 4, 2014|accessdate=June 5, 2014}}</ref> In September 2014, it was announced that [[Stephen Chbosky]] (''[[The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)|The Perks of Being a Wallflower]]'') would re-write the script.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sperling|first=Nicole|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/09/29/perks-of-being-a-wallflower-stephen-chbosky-beauty-and-the-beast/ |title='Perks of Being a Wallflower' author will adapt 'Beauty and the Beast' |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=September 29, 2014 |accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Menken will return to score the film's music, which will feature songs from the original film and new material written by Menken and [[Tim Rice]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title=Disney’s Live-Action ‘Beauty and the Beast’ Set for March 17, 2017|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/beauty-and-the-beast-release-date-disney-live-action-2017-1201453646/|accessdate=May 28, 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical.<ref>{{cite web|last=Robbins|first=Caryn|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Alan-Menken-Confirms-3-New-Songs-for-BEAUTY-AND-THE-BEAST-Film-Broadway-Tunes-Will-Not-Be-Included-20150605 |title=Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included |publisher=Broadway World|date=June 5, 2015 |accessdate=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Casting===
On January 26, 2015, [[Emma Watson]] announced that she would be starring as [[Belle (Disney)|Belle]], the female lead.<ref name=WatsonCast>{{cite news|last1=Hayden|first1=Erik|title=Emma Watson Cast in Disney's Live-Action 'Beauty and the Beast'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/emma-watson-cast-disneys-live-767095|accessdate=January 27, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 26, 2015}}</ref> On March 4, 2015, [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]] and [[Dan Stevens]] were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney’s ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/luke-evans-to-play-gaston-in-disneys-beauty-and-the-beast-1201446186/|accessdate=March 9, 2015|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Disney's 'Beauty and the Beast' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disneys-beauty-beast-casts-dan-779323|accessdate=March 9, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through [[Twitter|tweets]].<ref name=StevensCast>{{cite tweet|author=Emma Watson|author-link=Emma Watson|user=EmWatson|title=Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast!!! Welcome aboard @thatdanstevens #beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU|number=573425651149094912|date=March 5, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name=EvansCast>{{cite tweet|author=Emma Watson|author-link=Emma Watson|user=EmWatson|title=Bonjour Gaston! ❤️ Welcome! #BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs|number=573430507633000448|date=March 5, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref> [[Josh Gad]] was added to the cast on March 13, 2015, to play LeFou, Gaston's sidekick.<ref name=GadCast>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Josh Gad Joining Disney's Live-Action 'Beauty and the Beast' (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/josh-gad-joining-disneys-live-781061|accessdate=March 15, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 13, 2015}}</ref> [[Emma Thompson]] joined the cast on March 16, 2015, to play Mrs. Potts and [[Kevin Kline]] was announced to play Maurice, Belle's father.<ref name="ReleaseThompsonKline" /> [[Audra McDonald]] was cast as Garderobe, the wardrobe, on March 27, 2015.<ref name=McDonaldCast>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Audra McDonald Joining Disney's Live-Action 'Beauty and the Beast' (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/audra-mcdonald-joining-disneys-live-784159|accessdate=April 16, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 27, 2015}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen]] was cast on April 10, 2015, as Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal butler, who was cursed into a clock.<ref name=McKellenCast>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney’s ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/beauty-beast-ian-mckellen-cogsworth-1201464763/|accessdate=April 11, 2015|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 10, 2015}}</ref> On April 13, 2015, [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]] was set to play Babette, the feather duster.<ref name=RawCast>{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=‘Beyond the Lights’ Star Gugu Mbatha-Raw Joins ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/beauty-and-the-beast-gugu-mbatha-raw-plumette-1201470581/|accessdate=April 14, 2015|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> On April 21, it was announced that [[Ewan McGregor]] had joined the cast as Lumière, the candelabra,<ref name=McGregorCast>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in 'Beauty and the Beast' (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ewan-mcgregor-play-lumiere-beauty-790480|accessdate=May 19, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> and later that same day, that [[Stanley Tucci]] would be playing Cadenza, a grand piano, an original character created for the film.<ref name=TucciCast>{{cite web|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/stanley-tucci-beauty-and-the-beast-casting-1201476986/ |title=Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ‘Beauty and the Beast’ (EXCLUSIVE)|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 21, 2015 |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://decoy.tvpassport.com/q_a/q-january-i-read-emma-watson-was-star-disneys-live-action-beauty-and-beast-film-and-production-w?subid=national-00001|title=Q & A|last=Thomlison|first=Adam|publisher=TV Media|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

[[Susan Egan]], who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as "perfect".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Original-Broadway-Belle-Susan-Egan-Comments-on-Emma-Watson-in-BEAUTY-AND-THE-BEAST-20150126|title=Original Broadway 'Belle' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST|work=Broadway World|date=January 26, 2015|accessdate=August 11, 2015}}</ref> [[Paige O'Hara]], who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered to help Watson with her singing lessons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://watsonuncensored.blogspot.com/2015/02/paige-ohara-wants-to-teach-emma-watson.html|title=Paige O’Hara wants to teach Emma Watson|work=Emma Watson Updates|date=February 4, 2015|accessdate=August 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] on the film began at [[Shepperton Studios]] in [[London]] on May 18, 2015.<ref name="ReleaseThompsonKline"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Foutch|first1=Haleigh|title=Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney’s Beauty and the Beast|url=http://collider.com/allegiant-movie-ending-beauty-and-the-beast-todd-lieberman/|accessdate=May 19, 2015|work=[[Collider.com]]|date=March 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=On the Set for 5/18/15: Emma Watson Starts ‘Beauty and the Beast’, Oliver Stone Wraps ‘Snowden’, Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ‘Michelle Darnell’ & More|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-51815-emma-watson-starts-beauty-and-the-beast-oliver-stone-wraps-snowden-melissa-mccarthy-finishes-michelle-darnell-more/|accessdate=May 18, 2015|publisher=SSN Insider|date=May 18, 2015}}</ref> Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trumbore|first=Dave|title=Emma Watson Wraps ‘Beauty and the Beast’ on ‘Harry Potter’ Anniversary|url=http://collider.com/emma-watson-wraps-beauty-and-the-beast-on-harry-potter-anniversary/|accessdate=August 23, 2015|publisher=[[Collider.com]]|date=August 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Twitter Watch: Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Twitter-Watch-Emma-Watson-Luke-Evans-Wrap-Filming-on-BEAUTY-AND-THE-BEAST-20150824|accessdate=August 27, 2015|publisher=Broadway World|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production!|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Disneys-Live-Action-BEAUTY-AND-THE-BEAST-Officially-Wraps-Production-20150827|accessdate=August 27, 2015|publisher=Broadway World|date=August 27, 2015}}</ref>

==Release==
On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17, 2017.<ref name="ReleaseThompsonKline">{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Rebecca|title=Disney's Live-Action 'Beauty and the Beast' Gets Release Date|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disneys-live-action-beauty-beast-781683|accessdate=March 16, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day [[Disney D23|D23 Expo]] in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Couch|first1=Aaron|last2=Kit|first2=Borys|title=Disney Shows off 'Pirates 5,' 'Beauty and the Beast' at D23|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disney-shows-pirates-5-beauty-815626|accessdate=August 15, 2015|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 16, 2015}}</ref>

===Marketing===
Following an announcement on May 22, 2016,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gallagher|first1=Simon|title=Disney's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow|url=http://whatculture.com/film/disneys-live-action-beauty-the-beast-trailer-debuts-tomorrow|website=WhatCulture.com|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}</ref> Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' the next day.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collis|first1=Clark|title=Beauty and the Beast trailer: Disney's live-action remake debuts first teaser|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/23/beauty-beast-trailer-emma-watson|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=May 23, 2016}}</ref> In its first 24 hours, the trailer reached 91.8 million views, which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history, including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'', ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gettell|first1=Oliver|title=Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars, Marvel in first day|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/24/beauty-beast-teaser-tops-star-wars-marvel|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=May 25, 2016}}</ref> The first official teaser poster was released on July 7, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Collis|first1=Clark|title=Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/07/beauty-and-the-beast-poster|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://movies.disney.com/beauty-and-the-beast-2017}}
*{{IMDb title|2771200}}

{{Beauty and the Beast}}
{{Disney Princess}}
{{Alan Menken|state=collapsed}}
{{Bill Condon}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy films]]
[[Category:2017 3D films]]
[[Category:2010s musical films]]
[[Category:2010s romance films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American 3D films]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:American fantasy films]]
[[Category:American musical films]]
[[Category:Disney film remakes]]
[[Category:Films based on Beauty and the Beast]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bill Condon]]
[[Category:Mandeville Films films]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:American romance films]]
[[Category:American children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:Films set in France]]
[[Category:Romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films based on fairy tales]]
[[Category:Musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

Mob Psycho 100

2016-01-03T19:24:16Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 86.135.119.34 (talk) (HG) (3.1.18)

{{notability|Books|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Mob Psycho 100
| image =
| caption =
| ja_kanji = モブサイコ100
| ja_romaji = Mobu Saiko Hyaku
| genre = [[Supernatural]], [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[One (manga artist)|One]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine = [[Weekly Shōnen Sunday|Weekly Shōnen Sunday Web Comics]]
| imprint =
| first = April 18, 2012
| last =
| volumes = 8
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| music =
| studio = [[Bones (studio)|Bones]]
| licensee =
| network =
| network_en =
| first = 2016
| last = scheduled
| episodes =
| episode_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Mob Psycho 100'''''|モブサイコ100|Mobu Saiko Hyaku|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[webcomic]] created by [[One (manga artist)|One]], which began publication on ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' Web Comics on April 18, 2012.<ref>http://natalie.mu/comic/pp/urasunday</ref> A Chinese translation started publication in [[Taiwan]] on April 16, 2014.<ref>http://again.freebbs.tw/viewthread.php?tid=5520</ref> On December 1, 2015, an anime adaption by [[Bones (studio)|BONES]] was announced for release in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-12-01/one-punch-man-creator-mob-psycho-100-manga-gets-tv-anime/.95972|title=one punch man creator mob psycho 100 manga gets tv anime|date=December 1, 2015|website=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 1, 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kageyama Shigeo is an average middle school boy, called '''Mob''' (モブ: means John Doe) for lacking a sense of presence. Although seems like an inconspicuous person, he is in fact a powerful [[Esper (fiction)|Esper]]. As he grows older, Mob realizes his psychic power is dangerous. To avoid the power getting out of control, he constantly lives a life under emotional shackle. Mob wants to live just like others, but a barrage of troubles come to him. With the suppressed emotions growing inside Mob little by little, his power threatens to over spill its bounds.
Sorry about Roemme

==Characters==
===Main characters===
;{{nihongo|Kageyama Shigeo|影山茂夫}}
:The main protagonist, an eighth grader nicknamed '''Mob(モブ)''', is an incredible Esper with powerful psychic abilities. Helmet hairstyle is his feature. Not good at reading the atmosphere, Mob is gentle, innocent, and without a lot of emotions, usually deadpan. He thinks his power is not necessary to life, so he avoids using it. He suppresses his emotions to keep his power in control; when the percentage of his accumulated feelings reaches 100, it will "explode." He works at Reigen's spirit counsel after school for 300 yen hourly.

;{{nihongo|Reigen Arataka|霊幻新隆}}
:Mob's master, a self-proclaimed psychic who has his own spirit counsel (the "Talk About Spirits Agency"), which is cheap compared to competitors. He wasn't getting much business, but after setting up a homepage, the amount of assignments has increased. He is essentially a con artist and excels in persuasion, speech, and perception, as well as massage. He is clever and agile, claiming to have a greenbelt of Shaolin boxing. He is very afraid of cockroaches and likes dogs. He solves his clients' problems with a variety of skills (including Reigen's "secret technique"); if that doesn't work, he'll call in Mob to deal with it. Even though he is a fraud, he treats Mob's inner turmoil very seriously, and gives him pertinent suggestions. In a sense, he is Mob's mentor.

;{{nihongo|Dimple|エクボ}}
:An upper class evil spirit, devious and sly, characterized by the circular blush on his cheeks. In order to become a god worshiped by people, he established a religion/cult called '''(LOL)''', which was dissolved by Mob. After his defeat, his power fell off remarkably, and Mob came to regard him as harmless. Dimple thinks Mob might be a great springboard to god, so he stayed with Mob in order to exploit him. He claims to be Mob's partner. He can possess the bodies of others and release the full potential of his host, but he tries to avoid breaking the host's body.

;{{nihongo|Kageyama Ritsu|影山律}}
:Mob's younger brother, grade 7. He is clever and competent, excelling at both academic and athletic performance. Having a handsome face, he is popular among girls. He is also a member of the Student Council. The only thing he's lacking is psychic power. Because Mob is a strong Esper, Ritsu has always had an inferiority complex and an obsessive longing for psychic power of his own. Carries around spoons to try and bend with his mind. He looks up to Mob a lot. He eventually developed his own psychic power and became a fairly powerful esper but not as powerful as his big brother.

;{{nihongo|Hanazawa Teruki|花沢輝気}}
:Black Vinegar Middle School's "ura banchou" ("hidden boss"), known to most as Teru. Also a strong Esper, he originally held scorn for people without psychic power, calling them "commoners." Accustomed to using his power freely in daily life, be it exams or sports, he excelled at it all. Coupled with his handsome looks, he is very popular. He'll do a pigeon-toed pose when he fights seriously. After he was defeated by Mob, his perspective on psychic power changed a lot, and he became more friendly to others.

===Salt Middle School===
;{{nihongo|Tsubomi|ツボミ}}
:Mob's childhood friend and crush.

;{{nihongo|Kurata Tome|暗田トメ}}
:President of the Telepathy Club.

;{{nihongo|Kamuro Shinji|神室真司}}
:President of the Student Council.

;{{nihongo|Tokugawa|德川}}
:Vice President of the Student Council.

;{{nihongo|Musashi|鄉田武藏}}
:President of the Body Improvement Club.

;{{nihongo|Mezato Ichi|米里イチ}}
:Mob's classmate and a member of the Newspaper Club.

;{{nihongo|Onigawara Tenga|鬼瓦天牙}}
:Salt Middle School's banchou.

===Awakening Lab===
;{{nihongo|Mitsuura Kenji|密裏賢治}}
:Founder of the Awakening Lab.

;{{nihongo|Kurosaki Rei|黑崎麗}}
:Specializes in extrasensory perception.

;{{nihongo|Hoshino Takeshi|星野武史}}
:Specializes in telekinesis.

;{{nihongo|Asahi Gou|朝日豪}}
:Specializes in pyrokinesis.

;{{nihongo|Shiratori Daichi & Shiratori Kaito|白鳥大地&白鳥海斗}}
:Telepathically connected brothers.

== Publication ==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://urasunday.com/mobupsycho100/index.html Mob Psycho 100] - in online version of Weekly Shōnen Sunday
* {{ANN|manga|17868}}

{{Bones (studio)}}

[[Category:2012 manga]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Comedy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese webcomics]]
[[Category:Seinen manga]]
[[Category:Slice of life anime and manga]]
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:School anime and manga]]

Mob Psycho 100

2016-01-03T19:21:01Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 86.135.119.34 (talk) (HG) (3.1.18)

{{notability|Books|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = Mob Psycho 100
| image =
| caption =
| ja_kanji = モブサイコ100
| ja_romaji = Mobu Saiko Hyaku
| genre = [[Supernatural]], [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = [[One (manga artist)|One]]
| publisher = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| magazine = [[Weekly Shōnen Sunday|Weekly Shōnen Sunday Web Comics]]
| imprint =
| first = April 18, 2012
| last =
| volumes = 8
| volume_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| music =
| studio = [[Bones (studio)|Bones]]
| licensee =
| network =
| network_en =
| first = 2016
| last = scheduled
| episodes =
| episode_list =
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}

{{nihongo|'''''Mob Psycho 100'''''|モブサイコ100|Mobu Saiko Hyaku|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[webcomic]] created by [[One (manga artist)|One]], which began publication on ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' Web Comics on April 18, 2012.<ref>http://natalie.mu/comic/pp/urasunday</ref> A Chinese translation started publication in [[Taiwan]] on April 16, 2014.<ref>http://again.freebbs.tw/viewthread.php?tid=5520</ref> On December 1, 2015, an anime adaption by [[Bones (studio)|BONES]] was announced for release in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-12-01/one-punch-man-creator-mob-psycho-100-manga-gets-tv-anime/.95972|title=one punch man creator mob psycho 100 manga gets tv anime|date=December 1, 2015|website=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 1, 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kageyama Shigeo is an average middle school boy, called '''Mob''' (モブ: means John Doe) for lacking a sense of presence. Although seems like an inconspicuous person, he is in fact a powerful [[Esper (fiction)|Esper]]. As he grows older, Mob realizes his psychic power is dangerous. To avoid the power getting out of control, he constantly lives a life under emotional shackle. Mob wants to live just like others, but a barrage of troubles come to him. With the suppressed emotions growing inside Mob little by little, his power threatens to over spill its bounds.
Mob gets cancer and dies
Mob's mother get cancer and his dad has a small penis so he rapes all the 5 year old children. The US government get aero-planes and bombs Japan with sperm filled bombs.
Everyone gets impregnated and the Manga becomes very sexual

==Characters==
===Main characters===
;{{nihongo|Kageyama Shigeo|影山茂夫}}
:The main protagonist, an eighth grader nicknamed '''Mob(モブ)''', is an incredible Esper with powerful psychic abilities. Helmet hairstyle is his feature. Not good at reading the atmosphere, Mob is gentle, innocent, and without a lot of emotions, usually deadpan. He thinks his power is not necessary to life, so he avoids using it. He suppresses his emotions to keep his power in control; when the percentage of his accumulated feelings reaches 100, it will "explode." He works at Reigen's spirit counsel after school for 300 yen hourly.

;{{nihongo|Reigen Arataka|霊幻新隆}}
:Mob's master, a self-proclaimed psychic who has his own spirit counsel (the "Talk About Spirits Agency"), which is cheap compared to competitors. He wasn't getting much business, but after setting up a homepage, the amount of assignments has increased. He is essentially a con artist and excels in persuasion, speech, and perception, as well as massage. He is clever and agile, claiming to have a greenbelt of Shaolin boxing. He is very afraid of cockroaches and likes dogs. He solves his clients' problems with a variety of skills (including Reigen's "secret technique"); if that doesn't work, he'll call in Mob to deal with it. Even though he is a fraud, he treats Mob's inner turmoil very seriously, and gives him pertinent suggestions. In a sense, he is Mob's mentor.

;{{nihongo|Dimple|エクボ}}
:An upper class evil spirit, devious and sly, characterized by the circular blush on his cheeks. In order to become a god worshiped by people, he established a religion/cult called '''(LOL)''', which was dissolved by Mob. After his defeat, his power fell off remarkably, and Mob came to regard him as harmless. Dimple thinks Mob might be a great springboard to god, so he stayed with Mob in order to exploit him. He claims to be Mob's partner. He can possess the bodies of others and release the full potential of his host, but he tries to avoid breaking the host's body.

;{{nihongo|Kageyama Ritsu|影山律}}
:Mob's younger brother, grade 7. He is clever and competent, excelling at both academic and athletic performance. Having a handsome face, he is popular among girls. He is also a member of the Student Council. The only thing he's lacking is psychic power. Because Mob is a strong Esper, Ritsu has always had an inferiority complex and an obsessive longing for psychic power of his own. Carries around spoons to try and bend with his mind. He looks up to Mob a lot. He eventually developed his own psychic power and became a fairly powerful esper but not as powerful as his big brother.

;{{nihongo|Hanazawa Teruki|花沢輝気}}
:Black Vinegar Middle School's "ura banchou" ("hidden boss"), known to most as Teru. Also a strong Esper, he originally held scorn for people without psychic power, calling them "commoners." Accustomed to using his power freely in daily life, be it exams or sports, he excelled at it all. Coupled with his handsome looks, he is very popular. He'll do a pigeon-toed pose when he fights seriously. After he was defeated by Mob, his perspective on psychic power changed a lot, and he became more friendly to others.

===Salt Middle School===
;{{nihongo|Tsubomi|ツボミ}}
:Mob's childhood friend and crush.

;{{nihongo|Kurata Tome|暗田トメ}}
:President of the Telepathy Club.

;{{nihongo|Kamuro Shinji|神室真司}}
:President of the Student Council.

;{{nihongo|Tokugawa|德川}}
:Vice President of the Student Council.

;{{nihongo|Musashi|鄉田武藏}}
:President of the Body Improvement Club.

;{{nihongo|Mezato Ichi|米里イチ}}
:Mob's classmate and a member of the Newspaper Club.

;{{nihongo|Onigawara Tenga|鬼瓦天牙}}
:Salt Middle School's banchou.

===Awakening Lab===
;{{nihongo|Mitsuura Kenji|密裏賢治}}
:Founder of the Awakening Lab.

;{{nihongo|Kurosaki Rei|黑崎麗}}
:Specializes in extrasensory perception.

;{{nihongo|Hoshino Takeshi|星野武史}}
:Specializes in telekinesis.

;{{nihongo|Asahi Gou|朝日豪}}
:Specializes in pyrokinesis.

;{{nihongo|Shiratori Daichi & Shiratori Kaito|白鳥大地&白鳥海斗}}
:Telepathically connected brothers.

== Publication ==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://urasunday.com/mobupsycho100/index.html Mob Psycho 100] - in online version of Weekly Shōnen Sunday
* {{ANN|manga|17868}}

{{Bones (studio)}}

[[Category:2012 manga]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Supernatural anime and manga]]
[[Category:Comedy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese webcomics]]
[[Category:Seinen manga]]
[[Category:Slice of life anime and manga]]
[[Category:Horror anime and manga]]
[[Category:School anime and manga]]

Booking.com

2015-12-07T15:55:42Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 193.178.233.4 (talk) (HG) (3.1.14)

{{course assignment | course = Education Program:University College London/MSIN1003 Information World (Autumn 2014) | term = 2014 Q3}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Booking.com
|logo = [[Image:Booking.com logo blue.jpg|200px|Booking.com Logo]]
|image = Booking.com Headquarters2.JPG
|image_caption = Headquarters in Amsterdam (Annex)
|collapsedtext =
|caption =
|slogan = booking.yeah
|url = {{URL|Booking.com}}
|location = [[Amsterdam, Netherlands]]
|commercial = Yes
|type = Booking service
|registration = Optional
|language = 42 languages
|content_license =
|owner = [[The Priceline Group]] [[Darren Huston]] ([[Chief Executive Officer]])
|author =
|launch_date = 1996
|alexa = {{increase}} 81 ({{as of|2015|8|26|alt=August 2015}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/booking.com |title= Booking.com Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2014-07-30 }}</ref>
|current_status = Online
}}
'''Booking.com''' is an online booking website started as a small start-up in [[Enschede]] in 1996, based in [[Amsterdam, Netherlands]] and since 2005 owned and operated by United States based [[The Priceline Group|Priceline]].

Booking.com offers online accommodation booking. It claims to have over 700,000 properties globally under contract<ref name=Age>''The Age'', 3 October 2014, "Booking.com now Australia's biggest".</ref> and that it deals with more than 900,000 room nights reservations per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Booking.com|url=https://www.booking.com/content/about.en-gb.html?dcid=1&lang=en-gb&sid=0e8f3e5073ba509e48f18582dea21897}}</ref> In 2013, it accounted for more than two thirds of Priceline's revenue.<ref>{{cite news|last=Levy |first=Ari |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-22/booking-com-challenging-parent-priceline-in-u-s-travel.html |title=Booking.com Challenging Parent Priceline in U.S. Travel |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2013-01-22 |accessdate=2014-02-23}}</ref> Booking.com is available in more than 41 languages.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.booking.com/content/about.en-gb.html?dcid=1&lang=en-gb&sid=a8f07b8a5ebf6f469f10f7c00edde40d | work=Booking.com | title=About Us}}</ref>

In 2012, the United Kingdom's [[Office of Fair Trading]] found that Booking.com may have been limiting price competition on hotel room sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19060712 |title=BBC News - Online hotel deals broke law, says OFT |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-07-31 |accessdate=2014-02-23}}</ref> Booking.com does not charge a booking fee to customers, but charges commission on bookings to accommodation partners.

==History==
Booking.com was formed when Bookings.nl, founded by Geert Jan Bruinsma, merged in 2000 with Bookings Online, founded by Sicco and Alec Behrens, Marijn Muyser and Bas Lemmens, which operated as Bookings.org. The name and URL were changed into Booking.com and Stef Noorden was appointed as it's CEO<ref>{{cite web|title=Booking.com|url=http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/business/setting-up-your-business/who-is-here/ICT/Booking|accessdate=15 October 2014|}}</ref>

In July 2005, the company was acquired by [[The Priceline Group]] for $133 million, and later it was cooperated with ActiveHotels.com, a European online hotel reservation company, which was purchased by The Priceline Group for $161million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schaal|first=Dennis|title=How Booking.com turned the other OTAs into converts|url=http://skift.com/2012/06/25/how-booking-com-conquered-world/|accessdate=15 October 2014|date=25 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2006, Active Hotels Limited has officially changed its name to Booking.com Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Active Hotels becomes Booking.com|url=http://www.travelmole.com/news_feature.php?id=1114289|date=19 October 2009}}</ref> It is worth noticing that the integration successfully helps Priceline to change its financial position, that was from a loss of $19 million in 2002 to $1.1 billion in profit in 2011. This acquisition was praised by some social media to be “the best acquisition in Internet history” since no other acquisition in the digital travel market had shown to be as profitable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Booking.com, the best acquisition in Internet history|url=http://hotelmarketing.com/index.php/content/article/booking.com_the_best_acquisition_in_internet_history|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=15 October 2014|}}</ref>

[[Darren Huston]], was appointed as Chief Executive Officer of Booking.com in September 2011 by the Priceline Group,<ref name=CEO>{{cite web|title=Darren Huston Named Chief Executive Officer of Booking.com|url=http://news.booking.com/en/darren-huston-named-chief-executive-officer-of-booking-com/||accessdate=15 October 2014|date=26 September 2011}}</ref> and has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of The Priceline Group since January 1, 2014.<ref name=president>{{cite web|title=Darren Huston Named as President and CEO of the Priceline Group|url=http://news.booking.com/en/darren-huston-named-as-president-and-ceo-of-the-priceline-group/|accessdate=15 October 2014|date=7 November 2013}}</ref> Huston was the former executive of [[Microsoft Corporation]], the largest software company in the world in 2003. Later he served as President and Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft Japan from 2005 and Microsoft Corporation’s Corporate Vice President, Consumer & Online from 2008.<ref name=CEO />

==Corporate affairs==

=== Senior management ===
Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Executive Officer of The Priceline Group.<ref name="CEO" /><ref name="president" />

===Marketing===

==== Selected partnerships and agreements====
In August 2012, [[Ctrip|CTRIP.com International Ltd]] (Ctrip), a Chinese online travel company, and Booking.com formed a partnership with a commercial agreement. This allows Ctrip to access Booking.com's global portfolio.<ref>{{cite web|title=CTRIP and Booking.com Forge Global Travel Partnership|url=http://news.booking.com/en/ctrip-and-booking-com-forge-global-travel-partnership/|accessdate=15 October 2014|date=7 August 2012}}</ref>

Panorama Group, Indonesia’s largest tour and travel company, has spent $2 millions on launching bookpanorama.com. Strategic partnership have been formed with Booking.com, so that it will be able to access booking.com’s portfolio of more than 270,000 hotels across 179 countries in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mimil|first=Hudoyo|title=Panorama and Booking.com launch international hotel reservation site|url=http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=20477|accessdate=15 October 2014|date=20 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Sprylogics International Corporation, which provides local mobile solutions for consumers as well as mobile applications, has signed an agreement with Booking.com. So that Sprylogics’ Poynt App and Poynt-Enabled SDK would be able to use the extensive hotel data of booking.com.<ref>{{cite web|last=SPYl|first=V|title=Booking.com to integrate parking hotel data into Poynt
|url=http://www.stockhouse.com/news/press-releases/2014/09/17/sprylogics-signs-agreement-with-booking-com-to-integrate-parking-hotel-data|accessdate=15 October 2014|date=20 February 2013}}</ref>

In October 2014, Ural Airlines, one of the top Russian airlines, announced that it is now formed a partnership with booking.com.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ural Airlines has begun working with Booking.com|url=http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n2528.html|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=rusbiznews.com|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

====Advertising====
Booking.com was the top spender in the travel & tourism category for Google Adwords in 2011, with its estimated annual spending on Google Adwords of $40.4 million.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Larry|title=What Industries Contributed the Most to Google's Earnings?|url=http://www.wordstream.com/articles/google-earnings|website=wordstream.com|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Booking.com’s first brand campaign, ‘Booking.yeah’, was launched online, aired on television stations and in movie theaters and on TV networks, for the U.S. market with advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Launches ‘Booking.yeah’, Its First-Ever Brand Campaign, Created for the U.S. market|url=http://news.booking.com/booking-com-launches-a-booking-yeah-a-its-first-ever-brand-campaign-created-for-the-u-s-market|accessdate=15 October 2014|location=AMSTERDAM|date=22 January 2013}}</ref> In September, Australia became the second market to view the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ricki|title=Booking.com launches first-ever Australian brand campaign with Mick Molloy via W+K Amsterdam|url=http://www.campaignbrief.com/2013/09/bookingcom-launches-first-ever.html|accessdate=14 October 2014|date=16 September 2013}}</ref> Later in 2014, Canadian,<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Launches First Canadian Brand Campaign|url=http://news.booking.com/bookingcom-launches-first-canadian-brand-campaign|accessdate=15 October 2014|location=Toronto|date=22 January 2014}}</ref> the U.K.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Launches First UK Brand Campaign|url=http://news.booking.com/bookingcom-launches-first-uk-brand-campaign|accessdate=19 October 2014|date=18 February 2014|location=London}}</ref> and German <ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com ramps up European push with German branding campaign|url=http://www.travolution.co.uk/articles/2014/07/16/8000/booking-com-ramps-up-european-push-with-german-branding-campaign.html|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Travolution|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> branding campaign were also being launched by Booking.com.

====Controversy====
A TV advert broadcast on Boxing day 2014 received 5,800 complaints for its use of the word "booking" (as if it were a swearword).

===Operation===

==== Applications development====
In November 2010, Booking.com launched its own hotel and accommodation booking app in iPad version.<ref name=app>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Jennifer|title=Booking.com embraces mobile apps|url=http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240178646/Bookingcom-embraces-mobile-apps|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=computerweekly.com|date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

In February 2011, Booking.com launched its Android version’ hotel and accommodation booking app.<ref name=app />

In April 2012, Booking.com announced the launch of the first global last-minute hotel app, ‘Booking.com Tonight’. It is an app designed for iPhone and iPod touch.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Launches First Global Last-Minute Hotel App|url=http://news.booking.com/en/booking-com-launches-first-global-last-minute-hotel-app/|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Booking.com|date=10 April 2012|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>

In October 2012, Booking.com launched its first app in Windows version, which allows customers to complete their hotel and accommodation bookings directly from the new Windows 8 platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Joins Windows 8 Push with Launch of its First Windows App|url=http://news.booking.com/booking-com-joins-windows-8-push-with-launch-of-its-first-windows-app|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Booking.com|date=29 October 2012|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
After launching the initial iPhone app, Booking.com updated the version of the iPhone app with a new function, Passbook.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Enables Passbook on Latest Release of iPhone App|url=http://news.booking.com/en/booking-com-enables-passbook-on-latest-release-of-iphone-app/|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Booking.com|date=16 October 2012|location=amsterdam}}</ref>

In December 2012, Booking.com launched its native Kindle Fire app, which is available for download in all Amazon’s Appstores including the U.S., U.K., Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com Launches Native Kindle Fire App|url=http://news.booking.com/en/booking-com-launches-native-kindle-fire-app/|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Booking.com|date=6 Dec 2012|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>

A continuous growth in Booking.com’s mobile bookings has been shown since 2011. booking.com announced over PR Newswire in 2014 that its mobile bookings grow 160% in 2013, which the total transaction value of mobile accommodation bookings grew over to $8 billion. In 2011, the mobile bookings’ figure was $1 billion and tripled to over $3 billion in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Booking.com's Mobile Bookings Grow 160% in 2013|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/booking-coms-mobile-bookings-grow-141200164.html|accessdate=19 October 2014|agency=PR Newswire|publisher=Booking.com|date=21 February 2014|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>

==Brand==
Booking.com developed villas.com as product extension. It is more focused on vacation rental market, which covers villas, apartments and rental homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Villas.com|url=http://www.villas.com/content/about.html?dcid=4&sid=f97426d0d0f5480b4edb8be7b8518236|website=http://www.villas.com/|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy and criticism==
In September 2012, the United Kingdom's competition authority, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), issued a statement of objections against Booking.com, its direct competitor [[Expedia]] and the hotel chain IHG.<ref>http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402142426/http://oft.gov.uk/news-and-updates/press/2012/65-12</ref> The OFT alleged that Booking.com and Expedia had entered into separate arrangements with IHG which restricted the online travel agent's ability to discount the price of room only hotel accommodation. Booking.com, Expedia and IHG made a proposal to the OFT to change their restrictions. The OFT accepted the proposal but it was later rejected by a higher authority at a tribunal.<ref>http://www.tnooz.com/article/skyscanner-touts-win-british-regulator-ruling-expedia-booking/</ref>

In March 2014, Booking.com sent a request to Ukrainian and Crimean Hotels to clarify if they have connections to Viktor Yanukovych and 17 other Ukrainians, who the European Union sanctions were imposed on. Since Booking.com is a Dutch company, which headquarters are based on Amsterdam, it is required to obey the trade restrictions of the EU, so that business is not allowed to be done with those sanctioned individuals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kulchitskaya|first1=Diana|title=Booking.Com Investigates Hotels for Links to Sanctioned Ukrainians|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/booking-com-investigates-hotels-for-links-to-sanctioned-ukrainians/496536.html|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=www.themoscowtimes.com|date=21 Mar 2014}}</ref> Booking.com’s behavior aroused deprecation from its Russian competitors.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lekarev|first1=Peter|title=Booking.com supports EU sanctions|url=http://voiceofrussia.com/radio_broadcast/36172287/270499774/|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=voiceofrussia.com}}</ref>

In the beginning of November 2014, it was known that by accessing Booking.com reservations, criminals were able to obtain customer details through demands for prepayment. Booking.com said it was countering the fraudsters and refunding customers from the UK, US, France, Italy, the UAE and Portugal, all of which had been affected. Since the fraud, Booking.com has made changes so data can only be accessed from a computer linked to the hotel's server. Its teams have also worked to "take down" dozens of phishing sites, as well as working with some banks to freeze the money mule bank accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29942503|title=BBC News - Scammers target leading online travel agent Booking.com|work=BBC News}}</ref>

In February 2015, an open letter published by German hotelier Marco Nussbaum, Co-founder and CEO of the budget-design hotelbrand "prizeotel", the brand hijacking of booking.com met strong criticism. His letter explained detailed how the Adwords policy of booking.com is doing damage to his business. The letter was noticed in specialist media and led to a discussion about current difficulties and challenges of online distribution within the hotel industry. <ref>http://www.so-geht-hotel-heute.com/2015/02/brand-hijacking-booking-com/</ref>

In April 2015 the French, Swedish and Italian competition authorities accepted a proposal by Booking.com to drop its "rate parity" clause and thereby allow competitor travel agents to offer lower hotel prices than Booking.com.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/21/us-booking-france-idUSKBN0NC10W20150421 | work=Reuters | title=France, Sweden, Italy accept booking.com antitrust proposals | date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Booking.com further agreed to extend and apply its proposal across all EU states.<ref>http://www.konkurrensverket.se/globalassets/english/news/13_596_bookingdotcom_eng.pdf</ref> Hotels are still prevented from discounting prices directly on their own websites.<ref>http://www.tnooz.com/article/hoteliers-claim-booking-com-parity-agreement-still-wrong-and-anti-competitive/</ref>

Booking.com remains under investigation by competition authorities in the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden and Switzerland.<ref>http://biz.yahoo.com/e/150219/pcln10-k.html</ref> The EU has warned that Booking.com and Tripadvisor may have reached market dominance beyond the point of no return.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/24/eu-warns-internet-firms-regulated-amazon-etsy</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.booking.com Official Website]

[[Category:Travel websites]]

Lil Reese

2015-10-12T17:09:04Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by Eli1738baby (talk) (HG) (3.1.16)

{{pp-pc1}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lil Reese
| alias =
| image =
|image_size=250px
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tavares Taylor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|1|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]]
| studio =
| associated_acts = [[Chief Keef]], [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = [[Glory Boyz Entertainment]], [[Def Jam]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Tavares Taylor''' (born January 6, 1993), better known by his stage name '''Lil Reese''' is an [[American people|American]] [[rapper]] from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is signed to the [[Def Jam Recordings]] [[record label]].<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/artists/lil-reese/ [[Def Jam]] website].</ref>

==Music career==
Taylor gained recognition when [[Chief Keef]]'s hit single "[[I Don't Like]]" featuring Lil Reese garnered widespread international attention. He then began to receive popularity through his music videos, including "Us" and "Beef". He then caught the eye of producer [[No I.D.]], who had produced albums or tracks for artists like Common, Kanye West and others, which led to Taylor signing with hip hop label [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lil Reese, Chicago Rapper Signs With Def Jam Recordings! | url=http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=11506&artistID=7389 | date=July 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=islanddefjam.com | author=}}</ref>

In November 2012 he released a remix from his song "Us" with [[Rick Ross]] and [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]] which later appeared on Rick Ross' mixtape ''[[The Black Bar Mitzvah]]''.<ref name="Rick Ross And Drake remix US">{{cite web | title=Rick Ross And Drake remix US | url=http://globalgrind.com/music/rick-ross-drake-lil-reese-us-remix-new-music | date=Oct 9, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=Globalgrind.com | author=}}</ref> Taylor also created many songs with upandcoming music producers, such as [[Young Chop]]. He is also featured on [[Juelz Santana]]'s song "Bodies". In January 2013 Taylor released a remix to his song "Traffic" featuring [[Young Jeezy]] and [[Twista]]. On September 2, 2013, Lil Reese released his second solo mixtape ''[[Supa Savage]]'', featuring guest appearances from Chief Keef, [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]].<ref>http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/09/lil-reese-releases-supa-savage-mixtape/</ref>

==Legal issues==
In May 2010, Reese pleaded guilty to burglary charges and was given two years of probation.<ref name="hiphopdxlil">[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23740/title.lil-reese-found-sleeping-in-car-arrested-on-a-warrant Lil Reese Found Sleeping In Car, Arrested On A Warrant | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

On October 24, 2012, a video allegedly showing Reese assaulting a woman was posted to the internet.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html | title=Lil Reese tied to video beating | work=''suntimes.com'' | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=October 24, 2012 | author=BECKY SCHLIKERMAN}}</ref> On April 28, 2013, Reese was arrested by Chicago Police on a warrant issued two days earlier, based on criminal trespass to a residence with persons present, battery, and mob action from the video incident from February 2012.<ref name="hiphopdxlil"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-south-side-rapper-lil-reese-arrested-on-warrant-20130428,0,1948123.story | work=Chicago Tribune | first=Geoff | last=Ziezulewicz | title=South Side rapper Lil Reese arrested on warrant - chicagotribune.com | date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

On June 23, 2013, Reese was arrested in Chicago and charged with [[motor vehicle theft]] after an incident on April 13, 2013, where he was not able to provide proof of ownership for a BMW 750Li.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24431/title.lil-reese-arrested-charged-with-auto-theft- Lil Reese Arrested, Charged With Auto Theft | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref> However, the charge was later dropped. On July 13, 2013, Reese was arrested again in Chicago for [[marijuana]] possession, a violation of his probation.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24676/title.lil-reese-arrested-for-drug-possession Lil Reese Arrested For Drug Possession | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

==Discography==

=== Mixtapes ===
* ''Don't Like'' (Hosted by [[DJ Drama]] and DJ Cannon) (2012)
* ''[[Supa Savage]]'' (Hosted by DJ Scream) (2013)
*"[[Supa Savage 2]]" (2015)

=== Singles ===
====As a lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album/Mixtape
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Us"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Don't Like''
|-
! scope="row" | "Traffic" (featuring [[Chief Keef]])
| — || — || —
|}

====As a featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as featured performer, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US100">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref name="USRap">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Rap Airplay}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Don't Like]]" ([[Chief Keef]] featuring Lil Reese)
|| 2012
| 73 || 20 || 15
| ''[[Finally Rich]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bang Like Chop" ([[Young Chop]] featuring Chief Keef and Lil Reese)
|| 2014
| – || – || –
| ''Bang Like Chop''
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row"| "OVA"
| rowspan="6"| 2012
| [[Freddie Gibbs]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Off The Shits"
| [[Lil Durk]]
| ''I'm Still A Hitta''
|-
! scope="row"| "My Lil Niggas"
| [[Fredo Santana]], [[Chief Keef]]
| rowspan="2"| ''It's A Scary Site''
|-
! scope="row"| "Respect"
| Fredo Santana
|-
! scope="row"| "Don't Try It"
| [[Frenchie]]
| ''Concrete Jungle 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody Move"
| Jay Stonez
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bodies"
| rowspan="6"| 2013
| [[Juelz Santana]]
| ''[[God Will'n]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "S.O.S. (Smash On Sight)"
|Cap1, [[Lil Durk]]
| ''T.R.U. 2 It''
|-
! scope="row"| "No Lackin"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |title=New Mixtape: Funkmaster Flex 'Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?' |publisher=Vibe |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref>
|[[Funkmaster Flex]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]
| ''Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?''
|-
! scope="row"| "Competition"
| rowspan="2"| Lil Durk
| rowspan="2"| ''Signed To The Streets''
|-
! scope="row"| "Street Life"
|-
! scope="row"| "Gangway (Remix)"
| rowspan=2| Lil Herb
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "On My Soul"
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''Welcome to Fazoland''
|-
! scope="row"| "On A T-Shirt"
| [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]]
| ''Purple Heart''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bad Habits"
| rowspan="6"| 2015
| Fredo Santana, Que
| rowspan="2"| Aint No Money Like Trap Money
|-
! scope="row"| "Go To War"
| Fredo Santana
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{Def Jam}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Taylors, Tavares
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American rapper
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 6, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Reese}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings artists]]
[[Category:Drill (music genre)]]
[[Category:Gangsta rappers]]
[[Category:Midwest hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago, Illinois]]

Tanzeem-e-Islami

2015-07-13T21:02:22Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 119.160.66.12 (talk) (HG) (3.1.13)

Tanzeem-e-Islami

2015-07-13T21:00:55Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 119.160.66.12 (talk) (HG) (3.1.13)

Tanzeem-e-Islami

2015-07-13T20:55:38Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by 119.160.66.12 (talk) (HG) (3.1.13)

{{Infobox political party
|party_name = '''Tanzeem-e-Islami'''
|native_name =
|colorcode =
|leader = [[Hafiz Akif Saeed]]
|foundation = 1975
|founder = [[Dr. Israr Ahmed]]
|ideology = [[Islamism]] [[Caliphate]] [[Pan-Islamism]] Anti-[[Ahmadiyya]] [[Anti-Zionism]]
|headquarters = [[Lahore, Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzeem e Islami: Contact Us|url=http://www.tanzeem.org/contactus/default.asp|publisher=Tanzeem-e-Islami|accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref>
|international = Worldwide
|membership =
|website = http://www.tanzeem.org/default.asp
}}

The '''Tanzeem-e-Islami''' is an [[Islamic]] organisation based in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] that advocates the implementation of the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] in the social, cultural, legal, political, and the economic spheres of life;<ref name=background/> the establishment of a global [[Islamic Caliphate]];<ref name=background>{{cite web|title=Tanzeem- e Islami: Background|url=http://tanzeem.org/aboutus/Background.asp|publisher=Tanzeem-e-Islami|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> and the "refutation of the misleading thoughts and philosophy of [[modernity]]".<ref name=mission/>

The organization has emerged as a "strong conservative force" within Pakistan.<ref name=Campo/> It opposes the development of a "modern secular curriculum" in universities, "friendly relations with the United States", and the influx of "Western values and vices" into Pakistan.<ref name=Campo/> While it supports [[jihad]], it emphasizes the need for "passive resistance and perseverance", to first gain a "substantial foothold" and build momentum in society.<ref name=HDIF-341>{{cite book|last1=Guidère|first1=Mathieu|title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism|date=2012|publisher=Scarcrow Press Inc.|page=341|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA340&dq=tanzeem-e-islami+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=16luVL3_OoSgyQTTp4HADg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=tanzeem-e-islami%20pakistan&f=false}}</ref> While primarily active in Pakistan, TI has developed "affiliates based in the Indo-Pakistani Muslim communities in North America and Europe".<ref name=Campo/>

The organization was formed by author and Islamic scholar [[Israr Ahmed]] in 1975 following his break with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] (JI) party in 1957,<ref name=Campo>{{cite book|last1=Campo|first1=Juan Eduardo|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|pages=660-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA661&dq=tanzeem-e-islami+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=16luVL3_OoSgyQTTp4HADg&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tanzeem-e-islami%20pakistan&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> after the JI entered [[Politics of Pakistan|electoral politics in Pakistan]].<ref name=background/> Ahmed's son, [[Hafiz Akif Saeed]] assumed the leadership role of the organization after the voluntary resignation of the founder in 2002.

==History of Tanzeem-e-Islami==

According to the Tanzeem website, after Israr quit JI in 1957 he continued his Quranic lectures, but waited for his former colleagues "to initiate efforts of Islamic renaissance through the revolutionary process". However upon realizing that this was not happening to his satisfaction, he decided to step-up this effort and call people to make a disciplined organization and he therefore laid the foundation of '''Tanzeem-e-Islami'''.<ref name=background/>

After TI's founding in 1975, it functioned as a "conventional religious organisation", according to Dawn.com, sharing Dr. Israr’s commentaries on the Quran and [[Hadith]] with "the few followers that it had gathered" after he quit JI. However, Israr's following began to grow after General [[Zia ul-Haq]]'s 1977 military coup.<ref name=Paracha>{{cite news|last1=Paracha|first1=Nadeem F.|title=The heart’s filthy lesson|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/786019/the-hearts-filthy-lesson|accessdate=20 November 2014|agency=dawn.com|date=Feb 14, 2013}}</ref>

His first TV programme was called "Al-Kitab" and broadcast in the month of [[Ramadan]] of 1978. The other programmes were known as "Allf Lam tim", "Rasül Kamil", "Umm ul Kitab", and "Al-Huda". These and various other speeches where telecast in Pakistan.<ref name=thesis>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Shagufta|title=Dr.israr Atlmad's political thought and act1VHies|date=1993|publisher=Instltute of Islamic Studies Mc Gill University Montreal|url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile68066.pdf|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref>
In 1981 Zia ul-Haq asked PTV, the state-owned Pakistan television channel, to give Dr. Israr a weekly show. His show became one of the first in Pakistan in which an Islamic scholar would sit in front of an audience and give lectures on Islam.<ref name=Paracha/> According to Dawn, Israr's irritation with the poor ''[[hijab]]'' of women in the audience of his show, became the basis for Zia’s Ministry of Information encouraging women newscasters, and actresses in TV plays on Pakistan state television to be ‘modestly dressed’, and use a minimum of facial make-up.<ref name=Paracha/>

In 1983, Dr. Israr introduced his audience to what he felt was the pressing need for a worldwide caliphate or ''Khalifat''.<ref name=Paracha/>
In that year he also surprised a TV studio audience by announcing (during a successful series being played by the Pakistan Cricket team), that ‘Cricket is making Pakistanis ignore their religious obligations .... I am convinced that cricket matches should not be shown on TV. ... Even after the showing of matches on TV is banned, only men should be allowed to go to the stadium to watch these matches.’ This episode was not aired on TV and his program was temporarily cancelled. Israr resigned in protest but continued to have a large following as middle class interest in the Islamic revival grew.<ref name=Paracha/>

In 1975, 103 people attended TI's first convention and 62 became members. In 1992 there were 1778 members in Pakistan and 234 members in the Middle East. The ladies' wing of TI was formed in 1983, and as of 1990, there were 122 members.<ref name=thesis/>

As of 1994 TI had two regional branches in Sakkhar and [[Islamabad]], and two overseas branches in Toronto and Chicago, Quranic academies in Lahore, [[Karachi]] and [[Multan]], and plans to found a university.<ref name=thesis/>

In 2013, Tanzeem-e-Islam's name was associated with a campaign against Valentine's Day, featuring billboards around Pakistan emblazoned "Say no to Valentines Day".<ref name=Paracha/>

==Teachings==
The essence of what Tanzeem calls the “Islamic revolutionary thought” consists of the idea that it is not enough to practice Islam in one's individual life but that the teachings of the Qur'an and those of the Sunnah of Islamic Prophet [[Muhammad]] must also be implemented in their totality in the social, cultural, juristic, political, and the economic spheres of life. Unlike other Muslim political parties, TI is not interested in taking power through the ordinary political process of Pakistan or any other country, but in changing society through influencing its ideas and values.<ref name=thesis/>

The credit for reviving this dynamic concept of Islam in the Indian subcontinent, after centuries of neglect and dormancy, goes to Allama [[Muhammad Iqbal]]. The first attempt towards the actualization of this concept was made by Maulana [[Abul Kalam Azad]]. Another attempt was made by Maulana Sayyid [[Abul A`la Maududi]] (founder of JI).

In its mission statement, the organization states that its most important task is the "effective refutation of the misleading thoughts and philosophy of [[modernity]]".<ref name=mission>{{cite web|title=Tanzeem- e Islami: Mission Statement|url=http://tanzeem.org/aboutus/Mission%20Statement.asp=Tanzeem-e-Islami|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

===Mission Statement===
{{off-topic|date=March 2011}}
According to the Mission Statement of Tanzeem-e-Islami:

“The addressee of Islam is an individual. The main objective of Islam is to provide moral and spiritual fulfillment and salvation to the individual , and the proposed collectivity is required chiefly for the purpose that it may help an individual in achieving his goal, that is to seek the pleasure of Allah.<ref name=mission/>

With regard to the Da`wah, Tanzeem considers that the practice of Da`wah and reform should extend from an individual to his family, his kith and kin, and then gradually to his surroundings.<ref name=mission/>

In regard to the collective responsibility of the Muslim community (''[[Ummah]]'') concerning the work of ''[[Da`wah]]'' and propagation among the masses, Tanzeem considers that the most important task is to counteract the false beliefs and customs of the period of ignorance (''[[jahiliyya]]'')[that are still prevalent today] and to effectively refute the misleading thoughts and philosophy of the modern times. Moreover the guidance given by the Book (Qur'an) and Sunnah concerning the various aspects of human life should be explained in clear terms so that their real wisdom and rational worth can be made clear, and the doubts in the minds of the people of the present times may be removed.”<ref name=mission/>

===Obligations of members===
{{generalize|date=February 2013}}

The ultimate goal of a Muslim is to seek Allah's pleasure and salvation in the Hereafter.<ref>[http://tanzeem.info/webapps/tip_dnnweb/Organization/OurIdeology/OurObligations.aspx Tanzeem-e-Islami. Our Obligations]| Tanzeem.info|Retrieved 14 November 2011.</ref>
The objective of establishing '''Tanzeem-e-Islami''' is to assist the Muslims in carrying out obligations as ordained by the Qur'an and Sunnah. The obligations have four levels:

#A Muslim is required to develop real faith and conviction (Iman) in his heart;
#He is required to live a life of total obedience to the injunctions of the Shari`ah;
#He is required to propagate and disseminate the message of Islam to the entire Humanity;
#And he is required to try his utmost to establish the ascendancy of Islam over all man-made systems of life.

==See also==
*[[Anjuman Khuddam ul Quran]]
*[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]
*[[Voice of Quran]]
*[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]
*[[Quran College]]
*[[Israr Ahmed]]
*[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tanzeem.org/ www.tanzeem.org]
* [http://www.quranacademy.com/ www.quranacademy.com]
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-6/arya.html BR report]
** [http://www.drisrarahmed.com/ www.drisrarahmed.com]
* [http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info / www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info]
* [http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org / www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org]

{{IslamismSA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanzeem-E-Islami}}
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:Anti-Ahmadiyya]]
[[File:Tanz
[[thumbnail]]
eem logo|thumbnail|logo]]

Blank Space

2015-04-19T04:09:50Z

Millennium bug: Reverted edits by Bobhadajob (talk) (HG)

{{about|the Taylor Swift song|the punctuation|Space (punctuation)}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Blank Space
| Artist = [[Taylor Swift]]
| Album = [[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]
| Released = {{start date|2014|11|10}}
| Cover = Taylor Swift - Blank Space (Official Single Cover).png
| Border = yes
| Genre = [[Electropop]]
| Format = {{flatlist|
*[[CD single]]
*[[Music download|digital download]]}}
| Recorded = 
| Length = {{duration|m=3|s=51}}
| Label = {{flat list|
*[[Big Machine Records|Big Machine]]
*[[Republic Records|Republic]]}}
| Writer = {{flatlist|
* Taylor Swift
* [[Max Martin]]
* [[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]]
}}
| Producer = {{flatlist|
* Max Martin
* Shellback
}}
| Chronology = [[Taylor Swift]] singles
| Type = single
| Last single = {{unbulleted list|"[[Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)|Shake It Off]]"|(2014)}}
| This single = {{unbulleted list|"'''Blank Space'''"|(2014)}}
| Next single = {{unbulleted list|"[[Style (Taylor Swift song)|Style]]"|(2015)}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|e-ORhEE9VVg|"Blank Space"}}}}
}}

"'''Blank Space'''" is a song by American singer-songwriter [[Taylor Swift]] from her fifth [[studio album]] ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'' (2014). It was written by Swift, [[Max Martin]] and [[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]]. The song was released to the [[contemporary hit radio|radio]] by [[Republic Records]] on November 10, 2014 as the album's second single, after "[[Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)|Shake It Off]]" and is the second track on the album. Musically, "Blank Space" is a minimalist [[electropop]] song with lyrics that satirize the media's perception of Swift and her relationships.

"Blank Space" was a critical and commercial success, having reached number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] following "Shake It Off". Swift became the first woman in the Hot 100's 56-year history to succeed herself at the top spot.<ref name="hswift">{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6320061/taylor-swift-blank-space-hot-100|work=Billboard|title=Taylor Swift Makes Hot 100 History With 'Blank Space'|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=2014-11-19|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref> The song has also topped charts in Canada, South Africa and Australia. It was included in several critics' year-end lists and was the second and the sixth best song according to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/3613567/top-10-best-songs|work=Time|title=Top 10 songs|date=2014-12-02|accessdate=2014-12-02}}</ref> and ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/50-best-songs-of-2014-20141203/taylor-swift-blank-space-20141202|work= Rolling Stone|title=50 Best Songs Of 2014|date=2014-12-03|accessdate=2014-12-03}}</ref> In January 2015, "Blank Space" was ranked at number 3 on ''[[The Village Voice]]''{{'}}s annual year-end [[Pazz & Jop]] critics' poll, one rank before "Shake It Off".

The song's accompanying music video was directed by [[Joseph Kahn]] and was shot over three days. The song received its first televised performance at the [[2014 American Music Awards]] and as part of "Taylor Swift's 1989 Secret Session with [[iHeartRadio]]" on October 27, 2014 in [[New York City]].

==Composition==
"Blank Space" is a minimalist [[electropop]] song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/10/album-review-taylor-swift-1989.html|title=Taylor Swift's 1989 Is Her Most Conservative Album Yet|first=Lindsay |last=Zoladz|publisher=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> Many critics compared the song to the works of fellow artist [[Lorde]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/10/album-review-taylor-swift-1989.html|title=Taylor Swift's 1989 Is Her Most Conservative Album Yet|first=Lindsay |last=Zoladz|publisher=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref> It makes fun of Swift's recent exposure in the media about her dating life, portraying herself as "an overly attached man-eater who dates for songwriting material".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review/#3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review|title=Review: 1989 Marks a Paradigm Swift|accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref> The song was written by Swift along with Martin and Shellback, and produced by the latter two. "Blank Space" is composed in the key of [[F major]] and set in a [[Common time|4/4]] [[time signature]] at a moderate [[tempo]] of 96 [[beats per minute]]. Swift's vocals range from A3 to D5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0142241&|title=Taylor Swift "Blank Space" Sheet Music|work={{no italic|musicnotes.com}}|accessdate=December 7, 2014}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
"Blank Space" received acclaim from music critics, who commended the song's quality and Swift's self-deprecating tone. ''[[PopMatters]]'' called the song to be "likely the best of Swift's career and easily a candidate for the best pop song of 2014" and that it "captures the essence of ''1989'' in all its glimmering, solipsistic glory".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/187585-taylor-swift-1989/|title=Taylor Swift: 1989|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' noted the song as a clever metanarrative, commenting that "This is Ms. Swift at her peak. It's funny and knowing, and serves to assert both her power and her primness."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/arts/music/taylor-swift-1989-new-album-review.html?_r=0|title=Review: Taylor Swift's 1989|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> Robert Leedham of ''[[Drowned in Sound]]'' recognized it as "It's the work of someone who finds success in misadventure, instead of wallowing in it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/18488/reviews/4148424|title=Album Review: Taylor Swift – 1989|accessdate=October 30, 2014}}</ref> ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it:

<blockquote>a thrillingly vicious riff on Swift's reputation as a man-eater, a topic she also addresses in the album's jumpy lead single, "Shake It Off". "Got a long list of ex-lovers / They'll tell you I'm insane", she sings, her voice surging with newfound power, "But I've got a blank space, baby / And I'll write your name."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-review-taylor-swift-smooths-out-the-wrinkles-on-sleek-1989-20141027-story.html|title=Review: Taylor Swift smooths out the wrinkles on sleek '1989'|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref></blockquote>

==Chart performance==
The song topped the [[Hot Digital Songs]] charts with sales of 155,000 copies in its first week, making it the third song from ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]'' to reach number 1 on the [[Hot Digital Songs]], becoming Swift's ninth number one on that chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6289390/hot-100-meghan-trainor-ed-sheeran-glen-campbell?mobile_redirection=false|title=Hot 100: Meghan Trainor Still No. 1, Ed Sheeran Hits Top 10, Glen Campbell Returns — Billboard|date=October 22, 2014|work=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://headlineplanet.com/home/2014/10/01/taylor-swifts-shake-crosses-2-million-sales-mark/|title=Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" crosses the two million sales mark|publisher=headlineplanet.com}}</ref> Swift stood at rank three as the artist with the most number-one Digital Songs tying her with [[Eminem]] and surpassed [[Rihanna]] for the most number-one debuts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6304579/taylor-swift-shake-it-off-returns-no-1-hot-100?mobile_redirection=false|title=Hot 100: Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Returns to No. 1 - Billboard|work=Billboard}}</ref> The song debuted at number 18 on the ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/105693 | title = Hot 100: Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Returns to No. 1 | author = Gary Trust | publisher = ''Billboard'' | date = November 6, 2014 | accessdate = November 6, 2014}}</ref> In its second week, the song sold 164,000 copies (up 5%) and moved up to number 13 on the Hot 100 being the Airplay Gainer.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/106510 | title = Taylor Swift's '1989' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart | author = Keith Caulfield | publisher = ''Billboard'' | date = November 12, 2014 | accessdate = November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/Taylor+Swift/chart?f=379 | title = Taylor Swift Album and Song History | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate = November 12, 2014}}</ref> In its third week, the song sold 328,000 digital copies (up 100%), spurred by the release of its accompanying music video, and jumped to number one, becoming her third number one single and making Swift the first female artist to replace herself at number one (the number one song of the previous week was "Shake It Off") and tenth overall among all artists.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6320061/taylor-swift-blank-space-hot-100 | title = Taylor Swift makes Hot 100 History | author = Gary Trust | publisher = ''Billboard'' | date = November 19, 2014 | accessdate = November 19, 2014}}</ref> The song remained at number one on the chart for seven consecutive weeks making it Swift's longest reign at #1 besting her previous records of "[[We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together]]" and "Shake It Off" which peaked atop for three and four weeks respectively. It also helped set a record for the longest period that the #1 spot on the Hot 100 had been held only by female musicians.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/111358 | title = Taylor Swift Helps Tie Record Streak for Women Atop Hot 100 | author = Gary Trust |work = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = December 31, 2014 | accessdate = January 1, 2015}}</ref> It reached its one-millionth sales mark in its fifth week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/uptown-funk-justifies-its-exclamation-point-104281082366.html |last=Grein |first=Paul |title='Uptown Funk!' Justifies Its Exclamation Point |work=Yahoo! Music |date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> As of January 2015, it had sold 3 million copies in the United States.<ref name=us_sales>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/maroon-5s-sugar-rushes-to-the-top-10-108767996651.html |title=Maroon 5's 'Sugar' Rushes to the Top 10 |work=Chart Watch |publisher=Yahoo! Music |date=January 21, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2015}}</ref>

In [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|New Zealand]], it debuted at number 26.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/?chart=2589|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart|work=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART}}</ref> In its third week, the song jumped from number 33 to number four, becoming Swift's sixth top-five hit in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/?chart=2597|title=NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart|work=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART}}</ref> In [[ARIA Charts|Australia]], it debuted at number twenty-nine before reaching number 1 on November 22.<ref name="Australia"/>

==Music video==
The accompanying music video was directed by [[Joseph Kahn]], who said that Swift approached him with the idea for the treatment, saying she was all too aware of the jokes made about all of her ex-boyfriends and how she likes to include them in her songwriting. She told him that she wanted to address the general thought of her in the clip in a fun way by playing a crazy villain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/11/10/yahoo-accidentally-leaks-taylor-swifts-new-music-video-for-blank-space/?optimizely=a |title=Yahoo Accidentally Leaks Taylor Swift's New Music Video For 'Blank Space' |first= Huge|last= McIntyre |work=[[Forbes]]|date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 11, 2014}}</ref> The video was shot over three days in September at two different [[Long Island]] locations; 12 hours in day one, 18 hours in day two and 10 hours for filming the ''American Express Unstaged'' app.<ref name="7hours">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1998157/taylor-swift-blank-space-making-of-video/ |title=Taylor Swift Really Stood On A Horse And 7 Other Secrets From 'Blank Space' |author=Kevin P.Sullivan |publisher=MTV |date=November 14, 2014 |accessdate=November 16, 2014}}</ref> Most of the scenes depicting Swift were filmed at [[Oheka Castle]] in [[Huntington, New York]], while some of the interior scenes were shot at the [[Woolworth Estate|Woolworth Mansion]]. After two days of filming with Swift, a second unit crew kept going, taking much of the photography that would later be used to construct the world within the ''American Express Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience'' app.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/taylor-swift-s-blank-space-video-filmed-at-oheka-castle-1.9604603 |title=Taylor Swift's 'Blank Space' video filmed at Oheka Castle |first=Glenn |last=Gamboa |date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 10, 2014|work=[[Newsday]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/11/11/1979/ |title=Follow Taylor Swift Through Her 'Blank Space' Music Video With New Immersive App |first= Huge |last=McIntyre |work=Forbes |date=November 11, 2014 |accessdate=November 11, 2014}}</ref> The video borrows inspiration from [[Steven Spielberg]]'s early works and was partly inspired by ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]''. Kahn explained, "There's a lot of symmetrical framing that's [[Kubrickian]], which is a really funny way to approach a pop video. But it's there if you look at the way there's center-framing and symmetry throughout the whole thing,"<ref name="7hours" /> Swift's love interest in the video is portrayed by model [[Sean O'Pry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/vf-hollywood/2014/11/taylor-swift-blank-space-music-video-model-sean-o-pry |title=Taylor Swift Made Her "Blank Space" Music Video Co-Star Sean O'Pry Blush on Set |first=Josh |last=Duboff |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/596685/meet-sean-o-pry-13-things-to-know-about-the-hot-guy-in-taylor-swift-s-blank-space-video|title=Meet Sean O'Pry! 13 Things to Know About the Hot Guy in Taylor Swift's "Blank Space" video |first=Bruna |last=Nessif |publisher=[[E! Online]]|date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 11, 2014}}</ref>

The video accidentally leaked on [[Yahoo!]] on November 10, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/10/taylor-swift-blank-space-music-video_n_6132186.html|title=Taylor Swift's 'Blank Space' Video Leaked Early (UPDATE)|last=Goodman|first=Jessica|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref> Kahn [[tweeted]] about the accidental early release, "I'll link video later when I think it's clear. I think it may be a mistake on Yahoo's part—they may have released it early by accident."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/JosephKahn/status/531733733741965312 |title=Joseph Kahn twitter |date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 10, 2014}}</ref> To which he later added, "Yup. Yahoo effed up. Wait to see the Blank Space video. Let Taylor introduce it herself. It'll be worth it :)"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/JosephKahn/status/531810387063095296?p=v |title=Joseph Kahn |date=November 10, 2014 |accessdate=November 10, 2014}}</ref>

''American Express Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience'' is a [[Panorama|360° music video]] app for "Blank Space" that compliments the classic-style linear music video. The 360° video features a similar storyline to the classic-style video, uses the same set, and stars the same Swift and O'Pry. The user can follow Swift and her love interest throughout many rooms of the mansion, although the user may leave the couple and go to other rooms to find interactive [[Easter egg (media)|easter eggs]] and watch the butlers doing their work.<ref>{{cite web|title=TAYLOR AND AMERICAN EXPRESS BRING FANS A FIRST-OF-ITS-KIND VIDEO EXPERIENCE FOR "BLANK SPACE" MUSIC VIDEO|url=http://www.taylorswift.com/news/232223|website=Taylor Swift|accessdate=11 November 2014}}</ref> Kahn, the video's director, compared it to a "stage play" and dubbed it a "choose-your-own-adventure" video. The video was filmed using special [[Panoramic photography|360° cameras]] and can be viewed by downloading the app to a smartphone or tablet. When in the app, the user physically moves their phone to move their point of view.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spanos|first1=Brittany|title=Taylor Swift's 'Blank Space' Director Details Interactive App|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swifts-blank-space-director-details-interactive-app-20141111|accessdate=11 November 2014|work=Rolling Stone|date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

As of April 2015, the video has over 760 million views on [[YouTube]], and is the [[List of most viewed YouTube videos|twelfth most viewed YouTube video of all time]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Viewed Videos of All Time (Over 100 million views)|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLirAqAtl_h2r5g8xGajEwdXd3x1sZh8hC |publisher=YouTube|accessdate=April 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Track listing==
*;CD single
#"Blank Space" – 3:52
#"Blank Space" (Music Video) – 4:03

==Live performances==
Swift performed the song on television for the first time at the [[2014 American Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Taylor Swift's Theatrical 'Blank Space' Live Debut at AMAs|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-taylor-swift-debut-blank-space-live-at-amas-20141123|website=Rolling Stone|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> She first performed it live as part of ''Taylor Swift's 1989 Secret Session with [[iHeartRadio]]'' on October 27, 2014 in [[New York City]], streamed on iHeartRadio and [[Yahoo!]].<ref>https://screen.yahoo.com/iheartradio/taylor-swift-performs-blank-space-234845539.html</ref> She performed the song at the [[Victoria's Secret Fashion Show|2014 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show]] on December 2, 2014 held in London.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/12/02/taylor-swift-performance-victoria-secret-fashion-show-2014-pics-videos/ | title = Taylor Swift's Sexy Performance Of 'Style' & 'Blank Space' At VS Show | author = Shira Benozilio | publisher = ''Hollywood Life'' | date = December 2, 2014 | accessdate = December 4, 2014}}</ref> She also performed the song live in London, UK at [[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]'s Jingle Bell Ball 2014 along with some of her other songs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/taylor-swift/performances/blank-space-jingle-bell-ball-2014/ | title = Taylor Swift - "Blank Space" (Live At The Jingle Bell Ball 2014)| publisher = ''Capital FM'' | date = December 8, 2014 | accessdate = December 8, 2014}}</ref>

==Credits and personnel==
Credits are adapted from [[liner notes]] of ''[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=[[1989 (Taylor Swift album)|1989]]|others=[[Taylor Swift]]|year=2014|type=[[Compact disc]] [[liner notes]]|publisher=[[Big Machine Records]]|id=BMRBD0500A}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Taylor Swift]] – [[Singing|lead vocals]], [[Songwriter|writer]], shouts
*[[Max Martin]] – [[Record producer|producer]], writer, [[Electronic keyboard|keyboard]], [[Programming (music)|programming]]
*[[Shellback (record producer)|Shellback]] – producer, writer, [[acoustic guitar]], [[electric guitar]], [[Bass guitar|bass]], keyboard, [[Percussion instrument|percussion]], programming, shouts, stomps
*Michael Ilbert – recording
{{col-2}}
*Sam Holland – recording
*Cory Bice – assistant recording
*[[Serban Ghenea]] – mixing
*John Hanes – engineered for mix
*Tom Coyne – mastering
{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}
*Miley Cyrus-Backing/ Additional Vocals

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!scope="col"|Chart (2014–15)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 22, 2014|refname=Australia}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|6|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|13|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 17, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Wallonia|26|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 17, 2015}}
|-
! scope="row" | Brazil ([[Billboard Brasil Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]])<ref name=brabill>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com.br/tipo_lista/top-100/20141220|title=Hot 100 Billboard Brasil — weekly|work=[[Billboard Brasil]] |date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 23, 2014}}</ref>
| 66
|-
!scope="row"| Bulgaria ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref name=Bulgaria>{{cite web |url=http://www.bamp-bg.org/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nielsen/519-09022015-15022015.html |title=Airplay Top5 - 09.02.2015 - 15.02.2015" |publisher=[[Bulgarian Association of Music Producers]] |accessdate=February 9, 2015}}</ref>
| 3
|-
{{singlechart|Canada|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardcanadaac|2|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardcanadachrtop40|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardcanadahotac|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 30, 2015}}
|-
!scope="row"|Croatia ([[Croatian Airplay Chart|ARC 100]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Komerički |first=Goran |url=http://radio.hrt.hr/emisija/arc-top-40/51/ |title=ARC 100 – datum izlaska: 26. sijećnja 2014. |language=Croatian |publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]] |date=23 January 2014 |accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref>
| 3
|-
{{singlechart|Czech Republic|4|year=2015|week=7|rowheader=true|accessdate=February 16, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardeurodigital|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Finnishdownload|1|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|week=1|year=2015|refname=FIN download|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 8, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|27|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|accessdate=March 21, 2015|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany2|9|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|accessdate=November 24, 2014|rowheader=true}}
|-
! scope="row"|Greece Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/Taylor+Swift/chart?f=801|publisher = ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' Greece Digital Songs for Taylor Swift|accessdate=December 4, 2014|title=Taylor Swift Album & Chart History}}</ref>
| 2
|-
{{singlechart|Hungarytop10|7|year=2015|week=4|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 29, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|4|year=2014|week=52|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 27, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Israelairplay|4|year=2014|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|week=50|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardjapanhot100|45|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 4, 2014}}
|-
! scope="row" |Lebanon ([[The Official Lebanese Top 20]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.olt20.com/Taylor_Swift#fragment-2&panel1-6 |title= The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift |accessdate= January 26, 2015}}</ref>
| 5
|-
!scope="row"|Mexico Airplay (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2015-02-21/mexico|title=Mexico Airplay|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=February 12, 2015}}</ref>
| 2
|-
!scope="row"|Mexico (''[[Monitor Latino]]'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Charts monitorLATINO Mexico|url=http://www.monitorlatino.com/mondayChartsConsult_History.aspx?year=2015&mes=3&semana=12&formato=4&pais=1|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref>
| 2
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|17|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|accessdate=January 11, 2015|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|2|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|accessdate=November 28, 2014|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{singlechart|Poland|2|year=2015|chartid=1537|accessdate=February 2, 2015|rowheader=true}}
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|1|date=2014-12-13|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 7, 2014}}
|-
!scope="row"|Serbia ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poptoplista.com/arhiva.php?cat=279|title=Taylor Swift-Blank Space SERBIA |language=|publisher=[http://www.poptoplista.com/arhiva.php?cat=279 POP TOP LISTA - TOP 50 SRBIJA] |accessdate= January 28, 2015| archiveurl = http://www.poptoplista.com/ | archivedate = 2015-01-28| deadurl=no}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{singlechart|Slovakia|2|year=2015|week=12|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}
|-
! scope="row"|South Africa ([[Entertainment Monitoring Africa|EMA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa-ema.com/index.php/charts-board/?week=2015-01-20|title=South African Airplay Chart|publisher=[[Entertainment Monitoring Africa]]|date=January 20, 2015|accessdate=January 21, 2015}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"|South Korea International Chart ([[Gaon Chart|GAON]])<ref>{{cite web|url =http://gaonchart.co.kr/chart/digital.php?f_chart_kind_cd=E&f_week=51&f_year=2014&f_type=week |title=
2014년 48주차 Digital Chart |publisher =[[Gaon Music Chart|GAON]]|language =Korean |accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref>
| 54
|-
{{singlechart|Spain|3|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 11, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|12|artist=Taylor Swift|song=Blank Space|accessdate=February 1, 2015|rowheader=true}}
|-
!scope=row|Turkey ([[Turkish Music Charts|Turkish Singles Chart]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/musictoptr/photos/pb.1605140996395815.-2207520000.1427210737./1606106182965963/?type=3&permPage=1|title=Top 5 – Nielsen Music TR|language=tr|accessdate=March 24, 2015|publisher=Music Top TR}}</ref>
| 3
|-
{{singlechart|UK|4|date=2014-12-13|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 7, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboarddigitalsongs|1|artist=Taylor Swift|artistid=371422|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 15, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=February 12, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardadultpopsongs|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|23|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardlatinairplay|48|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 10, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardlatinpopsongs|27|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|1|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardrhythmic|14|artist=Taylor Swift|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}
|-
!scope=row|Venezuela ([[Record Report]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/top100/|title=Top 100 – Record Report|language=es|accessdate=January 29, 2014|publisher=Record Report|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VwwRV7vw|archivedate=January 29, 2014}}</ref>
| 75
|-
!scope=row|Venezuela ([[Record Report|Top Pop General]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recordreport.com.ve/publico/pop/|title=Pop General – Record Report|language=es|accessdate=January 29, 2014|publisher=Record Report|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6VwxAymhC|archivedate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>
| 17
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2014)
!scope="col"| Position
|-
!scope="row"| Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2014.htm|title=End of Year Charts – ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014|work={{no italic|[[ARIA Charts]]}}|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=February 4, 2015}}</ref>
| 28
|-
!scope="row"| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2614|title=Top Selling Singles of 2014|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=December 27, 2014}}</ref>
| 46
|-
!scope="row"| UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-100-biggest-songs-of-2014-revealed-3386/|title=The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed|author=Official Charts Company|accessdate=2014-12-31}}</ref>
| 64
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|relyear=2014|certyear=2015|title=Blank Space|artist=Taylor Swift|autocat=yes|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/78149|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150328114310/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/78149|archivedate=March 28, 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Mexico|artist=Taylor Swift|title=Blank Space|award=Gold|type=single|relyear=2014|certref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/CertificacionesAmprofon/photos/ms.c.eJw1x8ENACAQArCNjMARYf~;F~;Gh~;lYmcarodztI7fDjFP0MVzgXmmAmf.bps.a.352187651572519.1073741842.167176543406965/352187928239158/?type=1&theater |title=Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]]. [[Facebook]] |date=January 12, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref>|salesamount=30,000|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|title=Blank Space|artist=Taylor Swift|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=2014|certyear=2014|autocat=yes|recent=website|id=2618|accessdate=December 19, 2014}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Blank Space|artist=Taylor Swift|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=2014|certyear=2015|autocat=yes|accessdate=December 19, 2014}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=Blank Space|artist=Taylor Swift|type=single|number=5|award=Platinum|salesamount=4,000,000{{sup|{{Dagger}}}}|salesref=<ref name=us_sales/>|relyear=2015|certyear=2015|autocat=yes|accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nounspecified=true|streaming=true}}
{{small|{{sup|{{Dagger}}}} Since May 2013, RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?content_selector=riaa-news-gold-and-platinum&news_month_filter=5&news_year_filter=2013&id=C19496E7-CEC0-C453-D8A1-BD80E56E610F |title=RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|date=May 9, 2013|accessdate=March 28, 2015}}</ref>}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|United States
| rowspan="2"| November 10, 2014
| [[Rhythmic contemporary|Rhythmic crossover radio]]
| rowspan="3"| {{flatlist|
* Big Machine
* Republic}}
|align="center"| <ref name="Release">{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6304059/taylor-swift-1989-second-single | title = Taylor Swift's Next '1989' Single Is... | author = Lipshutz, Jason | work= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| date = October 30, 2014 | accessdate = October 31, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hot adult contemporary]] radio
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20141030044020/http://www.republicplaybook.com/genre/hot-ac/|url=http://www.republicplaybook.com/genre/hot-ac/|title=Hot AC {{!}} Genres {{!}} Republic Playbook|publisher=[[Republic Records]]|archivedate=30 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| November 11, 2014
| [[Contemporary hit radio]]
|align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Top 40/M Future Releases|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|publisher=All Access Music Group|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6TxErEXsS|archivedate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>
|-

! scope="row"| Germany
| January 2, 2015
| [[CD single]]
| [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
| align="center"| <ref>http://www.amazon.de/Blank-Space-2-Track-Swift-Taylor/dp/B00QSRRCGE</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2014]]
* [[List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2014]]
* [[List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2015 (U.S.)]]
* [[List of number-one singles of 2015 (South Africa)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{MetroLyrics song|taylor-swift|blank-space}}
*{{YouTube|e-ORhEE9VVg|"Blank Space" music video}}
*[https://www.americanexpress.com/us/content/unstaged-app/index.html American Express Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience website]
*[https://www.youtab.me/music/HCRPYzG4SSL/taylor-swift/blank-space Lyrics & Chords for "Blank Space" on YouTab]

{{Taylor Swift songs}}

[[Category:2014 singles]]
[[Category:2014 songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Borderline personality disorder in fiction]]
[[Category:Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Max Martin]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Shellback (record producer)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Max Martin]]
[[Category:Songs written by Shellback (record producer)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Taylor Swift]]
[[Category:Taylor Swift songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:South African Airplay Chart number-one singles]]

Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben

2014-02-01T20:09:24Z

Millennium bug: Please someone translate it to deutsch; thanks in advance

{{Infobox Bachkantate
|Name = Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben
|BWV = 147 / 147a
|Anlass = Mariä Heimsuchung / 4. [[Adventssonntag|Advent]]
|Entstehungsjahr = 1723 / 1716
|Entstehungsort = Leipzig / Weimar
|Gattung = Kantate
|Solo = S A T B
|Chor = SATB
|Instrumente = Tr 2Ob Oa 2Oc Fg 2Vn Va Bc
|Aufführungsdauer = ca. 34 min (147)
|Text = [[Salomon Franck]], [[Martin Janus|Martin Jahn]]
}}

'''Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben''' ist der Titel von zwei Kirchen-[[Kantaten (Bach)|Kantaten]] von [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. Er komponierte ursprünglich in [[Weimar]] eine Kantate für den 4. Advent 1716 ([[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis|BWV]] 147a) und erweiterte sie 1723 in [[Leipzig]] für das Fest [[Mariä Heimsuchung]] (BWV 147).

== Entstehung ==
Die Kantate ist in ihrer heute bekannten Form für den 2. Juli 1723, das Fest [[Mariä Heimsuchung]], komponiert worden und gehört somit zum ersten [[Leipzig]]er Kantatenjahrgang. Sie basiert auf der [[Weimar]]er Kantate BWV 147a aus dem Jahre 1716, von der nur der Text erhalten ist. Es ist offen, ob Bach die Komposition dieser Urfassung überhaupt vollendet bzw. aufgeführt hat. Die Weimarer Vorlage wurde von Bach in Leipzig umgearbeitet und stark erweitert. Die ursprüngliche Dichtung von [[Salomon Franck]] wurde in die Leipziger Fassung übernommen; die Schlusschoräle aus der Leipziger Fassung (Sätze 6 und 10) sind die Strophen 6 und 17 von [[Martin Janus|Martin Jahns]] Choral ''Jesu, meiner Seelen Wonne'' (1661 oder 1668).

== Thematik ==
Der für den [[Advent]] geschriebene Text Francks wurde in der Leipziger Fassung von Bach auf das Marienfest übertragen, da in Leipzig im Advent [[tempus clausum]] herrschte und nur am 1. Adventssonntag Kantatenmusik aufgeführt werden durfte.

Das zentrale Thema ist das öffentliche Bekenntnis zu [[Gott]] und [[Jesus Christus|Jesus]]. Während die ursprüngliche Textfassung von 1716 das Bekennen auf die Person [[Johannes der Täufer|Johannes des Täufers]] bezieht, übertragen die später hinzugefügten Textteile diese Bedeutung auf Maria und ihr [[Magnificat]] (Evangelium am 2. Juli) als Vorbild für die anwesende Gemeinde. Auf den Inhalt des Magnificat nimmt besonders das Rezitativ (4. Satz) Bezug.<ref>Zur Betonung ''die Elénden'' vgl. [[Elend (Zustand)|Elend]], etymolog. Anmerkung</ref>

== Aufbau ==
=== Leipziger Fassung (BWV 147) ===
Formal besteht die zehnsätzige Kantate aus zwei Teilen, die vor und nach der Predigt aufgeführt wurden und mit einem identischen Chorsatz (siehe [[Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben#Besonderheiten|unten]]), einer Choralbearbeitung, abschließen.

::'''Erster Teil'''
:1. Coro (Tr, Ob I/II, Vl I/II, Va, Bc): ''Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben''
:2. Recitativo T (Vl I/II, Va, Bc): ''Gebenedeiter Mund''
:3. Aria A (Oa, Bc): ''Schäme dich, o Seele, nicht''
:4. Recitativo B (Bc): ''Verstockung kann Gewaltige verblenden''
:5. Aria S (Vs, Bc): ''Bereite dir, Jesu, noch itzo die Bahn''
:6. Choral (Tr, Ob I/II, Vl I/II, Va, Bc): ''Wohl mir, dass ich Jesum habe''
::'''Zweiter Teil'''
:7. Aria T (Bc): ''Hilf, Jesu, hilf, dass ich auch dich bekenne''
:8. Recitativo A (Oc I/II, Bc): ''Der höchsten Allmacht Wunderhand''
:9. Aria B (Tr, Ob I/II, Vl I/II, Va, Bc): ''Ich will von Jesu Wundern singen''
:10. Choral (Tr, Ob I/II, Vl I/II, Va, Bc): ''Jesus bleibet meine Freude''

=== Weimarer Fassung (BWV 147a) ===
#Coro: ''Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben''
#Aria A: ''Schäme dich, o Seele, nicht''
#Aria T: ''Hilf, Jesu, hilf, dass ich auch dich bekenne''
#Aria S: ''Bereite dir, Jesu, noch heute die Bahn''
#Aria B: ''Lass mich der Rufer Stimme hören''
#Choral: ''Dein Wort lass mich bekennen''

== Besetzung (Leipzig) ==
* Gesangsstimmen: [[Sopran]], [[Alt (Stimmlage)|Alt]], [[Tenor (Stimmlage)|Tenor]], [[Bass (Stimmlage)|Bass]], alle sowohl als Tutti als auch mit solistischen Aufgaben
* Orchester: [[Barocktrompete|Tromba in C]], [[Barockoboe|Oboe]] I/II (auch als [[Oboe d’amore]] und [[Oboe da caccia]] I/II), [[Barockvioline|Violine]] I/II, [[Bratsche|Viola]], [[Basso continuo]] mit [[Barockfagott|Fagott]]

== Besonderheiten ==
Das Werk gehört zu den beliebten und relativ häufig aufgeführten [[Bachkantate]]n. Im aufwändigen Eingangschor unterstreicht eine Solotrompete virtuos den festlichen Charakter des Stückes. Die beiden Schlusschoräle des ersten und zweiten Teils ''Wohl mir, daß ich Jesum habe'' und ''Jesus bleibet meine Freude'' werden durch eine [[Triole (Musik)|triolische]] Streichermelodie umrahmt und gehören zu den international beliebtesten Kompositionen Bachs, nicht zuletzt durch zahlreiche Bearbeitungen und Aufführungen im 20. Jahrhundert, wie etwa durch die Pianisten [[Myra Hess]] und [[Dinu Lipatti]].
Eine Pop-Version von [[Apollo 100]] schaffte es 1972 unter dem Titel ''Joy'' auf Platz 6 der [[Billboard Hot 100|US-Charts]].

== Literatur ==
* [[Alfred Dürr]]: ''Johann Sebastian Bach: Die Kantaten.'' Bärenreiter, Kassel 1999, ISBN 3-7618-1476-3
* [[Werner Neumann (Bachforscher)|Werner Neumann]]: ''Handbuch der Kantaten J.S.Bachs'', 1947, 5. Aufl. 1984, ISBN 3-7651-0054-4
* Hans-Joachim Schulze: ''Die Bach-Kantaten: Einführungen zu sämtlichen Kantaten Johann Sebastian Bachs''. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt; Stuttgart: Carus-Verlag 2006 (Edition Bach-Archiv Leipzig) ISBN 3-374-02390-8 (Evang. Verl.-Anst.), ISBN 3-89948-073-2 (Carus-Verl.)
* Christoph Wolff, [[Ton Koopman]]: ''Die Welt der Bach-Kantaten''. Verlag J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart, Weimar 2006, ISBN 978-3-476-02127-4

[[Datei:Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring2.ogg|miniatur|Auszug (Nr.6, Choral „Wohl mir, dass ich Jesum habe“) aus ''Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben'']]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />
== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.bach-digital.de/BWV/147a Daten und Text der Weimarer Fassung] bei [http://www.bach-digital.de/ Bach Digital]
* [http://www.bach-digital.de/BWV/147 Daten und Text der Leipziger Fassung] bei [http://www.bach-digital.de/ Bach Digital]
* {{IMSLP2|id=Cantatas, BWV 141-150 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)|cname=Kantaten, BWV 141-150}}
* [http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~wfb/cantatas/147.html Aufbau und vollständiger Text der Kantate]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jesus_alegria_dos_homens_(Bach_BWV_147)_para_viol%C3%A3o_solo_-_partitura.pdf Jesus bleibet meine freude, score for solo guitar]
{{Navigationsleiste Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach}}
[[Kategorie: Bachkantate]]

Amazonas-Regenwald

2012-08-21T12:26:59Z

Millennium bug: Revertidas edições por 186.213.15.241 para a última versão por FSogumo (usando Huggle)

{{ver desambiguação}}
{{Info/Ecorregião
|nome = Amazônia
|Imagem = Anavilhanas1.jpg
|Imagem legenda = [[Fotografia aérea]] de uma pequena parte da Amazônia brasileira.
|Bioma = [[Floresta tropical]]
|Área = 5 500 000 km²
|Largura =
|Comprimento =
|alt_max = 2993 metros ([[Pico da Neblina]])
|alt_min =
|Coordenadas =
|Países = {{BRA}}, {{PER}}, {{COL}}, {{VEN}}, {{EQU}}, {{BOL}}, {{GUY}}, {{SUR}}, [[Guiana Francesa]] ([[Território ultramarino (França)|território ultramarino]] da {{FRA}})
|Parte de = [[América do Sul]]
|Rio = [[Rio Amazonas]]
|Mapa = Amazon rainforest.jpg
|Mapa legenda = Mapa da [[ecorregião]] amazônica definida pelo [[WWF]]. A linha amarela abrange cerca de bacia de drenagem da Amazônia. As fronteiras nacionais mostradas em preto. [[Imagem de satélite]] da [[NASA]].
|Notas =
}}
A {{PBPE|Amazônia|Amazónia}} (também chamada de '''Floresta Amazônica, Selva Amazônica, Floresta Equatorial da Amazônia, Floresta Pluvial''' ou '''Hileia Amazônica''') é uma floresta latifoliada úmida que cobre a maior parte da [[Bacia Amazônica]] da [[América do Sul]]. Esta bacia abrange sete milhões de quilômetros quadrados, dos quais cinco milhões e meio de quilômetros quadrados são cobertos pela floresta tropical. Esta região inclui territórios pertencentes a nove nações. A maioria das florestas está contida dentro do [[Brasil]], com 60% da floresta, seguido pelo [[amazônia Peruana|Peru]] com 13% e com pequenas quantidades na [[Colômbia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Equador]], [[Bolívia]], [[Guiana]], [[Suriname]] e [[França]] ([[Guiana Francesa]]). Estados ou departamentos de quatro nações têm o nome de [[Amazonas (desambiguação)|Amazonas]] por isso. A Amazônia representa mais da metade das [[florestas tropicais]] remanescentes no planeta e compreende a mais biodiversa de floresta tropical do mundo. É um dos seis grandes [[biomas brasileiros]].

No Brasil, para efeitos de governo e economia, a Amazônia é delimitada por uma área chamada "[[Amazônia Legal]]" definida a partir da criação da [[Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia]] (SUDAM), em [[1966]]. É chamado também de Amazônia o [[bioma]] que, no Brasil, ocupa 49,29% do território e abrange três ([[Região Norte do Brasil|Norte]], [[Região Nordeste do Brasil|Nordeste]] e [[Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil|Centro-Oeste]]) das [[Regiões do Brasil|cinco divisões regionais]] do país, sendo o maior bioma terrestre do país. Uma área de seis milhões de [[hectare]]s no centro de sua bacia hidrográfica, incluindo o [[Parque Nacional do Jaú]], foi considerada pela [[UNESCO]], em [[2000]] (com extensão em [[2003]]), [[Patrimônio da Humanidade]].

A Floresta Amazônica foi pré-selecionada em 2008 como candidata a uma das Novas 7 Maravilhas da Natureza pela Fundação [[Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno]]. Em fevereiro de [[2009]], a Amazônia foi classificada em primeiro lugar no Grupo E, a categoria para as florestas, parques nacionais e reservas naturais.<ref>[http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/liveranking/ New 7 Wonders of the Word: Live Ranking]</ref>

== Etimologia ==
O nome Amazônia deriva de "''[[Amazonas (mitologia)|amazonas]]''", mulheres guerreiras da [[Mitologia grega]]. Segundo a [[lenda]], as amazonas pertenciam a uma tribo, comandada por [[Hipólita]], que não aceitava homens: as crianças de sexo masculino eram mortas ao nascer. ''Amazona'' significa ''a=sem'', ''mazôn=centro'' ou ''sem centro'', em [[Língua grega|grego]] {{Carece de fontes}}. Quando [[Francisco de Orellana]] <ref>[http://www.goethe.de/wis/bib/prj/hmb/tro/pt3398484.htm ''As irmãs selvagens de Pentesileia'']</ref> desceu o rio em busca de ouro, descendo os [[Andes]] em [[1541]], deparou-se com as índias [[icamiabas]]. A belicosa vitória das icamiabas contra os invasores espanhóis foi tamanha que o fato foi narrado ao rei [[Carlos V de Habsburgo]], o qual, inspirado nas guerreiras [[hititas]] <ref>[http://www.humanitatis.com/artigos_guerreira_ferida.asp ''Curando a Guerreira Ferida'']</ref> ou ''amazonas'', batizou o rio de Amazonas. Amazonas é o nome dado pelos gregos às mulheres guerreiras. O termo ''Amazônia'', no sentido de região, foi utilizado pela primeira vez em ''"O País das Amazonas"'', do Barão Santa Anna Néri (1899).

== História ==

[[Ficheiro:Paleogene-EoceneGlobal.jpg||esquerda|300px|thumb|A [[Terra]] durante o [[Eoceno]].]]

A floresta provavelmente se formou durante o período [[Eoceno]]. Ela apareceu na sequência de uma redução global das temperaturas tropicais do [[Oceano Atlântico]], quando ele tinha alargado o suficiente para proporcionar um clima quente e úmido para a [[bacia amazônica]]. A [[floresta tropical]] tem existido por pelo menos 55 milhões de anos e a maior parte da região permaneceu livres por [[bioma]]s do tipo [[savana]]s por, pelo menos, até a [[Glaciação quaternária|Era do Gelo Atual]], quando o clima era mais seco e as savanas mais generalizadas.<ref name=morley>{{cite book
| first=Robert J. | last=Morley | year=2000
| title=Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests
| publisher=Wiley | isbn=0471983268
}}</ref><ref name=ptors359>{{cite journal
| last=Burnham | first=Robyn J.
| coauthors=Johnson, Kirk R.
| title=South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests
| journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
| year=2004 | volume=359 | issue=1450
| pmid=15519975
| pmc=1693437
| pages=1595–1610 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1531 }}</ref>

Após o evento da [[Extinção Cretáceo-Paleogeno]], a subsequente extinção dos [[dinossauros]] e o clima mais úmido permitiram que a floresta tropical se espalhasse por todo o continente. Entre 65-34 milhões de anos atrás, a floresta se estendia até o sul do [[Paralelo 45 S]]. Flutuações climáticas durante os últimos 34 milhões anos têm permitido que as regiões de savana se expandam para os [[trópicos]]. Durante o período [[Oligoceno]], por exemplo, a floresta tropical atravessou a faixa relativamente estreita que ficava em sua maioria acima da latitude [[Paralelo 15 N|15 °N]]. Expandiu-se novamente durante o [[Mioceno|Mioceno Médio]] e, em seguida recolheu-se a uma formação na maior parte do interior no [[Último período glacial|último máximo glacial]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Maslin | first=Mark
| coauthors=Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver; Cowling, Sharon
| title=New views on an old forest: assessing the longevity, resilience and future of the Amazon rainforest
| journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
| year=2005 | volume=30 | issue=4 | pages=477–499
| url=http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/ebi/publications/Maslin_2005.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate=September 25, 2008
| doi=10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00181.x }}</ref> No entanto, a floresta ainda conseguiu prosperar durante estes [[Era glacial|períodos glaciais]], permitindo a sobrevivência e a [[evolução]] de uma ampla diversidade de [[espécie]]s.<ref name=yadvinder>{{cite book
| first=Yadvinder | last=Malhi
| coauthors=Phillips, Oliver | year=2005
| title=Tropical Forests & Global Atmospheric Change
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| isbn=0198567065 }}</ref>

Durante Mioceno Médio acredita-se que a [[bacia de drenagem]] da Amazônia foi dividida ao longo do meio do continente pelo [[Arco de Purus]]. A água no lado oriental fluiu para o [[Oceano Atlântico|Atlântico]], enquanto a água à oeste fluiu em direção ao [[Oceano Pacífico|Pacífico]] através da [[Bacia do Amazonas]]. Com o crescimento do [[Cordilheira dos Andes|Andes]], no entanto, uma grande bacia foi criada em um lago fechado, agora conhecida como a [[Rio Solimões|Bacia do Solimões]]. Dentro dos últimos 5-10 milhões de anos, esta acumulação de água rompeu o Arco de Purus, juntando-se em um fluxo único em direção ao leste do Atlântico.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Costa | first=João Batista Sena
| coauthors=Bemerguy, Ruth Léa; Hasui, Yociteru; Borges, Maurício da Silva
| title=Tectonics and paleogeography along the Amazon river
| journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences
| year=2001 | volume=14 | issue=4 | pages=335–347
| doi=10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00025-6
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last=Milani | first=Edison José
| coauthors=Zalán, Pedro Victor
| title=An outline of the geology and petroleum systems of the Paleozoic interior basins of South America
| journal=Episodes | year=1999
| volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=199–205
| url=http://www.episodes.org/backissues/223/199-205%20Milani.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate=September 25, 2008 }}</ref>

Há evidências de que tenha havido mudanças significativas na vegetação da floresta tropical amazônica ao longo dos últimos 21.000 anos através do [[Último período glacial|Último Máximo Glacial]] (UMG) e a subsequente deglaciação. Análises de depósitos de sedimentos de paleolagos da Bacia do Amazonas indicam que a precipitação na bacia durante o UMG foi menor do que a atual e isso foi quase certamente associado com uma cobertura vegetal tropical úmida reduzida na bacia.<ref name="Colinvaux1">Colinvaux, P.A., De Oliveira, P.E. 2000. Palaeoecology and climate of the Amazon basin during the last glacial cycle. Wiley InterScience. ([http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/72508326/ABSTRACT abstract])</ref> Não há debate, no entanto, sobre quão extensa foi essa redução. Alguns cientistas argumentam que a floresta tropical foi reduzida para pequenos e isolados ''[[Refugium (população biológica)|refugia]]'', separados por floresta aberta e pastagens;<ref name="VanDerHammen">Van der Hammen, T., Hooghiemstra, H.. 2002. Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia. Elsevier Science Ltd. ([http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00024-4 abstract])</ref> outros cientistas argumentam que a floresta tropical permaneceu em grande parte intacta, mas muito se estendeu muito menos para o norte, sul e leste do que é visto hoje.<ref name="Colinvaux2">{{cite journal
| last=Colinvaux | first=P. A.
| coauthors=De Oliveira, P. E.; Bush, M. B.
| title=Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: The failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses
| journal=Quaternary Science Reviews
| month=January | year=2000 | volume=19 | issue=1–5
| pages=141–169 | doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00059-1 }}</ref> Este debate tem-se revelado difícil de resolver porque as limitações práticas de trabalho na floresta tropical significam que a amostragem de dados é tendenciosa de acordo com a distância do centro da bacia amazônica e ambas as explicações são razoavelmente bem apoiadas pelos dados disponíveis.

=== Presença humana ===

Com base em evidências arqueológicas de uma escavação em [[Pedra Pintada|Caverna da Pedra Pintada]], habitantes [[humanos]] se estabeleceram na região amazônica, pelo menos, 11.200 anos atrás.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Roosevelt | first=A. C.
| coauthors=da Costa, M. Lima; Machado, C. Lopes;
Michab, M.; Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Feathers, J.;
Barnett, W.; da Silveira, M. Imazio; Henderson, A.;
Sliva, J.; Chernoff, B.; Reese, D. S.; Holman, J. A.;
Toth, N.; Schick, K.;
| title=Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon: The Peopling of the Americas
| journal=Science | date=April 19, 1996 | volume=272
| issue=5260 | pages=373–384
| doi=10.1126/science.272.5260.373 }}</ref> O desenvolvimento posterior levou a assentamentos pré-históricos tardios ao longo da periferia da floresta em 1.250 AD, o que induziu a alterações na cobertura florestal.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Heckenberger | first=Michael J.
| coauthors=Kuikuro, Afukaka; Kuikuro, Urissapá Tabata; Russell, J. Christian; Schmidt, Morgan; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna
| title=Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?
| journal=Science | date=September 19, 2003 | volume=301
| issue=5640 | pages=1710–1714
| doi=10.1126/science.1086112
| pmid=14500979 }}</ref> Os biólogos acreditam que uma [[densidade populacional]] de 0,2 habitantes por [[quilômetro quadrado]] é o máximo que pode ser sustentado na floresta através da [[caça]]. Por isso, a [[agricultura]] é necessária para hospedar uma população maior.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Meggers | first=Betty J.
| title=Revisiting Amazonia Circa 1492
| journal=Science | date=December 19, 2003 | volume=302
| issue=5653 | pages=2067–2070
| doi=10.1126/science.302.5653.2067b
| pmid=14684803 }}</ref> O primeiro [[europeu]] a percorrer o comprimento do [[rio Amazonas]] integralmente foi [[Francisco de Orellana]] em [[1542]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=A|title=Explorers of the Amazon|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1994|isbn=0226763374}}</ref>

O primeiro ser humano no mundo a sobrevoar a selva amazônica, o ''inferno verde'', foi uma mulher brasileira, [[Ada Rogato]]; um voo solitário, sem [[rádio]], [[monomotor]], apenas com uma [[bússola]], em [[1956]] <ref>''Ada, Mulher, pioneira, aviadora''. Lucita Briza</ref><ref>[http://www.engbrasil.eng.br/revista/v112009/historia/har.pdf ''EngBrasil'']</ref><ref>[http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/grandesnomes/adarogato.php Institutot Biológico do Governo de São Paulo]</ref><ref>[http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,nas-nuvens-com-ada-rogato,746685,0.htm ''Estadão'', ''Nas nuvens com Ada Rogato'']</ref><ref>[http://www.adesg.net.br/noticias/a-historia-de-ada-rogato-a-primeira-mulher-a-receber-a-comenda-nacional-de-merito-aeronautico-no-grau-de-cavalheiro-a-comenda-asas-da-forca-aerea-brasileira-e-o-titulo-da-fab-de-piloto-em-honoris-causa ''Adesg'', ''Escola Superior de Guerra'']</ref>.

== Geografia ==
{{sem-fontes}}

[[Ficheiro:Amazon.A2002182.1405.1km.jpg|thumb|250px|Imagem de satélite da floresta Amazônica.]]

A Amazônia é uma das três grandes [[floresta tropical|florestas tropicais]] do [[mundo]] e a maior floresta delas, enquanto perde em tamanho para a [[taiga]] [[Sibéria|siberiana]] que é uma floresta de [[conífera]]s, árvores em forma de cones, os [[pinheiro]]s.

A floresta Amazônica possui a aparência, vista de cima, de uma camada contínua de copas largas, situadas a aproximadamente 30 [[metro]]s acima do [[solo]]. A maior parte de seus cinco milhões de km², ou 42% do território brasileiro, é composta por uma [[floresta]] que nunca se alaga, em uma [[planície]] de 130 a 200 [[metro]]s de altitude, formada por sedimentos do [[lago]] ''Belterra'', que ocupou a [[Bacia do rio Amazonas|bacia Amazônica]] entre 1,8 milhões e 25 mil [[ano]]s atrás. Ao tempo em que os [[Andes]] se erguiam, os rios cavaram seu leito.

=== Clima ===

No [[Pleistoceno]] o [[clima]] da Amazônia alternou-se entre frio-seco, quente-úmido e quente-seco. Na última fase frio-seca, há cerca de 18 ou 12 mil [[ano]]s, o [[clima]] amazônico era semi-árido, e o máximo de umidade ocorreu há sete mil [[ano]]s. Na fase semi-árida predominaram as formações vegetais abertas, como [[cerrado]] e [[caatinga]], com "refúgios" onde sobrevivia a [[floresta]]. Atualmente o [[cerrado]] subsiste em abrigos no interior da [[Floresta|mata]].

Atualmente, o [[clima]] na floresta Amazônica é equatorial, quente e úmido, devido à proximidade à [[Linha do Equador]] (contínua à [[Mata Atlântica]]), com a temperatura variando pouco durante o ano. As chuvas são abundantes, com as médias de precipitação anuais variando de 1 500 mm a 1 700 mm, podendo ultrapassar 3 000 mm na foz do [[rio Amazonas]] e no litoral do [[Amapá]]. O período chuvoso dura seis meses.

=== Solo ===
O [[solo]] amazônico é bastante pobre, contendo apenas uma fina camada de [[nutriente]]s. Contudo, a [[flora]] e [[fauna]] mantêm-se em virtude do estado de equilíbrio ([[clímax]]) atingido pelo [[ecossistema]]. O aproveitamento de recursos é ótimo, havendo o mínimo de perdas. Um claro exemplo está na distribuição acentuada de [[micorrizas]] pelo [[solo]], que garantem às [[Raiz|raízes]] uma absorção rápida dos [[nutriente]]s que escorrem da [[floresta]] com as [[chuva]]s. Também, forma-se no [[solo]] uma camada de decomposição de folhas, galhos e [[Animalia|animais]] mortos, rapidamente convertidos em [[nutriente]]s e aproveitados antes da [[lixiviação]]. Tal conversão dá-se pelo fato de os fungos ali encontrados serem [[saprófita|saprofíticos]].

== Biodiversidade ==
{{Artigo principal|prefixo=Ver também|Biodiversidade no Brasil}}
[[Ficheiro:Ara macao - two at Lowry Park Zoo.jpg|thumb|esquerda|upright|[[Araracanga]], ave natural da [[América]] tropical.]]
[[Ficheiro:Giant Waxy Monkey Frog.jpg|250px|thumb|Desmatamento na Amazônia ameaça a muitas espécies de rãs de árvore, que são muito sensíveis às mudanças ambientais (foto:[[Phyllomedusa bicolor|Sapo Verde]]).]]
Florestas tropicais úmidas são [[bioma]]s muito biodiversos e as florestas tropicais da [[América]] são consistentemente mais biodiversas do que as florestas úmidas da [[África]] e [[Ásia]].<ref name="Turner 2001">Turner, I.M. 2001. ''The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest''. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-80183-4</ref> Como a maior extensão de floresta tropical da América, as florestas tropicais da Amazônia têm inigualável biodiversidade. Um em cada dez espécies conhecidas no mundo vive na Floresta Amazônica.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildplaces/amazon/index.cfm
| title = Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals
| publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]]
| accessdate =May 6, 2008
}}</ref> Esta constitui a maior coleção de plantas vivas e espécies animais no mundo.

A região é o lar de cerca de 2,5 milhão de espécies de [[inseto]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.mongabay.com/brazil/brazil_amazon_index.htm |title=Photos / Pictures of the Amazon Rainforest |publisher=Travel.mongabay.com |accessdate=18 de dezembro de 2008}}</ref> dezenas de milhares de [[planta]]s e cerca de 2.000 [[ave]]s e [[mamífero]]s. Até o momento, pelo menos 40.000 espécies de plantas, 3.000 de [[peixe]]s, 1.294 aves, 427 mamíferos, 428 [[anfíbio]]s e 378 de [[répteis]] foram classificadas cientificamente na região.<ref name = "Da Silva 2005">{{cite journal
| author=Da Silva, Jose Maria Cardoso ''et al.''
| title=The Fate of the Amazonian Areas of Endemism
| journal=Conservation Biology | year=2005
| volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=689–694
| doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x }}</ref> Um em cada cinco de todos os pássaros no mundo vivem nas florestas tropicais da Amazônia. Os cientistas descreveram entre 96.660 e 128.843 espécies de [[invertebrados]] só no [[Brasil]].<ref name = "Lewinsohn 2005">{{cite journal
| last = Lewinsohn
| first = Thomas M.
| coauthors = Paulo Inácio Prado
| year = 2005
| month = June
| title = How Many Species Are There in Brazil?
| journal=Conservation Biology
| volume = 19
| issue = 3
| pages = 619–624
| doi = 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x
}}</ref>

A diversidade de espécies de plantas é a mais alta da [[Terra]], sendo que alguns especialistas estimam que um [[quilômetro quadrado]] amazônico pode conter mais de mil tipos de [[árvore]]s e milhares de espécies de outras plantas superiores. De acordo com um estudo de [[2001]], um quarto de quilômetro quadrado de floresta equatoriana suporta mais de 1.100 espécies de árvores.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Wright | first=S. Joseph
| title=Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence
| journal=Oecologia | date=October 12, 2001
| volume=130 | pages=1–14
| doi=10.1007/s004420100809 }}</ref>

Um quilômetro quadrado de floresta amazônica pode conter cerca de 90.790 toneladas métricas de plantas vivas. A [[biomassa]] da planta média é estimada em 356 ± 47 toneladas ha−1.<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Laurance | first=William F. | coauthors=Fearnside, Philip M.; Laurance, Susan G.; Delamonica, Patricia; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Rankin-de Merona, Judy M.; Chambers, Jeffrey Q.; Gascon, Claude
| title=Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study
| journal=Forest Ecology and Management | date=June 14, 1999
| volume=118 | issue=1–3 | pages=127–138
| doi=10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00494-0 }}</ref> Até o momento, cerca de 438 mil espécies de plantas de interesse econômico e social têm sido registradas na região, com muitas mais ainda a serem descobertas ou catalogadas.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.travelsouth-america.com/amazon.html
| title=Amazon Rainforest
| publisher=South AmericaTravel Guide
| accessdate=19 de agosto de 2008
}}</ref>

A área foliar verde das plantas e árvores na floresta varia em cerca de 25%, como resultado de mudanças sazonais. Essa área expande-se durante a [[estação seca]] quando a [[luz solar]] é máxima, então sofre uma abscisão durante a [[Estação das chuvas|estação úmida]] nublada. Estas mudanças fornecem um balanço de [[carbono]] entre [[fotossíntese]] e [[respiração]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Mynenia, Ranga B. ''et al.'' | title=Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests
| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
| date=March 13, 2007 | volume=104
| pmid=17360360 | issue=12
| pages=4820–4823
| pmc=1820882 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611338104 }}</ref>

A floresta contém várias espécies que podem representar perigo. Entre as maiores criaturas predatórias estão o [[jacaré-açu]], [[onça-pintada]] (ou jaguar), [[suçuarana]] (ou puma) e a [[sucuri]]. No [[rio Amazonas]], [[Poraquê|enguias elétricas]] podem produzir um [[choque elétrico]] que pode atordoar ou matar, enquanto as [[piranha]]s são conhecidas por morder e machucar [[seres humanos]]. Em suas águas também é possível observar um dos maiores peixes de água doce do mundo, o [[Pirarucu]].<ref>{{cite web
| title=Piranha 'less deadly than feared'
| date=July 2, 2007 | publisher=[[BBC News Online]]
| author=Staff | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6259946.stm
| accessdate=2 de julho de 2007 }}</ref> Várias espécies de [[Dendrobatidae|sapos venenosos]] secretam [[toxina]]s [[lipofílica]]s [[alcalóide]]s através de sua [[carne]]. Há também inúmeros [[parasita]]s e [[Vetor (epidemiologia)|vetores de doenças]]. [[Morcego-vampiro|Morcegos-vampiros]] habitam na floresta e podem espalhar o [[vírus]] da [[Raiva (doença)|raiva]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author=da Rosa, Elizabeth S. T. ''et al.''
| title=Bat-transmitted Human Rabies Outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon
| journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases
| year=2006 | month=August | volume=12
| issue=8 | pages=1197–1202
| url=http://origin.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no08/pdfs/05-0929.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate=11 de outubro de 2008
| pmid=16965697 }}</ref> [[Malária]], [[febre amarela]] e [[dengue]] também podem ser contraídas na região amazônica.

A [[fauna]] e [[flora]] amazônicas foram descritas no impressionante ''[[Flora Brasiliensis]]'' (15 volumes), de [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Carl von Martius]], [[naturalista]] [[Áustria|austríaco]] que dedicou boa parte de sua vida à [[pesquisa]] da Amazônia, no [[século XIX]]. Todavia, a diversidade de [[espécies]] e a dificuldade de acesso às copas elevadas tornam ainda desconhecida grande parte das riquezas [[Fauna|faunísticas]].

=== Vegetação ===

[[Ficheiro:Amazonie.jpg|250px|thumb|Paisagem da Amazônia à oeste de [[Manaus]], [[Brasil]].]]

A Amazônia é uma das três grandes [[floresta tropical|florestas tropicais]] do mundo. A ''hileia amazônica'' (como a definiu [[Alexander von Humboldt]]) possui a aparência, vista de cima, de uma camada contínua de copas, situadas a aproximadamente 50 metros do solo.

Existem três tipos de [[floresta]] da Amazônia. As duas últimas formam a Amazônia brasileira: [[florestas montanhosas andinas]], [[florestas de terra firme]] e [[florestas fluviais alagadas]]. A floresta de terra firme, que não difere muito da floresta andina, exceto pela menor densidade, está localizada em planaltos pouco elevados (30-200m) e apresenta um solo extremamente pobre em [[nutrientes]]. Isto forçou uma adaptação das [[raíz]]es das plantas que, através de uma associação simbiótica com alguns tipos de [[fungos]], passaram a decompor rapidamente a [[matéria orgânica]] depositada no solo, a fim de absorver os nutrientes antes deles serem [[lixiviação|lixiviados]]. A floresta fluvial alagada também apresenta algumas adaptações às condições do ambiente, como [[raízes respiratórias]], que possuem poros que permitem a absorção de oxigênio atmosférico. As áreas localizadas em terrenos baixos e sujeitos a inundações periódicas por águas brancas ou turvas, provenientes de rios de regiões ricas em matéria orgânica, são chamadas de [[florestas de várzea]]. E as áreas alagadas por águas escuras, que percorrem terras arenosas e pobres em [[minerais]] e que assumem uma coloração escura devido à matéria orgânica presente, são chamadas de [[Mata de Igapó|florestas de igapó]]. A oscilação do nível das águas pode chegar a até dez metros de altura.

A dificuldade para a entrada de luz pela abundância de copas faz com que a vegetação rasteira seja muito escassa na Amazônia, bem como os [[animalia|animais]] que habitam o [[solo]] e precisam desta vegetação. A maior parte da fauna amazônica é composta de animais que habitam as copas das [[árvore]]s, entre 30 e 50 metros.

A diversidade de espécies, porém, e a dificuldade de acesso às altas copas, faz com que grande parte da fauna ainda está desconhecida. A fauna e flora amazônicas foram descritas no impressionante ''[[Flora Brasiliensis]]'' (40 volumes), de [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Carl von Martius]], naturalista [[Áustria|austríaco]] que dedicou boa parte de sua vida à pesquisa da Amazônia, no [[século XIX]].

== Rio Amazonas ==

[[Ficheiro:Mouths of amazon geocover 1990.png|250px|thumb|[[Imagem de satélite]] do [[rio Amazonas]].]]

{{Artigo principal|[[Rio Amazonas]]}}

O [[rio Amazonas]] é um grande [[rio]] sul-americano que nasce na [[Cordilheira dos Andes]], no lago Lauri ou Lauricocha, no [[Peru]] e desagua no [[Oceano Atlântico]], junto à [[Ilha do Marajó]], no [[Brasil]]. Ao longo de seu percurso ele recebe os nomes ''Tunguragua'', ''[[Apurímac]]'', ''[[Marañón]]'', ''[[Ucayali]]'', Amazonas (a partir da junção do rios Marañon e Ucayali, no [[Peru]]), [[rio Solimões|Solimões]] e novamente Amazonas (a partir da junção do rios Solimões e Negro, no Brasil). Por muito tempo se acreditou ser o Amazonas o rio mais [[caudal]]oso do mundo e o segundo em comprimento,<ref name="Ciência">{{citar web || url=http://cienciaesaude.uol.com.br/ultnot/reuters/2007/06/01/ult4296u177.jhtm || titulo=Amazonas supera o Nilo como rio mais longo, dizem cientistas || acessodata=16 de outubro de 2007 || autor=Jean Luis Arce de Lima || data=1º de junho de 2007 }}</ref> porém pesquisas recentes o apontam também como o rio mais longo do mundo..<ref name="Ciência"/><ref name="">{{citar web || url=http://www.opovo.com.br/opovo/brasil/704392.html || titulo=Amazonas é o rio mais extenso || acessodata=16 de outubro de 2007 || autor=Jornal O POVO|| data=16 de junho de 2007 }}</ref> É o rio com a maior bacia hidrográfica do mundo, ultrapassando os 7 milhões de km², grande parte deles de [[selva tropical]].

A área coberta por água no Rio Amazonas e seus afluentes mais do que triplica durante as estações do ano. Em média, na estação seca, 110 000 km² estão submersas, enquanto que na estação das chuvas essa área chega a ser de 350 000 km². No seu ponto mais largo atinge na época seca 11 km de largura, que se transformam em 45 km na estação das chuvas.
{{limpar}}
== Desmatamento ==
{{Artigo principal|Desmatamento da Floresta Amazônica}}

[[Ficheiro:Fires and Deforestation on the Amazon Frontier, Rondonia, Brazil - August 12, 2007.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Imagem de satélite]] de [[queimada]]s e desmatamento em [[Rondônia]].]]

O [[desmatamento]] é a conversão de áreas florestais para áreas não florestadas. As principais fontes de desmatamento na Amazônia são assentamentos humanos e o [[Agricultura|desenvolvimento da terra]].<ref>{{cite book
| author=Various
| editor=Bierregaard, Richard; Gascon, Claude; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Mesquita, Rita
| title=Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest
| year=2001 | publisher=Yale University Press
| isbn=0300084838 }}</ref> Antes do início dos [[anos 1960]], o acesso ao interior da floresta era muito restrito e a floresta permaneceu basicamente intacta.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite journal
| author=Kirby, Kathryn R.; Laurance, William F.; Albernaz, Ana K.; Schroth, Götz; Fearnside, Philip M.; Bergen, Scott; M. Venticinque, Eduardo; Costa, Carlos da
| title=The future of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
| journal=Futures | year=2006
| volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=432–453
| doi=10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.011 }}</ref> Fazendas estabelecidas durante a década de 1960 eram baseados no cultivo e corte e no [[Queimadas|método de queimar]]. No entanto, os colonos eram incapazes de gerir os seus campos e culturas por causa da perda de [[fertilidade]] do solo e a invasão de [[ervas daninhas]].<ref name=watkins_griffiths>Watkins and Griffiths, J. (2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 15–17</ref> Os solos da Amazônia são produtivos por apenas um curto período de tempo, o que faz com que os agricultores estejam constantemente mudando-se para novas áreas e desmatando mais florestas.<ref name=watkins_griffiths /> Estas práticas agrícolas levaram ao desmatamento e causou extensos danos ambientais..<ref>{{cite book
| first=M. | last=Williams | year=2006
| title=Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis
| publisher=The University of Chicago Press
| edition=Abridged
| location=Chicago, IL | isbn=0226899470 }}</ref> O desmatamento é considerável e áreas desmatadas de floresta são visíveis a olho nu do [[espaço exterior]].

Entre [[1991]] e [[2000]], a área total de floresta perdida na Amazônia subiu de 415.000 para 587.000 quilômetros quadrados, com a maioria da floresta desmatada sendo transformada em pastagens para o [[gado]].<ref name=CIFOR2004>Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)</ref> Setenta por cento das terras anteriormente florestadas da Amazônia e 91% das terras desmatadas desde 1970 é usada para [[pastagem]] de gado.<ref>{{cite book
| author=Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent
| year=2006 | accessdate=August 19, 2008
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
| title=Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options
| publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
| isbn=9251055718 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last=Margulis | first=Sergio | year=2004
| title=Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon
| work=World Bank Working Paper No. 22
| publisher=The World Bank
| location=Washington D.C. | isbn=0821356917
| url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/02/02/000090341_20040202130625/Rendered/PDF/277150PAPER0wbwp0no1022.pdf
|format=PDF| accessdate=September 4, 2008
}}</ref> Além disso, o [[Brasil]] é atualmente o segundo maior produtor mundial de [[soja]] depois dos [[Estados Unidos]]. As necessidades dos agricultores de soja têm sido usadas para validar muitos dos projetos de transporte controversos que estão atualmente em desenvolvimento na Amazônia. As duas primeiras rodovias com sucesso abriram a floresta tropical e levaram ao aumento do desmatamento. A taxa de desmatamento médio anual entre 2000 e 2005 (22.392 km² por ano) foi 18% maior do que nos últimos cinco anos (19.018 km² por ano).<ref>Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. & Salomão, R. 2006. [http://www.imazon.org.br/publicacoes/publicacao.asp?id=357 ''Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests'']. [http://www.imazon.org.br/ Imazon]. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The [http://www.imazon.org.br/ Imazon] web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazonia.)</ref> O desmatamento tem diminuído significativamente na Amazônia brasileira desde [[2004]].<ref>[http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm INPE: Estimativas Anuais desde 1988 até 2009]</ref>

Entretanto, segundo o relatório ''Assessment of the Risk of Amazon Dieback'' feito pelo [[Banco Mundial]], cerca de 75% da floresta pode ser perdido até 2025. Em 2075, podem restar apenas 5% de florestas no leste da Amazônia. O processo é resultado de desmatamento, mudanças climáticas e queimadas.

== Cultura ==
=== Lendas ===
{{Artigo principal|prefixo=Ver também|Folclore brasileiro}}
Diversas são as lendas relacionadas à Amazônia. O [[Eldorado]], uma cidade cujas construções seriam todas feitas de ouro maciço e cujos tesouros existiriam em quantidades inimagináveis, e o lago Parima (supostamente a [[Fonte da juventude]]). Provavelmente estas duas lendas referem-se à existência real do Lago Amaçu, que tinha uma pequena ilha coberta de [[xisto micáceo]], um material que produz forte brilho ao ser iluminado pela luz do [[Sol]] e que produzia a ilusão de riquezas aos europeus.

== {{Ver também}} ==
{{Portal-Br}}
* [[Amazônia Peruana]]
* [[Amazônia Legal|Amazônia Legal (Brasil)]]
* [[Bacia do rio Amazonas]]
* [[Floresta do Congo]]
* [[SIVAM|Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia (SIVAM)]]
* [[Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica]]
* [[Amazônia Revelada|Projeto institucional do CNPq relativo a Amazônia]]
* [[Lista de plantas da vegetação da Amazônia]]
* [[Amazofonia]]
* [[Soldados da Borracha]]

{{Referências|col=2}}

== {{Bibliografia}} ==
* AB`SABER, Aziz. Domínios da natureza no Brasil: potencialidades paisagísticas.
* AMAZÔNIA REVELADA: os descaminhos ao longo da BR-163 (filme). Thieres Mesquita. Brasília, CNPq, 2005. 90 min. son. color.
* TORRES, Maurício (org.) Amazônia revelada: os descaminhos ao longo da BR-163. Brasília: CNPq, 2005. Bibliografia. 496 p., fotografias. ISBN 85-86821-63-2
* UM DIA NA AMAZÔNIA-2006- Gilson Barreto- Literatura Infantil (livro da [[campanha da fraternidade 2007]])

== {{Ligações externas}} ==
{{Correlatos
|commons = Amazon Rainforest
|commonscat = Amazon Rainforest
|wikisource =
|wikiquote = Amazônia
|wikilivros =
|wikinoticias =
|wikcionario =
|wikispecies =
|wikiversidade =
|meta =
}}
* {{Link|pt|http://www.sae.gov.br/atlas/|SAE - Secretaria Assuntos Estratégicos}} Atlas digital “Amazônia – Visão Estratégica”.
* {{Link|pt|http://www.globoamazonia.com.br/|Globo Amazônia}}, portal de notícias diárias da Globo sobre a Amazônia.
* {{Link|pt|http://www.inpa.gov.br|Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)}}, órgão do governo brasileiro encarregado de coordenar as pesquisas na Amazônia
* {{Link|pt|http://www.exercito.gov.br/06OMs/Comandos/CMA/indice.htm|Comando Militar da Amazônia}}, página do Exército Brasileiro
* {{Link|pt|http://www.sivam.gov.br|SIVAM}}, Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia
* {{Link|pt|http://www.sipam.gov.br/|SIPAM}}, Sistema de Proteção da Amazônia
* {{Link|pt|http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/meioamb/ecossist/amazon/|Ministério das Relações Exteriores}}
* {{Link|pt|2=http://www.ibama.gov.br/ecossistemas/amazonia.htm|3=IBAMA: ecossistema Amazônia}}, página do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Não-Renováveis
* {{Link|pt|2=http://www.piatam.ufam.edu.br/|3=PIATAM - Potenciais Impactos e Riscos Ambientais da Indústria do Petróleo e Gás no Amazonas}}
* {{Link|pt|2=http://www.museu-goeldi.br/pesquisa/ideias_debates/07_I&D_TerradoMeio.pdf#search=%22%22terra%20do%20meio%22%20conflito%22|3=Terra do Meio: poder, violência e desenvolvimento}}, relatório publicado pelo Museu Emílio Goeldi
* [http://www010.dataprev.gov.br/sislex/paginas/24/1943/5813.htm Cópia digitalizada do Acordo de Washington]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFD91139F936A25756C0A967958260 New York Times:Manaus Journal,For the Rubber Soldiers of Brazil, Rubber Checks Reportagem do New York Times/1991 em Inglês]
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/13/news/brazil.php International Herald Tribune: Brazil 'rubber soldiers' fight for recognition Reportagem do International Herald Tribune em Inglês]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/world/americas/23brazil.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&oref=s New York Times: Of Rubber and Blood in Brazilian Amazon Reportagem do New York Times/2006 em Inglês]
* [http://hahr.dukejournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/86/2/275 Tapping Masculinity: Labor Recruitment to the Brazilian Amazon during World War II]
* {{Link|pt|2=http://www.estadao.com.br/amazonia/|3=Especial Estadão - Grandes Reportagens: Amazônia}}
* {{Link|pt|http://www.amazonia.org.br|Amazonia.org.br}}, conhecida e vasta base de dados sobre Amazônia, atualizada diariamente. No ar desde 1998 e mantido pela ONG [[Amigos da Terra - Amazônia Brasileira]]
* [http://www.codigoflorestal.com/2010/06/fundamentalismo-ambiental-em-polvorosa.html Artigo - Produtores rurais americanos: "Fazendas aqui, florestas lá."]
* [http://www.vozdomarajo.com Voz do Marajó]

{{Subdivisões da América}}
{{Biomas do Brasil}}
{{Geografia da América do Sul}}

{{Portal3|América do Sul|Brasil|Peru|Colômbia}}

[[Categoria:Amazônia| ]]
[[Categoria:Biomas terrestres]]
[[Categoria:Biomas do Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Ecologia do Brasil]]
[[Categoria:Florestas]]
[[Categoria:Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO no Brasil]]

{{Bom interwiki|sv}}
{{Link FA|lt}}

[[ar:غابات الأمازون]]
[[bat-smg:Amazuonėjė]]
[[bg:Амазонска джунгла]]
[[bn:আমাজন অরণ্য]]
[[bs:Amazonija]]
[[ca:Selva amazònica]]
[[cs:Amazonský prales]]
[[da:Regnskoven i Amazonas]]
[[el:Τροπικό Δάσος του Αμαζονίου]]
[[en:Amazon rainforest]]
[[eo:Amazona Arbaro]]
[[es:Amazonia]]
[[fa:جنگل آمازون]]
[[fi:Amazonin sademetsä]]
[[fr:Forêt amazonienne]]
[[gl:Amazonia]]
[[he:יער האמזונאס]]
[[hi:अमेज़न वर्षावन]]
[[hr:Amazonska prašuma]]
[[id:Hutan Amazon]]
[[it:Amazzonia]]
[[ja:アマゾン熱帯雨林]]
[[kn:ಅಮೆಜಾನ್ ಮಳೆಕಾಡು]]
[[ko:아마존 우림]]
[[lt:Amazonija]]
[[ms:Hutan hujan Amazon]]
[[nl:Amazoneregenwoud]]
[[nn:Regnskogen i Amazonas]]
[[no:Regnskogen i Amazonas]]
[[pl:Amazonia]]
[[pms:Amassònia]]
[[pnb:ایمیزون برساتی جنگل]]
[[qu:Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyu]]
[[ro:Pădurea Amazoniană]]
[[ru:Дождевые леса Амазонии]]
[[simple:Amazon Rainforest]]
[[sk:Amazonský prales]]
[[sr:Амазонија]]
[[sv:Amazonas regnskog]]
[[ta:அமேசான் மழைக்காடு]]
[[tr:Amazon ormanları]]
[[uk:Амазонський дощовий ліс]]
[[vi:Rừng mưa Amazon]]
[[war:Mauran nga kagurangan han Amazon]]
[[zh:亞馬遜雨林]]

Gerichtsorganisation in Griechenland

2012-07-06T04:56:02Z

Millennium bug: +link

{{cleanup|date=February 2008}}
{{Politics of Greece}}

The '''Judicial system of Greece''' is the constitutionally established system of courts.

==Independence of the justice system==
In [[Greece]], [[Constitution of Greece|Constitution]] firmly established the independence of the justice system.

According to section E';{{Quote|{{•}}Only professional and regular judges dispense justice. These judges are professional, permanent and irremovable, enjoying full personal and functional independence. All Greek judges are graduates of the National School of Judges. {{•}}Judges serve only the Constitution and the laws, which are in accordance with it. {{•}}Judges are appointed by a presidential decree and they are dismissed only after a juridical decision. Their promotions are decided by the Supreme Board of Justice of the civil and penal justice and by the Supreme Board of Justice of the administrative justice respectively. The presidents and the vice-presidents of the three Supreme Courts as well as the Prosecuting Attorney of the [[Court of Cassation (Greece)|Court of Cassation]] are chosen by the [[Cabinet of Greece|Cabinet]]. The presidents of the three supreme courts serve for a maximum three-year term.|From Articles 87-100A of the Constitution}}

==The two branches of the Greek judicial system==

According to the Constitution there are three categories of courts: civil courts, penal courts and administrative courts. The supreme court of the civil and penal justice is the Court of Cassation, while the supreme court of the administrative justice is the [[Council of State (Greece)|Council of State]]. Hence, Greek judges belong to one of these two branches. Consequently, an administrative judge is not entitled to judge a penal or civil case, while a civil judge is entitled to judge a civil or penal case but not an administrative one.

===The civil justice===

Civil cases are judged:
* At first instance, by the District Courts or the Courts of First Instance, according to the estimated value of the matter disputed at law.
* At second instance, by the Courts of First Instance or the Courts of Appeal, according to the estimated value of the matter disputed at law.
* By the Court of Cassation, when a ''writ of certiorari'' is filed against a final decision of the Court of Appeal. Court of Cassation's decisions are irrevocable. If the Court of Cassation concludes that a lower court violated the law or the principles of the procedure, then it can order the rehearing of the case by the lower court.
===The penal justice===

Crimes are judged as follows:
* ''Felonies'' are judged, at first instance, by the "mixed" Court of First Instance and, at second instance, by the "mixed" Court of Appeal. In these "mixed" courts participate four jurors and three professional judges (of first instance and of appeal respectively). A constitutional provision allows the exception of certain crimes from the jurisdiction of the "mixed" courts. These crimes are judged, at first instance, by the three-member Court of Appeal and, at second instance, by the five-member Court of Appeals, without the participation of any jurors. For example, the members of the [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]] terrorist group were judged according to this procedure, because felonies of terrorism or organised crime belong to the competence of the Court of Appeal and not to the "mixed" courts.

The Court of Cassation examines ''writs of certiorari'' against the final decisions of the ("mixed" or not) Courts of Appeals and it can order the rehearing of a case by the lower court, if it concludes that the lower court violated the law or the principles of the procedure.
* ''Misdemeanours'' are judged, at first instance, by the Misdemeanours Court and, at second instance, by the Court of Appeal. A writ of certiorari against the final decision of the Court of Appeal is possible.
* ''Infringements'' are judged by the Magistrate's Court.

===The administrative justice===
The judicial control of an administrative act goes either on its merits or not. The administrative acts of the first case are appealed against with the legal remedies of the ''recourse'' or of the ''suit'' and they belong to the jurisdiction of the Administrative Courts (of First Instance and of Appeal), while all the other administrative acts are appealed against with the legal remedy of the ''writ of annulment'' and they belong to the jurisdiction either of the [[Council of State (Greece)|Council of State]] or of the Administrative Court of Appeal. The control of these acts has to do with matters of legality, namely whether they are issued in accordance with the Constitution and the laws. At second and final instance, the Council of State is always competent to judge these acts. The decisions of all the administrative courts may be appealed against with a ''writ a certiorari'', which is judged by the Council of State.

The [[Chamber of Accounts (Greece)| Chamber of Accounts]] is also a supreme administrative court, whose jurisdiction is limited in certain particular areas (e.g., disputes between the state and the civil servants concerning their pensions). Its decisions are irrevocable and out of the control of the Council of State.

==The constitutional control of laws==

According to the Greek judicial system every court is competent to judge the conformity or not of a legal provision with the Constitution. This judicial right constitutes the so-called "diffused" control of constitutionality, which is opposed to the "concentrated" control. The last one exists in most European countries, which have a Supreme Constitutional Court, such as Germany, Spain or even France, which has a [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]]. Since there is no such court in Greece, all courts are deemed competent to decide upon the constitutionality of a legal provision.

===The Supreme Special Court===

The [[Supreme Special Court (Greece)|Supreme Special Court]] is not a "regular" and "permanent" court, namely it sits only when a case belonging to its jurisdiction arises, and its role is:
# to resolve disputes between the Supreme Courts or between the courts and the administration
# to take an irrevocable decision, when contradictory decisions of the Supreme Courts, concerning the true meaning or the constitutionality of a legal provision, are issued
# to judge the pleas against the validity of the result of the legislative elections
Consequently, it is the only court that can declare an unconstitutional legal provision "powerless" (not "null and void") and expel it from the Greek legal system, while the Supreme Courts can only declare it as "inapplicable" for the particular case. The decisions of the Supreme Special Court are binding for all courts, including the Supreme Courts.

===Is a "Supreme Constitutional Court" necessary?===

At the outset of 2006, the prime minister of Greece, [[Kostas Karamanlis]] included within the plans of the scheduled constitutional amendment the foundation of a Supreme Constitutional Court, which will replace the Supreme Special Court. Supporter of the proposition is the [[Minister for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works (Greece)|Minister for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works]] [[Georgios Souflias]]. Just after the prime minister's announcement an ardent debate broke out about the necessity of a Constitutional Court. The government's proposition is ambivalent and, since it hasn't taken its final form, it is not clear yet whether it entails the replacement of the "diffused" [[constitutional control]] with a more "concentrated" one or whether the Supreme Constitutional Court shall have a jurisdiction similar to this of the existing Supreme Special Court, consisting in the resolution of contradictions and disputes between the three Supreme Courts.

===The EU Law and the Constitution===
The [[Court of Justice of the European Communities]] considers the law of the [[EU]] superior to the national laws, including the national constitutions. This, however, applies where the [[European Council]] have expressly legislated in particular areas; this being where treaty provisions provide for secondary legislation in furtherance of the former . The Greek courts and, especially, the Council of State have avoided expressing themselves about the superiority of the Constitution or the EU law.

In 2001, a new provision was added to the Constitution, according to which the owners of private mass media are not allowed to participate in public procurements. Both big parties, [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] (ND) and [[Panhellenic Socialist Movement]] (PASOK), agreed to this provision, aiming, according to those who proposed it, at promoting transparency. In 2005, the [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]] passed a law, materialising the constitutional provision. The [[European Commission]] reacted immediately and warned that this legal provision violates the EU law of competition. The Greek government answered that the law materialises the respective constitutional provision, which is superior to the EU law. An ardent supporter of this opinion was the professor of law and [[Minister for the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation (Greece)|Minister for the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation]] [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]]. Nevertheless, the government receded and amended the law according to the [[European Commission]]'s instructions, when the [[European Commission]] threatened to cut Community funds destined for Greece.

===The Constitutional control and the Council of State===

After the constitutional amendment of 2001, Supreme Courts can decide on the constitutionality of a legal provision only in Plenary Session. This amendment deprived the Chambers of the Council of State of their competence to judge the constitutionality of a legal provision. Now, the Chambers are obliged to submit the case to the Plenary Session of the ''Council''.

Nonetheless, a Chamber of the ''Council'' with the Decision 372/2005 on a case including a problem of constitutionality, instead of submitting the case to the Plenary Session, it kept it and applied the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], annulling the administrative act. With this "trick" the Chamber of the Council reinforced its competence without violating the Constitution and avoided a time-consuming for the litigant procedure.

According to the Constitution, the legal force of the international conventions is superior to the national laws but inferior to the Constitution.

==External links==

*[http://www.ministryofjustice.gr Greek Ministry of Justice]
*[http://www.esdi.gr/english.html National School of Judges]

{{Greece topics}}
{{Judiciaries of Europe}}

[[Category:Judicial system of Greece]]

[[ru:Судебная система Греции]]
[[uk:Судова система Греції]]