Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)

2019-01-09T17:59:53Z

Mikeatnip: Correct number of congregations, according to official website

Die '''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)''' ([[englische Sprache|engl.]] ''Church of God (Restoration)'') ist eine [[Freikirche]], die 1988 von [[Daniel Layne]] gegründet wurde. Sie sieht sich als eine anti-sektiererische Bewegung, die ihre Wurzeln in der [[Heiligungsbewegung]] und in der von [[Daniel Sidney Warner]] Ende des [[19. Jahrhundert]]s angeführten ''Abendlicht-Reformationsbewegung'' hat. Die ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' hat in [[Deutschland]], [[Österreich]], den [[USA]], [[Kanada]], [[Mexiko]], [[Kenia]] und den [[Philippinen]] etwa 25 Ortsgemeinden. Die Mitgliederzahl der Kirche ist nicht bekannt.

== Geschichte ==

Die ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' steht in einer sehr langen Tradition radikaler protestantischer nichtsektiererischer Bewegungen. Sie ist eine Kirche innerhalb der [[Heiligungsbewegung]], die im [[19. Jahrhundert]] in den USA aus dem dortigen [[Methodistische und Wesleyanische Kirchen|Methodismus]] erwachsen ist, der wesentlich auf den englischen Kirchenreformer und [[Erweckungsbewegung|Erweckungsprediger]] [[John Wesley (Prediger)|John Wesley]] zurückgeht. Die Heiligungsbewegung legt besonderen Wert auf eine heilige Lebensführung. Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts sind jedoch die Besonderheiten der Heiligungsbewegung in den meisten Kirchen der Bewegung erodiert, wohingegen die ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' diese erhalten bzw. wiederhergestellt hat.

In den Methodismus sind vor allem über John Wesley Einflüsse des deutschen [[Pietismus]] und über die [[Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine]] auch der [[Böhmische Brüder|Mährischen Brüder]] eingeflossen. Konkret geht die Tradition der ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' auf die [[Freikirchlicher Bund der Gemeinde Gottes|Gemeinde Gottes (Anderson)]] bzw. deren konservative Abspaltung Gemeinde Gottes (Guthrie) zurück. Die Gemeinde Gottes (Anderson) wurde 1881 von Daniel Sidney Warner gegründet, der aus einer Kirche in der Tradition von John Winebrenner kam. Winebrenners Kirche hatte ihre Wurzeln in der [[Reformierte Kirchen |reformatorischer Tradition]] von [[Ulrich Zwingli]] und [[Johannes Calvin]], dazu kamen Einflüsse der pietistisch-täuferischen [[Schwarzenauer Brüder]].

Die heutigen ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' entstand in den 1980er Jahren unter der Leitung von Daniel (Danny) Layne († 2011) als Abspaltung von der Gemeinde Gottes (Anderson). Viele europäischstämmige Mitglieder der ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' haben einen [[Täufer|täuferischen]], das heißt [[Russlandmennoniten|russlandmennonitischen]], [[amischen]] oder süddeutsch-schweizerischen [[Mennoniten|mennonitischen]] Hintergrund oder kommen von den [[Old German Baptist Brethren]] (≈einer Strömung der täuferisch-pietistischen Schwarzenau Brethren, nicht zu verwechseln mit den Baptisten).

== Lehre ==

Die Gruppe glaubt an die Wiederherstellung der göttlichen Gemeinde in ihren ursprünglichen Stand, wie er in der [[Bibel]] beschrieben wird, und stützt sich dabei insbesondere auf die [[Offenbarung des Johannes]]. Sie lehrt, Gottes Wille fordere eine letzte Vereinigung seiner Kinder auf Erden, bevor [[Jesus Christus]] zum [[Jüngstes Gericht|Jüngsten Gericht]] komme, um seine Kirche zu holen. In eigenen Worten klingt das folgendermaßen:

{{Zitat|Nach vielen Jahren des Abfalls und der Kompromisse, stellt Gott in dieser Endzeit seine Gemeinde wieder her. Dies ist eine göttliche Bewegung des Heiligen Geistes, von Gott beschlossen und im Buch der Offenbarung und anderen Schriftstellen hervorgesagt. Gott ruft wiederum alle seine wahren Kinder aus jeder Sekte und Trennung heraus, zurück zu der einen Herde, die teure Gemeinde Gottes. Die Herrlichkeit Gottes wohnt in unser Mitte, Einheit herrscht untereinander und Jung und Alt finden Hilfe für ihre Seelen. Die Braut macht sich jetzt für das baldige Wiederkommen des Herrn und Heilands bereit.|Die Gemeinde Gottes: Über uns [http://diegemeindegottes.com/ueber-uns/]}}

Die Lehre ähnelt der der ursprünglichen [[Gemeinde Gottes (Anderson)]] (in Deutschland heute ''Freikirchlicher Bund der Gemeinde Gottes''), jedoch legt die ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' größeren Wert auf [[Heiligung]] und Trennung von der Welt. Eine formelle Mitgliedschaft gibt es nicht, denn laut ihrer [[Dogma|Lehre]] ist jeder wahre Christ ein Mitglied der Gemeinde Gottes.

== Praxis ==

Die ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)'' praktiziert einen Kleidungsstil, der in der nordamerikanischen Heiligungsbewegung vor allem zwischen 1850 und 1950 sehr verbreitet war. Die Männertracht ähnelt dabei sehr dem Kleidungsstil nordamerikanischer Mennoniten süddeutsch-schweizerischer Herkunft ([[Altmennoniten]]), die Frauentracht der eher eigenständigen Tradition der Heiligungsbewegung. Männer tragen typischerweise weiße oder hellblaue Hemden ohne Kravatte und schwarze kragenlose Anzüge, dazu manchmal breitkrempige Hüte. Von den meisten Männern werden kurzgeschnittene Vollbärte getragen, teilweise auch ohne Oberlippenbart. Frauen tragen lange schwarze, dunkelblaue oder graue Röcke und ein gleichfarbiges westenähnliches Oberteil, darunter eine weiße oder hellblaue Bluse. Das lange Haar der Frauen ist nach hinten in einem Knoten zusammengefasst, der nicht mit einer Haube oder Ähnlichem bedeckt ist. Beide Geschlechter tragen stets lange Ärmel.

Der Gesang der Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung) ist sowohl im Gottesdienst als auch bei öffentlichem Singen auf Straßen und Plätzen [[a cappella]] [[vierstimmiger Satz|vierstimmig]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dG1DCSToESQ The Gospel Trumpet] bei [[YouTube]]</ref> In Übereinstimmung mit vielen nordamerikanischen christlichen Gemeinden wird [[Abstinenzbewegung|Alkohol-Abstinenz]] praktiziert.

Die Kinder der Mitgliedsfamilien erhalten entweder Unterricht in eigenen Schulen oder [[Hausunterricht]]. In Deutschland hat die staatlich angeordnete Schließung der Gemeindeschule in Stein am Kocher im Jahre 2009 zu einer Abwanderung der schulpflichtigen Kinder mit ihren Müttern oder der ganzen Familie nach Vorarlberg in Österreich geführt, wo Hausunterricht erlaubt ist.<ref>[http://www.stimme.de/heilbronn/nachrichten/region/Gemeinde-Gottes-scheitert-mit-Privatschul-Antrag;art16305,1763960 Heilbronner Stimme: ''Gemeinde Gottes scheitert mit Privatschul-Antrag''] vom 11. Februar 2010.</ref> In einem ähnlich gelagerten Fall bei der Religionsgemeinschaft [[Zwölf Stämme]] in Bayern wurde jedoch ein Kompromiss erzielt, so dass die dortige Schule nicht geschlossen wurden musste.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/schule/schulverweigerer-kinder-der-gemeinde-gottes-muessen-zur-schule-a-664272.html Der Spiegel: ''Kinder der "Gemeinde Gottes" müssen zur Schule''] vom 30. November 2009.</ref>

== Publikationen ==

Die Zeitschrift der Kirche trägt den Titel ''Evangeliums Posaune'' und erscheint jeden zweiten Monat. Zurzeit wird die ''Evangeliums Posaune'' in 58 Ländern in den Sprachen Deutsch, Englisch und Russisch kostenfrei verbreitet. Sie ist nicht mit der gleichnamigen Zeitschrift der ''Church of God (Anderson)'' verknüpft, nutzt aber deren historische Ausgaben als Vorlage.

== Kritik ==

In [[Deutschland]] betrieb die Kirche über den Verein ''Die Evangeliums Posaune e.V.'' in [[Neuenstadt am Kocher|Neuenstadt]]-[[Stein am Kocher|Stein]] eine eigene [[Privatschule]], die jedoch wegen fehlender Lehrgenehmigung von Seiten der staatlichen Behörden im Juli 2009 geschlossen wurde. Im gleichen Jahr nahm die Staatsanwaltschaft Heilbronn Ermittlungen wegen des Verdachts der gefährlichen [[Körperverletzung (Deutschland)|Körperverletzung]] auf. Schüler sollen mit Stöcken und Lederriemen misshandelt worden sein. Die Ermittlungen wurden später eingestellt.<ref>{{ Webarchiv | url=http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/stz/page/2271942_0_9223_-verstoss-gegen-schulpflicht-gemeinde-gottes-muss-zahlen.html | wayback=20091113174725 | text=Verstoß gegen Schulpflicht "Gemeinde Gottes" muss zahlen}}, Stuttgarter Zeitung vom 10. November 2009</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle| url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article4479237/Schlaege-mit-Stoecken-in-illegaler-Religionsschule.html |titel= Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelt: Schläge mit Stöcken in illegaler Religionsschule|hrsg= Die Welt| zugriff=2010-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur|Autor=Gertrud Schubert|Titel=Schulbetrieb untersagt|Sammelwerk=[[Heilbronner Stimme]]|Jahr=2009|Monat=Juli|Tag=25|Online=[http://www.stimme.de/art16305,1606006 bei stimme.de]|Zugriff=2010-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur|Autor=Carsten Friese|Titel=Schwere Vorwürfe gegen Gemeinde Gottes|Sammelwerk=Heilbronner Stimme|Jahr=2009|Monat=September|Tag=3|Online=[http://www.stimme.de/art16305,1635478 bei stimme.de]|Zugriff=2010-05-11}}</ref>

== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.diegemeindegottes.com/ Die Gemeinde Gottes], eigene deutschsprachige Webseite der ''Gemeinde Gottes (Wiederherstellung)''.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

[[Kategorie:Freikirche]]

Plain People

2014-12-06T14:08:03Z

Mikeatnip: reverting unsourced edits by anonymous editor. Please provide verifiable sources for changes, or at least open a discussion on the talk page. Thanks!

[[Image:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An Amish family.]]

'''Plain people''' are Christian groups characterized by [[Doctrine of separation|separation from the world]] and [[simple living]], including [[plain dress]]. Most Plain people have an [[Anabaptist]] background with the exception of the Old German Baptist Brethren and Old Order River Brethren. All but the Old Order River Brethren are of [[German people|German]], [[Swiss people|Swiss German]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] ancestry.

==Plain groups==
Notable Plain groups are:
*[[Old Order Amish]]
*[[New Order Amish]]
*[[Beachy Amish Mennonite]]s
*[[Old Order Mennonite]]s
*[[Conservative Mennonites]]
*[[Conservative Mennonite Conference]]
*[[Reformed Mennonite]]s
*[[Orthodox Mennonites (Canada)|Orthodox Mennonites]]
*[[Old Colony Mennonite]]s
*[[Hutterites]]<ref>{{cite book|last = Hostetler| first = John| title = Hutterite Society| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1997| isbn =0-8018-5639-6| page =105}}</ref>
*[[Old German Baptist Brethren]]
*[[Old Order River Brethren]]

A small number of [[Quaker]]s still practice plain dress.<ref>{{cite book|last = Savage| first = Scott| title = A Plain Life: Walking My Belief| publisher = Ballantine Books| year = 2000| isbn =0-345-43803-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Cooper| first = Wilmer| title = Growing Up Plain Among Conservative Wilburite Quakers: The Journey of a Public Friend | publisher = Friends United Press| year = 1999| isbn =0-944350-44-5}}</ref><ref>[http://quakerjane.com/ Quaker Jane website]</ref> The [[Shakers]] also dressed Plain, but today there are almost no Shakers left.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Shaker Manifesto | publisher = N. A. Briggs, Publisher|year = 1878}}</ref>
==Plain Customs==
Customs of plain people include:
* Plain clothes, usually in solid, normally dark colors.
* Plain church buildings, or no church buildings whatsoever.
* A utilitarian view of technology, similar to the [[precautionary principle]] of technology in that unknowns should be avoided, but the emphasis was on the results in the eyes of God. If they were unsure of how God would look upon a technology, the leaders of the church would determine whether it was to be avoided or not.<ref>{{cite book|last = Zimmerman| first = Diane| title = Holding the Line: The Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2000| isbn =0-8018-6375-9}}</ref> The degree to which this principle was supported varied among the congregations, but in general, the Amish people believed that the Mennonites had not done enough to separate themselves from the rest of the [[World (theology)|world]].

==Origins==
The [[Mennonite]] movement was a reform movement of [[Anabaptist]] origins begun by [[Swiss Brethren]] and soon thereafter finding greater cohesion based on the teachings of [[Menno Simons]] 1496–1561, and the 1632 [[Dordrecht Confession of Faith]]. The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of [[Jacob Ammann]], who perceived a lack of discipline within the Mennonites movement by those trying to avoid prosecution. Ammann argued that {{bibleverse||Romans|12:2|131}} prohibited that.

[[William Penn]], having experienced [[religious persecution]] as a [[Quaker]], offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Jacob Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], in 1736. Many of them settled near [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], which offered some of the most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased.

==Religious practices==
Plain groups typically have a [[Bishop]] presiding over one congregation ([[Amish]]) or over a district (group of congregations) ([[Old Order Mennonites]]). Mennonites mostly meet in church buildings, but most Amish meet in members' homes. Services among Amish and Plain Mennonites are mostly held in [[Pennsylvania German]], a language closely related to [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]], with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While the Bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts.

Most Plain groups have an [[Ordnung]] that among other things regulates clothing. The [[Ordnung]] is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The Ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation, though is in essence the same. Violations are not considered sins, although wilfulness is considered to be a serious violation of the faith. The congregation can change the Ordnung if there is am majority to do so. Exemptions to the Ordnung can be provided. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern [[tractor]] since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses.

==Trends==
[[Image:Femmes-Amish.jpg|thumb|300px|Amish women at the beach, [[Chincoteague, Virginia]].]]
The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They prohibit the use of [[contraception]] and have low [[infant mortality]] rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A4574ME.html|author=Meyers, Thomas J.|title=Amish|publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|year=1990|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> {{dubious|date=August 2012}} Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth.

Despite this, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], which includes Amish, Old Order Mennonite, and Conservative Mennonites are expected to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the English population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain sect communities in 47 states.

Among people at least five years old living in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] in 2000,
*89% spoke English at home;
*7% spoke Pennsylvania Dutch;
*4% spoke Spanish.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2000/C2SS/Narrative/050/np05000us42071.inc United States Censues, 2000, Population and Housing Profile: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]</ref>

Most plain sects do not admit children to their church, and impose no sanctions on those who do not join, but [[Shunning|shun]] those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of ''[[rumspringa]]'', often with certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated.

==Health==
The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] generally do not [[proselytize]] and discourage intermarriage. Because of close [[consanguinity]], certain genetic problems occur more frequently. [[D. Holmes Morton|Dr. D. Holmes Morton]] has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems.<ref>Kate Ruder, [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php Genomics in Amish Country] Genome News Network, July 23 2004</ref>

The plain sects typically prohibit insurance, and they assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf Internal Revenue Service Form 4029; Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits]</ref> allows one to claim exemption to [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] taxes under certain very restrictive conditions, and members of the plain groups neither pay these taxes nor receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from social security.

==See also==
* [[Christian headcovering]]
* [[Fancy Dutch]]
* [[Haredi Judaism]]
* [[Peace Churches]]
* [[Testimony of Simplicity]]
* [[Tolstoyan movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donald B. Kraybill, Carl Desportes Bowman. ''On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren''. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7089-5.
* [[Donald Kraybill]], ''Puzzles of Amish Life''. ISBN 1-56148-001-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''Why Do They Dress That Way?''. ISBN 1-56148-240-4.
* Amelia M. Gummere, ''Quaker: A Study in Costume''. ISBN 0-405-08585-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups''. ISBN 1-56148-101-7.
* Margaret C. Reynolds, ''Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren''. ISBN 0-271-02138-1.
* Charles D. Thompson Jr., ''The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge''. ISBN 0-252-07343-6.

==External links==
* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/P59ME.html/?searchterm=plain%20people GAMEO: Plain People]

{{Simple living}}
[[Category:Anabaptism]]
[[Category:Protestant religious clothing]]
[[Category:Protestantism in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania German culture]]
[[Category:Simple living]]

Plain People

2012-10-08T13:08:12Z

Mikeatnip: space

[[Image:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An Amish family.]]

'''Plain people''' are Christian groups characterized by [[Doctrine of separation|separation from the world]] and [[simple living]], including [[plain dress]]. These include [[Amish]]; [[Old Order Mennonite|Old Order]], [[Conservative Mennonite Conference|Conservative]], [[Conservative Mennonites]], and [[Chortitza|Old Colony Mennonite]]s; [[Old German Baptist Brethren]]; the [[Hutterites]];<ref>{{cite book|last = Hostetler| first = John| title = Hutterite Society| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1997| isbn =0-8018-5639-6| page =105}}</ref> and [[Old Order River Brethren]]; and at one time [[Quakers]], the [[Brethren in Christ]] (BIC),<ref>{{cite book|last = Wittlinger| first = Carlton| title = Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ| publisher = Evangel Press| year = 1978| isbn =0-916035-05-0 | page =347}}</ref> and [[Shakers]],<ref>{{cite book|title = The Shaker Manifesto | publisher = N. A. Briggs, Publisher|year = 1878}}</ref> [[Church of the Brethren|Dunkards]]. A small number of Quakers still practice plain dress.<ref>{{cite book|last = Savage| first = Scott| title = A Plain Life: Walking My Belief| publisher = Ballantine Books| year = 2000| isbn =0-345-43803-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Cooper| first = Wilmer| title = Growing Up Plain Among Conservative Wilburite Quakers: The Journey of a Public Friend | publisher = Friends United Press| year = 1999| isbn =0-944350-44-5}}</ref><ref>[http://quakerjane.com/ Quaker Jane website]</ref> Plain Catholics, in communion with and faithful to the Roman Catholic Church,
also live plain lives,including plain dress.

Customs of plain people include:
* Plain clothes, usually in solid, normally dark colors.
* Plain church buildings, or no church buildings whatsoever.
* A utilitarian view of technology, similar to the [[precautionary principle]] of technology in that unknowns should be avoided, but the emphasis was on the results in the eyes of God. If they were unsure of how God would look upon a technology, the leaders of the church would determine whether it was to be avoided or not.<ref>{{cite book|last = Zimmerman| first = Diane| title = Holding the Line: The Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2000| isbn =0-8018-6375-9}}</ref> The degree to which this principle was supported varied among the congregations, but in general, the Amish people believed that the Mennonites had not done enough to separate themselves from the rest of the [[World (theology)|world]].

==Origins==
The [[Mennonite]] movement was a reform movement of [[Anabaptist]] origins begun by [[Swiss Brethren]] and soon thereafter finding greater cohesion based on the teachings of [[Menno Simons]] 1496–1561, and the 1632 [[Dordrecht Confession of Faith]]. The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of [[Jacob Ammann]], who perceived a lack of discipline within the Mennonites movement by those trying to avoid prosecution. Ammann argued that {{bibleverse||Romans|12:2|131}} prohibited that.

[[William Penn]], having experienced [[religious persecution]] as a [[Quaker]], offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Jacob Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], in 1736. Many of them settled near [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], which offered some of the most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased.

==Religious practices==
Plain sects typically have a [[Bishop]] presiding over one congregation ([[Amish]]) or over a district (group of congregations) ([[Old Order Mennonites]]). Some meet in church buildings, but most sects meet in members' homes. Services are normally held in a language closely related to [[Palatinate German]], with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While the Bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts.

Nowhere is the Bishop more influential than in decisions concerning the [[Ordnung]]. The Ordnung is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The Ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation, though is in essence the same. Violations are not considered sins, although wilfulness is considered to be a serious violation of the faith. The Bishop leads the congregation in changing their Ordnung over time. The Bishop may also grant exemptions to the Ordnung. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern [[tractor]] since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses.

==Trends==
[[Image:Femmes-Amish.jpg|thumb|300px|Amish women at the beach, [[Chincoteague, Virginia]].]]
The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They prohibit the use of [[contraception]] and have low [[infant mortality]] rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A4574ME.html|author=Meyers, Thomas J.|title=Amish|publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|year=1990|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> {{dubious|date=August 2012}} Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth.

Despite this, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], which includes Amish, Old Order Mennonite, and Conservative Mennonites are expected to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the English population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain sect communities in 47 states.

Among people at least five years old living in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] in 2000,
*89% spoke English at home;
*7% spoke Pennsylvania Dutch;
*4% spoke Spanish.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2000/C2SS/Narrative/050/np05000us42071.inc United States Censues, 2000, Population and Housing Profile: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]</ref>

Most plain sects do not admit children to their church, and impose no sanctions on those who do not join, but [[Shunning|shun]] those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of ''[[rumspringa]]'', often with certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated.

==Health==
The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] generally do not [[proselytize]] and discourage intermarriage. Because of close [[consanguinity]], certain genetic problems occur more frequently. [[D. Holmes Morton|Dr. D. Holmes Morton]] has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems.<ref>Kate Ruder, [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php Genomics in Amish Country] Genome News Network, July 23 2004</ref>

The plain sects typically prohibit insurance, and they assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf Internal Revenue Service Form 4029; Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits]</ref> allows one to claim exemption to [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] taxes under certain very restrictive conditions, and members of the plain sects neither pay the taxes nor receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from social security.

==See also==
* [[Christian headcovering]]
* [[Fancy Dutch]]
* [[Old Order Mennonites]]
* [[Conservative Mennonites]]
* [[Peace Churches]]
* [[Testimony of Simplicity]]
* [[Tolstoyan movement]]
*[[Haredi Judaism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donald B. Kraybill, Carl Desportes Bowman. ''On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren''. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7089-5.
* [[Donald Kraybill]], ''Puzzles of Amish Life''. ISBN 1-56148-001-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''Why Do They Dress That Way?''. ISBN 1-56148-240-4.
* Amelia M. Gummere, ''Quaker: A Study in Costume''. ISBN 0-405-08585-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups''. ISBN 1-56148-101-7.
* Margaret C. Reynolds, ''Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren''. ISBN 0-271-02138-1.
* Charles D. Thompson Jr., ''The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge''. ISBN 0-252-07343-6.

==External links==
* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/P59ME.html/?searchterm=plain%20people GAMEO: Plain People]

{{Simple living}}
[[Category:Anabaptism]]
[[Category:Protestant religious clothing]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania German culture]]
[[Category:Simple living]]

[[ru:Скромные люди]]
[[uk:Скромні люди]]

Plain People

2012-10-08T13:07:33Z

Mikeatnip: grammar

[[Image:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An Amish family.]]

'''Plain people''' are Christian groups characterized by [[Doctrine of separation|separation from the world]] and [[simple living]], including [[plain dress]]. These include [[Amish]]; [[Old Order Mennonite|Old Order]], [[Conservative Mennonite Conference|Conservative]], [[Conservative Mennonites]], and [[Chortitza|Old Colony Mennonite]]s; [[Old German Baptist Brethren]]; the [[Hutterites]];<ref>{{cite book|last = Hostetler| first = John| title = Hutterite Society| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1997| isbn =0-8018-5639-6| page =105}}</ref> and [[Old Order River Brethren]]; and at one time [[Quakers]], the [[Brethren in Christ]] (BIC),<ref>{{cite book|last = Wittlinger| first = Carlton| title = Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ| publisher = Evangel Press| year = 1978| isbn =0-916035-05-0 | page =347}}</ref> and [[Shakers]],<ref>{{cite book|title = The Shaker Manifesto | publisher = N. A. Briggs, Publisher|year = 1878}}</ref> [[Church of the Brethren|Dunkards]]. A small number of Quakers still practice plain dress.<ref>{{cite book|last = Savage| first = Scott| title = A Plain Life: Walking My Belief| publisher = Ballantine Books| year = 2000| isbn =0-345-43803-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Cooper| first = Wilmer| title = Growing Up Plain Among Conservative Wilburite Quakers: The Journey of a Public Friend | publisher = Friends United Press| year = 1999| isbn =0-944350-44-5}}</ref><ref>[http://quakerjane.com/ Quaker Jane website]</ref>Plain Catholics, in communion with and faithful to the Roman Catholic Church,
also live plain lives,including plain dress.

Customs of plain people include:
* Plain clothes, usually in solid, normally dark colors.
* Plain church buildings, or no church buildings whatsoever.
* A utilitarian view of technology, similar to the [[precautionary principle]] of technology in that unknowns should be avoided, but the emphasis was on the results in the eyes of God. If they were unsure of how God would look upon a technology, the leaders of the church would determine whether it was to be avoided or not.<ref>{{cite book|last = Zimmerman| first = Diane| title = Holding the Line: The Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2000| isbn =0-8018-6375-9}}</ref> The degree to which this principle was supported varied among the congregations, but in general, the Amish people believed that the Mennonites had not done enough to separate themselves from the rest of the [[World (theology)|world]].

==Origins==
The [[Mennonite]] movement was a reform movement of [[Anabaptist]] origins begun by [[Swiss Brethren]] and soon thereafter finding greater cohesion based on the teachings of [[Menno Simons]] 1496–1561, and the 1632 [[Dordrecht Confession of Faith]]. The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of [[Jacob Ammann]], who perceived a lack of discipline within the Mennonites movement by those trying to avoid prosecution. Ammann argued that {{bibleverse||Romans|12:2|131}} prohibited that.

[[William Penn]], having experienced [[religious persecution]] as a [[Quaker]], offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Jacob Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], in 1736. Many of them settled near [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], which offered some of the most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased.

==Religious practices==
Plain sects typically have a [[Bishop]] presiding over one congregation ([[Amish]]) or over a district (group of congregations) ([[Old Order Mennonites]]). Some meet in church buildings, but most sects meet in members' homes. Services are normally held in a language closely related to [[Palatinate German]], with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While the Bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts.

Nowhere is the Bishop more influential than in decisions concerning the [[Ordnung]]. The Ordnung is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The Ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation, though is in essence the same. Violations are not considered sins, although wilfulness is considered to be a serious violation of the faith. The Bishop leads the congregation in changing their Ordnung over time. The Bishop may also grant exemptions to the Ordnung. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern [[tractor]] since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses.

==Trends==
[[Image:Femmes-Amish.jpg|thumb|300px|Amish women at the beach, [[Chincoteague, Virginia]].]]
The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They prohibit the use of [[contraception]] and have low [[infant mortality]] rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A4574ME.html|author=Meyers, Thomas J.|title=Amish|publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|year=1990|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> {{dubious|date=August 2012}} Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth.

Despite this, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], which includes Amish, Old Order Mennonite, and Conservative Mennonites are expected to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the English population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain sect communities in 47 states.

Among people at least five years old living in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] in 2000,
*89% spoke English at home;
*7% spoke Pennsylvania Dutch;
*4% spoke Spanish.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2000/C2SS/Narrative/050/np05000us42071.inc United States Censues, 2000, Population and Housing Profile: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]</ref>

Most plain sects do not admit children to their church, and impose no sanctions on those who do not join, but [[Shunning|shun]] those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of ''[[rumspringa]]'', often with certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated.

==Health==
The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] generally do not [[proselytize]] and discourage intermarriage. Because of close [[consanguinity]], certain genetic problems occur more frequently. [[D. Holmes Morton|Dr. D. Holmes Morton]] has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems.<ref>Kate Ruder, [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php Genomics in Amish Country] Genome News Network, July 23 2004</ref>

The plain sects typically prohibit insurance, and they assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf Internal Revenue Service Form 4029; Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits]</ref> allows one to claim exemption to [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] taxes under certain very restrictive conditions, and members of the plain sects neither pay the taxes nor receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from social security.

==See also==
* [[Christian headcovering]]
* [[Fancy Dutch]]
* [[Old Order Mennonites]]
* [[Conservative Mennonites]]
* [[Peace Churches]]
* [[Testimony of Simplicity]]
* [[Tolstoyan movement]]
*[[Haredi Judaism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donald B. Kraybill, Carl Desportes Bowman. ''On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren''. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7089-5.
* [[Donald Kraybill]], ''Puzzles of Amish Life''. ISBN 1-56148-001-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''Why Do They Dress That Way?''. ISBN 1-56148-240-4.
* Amelia M. Gummere, ''Quaker: A Study in Costume''. ISBN 0-405-08585-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups''. ISBN 1-56148-101-7.
* Margaret C. Reynolds, ''Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren''. ISBN 0-271-02138-1.
* Charles D. Thompson Jr., ''The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge''. ISBN 0-252-07343-6.

==External links==
* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/P59ME.html/?searchterm=plain%20people GAMEO: Plain People]

{{Simple living}}
[[Category:Anabaptism]]
[[Category:Protestant religious clothing]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania German culture]]
[[Category:Simple living]]

[[ru:Скромные люди]]
[[uk:Скромні люди]]

Plain People

2012-09-07T21:12:53Z

Mikeatnip: Undid revision 511278680 by 169.153.203.32 (talk)rv vandalism

[[Image:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An Amish family.]]

'''Plain people''' are Christian groups characterized by [[Doctrine of separation|separation from the world]] and [[simple living]], including [[plain dress]]. These include [[Amish]]; [[Old Order Mennonite|Old Order]], [[Conservative Mennonite Conference|Conservative]], [[Conservative Mennonites]], and [[Chortitza|Old Colony Mennonite]]s; [[Old German Baptist Brethren]]; the [[Hutterites]];<ref>{{cite book|last = Hostetler| first = John| title = Hutterite Society| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1997| isbn =0-8018-5639-6| page =105}}</ref> and [[Old Order River Brethren]]; and at one time [[Quakers]], the [[Brethren in Christ]] (BIC),<ref>{{cite book|last = Wittlinger| first = Carlton| title = Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ| publisher = Evangel Press| year = 1978| isbn =0-916035-05-0 | page =347}}</ref> and [[Shakers]],<ref>{{cite book|title = The Shaker Manifesto | publisher = N. A. Briggs, Publisher|year = 1878}}</ref> [[Church of the Brethren|Dunkards]]. A small number of Quakers still practice plain dress.<ref>{{cite book|last = Savage| first = Scott| title = A Plain Life: Walking My Belief| publisher = Ballantine Books| year = 2000| isbn =0-345-43803-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Cooper| first = Wilmer| title = Growing Up Plain Among Conservative Wilburite Quakers: The Journey of a Public Friend | publisher = Friends United Press| year = 1999| isbn =0-944350-44-5}}</ref><ref>[http://quakerjane.com/ Quaker Jane website]</ref>

Customs of plain people include:
* Plain clothes, usually in solid, normally dark colors.
* Plain church buildings, or no church buildings whatsoever.
* A utilitarian view of technology, similar to the [[precautionary principle]] of technology in that unknowns should be avoided, but the emphasis was on the results in the eyes of God. If they were unsure of how God would look upon a technology, the leaders of the church would determine whether it was to be avoided or not.<ref>{{cite book|last = Zimmerman| first = Diane| title = Holding the Line: The Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2000| isbn =0-8018-6375-9}}</ref> The degree to which this principle was supported varied among the congregations, but in general, the Amish people believed that the Mennonites had not done enough to separate themselves from the rest of the [[World (theology)|world]].

==Origins==
The [[Mennonite]] movement was a reform movement of [[Anabaptist]] origins begun by [[Swiss Brethren]] and soon thereafter finding greater cohesion based on the teachings of [[Menno Simons]] 1496–1561, and the 1632 [[Dordrecht Confession of Faith]]. The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of [[Jacob Ammann]], who perceived a lack of discipline within the Mennonites movement by those trying to avoid prosecution. Ammann argued that {{bibleverse||Romans|12:2|131}} prohibited that.

[[William Penn]], having experienced [[religious persecution]] as a [[Quaker]], offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Jacob Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], in 1736. Many of them settled near [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], which offered some of the most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased.

==Religious practices==
Plain sects typically have a [[Bishop]] presiding over one congregation. Some meet in church buildings, but most sects meet in members' homes. Services are normally held in a language closely related to [[Palatinate German]], with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While the Bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts.

Nowhere is the Bishop more influential than in decisions concerning the [[Ordnung]]. The Ordnung is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The Ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation, though is in essence the same. Violations are not considered sins, although wilfulness is considered to be a serious violation of the faith. The Bishop leads the congregation in changing their Ordnung over time. The Bishop may also grant exemptions to the Ordnung. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern [[tractor]] since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses.

==Trends==
[[Image:Femmes-Amish.jpg|thumb|300px|Amish women at the beach, [[Chincoteague, Virginia]].]]
The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They prohibit the use of [[contraception]] and have low [[infant mortality]] rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A4574ME.html|author=Meyers, Thomas J.|title=Amish|publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|year=1990|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> {{dubious|date=August 2012}} Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth.

Despite this, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], which includes Amish and Old Order Mennonite, are expected to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the English population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain sect communities in 47 states.

Among people at least five years old living in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] in 2000,
*89% spoke English at home;
*7% spoke Pennsylvania Dutch;
*4% spoke Spanish.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2000/C2SS/Narrative/050/np05000us42071.inc United States Censues, 2000, Population and Housing Profile: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]</ref>

Most plain sects do not admit children to their church, and impose no sanctions on those who do not join, but [[Shunning|shun]] those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of ''[[rumspringa]]'', often with certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated.

==Health==
The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] generally do not [[proselytize]] and discourage intermarriage. Because of close [[consanguinity]], certain genetic problems occur more frequently. [[D. Holmes Morton|Dr. D. Holmes Morton]] has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems.<ref>Kate Ruder, [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php Genomics in Amish Country] Genome News Network, July 23 2004</ref>

The plain sects typically prohibit insurance, and they assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf Internal Revenue Service Form 4029; Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits]</ref> allows one to claim exemption to [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] taxes under certain very restrictive conditions, and members of the plain sects neither pay the taxes nor receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from social security.

==See also==
* [[Christian headcovering]]
* [[Fancy Dutch]]
* [[Old Order Mennonites]]
* [[Conservative Mennonites]]
* [[Peace Churches]]
* [[Testimony of Simplicity]]
* [[Tolstoyan movement]]
*[[Haredi Judaism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donald B. Kraybill, Carl Desportes Bowman. ''On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren''. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7089-5.
* [[Donald Kraybill]], ''Puzzles of Amish Life''. ISBN 1-56148-001-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''Why Do They Dress That Way?''. ISBN 1-56148-240-4.
* Amelia M. Gummere, ''Quaker: A Study in Costume''. ISBN 0-405-08585-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups''. ISBN 1-56148-101-7.
* Margaret C. Reynolds, ''Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren''. ISBN 0-271-02138-1.
* Charles D. Thompson Jr., ''The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge''. ISBN 0-252-07343-6.

==External links==
* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/P59ME.html/?searchterm=plain%20people GAMEO: Plain People]

{{Simple living}}
[[Category:Anabaptism]]
[[Category:Protestant religious clothing]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania German culture]]
[[Category:Simple living]]

[[ru:Скромные люди]]
[[uk:Скромні люди]]

Jakob Ammann

2012-07-19T03:16:02Z

Mikeatnip: Link to more historically accurate image of Ammann

[[Datei:Jakob_Ammann.tif|thumb|upright|Jakob Ammann]]
'''Jakob Ammann''' (* [[12. Februar]] [[1644]] (?) in [[Erlenbach im Simmental|Erlenbach]] im [[Simmental]]; † vor [[1730]] wohl bei [[Zellwiller]], [[Elsass]]) war ein [[Schweiz]]er [[Mennoniten]]prediger und vermutlich ein [[Schneider]], wie sein Vater.

Ungefähr 1655 zog er mit seinen Eltern nach [[Oberhofen am Thunersee|Oberhofen]] am [[Thunersee]], vor 1680 trat er zum [[Täufer]]tum über und wurde später [[Ältester]] einer Täufergemeinde. Bald nach 1680 musste er wohl ins Elsass fliehen, lebte von 1693 bis 1695 in [[Heidolsheim]], von 1695 bis 1712 bei Markirch ([[Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines]]) und danach vermutlich bis zum Tod in Zellwiller.

Im Sommer des Jahres 1693 bereiste er eine Reihe taufwilliger Gemeinden im schweizerischen [[Emmental]]. Von ihm leiten sich die [[Amische]]n bzw. ''Amischen Mennoniten'' ab, nachdem er durch seine schroffe Haltung zur Gemeindezucht 1694 eine Spaltung der Mennoniten herbeiführte.

== Literatur ==
* Association Francaise d´Histoire Anabaptiste-Mennonite (Hg.): ''Les Amish: origine et particularismes 1693–1993. Actes du colloque de Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines 19–21 août 1993''. Ingersheim 1996, ISBN 2950933300
* Robert Baecher: ''Jacob Amann, sa biographie se précise''. In: ''Souvenance Anabaptiste, Bulletin annuel de l'Association Française d'Histoire Anabaptiste-Mennonite'', 19 (2000), S. 46–66
* Helmut Stalder: ''Vater aller Amischen.'' In: [[Schweizerischer Beobachter]] 15/2011, S. 34–35

== Weblinks ==
* {{HLS|10501|Autor=Hanspeter Jecker}}
* {{MennLex|amman_jakob|Amman (Amann), Jakob|Autor=Robert Baecher}}
* {{GAMEO|A463ME.html|Ammann, Jakob|Autor=Harold S. Bender, Sam Steiner}}

== Siehe auch ==
*[[Erwachsenentaufe]]

{{Normdaten|PND=135717728|VIAF=11070248}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammann, Jakob}}
[[Kategorie:Mennonitischer Geistlicher]]
[[Kategorie:Prediger]]
[[Kategorie:Schweizer]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren im 17. Jahrhundert]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben im 18. Jahrhundert]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Ammann, Jakob
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Schweizer Mennonitenprediger
|GEBURTSDATUM=um 12. Februar 1644
|GEBURTSORT=[[Erlenbach im Simmental|Erlenbach]]
|STERBEDATUM=vor 1730
|STERBEORT=unsicher: [[Zellwiller]], [[Elsass]]
}}

[[als:Jakob Ammann]]
[[en:Jakob Ammann]]
[[eo:Jakob Ammann]]
[[fr:Jakob Amman]]
[[fy:Jakob Ammann]]
[[it:Jakob Ammann]]
[[no:Jakob Ammann]]
[[pdc:Jakob Ammann]]
[[pl:Jakub Amman]]
[[ru:Амман, Якоб]]
[[sv:Jacob Amman]]
[[uk:Якоб Амман]]
[[zh:雅各·阿曼]]

Plain People

2012-01-17T02:18:48Z

Mikeatnip: Undid revision 471616446 by 76.221.66.236 (talk)

[[Image:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An Amish family.]]

'''Plain people''' are Christian groups characterized by [[Doctrine of separation|separation from the world]] and [[simple living]], including [[plain dress]]. These include [[Amish]]; [[Old Order Mennonite|Old Order]], [[Conservative Mennonite Conference|Conservative]] and [[Chortitza|Old Colony Mennonite]]s; [[Old German Baptist Brethren]]; the [[Hutterites]];<ref>{{cite book|last = Hostetler| first = John| title = Hutterite Society| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1997| isbn =0801856396| page =105}}</ref> and [[Old Order River Brethren]]; and at one time [[Quakers]], the [[Brethren in Christ]] (BIC),<ref>{{cite book|last = Wittlinger| first = Carlton| title = Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ| publisher = Evangel Press| year = 1978| isbn =0916035050 | page =347}}</ref> and [[Shakers]],<ref>{{cite book|title = The Shaker Manifesto | publisher = N. A. Briggs, Publisher|year = 1878}}</ref> [[Church of the Brethren|Dunkards]]. A small number of Quakers still practice plain dress.<ref>{{cite book|last = Savage| first = Scott| title = A Plain Life: Walking My Belief| publisher = Ballantine Books| year = 2000| isbn =0345438035}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Cooper| first = Wilmer| title = Growing Up Plain Among Conservative Wilburite Quakers: The Journey of a Public Friend | publisher = Friends United Press| year = 1999| isbn =0944350445}}</ref><ref>[http://quakerjane.com/ Quaker Jane website]</ref>

Customs of plain people include:
* Plain clothes, usually in solid, normally dark colors.
* Plain church buildings, or no church buildings whatsoever.
* A utilitarian view of technology, similar to the [[precautionary principle]] of technology in that unknowns should be avoided, but the emphasis was on the results in the eyes of God. If they were unsure of how God would look upon a technology, the leaders of the church would determine whether it was to be avoided or not.<ref>{{cite book|last = Zimmerman| first = Diane| title = Holding the Line: The Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 2000| isbn =0801863759}}</ref> The degree to which this principle was supported varied among the congregations, but in general, the Amish people believed that the Mennonites had not done enough to separate themselves from the rest of the [[World (theology)|world]].

==Origins==
The [[Mennonite]] movement was a reform movement of [[Anabaptist]] origins based on the teachings of [[Menno Simons]] 1496–1561, and the 1632 [[Dordrecht Confession of Faith]]. The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of [[Jacob Ammann]], who perceived a lack of discipline within the Mennonites movement by those trying to avoid prosecution. Ammann argued that {{bibleverse||Romans|12:2|131}} prohibited that.

[[William Penn]], having experienced [[religious persecution]] as a [[Quaker]], offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Jacob Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], in 1736. Many of them settled near [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], which offered some of the most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased.

==Religious practices==
Plain sects typically have a [[Bishop]] presiding over one congregation. Some meet in church buildings, but most sects meet in members' homes. Services are normally held in a language closely related to [[Palatinate German]], with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While the Bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts.

Nowhere is the Bishop more influential than in decisions concerning the [[Ordnung]]. The Ordnung is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The Ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation, though is in essence the same. Violations are not considered sins, although wilfulness is considered to be a serious violation of the faith. The Bishop leads the congregation in changing their Ordnung over time. The Bishop may also grant exemptions to the Ordnung. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern [[tractor]] since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses.

==Trends==
[[Image:Femmes-Amish.jpg|thumb|300px|Amish women at the beach, [[Chincoteague, Virginia]].]]
The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They prohibit the use of [[contraception]] and have low [[infant mortality]] rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A4574ME.html|author=Meyers, Thomas J.|title=Amish|publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|year=1990|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth.

Despite this, the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]], which includes Amish and Old Order Mennonite, are expected to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the English population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain sect communities in 47 states.

Among people at least five years old living in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] in 2000,
*89% spoke English at home;
*7% spoke Pennsylvania Dutch;
*4% spoke Spanish.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2000/C2SS/Narrative/050/np05000us42071.inc United States Censues, 2000, Population and Housing Profile: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]</ref>

Most plain sects do not admit children to their church, and impose no sanctions on those who do not join, but [[Shunning|shun]] those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of ''[[rumspringa]]'', often with certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated.

==Health==
The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] generally do not [[proselytize]] and discourage intermarriage. Because of close [[consanguinity]], certain genetic problems occur more frequently. [[D. Holmes Morton|Dr. D. Holmes Morton]] has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems.<ref>Kate Ruder, [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/07/23/sids.php Genomics in Amish Country] Genome News Network, July 23 2004</ref>

The plain sects typically prohibit insurance, and they assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029<ref>[http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf Internal Revenue Service Form 4029; Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits]</ref> allows one to claim exemption to [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] taxes under certain very restrictive conditions, and members of the plain sects neither pay the taxes nor receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from social security.

==See also==
* [[Christian headcovering]]
* [[Fancy Dutch]]
* [[Old Order Mennonites]]
* [[Peace Churches]]
* [[Testimony of Simplicity]]
* [[Tolstoyan movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Donald B. Kraybill, Carl Desportes Bowman. ''On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren''. Baltimore: The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7089-5.
* [[Donald Kraybill]], ''Puzzles of Amish Life''. ISBN 1-56148-001-0.
* Stephen Scott, ''Why Do They Dress That Way?''. ISBN 1561482404.
* Amelia M. Gummere, ''Quaker: A Study in Costume''. ISBN 0405085850.
* Stephen Scott, ''An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups''. ISBN 1561481017.
* Margaret C. Reynolds, ''Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren''. ISBN 0271021381.
* Charles D. Thompson Jr., ''The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge''. ISBN 0252073436.

==External links==
* [http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/P59ME.html/?searchterm=plain%20people GAMEO: Plain People]

{{Simple living}}
[[Category:Anabaptism]]
[[Category:Protestant religious clothing]]
[[Category:Christianity in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Religion in Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania German culture]]
[[Category:Simple living]]

[[ru:Скромные люди]]
[[uk:Скромні люди]]