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Kingdom Hearts (Computerspiel)

2007-03-07T13:01:24Z

Microtony: Reverted 2 edits by 208.66.198.98 to last revision by Falcon866.

{{dablink|This article contains information on the first ''Kingdom Hearts'' video game. For the series, see [[Kingdom Hearts (series)]].}}
{{Infobox CVG
|title = Kingdom Hearts
|image = [[Image:Kingdom Hearts.jpg|256px]]
|developer = [[Square Co., Ltd.]]
|publisher = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Square Co., Ltd.]] ''(Japan)'' [[Square Electronic Arts|Square EA]], [[Buena Vista Games|Disney Interactive]] ''(N. America)'' [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEE]] ''(Europe/Australia)''
|designer = [[Shinji Hashimoto]] ([[game producer]]) [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]] ([[executive producer]]) [[Tetsuya Nomura]] ([[game director]], [[character design]]er, concept designer) Jun Akiyama ([[scenario]]) [[Daisuke Watanabe]] ([[scenario]] writer) [[Kazushige Nojima]] ([[scenario]] writer) [[Yoko Shimomura]] ([[composer]])
|series = [[Kingdom Hearts series]]
|engine =
|released = {{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[March 28]], [[2002 in video gaming|2002]]}} 
{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2002 in video gaming|2002]]}} 
{{vgrelease|European Union|EU|[[November 15]], [[2002 in video gaming|2002]]}} 
{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 22]], [[2002 in video gaming|2002]]}} 
{{vgrelease|International version|INT|[[December 26]], [[2002 in video gaming|2002]] — as ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix''}}
|genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action RPG]]
|modes = [[Single player]]
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: All Ages [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Everyone [[Pan European Game Information|PEGI]]: 7+ [[Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle|USK]]: 6+ [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC]]: G8+ [[Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association|ELSPA]]: 11+
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
|media = 1 [[DVD|DVD-ROM]]
|requirements =
|input =
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kingdom Hearts'''''|キングダムハーツ|Kingudamu Hātsu}} is an [[action role-playing game]] developed and published by [[Square Co., Ltd.]] (now [[Square Enix|Square Enix Co., Ltd.]]) in [[2002 in video gaming|2002]] for the [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game console]]. It is notable for being the result of a collaboration between Square and [[The Walt Disney Company]]. The game combines characters and settings from Disney's [[animation|animated]] [[List of Disney theatrical animated features|features]] and films with those from Square's ''[[Final Fantasy (series)|Final Fantasy]]'' RPG series. Although the game's primary plot lines follow characters who were created specifically for ''Kingdom Hearts'', characters from both companies play major roles in the game and its storyline. The game features real-time rendered backgrounds and scenery.

==Gameplay==
''Kingdom Hearts'' is heavily influenced by its parent franchise, ''[[Final Fantasy (series)|Final Fantasy]]'', and carries many gameplay elements over into its own action-based, [[hack-and-slash]] system. [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]], the [[protagonist|main character]], is directly controlled by the player from a [[Grammatical person#Use of grammatical person in creative media|third person]] camera angle. Most gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. The game is driven by a linear progression to the next story event, usually told in the form of a [[cut scene]], though there are numerous [[Quest (gaming)#Side-quest|side quests]] available that provide bonus benefits to the characters.

Like many traditional role-playing games, ''Kingdom Hearts'' features an [[experience point]] system which determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the player gains experience which culminate in a "level-up", where the [[player character]]s grows stronger and gains access to new [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Skill|abilities]]. Unlike many other games of its type, ''Kingdom Hearts'' allows a certain degree of character development customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game. By choosing certain options, the player is able to manipulate how Sora learns abilities, [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Attributes|grows statistically]], and even gains levels.

Combat in ''Kingdom Hearts'' is in real time and involves button presses which initiate Attacks by the on-screen character. Also, a ''Final Fantasy''-esque menu found at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using Magic and Items. There is also a context-sensitive option at the bottom of the menu, usually used for interaction with the environment or for performing Special Attacks. This menu is manipulated using the right analogue stick or digital pad, while movement is controlled by the left stick, allowing the player to navigate the menu while avoiding or approaching enemies. In addition to the main character, two party members are usually present who also participate in combat. Though these characters are computer-controlled, the player is allowed to customize their behavior to a certain extent through the menu screen.

==Plot==

===Setting===
{{see|List of worlds in the Kingdom Hearts series}}
[[Level (computer and video games)|Levels]] in ''Kingdom Hearts'' are called "worlds". Many are based on Disney movies (primarily ones from the [[List of Disney animated features|Disney animated features canon]]). Players travel from one world to another via gummi ship.

*'''Destiny Islands''': Sora begins his journey here. The world is only accessible at the story's beginning. The islands and the events in them are critical to the entire game's storyline. Sora and his friends [[Riku (Kingdom Hearts)|Riku]], and [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] originate here, and ''Final Fantasy'' characters [[Selphie Tilmitt]], [[Tidus]], and [[Wakka]] live there as well.
*'''Traverse Town''': Sora first meets Donald and Goofy here. Traverse Town serves as a launching point into the majority of gameplay; as its name implies, it offers traditional-RPG shops. Several ''Final Fantasy'' and Disney characters reside here, including [[Aerith Gainsborough]], [[Yuffie Kisaragi]], [[Squall Leonhart]], [[Cid Highwind]], The Fairy Godmother from ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'', Dalmatians from ''[[101 Dalmatians]]'', [[Merlin]] from ''[[The Sword in the Stone (film)]]'', and, later on in the game, Geppetto and Pinocchio from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]''.
*'''Wonderland''', from ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'': Intended to be the next level the player travels to, this world is the first that can be closed to the Heartless by sealing the Keyhole. It features the [[Cheshire Cat]], the Doorknob, [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]], the [[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Queen of Hearts]], the [[White Rabbit]], and animated playing cards as they appeared in the movie. The [[Mad Hatter]] and the [[March Hare]] appear as picture in their "tea garden".
*'''Olympus Coliseum''', from ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'': This includes [[Hades (Disney)|Hades]], [[Hercules (Disney character)|Hercules]], [[Philoctetes]], [[Cerberus]], [[Cloud Strife]] and [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)|Sephiroth]]. This world, rather than being an explorable platform level, hosts fighting tournaments.
*'''Deep Jungle''', from ''[[Tarzan (1999 movie)|Tarzan]]''. [[Tarzan]] joins the party here. [[Jane Porter (Tarzan)|Jane]], [[Clayton (Tarzan)|Clayton]], [[Sabor (Tarzan)|Sabor]] and several [[gorilla]]s from the movies also appear.
*'''Agrabah''', from ''[[Aladdin (1992 film)|Aladdin]]'': This world includes Agrabah and the Cave of Wonders. [[Aladdin (Disney character)|Aladdin]] joins the party. Abu, [[Princess Jasmine]], [[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]], [[Iago (Aladdin)|Iago]], [[Genie (Aladdin)|Genie]], and the Magic Carpet also appear.
*'''[[Monstro]]''', from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 movie)|Pinocchio]]'': [[Pinocchio]] and his maker [[Geppetto]] can be found here. Since Monstro is a living being, not a world, this level cannot be sealed.
*'''Atlantica''', from ''[[The Little Mermaid (movie)|The Little Mermaid]]'': This world consists of the underwater environments of Ursula's Cave, the city of Atlantica, and several grottos. [[Ariel (The Little Mermaid)|Ariel]] joins the party. [[King Triton]], [[Ursula (The Little Mermaid)|Ursula]], [[Sebastian (The Little Mermaid)|Sebastian]], [[Flounder (The Little Mermaid)|Flounder]], [[Flotsam and Jetsam (The Little Mermaid)|Flotsam and Jetsam]] appear in this world. While in this world, Sora is transformed into a mer-man while Donald and Goofy become sea animals. The three-dimensional underwater controls are frequently criticized by players.
*'''Halloween Town''', from ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'' (includes the Guillotine Square, Oogie Boogie's Manor, Moonlit Hill, and a graveyard): [[Jack Skellington]] joins the party. [[Sally (The Nightmare Before Christmas)|Sally]], [[Lock, Shock, and Barrel]], [[Doctor Finklestein]], Zero, [[Mayor (The Nightmare Before Christmas)|the two-faced Mayor]] and [[Oogie Boogie]] also appear. In this world, Sora, Goofy and Donald disguise themselves as monsters.
*'''[[Neverland|Never Land]]''', from ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'', does not actually include Neverland itself; its two areas are [[Captain Hook]]'s ship and [[London]]'s [[Big Ben]]. [[Peter Pan]] joins the party. Captain Hook, [[Wendy Darling]], [[Smee]] and [[Tinkerbell]] appear here. Story events ultimately allow the characters to fly while in this world.
*'''Hollow Bastion''': ''Final Fantasy'' characters that appear in Kingdom Hearts come from this world (excepting those in the Destiny Islands). [[Beast (Disney)|The Beast]] joins the party. This is also Maleficent's headquarters.
*'''[[List of worlds in the Kingdom Hearts series#End of the World|End of the World]]''': A large, dark world created from the assimilation of various worlds consumed in darkness. Here, many Heartless and evil beings reside. The final battles with Ansem are fought here. The World Terminus is located here, and small pockets of all other playable realms appear in this world due to its presence.
*'''[[100 Acre Wood]]''', from ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]'': This world exists only in a book within the game, and its different areas are unlocked by collecting 'Torn Pages'. Each area hosts a different [[mini-game]]. Unlike other worlds, it has no enemies.
*'''Disney Castle''' (not to be confused with [[Sleeping Beauty Castle]]) is not a playable world, though it appears in cut scenes and, inaccessibly, on the world map. [[Mickey Mouse]], [[Donald Duck]], and [[Goofy]] originate here.

===Characters===
[[Image:Kingdom Hearts Battle Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A typical battle in ''Kingdom Hearts''.]]
The main characters are [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]], [[Donald Duck]], and [[Goofy]]. While Donald specializes in MP and Magic usage, and Goofy in Defense, HP, and Special Attacks, Sora's stats, however, are more customizable; at the start of the game, the player selects what attribute to excel in and which attribute to be lacking in: Strength, Defense, or Magic. Several traits can also be altered further by permanent boost items or equipped item effects. Sora is also unique in that he can use both Magic and Special Attacks, whereas Donald and Goofy can only use each respectively.

Sora is the only character directly controlled by the player; other members in the party are computer-controlled. The [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] characters can have their behavior altered by the player, changing their Item usage from "occasionally" to "constantly" for example. Donald and Goofy are the only computer-controlled characters that are usable on every world. Most worlds have a unique AI party member who can be chosen to replace Goofy or Donald in the party while in that world. For instance, [[Jack Skellington]] joins the player's party in Halloween Town, but will not accompany the player elsewhere.

Various Disney characters can be temporarily called upon during battle as Summons. These characters replace Sora's two companions for the duration of the summon. Such characters include the [[Genie (Aladdin)|Genie]] from ''[[Aladdin]]'' and [[Simba]] from ''[[The Lion King]]''.

As a game meant to explore the fictional universes of various Disney films, there are many Disney characters from those films, along with others in cameo roles, such as the ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' puppies playing part in a quest to collect all ninety-nine.

====Final Fantasy cameos====
Squaresoft also incorporated several of its famous characters from the Final Fantasy series into the game, though the characters have been tweaked slightly for novelty and to fit the game's backstory. On Destiny Islands, the player meets younger versions of [[Tidus]], [[Wakka]] (both from ''Final Fantasy X''), and [[Selphie]] (from ''Final Fantasy VIII''). In Traverse Town, the player encounters [[Squall Leonhart]] (under the alias of "Leon"; from ''Final Fantasy VIII''), as well as [[Aerith Gainsborough]], [[Cid Highwind]], and [[Yuffie Kisaragi]] from ''Final Fantasy VII''. [[Rikku]] from ''Final Fantasy X'' and [[Irvine Kinneas]] from ''Final Fantasy VIII'' were both originally set to make cameo appearances, but were replaced by Yuffie and Wakka respectively. [[Cloud Strife]] and [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)|Sephiroth]] (both from ''Final Fantasy VII'') make appearances in Olympus Coliseum, where the player can fight them in the tournaments.

The game also uses other Final Fantasy icons. [[Moogle]]s make an appearance and provide item synthesis. Several weapons, such as ''Lionheart'' and ''Save the Queen'', share names with other weapons from previous entries in the Final Fantasy series. The name of the raft Riku had suggested was Highwind, is a reference to the airship of ''Final Fantasy VII''. The magic-naming system in ''Kingdom Hearts'' (i.e. Cure, Cura, Curaga, etc.) is reminiscent of Final Fantasy magic. The names of various spells are the names of Gummi blocks, and various summons, weapons, bosses, and monsters are the names of Gummi ships blueprints.

The emphasis on characters from later Final Fantasy installments disappointed some fans; the refusal to use earlier characters stems from character designer Tetsuya Nomura's hesitation to use characters he did not design.

''Kingdom Hearts'' has been criticized by some Final Fantasy fans for making poor use of the Final Fantasy characters placed in it. For example, several prominent characters are made much younger and do not play a major role in the story. Some fans also disapproved of the casting of the voice actors for the more popular Final Fantasy characters: in particular, the casting of pop music singers [[Mandy Moore]] as Aerith and [[Lance Bass]] as Sephiroth.

===Story===

The game begins within [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]]'s "dream world", in which the player is introduced to the gameplay of ''Kingdom Hearts''. Sora is directed by a nameless voice, who tells him that "the door is still closed," but there are various references toward the said door opening soon, and that if Sora does not prepare appropriately, it will lead to his end. As such, Sora is requested to choose one of three weapons, and sacrifice one other, before being plunged into his first battle with shadow creatures, who assault him on sight. Battling his way through the vast array of these shadows, Sora confronts a large creature, who, upon his defeat, absorbs Sora into darkness. Before the dream ends, the voice says to him "You are the one...who will open the door."

Sora awakens on the shore of the Destiny Islands, his home, with Kairi standing over him. The two of them engage in a brief discussion, in which we discover that Kairi suffers from amnesia, and cannot recall where she came from before arriving on the Islands. This does not appear to disturb her, though; she is apparently content with her life in her current home. Riku, another friend of Sora and Kairi's, joins in on the conversation and reminds them that they have to continue building their raft. The friends are attempting to leave the Destiny Islands on a raft, in search of Kairi's home, and other worlds that may be out there. Riku seems to be the only one deeply interested in discovering other lands, though, with Sora and Kairi thinking the journey as just something for fun and adventure.

The next day, Sora goes in search of food supplies for the raft, and comes across a cloaked stranger inside the "Secret Place." The shadowy figure's conversation with Sora is as follows: "This world has been connected. Tied to the darkness. Soon to be completely eclipsed. You have so very much to learn, you understand so little. A meaningless effort... One who knows nothing can understand nothing." Sora is confused by his words, and though he tries to discover who this enigma is, his questions are ignored. With those words, the figure disappears.

That night, a violent storm sweeps over the Islands, with the catalyst being a large orb of darkness in the sky. Sora rushes to protect the raft from damage, but he is attacked by the shadow-creatures from his dream. His wooden sword is useless, so he takes the next alternative and flees, finding Riku. However, Riku comments that "the door has opened," and that now they can go to other worlds. He allows the darkness to swallow him and reaches out his hand to Sora to follow him. However, the light in Sora's heart prevents him from reaching through the darkness to Riku and Riku soon disappears. In that moment, he receives a new and mysterious weapon called the Keyblade. With it, he battles against the Heartless and reaches the Secret Place to try and locate Kairi. But his efforts are futile, and Kairi and the Islands are swept away, leaving Sora to battle against the Darkside once again. After he defeats the Heartless leader, he too is swallowed into the orb of darkness.

Meanwhile at Disney Castle the Court Wizard [[Donald Duck]] discovers that King [[Mickey Mouse]] has disappeared. Donald recovers a letter signed by King Micky from the mouth of the king's dog, [[Pluto (Disney)|Pluto]]. After reading the letter Donald immediately goes to find the captain of the king's knights, Captain [[Goofy]]. As Donald tries to explain the secrecy of their mission to Goofy, he attracts the attention of Queen [[Minnie Mouse]] and [[Daisy Duck]], who demand answers from the magician.

The contents of the letter reveals that King Mickey has left to confront whatever dark force is plaguing the worlds at present, and he has requested that Donald and Goofy go in search of the mysterious "Keybearer," beginning with the small refugee world of Traverse Town. Bringing with them a chronicler named [[Jiminy Cricket]], the pair leave as instructed, promising Queen Minnie that they will help the King in whatever way they can.

From the Destiny Islands, Sora lands in Traverse Town, where he joins [[Goofy]] and [[Donald Duck]] in their quest to find King [[Mickey Mouse]] and defeat the Heartless. During their adventure the trio explore many Disney-themed worlds, including ''[[Aladdin (1992 film)|Aladdin's]]'' Agrabah, ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan's]]'' Neverland and ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid's]]'' Atlantica. Along the way they lock "keyholes" in each of the destinations they visit to prevent the Heartless from consuming these worlds. Standing in their way, however, is a cabal of Disney villains, with [[Maleficent]] as their leader and none-other than Riku as her apprentice. Being manipulated by Maleficent into believing Sora has no desire to locate Kairi or him and has simply 'replaced' them with Donald and Goofy, Riku has taken responsibility into his hands and struck a deal with Maleficent in order to help Kairi regain her heart. The goal of Maleficent and her group is to collect seven maidens of the purest heart, the "[[Disney Princesses#Kingdom Hearts|Princesses of Heart]]", in order to open the pathway to Kingdom Hearts, which is the origin of all Heartless and a limitless repository of power and knowledge, equal to that contained within each individual's heart. In this sense, Kingdom Hearts is the heart of all worlds.

Finally reaching Hollow Bastion, Maleficent's headquarters, Sora confronts Riku directly. Their confrontation ends with the revelation that Riku is actually the rightful Keyblade master, causing Sora's own Keyblade to disappear into Riku's hands. Unfazed by the loss of his weapon, Sora puts his faith into his friends and wins back the Keyblade with his heart, causing Riku to retreat. It is during this time that the cloaked stranger who spoke to Sora on the Destiny Islands appears and offers Riku greater power with which to defeat Sora. Riku impulsively accepts. Meanwhile Sora and his teammates face and defeat Maleficent, when a strangely-behaving Riku strikes her with a unique type of Keyblade, one that opens hearts. This causes Maleficent to transform into a dragon, reflecting the darkness in her heart. Sora's party rises to the challenge and destroys Maleficent.

Sora confronts Riku again, only this time it is not truly Riku; it is actually [[Xehanort|Ansem]], a scientist who conducted extensive research on the Heartless, occupying Riku's body. He is also the cloaked figure who taunted Sora on Destiny Islands. Ansem desires to become part of what he believes to be the primordial phase of existence, the darkness that he believes to compose Kingdom Hearts. Kairi is revealed to be a Princess of Heart, as her heart was trapped in Sora's body ever since they were separated. Sora and Ansem battle, with Sora as the victor. Following the battle, Sora impales himself on Ansem's Keyblade in order to free Kairi's heart, losing his own heart in the process while restoring Kairi and freeing the other Princesses' hearts. However, the pathway to Kingdom Hearts is opened.

Now a Heartless, Sora scampers to Kairi's protection. Knowing that it's truly Sora, Kairi's light pulls him from the infinite darkness and restores Sora. They flee Hollow Bastion in face of the immense number of Heartless pouring through the pathway to Kingdom Hearts. Sora returns to lock the keyhole and later travel to Kingdom Hearts itself, facing Ansem in a climactic final battle.

Though the light of Kingdom Hearts defeats Ansem, the door to the realm of darkness threatens to unleash billions upon billions of Heartless onto the universe. Sora, Donald and Goofy attempt to close the door, but their strength is not enough. Riku, who has regained his body, helps the others close the door on the other side, along with King Mickey. Using his own Keyblade, Mickey locks Kingdom Hearts from the inside with Sora's help, but this forces the King and Riku to stay inside the realm of darkness. Before the door is locked, Riku tells Sora to take care of Kairi. Sora and Kairi's reunion is cut extremely short as they are pulled apart by the reforming Destiny Islands. Sora promises to return to Kairi once he finds Riku. The game ends on an optimistic note, with the same disembodied voice Sora encountered in the beginning of the game arriving once again to tell the keyblade master that he will be the one to open the door to the light.

==Development==
====English version====
The English version of ''Kingdom Hearts'' had new features that were not found in the original version of ''Kingdom Hearts'' in Japan. Besides English localization, three additional optional bosses were added. [[Yoko Shimomura]]'s arrangement of ''[[Night on Bald Mountain]]'' was set as the background music for the [[Chernabog (Disney)|Chernabog]] boss fight, whereas the original Japanese version uses generic boss music. In addition, the secret video entitled "Another Side, Another Story", was included in the English version; this scene ultimately became a blueprint of sorts for the sequels.

====Final Mix====
[[Image:Neo Shadow.jpg|200px|thumb|bottom|right|Neoshadows, one of the new enemies, in ''Final Mix'', along with the One-Winged Angel Keyblade.]]
''Kingdom Hearts'' was re-released in Japan as ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix''; this version has several events and a number of gameplay tweaks that are not in previous releases. Spoken dialogue is in English, with Japanese subtitles.

New scenes, clarifying certain plot points, such as [[Riku (Kingdom Hearts)|Riku]]'s journey and foreshadowing of ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'', were included. A gameplay tweak allows the player to skip cutscenes after seeing them once. The optional bosses first included in the English version were introduced to Japanese players for the first time, along with the "[[Organization XIII#I. Xemnas|Unknown]]", in an attempt to raise interest for the sequel. In another attempt at foreshadowing, a video called "Another Side, Another Story [deep dive]" plays along with "Another side, Another story…" if the player accomplishes certain tasks.

New music was incorporated; the tracks are "Disappeared" and "Another Side". The "Night on Bald Mountain" and "One-Winged Angel" tracks from the English version were included as well.

Other changes include new abilities, new weapons, new items, additional and recolored enemies, and gameplay tweaks to make the game easier for the player, along with two new difficulty levels.

A limited edition version of ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' was also released. The version includes an action figure of Sora, a sticker set, sketches of some of the main characters, and the game itself.

==Audio==
===Voice cast===
A special effort was made to preserve the original voice actors from the Disney movies used in Kingdom Hearts. Some of the voice actors from the related television series or direct-to-video sequels were chosen over original voice actors, where applicable (e.g. [[Dan Castellaneta]] as Genie, rather than [[Robin Williams]]). It also has famous names including [[Haley Joel Osment]] as the voice of Sora and [[Hayden Panettiere]] as the voice of Kairi. <ref name="ffnet">{{cite web | author=Alex Sains | title=Kingdom Hearts voice actors | url=http://www.ffnet.org/square-enix/kingdom-hearts/ | work=[http://www.ffnet.org/ Final Fantasy Net] | accessdate=December 23 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>

===Musical score===
The music is composed by [[Yoko Shimomura]], the opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged by [[Kaoru Wada]], and the main vocal theme is "[[Hikari (song)|Hikari]]" ("[[Simple And Clean]]" was used in the Western releases and ''Final Mix''). Both versions of the song were composed and performed by [[Utada Hikaru]]. While there are some melodies derived from prior Disney films, most of the soundtrack consists of original themes written specifically for the game by Shimomura.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
According to [[Game Rankings]], Kingdom Hearts has an average rating of 86%<ref name="KHgamerankings">[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages4/516587.asp Kingdom Hearts (PS2)] "gamerankings.com". URL Accessed December 15, 2006</ref>. Critics commended the visuals, the orchestral score, and the action-adventure RPG feel to the game. The voice acting was also mentioned.

[[GameSpot]] cites "tedious" combat as one gaming issue<ref name="KHgamespot">[http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/review.html Kingdom Hearts (Platinum)] "www.gamespot.com". URL Accessed December 15, 2006</ref>, with the review citing the Gummi Ship sections as "pale imitations of the [[Star Fox (series)|Star Fox]] series". A few reviewers also mentioned that they felt the developers had focused on cut scenes and special effects instead of core game play. Another failing is the periodic departure from the main plot into the Disney side stories. And, when the original plot builds to a climax, "...the story fails to gel thanks to a confusing mish-mash of vague terms and symbolism that probably made more sense in the director's head than in this final product."<ref name="KHgamespy">[http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/kingdom-hearts/540394p2.html Kingdom Hearts (PS2)] "ps2.gamespy.com". URL Accessed December 15, 2006</ref>

==Merchandise==
===Manga===
The game was adapted into a manga by [[Shiro Amano]], and all four volumes have been published in English in the [[United States]] by [[TOKYOPOP]] (ISBN 1-59816-217-9). A boxed set containing all four volumes has been released , as well as the second manga series, ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories''. A noteworthy feature of the manga is that even in its original, Japanese language edition, the ''Kingdom Hearts'' comic adaptation was designed to be read from left to right, contrary to the Japanese norm, although the later ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories'' and ''Kingdom Hearts II'' comic adaptations are read from right to left.

==References==
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{{unreferenced|date=August 2006}}

==External links==

{{wikiquote}}

*[http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ Official ''Kingdom Hearts'' site]
*[http://www.kingdom-hearts.com/ Official international ''Kingdom Hearts ''site]
*{{imdb title|id=0322968}}
*{{moby game|id=/ps2/kingdom-hearts|name=''Kingdom Hearts''}}
*[http://www.kh2.co.uk/ ''Kingdom Hearts'' Ultimania]
{{Kingdom Hearts series}}

[[Category:2002 video games]]
[[Category:Kingdom Hearts]]
[[Category:Manga series]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2-only games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]

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Physik in Animationsfilmen

2007-03-05T08:08:20Z

Microtony: Reverted to revision 112757724 by George Leung. TWINKLE

'''Cartoon physics''' is a joking reference to the fact that [[animation]] allows regular [[law of physics|laws of physics]] to be ignored in [[humor|humorous]] ways for dramatic effects. For example, when a cartoon character runs off a cliff, [[gravity]] has no effect until the character notices and reacts.<ref name="coyotusinterruptus">In a [[neologism]] contest held by ''[[New Scientist]]'', a winning entry coined the term "coyotus interruptus" for this phenomenon—a pun on [[coitus interruptus]] and [[Wile E. Coyote]], who fell to his doom this way particularly often.</ref>

In words attributed to [[Art Babbitt]]: "Animation follows the laws of physics — unless it is funnier otherwise."

The phrase also reflects the fact that many of the most famous [[United States|American]] [[animated cartoon|animated films]], particularly those from [[Warner Brothers]] and [[MGM]] studios, unconsciously developed a relatively consistent set of such "laws" that have become regularly applied in comic animation.

== History of the phrase ==

The idea that cartoons behave differently than the real world, but not randomly, is virtually as old as animation. [[Walt Disney]], for example, spoke of the ''plausible impossible'' (see [[The Plausible Impossible]], 1956), deliberately mispronouncing the second word so it rhymed with the first.

Specific reference to ''cartoon physics'' extends back at least to June of [[1980]], when an article "O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion"<ref>O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion", ''Esquire'', 6/80, reprinted in ''IEEE Institute'', 10/94; V.18 #7 p.12. [http://remarque.org/~doug/cartoon-physics.html Copy on Web]</ref> appeared in ''[[Esquire magazine]]''. A version printed in [[1994]] by the [[IEEE]] in a journal for [[engineering|engineers]] helped spread the word among the technical crowd, which has expanded and refined the idea. Dozens of websites exist outlining these laws.

The situation is so well-understood that it has been used as the topic of jokes for decades, as in the 1949 [[Looney Tunes]] short ''[[High Diving Hare]]'', in which [[Bugs Bunny]] explains, "I know this defies the law of gravity; but you see, I never studied law!"

More recently, the cartoon characters [[Roger Rabbit]] and [[Bonkers (TV series)|Bonkers D. Bobcat]] have their own variations on the theme, explaining that [[toon]]s are allowed to bend or break natural laws for the purposes of comedy. Doing this is extremely tricky, so [[toon]]s have a natural sense of comedic timing, giving them inherently funny properties. Bonkers also warns that the loss of this sense can lead to unfunny and even dangerous situations, perhaps explaining why cartoon violence, but not the real variety, is always funny.

In 1993, Stephen R. Gould, writing in ''[[New Scientist]]'' noted that "... new, looney toon analysis reveals that these, seemingly nonsensical, phenomena can be described by logical laws similar to those in our world. Nonsensical events are by no means limited to the Looniverse. Laws that govern our own Universe often seem contrary to common sense."<ref>Stephen R. Gould, [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14019055.200.html Looney Tuniverse: There is a crazy kind of physics at work in the world of cartoons] (1993) ''New Scientist''</ref>. This theme is further described by Dr. Alan Cholodenko in his article, "The Nutty Universe of Animation" <ref>Dr. Alan Cholodenko, "[http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/cholodenkopf.htm The Nutty Universe of Animation, The “Discipline” of All “Disciplines”, And That’s Not All, Folks!]" ''International Journal of Baudrillard Studies'' Volume 3, Number 1 (January 2006)</ref>

== Why is it funny? ==

Adherents of [[evolutionary psychology]] have suggested that the humorous effect of cartoon physics is due to the interplay of intuitions between [[physics]] (objective) and [[psychology]] (self-perception). The physics module predicts that the cartoon character will fall over the cliff immediately, while the psychology module anthropomorphizes the force of gravity and thus see it as vulnerable to deception, as long as the actor is self-deceived {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

In short, it can lead to the humorous situation where a cartoon's logic is governed by what "makes sense" (is consistent) rather than what "is" (natural law).

== Examples ==
Commonly cited cartoon physics "laws" include:
* [[Explosive material|Explosives]], even if detonated close to a character's face, will cause only scorching of the skin. (Prior to the efforts of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]], characters would often take on the appearance of [[blackface]] and sometimes briefly sing a short song such as [[Old Folks at Home|Way Down Upon the Swanee River]].) Similarly, a gun discharged directly into the face will seldom fire an actual bullet but will instead fire what is essentially a directed explosion with the same properties as above.

* Characters are allowed to "swim" or blow themselves upwards a short distance in the air before falling normally. Sometimes when a character runs off the edge of a cliff, they will not actually start falling until they look down.

* Motion reference frames are arbitrary. For instance, an outboard motor in a pan of water on wheels causes the motor and pan to move together. Likewise, a fan and a sail attached to a wheeled platform will cause the platform to move.

* [[Cartoon hole|Holes]] can be physically picked up and moved. This also applies to mouths and roadways that might conveniently be redirected off the edge of a cliff or into a wall.

* Tunnels and doors can be created merely by painting them on the surface where they are desired. Frequently a train will egress from tunnels, trailing freshly rolled railway tracks behind it.

* The reference frame can loop, where a character disappearing into one edge (or door way) can appear from another.

* Grappling hooks can be attached to the sky. The term [[Skyhook]] has come to be used in many real-world situations where something is lifted into the sky by a hook lowered from aircraft of some kind.

* [[Magnet]]s do not obey [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's third law]] — a tiny mouse can pull an entire car across the street using a sufficiently large magnet — yet the mouse himself feels no opposite reaction. Yellow lightning bolts accompany all magnetic fields — which tend to be highly directional.

* A toon's [[tongue]] can be stretched to almost any length — and when released it may either roll up like a [[tape measure]] (with a similar sound) or just land in a large pile at the characters' feet.

* Many characters are able to produce any object from behind their back at will (See also: [[Hammerspace]]).

* Objects can enter a character's head from one ear and exit from another ear. The object will be visible through the character's eyes in some of the cases.

* Realizing the flaws of these physics is extremely dangerous. This is exemplefied in an episode of ''[[Ed Edd 'n' Eddy]]'', in which the titular characters attempt to understand their universe, and, in the end, cause reality to collapse on itself.

* A gun may be fired any number of times without being reloaded unless it is at the most inopportune time and the shooter is a villain.

* A watch will instantaneously appear on the wrist of any character as soon as one is needed. It will disappear as soon as it is not needed anymore.

== Anvilology ==
'''Anvilology'''[http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Cartoon_physics] is the study of (cartoon) physical principles of [[anvil]]s, as studied at "Acme Looniversity" in the animated series, ''[[Tiny Toons]]''.

* Everything falls faster than an anvil (so that the evil character can hit the ground first and then be crushed, but not killed, by the anvil).

* Anvils are readily available.

* Anvils have [[mass]] but not much [[weight]], so that they are very hard to push around, but it is possible to jump out of a plane with an anvil instead of a parachute and not notice until the parachute is opened while airborne.

* Anvils can stay in the air until noticed by a character, at which point they fall on the character.

* If a character moves out of the way of a falling anvil, the anvil will shift its position over the character before falling, so that it crushes (but does not kill) the character. The anvil's shadow does not reflect this shift and will stay in its original position until the anvil strikes the character.

*The item in question does not necessarily need to be an anvil; a safe or a grand piano would also follow the laws of anvilology.

It is to be noted that, in the ''[[Taz-Mania]]'' series, a recurrent joke is that all anvils weigh 16 tons. Also, in one supplement, it is explained that the reason for the anvils to have 16 tons is that this is the exact amount determined to make audience laugh (to the point that the drop of a 15.99999... ton anvil was demonstrated and brought a near-happy expression to the watchers, who then fell in sadness). This recurrent joke may be a cartoon parody of the [[Monty Python]] favourite way of ending sketches-- to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" on a character.

== Cartoon collision physics ==

'''Cartoon collision physics''' are a subset of cartoon physics regarding the laws of collisions.

For a given cartoon character C:
#If C runs into a wall,
#:a: If the wall is too thick, C will strike it and flatten out like [[dough]], often regardless of clothing.

#:b: If the wall is thin enough, C will leave a hole in the wall in the shape of his full silhouette.

#If C runs into something made of metal, C will dent it in the shape of his or her body.

#If C runs off a cliff, the [[impact crater]] C leaves will conform with Rule 1b.

#If C has a fragile body,
#:a: Running into any wall will cause C to be squashed into a [[musical instrument]] (usually an [[accordion]]), or

#:b: Any collision or fall will fracture C into a [[zillion]] pieces. This is especially true when said character is frozen and hits said collision.

#:c: If C collides with a mesh barrier such as a screen door, C will appear to pass through said barrier unharmed, only to fall apart shortly afterward into a pile of cubes.

#If C runs into a wall which has been painted to look like part of the landscape or a tunnel:
#:a: If the "camera" angle blends the painting with the actual landscape, C will enter the landscape or tunnel as though it were real.

#:b: If C was the one who painted the wall, C will just run into the wall — see Rule 1.

#:c: If the "camera" views the painting at an angle such that it is, without doubt, a painting on a wall, C will just run into the wall — see Rule 1. There are exceptions to this rule.

#:d: Trains or large trucks are often known to drive ''out'' of walls painted in this way, usually just after the painter has slammed into the wall and is feeling sheepish for having fallen for his or her own ruse. However, if the view of the oncoming vehicle is blocked, then the vehicle will apparently stop.

== Laws of Cartoon Dynamics ==

The Laws of Cartoon Dynamics are physical laws in the [[Animation|cartoon]] universe identified by [[Trevor Paquette]] and Lt. [[Justin D. Baldwin]] and popularized by film critic [[Roger Ebert]]. They overlap greatly with the older concept of "laws of cartoon physics".

*Any body suspended in space will remain in space until made aware of its situation (plus an interval for live falling bodies to express an appropriate emotion).

*Any body in motion will tend to remain in motion until solid matter intervenes suddenly.

*Any body passing through solid matter will leave a perforation conforming to its perimeter.

*The time required for an object to fall twenty stories is greater than or equal to the time it takes for whoever knocked it off the ledge to spiral down twenty flights to attempt to capture it unbroken.

*All principles of gravity are negated by fear.

*As speed increases, objects can be in several places at once, a situation similar to the ones described by [[quantum mechanics]].

*Certain bodies can pass through solid walls painted to resemble tunnel entrances; others cannot.

*Any violent rearrangement of feline matter is impermanent.

*Everything falls faster than an anvil.

*Guns, no matter how powerful, or no matter where aimed, will do nothing more than char flesh, blow away feathers, or rearrange beaks. In certain occasions, they leave a perfectly circular hole that goes completely through the body of the character being shot, but this does not affect his/her health in any way.

*Any given amount of explosives will propel a body miles away, but still in one piece, charred and extremely peeved.

* Arms holding large falling weights are infinitely elastic, but will eventually drag the holder along.

== Anime physics ==

[[Anime]] physics can be considered a subset of cartoon physics. These are commonly seen in anime, Japanese cartoons, but not so common in cartoons from other parts of the world. Normally, these are referenced from popular series in the past. More properly speaking, this is '''[[anime cliches]]''', as it includes other points such as stereotypical characters in a mecha show (usually an angsty teenager)

Note that many of these laws only apply to [[shounen]] genre.

Examples include:

*Dramatic moments tend to distort time, either by slowing it down (usually long enough to call out the name of an attacker or the name of the "special move" used in the attack, or for bystanders to comment on the situation), or by looping three times.
**Similarly, transformations (especially those animated with [[stock footage]]) also seem to stop time until completed, allowing them to be used to counter attacks, or not allowing the person to be attacked while performing them.
**Death is not instantaneous to significant characters.

*Sorrowful crying with much feeling can force tears to gush out like waterfalls. Usually used only during humorous situations, while in dramatic situations, the tear flow is more realistic.

*Angry scolding to another character causes the scolder to enlarge and the person being scolded to shrink.

*Attacks strong enough to shred entire planets will not destroy anyone's clothes or hair. Conversely, certain explosions can destroy a female character's clothing without significantly harming her body—in some cases, without her initially noticing this.

*Any fire-based attack on a character will not completely burn his/her clothes but will leave black stains instead.

*A single cut can be made swiftly, cleanly. This is possible with any object, particularly with hands, paper, swords, and even air.
** A sword, especially a [[katana]], can cleanly cut through anything, even including large objects (such as ships) and hair, but not through other swords. There is a slight loophole in this law - if an expert fighter (even if using hand-to-hand techniques) wishes to end a duel with an obviously lesser opponent in an appropriately dramatic way, he can execute an appropriately dramatic attack that destroys his opponent's weapon-often without their knowledge; after completing a seemingly successful attack, they will notice the expert is unharmed and look at their weapon quizzically, at which point it will either fall into two cleanly cut pieces (in a dramatic battle) or shatter like glass (in a comedic battle).
** Wooden katanas ([[bokken]]) can cut just as well as the real thing (and are almost never destroyed by the aforementioned loophole), if not better (see [[Tatewaki Kuno]] from ''[[Ranma ½]]'' or Twilight Suzuka from ''[[Outlaw Star]]'')

*[[Speed of light|Faster than light]] travel is possible with many characters, particularly those engaged in martial art battles; and so a vehicle is not required.

*Trains and other unlikely forms of transportation can fly, through either technology or magic. And the bigger it is, the faster it moves.

*Any female can, if angered by someone, pull out a wooden rice mallet, of any proportions, from [[hammerspace]] and hit the offender with it to let go of some aggressions. It should be noted that, no matter how large the mallet is, or how flat the offender gets after the pounding, he/she will always revert to original shape without having to experience any lasting health detoriation from the whole ordeal.

*Death can be suspended until it is appropriate, suspenseful, or ironic. During the end part of some battles, characters may opt to charge at one another with their sword, meaning to chop the other in half. At the point of contact, all that will be seen is a bright white slash going across the screen, but it will remain unclear who is hurt. The two characters will then stay, kneeling on the floor, facing away from each other, until the evil character falls into pieces, having been killed minutes earlier.
**For added dramatic effect, the good character will clutch the area that they were hit or cough up blood, after the two have performed their attacks and are facing away from each other, making it appear as though they lost. A few moments later, the evil character will fall to the ground, defeated.

*Every human body contains 16 gallons of blood under high pressure-a familiar term used is 'to make it rain blood'.
**This will not occur if whatever inflicts the wound is left in it, which allows the attacker to withdraw it, turn, wipe it clean and put it away-blood may begin spraying from the wound like a firehose after any one of these actions. Alternatively, the mortally wounded character may pull it out himself and use it to execute a final attack.
**Non-impaling wounds, such as being crushed or falling from a great height, usually do not cause these geysers of blood, but [[nosebleeds]] will often fountain impressively immediately upon a character's recognition of appropriate portions of an attractive female body.

*Loud noises, such as screams of anguish and explosions, can be heard from space.

== Notes ==
<references />

== See also ==
*[[Hammerspace]]
*[[Acme Corporation]]

== External links ==
*[http://funnies.paco.to/cartoon.html Cartoon Laws of Physics]
*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/~duongsaa/more_htm/jk_100animeRules.htm 100 Laws of Anime Physics]
*[http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/phys101.html Animeinfo.org: Anime Physics]
*[http://www.abcb.com/laws The Laws of Anime]
*[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050210/GLOSSARY/50213001/1005 Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics] from [[Roger Ebert]]'s website.

[[Category:Cartoon physics|*]]
[[Category:Clichés]]

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