Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Glass Bowl (Spiel)

2009-12-21T23:09:35Z

Mfields1: end of the game

The '''Glass Bowl''' was an annual post-season [[college football]] [[bowl games|bowl game]] played from 1946-1949. It was held at the [[University of Toledo]]'s [[Glass Bowl]].

Toldeo had been a manufacturing center for glass objects, including automotive glass for nearby [[Detroit]] factories. Wayne Kohn, a shipyard worker at a Toledo glass company suggested to municipal leaders a "Glass Bowl" would be a way to build the city's and industry's prestige. <ref>'''Sandusky Register Star News''', December 2, 1946, page 8</ref>. The University of Toledo made the announcemnt of the new bowl game at a press conference in New York, NY October 25, 1946 <ref>The '''Berkshire (Massachusetts) Evening Eagle''', October 25, 1946.</ref>

The University of Toledo operated the Glass Bowl Game as part of its regular schedule. In the four seasons of 1946-1949, Toledo had winning records going into the December date. Toledo won the first three contests but their perfect Glass Bowl record was shattered by the [[University of Cincinnati]] in the fourth bowl.

The University of Toledo's athletic board voted to postpone the Glass Bowl Game until Decmber 1951. At the time Toledo's record was 2-4<ref>'''The Corpus Christi Times''', November 3, 1950</ref>. In 1951, the University of Toledo called off the game scheduled for December 1, 1951 as no schools contacted had indicated they would take part in it <ref> '''The Ada (Oklahoma) Evening News''', November 15, 1951 </ref>.

==Game Results==

{| class="wikitable"
! Date Played !! colspan="2" | Winning Team !! colspan="2" | Losing Team
|-
| December 7, 1946 || '''[[University of Toledo|Toledo]]''' || '''21''' || [[Bates College]] || 12
|-
| December 6, 1947 || '''Toledo''' || '''20''' || [[New Hampshire Wildcats|New Hampshire]] || 14
|-
| December 4, 1948 || '''Toledo''' || '''27''' || [[Oklahoma City University]] || 14
|-
| December 3, 1949<ref>The '''Sedalia (Missouri) Democrat''', December 4, 1949</ref> || '''[[Cincinnati Bearcats|Cincinnati]]''' || '''33''' || Toledo || 13
|}

==See also==
[[List of college bowl games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct college football bowls]]
{{Collegefootball-bowl-stub}}

Glass Bowl (Spiel)

2009-12-21T22:47:07Z

Mfields1: reference to 1949 game

Glass Bowl (Spiel)

2009-12-21T22:42:08Z

Mfields1: added reference to the beginning of this bowl

John Williams (Missionar)

2008-11-08T19:24:54Z

Mfields1:

{{otherpeople|John Williams}}
{|align="right"
|{{Infobox Person
| name = John Williams
| image = John Williams missionary2.jpg
| caption = Missionary to Polynesia
| birth_date = 1796
| birth_place =
| death_date = November 1839
| death_place = [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]]
}}
|-
|}
'''John Williams''' (1796–1839) was an [[United Kingdom|English]] [[missionary]], active in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]. Born near [[London]], [[England]], he was trained as a [[foundry]] worker and mechanic. In 1816, the [[London Missionary Society]] commissioned him as a missionary.

In 1817 John Williams and his wife voyaged to the [[Society Islands]], a group of islands that included [[Tahiti]], accompanied by [[William Ellis (author)|William Ellis]] and his wife. John Williams and his wife established their first missionary post on the island of [[Raiatea]]. From there, they visited a number of the Polynesian island chains, sometimes with Mr & Mrs Ellis and other London Missionary Society representatives. Landing on Aitutaki in 1821 they used Tahitian converts to carry their message to the Cook Islanders. One island in this group, Rarotonga (said to have been discovered by the Williamses) rises out of the sea as jungle-covered mountains of orange soil ringed by coral reef and turquoise lagoon and Williams became fascinated by it. The Williams' became the first missionary family to visit [[Samoa]].
[[image:John_Williams_missionary.jpg|thumb|left|90px|John Williams]]
The Williamses returned to Britain in 1834 where John supervised the printing of his translation of the [[New Testament]] into the [[Rarotongan language]]. They brought back a native of Samoa, named 'Leota' who came to live as a Christian in London. At the end of his days Leota was buried in [[Abney Park Cemetery]] with a dignified headstone paid for by the London Missionary Society, recording his adventure from the South Seas island of his birth. Whilst back in London, John Williams published a ''"Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands"'', making a contribution to English understanding and popularity of the region, before returning to the Polynesian islands in 1837.
{{Protestant missions to Pacific Islands}}
Most of the Williams' missionary work, and their delivery of a cultural message, was very successful and they became famed in Congregational circles. However, whilst visiting a part of the [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]] in November 1839 where John Williams was unknown, he, along with fellow missionary James Harris, was killed and eaten by [[cannibal]]s on the island of [[Erromango]] during an attempt to convey to them the blessings he brought. A memorial stone was erected on the island of [[Rarotonga]] in 1839 and is still there today. Mrs Williams is buried with their son (Samuel Tamatoa Williams, who was born in the New Hebrides) at the old Cedar Circle in London's [[Abney Park Cemetery]]; the name of her husband and the sad record of his death, was placed on the most prominent side of the stone monument for all to remember.
[[image:John_Williams_Missionaryfamilytomb.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Magnificent Memorial to John Williams' wife and son, at the [[Congregational church|Congregationalists']] pioneering non-denominational place of rest, Abney Park Cemetery (April 2006)]]
==References==
* ''On the Missionary Trail: a journey through Polynesia, Asia and Africa with the London Missionary Society'' by Tom Hiney (2000)
* ''Walks in Abney Park Cemetery'' by Rev. James French (1888)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, John}}
[[Category:English Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:English Congregationalists]]
[[Category:Congregationalist missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in French Polynesia]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Samoa]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in the Cook Islands]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Foundrymen]]
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1839 deaths]]

[[de:John Williams (Missionar)]]
[[ja:ジョン・ウィリアムズ (宣教師)]]

James Faulkner

2008-06-28T02:08:09Z

Mfields1: Faulkner disambiguation

{{ otherpersons|Faulkner}}
{{Infobox actor
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birthname = James Sebastian Faulkner
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1948|7|18}}
| birthplace = [[Hampstead]], [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| website = http://www.jamesfaulkner.info/
}}
'''James Faulkner''' (born [[18 July]] [[1948]]) is a [[British people|British]]<ref>http://www.jamesfaulkner.info/ The Official James Faulkner Website</ref> actor. Known for his many various appearance on television and in movies.

Faulkner made his big screen debut as [[Josef Strauss]] in ''[[The Great Waltz]]'' in 1972. He appeared in other films such as ''[[Whispering Death]]'', played Lt [[Teignmouth Melvill]] in ''[[Zulu Dawn]]'' that he co-produced, and appeared as Uncle Geoffrey in both ''[[Bridget Jones]]'' films. In 1988 he portrayed one of the biggest enemies of [[Sherlock Holmes]] in Granada Television's Production of ''[[The Hound of the Baskervilles]]''. Next to [[Jeremy Brett]], Faulkner played the villain Stapleton. He has also portrayed Agent Smith in the movie ''[[Hitman (2007 film)|Hitman]]''. He was also the pricipar antagonist Baron Mullins in the short-lived US/UK television show, [[Covington Cross]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.jamesfaulkner.info/ The Official James Faulkner Website]
*{{ann name|id=14950|name=James Faulkner}}
*{{imdb name|0269077}}
*[http://www.crystalacids.com/database/person/1319/james-faulkner/ James Faulkner] at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faulkner, James}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:British television actors]]
[[Category:English voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{UK-screen-actor-stub}}

Crosley Motors

2007-01-14T20:44:53Z

Mfields1: /* Notable Crosley owners */ fix Omar Bradley link

[[Image:Crosley station wagon-cropped.jpg|275px|right|thumb|''Crosley station wagon'']]
The '''Crosley''' is an [[automobile]] manufactured by the ''Crosley Corporation'' and later by ''Crosley Motors Incorporated'' in the [[United States]] from [[1939]] to [[1952]]. (It should not be confused with the [[Crossley Motors|Crossley]] made by ''Crossley Motors'' of [[Manchester]], [[England]].)

==History==
Industrialist [[Powel Crosley Jr.]] of [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], owner of a broadcasting company and the [[Cincinnati Reds]] baseball team, had ambitious plans to build a [[compact car]] and developed assembly plants at [[Richmond, Indiana]], and [[Marion, Indiana]]. In May, [[1939]], the first car was shown at the [[Indianapolis Speedway]]. It was a two-door [[convertible]] that weighed under 1000 lb (450 kg) and sold for $250. It wasn't an instant success, but in [[1941]] more body styles were introduced.

The chassis had an 80-inch (203 cm) [[wheelbase]], half elliptic springs with beam [[axle]] in front and quarter elliptics in the rear. The power came from a two-cylinder [[Waukesha]] air-cooled engine that had the fan as a part of the [[flywheel]]. The engine was connected with a three-speed [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and then directly via a torque tube to the rear axle, thus eliminating the need for [[joint]]s.

In [[1941]] the body styles available were expanded to include two- and four-passenger convertibles, a convertible [[sedan]], a [[station wagon]], a panel [[truck]], a [[Pickup truck|pickup]], and two models called "Parkway Delivery" (a mini-panel with no roof over the front seat) and "Covered Wagon" (a convertible pickup truck with a removable back seat).

During [[World War II]], the Crosley became attractive because of gasoline rationing and the good mileage (50 miles per U.S. gallon, 5 L/100 km). Crosley was the last company to cease production of civilian vehicles in 1942, partly to allow car buyers the opportunity to purchase as many Crosleys as possible to aid in fuel rationing, and partly because the War Production Board needed some time to determine a useful purpose for Crosley's small factories.

Civilian car production resumed in [[1945]], but only at the Marion plant; the Richmond facility had been sold during the war years. The [[Crosley HotShot]] was the first post-war [[sports car]] produced in the United States being introduced in 1949. Also in 1949 Crosley started shipping all their line from Pickup to Hotshot with [[disc brake]]s, a first in the USA.

With 24,871 cars sold, the best year was [[1948]]. Sales started to decline in 1949 and adding the [[Crosley Hotshot]] and a combination [[farm tractor]] jeep called the Farm-O-Road in 1950, could not stop the decline. In [[1952]], only 1522 Crosley vehicles were sold. Production ceased that year, and the plant was sold to the [[General Tire and Rubber Company]].

The [[Crosley Hotshot]] won the first Sebring endurance sports car race in [[1950]].

== Engines ==
[[Image:Cobra engine.JPG|275px|right|thumb|''Crosley CoBra Engine Complete with Transmission'']]
[[Image:Cobra block.JPG|275px|right|thumb|''Crosley CoBra Block and Valve Cover'']]
The original engine is the Waukesha Model 150 Cub Twin, a 580 [[Cubic centimetre|cc]] air-cooled L-head opposed twin-cylinder engine built by [[Waukesha Engines]] of [[Waukesha]], [[Wisconsin]] and utilized from [[1939]] through [[1942]]. It was replaced in [[1946]] with the CoBra (for "Copper Brazed"), a 721 cc overhead-cam four. That engine in turn was replaced in [[1949]] by the new and more reliable CIBA (Crosley Cast Iron Block Assembly) engine utilizing five main bearings.

=== Crosley CoBra ([[1945]]–[[1949]]) ===
The CoBra (Copper Brazed, also known as "The Mighty Tin") was originally developed by [[Lloyd Taylor]], of [[Taylor Engines]] in [[California]], for [[military]] use aboard [[PT boat]]s and [[B-17]] [[bombers]]. The engine was made from [[sheet metal]] rather than [[cast iron]] like most other engines. This was done to get a thin, uniform wall thickness and thus avoid the creation of hot spots around the combustion chamber that could ignite the fuel, causing [[pre-ignition]] (knocks). The engine wasn't adopted for automobile use until [[1946]]. It was a very lightweight engine; the block weighed only 14.8 lb (6.7 kg); complete with all accessories (including the [[flywheel]]) weighing only 133 lb (60 kg). The engine produced 26 hp (19 kW) at 5200 rpm.

=== CIBA (1949–1952; 1955) ===
The CIBA (Crosley Cast Iron Block Assembly) was a more traditional and more reliable engine utilizing a cast-iron block. When Crosley Motors, Inc. was sold, the engine was renamed "[[AeroJet]]" and production continued. Production of the AeroJet ended in [[1955]] and the engine rights were sold to [[Fageol]] and later to a series of different companies ending in 1972 with the Fisher Pierce Bearcat 55.

==Notable Crosley owners==
*[[Omar Bradley|General Omar Bradley]]
*[[Humphrey Bogart]] (Two-cylinder Crosley)
* Kathy Godfrey (1951 CD sedan)
*[[President Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (1951 CD Surrey)
*[[Geraldine Farrar]] (Two-cylinder Crosley)
*[[Paulette Goddard]] (Two-cylinder Crosley)
*[[Pamela Harriman]] (purchased the first 1939 Crosley)
*[[George M. Humphrey]], Secretary of the Treasury
*[[Art Linkletter]] (1952 CD Sport Convertible)
*[[Nelson Rockefeller]], Governor of New York (1950 HotShot)
*[[Gloria Swanson]] (Two-cylinder Crosley)
*[[Fred Waring]] (Two-cylinder Crosley)
*[[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1952 VC Super Sports)

==See also==
*[[Crosley Car Owners Club]] (CCOC) History
*[[Powel Crosley Jr.]]
*[[Lewis M. Crosley]]
*[[Crosley Pup]]
*[[WLW]]

==External links==
*[http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/Crosley Crosley Car Owners Club (CCOC)]
*[http://www.geocities.com/motorcity/garage/7896/crosley.htm CROSLEY A Compact born 30 years too soon!]
*[http://www.ggw.org/~cac/ Crosley Automobile Club Inc.]
*[http://www.ggw.org/~cac/EngineTree/Crosley_Eng_Tree.html Crosley Engine Family Tree]
*[http://www.ggw.org/~cac/Mighty_Tin.html The Mighty Tin (CoBra)]
*[http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Crosley/ Category at ODP]
*[http://home.earthlink.net/~mherman/crosley.html The Crosley Automobile — A Fine Car]
*[http://www.crosleyradio.com Crosley Radio Corporation]

[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cincinnati, Ohio]]
[[Category:Richmond, Indiana]]
[[Category:Marion, Indiana]]
[[Category:Compact cars]]

Air-Canada-Flug 797

2006-11-17T23:47:52Z

Mfields1: added Aftermath and References

{{Crash infobox|name=Air Canada Flight 797|
Type=Inflight fire |
Date=[[June 2]] [[1983]] |
Site=Cincinnati, Ohio |
Fatalities=23 |
Injuries=0 |
bgcol=transparent |
Aircraft Type=[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] |
Operator=[[Air Canada]] |
Tail Number=C-FTLU |
Passengers=41 |
Crew=5 |
Survivors = 18 |
}}

'''Air Canada Flight 797''' was a scheduled trans-border flight that flew on a [[Houston, Texas]]-[[Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]-[[Toronto, Ontario]] route. The aircraft on the flight caught fire on [[June 2]], [[1983]].

On that day, the [[Air Canada]] aircraft registered C-FTLU took off from [[Houston Intercontinental Airport]] in [[Houston, Texas]] and made a stop at [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]. The aircraft was bound for Toronto International Airport (now [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]) in [[Mississauga, Ontario]].

Donald Cameron was the captain, Claude Ouimet was the first officer. While flying over [[Louisville, Kentucky]], an in-flight fire began in the rear [[lavatory]] of the [[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32]].

Cameron and Ouimet made an [[emergency landing]] at the Greater Cincinnati Airport (now [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]]), located in [[Boone County, Kentucky]] near [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]. During the evacuation, the aircraft doors were opened, causing an influx of oxygen that fueled the fire. 23 of the 41 passengers died from [[smoke]] inhalation and a [[flash fire]].

There were no fatalities among the five crew members.

Air Canada still uses the flight number today on its Montréal-Los Angeles route.

==Notable passenger==
*[[Stan Rogers]] was a Canadian [[folk singer]], known for songs like "[[Northwest Passage (song)|Northwest Passage]]", "[[The Mary Ellen Carter]]", "Song of the Candle", and "[[Barrett's Privateers]]". He was going home on Flight 797 after attending the [[Kerrville Folk Festival]] in Texas. He died in the fire at the age of 33, while helping other passengers to safety.
*Also on board was Curtis Mathes, founder of the electronics company that bears his name. He died in the fire.

==Aftermath==
As a result of this accident and other incidents of in flight fires on passenger aircraft, the Safety Board issued several recommendations to the FAA including Safety Recommendation A-83-70 which asked the FAA to expedite actions to require smoke detectors in lavatories; Safety Recommendation A-83-71 which asked the FAA to require the installation of automatice fire extinguishers adjacent to and in lavatory waste recepticles and other related recommendations. In addition Air carriers were to review fire training procedures and amend those that did not take aggressive actions to determine the source and severtiy of suspected cabin fires, including emergency descents for landing or ditching.

==References==
* [http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR86-02.pdf NTSB full accident report]
* [http://www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/brief.asp?ev_id=20001214X43285&key=1 NTSB brief DCA83AA028]

[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[Category:In-flight airliner fires]]
[[Category:1983 disasters]]
[[Category:1983 in the United States]]

[[sv:Air Canada Flight 797]]

Air-Canada-Flug 797

2006-10-14T17:37:55Z

Mfields1: categories added

{{Crash infobox|name=Air Canada Flight 797|
Type=Inflight fire |
Date=[[June 2]] [[1983]] |
Site=Cincinnati, Ohio |
Fatalities=23 |
Injuries=0 |
bgcol=transparent |
Aircraft Type=[[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] |
Operator=[[Air Canada]] |
Tail Number=C-FTLU |
Passengers=41 |
Crew=5 |
Survivors = 18 |
}}

'''Air Canada Flight 797''' was a scheduled trans-border flight that flew on a [[Houston, Texas]]-[[Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]]-[[Toronto, Ontario]] route. The aircraft on the flight caught fire on [[June 2]], [[1983]].

On that day, the [[Air Canada]] aircraft registered C-FTLU took off from [[Houston Intercontinental Airport]] in [[Houston, Texas]] and made a stop at [[Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport]]. The aircraft was bound for Toronto International Airport (now [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]) in [[Mississauga, Ontario]].

Donald Cameron was the captain, Claude Ouimet was the first officer. While flying over [[Louisville, Kentucky]], an in-flight fire began in the rear [[lavatory]] of the [[Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32]].

Cameron and Ouimet made an [[emergency landing]] at the Greater Cincinnati Airport (now [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]]), located in [[Boone County, Kentucky]] near [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]. During the evacuation, the aircraft doors were opened, causing an influx of oxygen that fueled the fire. 23 of the 41 passengers died from [[smoke]] inhalation and a [[flash fire]].

There were no fatalities among the five crew members.

Air Canada still uses the flight number today on its Montréal-Los Angeles route.

==Notable passenger==
*[[Stan Rogers]] was a Canadian [[folk singer]], known for songs like "[[Northwest Passage (song)|Northwest Passage]]", "[[The Mary Ellen Carter]]", "Song of the Candle", and "[[Barrett's Privateers]]". He was going home on Flight 797 after attending the [[Kerrville Folk Festival]] in Texas. He died in the fire at the age of 33, while helping other passengers to safety.

Also on board was Curtis Mathes, founder of the electronics company that bears his name. He died in the fire.
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[Category:In-flight airliner fires]]
[[Category:1983 disasters]]
[[Category:1983 in the United States]]

[[sv:Air Canada Flight 797]]

John Williams (Missionar)

2006-04-24T00:55:39Z

Mfields1: category added

'''John Williams''' ([[1796]]–[[1839]]) was an [[United Kingdom|English]] lay [[missionary]], active in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]]. Born near [[London]], [[England]], he was trained as a foundry worker and mechanic. In [[1816]], the [[London Missionary Society]] commissioned him as a missionary.

In [[1817]] he voyaged to the [[Society Islands]], which include [[Tahiti]], and established a station on the island of [[Raiatea]]. From there, he visited a number of the Polynesian island chains, becoming the first missionary, for example, to visit Samoa. Landing on Aitutaki in 1821 he used Tahitian converts to carry his message to the Cook Islanders. One island in this group, Rarotonga (said to have been discovered by him) rises out of the sea as jungle-covered mountains of orange soil ringed by coral reef and turquoise lagoon and Williams became fascinated by it.

Williams returned to Britain in [[1834]] to supervise the printing of his translation of the [[New Testament]] into the [[Rarotongan language]]. He brought with him a native of Samoa, named 'Leota' who came to live as a Christian in London. At the end of his days Leota was buried in [[Abney Park Cemetery]] with a dignified headstone paid for by the London Missionary Society, recording his adventure from the South Seas island of his birth. Whilst back in London, Williams published a ''"Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands"'', making a contribution to English understanding and popularity of the region, before returning to the Polynesian islands in [[1837]].

Most of Williams' missionary work, and his delivery of a cultural message, was very successful. However, whilst visiting a part of the [[Vanuatu|New Hebrides]] in November [[1839]] where he was unknown, he was killed and eaten by [[cannibal]]s on the island of [[Erromango]] during an attempt to convey to them the blessings he brought. A memorial stone was erected on the island of Roratonga in 1839 and is still there today. His widow is buried alone at the old Cedar Circle in London's [[Abney Park Cemetery]]; fittingly the name of her husband and the sad record of his death stands first on the modest stone.

Useful references:
'On the Missionary Trail: a journey through Polynesia, Asia and Africa with the London Missionary Society' by Tom Hiney (2000); and
'Walks in Abney Park Cemetery' by Rev. James French (1888)

[[Category:1796 births|Williams, John]]
[[Category:1839 deaths|Williams, John]]
[[Category:Foundrymen|Williams, John]]
[[Category:English missionaries|Williams, John]]

Benjamin Huntsman

2006-03-12T01:13:17Z

Mfields1:

'''Benjamin Huntsman''' ([[4 June]] [[1704]] - [[20 June]] [[1776]]), [[England|English]] inventor and [[steel]]-manufacturer, third son of a [[Quaker]] farmer, was born in [[Epworth]], [[Lincolnshire]]. His parents were [[German people|Germans]].

He started business as a clock, lock and tool maker at [[Doncaster]], and attained a considerable local reputation for scientific knowledge and skilled workmanship He also practised surgery in an experimental fashion, and was frequently consulted as an [[oculist]].

Finding that the bad quality of the steel then available for his products seriously hampered him, he began to experiment in steel-manufacture, first at Doncaster, and subsequently at [[Handsworth, South Yorkshire|Handsworth]], near Sheffield, whither he removed in [[1740]] to secure cheaper fuel for his [[furnace]]s. This cheaper fuel was coke which was more efficient than charcoal. After several years trials he at last produced a satisfactory cast steel, purer and harder than any steel then in use. The [[Sheffield]] cutlery manufacturers, however, refused to buy it, on the ground that it was too hard, and for a long time Huntsman exported his whole output to [[France]]. The English parliament prohibited the refining of pig iron or the casting of iron in the American colonies, contributing to the American Revolution.

The growing competition of imported French cutlery made from Huntsman's cast-steel at length alarmed the Sheffield cutlers, who, after vainly endeavouring to get the exportation of the steel prohibited by the British government, were compelled in self-defence to use it. Huntsman had not patented his process, and its secret was discovered by a Sheffield iron-founder, who, according to a popular story, obtained admission to Huntsman's works in the disguise of a tramp. Benjamin Huntsman died in 1776, his business being subsequently greatly developed by his son, William Huntsman (1733-1809).

See [[Samuel Smiles|Smiles]], ''Industrial Biography'' (1879).
----
{{1911}}
[[Category:1704 births|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:1776 deaths|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:English inventors|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:History of Sheffield|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:Natives of Lincolnshire|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:Quakers|Huntsman, Benjamin]]
[[Category:Foundrymen|Huntsman, Benjamin]]

{{England-bio-stub}}
{{inventor-stub}}