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Dampfschifffahrt auf der Wolga

2011-07-04T02:29:10Z

Mesoderm: Nominated for deletion; see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steamboats on the Volga River. (TW)

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Steamboats on the Volga River|timestamp=20110704022909|year=2011|month=July|day=4|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2010}}
[[Image:Rzhev.jpg|right|thumb|The town of [[Rzhev]] on the banks of the Volga. 1910]]
The use of '''[[steam boat]]s''' on the [[Volga River]] began in the year 1821.

==History==
===Volga Boatmen===
Formerly, tens of thousands of burlaki, or [[Volga boatmen]], were employed in dragging boats up the Volga and its tributaries, but this method of traction has disappeared. Horses were still extensively used along the three canal systems. Steamers really took hold in the 1840s.

===First Steamers===

The first steamer on the Volga was in 1821. The Czar issued a license to the "Along the Volga" Company in 1843, which became the premier Volga Flotilla until the Soviet takeover. The first steamer "Volga" visited to Samara in 1846.
Nizhniy is the chief station of the Volga steamboat traffic. The first steamer made its appearance on the Volga in 1821, but it was not till 1845 that steam navigation began to assume large proportions.

The first large steamers of the American type were built in 1872. Thousands of steamers are now employed in the traffic, to say nothing of smaller boats and rafts. Many of the steamers use as fuel mazut or petroleum refuse. . In [1870], the first Russian open hearth furnace was built in Nizhny Novgorod, followed by a two-decked steamship "Perevorot" just a year later. In 1913, it produced a dry bulk cargo ship "Danilikha". The shipyard built 489 ships between 1849 and 1918.

===Cable Hauled Tugs===

On several of the large rivers of Europe like the Volga, with rapid currents, cable towage has been introduced in addition to the older methods of transporting merchandise by sailing and steam boats or by towage with screw or paddle tugs. A chain or wire rope is laid on the bottom of the river bed, fixed to anchors at the ends and passed over a chain pulley driven by the steam engine and guided by pulleys on the steam tug, the tug lifting it out of the water at the bow and dropping it over the stern and winding itself with the barges attached to it along the chain, the latter being utilized as a rule only for the up journey, while down the river the tugs are propelled by paddles or screws, and can tow a sufficient number of barges with the assistance of the current. The system has been found advantageous, as, although the power required for drawing the barges and tugs against the current is of course the same in all cases, the slip and waste of power by screws and paddles is avoided. The size of the screws or paddles is also limited by the nature of the river and its traffic, and with cable towage a larger number of barges can be hauled,

===Many Cargoes===
The Volga is the main street of European Russia. To this end many loads are moved from their source to the market—coal from the Donbass Region,
Iron ore, timber, wheat, watermelons, zeks or exiles, machinery, cement, limestone, and oil.

===Various Troubles===
In 1893 the ''New York Time''s stated "FORTY DROWNED IN THE VOLGA.; Steamer ''Tsarevitch'' Run Down by the ''Malpitka'' Near Astrakhan. " Alfred Nobel built fifty steamers at Baku to move Caspian oil. He also built the first diesel ship in the word the MS Vandal in 1903.

In 1858, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory produced the first Russian steam dredger. The amount of suspended matter brought down by erosion is correspondingly great. All along its course the Volga is eroding and destroying its banks with great rapidity; towns and loading ports have constantly to be shifted farther back.

The Russians move large amounts of timber for export to Europe. Large barges of 300 foot length to 1000 tons are purpose built for the single journey
in the season. Large numbers of the boats and rafts are broken up after a single voyage. The wood barges are towed by tug.

In 1913 there were over 5,000 steamers on the Volga river system.

===Soviet Era===
The Soviets ran fleets are armed riverboats during the Civil War. The Whites and the Reds had
small naval battles on the river. Later, during the
famine in 1921, steamers became a way out of misery. With the Red control of Russia,
rebuilding infrastructure became paramount.

The largest fleet of any of Soviet rivers is that on the Volga, where in 1926 there were 1,604 steamers with an indicated total horse power of 300,595. On January 1, 1927, the Internal Waterways Steamship Co. had at its disposal 2,020 steamers. Batashev's steamers were on par with the world-famous ones produced by Berdov, and were installed on the majority of Volga steamships.

===World War II and beyond===
At the start of the Battle of Stalingrad, and before the Wehrmacht reached the city itself, the Luftwaffe had rendered the River Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city, unusable to Soviet shipping. Between 25 and 31 July 1942, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.
However, the Russians put of a valiant defence. During the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], one indomitable tug "Krasnoflotets" crossed the river towing barges of men, food and ammunition, constantly under the fire of the German guns. The tug made many journeys until it was too damaged to continue. One hospital ship was struck by German artillery 11 times.

The Soviet navy built armed cutters, sporting T34 tank turrets. This "Volga Flotilla made the Red Army’s greatest victory possible, keeping open supply lines to the troops fighting for their lives in the ruins of Stalingrad. Gunboats armed with 76mm anti-aircraft guns fought off German Stuka attacks throughout the siege, and those with tank turrets hove close to the riverbanks to provide fire support for the troops ashore. Every night, they ferried reinforcements and ammunition across the river, and brought back the wounded to safety.

“About the role of the sailors of the fleet and their exploits,” wrote Vasiliy Chiukov, the Soviet commander in Stalingrad, “I would say briefly that had it not been for them the 62nd Army might have perished without ammunition and rations, and could not have carried out its task.”
The Germans surrendered in the winter of 1943 and the Volga was once again open to steamers after the
removal of war wreckage.

[[Image:Volga-near-Zubtsov-Prokudin-Gorskii.jpeg|right|thumb|View from Polustovaia Hill to the Volga near [[Zubtsov]]. circa 1910]]

The Soviets embarked on a huge series of dams, canals, barrages, lakes and hydro schemes. Much of this had been planned prior to the
war but that tragedy only delayed their completion. Control of river erosion, and silting was one reason; providing enough draft for large
ships and clearing rapids was anothor. The [[Volga-Don Canal]] was one scheme, and the [[Volga-Baltic Waterway]] another.

Most of the keels on the river were of the paddle steamer type. Up until
1950, the Soviets continued with theis layout.
With the new hydrological and hydroelectric work, new ships needed to be built. In the post-war years, new steamers of the [[Ryazanclass steamship|Josef Stalin]] type were built and navigated the river.

The Soviets then went into hydrofoils and diesel steamers A few steamers have survived. Today, the river is worked by diesel cruise boats and tugs.

==See also==
*[[Lev Tolstoy class steamship]]
*[[Ryazan class steamship]]

[[Category:Water transport in Russia]]

Dampfschifffahrt auf der Wolga

2011-07-04T02:28:03Z

Mesoderm: /* Notable events and popular culture */

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2010}}
[[Image:Rzhev.jpg|right|thumb|The town of [[Rzhev]] on the banks of the Volga. 1910]]
The use of '''[[steam boat]]s''' on the [[Volga River]] began in the year 1821.

==History==
===Volga Boatmen===
Formerly, tens of thousands of burlaki, or [[Volga boatmen]], were employed in dragging boats up the Volga and its tributaries, but this method of traction has disappeared. Horses were still extensively used along the three canal systems. Steamers really took hold in the 1840s.

===First Steamers===

The first steamer on the Volga was in 1821. The Czar issued a license to the "Along the Volga" Company in 1843, which became the premier Volga Flotilla until the Soviet takeover. The first steamer "Volga" visited to Samara in 1846.
Nizhniy is the chief station of the Volga steamboat traffic. The first steamer made its appearance on the Volga in 1821, but it was not till 1845 that steam navigation began to assume large proportions.

The first large steamers of the American type were built in 1872. Thousands of steamers are now employed in the traffic, to say nothing of smaller boats and rafts. Many of the steamers use as fuel mazut or petroleum refuse. . In [1870], the first Russian open hearth furnace was built in Nizhny Novgorod, followed by a two-decked steamship "Perevorot" just a year later. In 1913, it produced a dry bulk cargo ship "Danilikha". The shipyard built 489 ships between 1849 and 1918.

===Cable Hauled Tugs===

On several of the large rivers of Europe like the Volga, with rapid currents, cable towage has been introduced in addition to the older methods of transporting merchandise by sailing and steam boats or by towage with screw or paddle tugs. A chain or wire rope is laid on the bottom of the river bed, fixed to anchors at the ends and passed over a chain pulley driven by the steam engine and guided by pulleys on the steam tug, the tug lifting it out of the water at the bow and dropping it over the stern and winding itself with the barges attached to it along the chain, the latter being utilized as a rule only for the up journey, while down the river the tugs are propelled by paddles or screws, and can tow a sufficient number of barges with the assistance of the current. The system has been found advantageous, as, although the power required for drawing the barges and tugs against the current is of course the same in all cases, the slip and waste of power by screws and paddles is avoided. The size of the screws or paddles is also limited by the nature of the river and its traffic, and with cable towage a larger number of barges can be hauled,

===Many Cargoes===
The Volga is the main street of European Russia. To this end many loads are moved from their source to the market—coal from the Donbass Region,
Iron ore, timber, wheat, watermelons, zeks or exiles, machinery, cement, limestone, and oil.

===Various Troubles===
In 1893 the ''New York Time''s stated "FORTY DROWNED IN THE VOLGA.; Steamer ''Tsarevitch'' Run Down by the ''Malpitka'' Near Astrakhan. " Alfred Nobel built fifty steamers at Baku to move Caspian oil. He also built the first diesel ship in the word the MS Vandal in 1903.

In 1858, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory produced the first Russian steam dredger. The amount of suspended matter brought down by erosion is correspondingly great. All along its course the Volga is eroding and destroying its banks with great rapidity; towns and loading ports have constantly to be shifted farther back.

The Russians move large amounts of timber for export to Europe. Large barges of 300 foot length to 1000 tons are purpose built for the single journey
in the season. Large numbers of the boats and rafts are broken up after a single voyage. The wood barges are towed by tug.

In 1913 there were over 5,000 steamers on the Volga river system.

===Soviet Era===
The Soviets ran fleets are armed riverboats during the Civil War. The Whites and the Reds had
small naval battles on the river. Later, during the
famine in 1921, steamers became a way out of misery. With the Red control of Russia,
rebuilding infrastructure became paramount.

The largest fleet of any of Soviet rivers is that on the Volga, where in 1926 there were 1,604 steamers with an indicated total horse power of 300,595. On January 1, 1927, the Internal Waterways Steamship Co. had at its disposal 2,020 steamers. Batashev's steamers were on par with the world-famous ones produced by Berdov, and were installed on the majority of Volga steamships.

===World War II and beyond===
At the start of the Battle of Stalingrad, and before the Wehrmacht reached the city itself, the Luftwaffe had rendered the River Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city, unusable to Soviet shipping. Between 25 and 31 July 1942, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.
However, the Russians put of a valiant defence. During the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], one indomitable tug "Krasnoflotets" crossed the river towing barges of men, food and ammunition, constantly under the fire of the German guns. The tug made many journeys until it was too damaged to continue. One hospital ship was struck by German artillery 11 times.

The Soviet navy built armed cutters, sporting T34 tank turrets. This "Volga Flotilla made the Red Army’s greatest victory possible, keeping open supply lines to the troops fighting for their lives in the ruins of Stalingrad. Gunboats armed with 76mm anti-aircraft guns fought off German Stuka attacks throughout the siege, and those with tank turrets hove close to the riverbanks to provide fire support for the troops ashore. Every night, they ferried reinforcements and ammunition across the river, and brought back the wounded to safety.

“About the role of the sailors of the fleet and their exploits,” wrote Vasiliy Chiukov, the Soviet commander in Stalingrad, “I would say briefly that had it not been for them the 62nd Army might have perished without ammunition and rations, and could not have carried out its task.”
The Germans surrendered in the winter of 1943 and the Volga was once again open to steamers after the
removal of war wreckage.

[[Image:Volga-near-Zubtsov-Prokudin-Gorskii.jpeg|right|thumb|View from Polustovaia Hill to the Volga near [[Zubtsov]]. circa 1910]]

The Soviets embarked on a huge series of dams, canals, barrages, lakes and hydro schemes. Much of this had been planned prior to the
war but that tragedy only delayed their completion. Control of river erosion, and silting was one reason; providing enough draft for large
ships and clearing rapids was anothor. The [[Volga-Don Canal]] was one scheme, and the [[Volga-Baltic Waterway]] another.

Most of the keels on the river were of the paddle steamer type. Up until
1950, the Soviets continued with theis layout.
With the new hydrological and hydroelectric work, new ships needed to be built. In the post-war years, new steamers of the [[Ryazanclass steamship|Josef Stalin]] type were built and navigated the river.

The Soviets then went into hydrofoils and diesel steamers A few steamers have survived. Today, the river is worked by diesel cruise boats and tugs.

==See also==
*[[Lev Tolstoy class steamship]]
*[[Ryazan class steamship]]

[[Category:Water transport in Russia]]

Dampfschifffahrt auf der Wolga

2011-07-04T02:27:25Z

Mesoderm: moved Volga River Steamers to Steamboats on the Volga River

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2010}}
[[Image:Rzhev.jpg|right|thumb|The town of [[Rzhev]] on the banks of the Volga. 1910]]
The use of '''[[steam boat]]s''' on the [[Volga River]] began in the year 1821.

==History==
===Volga Boatmen===
Formerly, tens of thousands of burlaki, or [[Volga boatmen]], were employed in dragging boats up the Volga and its tributaries, but this method of traction has disappeared. Horses were still extensively used along the three canal systems. Steamers really took hold in the 1840s.

===First Steamers===

The first steamer on the Volga was in 1821. The Czar issued a license to the "Along the Volga" Company in 1843, which became the premier Volga Flotilla until the Soviet takeover. The first steamer "Volga" visited to Samara in 1846.
Nizhniy is the chief station of the Volga steamboat traffic. The first steamer made its appearance on the Volga in 1821, but it was not till 1845 that steam navigation began to assume large proportions.

The first large steamers of the American type were built in 1872. Thousands of steamers are now employed in the traffic, to say nothing of smaller boats and rafts. Many of the steamers use as fuel mazut or petroleum refuse. . In [1870], the first Russian open hearth furnace was built in Nizhny Novgorod, followed by a two-decked steamship "Perevorot" just a year later. In 1913, it produced a dry bulk cargo ship "Danilikha". The shipyard built 489 ships between 1849 and 1918.

===Cable Hauled Tugs===

On several of the large rivers of Europe like the Volga, with rapid currents, cable towage has been introduced in addition to the older methods of transporting merchandise by sailing and steam boats or by towage with screw or paddle tugs. A chain or wire rope is laid on the bottom of the river bed, fixed to anchors at the ends and passed over a chain pulley driven by the steam engine and guided by pulleys on the steam tug, the tug lifting it out of the water at the bow and dropping it over the stern and winding itself with the barges attached to it along the chain, the latter being utilized as a rule only for the up journey, while down the river the tugs are propelled by paddles or screws, and can tow a sufficient number of barges with the assistance of the current. The system has been found advantageous, as, although the power required for drawing the barges and tugs against the current is of course the same in all cases, the slip and waste of power by screws and paddles is avoided. The size of the screws or paddles is also limited by the nature of the river and its traffic, and with cable towage a larger number of barges can be hauled,

===Many Cargoes===
The Volga is the main street of European Russia. To this end many loads are moved from their source to the market—coal from the Donbass Region,
Iron ore, timber, wheat, watermelons, zeks or exiles, machinery, cement, limestone, and oil.

===Various Troubles===
In 1893 the ''New York Time''s stated "FORTY DROWNED IN THE VOLGA.; Steamer ''Tsarevitch'' Run Down by the ''Malpitka'' Near Astrakhan. " Alfred Nobel built fifty steamers at Baku to move Caspian oil. He also built the first diesel ship in the word the MS Vandal in 1903.

In 1858, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory produced the first Russian steam dredger. The amount of suspended matter brought down by erosion is correspondingly great. All along its course the Volga is eroding and destroying its banks with great rapidity; towns and loading ports have constantly to be shifted farther back.

The Russians move large amounts of timber for export to Europe. Large barges of 300 foot length to 1000 tons are purpose built for the single journey
in the season. Large numbers of the boats and rafts are broken up after a single voyage. The wood barges are towed by tug.

In 1913 there were over 5,000 steamers on the Volga river system.

===Soviet Era===
The Soviets ran fleets are armed riverboats during the Civil War. The Whites and the Reds had
small naval battles on the river. Later, during the
famine in 1921, steamers became a way out of misery. With the Red control of Russia,
rebuilding infrastructure became paramount.

The largest fleet of any of Soviet rivers is that on the Volga, where in 1926 there were 1,604 steamers with an indicated total horse power of 300,595. On January 1, 1927, the Internal Waterways Steamship Co. had at its disposal 2,020 steamers. Batashev's steamers were on par with the world-famous ones produced by Berdov, and were installed on the majority of Volga steamships.

===World War II and beyond===
At the start of the Battle of Stalingrad, and before the Wehrmacht reached the city itself, the Luftwaffe had rendered the River Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city, unusable to Soviet shipping. Between 25 and 31 July 1942, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.
However, the Russians put of a valiant defence. During the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], one indomitable tug "Krasnoflotets" crossed the river towing barges of men, food and ammunition, constantly under the fire of the German guns. The tug made many journeys until it was too damaged to continue. One hospital ship was struck by German artillery 11 times.

The Soviet navy built armed cutters, sporting T34 tank turrets. This "Volga Flotilla made the Red Army’s greatest victory possible, keeping open supply lines to the troops fighting for their lives in the ruins of Stalingrad. Gunboats armed with 76mm anti-aircraft guns fought off German Stuka attacks throughout the siege, and those with tank turrets hove close to the riverbanks to provide fire support for the troops ashore. Every night, they ferried reinforcements and ammunition across the river, and brought back the wounded to safety.

“About the role of the sailors of the fleet and their exploits,” wrote Vasiliy Chiukov, the Soviet commander in Stalingrad, “I would say briefly that had it not been for them the 62nd Army might have perished without ammunition and rations, and could not have carried out its task.”
The Germans surrendered in the winter of 1943 and the Volga was once again open to steamers after the
removal of war wreckage.

[[Image:Volga-near-Zubtsov-Prokudin-Gorskii.jpeg|right|thumb|View from Polustovaia Hill to the Volga near [[Zubtsov]]. circa 1910]]

The Soviets embarked on a huge series of dams, canals, barrages, lakes and hydro schemes. Much of this had been planned prior to the
war but that tragedy only delayed their completion. Control of river erosion, and silting was one reason; providing enough draft for large
ships and clearing rapids was anothor. The [[Volga-Don Canal]] was one scheme, and the [[Volga-Baltic Waterway]] another.

Most of the keels on the river were of the paddle steamer type. Up until
1950, the Soviets continued with theis layout.
With the new hydrological and hydroelectric work, new ships needed to be built. In the post-war years, new steamers of the [[Ryazanclass steamship|Josef Stalin]] type were built and navigated the river.

The Soviets then went into hydrofoils and diesel steamers A few steamers have survived. Today, the river is worked by diesel cruise boats and tugs.

==Notable events and popular culture==
In 1913, the [[Romanovs]] boarded the steamer "Mezhen" at Nizhny Novgorod to sail down the Volga river for their 500th Anniversary tour.

[[Maxim Gorky]], the writer, worked as a cook on a Volga steamer in his youth and thus the Volga river enters Russian literature: stories where a young officer encounters a beautiful stranger on board a Volga steamer.
In Russian life, the Volga is like the sky and air. We breathe the Volga, we are enrapt with her. We sing the most heartfelt songs about her. We teach our children her traditions and legends.

Konstantine Fedin, wrote to his American allies, comparing the Volga to the Mississippi, and
reminding them of the rampaging German Army then in conquest in the dark days of 1942.

"The Volga is the homeland of daring, courage, and the people's glory.

The Volga is the homeland of Russian geniuses and talents.

From childhood, people on the Volga dream about their river as the most beautiful of all earthly gifts which have been bestowed upon them.

When I was a child sitting at my school bench, I imagined Volga steamers, rafts, and boats sailing past, like a holiday; green islands stretched out before me; the silver of fish scales sparkled; I breathed the aroma of the swaying shoreline willows. All this was living right next to me. I knew that after lessons I could run along the Volga and touch all this with my own hand.

==See also==
*[[Lev Tolstoy class steamship]]
*[[Ryazan class steamship]]

[[Category:Water transport in Russia]]

Dampfschifffahrt auf der Wolga

2011-07-04T02:25:14Z

Mesoderm: Reverted 23 edits by 174.7.23.169 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by SmackBot. (TW)

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2010}}
[[Image:Rzhev.jpg|right|thumb|The town of [[Rzhev]] on the banks of the Volga. 1910]]
The use of '''[[steam boat]]s''' on the [[Volga River]] began in the year 1821.

==History==
===Volga Boatmen===
Formerly, tens of thousands of burlaki, or [[Volga boatmen]], were employed in dragging boats up the Volga and its tributaries, but this method of traction has disappeared. Horses were still extensively used along the three canal systems. Steamers really took hold in the 1840s.

===First Steamers===

The first steamer on the Volga was in 1821. The Czar issued a license to the "Along the Volga" Company in 1843, which became the premier Volga Flotilla until the Soviet takeover. The first steamer "Volga" visited to Samara in 1846.
Nizhniy is the chief station of the Volga steamboat traffic. The first steamer made its appearance on the Volga in 1821, but it was not till 1845 that steam navigation began to assume large proportions.

The first large steamers of the American type were built in 1872. Thousands of steamers are now employed in the traffic, to say nothing of smaller boats and rafts. Many of the steamers use as fuel mazut or petroleum refuse. . In [1870], the first Russian open hearth furnace was built in Nizhny Novgorod, followed by a two-decked steamship "Perevorot" just a year later. In 1913, it produced a dry bulk cargo ship "Danilikha". The shipyard built 489 ships between 1849 and 1918.

===Cable Hauled Tugs===

On several of the large rivers of Europe like the Volga, with rapid currents, cable towage has been introduced in addition to the older methods of transporting merchandise by sailing and steam boats or by towage with screw or paddle tugs. A chain or wire rope is laid on the bottom of the river bed, fixed to anchors at the ends and passed over a chain pulley driven by the steam engine and guided by pulleys on the steam tug, the tug lifting it out of the water at the bow and dropping it over the stern and winding itself with the barges attached to it along the chain, the latter being utilized as a rule only for the up journey, while down the river the tugs are propelled by paddles or screws, and can tow a sufficient number of barges with the assistance of the current. The system has been found advantageous, as, although the power required for drawing the barges and tugs against the current is of course the same in all cases, the slip and waste of power by screws and paddles is avoided. The size of the screws or paddles is also limited by the nature of the river and its traffic, and with cable towage a larger number of barges can be hauled,

===Many Cargoes===
The Volga is the main street of European Russia. To this end many loads are moved from their source to the market—coal from the Donbass Region,
Iron ore, timber, wheat, watermelons, zeks or exiles, machinery, cement, limestone, and oil.

===Various Troubles===
In 1893 the ''New York Time''s stated "FORTY DROWNED IN THE VOLGA.; Steamer ''Tsarevitch'' Run Down by the ''Malpitka'' Near Astrakhan. " Alfred Nobel built fifty steamers at Baku to move Caspian oil. He also built the first diesel ship in the word the MS Vandal in 1903.

In 1858, the Nizhny Novgorod Machine Factory produced the first Russian steam dredger. The amount of suspended matter brought down by erosion is correspondingly great. All along its course the Volga is eroding and destroying its banks with great rapidity; towns and loading ports have constantly to be shifted farther back.

The Russians move large amounts of timber for export to Europe. Large barges of 300 foot length to 1000 tons are purpose built for the single journey
in the season. Large numbers of the boats and rafts are broken up after a single voyage. The wood barges are towed by tug.

In 1913 there were over 5,000 steamers on the Volga river system.

===Soviet Era===
The Soviets ran fleets are armed riverboats during the Civil War. The Whites and the Reds had
small naval battles on the river. Later, during the
famine in 1921, steamers became a way out of misery. With the Red control of Russia,
rebuilding infrastructure became paramount.

The largest fleet of any of Soviet rivers is that on the Volga, where in 1926 there were 1,604 steamers with an indicated total horse power of 300,595. On January 1, 1927, the Internal Waterways Steamship Co. had at its disposal 2,020 steamers. Batashev's steamers were on par with the world-famous ones produced by Berdov, and were installed on the majority of Volga steamships.

===World War II and beyond===
At the start of the Battle of Stalingrad, and before the Wehrmacht reached the city itself, the Luftwaffe had rendered the River Volga, vital for bringing supplies into the city, unusable to Soviet shipping. Between 25 and 31 July 1942, 32 Soviet ships were sunk, with another nine crippled.
However, the Russians put of a valiant defence. During the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], one indomitable tug "Krasnoflotets" crossed the river towing barges of men, food and ammunition, constantly under the fire of the German guns. The tug made many journeys until it was too damaged to continue. One hospital ship was struck by German artillery 11 times.

The Soviet navy built armed cutters, sporting T34 tank turrets. This "Volga Flotilla made the Red Army’s greatest victory possible, keeping open supply lines to the troops fighting for their lives in the ruins of Stalingrad. Gunboats armed with 76mm anti-aircraft guns fought off German Stuka attacks throughout the siege, and those with tank turrets hove close to the riverbanks to provide fire support for the troops ashore. Every night, they ferried reinforcements and ammunition across the river, and brought back the wounded to safety.

“About the role of the sailors of the fleet and their exploits,” wrote Vasiliy Chiukov, the Soviet commander in Stalingrad, “I would say briefly that had it not been for them the 62nd Army might have perished without ammunition and rations, and could not have carried out its task.”
The Germans surrendered in the winter of 1943 and the Volga was once again open to steamers after the
removal of war wreckage.

[[Image:Volga-near-Zubtsov-Prokudin-Gorskii.jpeg|right|thumb|View from Polustovaia Hill to the Volga near [[Zubtsov]]. circa 1910]]

The Soviets embarked on a huge series of dams, canals, barrages, lakes and hydro schemes. Much of this had been planned prior to the
war but that tragedy only delayed their completion. Control of river erosion, and silting was one reason; providing enough draft for large
ships and clearing rapids was anothor. The [[Volga-Don Canal]] was one scheme, and the [[Volga-Baltic Waterway]] another.

Most of the keels on the river were of the paddle steamer type. Up until
1950, the Soviets continued with theis layout.
With the new hydrological and hydroelectric work, new ships needed to be built. In the post-war years, new steamers of the [[Ryazanclass steamship|Josef Stalin]] type were built and navigated the river.

The Soviets then went into hydrofoils and diesel steamers A few steamers have survived. Today, the river is worked by diesel cruise boats and tugs.

==Notable events and popular culture==
In 1913, the [[Romanovs]] boarded the steamer "Mezhen" at Nizhny Novgorod to sail down the Volga river for their 500th Anniversary tour.

[[Maxim Gorky]], the writer, worked as a cook on a Volga steamer in his youth and thus the Volga river enters Russian literature: stories where a young officer encounters a beautiful stranger on board a Volga steamer.
In Russian life, the Volga is like the sky and air. We breathe the Volga, we are enrapt with her. We sing the most heartfelt songs about her. We teach our children her traditions and legends.

Konstantine Fedin, wrote to his American allies, comparing the Volga to the Mississippi, and
reminding them of the rampaging German Army then in conquest in the dark days of 1942.

"The Volga is the homeland of daring, courage, and the people's glory.

The Volga is the homeland of Russian geniuses and talents.

From childhood, people on the Volga dream about their river as the most beautiful of all earthly gifts which have been bestowed upon them.

When I was a child sitting at my school bench, I imagined Volga steamers, rafts, and boats sailing past, like a holiday; green islands stretched out before me; the silver of fish scales sparkled; I breathed the aroma of the swaying shoreline willows. All this was living right next to me. I knew that after lessons I could run along the Volga and touch all this with my own hand.

==See also==
*[[Lev Tolstoy class steamship]]
*[[Ryazan class steamship]]

[[Category:Water transport in Russia]]

Vermont Republic

2011-06-30T07:49:11Z

Mesoderm: /* Further reading */

{{Redirect|New Connecticut|the area in Ohio|Connecticut Western Reserve}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|conventional_long_name = Vermont Republic
|common_name = Vermont
|continent = North America
|region = New England
|country = United States
|era = [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]]
|government_type = Republic
|status =
|event_start = Independence
|year_start = 1777
|date_start = January 15
|event_end = Admitted to Union
|year_end = 1791
|date_end = March 4
|p1 = Province of New York
|flag_p1 = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg
|p2 = Province of New Hampshire
|image_p2 = [[File:ColonyofNewHampshireSeal.png|25px|link=Province of New Hampshire]]
|s1 = Vermont
|flag_s1 = Flag_of_Vermont.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Vermont Republic.svg
|flag = Flag of the Green Mountain Boys
|flag_type = Green Mountain Boys Flag
|image_coat = Seal of Vermont (B&W).svg
|symbol = Great Seal of Vermont
|symbol_type = Great Seal
|image_map = Map of USA VT.svg
|image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Windsor, Vermont|Windsor]], then [[Castleton, Vermont|Castleton]]
|national_motto = [[Freedom and Unity]] on Great Seal ''[[Stella quarta decima]]'' on [[Vermont coppers|Vermont coinage]] in English "the fourteenth star"
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[English language|English]]
|currency = Vermont coppers
|leader1 = Thomas Chittenden
|year_leader1 = 1778–1789
|leader2 = Moses Robinson
|year_leader2 = 1789–1790
|leader3 = Thomas Chittenden
|year_leader3 = 1790–1791
|title_leader = [[Governor of Vermont|Governor]]
|legislature = House of Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont
}}
[[Image:Stella14coins.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vermont coppers|Vermont coin]] with the passage VERMONTIS. RES. PUBLICA. on the obverse, and the motto [[Stella quarta decima|"STELLA QUARTA DECIMA"]] on the reverse.]]
[[Image:VRtchittenden.gif|right|thumb|Engraving of [[Thomas Chittenden]], first and third governor of the Vermont Republic, and first governor of the State of Vermont.]]
[[Image:ConstitutionHouse WindsorVermont.JPG|thumb|The Old Constitution House in [[Windsor, Vermont]], where the 1777 constitution was signed, is also called the birthplace of Vermont.]]
The term '''Vermont Republic''' has been used by later historians<ref>{{cite book |author=Van DeWater, Frederic F. |title=''The Reluctant Republic, Vermont 1724–1791'' |year=1941, 1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |pages=195, 218–219 |isbn=0-914378-02-3}}</ref> for the government of what became modern [[Vermont]] from 1777 to 1791. In July 1777 delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and land claims of British colonies in New Hampshire and New York. They also abolished [[slavery]] within their boundaries. The people of Vermont took part in the American Revolution and considered themselves Americans, even if Congress did not recognize the jurisdiction.<ref>Onuf (1981) pp. 806–7</ref> Because of vehement objections from New York, which had conflicting property claims, the [[Continental Congress]] declined to recognize Vermont, then called ''the [[New Hampshire grants]]''. Overtures by [[Ethan Allen]] to the organizers to join the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] failed. In 1791 Vermont was admitted to the United States as the 14th state.

Vermont did not send or receive diplomats, but it coined a currency called [[Vermont coppers]] from a mint operated by Reuben Harmon in East Rupert (1785–1788),<ref>Margaret Bucholt [http://www.manchestervermont.net/about.php Manchester and the Mountains Chamber of Commerce] ''An Insider's Guide to Southern Vermont'', Penguin, 1991</ref> and operated a postal system. While the Vermont coppers bore the legend ''Vermontis. Res. Publica'' (Latin for republic or state), the constitution and other official documents used the term "State of Vermont". It referred to its chief executive as a "governor".

The Vermont Republic was called the "reluctant republic" because many early citizens favored political union with the United States rather than independence. Both popular opinion and the legal construction of the government made clear that the independent State of Vermont would eventually join the original 13 states. While the [[Continental Congress]] did not allow a seat for Vermont, [[William Samuel Johnson]], representing Connecticut, was engaged by Vermont to promote its interests.<ref>{{cite book |author=Swift, Esther M. |title=''Vermont Place-Names, Footprints in History.'' |year=1977 |publisher=The Stephen Greene Press |pages=282–283 |isbn=0-9-8289-0291-7}}</ref> (In 1785 Johnson was granted title to the former [[King's College Tract]] by the Vermont General Assembly as a form of compensation for representing Vermont.<ref>{{cite book |author=Swift, Esther M. |title=''Vermont Place-Names, Footprints in History.'' |year=1977 |publisher=The Stephen Greene Press |pages=580, 587–588 |isbn=0-9-8289-0291-7}}</ref>) The members of the Convention of 1787 assumed that Vermont was not yet separate from New York; however, [[James Madison|Madison's]] notes on the Federal Convention of 1787 make clear that there was an agreement by New York to allow for the admission of Vermont to the union;<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_829.asp Avalon Project: Madison Debates, Tuesday August 29, 1787]</ref> it was just a question of process, which was delayed by larger federal questions. [[Article Four of the United States Constitution#Section_3:_New_states_and_federal_property|Article 4, Section 3 of the Constitution]] concerning new states and federal property, was designed with Vermont in mind.

==History==
After 1724 settlers from New York moved into the area; after 1749 settlers arrived from New Hampshire; after 1763 settlers started arriving from Massachusetts. Thus the western parts of the region were controlled by the [[Province of New York]] and the eastern parts by the [[Province of New Hampshire]], with overlap due to controversy surrounding the [[New Hampshire Grants]] and the king's decision in 1764 to make the disputed area part of New York. The "Green Mountain Boys," led by [[Ethan Allen]], was a militia force that supported the New Hampshire claims and fought the British during the [[American Revolution]].

==Founding==
Following controversy between the holders of the New York grants and the New Hampshire grants, [[Ethan Allen]] and his militia of "[[Green Mountain Boys]]" repressed Loyalists. On January 15, 1777, a convention of representatives from towns in the territory declared the region independent, choosing the name the '''Republic of New Connecticut''' (although it was sometimes known colloquially as the '''Republic of the Green Mountains''').<ref>{{cite book |author=Van DeWater, Frederic F. |title=''The Reluctant Republic, Vermont 1724–1791.'' |year=1941, 1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |pages=182 |isbn=0-914378-02-3}}</ref> On June 2 of that same year, the name of the fledgling nation was officially changed to "Vermont" (from the French, ''les Verts Monts'', meaning the Green Mountains)<ref>{{cite book |author=Van DeWater, Frederic F. |title=''The Reluctant Republic, Vermont 1724–1791.'' |year=1941, 1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |pages=195, 218–219 |isbn=0-914378-02-3}}</ref> upon the suggestion of [[Thomas Young (American Revolutionary)|Dr. Thomas Young]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Allen, Ira |title=''The Natural and Political History of Vermont.'' |year=1798, 1974 |publisher=J.W. Myers, London, Charles. E. Tutle (1969 edition) |pages=59 |isbn=0--8043-0419-2}}</ref> a [[Boston Tea Party]] leader and mentor to [[Ethan Allen]].

[[John Greenleaf Whittier|John Greenleaf Whittier's]] poem ''[[The Song of the Vermonters, 1779]]'' describes the period in ballad form. First published anonymously, the poem had characteristics in the last stanza that were similar to Ethan Allen's prose and caused it to be attributed to Allen for nearly 60 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E4D7163EE73BBC4E53DFBE66838C669FDE|title=Song of the Vermonters; the ode attributed to Ethan Allen. Its authorship finally settled–John G. Whittier Acknowledges it as His, but Only as 'a Boy's Practical Joke.' |accessdate= 2008-04-02|publisher=''The New York Times''|date= 1877-08-06}}</ref> The last stanza reads:

{{cquote|Come York or come Hampshire, come traitors or knaves, If ye rule o'er our land ye shall rule o'er our graves; Our vow is recorded—our banner unfurled, In the name of Vermont we defy all the world!}}

==Constitution and frame of government==
The [[Constitution of the Vermont Republic|Constitution of Vermont]] was drafted and ratified at Elijah West's [[Old Constitution House|Windsor Tavern]] in 1777, and was the first written constitution for an independent state in North America. The settlers in Vermont, who sought independence from New York, justified their constitution on the same basis as the first state constitutions of the former colonies: authority is derived from the people.<ref>Peter S. Onuf, “State-Making in Revolutionary America: Independent Vermont as a Case Study,” 67 ''Journal of American History'' (1981), 797–815</ref> As historian Christian Fritz notes in ''American Sovereigns: The People and America’s Constitutional Tradition before the Civil War'':
{{cquote|They saw themselves as a distinct region outside the legitimate jurisdiction of New York. Possessing an identifiable population or “a people” entitled them to the same constitutional rights of self-government as other “Peoples” in the American confederacy.<ref>Christian G. Fritz, ''American Sovereigns: The People and America’s Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War'' (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008), 60–67 (describing Vermont's struggle for independence from New York during the American Revolution)</ref>}}

In addition to creating a new government for the original thirteen colonies, the claims for Vermont’s independence raised the question of creating state governments. At the same time as they struggled for independence from Great Britain, Americans had to confront just how that formation should take place and who constituted “the people.”

[[Image:American Determinist Settlements North 1770.jpg|left|300px|thumb|The New Hampshire Grants region petitioned Congress for entry into the American union as a state independent of New York in 1776. Sixteen years later it was admitted as the State of Vermont]]

The Vermont constitution was modeled after the radically democratic constitution of Pennsylvania on the suggestion of Dr. Young, who worked with [[Thomas Paine]] and others on that 1776 document in [[Philadelphia]]. It was the first constitution in the New World to outlaw slavery and allow [[Universal male suffrage|all adult males to vote]], regardless of property ownership.

During the time of the Vermont Republic, the government issued its own coinage and currency, and operated a postal service. The governor of Vermont, [[Thomas Chittenden]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Allen, Ira |title=''The Natural and Political History of Vermont.'' |year=1798, 1974 |publisher=J.W. Myers, London, Charles. E. Tutle (1969 edition) |pages=72 |isbn=0--8043-0419-2}}</ref> with consent of his council and the unicameral General Assembly, appointed commissioners to the American government seated in [[Philadelphia]].

After a British regiment and allied [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] attacked and terrorized Vermont settlers, in the [[Royalton Raid]], Ethan Allen led a group of Vermont politicians in [[Haldimand Affair|secret discussions]] with [[Frederick Haldimand]], the Governor General of the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]], about rejoining the British Empire.<ref>[http://www.vermonthistory.org/freedom_and_unity/new_frontier/rev_tl.html Vermonthistory.org "Revolutionary War Timeline"], Vermont Historical Society,</ref> The discussions ended after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] concluded the Revolutionary War.

Though Vermont had declared its independence in 1777, it was not admitted into the United States until 1791, in part due to ongoing border disputes with New York. Vermont eventually agreed to pay 30,000 [[Spanish milled dollar]]s to resolve New York's remaining land claims in the territory.

===Symbolism of fourteen===
Much of the symbolism associated with Vermont in this period expressed a desire for political union with the United States. Vermont's coins minted in 1785 and 1786 bore the Latin inscription ''[[Stella quarta decima|"STELLA QUARTA DECIMA]]'' (meaning "the fourteenth star"). The [[Great Seal of Vermont]], designed by [[Ira Allen]], centrally features a 14-branched pine tree. Before statehood, Vermont had only 10 counties, so the 14 clearly referred to 14 states.

==Union==

As a result of an act passed by the State of New York on October 7, 1790, regarding a settlement of New York's claims, the Vermont General Assembly authorized a convention to consider an application for admittance to the ''[[United States|Union of the United States of America]]''. The convention met at [[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]], on January 6, 1791. On January 10, 1791 the convention approved a resolution to make an application to join the United States by a vote of 105 to 2 nays.<ref>Forbes, Charles Spooner. [http://books.google.com/books?id=nFMSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA101&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Vermont's Admission to the Union ''The Vermonter, Vol. VII, No. 8'' pg 101-102] March 1902. Retrieved on January 25, 2011.</ref>
Vermont was admitted to the Union on March 4, 1791. March 4 is celebrated in Vermont as ''Vermont Day''.<ref>[http://www.historybyday.com/march/4th.html History by Day - March 4]</ref>

Vermont's admission to the Union in 1791 was in part as a free state counterweight to [[Kentucky]], which joined as a slave state shortly after Vermont. The North, the smaller states, and states concerned about the impact of the [[sea-to-sea grant]]s held by other states, all supported Vermont's admission. Thomas Chittenden served as governor for Vermont for most of this period, and became its [[Governor of Vermont|first governor]] as a member-state in the United States.

The 1793 Vermont state constitution made relatively few changes to the 1777 Vermont state constitution. It retained many of its original ideas, as noted above, and kept the separation of powers. It remains in force with several amendments.<ref>[http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/const2.htm 1793 Vermont Constitution]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=[[Ira Allen|Allen, Ira]]|title=The natural and political history of the State of Vermont, one of the United States of America |origyear=1798 |year=1969 |publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company |isbn=0-8048-0419-2 }}
* Bellesiles, Michael A. ''Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier,'' (1993).
* Bryan, Frank, and John McClaughry. ''The Vermont Papers: Recreating Democracy on a Human Scale.'' Chelsea Green Publishing: 1989. ISBN 0-930031-19-9.
* Graffagnino, J. Kevin. "The Vermont 'Story': Continuity And Change In Vermont Historiography," ''Vermont History'', 1978 46(2): 77–99
* Onuf, Peter S. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1888050 "State-Making in Revolutionary America: Independent Vermont as a Case Study"], ''Journal of American History,'' Vol. 67, No. 4 (Mar., 1981), pp. 797–815
* Orton, Vrest. ''Personal Observations on the Republic of Vermont'', Academy Books: 1981. ISBN 0-914960-30-X.
* Roth, Randolph A. ''The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850'' (2003)
* Shalhope, Robert E. ''Bennington and the Green Mountain Boys: The Emergence of Liberal Democracy in Vermont, 1760–1850'' (1996), a standard scholarly history
* {{cite book |last=Van de Water |first=Frederic Franklyn |title=The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791 |year=1974 |publisher=The Countryman Press |isbn=0-914378-02-3 }}

;Primary documents
* ''The Constitution of the State of Vermont: a Facsimile Copy of the 1777 Original.'' The Vermont Historical Society: 1977.

==External links==
*[http://freedomandunity.org/new_frontier/republic.html# Vermont Historical Society web page on the Republic of Vermont]

{{coord missing|Vermont}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1777]]
[[Category:Political history]]
[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:Pre-state history of Vermont]]
[[Category:Vermont culture]]
[[Category:History of New England]]
[[Category:Former political entities in North America]]
[[Category:1791 disestablishments]]

[[af:Republiek van Vermont]]
[[es:República de Vermont]]
[[fr:République du Vermont]]
[[it:Repubblica del Vermont]]
[[he:רפובליקת ורמונט]]
[[lij:Repubbrica do Vermont]]
[[nl:Republiek Vermont]]
[[ja:バーモント共和国]]
[[pl:Republika Vermontu]]
[[pt:República de Vermont]]
[[ro:Republica Vermont]]
[[ru:Республика Вермонт]]
[[sv:Republiken Vermont]]
[[zh:佛蒙特共和国]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:55:09Z

Mesoderm: Reverted edits by 207.119.162.41 (talk) to last version by Mesoderm

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by [[Joseph Zentil]] of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]] because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, [[I'm with You]], which is due for release on August 30, 2011. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref>

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:48:41Z

Mesoderm: /* Personal life */ More vandalism.

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:47:34Z

Mesoderm: /* Career */

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian" and can be seen strolling the streets of Oakland with her friend (a believer in Cartesian Dualism and a staunch proponent of Keynesian economics) 'Lil Debbie'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by [[Joseph Zentil]] of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]] because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, [[I'm with You]], which is due for release on August 30, 2011. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref>

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:47:12Z

Mesoderm: Reverted to revision 436433610 by Wikidemon: Reverting to version prior to vandal spree.. (TW)

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian" and can be seen strolling the streets of Oakland with her friend (a believer in Cartesian Dualism and a staunch proponent of Keynesian economics) 'Lil Debbie'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by [[Joseph Zentil]] of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]] because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, [[I'm with You]], which is due for release on August 30, 2011. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref>

On June 26, 2011 the "Gucci Gucci" video was removed from YouTube and replaced with a notice from YouTube that it had violated YouTube's Terms of Service.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
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| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:46:17Z

Mesoderm: Remove vandalism.

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T07:43:54Z

Mesoderm: Reverted edits by 71.211.34.144 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG