https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Mchanges%21Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-06-29T08:07:57ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_the_Pershing:_But_Not_for_Me&diff=166701589At the Pershing: But Not for Me2014-01-28T00:53:23Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox album <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums --><br />
| Name = At the Pershing: But Not for Me<br />
| Type = live<br />
| Artist = [[Ahmad Jamal]]<br />
| Cover = At the Pershing-But Not for Me.jpg<br />
| Alt = <br />
| Released = 1958 Argo LP 628<br>1997 Chess MCD 09108<br />
| Recorded = 1958<br />
| Genre = [[Jazz]]<br />
| Length = <br />
| Label = [[Argo Records|Argo]]<br />
| Producer = Dave Usher<br />
| Reviews = <br />
| Last album = ''[[Count 'Em 88]]''<br>(1956)<br />
| This album = ''But Not for Me''<br>(1958)<br />
| Next album = ''[[Complete Live at the Spotlite 1958]]''<br>(1958)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''At the Pershing: But Not for Me''''' is a 1958 [[jazz]] [[album]] by pianist [[Ahmad Jamal]]. According to the album jacket, the tapes were made on January 16, 1958, at the Pershing Lounge of Chicago's Pershing Hotel and each set played that night was recorded, a total of 43 tracks, of which 8 were selected by Jamal for the album.<ref name="Cohodas">{{cite book |last=Cohodas |first= Nadine |year=2001|title=Spinning Blues Into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records |page=154|publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]] |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kmu2YhBqIAYC&pg=PA154#v=onepage&f=false |isbn=978-0-312-28494-7}}</ref> The LP was released as [[Argo Records]] LP-628. Jamal's previous releases on Argo had been from previously made masters; this was his first release recorded for Argo, and his first album recorded live.<ref>Cohodas, p. 153.</ref><br />
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==Reception==<br />
The 1958 ''[[Down Beat]]'' review was mildly negative, referring to Jamal as playing "cocktail music"; the reviewer acknowledged Jamal's skill and influence on other jazz musicians such as Miles Davis, but wrote, "The trio's chief virtue is an excellent, smooth light but flexible beat", and "Throughout the music is kept emotionally, melodically, and organizationally innocuous."<ref name="Cohodas"/> In August 1958, [[Jet Magazine|''Jet'']] magazine referred to the album as "a nationwide hit".<ref>{{cite journal|title=New York Beat| magazine=Jet |page=65 |volume=XIV |issue=14 |date=August 7, 1958 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9bcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&f=false }}</ref> The same month, ''Down Beat'' posted the album sales counts at over 47,000, noting that any album selling 15,000 to 20,000 is "big."<ref name="Cohodas"/> The December 1958 ''Down Beat'' poll of music retailers showed that the album was the "number one jazz bestseller", and it stayed on ''[[Billboard Magazine]]'' album charts for 107 weeks.<ref name="Cohodas"/><br />
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When Jamal was named one of the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] 1994 ''Masters of Jazz'', the album was listed as having sold "more than a million copies."<ref>{{cite journal| magazine=Jet |page=54 |title=McRae And Jamal Named Masters Of Jazz By NEA |volume=85 |issue=11 |date=January 17, 1994 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2LkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&f=false }}</ref><br />
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The album yielded the seven-and-a-half-minute "[[Poinciana (song)|Poinciana]]",<ref name="Cohodas"/> which was a "massive jazz hit";<ref name="Curtis"/> one of "the best selling albums of the decade, ''But Not For Me''′s success enabled Jamal to open his own club and restaurant, the Alhambra, where his band held residence when not on tour."<ref name="Curtis">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History| volume=1 |chapter=Jamal, Ahmad (Frederick Russell Jones) |page=308 |editor=Curtis IV, Edward E. |author=Housley, Jason E. |publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|edition=1st |year=2010|isbn=978-0-8160-7575-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=owZCMZpYamMC&pg=PA308#v=onepage&f=false}}</ref><br />
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Evident were his unusually [[minimalist]] style and his extended vamps, according to reviewer John Morthland in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Morthland |first=John |date=November 16, 2010 |url=http://www.emusic.com/listen/#/album/ahmad-jamal/at-the-pershing-but-not-for-me/12247980/ |title=One of the landmark albums of the '50s |format=review |publisher=Emusic.com |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref><br />
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On the ''[[NPR]] Basic Jazz Record Library'' radio show in 2011, [[Murray Horwitz]] and [[A.B. Spellman]] noted that "Poinciana" became "standard dance music" at parties, and, abridged, appeared on jukeboxes, because "Jamal lets the bass and drums establish a Latin groove that's very appealing. He floats lightly on top of it in a spare, tightly constructed series of embellishments that's full of what the popular music people call 'hooks.' There's a lot of repetition but no redundancy, if you know what I mean."<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmad Jamal: 'Ahmad Jamal at the Pershing: But Not for Me' |first=A. B. |last=Spellman |first2=Murray |last2=Horwitz |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=February 2, 2011 |work= NPR Basic Jazz Record Library|url=http://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/4541538/ahmad-jamal-ahmad-jamal-at-the-pershing-but-not-for-me|accessdate=January 3, 2013}}</ref><br />
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==Track listing==<br />
#"[[But Not for Me (song)|But Not For Me]]" ([[George Gershwin]], [[Ira Gershwin]]) - 3:32<br />
#"[[The Surrey with the Fringe on Top]]" ([[Richard Rodgers]], [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]) - 2:35<br />
#"[[Moonlight in Vermont (song)|Moonlight In Vermont]]" ([[Karl Suessdorf]], [[John Blackburn (songwriter)|John Blackburn]]) - 3:09<br />
#"(Put Another Nickel In) [[Music, Music, Music]]" ([[Bernie Baum]], [[Stephen Weiss]]) - 2:56<br />
#"[[There Is No Greater Love|No Greater Love]]" ([[Isham Jones]], [[Marty Symes]]) - 3:26<br />
#"[[Poinciana (song)|Poinciana]]" ([[Buddy Bernier]], [[Nat Simon]]) - 8:07<br />
#"[[Woody N' You]]" ([[Dizzy Gillespie]]) - 3:40<br />
#"[[What's New?]]" ([[Bob Haggart]], [[Johnny Burke]]) - 4:11<br />
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==Credits==<br />
* Ahmad Jamal – [[Piano]]<br />
* [[Israel Crosby]] - [[Double bass]]<br />
* [[Vernel Fournier]] - [[Drums]]<br />
* Malcolm Chisholm - Recording Engineer<br />
* Dave Usher - Album Producer<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.discogs.com/release/371461 At the Pershing: But Not for Me] at Discogs.com<br />
*[http://www.jazz.com/jazz-blog/2008/1/16/ahmad-jamal-s-poinciana-turns-50-today "Ahmad Jamal's 'Poinciana' turns 50 today"]. Jazz.com. Ted Gioia.<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* Cook, Richard, and Brian Morton. ''The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings''. London: Penguin, 2006.<br />
*Yanow, Scott. ''Jazz on Record: The First Sixty Years''. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2003.<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:At The Pershing: But Not For Me}}<br />
[[Category:Ahmad Jamal live albums]]<br />
[[Category:1958 live albums]]<br />
[[Category:Argo Records live albums]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelina_Weld_Grimk%C3%A9&diff=128363582Angelina Weld Grimké2013-08-24T21:44:27Z<p>Mchanges!: cleanup</p>
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<div>{{For|her aunt, the abolitionist and suffragist|Angelina Emily Grimké}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Angelina Weld Grimké<br />
| image = Angelina Weld Grimké.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1880|02|27}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], USA<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1958|06|10|1880|02|27}}<br />
| death_place = New York City, USA<br />
| occupation = Author, journalist, poet<br />
| education = Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, later [[Wellesley College]]<br />
| children = <br />
| relations = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Angelina Weld Grimké''' (February 27, 1880 – June 10, 1958) was an [[African-American]] journalist, teacher, playwright and poet who was part of the [[Harlem Renaissance]]; she was one of the first African-American women to have a play publicly performed.<ref>[[Audre Lorde|Lorde, Audrey]], "A burst of light: Living with cancer", ''A Burst of Light'', Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988, p. 73.</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Angelina Weld Grimké was born in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], in 1880 to a biracial family. Her father, [[Archibald Grimké]], was a lawyer, the second African American to have graduated from [[Harvard Law School]]. Her mother, Sarah Stanley, was European American from a Midwestern middle-class family. Information about her is scarce. Grimké's parents met in Boston, where he had established a law practice. Angelina was named for her father's aunt [[Angelina Grimké Weld]], who with her sister [[Sarah Grimké]] had brought him and his brothers into her family after learning about him. (He was a natural son of her brother, who had died.)<br />
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[[File:Archibald Grimké.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Archibald Grimké]], Angelina Weld Grimké's father]]<br />
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When Grimké and Sarah Stanley married, they faced strong opposition from her family, due to concerns over race. The marriage did not last very long. Not long after Angelina's birth, Sarah left Archibald and returned with the infant to the Midwest. After Sarah began a career of her own, she sent Angelina, then seven, back to Massachusetts to live with her father. Angelina Grimké would have little to no contact with her mother after that. Sarah Stanley committed suicide several years later.<br />
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Angelina's paternal grandfather was Henry Grimké, of a large and wealthy slaveholding family based in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Her paternal grandmother was Nancy Weston, an enslaved woman of [[mixed race]], with whom Henry became involved as a widower. They lived together and had three sons: Archibald, Francis and John (born after his father's death in 1852). Henry taught Nancy and the boys to read and write. Among Henry's family were two sisters who had opposed slavery and left the South before he began his relationship with Weston; [[Grimké sisters|Sarah and Angelina Grimké]] became notable abolitionists in the North. The Grimkés were also related to John Grimké Drayton of [[Magnolia Plantation (South Carolina)|Magnolia Plantation]] near Charleston, South Carolina.<br />
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Angelina's uncle, [[Francis J. Grimké]], graduated from [[Lincoln University, PA]] and [[Princeton Theological Seminary]]. He became a [[Presbyterian]] minister in Washington, DC. He married [[Charlotte Forten Grimké|Charlotte Forten]], who became known as an abolitionist and diarist. She was from a prominent black abolitionist family from [[Philadelphia]]. From the ages of 14 to 18, Angelina lived with her aunt and uncle in Washington, DC and attended school there, as her father was serving as appointed consul (1894 and 1898) to the [[Dominican Republic]]. Indicating the significance of Archibald's consulship in her life, Angelina later recalled, "it was thought best not to take me down to [Santo Domingo] but so often and so vivid have I had the scene and life described that I seem to have been there too."<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian Russell|title=Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era|year=2013|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|pages=93}}</ref> <br />
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Angelina Grimké next attended the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics – which later became the Department of Hygiene of [[Wellesley College]].<ref>[[Wellesley College]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=SKHOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Boston+Normal+School+of+Gymnastics+Wellesley&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gmSBUeGKA-Ls0QG1p4CgDw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Boston%20Normal%20School%20of%20Gymnastics%20Wellesley&f=false ''Wellesley College: Annual Reports &#91;of&#93; President and Treasurer''], 1917. p.4</ref> After graduating, she and her father moved to Washington, D.C. to be with his brother and family.<br />
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In 1902, she began teaching English at the [[Armstrong Manual Training School]]. In 1916 she moved to a teaching position at the [[Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)|Dunbar High School]], renowned for its academic excellence, where one of her pupils was the future poet and playwright [[May Miller]]. During the summers, Grimké frequently took classes at [[Harvard University]], where her father had attended [[Harvard Law School|law school]].<br />
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Around 1913, Grimké was involved in a train crash which left her health in a precarious state. Nevertheless, when her father took ill in 1928, she tended to him until his death in 1930.<ref name=perry341>Perry (2000), pp.341–42</ref> Afterwards, she left Washington, DC, for New York City, where she settled in [[Brooklyn]] and lived a quiet retirement as a semi-recluse.<ref name=perry341 /> She died in 1958.<br />
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==Literary career==<br />
Grimké wrote essays, short stories and poems which were published in ''[[The Crisis]]'', the newspaper of the NAACP, edited by [[W.E.B. Du Bois]]; and ''Opportunity.'' They were also collected in anthologies of the [[Harlem Renaissance]]: ''[[The New Negro]]'', ''Caroling Dusk'', and ''Negro Poets and Their Poems''. Her more well-known poems include "The Eyes of My Regret", "At April", "Trees" and "The Closing Door". While living in Washington, DC, she was included among the figures of the Harlem Renaissance, as her work was published in its journals and she became connected to figures in its circle. Some critics place her in the period before the Renaissance. During that time, she counted the poet [[Georgia Douglas Johnson]] as one of her friends.<br />
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Grimké wrote ''Rachel'' – originally titled ''Blessed Are the Barren''<ref name=perry338>Perry (2000), p.338</ref> – one of the first plays to protest lynching and racial violence.<ref>[http://029c28c.netsolhost.com/blkren/bios/grimkeaw.html Angelina Weld Grimke biography, The Black Renaissance in Washington, D.C., 1920-1930s.]</ref> The three-act drama was written for the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] ([[NAACP]]), which called for new works to rally public opinion against [[D. W. Griffith]]'s recently released film, ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' (1915), which glorified the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and portrayed a racist view of blacks and of their role in the [[American Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era (United States)|Reconstruction]] in the South. Produced in 1916 in Washington, D.C., and subsequently in New York City, ''Rachel'' was performed by an all-black cast. Reaction to the play was good.<ref name=perry338 /> The NAACP said of the play: "This is the first attempt to use the stage for race propaganda in order to enlighten the American people relating to the lamentable condition of ten millions of Colored citizens in this free republic."<br />
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''Rachel'' portrays the life of an African-American family in the North in the early 20th century. Centered on the family of the title character, each role expresses different responses to the racial discrimination against blacks at the time. The themes of motherhood and the innocence of children are integral aspects of Grimké's work. Rachel develops as she changes her perceptions of what the role of a mother might be, based on her sense of the importance of a naivete towards the terrible truths of the world around her. A lynching is the spectrum of the play; it authenticates the African-American experience.<ref>Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 9: Angelina Weld Grimke" ''PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide''. [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/grimke.html Accessed April 8, 2013.]</ref><br />
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The play was published in 1920, but received little attention after its initial productions. In the years since, however, its significance has been recognized as a precursor to the [[Harlem Renaissance]], and one of the first examples of a political and cultural trend to explore the African roots of African Americans.<ref name=perry338 /><br />
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==Sexuality==<br />
At the age of 16, Grimké wrote to a friend, Mamie Burrile:<br />
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<blockquote>I know you are too young now to become my wife, but I hope, darling, that in a few years you will come to me and be my love, my wife! How my brain whirls how my pulse leaps with joy and madness when I think of these two words, 'my wife'"<ref name=perry>Perry (2000), pp. 312–14.</ref></blockquote><br />
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Two years earlier, in 1903, Grimké and her father had a falling out when she told him that she was in love. Archibald Grimké responded with an ultimatum demanding that she choose between her lover and himself. Grimké family biographer Mark Perry speculates that the person involved may have been female, and that Archibald may already have been aware of Angelina's sexual proclivity.<ref name=perry /><br />
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Analysis by modern literary critics has provided strong evidence that Grimke was lesbian or bisexual. Some critics believe this is expressed in her published poetry in a subtle way, but more evidence came after her death by scholars' study of her diaries and more explicit unpublished works. The ''Dictionary of Literary Biography: African-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance'' states: "In several poems and in her diaries Grimké expressed the frustration that her lesbianism created; thwarted longing is a theme in several poems."<ref name="Dictionary"/> Some of her unpublished poems are more explicitly lesbian, implying that she lived a life of suppression, "both personal and creative.”<ref name="Dictionary">''Dictionary of Literary Biography: African-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance,'' Vol. 50, 1986.</ref><br />
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==In popular culture==<br />
*Both Angelina Weld Grimké and her great aunt [[Sarah Moore Grimké]] appear as main characters in [[Ain Gordon]]'s 2013 play ''If She Stood'', commissioned by the [[Painted Bride Art Center]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Salisbury, Stephen. [http://articles.philly.com/2013-04-26/news/38819759_1_early-women-mob-timbuktu "Painted Bride productions on 19th century women touch familiar issues"] ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' (April 26, 2013).</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
*Perry, Mark, ''Lift Up Thy Voice: The Grimke Family's Journey from Slaveholders to Civil Rights Leaders'', New York: Viking Penguin, 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-200103-5<br />
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'''Further reading'''<br />
* {{cite book | author=Botsch, Carol Sears | title=Archibald Grimke | url=http://www.usca.edu/aasc/grimke.htm | publisher=University of South Carolina-Aiken | year=1997 }}<br />
* Hull, Akasha, "'Under the Days': The Buried Life and Poetry of Angelina Weld Grimké", in Smith, Barbara (ed.), ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'', New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.<br />
* Jayasundera, Ymitri. "Angelina Weld Grimké (1880–1958)." in Nelson, Emmanuel S. (ed.), ''African American Authors, 1745–1945: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook'', Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.<br />
*Mitchell, Koritha A. "Antilynching Plays: Angelina Weld Grimké, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, and the Evolution of African American Drama." in McCaskill, Barbara and Gebhard, Caroline (eds), ''Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture'', NY: New York University Press, 2006.<br />
* Parker, Alison M., ''Articulating Rights: Nineteenth-Century American Women on Race, Reform, and the State'', DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.<br />
* Peterson, Bernard L., Jr. ''Early Black American Playwrights & Dramatic Writers'', NY: Greenwood Press, 1990.<br />
* Shockley, Ann Allen, ''Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide'', New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989. ISBN 0-452-00981-2<br />
* Roberts, Brian Russell, "Metonymies of Absence and Presence: Angelina Weld Grimké's ''Rachel''," in ''Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era'', Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0813933689<br />
* Wall, Cheryl A., ''Women of the Harlem Renaissance'', Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.<br />
* Wilbanks, Charles (ed.), ''Walking by Faith: The Diary of Angelina Grimké, 1828–1835'', Columbia: University of South Carolina P; 2003.<br />
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== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/grimke.html "Angelina Weld Grimke"], PAL: Perspectives in American Literature – A Research and Reference Guide, California State University-Stanislaus<br />
*[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/grimke/grimke.htm "Angelina Weld Grimke"], Modern American Poetry Profile, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign<br />
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{{Authority control|VIAF=75303333}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Grimke, Angelina Weld<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = <br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = <br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 27, 1880<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], USA<br />
| DATE OF DEATH = June 10, 1958<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Brooklyn]], New York, USA<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grimke, Angelina Weld}}<br />
[[Category:1880 births]]<br />
[[Category:1958 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:African-American poets]]<br />
[[Category:African-American journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Grimké family]]<br />
[[Category:American women journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]<br />
[[Category:LGBT African Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:African-American dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:American women poets]]<br />
[[Category:African-American educators]]<br />
[[Category:Women dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:American poets]]<br />
[[Category:American journalists]]<br />
[[Category:LGBT dramatists and playwrights]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genesis_Group&diff=184161663Genesis Group2013-08-24T10:15:10Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Genesis Group''' is a [[Social organisation|social organization]] of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] for [[African-American]] members and their families. It was first organized in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the [[Revelation (Latter Day Saints)|revelation]] extending the [[Clergy|priesthood]] to all worthy male members of the church, the group was dissolved. <br />
<br />
The Genesis Group was reorganized in the 1990s, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another, especially since many were the only members of [[Africa]]n descent in their local [[Ward (LDS Church)|wards]] and even in their [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|stakes]]. Leaders of the group include [[Darius Gray]] (1997–2003) and Don Harwell (2003–present). [[Seventy (Latter Day Saints)|Seventy]] President [[Ronald A. Rasband]] is currently the LDS [[general authority]] responsible for overseeing the group. Whereas when the group was first organized it was a potential resource at least in theory for issues relating to black members throughout the United States, under its current existence it is under the Utah Salt Lake City Area with designation to be a resource throughout all three [[Area (LDS Church)|Areas]] in Utah, a multi-area system facilitated in part by having one man preside over all three areas. Genesis Groups formed in other parts of the United States would either be under the local stake or more likely have either the member of the Presidency of the Seventy assigned to that area or an [[Area Seventy]] as the priesthood advisor over the group. This would be roughly similar to how members of an LDS [[High Council (LDS Church)|High Council]] interact with the wards or branches they are assigned to. <br />
<br />
Other Genesis groups have existed in [[Washington, D.C.]] and presently exist in [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi]], [[Cincinnati]] and [[Columbus, Ohio]], [[Los Angeles]] and [[Oakland, California]], [[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[Rochester, New York]] and [[Arlington, Texas]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal box|Book of Mormon|Latter-day Saints}}<br />
<br />
*[[1978 Revelation on Priesthood]]<br />
*[[Black Mormons]]<br />
*[[Black people and early Mormonism]]<br />
*[[Black people in Mormon doctrine]]<br />
*[[Black people and Mormonism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* "Faithful witness", feature story, ''Salt Lake Tribune'', July 7, 2007, pp.&nbsp;C-1, C-3.<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.ldsgenesisgroup.org/ Genesis Group site]<br />
<br />
[[Category:African-American history of Utah]]<br />
[[Category:Organizational subdivisions of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1971]]<br />
[[Category:Mormonism and race]]<br />
[[Category:African-American Latter Day Saints]]<br />
[[Category:1971 establishments in Utah]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilith_(Zeitschrift)&diff=154740253Lilith (Zeitschrift)2013-08-14T09:58:11Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox magazine|<br />
|caption=''Lilith magazine '', Spring 2008<br />
| title = Lilith<br />
| image_file = Lilith magazine cover.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| company = Lilith Publications<br />
| editor = Susan Weidman Schneider<br />
| frequency = Quarterly<br />
| website = [http://www.lilith.org/ www.lilith.org]<br />
| language = English<br />
| category = [[Feminism]], [[Judaism]]<br />
| firstdate = 1976<br />
| based = [[New York, NY]]<br />
| country = {{flag|United States}}<br />
| issn = 0146-2334<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Lilith''''' magazine is an independent, [[Jew]]ish-[[United States|American]], [[feminism|feminist]] non-profit publication that has been issued quarterly since 1976. The magazine features award-winning<ref>http://www.ajpa.org/rockowerawards2009.php</ref> investigative reports, first-person accounts both contemporary and historical, entertainment reviews, fiction and poetry, art and photography.<ref>http://www.lilith.org/about.htm</ref> Topics include everything from rabbinic sexual misconduct, to new rituals and celebrations, to deconstructing the JAP stereotype, to understanding the Jewish stake in abortion rights.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
''Lilith''′s editor in chief since 1976 is Susan Weidman Schneider.<ref>http://www.jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/schneider-susan-weidman</ref> She is the author of the books ''Jewish and Female'' and ''Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences between Christians and Jews'', and co-author of ''Head and Heart'', about money in the lives of women. Writers, editors and contributors to ''Lilith'' include [[Cynthia Ozick]], [[Grace Paley]], [[Letty Cottin Pogrebin]], Nessa Rapoport, [[Blu Greenberg]], [[Allegra Goodman]], [[Myla Goldberg]], Rabbi Susan Schnur (Lilith's senior editor), [[Dara Horn]], Jennifer Baumgartner, [[Marge Piercy]] (Lilith's poetry editor), Sarah Blustain, Leela Corman, Liana Finck, Danya Ruttenberg, Shira Spector, Rachel Kadish, Anat Litwin, Ilana Stanger-Ross, [[Leslea Newman]], Yona Zeldis McDonough (''Lilith''′s fiction editor), and more. ''Lilith'' has also published the work of visual artists, including [[Judy Chicago]], [[Miriam Schapiro]], Joan Roth (''Lilith''′s photographer), [[Maira Kalman]], [[Roz Chast]], and [[Eva Hesse]].<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.lilith.org Official website]<br />
*[http://www.lilith.org/blog Official blog]<br />
<br />
[[Category:American women's magazines]]<br />
[[Category:American political magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Feminism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Feminist theology]]<br />
[[Category:Publications established in 1976]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish feminism]]<br />
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish magazines published in the United States]]<br />
<br />
{{Organized Jewish Life in the United States}}<br />
<br />
{{reli-mag-stub}}<br />
{{fem-stub}}<br />
{{US-poli-mag-stub}}</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kali_Hawk&diff=131988818Kali Hawk2013-06-26T16:32:32Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kali Hawk<br />
| image = Kali Hawk 2013.jpg<br />
| caption = Hawk at the Los Angeles premiere of ''[[The Last Stand (2013 film)|The Last Stand]]'' in January 2013<br />
||birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1986|10|04}}<ref>http://www.listal.com/kali-hawk.html</ref><br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| yearsactive = 1997–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kali Hawk''' (born October 4, 1986) is an [[United States|American]] actress, comedian and model. She is best known for her roles in ''[[New Girl (TV series)|New Girl]]'' as Shelby and in ''[[Couples Retreat]]'' as Trudy.<br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Hawk was raised in Manhattan.<ref>http://www.runwaylive.com/entertainment/3208-kali-hawk-interview-runway-magazine-2010.html</ref> Her father was in merchandising and her mother was a buyer for Bloomingdale's.<ref>http://www.runwaylive.com/entertainment/3208-kali-hawk-interview-runway-magazine-2010.html</ref> She is of African-American, Native American, and German Jewish ancestry.<ref>http://becksmithhollywood.com/?p=4776</ref> She attended [[State University of New York at Purchase]]. <br />
<br />
She has appeared several commercials and music videos, and she competed in the fifth season of ''[[Last Comic Standing]]'' in 2007.<br />
<br />
Most recently, she appeared as Trudy in ''[[Couples Retreat]]'' with [[Vince Vaughn]] and [[Jon Favreau]], the [[Judd Apatow]] comedy ''[[Get Him to the Greek]]'',<ref>http://www.essence.com/entertainment/film/get_him_to_the_greek_kali_hawk.php</ref> and the films ''[[Bridesmaids (2011 film)|Bridesmaids]]'', ''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]'', ''[[Tyler Perry Presents Peeples]]'', and ''[[Answer This!]]''.<br />
<br />
She was most recently added to the cast of the ''[[In Living Color]]'' 2012 reboot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/03/meet-the-new-cast-of-foxs_n_1400813.html |title=Meet The New Cast Of FOX's 'In Living Color' Reboot |accessdate=2012-04-23 |date=April 3, 2012 |publisher=The Huffington Post}}</ref> She also appeared in the sitcom ''[[New Girl (TV series)|New Girl]]'' as Shelby.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Film<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 2004<br />
| ''[[Mighty Times: The Children's March]]''<br />
| Lenore, Protestor on the News<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2005<br />
| ''Gotham Cafe''<br />
| Party Guest<br />
|-<br />
| ''Issues''<br />
| Waitress<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2006<br />
| ''Where is Love Waiting''<br />
| Faith <br />
|-<br />
| ''Holla''<br />
| Caprice<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2007<br />
| ''Lovers & Haters''<br />
| The One<br />
|-<br />
| ''Caregiver''<br />
| Tania<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''Killer Sound''<br />
| Short film<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2009<br />
| ''Pushing Thirty''<br />
| Rio<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Couples Retreat]]''<br />
| Trudy <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|2010<br />
| ''The Fuzz''<br />
| Officer Thompson <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Get Him to the Greek]]''<br />
| Kali<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=4|2011<br />
| ''[[Bridesmaids (2011 film)|Bridesmaids]]''<br />
| Kahlua<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Answer This!]]''<br />
| Shelly<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]''<br />
| Allegra<br />
|-<br />
| ''Let Go''<br />
| Angela<br />
|- <br />
| 2013<br />
| ''[[Tyler Perry Presents Peeples]]''<br />
| Gloria Peeples<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Television<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2008<br />
| ''[[The Game (U.S. TV series)|The Game]]''<br />
| Female Party Goer<br />
| 1 episode<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Are We There Yet? (TV series)|Are We There Yet?]]''<br />
| Danielle<br />
| 1 episode<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[New Girl (TV series)|New Girl]]''<br />
| Shelby<br />
| Recurring role, 7 episodes:<br/>"Jess & Julia" (season 1: episode 11)<br/>"Valentine's Day" (season 1: episode 13)<br/>"Fancyman Part 1" (season 1: episode 17)<br/>"Fancyman Part 2" (season 1: episode 18)<br/>"Tomatoes" (season 1: episode 22)<br/>"Fluffer" (season 2: episode 3)<br/>"Halloween" (season 2: episode 6)<br/><br />
|-<br />
| 2012-13<br />
| ''[[Let's Stay Together (TV series)|Let's Stay Together]]''<br />
| Connie<br />
| 3 episodes:<br/>"No Weddings and a Funeral" (season 2: episode 20)<br/>"Creepers" (season 2: episode 21)<br/>"See, What Had Happened Was..." (season 3: episode 1)<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''[[NTSF:SD:SUV::]]''<br />
| Minutes<br />
| 1 episode<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|1589825}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=107413489}}<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Hawk, Kali<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 4, 1986<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawk, Kali}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:African-American film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:African-American television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]<br />
[[Category:People from Manhattan]]<br />
[[Category:State University of New York at Purchase alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American women comedians]]<br />
[[Category:1986 births]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Native American descent]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{US-actor-stub}}</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Shaw&diff=129182850Eddie Shaw2013-05-08T23:04:23Z<p>Mchanges!: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --><br />
| name = Eddie Shaw<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|03|20|mf=y}}<br/>[[Stringtown, Mississippi]], [[United States]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| instrument = [[Tenor saxophone]]<br />
| genre = [[Chicago blues]]<br />
| occupation = [[Saxophonist]], [[songwriter]]<br />
| years_active = Early 1950s-present<br />
| label = Various<br />
| associated_acts = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Eddie Shaw''' (born March 20, 1937, [[Stringtown, Mississippi|Stringtown]], [[Mississippi]], [[United States]])<ref name="AMG">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p520/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Eddie Shaw |author=Dahl, Bill |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=December 17, 2009}}</ref> is an [[African-American]] [[Chicago blues]] [[tenor saxophone|tenor saxophonist]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
In his [[adolescence|teenage]] years, Shaw played [[tenor saxophone]] with local [[blues]] [[musician]]s such as [[Little Milton]] and [[Willie Love]].<ref name="russell">{{cite book<br />
| first= Tony<br />
| last= Russell<br />
| year= 1997<br />
| title= The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray<br />
| edition= <br />
| publisher= Carlton Books Limited <br />
| location= Dubai<br />
| pages= 165–166<br />
| isbn= 1-85868-255-X}}</ref> At the age of 14, he was involved in a [[jam session]] in [[Greenville, Mississippi]], with [[Ike Turner]]'s band. At a [[concert|gig]] in [[Itta Bena, Mississippi]], when the then 20-year-old Shaw performed, [[Muddy Waters]] invited him to join his [[Chicago]]-based band.<ref name="AMG"/><br />
<br />
Shaw more or less divided the tenor saxophone duties with [[A.C. Reed]].<ref name="russell"/> In 1972 he joined [[Howlin' Wolf]], leading his band, the Wolf Gang, and writing half the songs on ''The Back Door Wolf'' (1973). After the singer's death in 1976 he took over the band and its residency at the 1815 Club, renamed Eddie's Place. Shaw led the gang on ''Living Chicago Blues Vol. 1'' and ''Have Blues - Will Travel'' (1980), and recorded albums in different company for Isabel Records, [[Rooster Blues]], and Wolf Records.<ref name="russell"/><br />
<br />
By the late 1970s, Shaw's own recording career started, with an appearance on [[Alligator Records]]' ''Living Chicago Blues'' anthologies (1978), his own LPs for Evidence and Rooster Blues, and more recent [[gramophone record|discs]] for Rooster Blues (''In the Land of the Crossroads'') and Wolf (''Home Alone'').<ref name="AMG"/><br />
<br />
Shaw's many contributions to the blues include [[arrangement|arranging]] tracks for ''[[The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions]]'' (which featured [[Eric Clapton]], [[Bill Wyman]], [[Ringo Starr]] and others) and performing with a list of blues notables that included [[Hound Dog Taylor]], [[Freddie King]], [[Otis Rush]] and [[Magic Sam]] (on his ''[[Black Magic (Magic Sam album)|Black Magic]]'' album).<ref>[http://www.theroy.org/uploads/assets/thegigs/BluesFestival_lineup.pdf Theroy.org - accessed December 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, Shaw was nominated for a [[Blues Music Award]] in the "Instrumentalist - Horn" category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blues.org/#ref=bluesmusicawards_nominees|title=Blues Music Awards Nominees - 2013 - 34th Blues Music Awards|publisher=Blues.org|accessdate=2013-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
One of his sons, Eddie "Vaan" Shaw Jr. (born 1955), joined the Wolf Gang playing on some of his father's recordings. A disciple of Wolf's protégé, [[Hubert Sumlin]], he has recorded two albums of his own - ''Morning Rain'' and ''The Trail of Tears''.<ref name="russell"/><br />
<br />
Another son, the husky [[Stan Shaw]] (born 1952), is a [[Hollywood, California]]-based character [[actor]].<ref name="AMG"/><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
*1982 - ''Movin' and Groovin' Man'' - Evidence<br />
*1986 - ''King of the Road'' - Rooster Blues<br />
*1992 - ''In the Land of the Crossroads'' - [[Rooster Blues]]<br />
*1994 - ''Trail of Tears'' - Wolf<br />
*1995 - ''Home Alone'' - Wolf<br />
*1996 - ''The Blues Is Nothing But Good News!'' - Wolf<br />
*1997 - ''Can't Stop Now'' - [[Delmark Records|Delmark]]<br />
*1999 - ''Too Many Highways'' - Wolf - (Recorded 1996)<br />
*2005 - ''Give Me Time'' - Wolf<ref name="Albums">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p520/discography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Allmusic ((( Eddie Shaw > Discography > Main Albums )))}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Chicago blues musicians]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=223112955}}<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Shaw, Eddie<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =[[African American]], [[Chicago blues]] [[tenor saxophone|tenor saxophonist]]<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH =March 20, 1937<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Stringtown, Mississippi]], United States<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaw, Eddie}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bolivar County, Mississippi]]<br />
[[Category:American blues musicians]]<br />
[[Category:American jazz tenor saxophonists]]<br />
[[Category:American saxophonists]]<br />
[[Category:Songwriters from Mississippi]]<br />
[[Category:Blues musicians from Mississippi]]<br />
[[Category:Chicago blues musicians]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Whittle&diff=144869848Ricky Whittle2013-04-22T21:38:57Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the American football player|Ricky Whittle (American football)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ricky Whittle<br />
| birth_name = Richard Whittle<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|11|23}}<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1340638/.html</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| othername = <br />
| yearsactive = 2003–<br />
| domesticpartner =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents =<br />
| siblings =<br />
| residence =<br />
| website = {{url|http://www.rickywhittle.com/}}<br />
| notable role = '''[[Calvin Valentine]]''' in ''[[Hollyoaks]]''<br>'''Ryan Naysmith''' in ''[[Dream Team]]''<br />
"Charles" in "Single Ladies"<br />
}}<br />
'''Ricky Whittle''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[actor]] from [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Soap star Ricky on way to Oldham|page=9|newspaper=[[Oldham Evening Chronicle]]|date=2008-09-09|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> He is best known for his role as Calvin in the [[Channel Four]] soap ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', he came second to [[Chris Hollins]] in ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
The son of former [[Royal Air Force]] serviceman Harry Whittle, Whittle grew up travelling with his father's career around the world, with a home base at [[Burghfield Common]] near [[Reading, Berkshire]].<ref>http://www.rickywhittle.com/biography.html</ref><br />
<br />
A keen sportsman, Whittle represented England and the United Kingdom at youth level in football, rugby, American football and athletics. After having been watched by [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], an injury brought about the pursuit of a degree in criminology at the [[University of Southampton]].<br />
<br />
===Career===<br />
At university, Whittle began [[model (person)|modelling]], becoming the face of a [[Reebok]] campaign in 2000. This brought him to the attention of casting agents for [[Sky One]]'s ''[[Dream Team (TV series)|Dream Team]].'' Cast as Ryan Naysmith, Whittle left university to pursue an acting career. Carrying on with his sports ambitions, in the third series Whittle broke his leg in seven places, and was forced into a long hospital stay. The writers wrote a broken leg into the ''Dreamteam'' script, allowing Whittle a slower recuperation.<br />
<br />
After playing his first gay character as a guest star on [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Holby City]],'' Whittle played [[Calvin Valentine]] in the popular [[Channel 4]] [[soap opera]] ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', up until his character was killed off after Whittle decided to leave the show in May 2010.<br />
<br />
In January 2008, Ricky appeared on a celebrity edition of ''[[The Weakest Link]]'', reaching the final, but losing out to ''[[Crimewatch|Crimewatch UK]]'' star, [[Rav Wilding]].<br />
<br />
In July 2012, Ricky appeared as Charles on VH1 season 2 of ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' . <br />
He also appeared as Captain George East in Stephanie Meyer (''Twilight'') and Jerusha Hess's (''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'') romantic comedy ''Austenland'', completed in 2012.<br />
<br />
In March 2013 Ricky appeared in hit US show ''[[NCIS (TV Series)]]'' in the episode ''[[Detour (NCIS)]]''. He played Lincoln, a criminal involved in the kidnapping of Palmer and Ducky.<br />
<br />
===''Strictly Come Dancing''===<br />
In August 2009, Whittle was announced as a contestant on the [[BBC One]] reality television series ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]],'' paired with Australian professional dancer [[Natalie Lowe]].<ref>[http://tv.sky.com/strictly-come-dancing-2009-line-up Full Strictly Come Dancing 2009 Line-up]</ref> A fellow contestant on the programme, [[Ali Bastian]], also starred with him in ''Hollyoaks''. Whittle made it through to the final of the competition (beating [[Rav Wilding]], to whom he had lost ''[[The Weakest Link]]'' in 2008), and competed against television presenter [[Chris Hollins]] and his dance partner [[Ola Jordan]] for the ''Strictly Come Dancing'' glitterball trophy. However, he lost the battle and ended up second, despite winning the judges' scores 190-186.<br />
<br />
===Personal life===<br />
From October 2007 Whittle was romantically involved with fellow ''Hollyoaks'' actress [[Carley Stenson]], who played [[Steph Cunningham]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/soaps/1681661/Ricky-Whittle-says-hed-love-to-marry-girlfriend-Carley-Stenson-one-day.html | location=London | work=The Sun | first=Cara | last=Lee | title=Ricky Id love to marry Carley | date=12 September 2008}}</ref> residing in [[Billinge Higher End]], [[Wigan]], [[Greater Manchester]].<ref>http://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/4564360.Ricky_to_waltz_his_way_onto_Strictly_Come_Dancing/</ref><br />
<br />
Having recovered from his broken leg, Whittle spends his spare time playing [[running back]] for the Manchester Titans [[American Football]] team.<ref>http://www.flagontheplay.co.uk/british_american_football_news_2.php</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.rickywhittle.com Ricky Whittle's official website]<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=1340638|name=Ricky Whittle}}<br />
*[http://www.j-u-m-p.org Ricky's Charity]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
|title=''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' runner up<br>(with partner [[Natalie Lowe]])<br />
|years=[[Strictly Come Dancing (series 7)|Series 7 (2009)]]<br />
|before=[[Rachel Stevens]] and [[Vincent Simone]]<br />
|after=[[Matt Baker (television personality)|Matt Baker]] and [[Aliona Vilani]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Strictly Come Dancing}}<br />
{{Strictly Come Dancing Series 7}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Whittle, Ricky<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English model-actor<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH= 23 November 1981<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Whittle, Ricky}}<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Military brats]]<br />
[[Category:People from Oldham]]<br />
[[Category:People from Burghfield]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]<br />
[[Category:Black English actors]]<br />
[[Category:English male models]]<br />
[[Category:English television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants]]<br />
[[Category:Black British actors]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Whittle&diff=144869847Ricky Whittle2013-04-22T21:36:50Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the American football player|Ricky Whittle (American football)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ricky Whittle<br />
| birth_name = Richard Whittle<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|11|23}}<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1340638/.html</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| othername = <br />
| yearsactive = 2003–<br />
| domesticpartner =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents =<br />
| siblings =<br />
| residence =<br />
| website = {{url|http://www.rickywhittle.com/}}<br />
| notable role = '''[[Calvin Valentine]]''' in ''[[Hollyoaks]]''<br>'''Ryan Naysmith''' in ''[[Dream Team]]''<br />
"Charles" in "Single Ladies"<br />
}}<br />
'''Ricky Whittle''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[actor]] from [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Soap star Ricky on way to Oldham|page=9|newspaper=[[Oldham Evening Chronicle]]|date=2008-09-09|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> He is best known for his role as Calvin in the [[Channel Four]] soap ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', he came second to Chris Hollins in ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
The son of former [[Royal Air Force]] serviceman Harry Whittle, Whittle grew up travelling with his father's career around the world, with a home base at [[Burghfield Common]] near [[Reading, Berkshire]].<ref>http://www.rickywhittle.com/biography.html</ref><br />
<br />
A keen sportsman, Whittle represented England and the United Kingdom at youth level in football, rugby, American football and athletics. After having been watched by [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], an injury brought about the pursuit of a degree in criminology at the [[University of Southampton]].<br />
<br />
===Career===<br />
At university, Whittle began [[model (person)|modelling]], becoming the face of a [[Reebok]] campaign in 2000. This brought him to the attention of casting agents for [[Sky One]]'s ''[[Dream Team (TV series)|Dream Team]].'' Cast as Ryan Naysmith, Whittle left university to pursue an acting career. Carrying on with his sports ambitions, in the third series Whittle broke his leg in seven places, and was forced into a long hospital stay. The writers wrote a broken leg into the ''Dreamteam'' script, allowing Whittle a slower recuperation.<br />
<br />
After playing his first gay character as a guest star on [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Holby City]],'' Whittle played [[Calvin Valentine]] in the popular [[Channel 4]] [[soap opera]] ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', up until his character was killed off after Whittle decided to leave the show in May 2010.<br />
<br />
In January 2008, Ricky appeared on a celebrity edition of ''[[The Weakest Link]]'', reaching the final, but losing out to ''[[Crimewatch|Crimewatch UK]]'' star, [[Rav Wilding]].<br />
<br />
In July 2012, Ricky appeared as Charles on VH1 season 2 of ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' . <br />
He also appeared as Captain George East in Stephanie Meyer (''Twilight'') and Jerusha Hess's (''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'') romantic comedy ''Austenland'', completed in 2012.<br />
<br />
In March 2013 Ricky appeared in hit US show ''[[NCIS (TV Series)]]'' in the episode ''[[Detour (NCIS)]]''. He played Lincoln, a criminal involved in the kidnapping of Palmer and Ducky.<br />
<br />
===Strictly Come Dancing===<br />
In August 2009, Whittle was announced as a contestant on the [[BBC One]] reality television series ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]],'' paired with Australian professional dancer [[Natalie Lowe]].<ref>[http://tv.sky.com/strictly-come-dancing-2009-line-up Full Strictly Come Dancing 2009 Line-up]</ref> A fellow contestant on the programme, [[Ali Bastian]], also starred with him in ''Hollyoaks''. Whittle made it through to the final of the competition (beating [[Rav Wilding]], to whom he had lost ''[[The Weakest Link]]'' in 2008), and competed against television presenter [[Chris Hollins]] and his dance partner [[Ola Jordan]] for the ''Strictly Come Dancing'' glitterball trophy. However, he lost the battle and ended up second, despite winning the judges' scores 190-186.<br />
<br />
===Personal life===<br />
From October 2007 Whittle was romantically involved with fellow ''Hollyoaks'' actress [[Carley Stenson]], who played [[Steph Cunningham]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/soaps/1681661/Ricky-Whittle-says-hed-love-to-marry-girlfriend-Carley-Stenson-one-day.html | location=London | work=The Sun | first=Cara | last=Lee | title=Ricky Id love to marry Carley | date=12 September 2008}}</ref> residing in [[Billinge Higher End]], [[Wigan]], [[Greater Manchester]].<ref>http://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/news/4564360.Ricky_to_waltz_his_way_onto_Strictly_Come_Dancing/</ref><br />
<br />
Having recovered from his broken leg, Whittle spends his spare time playing [[running back]] for the Manchester Titans [[American Football]] team.<ref>http://www.flagontheplay.co.uk/british_american_football_news_2.php</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.rickywhittle.com Ricky Whittle's official website]<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=1340638|name=Ricky Whittle}}<br />
*[http://www.j-u-m-p.org Ricky's Charity]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
|title=''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' runner up<br>(with partner [[Natalie Lowe]])<br />
|years=[[Strictly Come Dancing (series 7)|Series 7 (2009)]]<br />
|before=[[Rachel Stevens]] and [[Vincent Simone]]<br />
|after=[[Matt Baker (television personality)|Matt Baker]] and [[Aliona Vilani]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Strictly Come Dancing}}<br />
{{Strictly Come Dancing Series 7}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME =Whittle, Ricky<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English model-actor<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom<br />
| DATE OF DEATH =<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH =<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH= 23 November 1981<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Whittle, Ricky}}<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Military brats]]<br />
[[Category:People from Oldham]]<br />
[[Category:People from Burghfield]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]<br />
[[Category:Black English actors]]<br />
[[Category:English male models]]<br />
[[Category:English television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants]]<br />
[[Category:Black British actors]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_House&diff=121806026Tin House2013-03-28T21:11:37Z<p>Mchanges!: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{italic title}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}<br />
{{Infobox publisher<br />
| image = <br />
| parent = <br />
| status = <br />
| founded = 1998<br />
| founder = [[Win McCormack]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| country = United States<br />
| headquarters = [[Portland, Oregon]]<br />
| distribution = [[Publishers Group West]]<br />
| keypeople = <br />
| publications = [[Magazine]]s, [[Book]]s<br />
| topics = <br />
| genre = <br />
| imprints = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| numemployees = <br />
| nasdaq = <br />
| url = {{URL|http://www.tinhouse.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tin House.jpg|thumb|Tin House Headquarters]]<br />
<br />
'''''Tin House''''' is an American [[literary magazine]] and book publisher based in [[Portland, Oregon]], and New York City. Portland publisher [[Win McCormack]] conceived the idea for ''Tin House'' magazine in the summer of 1998. He enlisted Holly MacArthur as managing editor, along with the help of two experienced New York editors, Rob Spillman and [[Elissa Schappell]].<ref>McGrath, Charles. [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/06/weekinreview/06mcgr.html?scp=14&sq=%22Tin%20House%22&st=cse "Does the Paris Review Get a Second Act?"] ''[[New York Times]]'', February 6, 2005.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2005, ''Tin House'' expanded into a book division, Tin House Books. They also run a by-admission-only summer writers' workshop held at [[Reed College]].<ref>Greenfield, Beth. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/travel/escapes/04Ahead.html?scp=3&sq=%22Tin%20House%22&st=cse "Where Words Go to Work and Play"]. ''[[New York Times]]'', May 4, 2007.</ref><br />
<br />
==''Tin House'' magazine==<br />
{{Infobox magazine<br />
| title = Tin House <br />
| image_file = Tin House (magazine) volume 9 number 1 cover.jpg<br />
| image_size = <!-- 220px (the default if no size is stated) --><br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| editor = <br />
| editor_title = <br />
| previous_editor = <br />
| staff_writer = <br />
| frequency = Quarterly<br />
| circulation = <br />
| category = [[Literary magazine]]<br />
| company = <br />
| publisher = <br />
| firstdate = {{Start date|1999|month}}<br />
| country = United States<br />
| based = [[Portland, Oregon]]<br />
| language = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.tinhouse.com/magazine/}}<br />
| issn = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Tin House'' publishes both fiction and poetry, and it also publishes interviews with important literary figures, a "Lost and Found" section dedicated to exceptional [[public domain]] and generally overlooked material, and drink recipes. It is also distinguished from many other notable literary magazines by actively seeking work from previously unpublished writers for its "New Voices" section.<ref>Cotts, Cynthia. [http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-06-22/news/tin-meisters/ "Tin Meisters."] ''[[The Village Voice]].''</ref><br />
<br />
A story from the Summer 2003 issue, "Breasts" by [[Stuart Dybek]], was featured in ''[[The Best American Short Stories]]'' for [[2004 in literature|2004]],<ref>Moore, Lorrie (ed.), ''The Best American Short Stories 2004'', Houghton Mifflin, 2004 http://www.amazon.com/Best-American-Short-Stories-2004/dp/0618197354</ref> and in 2006, "Window" by [[Deborah Eisenberg]] was a "juror favorite" in ''[[O. Henry Award|The O. Henry Prize Stories]]''.<ref>Furman, Laura. [http://www.randomhouse.com/anchor/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400095391&view=toc ''The O. Henry Prize Stories 2006.]'' Anchor: May 2006.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Staff ===<br />
<ref name=Staff>[http://www.tinhouse.com/about-us/staff.html Staff, Tin House.]</ref><br />
* Publisher/Editor-in-Chief: [[Win McCormack]]<br />
* Editor: [[Rob Spillman]]<br />
* Managing Editor: Cheston Knapp<br />
* Executive Editor: Michelle Wildgen<br />
* Poetry Editor: Matthew Dickman<br />
* Editorial Assistant and Workshop Director: Lance Cleland<br />
* Editorial Assistant: Desiree Andrews<br />
* Editorial Assistant: Emma Komlos-Hrobsky<br />
* Art Director: Diane Chonette<br />
* Deputy Publisher: Holly Macarthur<br />
* Paris Editor: Heather Hartley<br />
* Editor at Large: [[Elissa Schappell]]<br />
* Poetry Editor-at-Large: [[Brenda Shaughnessy]]<br />
<br />
=== Writers whose work has appeared in ''Tin House'' ===<br />
{{col-start}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[Chris Adrian]]<br />
* [[Sherman Alexie]]<br />
* [[Dorothy Allison]]<br />
* [[Steve Almond]]<br />
* [[Yehuda Amichai]]<br />
* [[Tom Barbash]]<br />
* [[Charles Baxter]]<br />
* [[Aimee Bender]]<br />
* [[Sarah Shun-lien Bynum]]<br />
* [[Lucy Corin]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[Ariel Dorfman]]<br />
* [[Stuart Dybek]]<br />
* [[Deborah Eisenberg]]<br />
* [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]]<br />
* [[Richard Ford]]<br />
* [[Seamus Heaney]]<br />
* [[Ann Hood]]<br />
* [[Bret Anthony Johnston]]<br />
* [[Miranda July]]<br />
* [[Yasunari Kawabata]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[James Kelman]]<br />
* [[Stephen King]]<br />
* [[Stanley Kunitz]]<br />
* [[Kelly Le Fave]]<br />
* [[Jonathan Lethem]]<br />
* [[Rick Moody]]<br />
* [[Pablo Neruda]]<br />
* [[Sharon Olds]]<br />
* [[Dawn Powell]]<br />
* [[Peter Rock (novelist)|Peter Rock]]<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
* [[Edward W. Said]]<br />
* [[James Salter]]<br />
* [[John Sanford]]<br />
* [[Charles Simic]]<br />
* [[Donna Tartt]]<br />
* [[Quincy Troupe]]<br />
* [[Danielle Trussoni]]<br />
* [[David Foster Wallace]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Tin House Books==<br />
<br />
===Staff===<br />
<ref name=Staff/><br />
* Tony Perez: Editor<br />
* Meg Storey: Editor<br />
* Nanci McCloskey: Director of Publicity<br />
<br />
===Books published===<br />
<ref>[http://www.tinhouse.com/books/books_catalog.htm Tin House Catalog]</ref><br />
{{Cleanup|section|date=September 2008}}<br />
<br />
* ''Best of Tin House'' (2006). ISBN 0-9773127-1-2<br />
* ''Do Me: Tales of Sex and Love from Tin House'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-9794198-0-5<br />
* ''Food and Booze: A Tin House Literary Feast'' (2006). ISBN 0-9773127-7-1<br />
* ''The World Within'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-9776989-6-7<br />
* [[Katie Arnold-Ratliff|Arnold-Ratliff, Katie]]. ''Bright Before Us'' (2011). ISBN 978-1-935639-07-7<br />
* [[Geoffrey Becker|Becker, Geoffrey]]. ''Hot Springs'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9820539-4-2<br />
* [[Louis Bogan|Bogan, Louis]] trans. and ed. ''The Journal of [[Jules Renard]]'' (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-7-4<br />
* [[Karen Lee Boren|Boren, Karen Lee]]. ''Girls in Peril'' (2006). ISBN 978-0-9773127-2-6<br />
* [[Adam Braver|Braver, Adam]]. "November 22, 1963" (2008). ISBN 978-0-9802436-2-8<br />
* [[Lucy Corin|Corin, Lucy]]. ''The Entire Predicament'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-9776989-8-1<br />
* [[Bernard DeVoto|DeVoto, Bernard]]. ''The Hour: A Cocktail Manifesto'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9825048-0-2<br />
* [[Harriet Fasenfest|Fasenfest, Harriet]]. ''A Householder's Guide to the Universe'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9825691-5-3<br />
* [[Dolly Freed|Freed, Dolly]]. ''Possum Living: How to Live Well Without a Job and With (Almost) No Money'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9820539-3-5<br />
* [[Josh Goldfaden|Goldfaden, Josh]]. ''Human Resources'' (2006). ISBN 0-9776989-1-2<br />
* [[Tom Grimes|Grimes, Tom]]. ''Mentor: A Memoir'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9825048-8-8<br />
* [[J.C. Hallman|Hallman, J.C.]] ed. ''The Story About the Story: Great Writers Explore Great Literature'' (2009). ISBN 978-0-9802436-9-7<br />
* [[Matthea Harvey|Harvey, Matthea]], illustrated by [[Elizabeth Zechel|Zechel, Elizabeth]]. ''The Little General and The Giant Snowflake'' (2009). ISBN 978-0-9776989-8-1<br />
* [[Michiel Heyns|Heyns, Michiel]], introduction by [[A.L. Kennedy]]. "The Children's Day" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9802436-6-6<br />
* [[Elina Hirvonen|Hirvonen, Elina]]. "When I Forgot" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9802436-5-9<br />
* [[Jim Krusoe|Krusoe, Jim]]. "Erased." (2009) ISBN 978-0-9802436-7-3<br />
* [[Jim Krusoe|Krusoe, Jim]]. ''Girl Factory'' (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-2-9<br />
* [[Sarahlee Lawrence|Lawrence, Sarahlee]]. ''River House'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-9825691-3-9<br />
* [[Alex Lemon|Lemon, Alex]]. ''Mosquito'' (2006). ISBN 0-9773127-4-7<br />
* [[Michele Matheson|Matheson, Michele]]. ''Saving Angelfish'' (2006). ISBN 0-9773127-6-3<br />
* [[Win McCormack|McCormack, Win]]. ''You Don't Know Me: A Citizen's Guide to Republican Family Values'' (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-6-7<br />
* [[Lee Montgomery|Montgomery, Lee]] and [[Tony Perez]], eds. "The Writer's Notebook" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9794198-1-2<br />
* [[Keith Lee Morris|Morris, Keith Lee]]. ''Call It What You Want'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9825030-8-9<br />
* [[Keith Lee Morris|Morris, Keith Lee]]. ''The Dart League King'' (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-8-1<br />
* [[Lucia Nevai|Nevai, Lucia]]. ''Salvation'' (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-3-6<br />
* [[Mary Otis|Otis, Mary]]. ''Yes, Yes Cherries'' (2007) ISBN 978-0-9776989-0-5<br />
* [[Jeff Parker (writer)|Parker, Jeff]], [[Mikhail Iossel]], eds. [[Francine Prose]], intro. "Rasskazy: New Fiction from a New Russia" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9820539-0-4<br />
* [[Jeff Parker (writer)|Parker, Jeff]]. ''Ovenman'' (2007). ISBN 978-0-9776989-2-9<br />
* [[Brenda Shaughnessy|Shaughnessy, Brenda]] and [[C. J. Evans]], eds. "Satellite Convulsions: Poems from Tin House" (2008). ISBN 978-0-9794198-9-8<br />
* [[Robert Paul Smith|Smith, Robert Paul]], illustrated by [[Elinor Goulding Smith|Smith, Elinor Goulding]]. ''How to Do Nothing with Nobody All Alone by Yourself'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9820539-5-9<br />
* [[Zak Smith|Smith, Zak]]. ''Pictures Showing What Happens on Each Page of [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s Novel [[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' (2006). ISBN 0-9773127-9-8<br />
* [[Zak Smith|Smith, Zak]]. "We Did Porn" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9802436-8-0<br />
* [[Scott Sparling|Sparling, Scott]]. ''Wire to Wire'' (2011). ISBN 978-1-935639-05-3<br />
* [[Marlene van Niekerk|van Niekerk, Marlene]]. ''Agaat'' (2010). ISBN 978-0-9825030-9-6<br />
* [[Jan Elizabeth Watson|Watson, Jan Elizabeth]]. "Asta in the Wings" (2009). ISBN 978-0-9802436-1-1<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of literary magazines]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.tinhouse.com/ Tin House] (official website)<br />
<br />
{{English-language arts magazines}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:American literary magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Portland, Oregon]]<br />
[[Category:Media in Portland, Oregon]]<br />
[[Category:Magazines published in Oregon]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vieille_Case&diff=169916894Vieille Case2013-03-28T13:37:33Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--><br />
<!-- Basic info ----------------><br />
|name = Vieille Case<br />
|other_name =<br />
|native_name = Itassi<br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
|motto =<br />
<!-- images and maps -----------><br />
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|latd = 15.6143987<br />
|longd = -61.4068794<br />
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<!-- Location ------------------><br />
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Dominica}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[Parish]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Saint Andrew Parish, Dominica|Saint Andrew Parish]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 =<br />
|subdivision_name2 = <br />
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|<!-- Politics -----------------><br />
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<!-- Population -----------------------><br />
|population_as_of =2001<br />
|population_footnotes =<br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_total =726<br />
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------><br />
|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --><br />
|postal_code =<br />
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}} <br />
'''Vieille Case''', sometimes spelled as '''Vielle-Case''', is a village on the north coast of [[Dominica]]. The Commonwealth of Dominica in the West Indies was first inhabited by the [[Kalinago]] tribe referred to by the Europeans as Caribs. Itassi (pronounced: e-tassy) is the Kalinago name for the area in Dominica which is now known as Vieille Case.<br />
<br />
Vieille Case has an estimated population of 726.<ref name="census">Commonwealth of Dominica, ''Population and Housing Census — 2001''. Roseau, Dominica: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Kennedy Avenue, 2001.</ref> The name is a local French term for "old house".<br />
<br />
When Europeans first settled in the area, they lived there together with the Caribs. The current villagers are mixed descendants of the Kalinagos, the French settlers and the African slaves that were imported to the area.<br />
<br />
The centre of the village is called "Under The Mango". There are various shops, similar to convenience stores, located here. Few restaurants can be found in this tropical village. There is however, a shop that sells groceries and fried chicken called "Anna's". The [[mango tree]] to which the name refers is no longer in the centre of the village. There are two primary beaches, Au Parc and Au Tout.<br />
<br />
Vieille Case was a filming location for ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]''. The area was the birthplace of local politicians [[Edward Oliver LeBlanc]] and [[Roosevelt Skerrit]].<br />
<br />
==Recreation==<br />
There are two main beaches in Vieille Case:<br />
*Au Parc, used primarily for swimming<br />
*Au Tout, used primarily for fishing.<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
The most common family names include Hamilton, Joseph, LeBlanc, Royer and Seaman.<br />
<br />
== Agriculture==<br />
High in the mountains above the village lies an expanse of land called "La Vie Douce" (The sweet life). This is the primary place for farming Dasheen, Ginger, Yams, Pepper and Bananas.Many citizens use farming to make a living.The village also has a miniature market on the outer edge of " Under The Mango",used to sell some of the provisions brought down by the farmers.<br />
<br />
==Churches==<br />
The Catholic Church that was located just up the street from the Credit Union of Vieille Case collapsed during 2005 because of a severe earthquake.The church was split entirely down the middle, Here is a link to a few pictures of what happened during the earthquake: http://mydominica.org.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
There is one school located in Vieille Case which is the Primary School. Other schools that are near [[Roseau]] (close to Vieille Case):<br />
*Dublanc Secondary School<br />
*Dominica Seventh Day Adventist Secondary<br />
*Kairi School of Music<br />
*Destiny Pre School<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/heritage.cfm?Id=290 A to Z of Dominica Heritage: Vieille Case]<br />
* [http://travel.domnik.net/img-en/07dm-dominica/19/ Photos from Vieille Case]<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Dominica}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Dominica]]<br />
[[Category:Saint Andrew Parish, Dominica]]<br />
<br />
{{dominica-geo-stub}}</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wei_Wu_Wei&diff=170638638Wei Wu Wei2013-03-14T13:05:51Z<p>Mchanges!: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For the Taoist tenet, see [[Wu wei]]}}<br />
{{Other persons|Terry Gray}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}<br />
<!--as Terence Gray redirects here-->{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Terence Gray<br />
| image =<br />
| pseudonym = Wei Wu Wei<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|9|14|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|1|5|1895|9|14|df=yes}} <br />
| death_place = [[Monaco]]<br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]<br />
| genre = [[Non-fiction]] <br />
| notablework = ''Open Secret''<br />
}}<br />
'''Terence James Stannus Gray''' (14 September 1895 – 5 January 1986), better known by the [[pen name]] '''Wei Wu Wei''', was a 20th-century [[Taoist]] [[philosopher]] and [[writer]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
Between the years 1958 and 1974 eight books and articles in various periodicals appeared under the pseudonym "Wei Wu Wei" ([[Wu wei]], a Taoist term which translates as "action that is non-action"). The identity of the author was not revealed at the time of publication for reasons outlined in the Preface to the first book, ''Fingers Pointing Towards the Moon'' (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958). Eventually it was revealed that the author had been Terence Gray. <br />
<br />
'''Terence James Stannus Gray''' was born in [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]] on 14 September 1895, the son of [[Harold Stannus Gray]] and a member of a well-established [[Irish people|Irish]] family. He was raised on an estate at the [[Gog Magog Downs|Gog-Magog Hills]] outside [[Cambridge]], [[England]]. He received a thorough education at [[Ascham St Vincent's School]], [[Eastbourne]], [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Oxford University]]. Early in life he pursued an interest in [[Egyptology]] which culminated in the publication of two books on ancient Egyptian history and culture in 1923. This was followed by a period of involvement in the arts in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s as a theorist, theatrical producer, creator of radical "dance-dramas", publisher of several related magazines and author of two related books. He was a major influence on many noted dramatists, poets and dancers of the day, including his cousin [[Ninette de Valois]], founder of the [[Royal Ballet]] (which in fact had its origins in his own dance troupe at the Cambridge Festival Theatre which he leased from 1926 to 1933).<br />
<br />
He maintained his family's racehorses in England and Ireland and in 1957 his horse [[Zarathustra (horse)|Zarathrustra]] won the [[Ascot Gold Cup]], ridden by renowned jockey [[Lester Piggott]] in the first of his eleven wins of that race.<br />
<br />
After he had apparently exhausted his interest in the theatre, his thoughts turned towards philosophy and metaphysics. This led to a period of travel throughout Asia, including time spent at Sri [[Ramana Maharshi]]'s [[Sri Ramana Ashram|ashram]] in [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[India]]. In 1958, at the age of 63, he saw the first of the "Wei Wu Wei" titles published. The next 16 years saw the appearance of seven subsequent books, including his final work under the further pseudonym "O.O.O." in 1974. During most of this later period he maintained a residence with his wife Natasha Imeretinsky in [[Monaco]]. He is believed to have known, among others, [[Lama Anagarika Govinda]], Dr. Hubert Benoit, [[John Blofeld]], [[Douglas Harding]], [[Robert Linssen]], [[Arthur Osborne (writer)|Arthur Osborne]], [[Robert Powell]] and Dr. [[D. T. Suzuki]]. He died in 1986 at the age of 90.<br />
<br />
Wei Wu Wei's influence, while never widespread, has been profound upon many of those who knew him personally, upon those with whom he corresponded, among them British mathematician and author [[G. Spencer-Brown]] and [[Galen Sharp]], as well as upon many who have read his works, including [[Ramesh Balsekar]].<br />
<br />
It is apparent from his writings that "Wei Wu Wei" had studied in some depth both Eastern and Western philosophy and metaphysics, as well as the more esoteric teachings of all the great religions. It can also be understood from the writings that he regarded himself as merely one of many seeking so-called "liberation", the works themselves being seen in part as a record of this quest. The attitude adopted towards the writings is perhaps best indicated by the following quote from an introductory note to ''Open Secret'' (Hong Kong University Press, 1965). <br />
<br />
{{cquote|The writer of these lines has nothing whatsoever to teach anyone; his words are just his contribution to our common discussion of what must inevitably be for us the most important subject which could be discussed by sentient beings.}}<br />
<br />
==Quotations==<br />
<br />
:Why are you unhappy?<br />
:Because 99.9 per cent<br />
:Of everything you think,<br />
:And of everything you do,<br />
:Is for yourself &mdash;<br />
:And there isn't one.<br />
<br />
::&mdash; ''Ask The Awakened''<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
*''Fingers Pointing Towards The Moon; Reflections of a Pilgrim on the Way'', 1958, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (out of print); 2003, Boulder: Sentient Publications. Foreword by Ramesh Balsekar. ISBN 1-59181-010-8<br />
*''Why Lazarus Laughed; The Essential Doctrine [[Zen]]-[[Advaita]]-[[Tantra]]'', 1960, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (out of print); 2003, Boulder: Sentient Publications. ISBN 1-59181-011-6<br />
*''Ask The Awakened; The Negative Way'', 1963, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. (2nd ed. 1974)(out of print); 1973, Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN O-316-92810-0 (out of print); 2002, Boulder: Sentient Publications. Foreword by Galen Sharp. ISBN 0-9710786-4-5<br />
*''All Else Is Bondage; Non-Volitional Living'', 1964, [[Hong Kong University]] Press (reprinted 1970, 1982). ISBN 962-209-025-7 (out of print); 1999, Sunstar Publications. ISBN 1-886656-34-7 (out of print); 2004, Boulder: Sentient Publications. 1-59181-023-X<br />
*''Open Secret'', 1965, Hong Kong University Press (reprinted 1970, 1982). ISBN 962-209-030-3 (out of print); 2004, Boulder: Sentient Publications. ISBN 1-59181-014-0<br />
*''The Tenth Man'', 1966, Hong Kong University Press (reprinted 1967, 1971). ISBN 0-85656-013-8 (out of print); 2003, Boulder: Sentient Publications. Foreword by Dr. Gregory Tucker. ISBN 1-59181-007-8<br />
*''Posthumous Pieces'', 1968, Hong Kong University Press. Foreword by [[Wayne Liquorman]]. ISBN 0-85656-027-8 (out of print); 2004, Boulder: Sentient Publications. ISBN 1-59181-015-9<br />
*''Unworldly Wise; As the Owl Remarked to the Rabbit'', 1974, Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 0-85656-103-7 (out of print) (Note: this book published under the further pseudonym 'O.O.O.'); 2004, Boulder: Sentient Publications. ISBN 1-59181-019-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/ The 'Wei Wu Wei' Archives]<br />
*[http://www.thespiritworks.com/wei-wu-wei-biography.html "The Spirit Works : Wei Wu Wei Biography" by Gregory Tucker]<br />
*[http://web.ionsys.com/~remedy/WEI%20WU%20WEI.htm Wei Wu Wei Book Excerpts]<br />
*[http://www.saltpublishing.com/books/sml/1844710041.htm ''Only by Failure: The Many Faces of the Impossible Life of Terence Gray'' by Paul Cornwell]<br />
*[http://pro.ovh.net/~emillena/blog/?cat=73/ Articles in French]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=87525658|LCCN=n/50/033515}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Gray, Terence<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Wei, Wu Wei<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Writer<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1895<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]<br />
| DATE OF DEATH = 5 January 1986<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Monaco]]<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wei, Wu Wei}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:English Taoists]]<br />
[[Category:1895 births]]<br />
[[Category:1986 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Felixstowe]]<br />
<br />
[[tr:Wei Wu Wei]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wei_Wu_Wei&diff=170638637Wei Wu Wei2013-03-14T12:58:18Z<p>Mchanges!: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For the Taoist tenet, see [[Wu wei]]}}<br />
{{Other persons|Terry Gray}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}<br />
<!--as Terence Gray redirects here-->{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Terence Gray<br />
| image =<br />
| pseudonym = Wei Wu Wei<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|9|14|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|1|5|1895|9|14|df=yes}} <br />
| death_place = [[Monaco]]<br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]<br />
| genre = [[Non-fiction]] <br />
| notablework = ''Open Secret''<br />
}}<br />
'''Terence James Stannus Gray''' (14 September 1895 – 5 January 1986), better known by the [[pen name]] '''Wei Wu Wei''', was a 20th-century [[Taoist]] [[philosopher]] and [[writer]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
Between the years 1958 and 1974 eight books and articles in various periodicals appeared under the pseudonym "Wei Wu Wei" ([[Wu wei]], a Taoist term which translates as ''action that is non-action''). The identity of the author was not revealed at the time of publication for reasons outlined in the Preface to the first book ''Fingers Pointing Towards the Moon'' (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958). Eventually it was revealed that the author had been Terence Gray. <br />
<br />
'''Terence James Stannus Gray''' was born in [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]] on 14 September 1895, the son of [[Harold Stannus Gray]] and a member of a well-established [[Irish people|Irish]] family. He was raised on an estate at the [[Gog Magog Downs|Gog-Magog Hills]] outside [[Cambridge]], [[England]]. He received a thorough education at [[Ascham St Vincent's School]], [[Eastbourne]], [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Oxford University]]. Early in life he pursued an interest in [[Egyptology]] which culminated in the publication of two books on ancient Egyptian history and culture in 1923. This was followed by a period of involvement in the arts in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s as a theorist, theatrical producer, creator of radical 'dance-dramas', publisher of several related magazines and author of two related books. He was a major influence on many noted dramatists, poets and dancers of the day, including his cousin [[Ninette de Valois]], founder of the [[Royal Ballet]] (which in fact had its origins in his own dance troupe at the Cambridge Festival Theatre which he leased from 1926–33).<br />
<br />
He maintained his family's racehorses in England and Ireland and in 1957 his horse [[Zarathustra (horse)|Zarathrustra]] won the [[Ascot Gold Cup]], ridden by renowned jockey [[Lester Piggott]] in the first of his eleven wins of that race.<br />
<br />
After he had apparently exhausted his interest in the theatre, his thoughts turned towards philosophy and metaphysics. This led to a period of travel throughout Asia, including time spent at Sri [[Ramana Maharshi]]'s [[Sri Ramana Ashram|ashram]] in [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[India]]. In 1958, at the age of 63, he saw the first of the 'Wei Wu Wei' titles published. The next 16 years saw the appearance of seven subsequent books, including his final work under the further pseudonym 'O.O.O.' in 1974. During most of this later period he maintained a residence with his wife Natasha Imeretinsky in [[Monaco]]. He is believed to have known, among others, [[Lama Anagarika Govinda]], Dr. Hubert Benoit, [[John Blofeld]], [[Douglas Harding]], [[Robert Linssen]], [[Arthur Osborne (writer)|Arthur Osborne]], [[Robert Powell]] and Dr. [[D. T. Suzuki]]. He died in 1986 at the age of 90.<br />
<br />
Wei Wu Wei's influence, while never widespread, has been profound upon many of those who knew him personally, upon those with whom he corresponded, among them British mathematician and author [[G. Spencer-Brown]] and [[Galen Sharp]], as well as upon many who have read his works, including [[Ramesh Balsekar]].<br />
<br />
It is apparent from his writings that 'Wei Wu Wei' had studied in some depth both Eastern and Western philosophy and metaphysics, as well as the more esoteric teachings of all the great religions. It can also be understood from the writings that he regarded himself as merely one of many seeking so-called 'liberation', the works themselves being seen in part as a record of this quest. The attitude adopted towards the writings is perhaps best indicated by the following quote from an introductory note to 'Open Secret' (Hong Kong University Press, 1965). <br />
<br />
{{cquote|The writer of these lines has nothing whatsoever to teach anyone; his words are just his contribution to our common discussion of what must inevitably be for us the most important subject which could be discussed by sentient beings.}}<br />
<br />
==Quotations==<br />
<br />
:Why are you unhappy?<br />
:Because 99.9 per cent<br />
:Of everything you think,<br />
:And of everything you do,<br />
:Is for yourself &mdash;<br />
:And there isn't one.<br />
<br />
::&mdash; ''Ask The Awakened''<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
*''Fingers Pointing Towards The Moon; Reflections of a Pilgrim on the Way'', 1958, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. (out of print); 2003, Sentient Publications, Boulder. Foreword by Ramesh Balsekar. ISBN 1-59181-010-8<br />
*''Why Lazarus Laughed; The Essential Doctrine [[Zen]]-[[Advaita]]-[[Tantra]]'', 1960, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. (out of print); 2003, Sentient Publications, Boulder. ISBN 1-59181-011-6<br />
*''Ask The Awakened; The Negative Way'', 1963, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London. (2nd ed. 1974)(out of print); 1973, Little, Brown & Co., Boston. ISBN O-316-92810-0 (out of print); 2002, Sentient Publications, Boulder. Foreword by Galen Sharp. ISBN 0-9710786-4-5<br />
*''All Else Is Bondage; Non-Volitional Living'', 1964, [[Hong Kong University]] Press. (Reprinted 1970, 1982). ISBN 962-209-025-7 (out of print); 1999, Sunstar Publications. ISBN 1-886656-34-7 (out of print); 2004, Sentient Publications, Boulder. 1-59181-023-X<br />
*''Open Secret'', 1965, Hong Kong University Press. (Reprinted 1970, 1982). ISBN 962-209-030-3 (out of print); 2004, Sentient Publications, Boulder. ISBN 1-59181-014-0<br />
*''The Tenth Man'', 1966, Hong Kong University Press. (Reprinted 1967, 1971). ISBN 0-85656-013-8 (out of print); 2003, Sentient Publications, Boulder. Foreword by Dr. Gregory Tucker. ISBN 1-59181-007-8<br />
*''Posthumous Pieces'', 1968, Hong Kong University Press. Foreword by [[Wayne Liquorman]]. ISBN 0-85656-027-8 (out of print); 2004, Sentient Publications, Boulder. ISBN 1-59181-015-9<br />
*''Unworldly Wise; As the Owl Remarked to the Rabbit'', 1974, Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 0-85656-103-7 (out of print) (Note: this book published under the further pseudonym 'O.O.O.'); 2004, Sentient Publications, Boulder. ISBN 1-59181-019-1<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/ The 'Wei Wu Wei' Archives]<br />
*[http://www.thespiritworks.com/wei-wu-wei-biography.html "The Spirit Works : Wei Wu Wei Biography" by Gregory Tucker]<br />
*[http://web.ionsys.com/~remedy/WEI%20WU%20WEI.htm Wei Wu Wei Book Excerpts]<br />
*[http://www.saltpublishing.com/books/sml/1844710041.htm ''Only by Failure : The Many Faces of the Impossible Life of Terence Gray'' by Paul Cornwell]<br />
*[http://pro.ovh.net/~emillena/blog/?cat=73/ Articles in French]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control|VIAF=87525658|LCCN=n/50/033515}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --><br />
| NAME = Gray, Terence<br />
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Wei, Wu Wei<br />
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Writer<br />
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 September 1895<br />
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Felixstowe]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]<br />
| DATE OF DEATH = 5 January 1986<br />
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Monaco]]<br />
}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wei, Wu Wei}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:English Taoists]]<br />
[[Category:1895 births]]<br />
[[Category:1986 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Felixstowe]]<br />
<br />
[[tr:Wei Wu Wei]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Marsupium/Namenskonventionen_f%C3%BCr_Werke_der_Bildenden_Kunst&diff=114676208Benutzer:Marsupium/Namenskonventionen für Werke der Bildenden Kunst2012-12-13T08:26:57Z<p>Mchanges!: /* Works of art */ double quotes, for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Style-guideline|sortkey=Visual|WP:VAMOS}}<br />
{{Style|expanded=Arts}}<br />
<br />
This page sets out some guidance on special issues commonly encountered in writing about the [[visual arts]], and has been developed by members of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts|WikiProject Visual arts]]. It should be read in conjunction with the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Wikipedia Manual of Style]]. Queries can be raised at the discussion pages here or at the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Visual arts|Visual Arts Project]].<br />
<br />
==Helpful Wikipedia links==<br />
* [[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines|Wikipedia style guidelines]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works]]<br />
<br />
* [[:Category:Wikipedia guidelines|Wikipedia guidelines]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Notability]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]]<br />
<br />
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check]]<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Advice for the cultural sector]] is a special page dealing with the concerns of editors who are museum curators, librarians or archivists.<br />
<br />
==Text issues==<br />
===Using infoboxes and templates===<br />
There are dedicated infoboxes and some templates for Visual arts articles at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts#Templates]], in addition to the standard biography infoboxes and national/cultural templates. There may be a conflict for space between the need to illustrate visual arts articles and the use of infoboxes. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. <br />
<br />
Templates at the bottom of the page are usually preferable to those at the side, where they may make it difficult to incorporate proper illustration of a VA article. If so, they are likely to be removed. <br />
<br />
Information in an infobox contains basic introductory facts from the article. If something is not substantiated in the article, or would involve over-simplification, it should not be included in the infobox. An alternative to an infobox is to use a normal picture with caption.<br />
<br />
===Lead section===<br />
In general it is best and safest to use "artist" in the lead of a biography; very many artists were not just painters (many articles are currently defective in this respect). If the artist did significant work in several media, that should be indicated, as, for example: <br />
<blockquote>'''Edgar Degas''' (19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917), born '''Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas''' ({{IPA-fr|ilɛʀ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡɑʀ dœˈɡɑ}}), was a French artist, who worked in [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[printmaking]] and [[drawing]]. </blockquote><br />
<br />
The lead section in articles on works of art should give at least the following information, in roughly this order: Name(s)/title(s) of work, artist, date, type of work and materials, subject, nation or city of origin, present location. A reference to the style, school or movement it or the artist belongs to is usually appropriate, unless the artist is very well known; even then many editors will play safe and say, for example: "by the Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo". If there is a quotation from a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] assessing its general quality or significance, that can be added, but avoid unreferenced [[WP:PEACOCK|assertions of this sort]], which are often challenged, even if they are in fact reasonable. An indication of its place in the artist's development, or a larger art historical movement, may be appropriate. Per [[WP:LEAD]] the rest of the section should generally summarize, at least for longer articles, the material covered in the other sections, especially if "unexpected"&nbsp;– if the object is widely considered to be a fake, like the [[Getty kouros]], do not save this information for a later section. This is often called the "no surprises" principle&nbsp;– after reading the lead, there should be no major surprises in the rest of the article.<br />
<br />
===Capitalization and art movements===<br />
Capitalization of art movements and art style names is a complex issue. The [http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html College Art Association style guide for ''Art Bulletin''] says (or, it seems, used to say):<br />
<blockquote> In general, sharply delimited period titles are capitalized, whereas large periods and terms applicable to several periods are not: e.g., Archaic, Baroque, Early and High Renaissance, Early Christian, Gothic, Greek Classicism of the fifth century (otherwise, classicism), Imperial, Impressionism, Islamic, Mannerist, Middle Ages, Modernism, Neoclassicism for the late-eighteenth-century movement (otherwise, neoclassicism), Post-Impressionism, Pre-Columbian, Rococo, Roman, Romanesque, Romantic period, Xth Dynasty, antique, antiquity, classicism (see above), medieval, modern, neoclassicism (see above), postmodern, prehistoric, quattrocento.</blockquote><br />
<br />
In passing references to details of style, it may be appropriate to use lower-case terms e.g.: baroque, gothic, mannerist, modernist&mdash;but always Renaissance, Impressionist, Middle Ages. <br />
<br />
A [http://www.zeal.com/guidelines/a_z_style_guide/a_to_h/a.jhtml style guide at zeal.com] suggests using a dictionary to determine capitalization. However, dictionaries vary on art movement/style capitalization. (See [[User:Sparkit/capitalization]].) The [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Religions.2C_deities.2C_philosophies.2C_doctrines_and_their_adherents|Wikipedia Manual of Style]] does not touch on art movements and styles in particular, but implies that Wikipedia style is to use lower case. Bringing us back again to using a dictionary. Thus, the question of what to do when dictionaries do not agree with one another may remain. <br />
<br />
See [[Netherlandish]] for the distinction between this and "Dutch" or "Flemish" in art.<br />
<br />
===Lists of works===<br />
Lists of works should be used cautiously; they are really only appropriate for major artists with a small [[oeuvre]], like [[Leonardo da Vinci]] or [[Giorgione]]. Longer ones are best moved to separate articles like [[List of works by Caspar David Friedrich]]. If compiled from old sources like EB 1911, there are likely to be inaccuracies as (a) many works in private collections will have been sold and (b) some in museums will have been re-attributed. A short section on notable works is better, although care must be taken to give a worldwide view, not just covering works in the [[anglosphere]].<br />
<br />
===Articles to write===<br />
There is a need for more articles on non-Western historic art, and on applied or [[decorative art]] from all times and places, where coverage is generally very poor at present.<br />
<br />
Generally, very short articles (say less than 200 words of main text) on individual works or art are to be avoided, as the information can be included in the main article on the artist, or incorporated with other similar short pieces in a dedicated article, such as [[Portraits by Vincent van Gogh]]. <br />
<br />
When there is sufficient notability and information to merit an article on an individual work of art, all pertinent facts as specified in [[#Image_captions|Image captions]] (below) should be included, as well as relevant material covering the content, [[iconography]], style, significance in the artist's oeuvre and [[provenance]]. <br />
<br />
Shorter articles on artists (i.e. a [[WP:stub|stub]]) are acceptable, provided the subject meets the [[WP:notability|notability]] guidelines, and the article meets our standard of [[WP:VERIFY|verification]], with a sufficient number of independent reliable secondary sources (see [[#Sources|sources]] below).<br />
<br />
===Article titles===<br />
====Biographies====<br />
If a biography needs disambiguating then [[John Smith (artist)]] is usually the best choice, as opposed to e.g. [[John Smith (painter)]] (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts/Art_Manual_of_Style#Lead_section|Lead section]] above). For other people [[John Smith (potter)]] or "designer", "art historian", "silversmith" may be appropriate. For movements, techniques and the like add (art) or a more specific term such as (sculpture) if this is appropriate.<br />
<br />
====Works of art====<br />
For articles on individual works of art:<br />
*The title of a work of art is ''italicised'' in text, but not in the article title itself. Other artworks may have names (unitalicised) rather than titles, a fine distinction. These include [[illuminated manuscript]]s (except where they are the unique manuscript of a work whose title is the name for the manuscript) and other objects that are of some practical use, or archaeological artefacts, which are not italicised in any context: [[Royal Gold Cup]], [[Sedgeford Torc]] etc. For a title with no owner's name or location in it to be italicised, it has to be plausible to some degree that the creator would have considered the name we know an object by as its title. <br />
<br />
* If the title is not very specific, or refers to a common subject, add the surname of the artist in brackets afterwards, e.g. [[Reading the Letter (Picasso)]]. It is generally better to disambiguate by the artist's name than by medium, as there may be other paintings or sculptures of the same name by other artists. If the artist painted several works with the same, or very similar, titles, add the location of the work if it is in a public collection. For example, [[Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)]], as van Eyck painted several Annunciations. A title such as [[Madonna and Child (Raphael)]] is of little use (see [[:Category:Raphael Madonnas]]). The names of less well-known artists may not be suitable disambiguation terms. <br />
<br />
*Avoid the construction "X's Y" (e.g. ''Botticelli's Birth of Venus''). It only works in a small minority of cases, such as [[Dürer's Rhinoceros]], where the work is very well known by that title and the alternative (''The Rhinoceros (Dürer)'') is considered too far from common usage.<br />
<br />
* Where there are several variant titles, preference is usually given to the predominant one used by art historians writing in English, and if this is not clear, the English title used by the owning museum. Few [[old master]] paintings had specific titles when they were painted.<br />
<br />
*Objects such as excavated artifacts or illuminated manuscripts usually known by a name combining a previous or current owner, location, or place of discovery, followed by the type of object, should normally be treated as [[proper name]]s for the object, and all words capitalized, but not italicised, as these are names not titles. Examples: [[Rosetta Stone]], [[Cloisters Cross]], [[Batllo Crucifix]], [[Berlin Gold Hat]]. If in doubt, the name used by the owning museum is persuasive, although the name used in most commonly in recent scholarly references is the ultimate criterion; there are odd variations - both [[Berlin Gold Hat]] and [[Mold gold cape]] seem the best established capitalizations.<br />
<br />
* Set up redirects for variant titles, such as the original language title for modern works or variant translations. Often a redirect with or without an initial "The" is likely to be useful. <br />
<br />
* The use of "the" is complicated. Works where "the" begins a specific and non-generic title purely describing the subject do include this in the article title. However common subjects, especially religious ones, do not include "the" in the title, even when the episode is often or normally referred to preceded by "the", as in "the Crucifixion", the "Dormition of the Virgin", and so on. Works whose usual title includes the name of a former owner or a location do not include "the" in the article title. Examples: [[Dormition of the Virgin (El Greco)]], [[Agony in the Garden (Bellini)]], [[Benois Madonna]] (former owner), [[Ghent Altarpiece]] (location), but [[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)]], [[The Tempest (Giorgione)]], [[The Persistence of Memory]].<br />
<br />
*Avoid "Portrait of Fred Foo" titles, if the individual is named&nbsp;– just use "Fred Foo", with disambiguation as necessary, even if the museum uses "Portrait". But titles such "Portrait of a Man" are all right to use. There are exceptions, especially modern works where the title is given by the artist, and others such as the [[Arnolfini Portrait]]. <br />
<br />
* Many works have names by which they were well-known, but which are now falling out of use, as the museums who now own most tend not to use the former name. The [[Rokeby Venus]] is still sufficiently well known by that name to justify using it for the title, even though the [[National Gallery|National Gallery, London]], uses the title ''The Toilet of Venus ("Rokeby Venus")''. But in the same museum, a work formerly known as the Burlington House Cartoon is now called [[The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist]]. The institution's preferred name for the work is now more familiar than the older one, and is therefore used as the article title. In cases such as this the older title should be set up as a redirect and mentioned as a variant, but not used for the article title.<br />
<br />
* Foreign language titles are generally only to be used if they are used by most art historians or critics writing in English&nbsp;– e.g. ''[[Las Meninas]]'' or ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]''. In that case they should be used in the form used by most art historians writing in English, regardless of whether this is actually correct by the standards of the other language. It is not necessary to give the original language version of titles of standard religious scenes or portraits, but for other titles this may be desirable, for example:<br />
<br />
<blockquote> </blockquote>'''''[[The Third of May 1808]]''''' (in Spanish '''El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid; Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío''' <ref>Prado, p. 141: "The third of May 1808 in Madrid; the shootings on Prince Pio hill".</ref> or '''Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo''') is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish master [[Francisco Goya]].<br />
{{Reflist}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
====Manuscripts====<br />
These are covered at [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (manuscripts)]]<br />
<br />
===Describing works===<br />
====Museums and collections====<br />
It can be helpful to add the owner of works to texts or captions of works referred to, but is not necessary, except for articles about the specific work. If the owner is not included in the information in the picture file, and is known, it should be added there. <br />
<br />
For works belonging to permanent public collections, '''avoid''' "... currently resides in", "is currently in the Louvre", "is on display at", "hangs in", "is located in", "is in the collection of", and similar phrases. Just give the name of the collection, "Metropolitan Museum", or say "is in the Louvre", "is owned by", "now in" or "belongs to". Locating in a "private collection" is fine but any specific private ownership needs a recent reference (in particular do not trust old sources like the 1911 Britannica). Once in museums, most works remain there, but not necessarily on display at any particular moment. "Currently" is fine if the work is known to be likely to move for some reason, such as belonging to another institution, although we do not need to reflect loans to exhibitions etc. Use "in the [[Royal Collection]]" rather than "at [[Windsor Castle]]" or another location, as that is the appropriate link and, for example, most of the works that were at [[Hampton Court Palace]] for decades were moved to Windsor a couple of years ago, while their permanent home was being decided on.<br />
<br />
Note on '''[[Berlin]] collections''': The [[Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]] (Berlin State Museums), often just "Staatliche Museen" or "SMB" on their logo, is not a location but the legal and administrative body that administers at least seventeen museums in Berlin, listed at that article. During the division of the city the Western body was known as the "[[Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation]]" (German: Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz), which still sits above the Staatliche Museen as a parent body. These names are often credited as the owner or copyright holder for objects or pictures in art books. Now that the post-unification rearrangement of the Berlin museums is effectively complete, where a specific museum for an object is known, that should be used. So [[old master]] paintings are normally in the [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]], the [[Nefertiti Bust]] is in the [[Neues Museum]], and so on. But where a location is not known, the object should be described as owned by or held by the Staatliche Museen. Western [[antiquities]] can also be described as belonging to the [[Antikensammlung Berlin]] ("Berlin Antiquities Collection"), a traditional umbrella term for this collection, now divided between several institutions.<br />
<br />
====Dates====<br />
'''Avoid''' "an 1876 painting", '''use''' is a "painting of 1876" or "his famous nude ''Jimbo Wales'' (1876)" etc.; "from 1876" is best avoided, except in a discussion of a chronological development of style or similar passage. This partly an matter of US/UK style: "an 1876 painting" is more acceptable in US English, but will rarely be found in American academic writing. For a painting that was completed over more than one year, either the range of years, or the year of completion should normally be given, or "completed in 1512", "commissioned in 1623", "begun in 1845" etc.<br />
<br />
====Measurements====<br />
Measurements should always be given for a work that is the article subject, but are not usually needed in captions (see that section), unless there is a particular point being made, or the size of the object might be thought to be radically different from the real size. Always give measurements in the order: height, width, & depth/diameter etc. if appropriate. Centimetres (very rarely millimetres) are now standard in academic art history, even in the US (though not always in museum captions), but ideally convert by template, as the MOS requires. Measurements are normally at the maximal place, but sometimes an explanation of where the measurement was taken is given in the source, which may need to be reeated in the article. <br />
<br />
====Medium====<br />
'''Avoid''' "an oil-on-canvas painting"&nbsp;– it is "an [[oil painting]] on [[canvas]]" (unless it is actually a [[panel painting]], etc.)<br />
<br />
====Prints====<br />
'''Avoid''' "copper engraving" etc. (often found in pre-1900 material, or that half-translated from German and other languages where the term remains current)&nbsp;– just use [[engraving]]. Older sources (such as the 1911 EB) may use "[[wood-engraving]]" as a term for [[woodcut]]s (rather than true [[wood engraving]]s, only invented in the late 18th century), which is not acceptable now. Original prints, or reproductive ones of before about 1800 could be linked to [[old master print]] or [[popular print]] (the latter not date-limited), if the technique, such as [[engraving]], [[etching]], [[linocut]] etc. is not known. Descriptions of print techniques on Commons descriptions should be treated with great caution; many if not most are inaccurate. "Engraving" is often treated as a generic term for all prints, which is to be avoided. See [[printmaking]] for a summary of the techniques, but just use "print" if the actual technique is unknown.<br />
<br />
==Using images of art==<br />
===Basic formatting and size===<br />
The basic formatting code for an image is:<br />
:<nowiki>[[Image:Name of image.jpg|thumb|Name of artist. Name of artwork.]]</nowiki><br />
"Thumb" has four effects:<br />
# It allows the caption to display<br />
# Default position is on the right of the page (specifying "right" is therefore redundant)<br />
# Default size is 180 pixels wide<br />
# If registered users have changed the thumb size in their preference settings (anything up to 300 pixels wide) then the image will appear for them at their selected size.<br />
<br />
Most images will be left at this default size and not have a "forced" image size. Specifying "225px", for example, means all users are forced to see the image at that size, as it over-rides their preference setting. Another reason for not forcing large image sizes, is that the result can be ugly on some, particularly low res, screen settings. It is therefore a sound practice to look at a page on different screen settings.<br />
<br />
There are exceptions to this, when an image size is specified. This might be because there is a lot of detail, or because it is the lead image on the page. In such cases, 300px is a good size to consider, as anything less will have the reverse effect to enlargement for users who have their preference setting at the maximum 300 px.<br />
<br />
There are some other options which can be put into the basic image coding:<br />
:<nowiki>[[Image:Name of image.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Name of artist. Name of artwork.]]</nowiki><br />
"Left" positions the image on the left of the page. The default sets the width at 180 pixels, which is fine for images, which are wider than they are tall. Where the reverse is the case, "upright" compensates for this. Even so, some very narrow images, may need a forced smaller size.<br />
<br />
===Image captions===<br />
The minimum information that needs to be included is: <br />
*Artist name – [[link]]ed for at least his/her first caption, except where the article is a biographical one about the artist. The name should not be in '''bold''' text.<br />
*''Title of work in italics,'' – wikilinked if there is an article on the work. This may not apply to older works where there is no original title, and the subject is obvious, such as in a [[still-life]]. Include title of the work in English whenever possible, including the title in its original language is unnecessary unless there is no English translation available.<br />
<br />
Extra information which can be included:<br />
* Date of work&mdash;usually date completed if it took more than one year,<br />
* Medium and support, especially if not oil on canvas, <br />
* Size&mdash;particularly helpful for unusually large or small works. There is not usually room to do this in both inches and centimetres, as the MoS prefers. Always put height before width. If they are known, and are not on the image file, please add there, whether or not the caption or article text is giving them. <br />
* Collection or whereabouts (optional, as should be on image data), linked in most cases.<br />
<br />
Note: some editors prefer "Title, Artist" to the other way round. This should be consistent within an article. A ''short'' explanatory caption is often desirable, showing why the picture has been included, if necessary at the expense of some of the more technical information. Bear in mind image size preferences when writing long captions&nbsp;– a long caption may look good at 300px, but not at 180px. If any of the above is known, but is not included in the image file details, then it should be added there.<br />
<br />
===Placing===<br />
In general, portraits and other strongly directional works should face into the page. Remember the issues described in the "size" section above when placing images; at some settings images may either create large white spaces or overlap at left and right, leaving a narrow strip of text in the centre.<br />
<br />
It will often be better to place a work by the artist at the top of a biography; this is especially the case for imaginary portraits of early artists, or photographs of more recent ones.<br />
<br />
===Available templates===<br />
* {{tl|Artwork}}<br />
* {{tl|Infobox Painting}}<br />
* {{tl|Sculpture}}<br />
* {{tl|Infobox Artist}}<br />
* {{tl|Image information art}} – for image pages<br />
<br />
===Too many pictures, too little text?===<br />
Solutions:<br />
:a) Write some more text.<br />
:b) Use a gallery <br />
:c) Link to specific works, either by a piped link in the text, or from a footnote. This is especially useful as the links can go to Commons or the web in general, although generally web links should be in the notes.<br />
<br />
Try to avoid just stringing images down the side opposite white space (although some white space may occasionally be necessary at the end of a short article, depending on screen size and file settings).<br />
<br />
===Galleries===<br />
<br />
Articles which are galleries (i.e. a page of pictures) were once common, but are largely deprecated, being either deleted or having their contents moved to the [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]], which is an image repository for the use of all the different language Wikipedias. <br />
<br />
Galleries are often necessary within the body of a VA article. These galleries should relate clearly to the text, be proportionate to it and provide adequate information in the captions. Galleries are important, not just for decoration, but to reinforce and amplify the meaning of the article and to demonstrate meaning and nuance, which cannot be made by words alone. <br />
<br />
A Wikipedia article gallery should not just replicate a Commons gallery for the sake of it, but needs to use the images with editorial judgement, as with the text, with the validity of inclusion of each image considered. See [[WP:IG]] for the policy from the Wikipedia Manual of Style.<br />
<br />
A particular image may be better used as a stand-alone one in the body of the text, because:<br />
* It is an outstanding example of work<br />
* It is specifically referred to in the text<br />
* It demonstrates an aspect (e.g. a particular period or style feature) referred to in the text: make this clear in the image caption.<br />
<br />
Small galleries can be inserted in the body of the text: this is useful for general topics, such as [[Western painting]]. In a single artist biography, it may be more appropriate to include one gallery at the end of the article, such as in [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]. [[Claude Monet]] has two galleries within the text, one for earlier and one for later works. [[Self-portrait]] has both section galleries and a general gallery at the end. Mostly a gallery will be arranged chronologically.<br />
<br />
There are options in formatting galleries which make them appear wider, or alter the number of images in a row, but these can cause visibility problems with different screen resolutions and should normally be avoided.<br />
<br />
===Image rationales===<br />
Rationales should be added to the file for all Fair Use images used, detailing the reasons why the image is needed for each article in which it appears.<br />
<br />
===Uploading===<br />
Where possible upload to Commons, and remember to categorise as thoroughly as possible (not always easy there&nbsp;– look at comparable images and see what categories they are in). Images available for Fair Use only cannot be uploaded there however, which affects many 20th century images, and those of three-dimensional objects.<br />
<br />
* Before you upload an [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|image]] of art, know the following:<br />
**The source of the image. Usually the URL from which you downloaded it.<br />
**Who is the artist(s)?<br />
**The name of the piece?<br />
**When was the piece completed?<br />
**What are its dimensions?<br />
**What is the medium (oil and canvas/marble/mixed media&nbsp;...)?<br />
**Where is it displayed?<br />
**[[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyright]] status – Is it copyrighted? By whom? If it is copyrighted and not by yourself, prepare a [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use]] statement.<br />
* Upload the image. <br />
**Include all of the above information when uploading or add it to the [[Help:Image page|image page]] after you've uploaded the file.<br />
**Using the {{tl|Image information art}} template for the above information formats the data easily.<br />
* Add the image to an article.<br />
** Use regular wiki markup. See [[Wikipedia:Extended image syntax|Extended image syntax]] for syntax rules. Use the thumbnail parameter and write a caption that includes information about the work.<br />
** Guidelines on what to include and how to format it, just one external example, http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html.<br />
* Add {{tl|commonscat}}, or {{tl|commons}} in the External links section to provide a link to the commons gallery or article.<br />
<br />
===Image resources===<br />
*Commons – very large, rather chaotic, and with very many washed-out old scans (from out-of-copyright books). Everything on Commons can be used without further worries. <br />
*Google Images – can be very good, especially for portraits etc.<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
===References are essential===<br />
<br />
Many articles, particularly on contemporary artists, groups and "movements", are [[WP:AFD|deleted]] for failing to demonstrate [[WP:notability|notability]] by providing [[WP:VERIFY|viable references]] from secondary sources, ''independent of the subject''&mdash;i.e. not just the subject's own website or postings on other web sites. There is a guide to Wikipedia format at [[Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners|Referencing for beginners]].<br />
<br />
===Useful external resources===<br />
Unfortunately, 19th century books available online are likely to be seriously out of date, and often contain serious errors, so should generally be avoided. <br />
*[http://www.bridgeman.co.uk/search/quick_search.asp The Bridgeman Art Library Image Search] – finding the current location of art works and details about them (museum, size, date created, etc.), though Google images gives wider coverage.<br />
*[http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ The Getty artist lookup] – aid to preferred artist name and notability. Useful for checking names, dates of birth and death, and family relationships to other artists.<br />
*[http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/ Getty] "The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a structured vocabulary of around 34,000 concepts, including 131,000 terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts,&nbsp;..."<br />
*[http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/index.asp Cameo database] from the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] Highly specialized database on pigments and materials.<br />
*[[Grove Dictionary of Art]] free online access to most UK users through their public library<br />
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/ artcyclopedia.org] – search to locate resources about an artist<br />
*[http://www.artlex.com/ ''ArtLex'' art dictionary] – definitions of terms<br />
<br />
===External resources for writing about art===<br />
* http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/arthistory/paperpg/index.html<br />
* http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html<br />
* [http://www.artedit.org/ Association of Art Editors] site hosts a freely accessible art writing style guide<br />
<br />
==Issues to discuss==<br />
==Notes==<br />
===Example image and caption===<br />
'''Enter:'''<br />
<pre><nowiki>[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Goya]], <br />
''Charles&nbsp;IV of Spain and His Family''. 1800–1801. <br />
280 × 336 cm. Oil on canvas. [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]].]]</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
'''Result:'''<br />
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Goya]], ''Charles&nbsp;IV of Spain and His Family''. 1800–1801. 280 × 336 cm. Oil on canvas. [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]].]]<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Marsupium/Namenskonventionen_f%C3%BCr_Werke_der_Bildenden_Kunst&diff=114676207Benutzer:Marsupium/Namenskonventionen für Werke der Bildenden Kunst2012-12-13T08:22:29Z<p>Mchanges!: /* Biographies */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Style-guideline|sortkey=Visual|WP:VAMOS}}<br />
{{Style|expanded=Arts}}<br />
<br />
This page sets out some guidance on special issues commonly encountered in writing about the [[visual arts]], and has been developed by members of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts|WikiProject Visual arts]]. It should be read in conjunction with the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Wikipedia Manual of Style]]. Queries can be raised at the discussion pages here or at the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Visual arts|Visual Arts Project]].<br />
<br />
==Helpful Wikipedia links==<br />
* [[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines|Wikipedia style guidelines]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biographies]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works]]<br />
<br />
* [[:Category:Wikipedia guidelines|Wikipedia guidelines]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Notability]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]<br />
** [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]]<br />
<br />
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check]]<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Advice for the cultural sector]] is a special page dealing with the concerns of editors who are museum curators, librarians or archivists.<br />
<br />
==Text issues==<br />
===Using infoboxes and templates===<br />
There are dedicated infoboxes and some templates for Visual arts articles at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Visual arts#Templates]], in addition to the standard biography infoboxes and national/cultural templates. There may be a conflict for space between the need to illustrate visual arts articles and the use of infoboxes. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. <br />
<br />
Templates at the bottom of the page are usually preferable to those at the side, where they may make it difficult to incorporate proper illustration of a VA article. If so, they are likely to be removed. <br />
<br />
Information in an infobox contains basic introductory facts from the article. If something is not substantiated in the article, or would involve over-simplification, it should not be included in the infobox. An alternative to an infobox is to use a normal picture with caption.<br />
<br />
===Lead section===<br />
In general it is best and safest to use "artist" in the lead of a biography; very many artists were not just painters (many articles are currently defective in this respect). If the artist did significant work in several media, that should be indicated, as, for example: <br />
<blockquote>'''Edgar Degas''' (19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917), born '''Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas''' ({{IPA-fr|ilɛʀ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡɑʀ dœˈɡɑ}}), was a French artist, who worked in [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[printmaking]] and [[drawing]]. </blockquote><br />
<br />
The lead section in articles on works of art should give at least the following information, in roughly this order: Name(s)/title(s) of work, artist, date, type of work and materials, subject, nation or city of origin, present location. A reference to the style, school or movement it or the artist belongs to is usually appropriate, unless the artist is very well known; even then many editors will play safe and say, for example: "by the Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo". If there is a quotation from a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] assessing its general quality or significance, that can be added, but avoid unreferenced [[WP:PEACOCK|assertions of this sort]], which are often challenged, even if they are in fact reasonable. An indication of its place in the artist's development, or a larger art historical movement, may be appropriate. Per [[WP:LEAD]] the rest of the section should generally summarize, at least for longer articles, the material covered in the other sections, especially if "unexpected"&nbsp;– if the object is widely considered to be a fake, like the [[Getty kouros]], do not save this information for a later section. This is often called the "no surprises" principle&nbsp;– after reading the lead, there should be no major surprises in the rest of the article.<br />
<br />
===Capitalization and art movements===<br />
Capitalization of art movements and art style names is a complex issue. The [http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html College Art Association style guide for ''Art Bulletin''] says (or, it seems, used to say):<br />
<blockquote> In general, sharply delimited period titles are capitalized, whereas large periods and terms applicable to several periods are not: e.g., Archaic, Baroque, Early and High Renaissance, Early Christian, Gothic, Greek Classicism of the fifth century (otherwise, classicism), Imperial, Impressionism, Islamic, Mannerist, Middle Ages, Modernism, Neoclassicism for the late-eighteenth-century movement (otherwise, neoclassicism), Post-Impressionism, Pre-Columbian, Rococo, Roman, Romanesque, Romantic period, Xth Dynasty, antique, antiquity, classicism (see above), medieval, modern, neoclassicism (see above), postmodern, prehistoric, quattrocento.</blockquote><br />
<br />
In passing references to details of style, it may be appropriate to use lower-case terms e.g.: baroque, gothic, mannerist, modernist&mdash;but always Renaissance, Impressionist, Middle Ages. <br />
<br />
A [http://www.zeal.com/guidelines/a_z_style_guide/a_to_h/a.jhtml style guide at zeal.com] suggests using a dictionary to determine capitalization. However, dictionaries vary on art movement/style capitalization. (See [[User:Sparkit/capitalization]].) The [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Religions.2C_deities.2C_philosophies.2C_doctrines_and_their_adherents|Wikipedia Manual of Style]] does not touch on art movements and styles in particular, but implies that Wikipedia style is to use lower case. Bringing us back again to using a dictionary. Thus, the question of what to do when dictionaries do not agree with one another may remain. <br />
<br />
See [[Netherlandish]] for the distinction between this and "Dutch" or "Flemish" in art.<br />
<br />
===Lists of works===<br />
Lists of works should be used cautiously; they are really only appropriate for major artists with a small [[oeuvre]], like [[Leonardo da Vinci]] or [[Giorgione]]. Longer ones are best moved to separate articles like [[List of works by Caspar David Friedrich]]. If compiled from old sources like EB 1911, there are likely to be inaccuracies as (a) many works in private collections will have been sold and (b) some in museums will have been re-attributed. A short section on notable works is better, although care must be taken to give a worldwide view, not just covering works in the [[anglosphere]].<br />
<br />
===Articles to write===<br />
There is a need for more articles on non-Western historic art, and on applied or [[decorative art]] from all times and places, where coverage is generally very poor at present.<br />
<br />
Generally, very short articles (say less than 200 words of main text) on individual works or art are to be avoided, as the information can be included in the main article on the artist, or incorporated with other similar short pieces in a dedicated article, such as [[Portraits by Vincent van Gogh]]. <br />
<br />
When there is sufficient notability and information to merit an article on an individual work of art, all pertinent facts as specified in [[#Image_captions|Image captions]] (below) should be included, as well as relevant material covering the content, [[iconography]], style, significance in the artist's oeuvre and [[provenance]]. <br />
<br />
Shorter articles on artists (i.e. a [[WP:stub|stub]]) are acceptable, provided the subject meets the [[WP:notability|notability]] guidelines, and the article meets our standard of [[WP:VERIFY|verification]], with a sufficient number of independent reliable secondary sources (see [[#Sources|sources]] below).<br />
<br />
===Article titles===<br />
====Biographies====<br />
If a biography needs disambiguating then [[John Smith (artist)]] is usually the best choice, as opposed to e.g. [[John Smith (painter)]] (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Visual_arts/Art_Manual_of_Style#Lead_section|Lead section]] above). For other people [[John Smith (potter)]] or "designer", "art historian", "silversmith" may be appropriate. For movements, techniques and the like add (art) or a more specific term such as (sculpture) if this is appropriate.<br />
<br />
====Works of art====<br />
For articles on individual works of art:<br />
*The title of a work of art is ''italicised'' in text, but not in the article title itself. Other artworks may have names (unitalicised) rather than titles, a fine distinction. These include [[illuminated manuscript]]s (except where they are the unique manuscript of a work whose title is the name for the manuscript) and other objects that are of some practical use, or archaeological artefacts, which are not italicised in any context: [[Royal Gold Cup]], [[Sedgeford Torc]] etc. For a title with no owner's name or location in it to be italicised, it has to be plausible to some degree that the creator would have considered the name we know an object by as its title. <br />
<br />
* If the title is not very specific, or refers to a common subject, add the surname of the artist in brackets afterwards, e.g. [[Reading the Letter (Picasso)]]. It is generally better to disambiguate by the artist's name than by medium, as there may be other paintings or sculptures of the same name by other artists. If the artist painted several works with the same, or very similar, titles, add the location of the work if it is in a public collection. For example, [[Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)]], as van Eyck painted several Annunciations. A title like [[Madonna and Child (Raphael)]] is of little use (see [[:Category:Raphael Madonnas]]). The names of less well-known artists may not be suitable disambiguation terms. <br />
<br />
*Avoid the construction 'X's Y' (e.g. ''Botticelli's Birth of Venus''). It only works in a small minority of cases, such as [[Dürer's Rhinoceros]], where the work is very well known by that title and the alternative (''The Rhinoceros (Dürer)'') is considered too far from common usage.<br />
<br />
* Where there are several variant titles, preference is usually given to the predominant one used by art historians writing in English, and if this is not clear, the English title used by the owning museum. Few [[old master]] paintings had specific titles when they were painted.<br />
<br />
*Objects such as excavated artifacts or illuminated manuscripts usually known by a name combining a previous or current owner, location, or place of discovery, followed by the type of object, should normally be treated as [[proper name]]s for the object, and all words capitalized, but not italicised, as these are names not titles. Examples: [[Rosetta Stone]], [[Cloisters Cross]], [[Batllo Crucifix]], [[Berlin Gold Hat]]. If in doubt, the name used by the owning museum is persuasive, although the name used in most commonly in recent scholarly references is the ultimate criterion; there are odd variations - both [[Berlin Gold Hat]] and [[Mold gold cape]] seem the best established capitalizations.<br />
<br />
* Set up redirects for variant titles, such as the original language title for modern works or variant translations. Often a redirect with or without an initial "The" is likely to be useful. <br />
<br />
* The use of "the" is complicated. Works where "the" begins a specific and non-generic title purely describing the subject do include this in the article title. However common subjects, especially religious ones, do not include "the" in the title, even when the episode is often or normally referred to preceded by "the", as in "the Crucifixion", the "Dormition of the Virgin", and so on. Works whose usual title includes the name of a former owner or a location do not include "the" in the article title. Examples: [[Dormition of the Virgin (El Greco)]], [[Agony in the Garden (Bellini)]], [[Benois Madonna]] (former owner), [[Ghent Altarpiece]] (location), but [[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)]], [[The Tempest (Giorgione)]], [[The Persistence of Memory]].<br />
<br />
*Avoid "Portrait of Fred Foo" titles, if the individual is named&nbsp;– just use "Fred Foo", with disambiguation as necessary, even if the museum uses "Portrait". But titles such "Portrait of a Man" are all right to use. There are exceptions, especially modern works where the title is given by the artist, and others such as the [[Arnolfini Portrait]]. <br />
<br />
* Many works have names by which they were well-known, but which are now falling out of use, as the museums who now own most tend not to use the former name. The [[Rokeby Venus]] is still sufficiently well known by that name to justify using it for the title, even though the [[National Gallery|National Gallery, London]], uses the title ''The Toilet of Venus ('Rokeby Venus')''. But in the same museum, a work formerly known as the Burlington House Cartoon is now called [[The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist]]. The institution's preferred name for the work is now more familiar than the older one, and is therefore used as the article title. In cases like this the older title should be set up as a redirect and mentioned as a variant, but not used for the article title.<br />
<br />
* Foreign language titles are generally only to be used if they are used by most art historians or critics writing in English&nbsp;– e.g. ''[[Las Meninas]]'' or ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]''. In that case they should be used in the form used by most art historians writing in English, regardless of whether this is actually correct by the standards of the other language. It is not necessary to give the original language version of titles of standard religious scenes or portraits, but for other titles this may be desirable, for example:<br />
<br />
<blockquote> </blockquote>'''''[[The Third of May 1808]]''''' (in Spanish '''El tres de mayo de 1808 en Madrid; Los fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío''' <ref>Prado, p. 141: "The third of May 1808 in Madrid; the shootings on Prince Pio hill".</ref> or '''Los fusilamientos del tres de mayo''') is a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish master [[Francisco Goya]].<br />
{{Reflist}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
====Manuscripts====<br />
These are covered at [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (manuscripts)]]<br />
<br />
===Describing works===<br />
====Museums and collections====<br />
It can be helpful to add the owner of works to texts or captions of works referred to, but is not necessary, except for articles about the specific work. If the owner is not included in the information in the picture file, and is known, it should be added there. <br />
<br />
For works belonging to permanent public collections, '''avoid''' "... currently resides in", "is currently in the Louvre", "is on display at", "hangs in", "is located in", "is in the collection of", and similar phrases. Just give the name of the collection, "Metropolitan Museum", or say "is in the Louvre", "is owned by", "now in" or "belongs to". Locating in a "private collection" is fine but any specific private ownership needs a recent reference (in particular do not trust old sources like the 1911 Britannica). Once in museums, most works remain there, but not necessarily on display at any particular moment. "Currently" is fine if the work is known to be likely to move for some reason, such as belonging to another institution, although we do not need to reflect loans to exhibitions etc. Use "in the [[Royal Collection]]" rather than "at [[Windsor Castle]]" or another location, as that is the appropriate link and, for example, most of the works that were at [[Hampton Court Palace]] for decades were moved to Windsor a couple of years ago, while their permanent home was being decided on.<br />
<br />
Note on '''[[Berlin]] collections''': The [[Staatliche Museen zu Berlin]] (Berlin State Museums), often just "Staatliche Museen" or "SMB" on their logo, is not a location but the legal and administrative body that administers at least seventeen museums in Berlin, listed at that article. During the division of the city the Western body was known as the "[[Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation]]" (German: Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz), which still sits above the Staatliche Museen as a parent body. These names are often credited as the owner or copyright holder for objects or pictures in art books. Now that the post-unification rearrangement of the Berlin museums is effectively complete, where a specific museum for an object is known, that should be used. So [[old master]] paintings are normally in the [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]], the [[Nefertiti Bust]] is in the [[Neues Museum]], and so on. But where a location is not known, the object should be described as owned by or held by the Staatliche Museen. Western [[antiquities]] can also be described as belonging to the [[Antikensammlung Berlin]] ("Berlin Antiquities Collection"), a traditional umbrella term for this collection, now divided between several institutions.<br />
<br />
====Dates====<br />
'''Avoid''' "an 1876 painting", '''use''' is a "painting of 1876" or "his famous nude ''Jimbo Wales'' (1876)" etc.; "from 1876" is best avoided, except in a discussion of a chronological development of style or similar passage. This partly an matter of US/UK style: "an 1876 painting" is more acceptable in US English, but will rarely be found in American academic writing. For a painting that was completed over more than one year, either the range of years, or the year of completion should normally be given, or "completed in 1512", "commissioned in 1623", "begun in 1845" etc.<br />
<br />
====Measurements====<br />
Measurements should always be given for a work that is the article subject, but are not usually needed in captions (see that section), unless there is a particular point being made, or the size of the object might be thought to be radically different from the real size. Always give measurements in the order: height, width, & depth/diameter etc. if appropriate. Centimetres (very rarely millimetres) are now standard in academic art history, even in the US (though not always in museum captions), but ideally convert by template, as the MOS requires. Measurements are normally at the maximal place, but sometimes an explanation of where the measurement was taken is given in the source, which may need to be reeated in the article. <br />
<br />
====Medium====<br />
'''Avoid''' "an oil-on-canvas painting"&nbsp;– it is "an [[oil painting]] on [[canvas]]" (unless it is actually a [[panel painting]], etc.)<br />
<br />
====Prints====<br />
'''Avoid''' "copper engraving" etc. (often found in pre-1900 material, or that half-translated from German and other languages where the term remains current)&nbsp;– just use [[engraving]]. Older sources (such as the 1911 EB) may use "[[wood-engraving]]" as a term for [[woodcut]]s (rather than true [[wood engraving]]s, only invented in the late 18th century), which is not acceptable now. Original prints, or reproductive ones of before about 1800 could be linked to [[old master print]] or [[popular print]] (the latter not date-limited), if the technique, such as [[engraving]], [[etching]], [[linocut]] etc. is not known. Descriptions of print techniques on Commons descriptions should be treated with great caution; many if not most are inaccurate. "Engraving" is often treated as a generic term for all prints, which is to be avoided. See [[printmaking]] for a summary of the techniques, but just use "print" if the actual technique is unknown.<br />
<br />
==Using images of art==<br />
===Basic formatting and size===<br />
The basic formatting code for an image is:<br />
:<nowiki>[[Image:Name of image.jpg|thumb|Name of artist. Name of artwork.]]</nowiki><br />
"Thumb" has four effects:<br />
# It allows the caption to display<br />
# Default position is on the right of the page (specifying "right" is therefore redundant)<br />
# Default size is 180 pixels wide<br />
# If registered users have changed the thumb size in their preference settings (anything up to 300 pixels wide) then the image will appear for them at their selected size.<br />
<br />
Most images will be left at this default size and not have a "forced" image size. Specifying "225px", for example, means all users are forced to see the image at that size, as it over-rides their preference setting. Another reason for not forcing large image sizes, is that the result can be ugly on some, particularly low res, screen settings. It is therefore a sound practice to look at a page on different screen settings.<br />
<br />
There are exceptions to this, when an image size is specified. This might be because there is a lot of detail, or because it is the lead image on the page. In such cases, 300px is a good size to consider, as anything less will have the reverse effect to enlargement for users who have their preference setting at the maximum 300 px.<br />
<br />
There are some other options which can be put into the basic image coding:<br />
:<nowiki>[[Image:Name of image.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Name of artist. Name of artwork.]]</nowiki><br />
"Left" positions the image on the left of the page. The default sets the width at 180 pixels, which is fine for images, which are wider than they are tall. Where the reverse is the case, "upright" compensates for this. Even so, some very narrow images, may need a forced smaller size.<br />
<br />
===Image captions===<br />
The minimum information that needs to be included is: <br />
*Artist name – [[link]]ed for at least his/her first caption, except where the article is a biographical one about the artist. The name should not be in '''bold''' text.<br />
*''Title of work in italics,'' – wikilinked if there is an article on the work. This may not apply to older works where there is no original title, and the subject is obvious, such as in a [[still-life]]. Include title of the work in English whenever possible, including the title in its original language is unnecessary unless there is no English translation available.<br />
<br />
Extra information which can be included:<br />
* Date of work&mdash;usually date completed if it took more than one year,<br />
* Medium and support, especially if not oil on canvas, <br />
* Size&mdash;particularly helpful for unusually large or small works. There is not usually room to do this in both inches and centimetres, as the MoS prefers. Always put height before width. If they are known, and are not on the image file, please add there, whether or not the caption or article text is giving them. <br />
* Collection or whereabouts (optional, as should be on image data), linked in most cases.<br />
<br />
Note: some editors prefer "Title, Artist" to the other way round. This should be consistent within an article. A ''short'' explanatory caption is often desirable, showing why the picture has been included, if necessary at the expense of some of the more technical information. Bear in mind image size preferences when writing long captions&nbsp;– a long caption may look good at 300px, but not at 180px. If any of the above is known, but is not included in the image file details, then it should be added there.<br />
<br />
===Placing===<br />
In general, portraits and other strongly directional works should face into the page. Remember the issues described in the "size" section above when placing images; at some settings images may either create large white spaces or overlap at left and right, leaving a narrow strip of text in the centre.<br />
<br />
It will often be better to place a work by the artist at the top of a biography; this is especially the case for imaginary portraits of early artists, or photographs of more recent ones.<br />
<br />
===Available templates===<br />
* {{tl|Artwork}}<br />
* {{tl|Infobox Painting}}<br />
* {{tl|Sculpture}}<br />
* {{tl|Infobox Artist}}<br />
* {{tl|Image information art}} – for image pages<br />
<br />
===Too many pictures, too little text?===<br />
Solutions:<br />
:a) Write some more text.<br />
:b) Use a gallery <br />
:c) Link to specific works, either by a piped link in the text, or from a footnote. This is especially useful as the links can go to Commons or the web in general, although generally web links should be in the notes.<br />
<br />
Try to avoid just stringing images down the side opposite white space (although some white space may occasionally be necessary at the end of a short article, depending on screen size and file settings).<br />
<br />
===Galleries===<br />
<br />
Articles which are galleries (i.e. a page of pictures) were once common, but are largely deprecated, being either deleted or having their contents moved to the [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]], which is an image repository for the use of all the different language Wikipedias. <br />
<br />
Galleries are often necessary within the body of a VA article. These galleries should relate clearly to the text, be proportionate to it and provide adequate information in the captions. Galleries are important, not just for decoration, but to reinforce and amplify the meaning of the article and to demonstrate meaning and nuance, which cannot be made by words alone. <br />
<br />
A Wikipedia article gallery should not just replicate a Commons gallery for the sake of it, but needs to use the images with editorial judgement, as with the text, with the validity of inclusion of each image considered. See [[WP:IG]] for the policy from the Wikipedia Manual of Style.<br />
<br />
A particular image may be better used as a stand-alone one in the body of the text, because:<br />
* It is an outstanding example of work<br />
* It is specifically referred to in the text<br />
* It demonstrates an aspect (e.g. a particular period or style feature) referred to in the text: make this clear in the image caption.<br />
<br />
Small galleries can be inserted in the body of the text: this is useful for general topics, such as [[Western painting]]. In a single artist biography, it may be more appropriate to include one gallery at the end of the article, such as in [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]. [[Claude Monet]] has two galleries within the text, one for earlier and one for later works. [[Self-portrait]] has both section galleries and a general gallery at the end. Mostly a gallery will be arranged chronologically.<br />
<br />
There are options in formatting galleries which make them appear wider, or alter the number of images in a row, but these can cause visibility problems with different screen resolutions and should normally be avoided.<br />
<br />
===Image rationales===<br />
Rationales should be added to the file for all Fair Use images used, detailing the reasons why the image is needed for each article in which it appears.<br />
<br />
===Uploading===<br />
Where possible upload to Commons, and remember to categorise as thoroughly as possible (not always easy there&nbsp;– look at comparable images and see what categories they are in). Images available for Fair Use only cannot be uploaded there however, which affects many 20th century images, and those of three-dimensional objects.<br />
<br />
* Before you upload an [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|image]] of art, know the following:<br />
**The source of the image. Usually the URL from which you downloaded it.<br />
**Who is the artist(s)?<br />
**The name of the piece?<br />
**When was the piece completed?<br />
**What are its dimensions?<br />
**What is the medium (oil and canvas/marble/mixed media&nbsp;...)?<br />
**Where is it displayed?<br />
**[[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyright]] status – Is it copyrighted? By whom? If it is copyrighted and not by yourself, prepare a [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use]] statement.<br />
* Upload the image. <br />
**Include all of the above information when uploading or add it to the [[Help:Image page|image page]] after you've uploaded the file.<br />
**Using the {{tl|Image information art}} template for the above information formats the data easily.<br />
* Add the image to an article.<br />
** Use regular wiki markup. See [[Wikipedia:Extended image syntax|Extended image syntax]] for syntax rules. Use the thumbnail parameter and write a caption that includes information about the work.<br />
** Guidelines on what to include and how to format it, just one external example, http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html.<br />
* Add {{tl|commonscat}}, or {{tl|commons}} in the External links section to provide a link to the commons gallery or article.<br />
<br />
===Image resources===<br />
*Commons – very large, rather chaotic, and with very many washed-out old scans (from out-of-copyright books). Everything on Commons can be used without further worries. <br />
*Google Images – can be very good, especially for portraits etc.<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
===References are essential===<br />
<br />
Many articles, particularly on contemporary artists, groups and "movements", are [[WP:AFD|deleted]] for failing to demonstrate [[WP:notability|notability]] by providing [[WP:VERIFY|viable references]] from secondary sources, ''independent of the subject''&mdash;i.e. not just the subject's own website or postings on other web sites. There is a guide to Wikipedia format at [[Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners|Referencing for beginners]].<br />
<br />
===Useful external resources===<br />
Unfortunately, 19th century books available online are likely to be seriously out of date, and often contain serious errors, so should generally be avoided. <br />
*[http://www.bridgeman.co.uk/search/quick_search.asp The Bridgeman Art Library Image Search] – finding the current location of art works and details about them (museum, size, date created, etc.), though Google images gives wider coverage.<br />
*[http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/ulan/ The Getty artist lookup] – aid to preferred artist name and notability. Useful for checking names, dates of birth and death, and family relationships to other artists.<br />
*[http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/ Getty] "The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a structured vocabulary of around 34,000 concepts, including 131,000 terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts,&nbsp;..."<br />
*[http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/index.asp Cameo database] from the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] Highly specialized database on pigments and materials.<br />
*[[Grove Dictionary of Art]] free online access to most UK users through their public library<br />
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/ artcyclopedia.org] – search to locate resources about an artist<br />
*[http://www.artlex.com/ ''ArtLex'' art dictionary] – definitions of terms<br />
<br />
===External resources for writing about art===<br />
* http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/arthistory/paperpg/index.html<br />
* http://www.collegeart.org/caa/publications/AB/ABStyleGuide.html<br />
* [http://www.artedit.org/ Association of Art Editors] site hosts a freely accessible art writing style guide<br />
<br />
==Issues to discuss==<br />
==Notes==<br />
===Example image and caption===<br />
'''Enter:'''<br />
<pre><nowiki>[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Goya]], <br />
''Charles&nbsp;IV of Spain and His Family''. 1800–1801. <br />
280 × 336 cm. Oil on canvas. [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]].]]</nowiki></pre><br />
<br />
'''Result:'''<br />
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Goya]], ''Charles&nbsp;IV of Spain and His Family''. 1800–1801. 280 × 336 cm. Oil on canvas. [[Museo del Prado]], [[Madrid]].]]<br />
<br />
<br style="clear:both"><br />
<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)]]</div>Mchanges!https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damerjog&diff=171742473Damerjog2012-12-03T21:11:24Z<p>Mchanges!: corrected typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Damerjog<br />
|image_skyline = <br />
|settlement_type = Town<br />
|pushpin_map = Djibouti<br />
|pushpin_label_position =bottom<br />
|pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Djibouti<br />
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Djibouti|Region]]<br />
|subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|25px]] [[Djibouti]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Arta Region]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 =<br />
|subdivision_name2 =<br />
|established_title =<br />
|established_date =<br />
|government_type =<br />
|leader_title =<br />
|leader_name =<br />
|area_magnitude =<br />
|area_total_km2 =<br />
|area_land_km2 =<br />
|area_urban_km2 =<br />
|area_metro_km2 =<br />
|population_as_of=<br />
|population_footnotes = 2012<br />
|population_total = 600<br />
|population_urban =<br />
|population_metro =<br />
|population_density_km2 =<br />
|timezone =<br />
|utc_offset =<br />
|timezone_DST =<br />
|utc_offset_DST =<br />
|latd=11|latm=29|lats=|latNS=N<br />
|longd=43|longm=11|longs=|longEW=E<br />
|coordinates_type = type:city(40074)_region:DJ<br />
|coordinates_display = inline,title<br />
|elevation_footnotes=<br />
|elevation_m = 13<br />
|postal_code_type =<br />
|postal_code =<br />
|area_code =<br />
|website =<br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Damerjog''' is a small village located in eastern [[Djibouti]], populated by farmers and gardeners, located in the [[Arta Region]], 30 km southeast of the capital Djibouti, north of the border with [[Somalia]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The village came to surround a military post established for participation in migration control. In the 1970s, the movement was banned and the border between Damerjog.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As of 2012, the population of Damerjog has been estimated to be 600. The town inhabitants belong to various mainly [[Afro-Asiatic]]-speaking ethnic groups, with the [[Issa (clan)|Issa]] [[Somali people|Somali]] predominant.<br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Damerjog<br />
|metric first = yes<br />
|single line = yes<br />
|temperature colour=pastel<br />
|Jan high C = 29<br />
|Feb high C = 29<br />
|Mar high C = 31<br />
|Apr high C = 32<br />
|May high C = 34<br />
|Jun high C = 37<br />
|Jul high C = 40<br />
|Aug high C = 39<br />
|Sep high C = 36<br />
|Oct high C = 33<br />
|Nov high C = 31<br />
|Dec high C = 29<br />
|Jan low C = 23<br />
|Feb low C = 24<br />
|Mar low C = 25<br />
|Apr low C = 26<br />
|May low C = 28<br />
|Jun low C = 30<br />
|Jul low C = 31<br />
|Aug low C = 29<br />
|Sep low C = 29<br />
|Oct low C = 27<br />
|Nov low C = 25<br />
|Dec low C = 23<br />
|rain colour = green<br />
|Jan rain mm = 10<br />
|Feb rain mm = 13<br />
|Mar rain mm = 25<br />
|Apr rain mm = 13<br />
|May rain mm = 5<br />
|Jun rain mm = 1<br />
|Jul rain mm = 3<br />
|Aug rain mm = 8<br />
|Sep rain mm = 8<br />
|Oct rain mm = 10<br />
|Nov rain mm = 23<br />
|Dec rain mm = 13<br />
|source 1 = The Weather Channel<br />
|date=December 2011}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Djibouti]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Djibouti-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[fr:Damerjog]]</div>Mchanges!