Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Mitutoyo

2011-12-01T11:42:57Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 115.111.52.227 (talk) to last revision by Arnavchaudhary (HG)

{{refimprove|date=April 2009}}

{{Nihongo|'''Mitutoyo'''|ミツトヨ}} is a [[Japan]]ese multinational corporation specializing in measuring instruments and [[Metrology|metrological]] technology, headquartered at [[Mizonokuchi]], [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], [[Kanagawa]].

Mitutoyo was founded in 1934 by Yehan Numata with one product, the [[micrometer]]. Mitutoyo's philosophy at that time was to make high-quality micrometers, but also to produce them in quantities that made them affordable and available to all of manufacturing. This philosophy was expanded in the next several decades to include a wider product offering focused on mechanical, dimensional gaging products, such as [[caliper]]s, [[dial indicator]]s, and other measuring tools.

As electronic technology became more widespread in the 1970s, Mitutoyo applied electronics to its line of dimensional gaging equipment to include electronic, or digital, measuring tools. During this time it also began to offer larger, more complex and more sensitive measuring instruments, including [[optical comparator]]s, form measuring equipment, and [[coordinate measuring machine]]s (CMMs). As [[statistical process control]] (SPC) was introduced, Mitutoyo led the world in the development of output gages, interfaces, data collectors and analysis software to take advantage of this new metrological science.

When the computer made its way into the field of metrology, Mitutoyo again shifted its focus to include this technology into its product offering and push measuring accuracies into the sub-micrometre range. Today, Mitutoyo presents its 6,000+ products as integrated, computer-based metrology systems, where they can be interconnected to form closed-loop-measuring networks.

Mitutoyo America Corporation was formed in 1963 and is headquartered in [[Aurora, Illinois]] (just outside of [[Chicago]]). Mitutoyo America offers the full product line of precision measuring tools, instruments and equipment with a distribution network, training and education classes, software development, and service support to provide a comprehensive metrology organization.

Dr. Yehan Numata is also the founder of Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai (BDK), the Society for the Promotion of Buddhism, which sponsors the Buddhist Canon Translation Project.

==Conviction for illegal activities==
On 14 September 2006, the Tokyo District Public Prosecutor’s Office indicted four former executives of the Mitutoyo Corporation. The company was penalized for violating the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law prohibiting the company from exporting any products for 6 months, and from exporting measuring devices for an additional 2½ years (2007-mid 2010). In addition, the Japanese court gave the former executives multi-year jail sentences (suspended) and fined Mitutoyo ¥45 million (aprox. $350,000 USD). It was found that Mitutoyo created software for their products which would falsify the accuracy of the measurements taken in order to circumvent customs inspections.

There is evidence that a portion of Mitutoyo’s illegal exports helped in nuclear weapon programs in Libya, Iran, and North Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_90.html |title=The Mitutoyo Case: Will Japan Learn from its Mistakes or Repeat Them? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmdinsights.com/I9/I9_EA1_EvadingExport.htm |title=EVADING EXPORT CONTROLS: MITUTOYO CORPORATION AS A CASE STUDY IN DETERMINED PROLIFERATION}}</ref> In particular, several Mitutoyo coordinate measuring machines were allegedly sold to [[Scomi]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/25/world/asia/25iht-japan.2596170.html NY Times 25 August 2006]</ref> Precision Engineering in Malaysia. The [[Scomi Precision Engineering nuclear scandal|Scomi scandal]] was part of a wider arms smuggling operation masterminded by Pakistani nuclear scientist [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBaGEvOBoa4 Video of NHK News Bulletin Item]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mitutoyo.co.jp/eng/index.html Mitutoyo]

[[Category:Instrument-making corporations]]
[[Category:Companies of Japan]]
[[ar:ميتوتويو]]
[[ja:ミツトヨ]]

Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Erdatmosphäre

2011-12-01T09:13:32Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 91.224.27.228 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

[[File:Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide-en.svg|thumb|350px|right|The [[Keeling Curve]] of atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} concentrations measured at the [[Mauna Loa Observatory]].]]

The concentration of '''[[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem|CO|2}}) in [[atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]]''' is approximately 392 ppm (parts per million) by volume {{As of|2011|lc=on}}<ref name="Carbon Trends">{{cite web | url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ | title=Trends in Carbon Dioxide | author=Tans, Pieter | publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]/[[Earth System Research Laboratory|ESRL]] | accessdate=2009-12-11}}</ref> and rose by 2.0 ppm/yr during 2000–2009. 40 years earlier, the rise was only 0.9 ppm/yr, showing not only increasing concentrations, but also a rapid acceleration of concentrations.<ref name="Carbon Trends" /><ref name="carbon budget">http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/09/hl-full.htm Carbon Budget 2009 Highlights</ref> The increase of concentration from pre-industrial concentrations has again doubled in just the last 31 years.[http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/weekly.html] Carbon dioxide is essential to [[photosynthesis]] in [[plant]]s and other [[photoautotroph]]s, and is also a prominent [[greenhouse gas]]. Despite its relatively small overall concentration in the atmosphere, {{chem|CO|2}} is an important component of Earth's atmosphere because it absorbs and emits [[infrared]] radiation at [[wavelength]]s of 4.26 [[µm]] (asymmetric stretching [[Infrared spectroscopy|vibrational mode]]) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode), thereby playing a role in the [[greenhouse effect]] in addition to other factors such as [[water vapour]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Petty, G.W. |title=A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation |publisher=Sundog Publishing |year=2004 |pages=229–251 }}</ref> The present level is higher than at any time during the last 800 thousand years,<ref name="deep ice">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm | work=BBC News | title=Deep ice tells long climate story | date=2006-09-04 | accessdate=2010-04-28 | first=Jonathan | last=Amos}}</ref> and likely higher than in the past 20 million years.<ref name="Grida">[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig3-2.htm Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis]</ref>

==Current concentration==
In 2009, the {{chem|CO|2}} global average concentration in [[Earth's atmosphere]] was about 0.0387% by volume, or 387 [[Parts-per notation|parts per million by volume (ppmv)]].<ref name="Carbon Trends"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://co2unting.com | title=Current atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} concentration at http://co2unting.com}}</ref> There is an annual fluctuation of about 3–9 ppmv which roughly follows the Northern Hemisphere's growing season. The [[Northern Hemisphere]] dominates the annual cycle of {{chem|CO|2}} concentration because it has much greater land area and plant biomass than the Southern Hemisphere. Concentrations peak in May as the Northern Hemisphere spring greenup begins and reach a minimum in October when the quantity of [[biomass]] undergoing photosynthesis is greatest.<ref>[http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/faq.html Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) - Frequently Asked Questions]</ref>

==Sources of carbon dioxide==
[[File:Global Carbon Emissions.svg|left|thumb|250px|Global fossil carbon emissions 1800–2007.]]
[[File:TOMS indonesia smog lrg.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[False-color]] image of smoke and ozone pollution from Indonesian fires, 1997.]]
[[File:Biosphere CO2 Flux 08072006.gif|left|thumb|250px|Biosphere {{chem|CO|2}} Flux in the northern hemisphere summer (NOAA Carbon Tracker)]]
[[File:Biosphere CO2 Flux 23122006.gif|left|thumb|250px|Biosphere {{chem|CO|2}} Flux in the northern hemisphere winter (NOAA Carbon Tracker)]]

Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include [[volcanic]] [[outgassing]], the [[combustion]] of [[organic compound|organic matter]], and the [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] processes of living [[aerobic organism]]s; man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of [[fossil fuels]] for heating, [[electricity generation|power generation]] and [[transport]], as well as some industrial processes such as cement making. It is also produced by various [[microorganism]]s from [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] and [[cellular respiration]]. [[Plant]]s convert carbon dioxide to [[carbohydrate]]s during a process called [[photosynthesis]]. They gain the energy needed for this reaction through the absorption of sunlight by pigments such as [[Chlorophyll]]. The resulting gas, oxygen, is released into the atmosphere by plants, which is subsequently used for respiration by [[heterotrophic]] organisms and other plants, forming a [[carbon cycle|cycle]].

Most sources of {{chem|CO|2}} emissions are natural. For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands, such as dead trees, results in the release of about 220 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year.{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} In [[1997 Southeast Asian haze|1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires]] were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average carbon emissions caused by the burning of [[fossil fuels]] around the world in a single year.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/nature01131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2002/2002-11-08-06.asp
|title=Indonesian Wildfires Accelerated Global Warming
|first=Cat |last=Lazaroff
|work=Environment New Service
|date=2002-11-08
|accessdate=2011-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|author=Pearce, Fred |title=Massive peat burn is speeding climate change |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6613 |publisher=New Scientist |date=06 November 2004 }}</ref> Although the initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by [[volcano|volcanic activity]], modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 [[tonne|megatonnes]] of carbon dioxide each year,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gerlach, T.M. |title=Present-day {{chem|CO|2}} emissions from volcanoes |journal=Eos, Transactions |volume=72 |issue=23 |pages=249, 254–5 |date=June 4, 1991 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |doi=10.1029/90EO10192 |bibcode=1991EOSTr..72..249.}}</ref> which is less than 1% of the amount released by human activities.<ref>U.S. Geological Survey, "[http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html Volcanic Gases and Their Effects]", [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov volcanoes.usgs.gov]</ref>

These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. For example, some is directly removed from the atmosphere by land plants for [[photosynthesis]] and it is soluble in water forming [[carbonic acid]].

There is a large natural flux of {{chem|CO|2}} into and out of the biosphere and oceans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cappelluti, G.; Bösch, H.; Monks, P.S. |title=Use of remote sensing techniques for the detection and monitoring of GHG emissions from the Scottish land use sector |publisher=Scottish Government |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7559-7738-3 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/12/15084401/0}}</ref> In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently about 57% of human-emitted {{chem|CO|2}} is removed by the biosphere and oceans.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Canadell JG, Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, ''et al.'' |title=Contributions to accelerating atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18866–70 |year=2007 |month=November |pmid=17962418 |pmc=2141868 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702737104 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17962418|bibcode = 2007PNAS..10418866C }}</ref> The ratio of the increase in atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} to emitted {{chem|CO|2}} is known as the ''airborne fraction'' (Keeling et al., 1995); this varies for short-term averages but is typically about 45% over longer (5 year) periods. Estimated carbon in global terrestrial vegetation increased from approximately 740 billion tons in 1910 to 780 billion tons in 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Post WM, King AW, Wullschleger SD, Hoffman FM |title=Historical Variations in Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Storage |journal=DOE Research Summary |volume=34 |date=June 1997 |url=http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/doers/doer34/doer34.htm |publisher=CDIAC, U.S. Department of Energy }}</ref>

Burning fossil fuels such as [[coal]] and [[petroleum]] is the leading cause of increased [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] {{chem|CO|2}}; [[deforestation]] is the second major cause. In 2008, 8.67 gigatonnes of carbon (31.8 [[gigatonne]]s of {{chem|CO|2}}) were released from fossil fuels worldwide, compared to 6.14 gigatonnes in 1990.<ref name="Le Quere">[http://lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk/lequere/co2/carbon_budget.htm Global carbon budget 2008], [http://lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk]</ref> In addition, land use change contributed 1.20 gigatonnes in 2008, compared to 1.64 gigatonnes in 1990.<ref name="Le Quere"/>
In the period 1751 to 1900 about 12 gigatonnes of carbon were released as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere from burning of fossil fuels, whereas from 1901 to 2008 the figure was about 334 gigatonnes.<ref>Calculated from file global.1751_2008.csv in [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp030/CSV-FILES] from the [[Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center]].</ref>

This addition, about 3% of annual natural emissions {{As of|1997|lc=on}}, is sufficient to exceed the balancing effect of sinks.<ref>US Global Change Research Information Office, "[http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/05.html Common Questions about Climate Change]"</ref> As a result, carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the atmosphere, and {{As of|2009|lc=on}}, its concentration is 39% above pre-industrial levels.<ref name="carbon budget">[http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/09/hl-full.htm Carbon Budget 2009 Highlights], [http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/ The Global Carbon Project].</ref>

Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in [[carbon dioxide sink]]s.

==Past variation==
The most direct method for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for periods before direct sampling is to measure bubbles of air ([[fluid inclusions|fluid or gas inclusions]]) trapped in the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] or [[Greenland]] ice caps. The most widely accepted of such studies come from a variety of Antarctic cores and indicate that atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} levels were about 260–280 ppmv immediately before industrial emissions began and did not vary much from this level during the preceding 10,000 years (10 [[Annum|ka]]). In 1832 Antarctic ice core levels were 284 ppmv.<ref>{{cite web | title=Historical {{chem|CO|2}} record derived from a spline fit (20 year cutoff) of the Law Dome DE08 and DE08-2 ice cores | url=http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/lawdome.smoothed.yr20 | accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref>

[[File:Carbon Dioxide 400kyr.png|thumb|380px|{{chem|CO|2}} concentrations over the last 400,000 years]]
[[File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png|thumb|380px|Changes in carbon dioxide during the [[Phanerozoic]] (the last 542 million years). The recent period is located on the left-hand side of the plot, and it appears that much of the last 550 million years has experienced carbon dioxide concentrations significantly higher than the present day.]]

One study disputed the claim of stable {{chem|CO|2}} levels during the present interglacial of the last 10 ka. Based on an analysis of fossil leaves, Wagner et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Friederike | last = Wagner | coauthors = Bent Aaby and Henk Visscher | title = Rapid atmospheric {{chem|O|2}} changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. cooling event | journal =Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 99 | issue = 19 | year = 2002 | pages = 12011–4 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.182420699 | pmc = 129389 | pmid = 12202744 |bibcode = 2002PNAS...9912011W }}</ref> argued that {{chem|CO|2}} levels during the period 7–10 ka were significantly higher (~300 ppm) and contained substantial variations that may be correlated to climate variations. Others have disputed such claims, suggesting they are more likely to reflect calibration problems than actual changes in {{chem|CO|2}}.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Andreas | last = Indermühle | coauthors = Bernhard Stauffer, Thomas F. Stocker | title = Early Holocene Atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} Concentrations | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5446 | year = 1999 | pages = 1815 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5446.1815a | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5446/1815a }}</ref> Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable {{chem|CO|2}} values than similar measurements in Antarctica. However, the groups responsible for such measurements (e.g. H. J Smith et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first = H.J. | last = Smith | coauthors = M Wahlen and D. Mastroianni | title = The {{chem|CO|2}} concentration of air trapped in GISP2 ice from the Last Glacial Maximum-Holocene transition | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | year = 1997 | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1029/96GL03700 | bibcode=1997GeoRL..24....1S}}</ref>) believe the variations in Greenland cores result from ''in situ'' decomposition of [[calcium carbonate]] dust found in the ice. When dust levels in Greenland cores are low, as they nearly always are in Antarctic cores, the researchers report good agreement between Antarctic and Greenland {{chem|CO|2}} measurements.

The longest [[ice core]] record comes from East Antarctica, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 ka.<ref name="deep ice"/> During this time, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has varied by volume between 180–210 ppm during [[ice age]]s, increasing to 280–300 ppm during warmer [[interglacial]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |title=Ice Core Record Extended: Analyses of trapped air show current {{chem|CO|2}} at highest level in 650,000 years |journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] |volume=83 |issue=48 |pages=7 |date=November 2005 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |issn=0009-2347}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/vostok_data.html Vostok Ice Core Data], [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov ncdc.noaa.gov]</ref> The beginning of human agriculture during the current [[Holocene]] epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing [[stoma]]tal conductance requirements for {{chem|CO|2}} intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Richerson PJ, Boyd R, Bettinger RL |title=Was Agriculture Impossible During The Pleistocene But Mandatory During The Holocene? |journal=American Antiquity |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=387–411 |jstor=2694241 |date=July 2001 |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/boyd/AgOrigins.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.2307/2694241}}</ref>

On long timescales, atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} content is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock [[weathering]], and volcanism. The net effect of slight imbalances in the [[carbon cycle]] over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}}. The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of limited relevance to the atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} response to emissions over the next hundred years.

Various [[Proxy (climate)|proxy measurements]] have been used to attempt to determine atmospheric carbon dioxide levels millions of years in the past. These include [[boron]] and [[carbon]] [[isotope]] ratios in certain types of marine sediments, and the number of [[stomata]] observed on fossil plant leaves. While these measurements give much less precise estimates of carbon dioxide concentration than ice cores, there is evidence for very high {{chem|CO|2}} volume concentrations between 200 and 150 [[annum|Ma]] of over 3,000 ppm and between 600 and 400 Ma of over 6,000 ppm.<ref name="Grida"/> In more recent times, atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}} concentration continued to fall after about 60 Ma. About 34 Ma, the time of the [[Eocene-Oligocene extinction event]] and when the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] started to take its current form, {{chem|CO|2}} is found to have been about 760 ppm,<ref>{{cite web |title=New {{chem|CO|2}} data helps unlock the secrets of Antarctic formation |date=September 13, 2009 |publisher=Physorg.com |url=http://www.physorg.com/news172072921.html}}</ref> and there is geochemical evidence that volume concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 Ma. Low {{chem|CO|2}} concentrations may have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] plants, which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 Ma.

==Relationship with oceanic concentration==
{{see also|Solubility pump}}
[[File:CO2 pump hg.svg|thumb|300px|Air-sea exchange of {{chem|CO|2}}]]

The Earth's [[ocean]]s contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions — much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate:

:{{chem|CaCO|3}} + {{chem|CO|2}} + {{chem|H|2|O}} {{unicode|⇌}} {{chem|Ca|2+}} + 2 {{chem|HCO|3|-}}

Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric {{chem|CO|2}}. Since the right-hand side of the reaction produces an acidic compound, adding {{chem|CO|2}} on the left-hand side decreases the [[pH]] of sea water, a process which has been termed [[ocean acidification]] (even though pH remains alkaline). Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bicarbonate to the seas. This can later undergo the reverse of the above reaction to form carbonate rocks, releasing half of the bicarbonate as {{chem|CO|2}}. Over hundreds of millions of years this has produced huge quantities of carbonate rocks.

Ultimately, most of the {{chem|CO|2}} emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean;<ref name=arch05>{{cite journal |author=Archer, D. |title=Fate of fossil fuel {{chem|CO|2}} in geologic time |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=110 |year=2005 |doi=10.1029/2004JC002625 |bibcode=2005JGRC..11009S05A}}</ref> however, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain.
Even if equilibrium is reached, including dissolution of carbonate minerals, the increased concentration of bicarbonate and decreased or unchanged concentration of carbonate ion will give rise to a higher concentration of un-ionized carbonic acid and dissolved carbon dioxide gas. This, along with higher temperatures, would mean a higher equilibrium concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.

==Irreversibility and uniqueness of carbon dioxide==
Carbon dioxide has unique long-term effects on climate change that are largely "irreversible" for one thousand years after emissions stop (zero further emissions) even though carbon dioxide tends toward equilibrium with the ocean on a scale of 100 years. The greenhouse gases [[methane]] and [[nitrous oxide]] do not persist over time in the same way as carbon dioxide. Even if carbon emissions were to completely cease, atmospheric temperatures are not expected to decrease significantly.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Solomon S, Plattner GK, Knutti R, Friedlingstein P
|title=Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions
|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
|volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=1704–9 |year=2009
|month=February |pmid=19179281 |pmc=2632717 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812721106
|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19179281
|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.1704S}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_904_en.html
|title=2010 in the top three warmest years, 2001-2010 warmest 10-year period
|work=WMO statement on the global climate in 2010
|publisher=World Meteorological Organization
|year=2010
|accessdate=2011-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/opinion/26cohen.html
| work=The New York Times | first=Judah | last=Cohen | title=Bundle Up, It's Global Warming
| date=2010-12-25}}</ref><ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jul/04/sulphur-pollution-china-coal-climate</ref>

== Carbon dioxide management ==
Carbon dioxide concentrations are growing rapidly and accelerating. The observed concentration rise is through multiple lines of evidence directly attributable to the use of gas, oil and coal. Of any emitted carbon dioxide, about 40% remains semipermanent in the atmosphere. According to a 2007 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "About 50% of a {{chem|CO|2}} increase will be removed from the atmosphere within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within a few centuries. The remaining 20% may stay in the atmosphere for many thousands of years."<ref name="Inman2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0812/full/climate.2008.122.html |title=Carbon is forever |work=Nature Reports Climate Change |publisher=[http://www.nature.com nature.com] |date=20 November 2008 |doi=10.1038/climate.2008.122| first=Mason | last=Inman}}</ref>

Three longer term processes are recognized to redistribute and eventually dissipate currently emitted carbon dioxide.<ref name="Inman2008"/> The first will be ocean invasion (300 years), which can only reduce concentration by a factor of ~4, because of the establishment of a new equilibrium. The second will be a new equilibrium with calcium carbonate, which can reduce the concentration by a factor of ~3 over a 5,000-year timescale. The third stage is eventual reaction with igneous rock with a time-constant of 400,000 years. These processes are so slow, that practically zero-emissions are at some point unavoidable in order not to exceed any practical carbon dioxide concentration limit.

To avoid a [[global warming]] of 2.1°C, it is estimated that a concentration of less than 450 ppm needs to be maintained if other gasses were to return to pre-industrial levels. Currently, a global warming of 0.7°C is measured, with another 0.6°C increase expected even without any further increased concentrations because the oceans are still being warmed along with the atmosphere. At the current accelerated growth rate, exponentially [[extrapolating]] the [[Keeling curve]], this concentration will be reached in 22 years. Even with constant concentration growth, with the current 2.2 ppm/yr, this concentration will be reached in (450-390 ppm)/(2.2 ppm/yr)=27 years. These timescales are so short with respect to the timescale of the evolution that there is little doubt these concentrations will be reached soon barring any drastic behavior changes. The lifetime of power plants for instance can be 40 to 60 years.<ref>[http://www.naruc.org/Publications/Section%2021-Wyoming-Depreciable%20life%20of%20new%20coal%20generating%20plant.doc Depreciable life of new coal generating plant], Wyoming Office of Consumer Advocate, September 2007.</ref> To [[Avoiding dangerous climate change |avoid dangerous climate change]], a reduction of the concentration increase of 3.5% per year needs to be achieved for the foreseeable future. Reducing the concentration increase can be done by restricting emissions or with carbon sequestration. The concentration increase is dominated by human emissions.

The current increase to 386 ppm from 280 ppm causes a radiative forcing of 1.66 W/m2, and 1.34 W/m2 from increases in other gases, totaling 3.00 W/m2.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.html
|title=Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
|author=T.J. Blasing
|work= Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
|doi=10.3334/CDIAC/atg.032
|month=August
|year=2011
|accessdate=2011-11-07
}}</ref> The current concentration of greenhouse gases already has a heating power equaling that of a concentration of (386−280)×3.00/1.66 + 280 = 472 ppm C02-eq (carbon dioxide equivalent). Therefore, the current concentrations are high enough for a temperature rise of more than 2° C.

To be able to reduce carbon dioxide concentration by [[Carbon sequestration]] back to pre-industrial levels, (390−280 ppm)/390ppm/(50%/100) = 70% of all the CO2 in the air needs to be removed, where 50% is the percentage of carbon dioxide residing in the atmosphere (and not in the oceans), removing about (390−280 ppm)/(50%/100) = 0.03% of the air — an immense task.

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
*[[Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change]] — A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases
*[[Carbon cycle]]
*[[Carbon dioxide equivalent]]
*[[Climate change]]
*[[Eddy covariance]] flux (aka eddy correlation, eddy flux)
*[[Global warming]]
*[[Greenhouse effect]]
*[[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita]]
*[[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions]]
*[[List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions]]
*[[Ocean acidification]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{global warming}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Dioxide In Earth's Atmosphere}}
[[Category:Atmosphere]]
[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Global warming]]
[[Category:Climate change]]

[[ru:Углекислый газ в атмосфере Земли]]

CD-i-Spiele der The-Legend-of-Zelda-Reihe

2011-11-25T09:25:29Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by Rewtegrturhtebftb (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:CD-i games from ''The Legend of Zelda'' series}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon, and Zelda's Adventure
| image = [[Image:zelda wandofgamelon packaging.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Boxart for ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon''. Not pictured: ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' and ''Zelda's Adventure''.
| developer = [[Animation Magic]] (''Link: The Faces of Evil'' and ''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'') Viridis (''Zelda's Adventure'')
| publisher = [[Philips|Philips Media]]
| designer =
| engine =
| released = {{collapsible list|title=October 10, 1993|'''''Link: The Faces of Evil'''''<ref name="up"/> {{vgrelease||NA=October 10, 1993|EU=1993}}'''''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'''''<ref name="up"/> {{vgrelease||NA=October 10, 1993|EU=1993}}'''''Zelda's Adventure'''''<ref name="kot"/> {{vgrelease||NA=June 5, 1994|EU=1995}}}}
| series = ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[CD-i]]
| media = 1 [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements =
| input =
| italic title = no
}}
'''''Link: The Faces of Evil''''', '''''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''''' and '''''Zelda's Adventure''''' are three [[action-adventure game]]s produced by [[Philips]] for the [[CD-i]] as part of ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' video game series. ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''The Wand of Gamelon'' were developed by [[Animation Magic]] and were both released on October 10, 1993 and ''Zelda's Adventure'' was developed by Viridis and released on June 5, 1994.

As part of the negotiations related to [[Nintendo]]'s decision not to have Philips create a CD [[Peripheral|add-on]] to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Nintendo]], Philips secured the rights to use five Nintendo characters in their games for the CD-i. The games were given little funding or time for completion, and Nintendo provided only cursory input.

The games were [[List of video games notable for negative reception|poorly received by video game critics]] at release, due to the barely functional controls, and the games have gained notoriety more recently as their [[full motion video based game|full motion video]] [[cutscene]]s have become widely available through video-sharing websites like [[YouTube]]. The Philips CD-i did not sell well and Nintendo rarely acknowledges the games' existence.

==Gameplay==
''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' are played using the side-scrolling view introduced in ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]'', while ''Zelda's Adventure'' has a top-down view reminiscent of the original ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="up">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=5&cId=3149883 |title=CDi: The Ugly Duckling |first=Danny |last=Cowan |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |date=2006-04-25 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref name="Wired">{{cite web |url=http://blog.wired.com/games/2008/03/gamelife-the--3.html |title=Game|Life The Video, #7: Nintendo and CD-i |last=Kohler |first=Chris |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]] |date=2008-03-24 |accessdate=2008-04-07|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080501145223/http://blog.wired.com/games/2008/03/gamelife-the--3.html |archivedate = May 1, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> All the CD-i ''Zelda'' games begin with animated [[Full motion video|FMVs]] to illustrate the capabilities of the [[CD-ROM]] format, save ''Zelda’s Adventure'', which begins with live action video.<ref name="Wired"/>

[[Image:Zeldafacesofevil2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A screenshot of ''Link: The Faces of Evil'']]

=== ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' ===
The player controls [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]], who must find and defeat "the evil forces of [[Ganon]]", rescue [[Princess Zelda]] and become the hero of Koridai. When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through Gwonam's map. The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing a certain button.<ref name="EvilInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=Link: The Faces of Evil ''instruction booklet'' |publisher=Philips Media }}</ref>

Gwonam, who aids the player in the quest, tells Link there is no time to pack; his sword would be enough.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=9000 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Great! I'll grab my stuff! / '''Gwonam:''' There is no time. Your sword is enough.}}</ref> As such, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield at the beginning of the game.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The sword is used to attack enemies, fire deadly Power Blasts and communicate with friendly villagers.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Meanwhile, the shield can deflect attacks thrown at the player.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing) and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at Morshu's shop in Goronu.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Goronu Shop |quote='''Morshu the Shopkeeper:''' Lamp oil, rope, bombs. You want it? It's yours, my friend. As long as you have enough rupees.}}</ref> The rubies (known as "rupees" in other ''Zelda'' titles) that Morshu takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/><ref name="EvilInstructions"/> To pick up these gems, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Rubies differ from rupees in that green rupees are worth 1, blue rupees are worth 5 and red rupees are worth 20 - while red rubies are worth 1, green are worth 5 and blue are worth 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.411mania.com/games/columns/60057/The-Hall-of-Shame-09.19.07:-The-Nintendo-Phillips-CD-I-Games.htm
|title=411mania.com: Games - The Hall of Shame 09.19.07: The Nintendo Phillips CD-I Games:|last=Chiucchi|first=Vincent|date=2007-09-19|accessdate=2008-05-29}}</ref>

Link's health is measured in "Life Hearts". The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Link is walking around the island. Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more. Each time Link is injured, he will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The first two times Link runs out of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Link's last heart was lost. When Link loses his hearts for a third time, he will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning. Returning to the map replenishes Link's Life Hearts and lives, and he will retain any items and rubies he picked up.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/>

===''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''===
The player controls [[Princess Zelda]], who must find and defeat [[Ganon]] and rescue both King Harkinian and [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]] to become the heroine of Gamelon. When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through [[Characters in The Legend of Zelda series#Impa|Impa]]'s map. The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing a button.<ref name="WandInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon {{noitalic|instruction booklet}} |publisher=Philips Media }}</ref>

At the beginning of the game, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield. The sword is used to attack enemies, fire deadly Power Blasts and communicate with friendly villagers, whereas the shield can deflect projectile attacks thrown at the player. The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching. Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing) and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at the General Shop in Sakado.<ref name="WandInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Sakado General Shop |quote='''General Shop Merchant:''' Course I'm on your side, but I still have to sell the stuff. Just pick what you want. I'll handle the rubies.}}</ref> The rubies that the Merchant takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies. Red rubies are worth 1, green rubies are worth 5 and blue rubies are worth 10. To pick up these gems, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear, unlike most conventional Zelda games where rupees could be collected by simply walking over them.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

Zelda's health is measured in "Life Hearts". The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Zelda is walking around the island. Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more. Each time Zelda is injured, she will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The first two times Zelda runs out of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Zelda's last heart was lost. When Zelda loses her hearts for a third time, she will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning. Returning to the map replenishes Zelda's Life Hearts and lives, and she will retain any items and rubies she picked up.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

=== ''Zelda's Adventure'' ===
[[Image:Zeldasadventure1.jpg|250px|right|thumb|A screenshot from ''Zelda's Adventure''.]]
Unlike the previous two CD-i ''Zelda'' games, which take the [[side-scrolling game|side-scrolling]] view from ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|Zelda II]]'', ''Zelda's Adventure'' is played with the same top-down view found in ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="IGNZA">{{cite web |url=http://cheats.ign.com/objects/017/017125.html |title=IGN: Zelda's Adventure |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> Playing as Princess Zelda, the aim is to fight through the Seven Shrines of the Underworld to collect the celestial signs, and bring the land of Tolemac to an Age of Lightness.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/zeldas-adventure |title=Zelda's Adventure for CD-i |publisher=[[MobyGames]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>

Unlike the other two games, ''Zelda's Adventure'' was created by Viridis, an entirely different company, with a change in style and gameplay.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA"/> Gameplay is very much like the original ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past]]'', with an overworld that allows access to individual dungeons.<ref name="MGZA"/><ref name="zeldasadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |title=Overview: Zelda's Adventure |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080306043728/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview  |archivedate = 2008-03-06}}</ref> The [[Full motion video|FMV]] sequences which explain the plot are [[live action]] instead of animated.<ref name="zeldasadvent"/>

== Plot ==
=== ''The Faces of Evil'' ===
Link, the [[protagonist]] of the series, lounges in [[Universe of The Legend of Zelda#Hylian geography|Hyrule Castle]] and complains to King Harkinian that he is bored now that the kingdom of [[Universe of The Legend of Zelda#Hyrule|Hyrule]] is at peace, to which the king responds that peace is "what all true warriors strive for".<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Gee! It sure is boring around here. / '''King Harkinian:''' My boy, this peace is what all true warriors strive for. / '''Link:''' I just wonder what Ganon's up to.}}</ref><ref name="faceevil">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_foe.shtml |title=Overview: Link: The Faces of Evil |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011064124/http://zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_foe.shtml |archivedate = October 11, 2007}}</ref> A wizard named Gwonam visits the King and Link on a [[magic carpet]] and tells them that [[Ganon]] has taken over the far-off island of Koridai,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Your Majesty, Ganon and his minions have seized the island of Koridai.}}</ref> further explaining that, according to a prophecy, only Link can stop him.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' It is written: only Link can defeat Ganon.}}</ref> Link is transported to Koridai and shown by the wizard the fabled island with giant stone statues known as the Faces of Evil, which he must conquer.<ref name="Wired"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Wow! What're all those heads?! / '''Gwonam:''' These are the Faces of Evil. You must conquer each.}}</ref><ref name="cdioverview"/> During Link's time in Koridai, Princess Zelda is kidnapped by Ganon and is kept in his lair.<ref name="faceevil"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Firestone Lake |quote='''Ganon:''' In the darkest nightmare hour, when not moon nor sun has risen, I take Zelda through my power. I shall keep her in my prison.}}</ref>

Later in his journey, Link is sent to Fortress Centrum to retrieve the Treasure of Death for an Ice Queen.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' Before you face the foul fiend Ganon, you must conquer Fortress Centrum, where the Treasure of Death is hidden. Bring it to me. Begone.}}</ref> At the fortress, Link finds what appears to be a sleeping Zelda. Upon awakening her, however, Zelda transforms into Goronu, a shapeshifting necromancer who works for Ganon. After defeating Goronu, Link retrieves the Crystal of Reflection, which allows his shield to reflect curses.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' This shield both sword and spear reflects, but cannot stop the vilest curse. This crystal makes the shield reflect, cursing the curser with twice the curse.}}</ref> Link then proceeds to defeat Ganon's minions, which include the revived Goronu, the anthropomorphic pig Harlequin, the armored pyrokinetic Militron, the three-eyed wolfgirl Lupay, and the gluttonous cyclops Glutko, from which the Book of Koridai is retrieved. A translator named Ipo, who can read the Book of Koridai, reveals that the Book itself is enough to defeat Ganon.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Nortinka |quote='''Ipo the Reader:''' Listen. Such is the power of the Prince of Darkness that he can kill with a single look. Attacks against Ganon will prove fruitless unless Link attacks with the sacred book.}}</ref>

After trekking through Ganon's Lair,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair}}</ref> Link finally reaches Ganon, who attempts to recruit Link with the promise of great power and the threat of murder,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' Join me, Link, and I will make your face the greatest in Koridai, or else you will ''die!''}}</ref> but Link turns down his offer by imprisoning him in the Book of Koridai.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' No! Not into the pit! ''It burrrns!!''}}</ref> Link awakens Zelda and tells her that he had just defeated Ganon, to which she is skeptical.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Why'd you do that? / '''Link:''' I just saved you from Ganon! / '''Princess Zelda:''' You ''did'' not.}}</ref> Gwonam appears and congratulates Link on imprisoning Ganon. He shows Link a recovering Koridai and declares him the island's hero, whereupon Link declares himself to be the victor. However, Zelda refuses to kiss him as a reward.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Well done, Link! Ganon is once again imprisoned. Come. Look. Already Koridai is returning to harmony. The birds are singing! Isn't it beautiful? / '''Link:''' Golly! / '''Gwonam:''' As it is written, you, Link, are the hero of Koridai! / '''Link:''' I guess that's worth as kiss, huh? / '''Princess Zelda:''' Ha! / '''Link:''' I won!}}</ref>

=== ''The Wand of Gamelon'' ===
King Harkinian announces his plan to aid Duke Onkled of Gamelon when the latter falls under attack by Ganon,<ref name="gamelon">{{cite web | url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_wog.shtml |title=Overview: Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080220115512/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_wog.shtml |archivedate = February 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' Zelda, Duke Onkled is under attack by the evil forces of Ganon. I'm going to Gamelon to aid him.}}</ref> and orders Zelda to send Link for backup in case that he does not return from his mission within a month.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' If you don't hear from me in a month, send Link.}}</ref> He then wonders what's for dinner, which Link gets excited about.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' I wonder what's for dinner? / '''Link:''' Oh boy! I'm so hungry, I could eat an Octorok!}}</ref> A month passes without word from the King,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' ''(sighs)'' A whole month gone, and still no word.}}</ref> so Zelda sends Link to find him.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Link, go to Gamelon and find my father. / '''Link:''' Great! I can't wait to bomb some Dodongos!}}</ref>

When he too goes missing,<ref name="gamelon"/> Zelda ventures off to Gamelon (accompanied by an elderly Impa) to find both Link and the King.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Wake up, Impa. We're going to Gamelon. / '''Impa:''' ''(yawning)'' All right, dear. I'll get the Triforce of Wisdom.}}</ref> During Zelda's time in Gamelon, Impa discovers that King Harkinian has been captured, and that Link has engaged in a battle, of which the outcome is unclear.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Sakado |quote='''Impa:''' Oh, my. Your father has been captured! / '''Princess Zelda:''' What about Link? / '''Impa:''' He's been in a terrible fight! I can't tell what happened!}}</ref> As she adventures across the island, Zelda meets many friendly characters and also defeats the villains [[Gibdo]] and Iron Knuckle. She also meets a woman named Lady Alma, who is being held prisoner by [[Wizzrobe]], who in this game is portrayed as an individual character.

After defeating Wizzrobe and rescuing Lady Alma, she gives her a canteen that she claims Link gave her in exchange for a kiss. Later on Zelda reaches Duke Onkled's palace, Domodai Palace, where it is revealed that Duke Onkled has betrayed the King and is working for Ganon.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Spaniard:''' Duke Onkled betrayed the King! / '''Princess Zelda:''' I know.}}</ref> She storms the palace, kills Ganon's minion Hectan, and saves a Spaniard named Fari, who works for the King who was being held prisoner by him. He reveals the secret entrance to Onkled's chamber, and when they confront him he is blackmailed into revealing the entrance to Reesong Palace, where Ganon has taken residence.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' D-Don't hurt me, Zelda! I'll tell you the secret way into Reesong Palace. / '''Princess Zelda:''' You better talk fast. / '''Duke Onkled:''' Go all the way left and move the rug. This key opens the gate.}}</ref>

Before traveling there, Zelda goes to the Shrine of Gamelon to obtain the Wand needed to defeat Ganon by defeating the head-switching chimera Omfak, and also visits Nokani Forest to obtain the magic lantern that clears the darkness around Ganon. At Reesong Palace, Zelda fights Ganon and incapacitates him with the Wand, and rescues her father. Back at Hyrule Castle, Duke Onkled is turned over to the king, begging for mercy. He is arrested and sentenced to community service, having to "scrub all the floors in [[Hyrule]]" before the king will talk to him about mercy.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' Please! Your omnipotence! Have mercy! / '''King Harkinian:''' After you've scrubbed all the floors in Hyrule, ''then'' we can talk about mercy! Take him away!}}</ref> However, it is still unknown what has happened to Link, until Lady Alma makes a derogatory comment about him, prompting Zelda to throw her mirror against the wall, smashing it. This causes Link to magically materialize, seemingly having been trapped in the mirror (why he was in there is never explained). The game ends with everyone laughing at Link's general obliviousness.

=== ''Zelda's Adventure'' ===
[[Ganon]] has kidnapped Link and stolen the seven celestial signs, creating an "Age of Darkness" in the kingdom of Tolemac.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda's Adventure |developer=Viridis |publisher=Philips Media |date=1994 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gaspra the Astronomer:''' And so it was that Gannon, Lord of Darkness, had taken over Tolemac. He had stolen the treasured celestial signs and captured Link!}}</ref> [[Princess Zelda]] learns from the court [[astrologer]] Gaspra (played by actor Mark Andrade) that she must collect the signs to defeat Ganon and save Link.

== Development ==
In 1989, [[Nintendo]] signed a deal with [[Sony]] to begin development of a [[CD-ROM]]-based system known as the "Nintendo PlayStation" or the SNES CD to be an [[Peripheral|add-on]] to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] that would allow for [[Full motion video|FMV]] and larger games.<ref name="cdioverview">{{cite web |url= http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries.shtml |title=Overview: CDi Series |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080306102711/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries.shtml |archivedate = March 6, 2008}}</ref><ref name="trailers">{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/14537.html |title=The Legend of Zelda Retrospective Zelda Retrospective Part 3 |author=GameTrailers Staff |publisher=[[GameTrailers]] |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> However, Nintendo broke the agreement and instead signed with [[Philips]] to make the add-on, which caused [[Sony]] to spin off their add-on into its own console called the [[PlayStation]].<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="Dumbest">{{cite web |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/june03/dumbestmoments/index17.shtml |title=Nintendo: From Hero to Zero |author=GameSpy Staff |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> Witnessing the poor reception of the [[Sega Mega-CD]], Nintendo scrapped the idea of making an add-on entirely.<ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="trailers"/> As part of dissolving the agreement with Philips, Nintendo gave them the license to use five of their characters, including Link, Princess Zelda, and Ganon, for games on Philips's console called the [[CD-i]], after the partnership's dissolution.<ref name="kot">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/history-is-cool!/this-day-in-gaming-june-5th-265907.php |title=This Day in Gaming, June 5th |first=Mark |last=Wilson |publisher=[[Kotaku]] |date=2007-06-05 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref name="trailers"/>

Contracting out to independent studios, Philips subsequently used the characters to create three games for the "CD-i", with Nintendo taking no part in their development except to give input on the look of the characters<ref name="faceevil"/><ref name="trailers"/> based on Nintendo's original two titles and their respective instruction booklets.<ref name=retrogamer27>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil'''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 52-57. August 2006.</ref> Philips insisted that the development studios utilize all aspects of the CD-i's capabilities including [[Full motion video|FMV]],<ref name="gamelon"/> high-resolution graphics, and CD-quality music.<ref name=retrogamer27/> As the system had not been designed as a dedicated video game console, there were several technical limitations, such as laggy controls (especially for the standard infrared controller),<ref name="gamelon"/> and numerous problems in streaming-audio, memory, disc access, and graphics.<ref name=retrogamer27/>

''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'' were the first Nintendo-licensed games released on the Philips CD-i.<ref name="up"/> The two games were given the relatively low budgets of approximately $600,000 each and together were given a little over a year to create.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref name=retrogamer27/> It was decided by the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]-based development team [[Animation Magic]], led by Dale DeSharon, that the two games would be developed in tandem and would share the same graphics engine to more efficiently use the budget.<ref name="developer">{{cite web |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/zeldacdi/zeldacdi.htm |title=Zelda: Wand of Gamelon / Link: Faces of Evil - Phillips CD-I (1993) |first=John |last=Szczepaniak |work=[http://www.hardcoregaming101.net Hardcore Gaming 101] |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> The animated cutscenes were created by a team of four animators from Russia (led by Igor Razboff) who were flown to the United States for the project.<ref name=retrogamer27/> These games marked the first time that Russian outsourcing had been utilized by an American company - a move that was only possible due to the somewhat thawed political climate after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The rest of the development team included three programmers (all previous employees of [[Spinnaker Software]]), one musician (Tony Trippi), and freelance-writer Jonathan Merritt who created the scripts and designs.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Under DeSharone's direction, game development progressed similarly to that of his earlier-directed title, ''[[Below the Root (video game)|Below the Root]]'', a game which Retro Gamer's John Szczepaniak has suggested may have served as a forerunner of sorts.<ref>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil' - Roots of Origin''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 55. August 2006.</ref> Background designs were created by local Cambridge artists, and voice-acting was entirely produced by local actors from the [[American Federation of Television and Radio Artists|AFTRA union]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The voice of Princess Zelda was provided by Bonnie Jean Wilbur and the voice of Link by Jeffrey Rath, while additional voices were provided by Jeffrey Nelson, Mark Berry, Natalie Brown, Karen Grace, Josie McElroy, Marguerite Scott and Paul Wann.<ref>{{cite video game|title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips |date=1993-10-10 |platform=CD-i |version= |level=Credits |isolang= |quote= }}</ref>

The backgrounds for ''Zelda's Adventure'' were created from videos of scenery near [[California State Route 2|Santa Monica Boulevard]] in [[West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California|West L.A.]], footage of [[Hawaii]] taken from a helicopter, and the developers' vacation photos.<ref name="developing">{{cite web |author=Bas |url=http://cdii.blogspot.com/2007/03/zelda-voyeur-and-man-who-worked-on-both.html |date=2007-03-08 |title=Zelda, Voyeur, and a man who worked on both CD-i projects... |publisher=Interactive Dreams |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> This decision was responsible for much of the games' RAM usage, causing backgrounds to scroll slowly and causing extreme frustration to the game's developers. The CD-i's technical abilities were so limited that the use of one or two kilobytes of system RAM caused arguments amongst the developers.<ref name="developing"/> The composer for ''Zelda's Adventure'' also played the part of Gaspra in the games' cut scenes.<ref name="developing"/> The houses and interiors built for the cut scenes were built as scale models.<ref name="developing"/> Developers have stated they were not influenced by the first two CD-i Zelda games.<ref name="developing"/> ''Zelda's Adventure'' spent two years in [[Software testing|testing]], longer than it took to develop the game.<ref name="developing"/> Much more music was composed for the game than was used.<ref name="developing"/> Developers had difficulty making sure all the areas of the game had proper background masking.<ref name="developing"/>

== Reception ==
All three ''Zelda'' CD-i titles have garnered a [[List of video games notable for negative reception|largely negative reception]] among critics, particularly ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon''. The magazine ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' considered all three games to be among the worst ever,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seanbaby.com/nes/egm06.htm |title=#6: Zelda: Wand of Gamelon (CDI) |last=Reiley |first=Sean |publisher=Seanbaby.com |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> likewise, [[GameTrailers]] rated ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon'' as the fifth worst game of all time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-ten-gt-countdown/15147 |title=Top Ten Best and Worst Games of All Time |publisher=Gametrailers.com |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> while [[GamesRadar]] named ''The Faces of Evil'' first on their list of "The Top 7... Franchise Embarrassments".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/xbox360/f/the-top-7-franchise-embarrassments/a-20080107153230741052/g-20060321132945404017/p-7 |title=The Top 7... Franchise Embarrassments, Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Features |publisher=GamesRadar}}</ref> [[IGN]] referred to the games' cutscenes as "infamous" and "cheesy"; other reviewers called them "bizarre" and "an absolute joke".<ref name="up"/><ref name="trailers"/><ref name="IGN">{{cite web |author=Michael S. Drucker |url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/655/655002p1.html |date=2005-09-30 |title=The Legend of Zelda: The Complete Animated Series |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref> The graphics of ''Zelda's Adventure'' were called "blurry and digitized".<ref name="up"/> [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] said that the graphics were some of the worst ever encountered, and that the animation on the first two Zelda games was extremely simple and stilted and that the graphics had several [[glitches]].<ref name="Wired"/> Another flaw was that the game could not produce both sound effects and music at the same time.<ref name="up"/> The voice acting was criticized as misdirected, amateurish, jarring, and laughable; ''Zelda's Adventure's'' acting was also criticized as unprofessional.<ref name="up"/><ref name="faceevil"/><ref>{{Cite document|page= 4F|title=Game over; Think again before bringing back these vintage titles |first=Randy A.|last=Salas |date=2007-03-04 |publisher=[[Star Tribune]] |accessdate=2009-09-23|postscript= }}</ref>

Despite the largely negative reception that the games have received, there have been a few positive reviews as well. Both Danny Cowan of 1UP.com and John Szczepaniak praised ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' as among the best games on the CD-i. Szczepaniak in particular suggested that several of the gaming magazines that had rated and reviewed ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'' had engaged in hate campaigns having never even played the game.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Cowan's and Szczepaniak's praises drew from the games' detailed, well-drawn in-game backgrounds and "pretty decent" gameplay,<ref name="up"/><ref name="gamelon"/><ref name="developer"/> although both criticized the controls.<ref name="up"/><ref name="developer"/> While the audio was thought to be "average", and not up to the usual Zelda quality by some reviewers,<ref name="gamelon"/> this has been contested by others who have described it as diverse and high-quality with an adventurous upbeat tempo blending electric guitar, panpipes, marimbas, and other unusual instruments.<ref name=retrogamer27/> In a periodical for [[Retro Gamer|''Retro Gamer'' magazine]], Szczepaniak identified the natural comparison of the games by reviewers to the quality of games in the rest of the Zelda series as an improper comparison to make and suggested that when reviewed in their own right the games were actually excellent.<ref>''Profile: Dale DeSharone - Highlights: Dale's Top Tips''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 31. p. 75. December 2006.</ref> Contrary to what were described as "lies perpetuated about [''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'']," ''Retro Gamer'' described these games as "astoundingly good" and rated them together as number ten in its "Perfect Ten Games" for CD-i. While acknowledging that the games lacked canonicity, the games were praised for exhilarating pacing and superb gameplay design and music. The game's background art was also described as ranging from [[H. R. Giger|Giger]]esque<ref name=retrogamer27/> to [[Monet]]-esque.<ref>''Retrospection: Philips CD-i - Perfect Ten Games: Link: FoE / Zelda: WoG''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 32. p. 47. January 2007.</ref>

These praises, however, were not extended to ''Zelda's Adventure'' which has been described as demonstrating arbitrary and illogical design, sloppy visuals, nearly-nonexistent music, excruciatingly high difficulty, and cumbersome loading and controlling. Gameplay for ''Zelda's Adventure'' has also been portrayed as a trial and error effort to guess which items can be used to defeat which enemy.<ref name=deservdamn>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil' - Deserving Damnation''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 57. August 2006.</ref> In discussing the popular online conception that ''Zelda's Adventure'' is superior to ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'', ''Retro Gamer'' pointed to the top-down perspective as fomenting misinformation regarding the game's similarities to the original ''Zelda'' when in fact the game is not worth playing.<ref name=deservdamn/> Cowan agreed with the criticisms of ''Zelda's Adventure'', describing it as "unplayable" due to the jerky frame rate, unresponsive controls and long load times.<ref name="up"/> Scott Sharkey, also of 1UP.com, described the box art of ''Zelda's Adventure'' as one of the fifteen worst ever made.<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Sharkey |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=4&cId=3158260 |date=2007-03-30 |title=Hey Covers...You Suck! |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>

All three games have become collector's items due to their rarity, ''Zelda's Adventure'' in particular, which is regularly sold for over $100, due to being released as the Philips CD-i product line was gradually discontinued.<ref name="up"/><ref>{{Cite document|page= 3|title=Technology: Gamesblog: Yesterday's games could be gold dust to collectors. The games are internet memes on Youtube.|first=Keith|last=Stuart |date=2007-04-19 |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2009-09-23|postscript= }}</ref> [[Nintendo]] rarely acknowledges the CD-i games, and claimed in 2003 that if a player owned a [[Game Boy Player]] and the [[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]] compilation ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition]]'', that player could play every Zelda game in existence up to that point on the GameCube,<ref>{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Kidman |url=http://www.cnet.com.au/games/gamecube/0,239029723,219116891,00.htm |date=2004-02-08 |title=Legend Of Zelda Collector's Edition |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET.com]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> which is not true since these three games were not included.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|The Legend of Zelda series|Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Link: The Faces of Evil}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Zelda's Adventure}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0934624|title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon}}
* [http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/zeldacdi/zeldacdi.htm ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' and ''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''] at Hardcore Gaming 101

{{The Legend of Zelda}}
{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cd-I Games From The Legend Of Zelda Series}}
[[Category:1993 video games]]
[[Category:1994 video games]]
[[Category:CD-i games]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:The Legend of Zelda games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Nintendo CD-i games]]
[[Category:Video game memes]]

[[es:Zelda's Adventure]]
[[ko:CD-i 젤다 게임]]

The Devil’s Double

2011-11-24T08:37:44Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 120.141.202.162 (talk) addition of unsourced content (HG)

{{Infobox film
| name = The Devil's Double
| image = The Devil's Double.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Lee Tamahori]]
| producer = Paul Breuls Michael John Fedun Emjay Rechsteiner Catherine Vandeleene
| writer = Michael Thomas
| based on = {{Based on|''[[Latif Yahia#Books|The Devil's Double]]''|[[Latif Yahia]]}}
| starring = [[Dominic Cooper]] [[Philip Quast]] [[Ludivine Sagnier]]
| music = Christian Henson
| cinematography = Sam McCurdy
| editing = Luis Carballar
| studio = Corsan
| distributor = [[Lionsgate Entertainment|Lionsgate]] Herrick Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2011|1|22|[[2011 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = {{Film Belgium}}
{{Film Netherlands}}
| language = English
| budget = $19.1 million<ref name="BOM"/>
| gross = $1,361,512 <ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=devilsdouble.htm|title=The Devil's Double (2011)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Devil's Double''''' is a 2011 drama film directed by [[Lee Tamahori]] and starring [[Dominic Cooper]], [[Philip Quast]], [[Ludivine Sagnier]] and Raad Rawi. It was released on January 22, 2011 at the [[2011 Sundance Film Festival]] and was released in limited theaters on July 29, 2011 by [[Lions Gate Entertainment|Lionsgate]] and Herrick Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=73779|title=Lionsgate and Herrick Take on The Devil's Double|work=CominSoon.net|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|date=February 3, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Latif Yahia]] ([[Dominic Cooper]]) is an Iraqi forced to act as a ''fedai'' ("[[body double]]", or [[political decoy]]) for [[Uday Hussein]] (also played by Cooper), the playboy son of Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] ([[Philip Quast]]). Uday is a sadistic psychopath who arbitrarily kills people, and rapes and kills young women after [[kidnapping]] them from the street. Latif tries to stop him, but this only causes aggression from Uday toward Latif, and Latif's attempt to run away also. However, Uday does not kill Latif, because the latter is the best double that could be found.
==Cast==
* [[Dominic Cooper]] as [[Latif Yahia]] / [[Uday Hussein]]
* [[Philip Quast]] as [[Saddam Hussein]]
* [[Ludivine Sagnier]] as Sarrab
* [[Mimoun Oaïssa]] as Ali
* Raad Rawi as Munem
* [[Mem Ferda]] as Kamel Hannah
* Dar Salim as Azzam Al-Tikriti
* Khalid Laith as Yassem Al-Helou
* Pano Masti as Said Kammuneh
* Nasser Memarzia as Latif's father
* Tiziana Azzopardi as Latif's sister

==Production==
The film was shot in Jordan and [[Malta]].<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100312/local/iraq-movie-being-filmed-in-malta</ref>

==Critical reception==
''The Devil's Double'' has received mostly positive reviews, with critical acclaim given to Dominic Cooper's dual role. [[IGN]] awarded it 3.5 out of 5 and said "certainly a fresh perspective on one of the Middle East's most brutal dictators".<ref>[http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/118/1184689p1.html]</ref> CinemaBlend.com also awarded it 3.5 out of five and said "and while the film feels deeply flawed, Cooper is worth the price of admission."<ref>[http://www.cinemablend.com/reviews/The-Devil-s-Double-5370.html]</ref> ''Rockstar Weekly'' awarded the film a positive review, saying "Hats off to director Lee Tamahori (''Die Another Day'') for taking a controversial topic and turning it into a masterful film."<ref>[http://www.rockstarweekly.com/the-devils-double-movie-review.html]</ref> However, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' gave the film a negative review, saying "The story of Uday Hussein's body double is relentlessly violent and lurid".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/29/entertainment/la-et-devils-double-20110729 | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Movie review: 'The Devil's Double' | date=29 July 2011}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] awarded the film three out of four stars and said "All due praise to Dominic Cooper. It should have been more."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110803/REVIEWS/110809989 | work=Chicago Sun-Times | title=The Devil's Double}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN said that it has a daring central performance, and that it works well as a thrilling potboiler. He rated it 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Devil's Double Review|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-the-devils-double-a-thrilling-potboiler/177017-47-84.html
|publisher=CNN-IBN|author=Rajeev Masand|date=22 August 2011}}.</ref> Nupur Barua of fullhyd.com rated it 7 out of 10, saying that Michael Thomas's screenplay never wavers for a second, and that you are made aware at regular intervals that all these extraordinary events truly took place once.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Devil's Double Review|url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/movies/4447/2/the-devils-double-movie-review#tabs|author=Nupur Barua|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi from The Times Of India said, "meant for both history buffs and thriller addicts, The Devil's Double is politics made pacy," rating the movie 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Devil's Double Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/english/The-Devils-Double/moviereview/9732387.cms|author=Nikhat Kazmi|date=25 August 2011|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://thedevilsdoublefilm.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1270262|The Devil's Double}}

{{Lee Tamahori}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devil's Double}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Belgian films]]
[[Category:Dutch films]]
[[Category:Dutch drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Iraq]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lee Tamahori]]
[[Category:Films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films]]

[[fr:The Devil's Double]]
[[ja:デビルズ・ダブル -ある影武者の物語-]]
[[ru:Двойник дьявола]]

Rivalität zwischen Toledo Rockets und Bowling Green Falcons

2011-11-22T07:26:09Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 96.32.129.220 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{Unreferenced|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 26em; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;" | '''Peace Pipe Trophy'''
|-
{{#if: {{{Image location<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}} |
{{!}} style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" {{!}} }}
|-
| '''Teams'''
| [[Bowling Green Falcons football|Bowling Green Falcons]] [[Toledo Rockets football|Toledo Rockets]]
|-
| '''Originated'''
| 1980
|-
| '''Overall Series'''
| Bowling Green leads 39-33
|-
| '''Current Holder'''
| Toledo
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| <hr>
|-
| align="center" style="width:13em" |
| align="center" style="width:13em" |
|-
| align="center" | '''Bowling Green (15)''' 1980 1981 1985 1987 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1999 2001 2003 2007 2008 2009
| align="center" | '''Toledo (17)''' 1982 1983 1984 1986 1988 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2010 2011
|-
| align=center colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap;"|
|}

In [[college football]], the '''Peace Pipe''' is a trophy awarded annually to the winner of the game between the [[University of Toledo]] and [[Bowling Green State University]]. The trophy is a miniature replica of an [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] [[peace pipe]] sitting atop a trophy with both teams' logos.

The game is sometimes referred to as the '''Battle of I-75''', as the cities of [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Bowling Green, Ohio|Bowling Green]] are both located on [[Interstate 75]], just 20 miles apart.

The rivalry between UT and BGSU goes back to 1919. The games were (and to an extent still are) marked by a passionate fan following and a hatred for the respective opponent.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} In 1935, fans rioted following a 63–0 blowout win by UT and as a result, BGSU and UT did not resume the rivalry until 1948 (although Toledo did not field a football team during WWII from 1943–1945).{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} In 1948, the smoking of a six-foot peace pipe was instated as a gesture of goodwill between the two teams at half-time of their annual [[basketball]] match.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} The peace pipe would be kept by the winning university until the teams played again the following season.

The tradition came to an abrupt and unpleasant end in 1969 when the pipe was stolen from the UT offices.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} It was never recovered and the thief never caught.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

In 1980, the Peace Pipe trophy was reinstated when a scale-down replica was fashioned and placed on top of a trophy created by former UT football player Frank Kralik. Kralik donated the trophy to the university to be given to the winner of each year's football game, which like many other [[College rivalries|college football rivalries]] is usually the last game of the regular season for both teams.

Currently, [[ESPN]] annually broadcasts the Peace Pipe game, allowing it to reach a wide audience outside of northwest [[Ohio]]. Though the two schools play in different divisions in the [[Mid-American Conference]], they have yet to meet in the [[MAC Championship Game]].

==Results==
''Bowling Green victories shaded in ██ orange. Toledo victories are shaded ██ blue. ''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|#
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Date
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Site
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" colspan=2|Winning team
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" colspan=2|Losing team
!style="background: #e3e3e3;"|Series
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|1 || October 11, 1980 || Toledo || '''Bowling Green''' || '''17''' ||Toledo || 6 || BG 1–0
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|2 || October 24, 1981 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''38''' || Toledo† || 0 || BG 2–0
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|3 || October 23, 1982 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''24''' || Bowling Green† || 10 || BG 2–1
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|4 || October 8, 1983 || Bowling Green || '''Toledo''' || '''6''' || Bowling Green || 3 || Tied 2–2
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|5 || October 6, 1984 || Toledo || '''Toledo'''† || '''17''' || Bowling Green || 6 || UT 3–2
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|6 || November 11, 1985 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green'''† || '''21''' || Toledo || 0 || Tied 3–3
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|7 || November 15, 1986 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''22''' || Bowling Green || 3 || UT 4–3
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|8 || October 17, 1987 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''20''' || Toledo || 6 || Tied 4–4
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|9 || September 24, 1988 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''34''' || Bowling Green || 5 || UT 5–4
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|10 || October 14, 1989 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''27''' || Toledo || 23 || Tied 5–5
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|11 || October 13, 1990 || Toledo || '''Toledo'''† || '''19''' || Bowling Green || 13 || UT 6–5
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|12 || October 19, 1991 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green'''† || '''24''' || Toledo || 21 || Tied 6–6
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|13 || October 17, 1992 || Toledo || '''Bowling Green'''† || '''10''' || Toledo || 9 || BG 7–6
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|14 || October 2, 1993 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''17''' || Toledo || 10 || BG 8–6
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|15 || October 15, 1994 || Toledo || '''Bowling Green''' || '''31''' || Toledo || 16 || BG 9–6
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|16 || October 21, 1995 || Bowling Green || '''Toledo'''† || '''35''' || Bowling Green || 16 || BG 9–7
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|17 || October 5, 1996 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''24''' || Bowling Green || 16 || BG 9–8
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|18 || October 25, 1997 || Bowling Green || 24 '''Toledo'''‡ || '''35''' || Bowling Green || 20 || Tied 9–9
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|19 || October 17, 1998 || Toledo || '''Toledo'''‡ || '''24''' || Bowling Green || 16 || UT 10–9
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|20 || October 2, 1999 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''34''' || Toledo || 23 || Tied 10–10
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|21 || November 22, 2000 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''51''' || Bowling Green || 17 || UT 11–10
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|22 || November 23, 2001 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''56''' || Toledo† || 21 || Tied 11–11
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|23 || November 30, 2002 || Toledo || '''Toledo'''‡ || '''42''' || Bowling Green || 24 || UT 12–11
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|24 || November 29, 2003 || Bowling Green || 22 '''Bowling Green'''‡ || '''31''' || Toledo || 23 || Tied 12–12
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|25 || November 23, 2004 || Toledo || '''Toledo'''† || '''49''' || Bowling Green || 41 || UT 13–12
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|26 || November 22, 2005 || Bowling Green || '''Toledo''' || '''44''' || Bowling Green || 41 || UT 14–12
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|27 || November 21, 2006 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''31''' || Bowling Green || 21 || UT 15–12
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|28 || November 23, 2007 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''37''' || Toledo || 10 || UT 15–13
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|29 || November 28, 2008 || Toledo || '''Bowling Green''' || '''38''' || Toledo || 10 || UT 15–14
|- style="background: #FF7300; color:#613005"
|30 || November 27, 2009 || Bowling Green || '''Bowling Green''' || '''38''' || Toledo || 24 || Tied 15–15
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|31 || November 17, 2010 || Toledo || '''Toledo''' || '''33''' || Bowling Green || 14 || UT 16-15
|- style="background: #203070; color:yellow"
|32 || October 15, 2011 || Bowling Green || '''Toledo''' || '''28''' || Bowling Green || 21 || UT 17-15

|}
†Eventual MAC Champions 
‡Lost in [[MAC Championship Game]] (1997–present)

{{Bowling Green State University}}

[[Category:College football rivalry trophies in the United States]]
[[Category:Bowling Green Falcons football]]
[[Category:Toledo Rockets football]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peace Pipe (College Football)}}

{{Collegefootball-stub}}

Freie Syrische Armee

2011-11-17T07:18:54Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 68.40.24.2 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

{{Distinguish|Syrian Army}}

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Free Syrian Army الجيش السوري الحر
|image=[[File:Free Syrian Army Green Logo.jpg|150px]]
|caption= Official logo of Free Syrian Army
|dates= July 2011–present
|country= [[Syria]] ,[[Turkey]]
|allegiance=[[Syrian National Council]]
|branch=[[Army]]
|type= [[Light Infantry]]
|role= Civilian protection, Guerrilla warfare
|size= 5,000<ref name=Hafez/><ref name=WT0927>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Syrian Army defectors join militias|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria1207_09_27.asp|accessdate=5 October 2011|newspaper=World tribune|date=27 September 2011}}</ref> - 15 000<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8868027/15000-strong-army-gathers-to-take-on-Syria.html|newspaper = Telegraph|Access date = 4/11/11|date = 4/4/11</ref>
|command_structure=
|garrison=[[Hatay]]
|garrison_label= Main Bases
|nickname= Free Officers Movement ({{lang-ar|حركة الضباط الأحرار}})
|patron=
|motto= "Free Army, Free Syria!"
|colors=[[Green]], [[Red]], [[White]] and [[Black]]
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
[[2011 Syrian uprising]]
*[[Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh]]
*[[October 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya clashes]]
*[[Siege of Homs]]
*[[Siege of Rif Dimashq]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

|commander1= [[Colonel]] [[Riyad al-Asad]]
|commander1_label=Commander-in-Chief
|commander2= Colonel Malik Kurdi
|commander2_label=Deputy Commander-in-Chief
|commander3= Colonel Ahmed Hijazi<ref name=FSA1114>{{cite web|title=Statement: 14 November 2011|url=http://www.facebook.com/freesyrianarmy.alas3ad|publisher=Free Syrian Army}}</ref><ref>[http://syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com/2011/11/war-of-worlds-syria-edition.html Syrian Revolution Digest: War of the Worlds – Syria Edition!]</ref>
|commander3_label=Chief of Staff
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=[[File:Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg|75px]]
|identification_symbol_label= Identification mark

|aircraft_attack=
|aircraft_bomber=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_fighter=
|aircraft_helicopter=
|aircraft_helicopter_attack=
|aircraft_helicopter_cargo=
|aircraft_helicopter_multirole=
|aircraft_helicopter_observation=
|aircraft_helicopter_transport=
|aircraft_helicopter_utility=
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_recon=
|aircraft_trainer=
|aircraft_transport=
}}

The '''Free Syrian Army''' ({{lang-ar|الجيش السوري الحر}}, ''al-jayš as-suri al-ħurr'') is the main opposition army group in [[Syria]].<ref name=Albayrak/> It is composed of defected [[Syrian Armed Forces]] personnel, who have been active during the [[2011 Syrian uprising]].<ref name=Albayrak/> The formation of the opposition army group was announced on 29 July 2011 in a web video released by a group of uniformed defectors from the Syrian military, who called upon members of the army to defect and join them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/?p=11043|title=Free Syrian Army Founded by Seven Officers to Fight the Syrian Army|publisher=Syria Comment|first=Joshua|last=Landis|date=29 July 2011|accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref> The leader of the men, who identified himself as Colonel [[Riyad al-Asad]], announced that the FSA would work with demonstrators to bring down the system and declared that all security forces attacking civilians are justified targets.<ref name="wtarc">{{cite news|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp|title=Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces|agency=World Tribune|date=3 August 2011|accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="sharq">{{cite news|url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=1&id=26095|agency=Asharq Alawsat|title=Syrian Army Colonel Defects forms Free Syrian Army|date=1 August 2011|accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref> Riyad al-Asad emphasised that the Free Syrian Army has no political goals except the liberation of Syria from [[Bashar Assad|Bashar Assad's]] regime.<ref name=AlArabiya>{{cite news|title=Commander of Free Syrian Army: Al Asad to face Gaddafi's fate|url=http://en.trend.az/regions/met/arabicr/1929681.html|accessdate=22 October 2011|newspaper=Trend|date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=Abbas>{{cite news|last=Abbas|first=Thair|title=Asharq Al-Awsat visits the Free Syrian Army|url=http://awsat-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=26872|accessdate=22 October 2011|newspaper=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=10 September 2011}}</ref>

The Free Syrian Army has also stated that the conflict is not sectarian, and that they have in their ranks Alawis who oppose the regime, and that there will be no reprisals when the regime falls.<ref name=Hafez/> On 23 September 2011, the Free Syrian Army merged with the Free Officers Movement ({{lang-ar|حركة الضباط الأحرار}}, ''ħarakat al-ḍubbaṭ al-aħrar'') and became the main opposition army group.<ref name=Albayrak>{{cite news|last=Albayrak|first=Ayla|title=Turkey Plans Military Exercise on Syrian Border|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204524604576610781937462842.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=4 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Syria Army Defectors Press Conference - 9-23-11|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttfy6h2BMyo|publisher=Syria2011archives|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Burch>{{cite news|last=Burch|first=Johnathon|title=War is only option to topple Syrian leader|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/07/us-turkey-syria-colonel-idUSTRE7964OQ20111007|accessdate=7 October 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> As of October there were estimates of 5,000 - 15,000 defectors from the armed forces, although not all defectors chose to actively participate with the Free Syrian Army.<ref name=IWPR>{{cite web|last=Hafez|first=Salem|title=Syria: How Far Has Uprising Spread?|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/syria-how-far-has-uprising-spread|publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/world/middleeast/army-defectors-in-syria-take-credit-for-deadly-attack.html</ref>

==History==
=== Declaration of formation ===
In the Free Syrian Army’s first statement, Riyad al-Asad explained that the opposition army’s formation proceeded “from our nationalistic duty, our loyalty to the people, our sense of the current need for conclusive decisions to stop the regime’s massacres that cannot be tolerated any longer, and proceeding from the army’s responsibility to protect the unarmed free people.” And he proceeded to “announce the formation of the free Syrian army to work hand in hand with the people to achieve freedom and dignity to bring the regime down, protect the revolution and the country’s resources, and stand in the face of the irresponsible military machine that protects the regime.”<ref name="sharq"/>

Asad continued by calling on the officers and men of the Syrian army to "defect from the army, stop pointing their rifles at their people's chests, join the free army, and form a national army that can protect the revolution and all sections of the Syrian people with all their sects." He continued that the Syrian army "[represents] gangs that protect the regime" and declared, "as of now, the security forces that kill civilians and besiege cities will be treated as legitimate targets. We will target them in all parts of the Syrian territories without exception."<ref name="sharq"/>

[[File:FSA-grab.png|200px|thumb|left|Colonel [[Riyad al-Asad]] and others announcing the FSA's formation in an online video statement]]

As no confirmed evidence of an organized Free Syrian Army beyond video statements was produced in the beginning, its existence was questioned by some sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/?p=11060&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Syriacomment+%28Syria+Comment%29|title=Is the Free Syrian Army Real?|first=Joshua|last=Landis|publisher=Syria Comment|date=30 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/02/syria-destruction-bashar-al-assad|agency=The Guardian|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011|title=Syria is on course for destruction|first=Fadwa|last=Al-Hatem}}</ref> However in late August, a top member of the organization, colonel Hussein Harmoush, was detained during a special operation by Syrian forces in Idlib and confessed on state television that he was a member of the opposition army and that while in the Syrian army he was not forced to shoot on protesters.<ref>[http://www.dp-news.com/en/detail.aspx?articleid=96766 Lt. Col. Hussein Harmoush told his part at “Syria Uprising” | English | NEWS | DayPress]</ref> Since August, the Free Syrian Army has also made a number of interviews with the international media from both locations on the Syrian-Turkish border and inside Syria.<ref name=Rosen>{{cite news |title=Syria: The revolution will be weaponised |first=Nir |last=Rosen |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/09/2011923115735281764.html |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=23 September 2011 |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

According to its leader, the Free Syrian Army "aims to be the military wing of the Syrian peoples opposition to the regime".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8868027/15000-strong-army-gathers-to-take-on-Syria.html '15,000 strong' army gathers to take on Syria - Telegraph]</ref> He also asked that the international community help arm the opposition army and impose a no fly zone and a naval blockade of Syria<ref name=Burch/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

On 16 November, the FSA released a statement which announced that a temporary military council had been formed, in an effort to weaken the Pro Assad forces.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Syrian-Army-Defectors-Go-on-Offense-Militarizing-Syrias-Uprising-133963348.html Syrian Army Defectors Go on Offense, Militarizing Syria's Uprising | News | English]</ref>

=== Military tactics ===
The soldiers on desertion have to abandon their armoured vehicles and, carrying only light weapons, hide in cities and suburbs. As the Syrian army is highly organised and well-armed, the Free Syrian Army has adapted [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla-style tactics]] in the countryside and cities, similar to those described in Guevara’s book ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]''.<ref>Che Guevara: [http://www3.uakron.edu/worldciv/pascher/che.html Guerrilla Warfare]</ref> The FSA claims it actively engages and ambushes security forces and the state’s [[shabiha]] militia, but seldom confronts other regular army soldiers for fear of alienating them. Most of their attacks have been on buses bringing in security reinforcements, often by planting bombs or carrying out hit-and-run attacks.<ref name=Hafez/>

In order to encourage defections, the Free Syrian Army has been ambushing patrols and shooting their commanders and then convincing the rank and file to switch sides. Ninety percent of the Syrian Army soldiers are Sunni, while the commanders are mostly from [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar Assad’s]] Alawi sect. The FSA battalions have also acted as defense forces in neighborhoods opposed to the government, guarding streets while protests take place and attacking the militias, known as shabiha, which are an integral part of the government's efforts to suppress dissent.<ref name=Sly>{{cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|title=In Syria, defectors form dissident army in sign uprising may be entering new phase|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/in-syria-defectors-form-dissident-army-in-sign-uprising-may-be-entering-new-phase/2011/09/24/gIQAKef8wK_story_1.html|accessdate=6 October 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=25 September 2011}}</ref>

In [[Deir ez-Zor]], [[Al-Rastan]] and [[Abu Kamal]] the Free Syrian Army, however, engaged in street battles that raged for days with no particular side gaining the advantage. Recently, air support was used against them in [[Hama]], [[Homs]], [[Al-Rastan]], Deir ez-Zor and [[Deraa]].<ref name=Hafez/>

=== Armed actions ===
{{See also|Timeline of the 2011 Syrian uprising (from September)}}
[[File:Syria 2004 CIA map.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Detailed map of Syria]]
====September====
In late September, Syrian government forces, backed by tanks and helicopters, led a major offensive on the city of [[Al-Rastan]], which had been under opposition control for the past couple weeks.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE79017Y20111001 Pro-Assad forces regain rebel Syrian town: agency | Top News | Reuters]</ref> There were reports of large numbers of defections in the city, and the Free Syrian Army claimed it had destroyed 17 pro-Assad armoured vehicles during clashes in Rastan,<ref>{{cite web|last=Fielding |first=Abigail |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cf5a4510-eaa9-11e0-aeca-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss |title=Syrian defectors battle Assad’s army |publisher=FT.com |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> using RPGs and booby traps.<ref name="thenational1">{{cite web|author=Zoi Constantine |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/thousands-of-troops-desert-from-syrian-army |title=Thousands of troops desert from Syrian army |publisher=The National |date= |accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> The Al-Harmoush battalion also claimed to have killed 80 loyalist soldiers in fighting.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al Arabiya with agencies |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/09/29/169224.html |title=Defected brigade says it has killed 80 members of Assad’s forces |publisher=Al Arabiya English |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> A defected officer in the Syrian opposition claimed that over a hundred officers had defected as well as thousands of conscripts, although many had gone into hiding or home to their families, rather than fighting the loyalist forces.<ref name="thenational1"/> The fighting between the government forces and the Free Syrian Army was the longest and most intense action so far. After a week of fighting, the FSA was forced to retreat from Rastan.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> To avoid government forces, the leader of the FSA, Col. Riyad Asad, retreated to the [[Turkey|Turkish]] side of Syrian-Turkish border.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/04/us-syria-opposition-idUSL5E7L41CT20111004 Dissident Syrian colonel flees to Turkey | Reuters]</ref>
====October====
By mid October, clashes between loyalist and defected army units were being reported fairly regularly. On 13 October, clashes were reported in the town of [[Harra]] in the south of Syria that resulted in the death of two rebel and six loyalist soldiers, according to the London based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/clashes-between-syrian-troops-and-army-defectors-kill-at-least-13/2011/10/13/gIQAp0vMhL_story.html</ref> Clashes were also reported in [[Banish]] with a total of 14 fatalities for both affected towns, including rebels, loyalists and civilians.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=241610 Activist group: Fourteen killed in Syrian vi... JPost - Headlines]</ref> A few days later on 17 October, five government troops were killed in the town of [[Qusair]], near the border with Lebanon, and 17 people were reported wounded in battles with defectors in the town of [[Hass]], although it was unclear if the wounded included civilians.<ref>[http://www.mail.com/news/world/770626-activists-syrian-forces-fight-defectors-5-killed.html Activists: Syrian forces fight defectors; 5 killed - World news]</ref> According to the London based organization, an estimated 11 government soldiers were killed that day, four of which were killed in a bombing. It was not clear if the defectors linked to these incidents were connected to the Free Syrian Army.<ref>[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/11-troops-killed-as-un-chief-urges-end-to-syria-violence/472317 11 troops killed as UN chief urges end to Syria violence | The Jakarta Globe]</ref>

On 20 October, the opposition claimed that clashes occurred between loyalists and defectors in Burhaniya near Homs, leading to the death of several soldiers and the destruction of two military vehicles.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/10/21/idINIndia-60042820111021 Gaddafi is Africa's latest Big Man to fall | Reuters]</ref>

Clashes occurred in the north western town Maarat al-Numaan on 25 October between loyalists and defected soldiers at a roadblock on the edge of the town. The defectors launched an assault on the government held roadblock in retaliation against a raid on their positions the previous night.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/10/25/idINIndia-60114220111025 Assad forces fight deserters at northwestern town | Reuters]</ref>

On 26 October, the opposition claimed that nine soldiers were killed by a rocket-propelled grenade when it hit their bus in the village of Hamrat, near Hama. The gunmen who attacked the bus are believed to be defected soldiers.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=243228 Report: 9 Syrian soldiers killed in attack - JPost - Headlines]</ref>

Oppositions claimed that 17 pro Assad soldiers were killed in Homs on 29 October during fighting with suspected army deserters, including a defected senior official who was aiding the rebel soldiers. Two armoured personnel carriers were disabled in the fighting. Later that number would say to be 20 Syrian soldiers were killed and 53 wounded in clashes with presumed army deserters, according to [[Agence France Presse]]. In a separate incident, 10 security agents and a deserter were killed in a bus ambush near the Turkish border, activists said, AFP reports. The Observatory said the bus was transporting security agents between the villages of Al-Habit and Kafrnabuda in Idlib province when it was ambushed "by armed men, probably deserters".<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/263790/syria-bloodletting-spurs-new-arab-warning Bangkok Post : 20 Syrian soldiers killed in 'clashes with deserters']</ref><ref>[http://www.agi.it/english-version/world/elenco-notizie/201110291302-pol-ren1023-syria_deserters_kill_17_soldiers_in_homs AGI News On - SYRIA: DESERTERS KILL 17 SOLDIERS IN HOMS]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15508630 BBC News - Syria's Assad warns of 'earthquake' if West intervenes]</ref>

====November====
On the 1 November, "dozens" of armoured vehicles allegedly converged on a village in the Kafroma in Idlib, as defected soldiers (it is unknown if they are associated with the Free Syrian Army) apparently killed an unknown number of Syrian soldiers.<ref>in the Kafroma in Idlib.</ref>

On the 5 November at least nine people died in clashes between soldiers, protesters and defectors and four Shabeeha were killed in Idlib, reportedly by army deserters.<ref>[http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/Syria Syria Live Blog | Al Jazeera Blogs]</ref> On the same day, the state-news agency [[Syrian Arab News Agency|SANA]] reported the deaths of 13 soldiers and policemen as a result of clashes with armed groups.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1105/1224307106510.html At least nine dead in Syria as regime pledges to free prisoners - The Irish Times - Sat, Nov 05, 2011]</ref> According to SANA, four policemen were also wounded in clashes with an armed group in Kanaker in the Damascus countryside, while one of the armed individuals died. Additionally two explosive devices were also allegedly dismantled.<ref>[http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/11/05/379925.htm Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::]</ref>

More army defections were reported in Damascus on 10 November, three out of at least nine defectors were shot dead by loyalist gunmen after abandoning their posts. The same day, clashes reportedly resulted in the death of a fifteen year old boy in Khan Sheikhoun, when he was cought in crossfire between Assad loyalists and the free army.<ref name="uk.reuters.com">[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/10/uk-syria-killings-idUKTRE7A95LD20111110 Syria crackdown, attacks on army kill 25 - activists | Reuters]</ref> Also on the 10 November "at least four soldiers in the regular army were killed at dawn in an attack, headed by armed men - probably deserters - on a military checkpoint in Has region, near Maaret al-Numan town" according to the Syrian Observatory for Human rights.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/girl-soldiers-among-21-killed-in-syria/story-e6frf7jx-1226192181916 Girl, soldiers among 21 killed in Syria | Herald Sun]</ref> However, the number has also been put at five soldiers.<ref name="uk.reuters.com"/> A checkpoint in Maarat al-Numaan three kilometers south of Homs also came under attack by defectors, resulting in an increase in tank deployment by Syrian security forces in the city.<ref name="uk.reuters.com"/>

On 11 November, [[Reuters]] reported that 26 soldiers were killed,<ref name="msnbc.msn.com">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45252656/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ 26 soldiers killed as Syria protesters fight back - World news - Mideast/N. Africa - msnbc.com]</ref> while Syrian state media reported the lower figure of 20 soldiers killed at this time.<ref name="sana.sy">[http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/11/13/381276.htm Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=381096&newlang=eng Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news]</ref> For November, there have been conflicting reports of the number of Syrian soldiers injured and killed. For the month up until 13 November, the [[2011 Syrian uprising#Local coordination committees|Local Coordination Committees]] have reported about 20 deaths,<ref name="msnbc.msn.com"/> the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights has reported more than 100 deaths,<ref name="msnbc.msn.com"/> and the Syrian state media SANA has reported 71 deaths.<ref name="sana.sy"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/11/08/380471.htm Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::]</ref><ref>[http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=380614&newlang=eng Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news]</ref><ref>[http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/11/07/380048.htm Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::]</ref><ref>[http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=379484&newlang=eng Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news]</ref><ref>[http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2011/11/03/379741.htm Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::]</ref>

On the 14 November, 34 soldiers and 12 defectors were killed in clashes in an ambush by the Free Syrian Army in Deraa. The death toll as a result of the fighting also included 23 civilians.<ref>[http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1759907 Syrian soldiers killed in clash with defectors - Taiwan News Online]</ref>

On the 15 November, eight soldiers and security forces troops were killed by an assault on a checkpoint in Hama province, according to activists.<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.com/syria-news-free-syrian-army-assad-250587.html Syria: Army Defectors Storm Miltary Bases]</ref>

On the 16 November, an air force intelligence complex on the edges of Damascus was attacked. According to the Free Syrian Army, they did so with machine guns and rockets, leading to the death of at least six soldiers with twenty others wounded. A western diplomat said the assault was "hugely symbolic and tactically new".<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/16/us-syria-idUSL5E7MD0GZ20111116 Arab League gives Syria 3 days to stop bloodshed | Reuters]</ref><ref name=autogenerated2 />

== Command structure ==
=== Leadership ===
{{Syria Labelled Map|float=right}}

The Free Syrian Army operates its central command from a camp in Turkey's southern [[Hatay province]], close to the Syrian border, and its field command from inside Syria.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/28/world/europe/turkey-is-sheltering-antigovernment-syrian-militia.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/21534827 Syria’s army defectors: Cracks in the army | The Economist]</ref> The FSA has declared the following command structure.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15563900 Q&A: The Free Syrian Army], BBC News, 16 Nov 2011</ref> [[Colonel]] [[Riyad al-Asad]] is the Commander-in-Chief,<ref name=FSA1114/><ref name="wtarc"/> Colonel Malik Kurdi is his deputy, and Colonel Ahmed Hijazi is the Chief of Staff of the Free Syrian Army.<ref name=Leverrier>{{cite news|last=Leverrier|first=Ignace|title=What is known about the Free Syrian Army|url=http://syrie.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/17/que-sait-on-de-l%E2%80%99armee-syrienne-libre/#comments|accessdate=21 October 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Abdulhamid>{{cite web|last=Abdulhamid|first=Ammar|title=Syrian Revolution Digest|url=http://syrianrevolutiondigest.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-10-16T23%3A52%3A00-07%3A00&max-results=7|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref>

====Battalion Commanders====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Commander !! Battalion
|-
|Lt. Col. Abdul Satar Yunsu || Hamza Khateeb
|-
|Capt. Ibrahim Majbur || Hurriya<ref name=WT0927/><ref name=Abdulhamid/>
|-
|Capt. Riyad Ahmad || Samer Nunu
|-
|Capt. Ayham al-Kurdi || Qashoush
|-
|Capt. Qais Qata’neh ||Omari
|-
|Capt. Abdelaziz Tlass || Khalid Bin Walid<ref name=Burch/><ref name=Abdulhamid/>
|-
| Capt. Ammar Al-Wawi || Ababeel<ref name=FSA1114/>
|-
|Lt. Mazen al-Zein || Qassam
|-
| Maher Al-Rahmoun || Moawiyah Bin Abi Sufian
|-
| Youssef Yahya || Harmoush
|-
| Muhammad Tayseer Ousso || Suqur
|-
| Wassim al-Khalid || Abu Obeidah bin Al-Jarrah
|-
|}

=== Battalions ===
As of October 2011, the Free Syrian Army has according to its deputy commander twenty-two battalions. The battalions are spread across the country in its thirteen different [[Governorates of Syria|governorates]]. The battalions are:<ref name=Hafez>{{cite news|last=Hafez|first=Salam|title=Syrian Opposition Call for No-Fly Zone|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/124717/syrian-opposition-call-for-no-fly-zone.html|accessdate=8 October 2011|newspaper=The Journal of Turkish Weekly|date=8 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=WT0927/><ref name=Abdulhamid/>

{{Div col|cols=3}}
*Khalid bin Walid battalion ([[Homs]] city)<ref name=Rosen />
*Hamzah Al-Khateeb battalion ([[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]] city)
*Al-Harmoush battalion ([[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]] province)<ref name=Mouterde>{{cite news|last=Mouterde|first=Perrine|title=‘Free Syrian Army’ poses growing threat to Assad|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20111014-free-syria-army-opposition-bashar-al-assad-exile-turkey-batallion|accessdate=16 October 2011|newspaper=France 24|date=14 October 2011}}</ref>
*Salaheddine Al-Ayoubi battalion ([[Jisr ash-Shugur]])
*Qashoush battalion ([[Hama]] city)<ref>[http://syriarevolts.wordpress.com Syria Revolts | Documenting the Syrian uprising]</ref>
*Aboul Fidaa battalion ([[Hama]] province)
*Saad Bin Moaz battalion ([[Hama Governorate|Hama]] province)
*Moawiyah Bin Abi Sufian ([[Damascus]] city)
*Abu Obeidah bin Al-Jarrah battalion ([[Damascus Governorate|Damascus]] province)
*Houriyeh battalion ([[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]] city)
*Ababeel battalion ([[Aleppo Governorate|Aleppo]] province)
*Omari battalion ([[Daraa Governorate|Daraa]]/[[Hauran]])
*Sultan Pasha Al-Atrash battalion ([[As-Suwayda Governorate|As-Suwayda]])
*Qassam battalion ([[Jableh]])
*Suqur battalion ([[Latakia]])
*Samer Nunu battalion ([[Tartus Governorate|Baniyas]])
*Mishaal Tammo battalion ([[Al Qamishli|Qamishli]])
*Odai Al-Tayi battalion ([[Al-Hasakah|Hasakah]])
*Omar Ibn al-Khattab battalion ([[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Deir ez-Zor]] city)<ref>[http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=317759&MID=0&PID=0 Lebanon news - NOW Lebanon -Assad is growing weaker]</ref>
*Moaz Al-Raqad battalion ([[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Deir ez-Zor]] province)
*Allahu Akbar battalion ([[Deir ez-Zor Governorate|Abu Kamal]])
*Ahmad Nayif Al-Sukhni battalion ([[Ar-Raqqah Governorate|Ar-Raqqah]]){{Div col end}}

== See also ==
*[[Alliance of Yemeni Tribes]]
*[[National Liberation Army (Libya)]]

== References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{facebook|freesyrianarmy.alas3ad}} {{Ar icon}} (official website)
*{{youtube|SZcCbIPM37w|Original video declaration of formation}} {{Ar icon}}

{{2011 Syrian uprising}}

[[Category:2011 in Syria]]
[[Category:2011 Syrian protests]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Syria]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]

[[ar:الجيش السوري الحر]]
[[es:Ejército Libre de Siria]]
[[zh:自由叙利亚军]]

Dusty the Klepto Kitty

2011-11-11T07:32:38Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by Dusty the klepto kitty (talk) identified as spam (HG)

{{cleanup|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox animal
| name = Dusty
| image = dustykleptocat.jpeg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = 5 year old Dusty the Klepto Kitty appears in an advertisement for a pet store.
| othername = Dusty the Klepto Kitty
| species = [[Cat]]
| gender = [[Male]]
| birth_date = 20 March 2006
| birth_place = [[San Mateo, California]], U.S.
| breed = [[Snowshoe Cat]]
| occupation = [[Cat Burglar]]
| owner = Jean Chu and Jim Coleman
| years_active = [[2008-Present]]
}}
'''Dusty the Klepto Kitty''' is a [[domestic cat]] who gained notoriety in early [[2011]] for his acts of "[[cat burglary]]." As of his February 2011 appearance on [[The Late Show with David Letterman]], Dusty had stolen - 16 car wash mitts, 7 sponges, 213 dish towels, 7 wash clothes, 5 towels, 18 shoes, 73 socks, 100 gloves, 1 pair of mittens, 3 aprons, 40 balls, 4 pairs of underwear, 1 dog collar, 6 rubber toys, 1 blanket, 3 leg warmers, 2 Whammos, 1 golf head cover, 1 safety mask, 2 mesh bags, 1 bag of water balloons, 1 pair of pajama pants, 8 bathing suits and 8 miscellaneous objects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Letterman|first=David|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fcfq6zcGPV0|title=Late Show with David Letterman|publisher=World Wide Pants}}</ref>

==Early years==
Born on March 20, 2006, and adopted from the [[Peninsula Humane Society]] by Jean Chu and Jim Coleman, Dusty is a [[Snowshoe cat]] who lives in [[San Mateo]], [[California]].

His first two years of life were uneventful but in 2008, his owners began to notice household objects that didn't belong to them in strange places. After his owners determined that those objects did not belong to them, they began to suspect that their cat was bringing them home, a suspicion that they were eventually able to confirm.

Although his thievery began in 2008, Dusty didn't really receive notoriety outside of his neighborhood until the [[Animal Planet]] show [["Must Love Cats"]] did a profile of him in February 2011. The "Must Love Cats" crew was able to set up a motion triggered [[night vision]] camera and catch Dusty in the act of bringing home his spoils.<ref>{{cite web|title=Must Love Cats|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhRW4WmfrDA|work=Dusty the Klepto Cat}}</ref> The Animal Planet report led to a February 14, 2011, story by [[Vic Lee]] of [[KGO-TV]] of [[San Francisco, CA]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Vic|title=Dusty|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local/peninsula&id=7958889|work=Klepto feline gives new meaning to 'cat' burglar|publisher=KGO-TV San Francisco}}</ref> and Dusty's appearance on [[The Late Show with David Letterman]] on February 22, 2011.

==Cultural relevance==
Since his appearances on David Letterman and other national news outlets, Dusty has become a minor national and international celebrity. He has appeared at many community events in the [[Bay Area]] of [[California]] and has done interviews (with the translation assistance of his owners) for many national and international news outlets. He served as the [[Grand Marshall]] of the [[Redwood City]] [[Pet Parade]] in May 2011, and appeared at a fundraiser for the [[Peninsula Humane Society]] in July 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local/peninsula&id=8207456|title="Klepto Cat" to make celebrity appearance|publisher=KGO-TV San Francisco}}</ref> He is in talks to be featured on the DVD special features for the 2011 movie "[[Puss in Boots]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Dusty Klepto Kitty - The REAL One|url=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dusty-Klepto-Kitty-The-REAL-One/151649141562164?sk=wall&filter=2|work=Friday - October 28th - WHAT A BUSY DAY FOR DUSTY!}}</ref> .

To keep his fans up to date with his finds, his owners operate the Facebook page [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dusty-Klepto-Kitty-The-REAL-One/151649141562164?sk=wall&filter=2 Dusty Klepto Kitty - The REAL One] and provide pictures of the items that Dusty brings home every night.

==References==
<references />

{{uncat|date=November 2011}}

Dusty the Klepto Kitty

2011-11-11T07:30:19Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by Dusty the klepto kitty (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

Dusty the Klepto Kitty

2011-11-11T07:26:50Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by Dusty the klepto kitty (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

Newtown (Town, Connecticut)

2011-11-11T06:42:22Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 71.88.34.5 (talk) addition of unsourced content (HG)

{{About|the town|the borough|Newtown (borough), Connecticut}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Newtown, Connecticut
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_map = Newtown CT lg.PNG
|mapsize = 250px
|image_flag =
|image_seal = NewtownCTseal.JPG
|map_caption = Location in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]]
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-CT
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Connecticut]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[NECTA]]
|subdivision_name2 = Bridgeport-Stamford
|subdivision_type3 = Region
|subdivision_name3 = Housatonic Valley
|established_title = Incorporated
|established_date = 1711
|government_type = [[Board of selectmen|Selectman-town meeting]]
|leader_title = First selectman
|leader_name = Patricia E. Llodra
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_total_km2 = 153.1
|area_land_km2 = 149.6
|area_water_km2 = 3.4
|area_total_sq_mi = 59.1
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_total = 27560
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi =
|timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|area_land_sq_mi = 57.8
|area_water_sq_mi = 1.3
|elevation_m = 121
|elevation_ft = 397
|latd = 41 |latm = 23 |lats = 54 |latNS = N
|longd = 73 |longm = 17 |longs = 35 |longEW = W
|region =
|postal_code_type = ZIP code
|postal_code = 06470
|website = [http://www.newtown-ct.gov/ www.newtown-ct.gov]
|area_code = [[Area code 203|203]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 09-52980
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0213475
|footnotes =
}}
'''Newtown''' is a town in [[Fairfield County, Connecticut|Fairfield County]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. The population was 27,560 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov| title=Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Newtown town, Connecticut| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder 2| accessdate=August 9, 2011}}</ref> Newtown was founded in 1705 and incorporated in 1711.

==Government==
Elected to a two-year term, the [[Board of Selectmen]] supervise the administration of the affairs of the town, except those matters which by the General Statute or Town Charter are exclusively committed to the Board of Education or other departments. They are led by a First Selectman, who is the Chief Executive and Administrative Officer of the town. The Board of Selectmen with the assistance of the departments and boards and commission prepares the annual budget in February. The Legislative Council of 12 members (elected to the same two year terms) acts as the Board of Finance and passes ordinances. The Council recommends the annual education and general government budget to the towns people. The old fashion town meeting and referendum are used to pass the budget. These procedures are set forth in the Town Charter adopted and reviewed by the citizens.

The Borough of Newtown occupies about {{convert|1252|acre}} (or roughly two square miles) in the central part of town. Incorporated in 1824 by an act of the [[Connecticut General Assembly]], it is one of only nine boroughs in the state. The borough adopted zoning for the town center long before the rest of the community. The lot sizes are smaller than the minimum {{convert|1|acre|m2|adj=on}} lots of the rest of the community. The borough also has running public water provided by a small town water company. Much of the borough is sewered, and the rest of the town is mostly wells and septic systems.<ref>[http://www.newtown-ct.gov/Public_Documents/NewtownCT_WebDocs/about] Web page titled "Welcome to the Town of Newtown!", town government Web site, accessed March 28, 2007</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of {{convert|60.38|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|57.8|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|1.3|sqmi}}, or 2.22%, is water.

Newtown is the state's fifth largest town in area and is bordered by [[Bethel, Connecticut|Bethel]], [[Bridgewater, Connecticut|Bridgewater]], [[Brookfield, Connecticut|Brookfield]], [[Easton, Connecticut|Easton]], [[Monroe, Connecticut|Monroe]], [[Oxford, Connecticut|Oxford]], [[Redding, Connecticut|Redding]] and [[Southbury, Connecticut|Southbury]].

===Principal communities===
* [[Botsford, Connecticut|Botsford]] (ZIP code 06404)
* [[Dodgingtown]]
* [[Hattertown, Connecticut|Hattertown]]
* [[Hawleyville]] (ZIP code 06440)
* [[Newtown (borough), Connecticut|Newtown Borough]]
* [[Rocky Glen, Connecticut|Rocky Glen]]
* [[Sandy Hook (Newtown)|Sandy Hook]] (ZIP code 06482) (including Berkshire, Riverside, Walnut Tree Hill, and Zoar communities)
*Other minor communities include Head of Meadow, Hopewell, Huntingtown, Lands End, Middle Gate, Palestine, and Taunton.

==History==
{{Main|History of Newtown, Connecticut}}

The town of Newtown, originally known as Quanneapague, was purchased from the [[Potatuck|Pohtatuck]] Indians in 1705. Settled from [[Stratford, Connecticut|Stratford]] and incorporated in 1711, Newtown was a stronghold of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tory]] sentiment during the early [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. French General [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] and his troops encamped here in 1781 during their [[Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route|celebrated march]] on their way to the [[siege of Yorktown]], [[Virginia]], which ended the Revolution. An important crossroads throughout its early history, the village of Hawleyville briefly emerged as a [[railroad]] center, and the town's population grew to over 4,000 circa 1881. In the following decades, the population dwindled to a low of 2,635 in 1930 before again growing.

Local industry has included the manufacture of furniture, tea bags, combs, fire hoses, folding boxes, buttons, and hats, as well as farming and mica and feldspar mining. The game of [[Scrabble]] was developed here by [[James Brunot]].

Among notable residents have been James Purdy, an African American farmer who was part of the [[Underground Railroad]], and Mary Elizabeth Hawley, Newtown's benefactress.

==Landmarks==
Newtown has a number of local landmarks. Perhaps the most famous is the flagpole, first erected in 1876. The ''Newtown Bee'', the local weekly newspaper, has been serving the area since 1877, and has been owned and operated by the Smith family since 1881. Another important building, located across from the flagpole, is Newtown Meeting House, which served as the town's [[Congregational church]] for many years. The rooster [[weather vane]] (a town symbol) located atop the meeting house is said to have been used as a target by French soldiers encamped here in 1781 during the Revolutionary War.

Hawley School is another landmark. Constructed in the 1920s, it has been used as a whole-town school, a high school, and an elementary school. It is currently an elementary school. Though it has served many different school functions, its original section has remained much the same. Two additions have been added since its construction.

Newtown is home to the "Fairfield Hills" Hospital, erected in the 1930s. It was closed in 1995. Fairfield Hills was used as the set of the juvenile facility in the film ''[[Sleepers (film)|Sleepers]]'' in 1995. Newtown recently purchased the property, and, as of 2007, the town is considering a somewhat controversial plan for its usage. In 2008, the NYA (Newtown Youth Academy) was added, with a fitness section, basketball courts, and a turf field.

===Edmond Town Hall===
The building, completed in the 1930s, contains some town offices and has a variety of rooms for all occasions, including the Alexandria Room for weddings, parties and recitals; and a gymnasium for sports, parties and craft shows. Smaller meeting rooms are also present.

The Board of Managers is composed of six members serving six year terms. At each regular Town Election, two members are elected, both of whom may not be members of the same political party. According to Town Charter, the Board "shall have the exclusive care and maintenance of Edmond Town Hall and all grounds and buildings appurtenant thereto, together with all powers and duties prescribed for said Board by Special Act No. 98 of the 1931 session by which it was created, as amended by Special Act No. 517 of the 1953 session".

The architect for this building was Philip Sutherland, who also designed Cyrenius H. Booth Library.

The Edmond Town hall is notable for its cinema. The theater shows popular films shortly after they leave mainstream theaters, and is the only $2 film theater in Connecticut. It is a popular spot for middle school and high school students. The town hall was constructed for the community by a local benefactress Mary Elizabeth Hawley and dedicated in 1930. The building was named for Miss Hawley’s maternal great grandfather Judge William Edmond.

===Cyrenius H. Booth Library===

Newtown's public library was opened December 17, 1932, with a capacity for 25,000 volumes. The library is a posthumous gift of Mary Elizabeth Hawley and was named after her maternal grandfather, a doctor in town from 1820 until his death in 1871. Hawley's gift not only paid for construction of the building, but included a trust fund of about $250,000 which resulted in the town not financing the library until the 1980s.<ref name=chbhist>[http://www.chboothlibrary.org/history.php] Cruson, Daniel, "The Cyrenius H. Booth Library History", Cyrenius H. Booth Library website, accessed March 28, 2007</ref>

[[File:CHBooth-Library.jpg|thumb|200px|Cyrenius H. Booth Library, Newtown, Connecticut]]

Designed by Philip Sutherland, who also designed Newtown's Edmond Town Hall, the building was considered one of the most modern libraries of its time, with several innovative features. The building was fireproof, had cork floors and acoustic ceiling tiles to deaden sound, and had a built-in humidifying unit and a centralized vacuum cleaner.<ref name=chbhist/>

In January 1998 an addition to the rear of the building was completed and officially opened. The expansion doubled the available floor space and provides areas for meetings and displays of art and local historical artifacts from the library's large collection.<ref name=chbhist/>

===On the National Register of Historic Places===
* [[Caleb Baldwin Tavern]] — 32 Main Street (added September 23, 2002)
* [[Camps Nos. 10 and 41 of Rochambeau's Army]] (added June 6, 2002)
* [[Glover House (Newtown, Connecticut)|Glover House]] — 50 Main Street (added March 11, 1982)
* [[Hattertown Historic District]] — Roughly, junction of Aunt Park Lane, Castle Meadow, Hattertown, and Hi Barlow roads (added 1996)
* [[John Glover House]] — 53 Echo Valley Road (added September 17, 2001)
* [[March Route of Rochambeau's Army: Reservoir Road]] — Junction of Reservoir Road and Mount Pleasant Road South (added February 8, 2003)
* [[Nathan B. Lattin Farm]] — 22 Walker Hill Road (added June 24, 1990)
* [[New York Belting and Packing Co.]] — 45-71 and 79-89 Glen Road (added July 2, 1982)
* [[Newtown Borough Historic District]] — Roughly, Main Street from Hawley Road to Academy Lane (added 1996)
* [[Nichols Satinet Mill Site]] (added March 23, 1996)

==Parks and recreation==

The town of Newtown offers many programs for area residents, and there are numerous parks and fields offering playgrounds, swimming, tennis, softball, baseball, volleyball, lacrosse, soccer, as well as a nature center and trails. Prominent Newtown parks include Treadwell Park, Dickinson Park, and [[Collis P. Huntington State Park]]. Treadwell Park, named after former selectman Timothy Treadwell, contains recreation facilities and the town pool. Dickinson park used to contain a swimming pool (really more like a swimming "pond"), which was a large asphalt-lined bowl-shaped depression surrounded by a grass "beach". It was a uniquely safe design for children because there was no "deep end" anywhere around the periphery of the pool/pond. Unfortunately, it lacked a formal filtration system and required attendants to periodically row out and manually add chlorine to the water. It was removed and filled in in 2006.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 25,031 people, 8,325 households, and 6,776 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 433.4 people per square mile (167.3/km²). There were 8,601 housing units at an average density of 148.9 per square mile (57.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 95.14% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.75% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.14% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.40% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.64% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.89% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.36% of the population.

There were 8,325 households out of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the town the population was spread out with 29.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $90,193, and the median income for a family was $99,192 (these figures had risen to $101,937 and $119,175 respectively as of a 2007 estimate<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=06000US0900152980&-format=&-_lang=en</ref>). Males had a median income of $68,965 versus $42,217 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $37,786. About 2.2% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
The Newtown Public school system operates four elementary schools (the Hawley School, Head O'Meadow School, Middle Gate School, and Sandy Hook School) that serve grades K-4, an intermediate school (Reed Intermediate School) serving grades 5-6, Newtown Middle School (serving grades 7-8), and [[Newtown High School (Connecticut)|Newtown High School]] serving grades 9-12.

Newtown also has several private and parochial schools, including St. Rose of Lima School, the Fraser-Woods School, and the Housatonic Valley Waldorf School.

==Notable residents, past and present==

Among notable residents have been James Purdy, who helped slaves escape to Canada in the 1850s and ministered to [[smallpox]] victims during the [[American Civil War]]; Mary Elizabeth Hawley, Newtown's benefactress; [[Joseph F. Engelberger]], an engineer and entrepreneur who is often credited with being the "Father of Robotics" - the Robotics Industries Association annually presents the Joseph F. Engelberger Awards to "persons who have contributed outstandingly to the furtherance of the science and practice of robotics."; actor [[Anthony Edwards]], known for his roles in ''[[Top Gun]]'', ''[[Gotcha! (1985 film)|Gotcha!]]'', ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'', ''[[Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise]]'' and the television series ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]],'' lives in Sandy Hook; and [[Bruce Jenner]], [[1976 Summer Olympics]] [[decathlon]] gold medalist, attended [[Newtown High School (Connecticut)|Newtown High School]].

Other notable residents (in alphabetical order):
* [[Renata Adler]], author
* [[Joanna Cole]], author of the Magic School Bus series
* [[Suzanne Collins]], author
* [[Anthony Edwards]], actor, lives in Sandy Hook (see Steven Kellogg)
* [[Bruce Degen]], illustrator of the Magic School Bus series
* [[Henry Dutton]], former Connecticut governor
* [[Charles Goodyear]], inventor of the vulcanization process
* [[Rea Irvin]], cartoonist and art editor
* [[Elia Kazan]], film and stage director
* [[Steven Kellogg]], children's author and illustrator, used to live in [[Sandy Hook, Connecticut|Sandy Hook]] , sold house to Anthony Edwards.<ref>[http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=62-9780688070458-0]"About the Author" section of a Web page titled "Chicken Little by Steven Kellogg" at ''Powell's Books'' Web site ("Steven Kellogg lives in Sandy Hook, Connecticut."), accessed March 28, 2007</ref>
* [[Burke Marshall]], head of the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice during the Civil Rights Era, retired in Newtown
* [[Ryan T. Murphy]], associate director of the [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]], was a resident and graduate from Newtown High School
* [[James Thurber]], cartoonist and playwright
* [[Isaac Toucey]] (1792–1869), U.S. Senator, Secretary of the Navy, Attorney General of the United States and Governor of Connecticut, was born in town
* [[Jenna Von Oy]], actress - TV series ''Blossom''
* [[Joey Styles]], announcer for [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Connecticut}}
* [http://www.newtown-ct.gov/ Town of Newtown] official website
* [http://www.newtown.k12.ct.us/ Newtown Public Schools]
* [http://www.newtownhistory.org/ Newtown Historical Society]
* [http://www.newtownbee.com/ ''The Newtown Bee'' weekly newspaper]
* [http://www.thenewtownermagazine.com/ ''The Newtowner: An Arts and Literary Magazine'']
* [http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?brd=1380 ''Voices'' newspaper]
* [http://www.chboothlibrary.org/ Cyrenius H. Booth Library (public library)]

{{Connecticut}}
{{Fairfield County, Connecticut}}

[[Category:Newtown, Connecticut|*]]
[[Category:Towns in Fairfield County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1705]]

[[ca:Newtown (Connecticut)]]
[[es:Newtown (Connecticut)]]
[[fr:Newtown (Connecticut)]]
[[it:Newtown (Connecticut)]]
[[ht:Newtown, Connecticut]]
[[nl:Newtown (Connecticut)]]
[[sv:Newtown, Connecticut]]
[[vo:Newtown (Connecticut)]]

Beautiful (Christina-Aguilera-Lied)

2011-11-10T16:01:20Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 91.154.99.47 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{cleanup-link rot|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Beautiful
| Cover = 02_-_Beautiful.jpg
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]]
| Album = [[Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)|Stripped]]
| B-side = "Dame Lo Que Yo Te Doy"
| Released = December 24, 2002
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" single]], [[CD single]], [[music download|digital download]]
| Recorded = 2001
| Genre = [[Soft rock]] 
| Length = 3:59
| Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]
| Writer = [[Linda Perry]]
| Producer = [[Linda Perry]]
| Last single = "[[Dirrty]]" (2002)
| This single = "'''Beautiful'''" (2002)
| Next single = "[[Fighter (song)|Fighter]]" (2003)
}}

"'''Beautiful'''" is a song written by [[Linda Perry]]. It was eventually recorded by American singer [[Christina Aguilera]] and produced by [[Linda Perry]] for Aguilera's fourth studio album, ''[[Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)|Stripped]]'' (2002). A [[cello]]-driven, [[classical music|classically]]-flavored [[ballad (music)|ballad]], it tells the story of someone who is fighting against low self-esteem and insecurity issues; its main message is about inner beauty and not letting other people's opinions and words disturb one's peace of mind.

The song was released as the album's second [[single (music)|single]] on December 24, 2002 and reached number one in several countries; becoming the most successful single from ''Stripped'', topping the charts in the United Kingdom and Canada as well as peaking at number 2 in the United States. The song was Aguilera's first top-ten hit since "Lady Marmalade" (2001).

''Beautiful'' received general acclaim from critics and has been noted as one of Aguilera's strongest singles. The song won the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] at the [[46th Grammy Awards|2004 ceremony]] and was also nominated for [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. It was ranked number fifty-two on ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s Top 100 songs of the decade.

The song also was embraced by the [[LGBT community]] as an [[gay anthem|anthem]]; and the music video gained Aguilera a [[14th_GLAAD_Media_Awards#Special_Recognition|Special Recognition GLAAD Award]] for its positive portrayal of gay and transgender people. UK [[LGBT rights]] charity [[Stonewall (UK)|Stonewall]] named ''Beautiful'' the most empowering song of the decade for LGBT people.<ref>http://www.stonewall.org.uk/media/current_releases/5511.asp</ref>

==Background and release==
[[File:ChristinaAguileraBeautiful.jpg|thumb|120px|right|Aguilera during a performance of "Beautiful" during the tour ''[[Back to Basics Tour|Back to Basics]]'']]
Perry had written "Beautiful" long before she let anyone hear it. She considered the song very dear and personal to her and was insecure about sharing it with anyone else.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} At first she had let [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] hear "Beautiful" before anyone else during their ''[[Missundaztood]]'' sessions. Pink was so impressed with the song that she had asked Perry if she could record it for her album, but Perry declined, feeling that she wanted to save it for her own singing career. A few months later, while Aguilera and Perry were recording for the ''Stripped'' session, Perry also let Aguilera listen to the song. Aguilera also very much liked the song that while Perry was playing the piano for it, Aguilera took over the vocals for the song. After that, Aguilera told Perry that she needed this song on her album. Perry was both impressed by Aguilera and confused, because even though she was blown away by her rendition of the song, she still did not want to give it up. After Aguilera continued lobbying for the song, Perry was finally convinced that Aguilera matched the song perfectly and handed it over to her.<ref>[http://www.ascap.com/playback/2003/fall/perry.html "Linda Perry, High Priestess of Pop"]. [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]. 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref>

The song was the first single from the album, but Aguilera came into disagreement with her label to release the single "[[Dirrty]]", but after the poor performance of the single, her label released the second single quickly, not to harm album sales.
The song became a massive success, becoming Aguilera's fifth number one single worldwide, and her fifth Top 10 hit in [[United States|America]]. In addition, the song topped over 20 charts worldwide. Aguilera performed "Beautiful" on various TV shows and on thes tours; [[Justified/Stripped Tour]], [[Stripped World Tour]], [[Back to Basics Tour]]. In [[United States|America]], the single was viewed as a comeback single, due to the slight underperformance of her previous single, [[Dirrty]], on the American charts, both released on a [[12"]] format. As with "[[Genie in a Bottle]]", which was re-recorded as "Genie 2.0" and performed at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]], Aguilera has re-recorded "Beautiful" in an [[electronic music|electronic]] style for inclusion alongside the original version on her [[greatest hits]] album ''[[Keeps Gettin' Better - A Decade of Hits]]'' with the name "You Are What You Are (Beautiful)".

"Beautiful" was released to American radio station on December 24, 2002. The single was released as a 12" single, and released as a CD Single later in late 2003. "Beautiful" was released on March 3, 2003 in the [[United Kingdom]] also as a 12" single. Also, the instrumental version of the song were accompanied by a remix of "Beautiful" made by Peter Rauhofer. In addition, another CD Single was released in Europe in late 2003. It included remixes by Peter Rauhofer, Brother Brown, and Tom Mandolini.

==Composition==
{{Listen|filename =Christina Aguilera - Beautiful.ogg|title ="Beautiful"|description =A sample of the song, where Aguilera sings the motivational verses "You're beautiful, no matter what they say".}}

"Beautiful" is a gentle ballad composed in the key of [[E-flat major|E♭ major]].<ref name="sheet">Sheet music for "Beautiful". Famous Music. 2002.</ref> It moves at a slow 78 [[beats per minute]].<ref name="sheet"/> Aguilera's [[vocal range]] spans over two octaves from E♭3 to G5.<ref name="sheet"/> She uses several [[melisma]]s in the song, fitting as many as seven notes in one syllable.<ref name="sheet"/>
The song was recorded in one take and as a demo version, the version on this album and the single is a demo version.

==Critical reception==
"Beautiful" received very positive reviews from music critics. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' found it to be a highlight of ''Stripped'', finding it "more restrained" than the rest of the album.<ref>Browne, David. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384149~4~0~stripped,00.html "Stripped (Music - Christina Aguilera)"]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. October 28, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> [[Stylus Magazine]] described the song as "a typical ballad that actually tastefully reins in Aguilera's frequent vocal acrobatics".<ref name="stylus">Burns, Todd. [http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/christina-aguilera/stripped.htm "Christina Aguilera - Stripped - Review"]. ''[[Stylus Magazine]]''. January 9, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> "Beautiful" received critical praise from some critics, appreciating how Aguilera and Perry released an opposite genre than the previous single, "[[Dirrty]]'. Some critics felt the change in Aguilera's style was too fast, but most appreciated her toying with her image. "I'm truly proud of that song. To me it almost sounds like a Beatles song. I was trying to write a song that affected everybody -- this almost desperate cry that 'I am beautiful, no matter what you say," Linda Perry once stated in an interview. Paul Bryant, music director of influential New York top 40 station Z-100, praised the track, saying "Beautiful' is hands-down a runaway number one record. It's taken her to the next level and given her more respect in the adult community. It's just a classic ballad."<ref>http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,410794~4~0~whychristinaaguilerais,00.html</ref>

==Commercial performance==
According to Perry, she and Aguilera's management had recommended "Beautiful" as the [[lead single]] from ''Stripped'' but that Aguilera insisted on releasing "[[Dirrty]]" instead.<ref name="dirrty">Hiatt, Brian. [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384172,00.html "Rump Shaken"]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', issue 680. November 1, 2002. Retrieved June 15, 2007.</ref> [[RCA Records]] stated that it had agreed with Aguilera to release "Dirrty" to attract attention;<ref name="dirrty"/> when the song only reached number 48 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] however was successful elsewhere reaching #1 in the UK, "Beautiful" was rush-released as the second single.<ref name="stylus"/> The song peaked at number two on the U.S. Hot 100 largely because of its strong radio airplay; it was released as a 12" [[maxi single]] and at the time sales of this format were much lower than those of regular CD and CD maxi singles. "Beautiful" stayed in the U.S. Top Ten for 12 weeks, and topped many other ''Billboard'' magazine charts. In particular, it peaked at number 1 on [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Adult Contemporary]], [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]] and [[Hot Dance Club Songs]], number 9 on [[Adult Top 40|Adult Pop Songs]] and number 2 on [[Hot 100 Airplay]].<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/song/christina-aguilera/beautiful/4271739 Chart History of Beautiful - Christina Aguilera]</ref> It was equally successful elsewhere, and reached number one on the charts in the UK (where it was her fourth number-one single), [[Australia]] (where it was her first) and [[Canada]] (where it was her second). In New Zealand, it peaked at number one too, and with 13 weeks in the Top 10, it became the 60th most successful song of all time there.<ref>[http://charts.org.nz/bestall.asp charts.org.nz - New Zealand charts portal]</ref> "Beautiful" was released in the [[U.S.]] on December 24, 2002, and peaked at #2 on Billboard [[Hot 100]], staying on the chart for 27 weeks.

The single proved to be another international phenomenon for Aguilera, entering the Top 5 in almost every [[Europe]]an country it was released in, including [[Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Ireland]], and [[Austria]]. "Beautiful" stayed on the charts in [[Germany]] for 11 weeks, and for 42 weeks in [[Argentina]]'s Top 100 Airplay, at #1. In the Pacific, "Beautiful" peaked at number one on the [[Australian Singles Chart]], and got a Platinum certification by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] for shipments of 70,000.<ref>http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-2002.htm</ref> In [[New Zealand]], the single also peaked at #1, staying on the chart for 22 weeks. It was eventually certified [[Gold]] there. In 2004 "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for [[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]], and Linda Perry received a nomination for [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. The song was ranked number two in the "Readers' Top Ten Singles" list at the 2004 [[Rolling Stone]] Music Awards, and its video was also placed at number two in the "Best Video, Readers' Pick" category. The video was the recipient of the "Popular Female Video" award at the 2003 Channel [V] Thailand Music Video Awards. A [[remix]] of "Beautiful" by [[Peter Rauhofer]] won a 2003 HX Award for "Dance Song of the Year". "Beautiful" went on to become one of the most played songs of the decade, with an audience impression of more than 6 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]].<ref>http://www.mmr247.com/mmrweb/Reports/Reg/EMD.asp?SOngID=1245485&NumDays=7</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:Beautiful - Christina.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Aguilera during a performance of "Beauitful" holding the [[flag of Ireland]], where having origins.]]
In 2003, Aguilera performed on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', wearing a black gown, a black fedora, and black heels. She performed while sitting on a stool. "Beautiful" has been performed by Aguilera at a number of shows. The song was also performed on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' in 2004. The performance starts with the introduction, with Aguilera standing up or sitting on a stool while performing. She performed a stripped down version on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''. In 2006, Aguilera performed it on ''[[Good Morning America]]''. The performance was slightly different than usual, because Aguilera no longer had the image she previously had in "Stripped". During her ''[[Back to Basics (Christina Aguilera album)|Back to Basics]]'' era, she dyed her hair cherry blonde and wore it in thick curls. The performance was [[Concert|live]]. The song was a major part in the [[Back to Basics Tour]], and on Aguilera's [[Stripped World Tour]]. At the end of the song the instrumental of the song is usually played while Aguilera is exiting the stage, previous to when she waves thank you to the audience and bows. In 2008 Aguilera performed the song at the CNN Heroes Tribute Telecast. Aguilera received a [[standing ovation]] at the end of the performance. In December 2010 Aguilera performed "Beautiful" as a duet with [[List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 7)#Rebecca Ferguson|Rebecca Ferguson]], a finalist on UK reality television show [[The X Factor (UK series 7)|The X Factor]]. On June 28, 2011, Aguilera performed "Beautiful" with [[Beverly McClellan]], a finalist on [[NBC]] reality show [[The Voice (U.S. TV series)|The Voice]]; the following week, that version of the song debuted at #74 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart,<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/column-chartbeat/who-won-the-billboard-chart-battle-idol-1005268092.story</ref> and at #52 on the digital songs chart, after selling 42,000 downloads on [[iTunes]].<ref>http://www.billboard.com/news/beyonce-notches-4th-billboard-200-no-1-with-1005264652.story#/news/beyonce-notches-4th-billboard-200-no-1-with-1005264652.story</ref>

==Music video==
The song's [[music video]] was directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]]. The video opens with Aguilera speaking the line "Don't look at me", followed by scenes of her singing alone in a room intercut with [[self image]]-related sequences of other people. An [[underweight]] girl examines herself in a [[mirror]], eventually punching through it; a skinny boy stands [[Weight training|lifting weights]] in a room plastered with images of [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]]; and a girl rips out pages of [[list of women's magazines|women's magazines]] and throws them into a fire. In one sequence, a girl is [[bullying|bullied]] by several peers, and in another, a [[goth subculture|goth]] with piercings sits at the back of a bus while several people get up and move. The video also touches on [[LGBT]] issues. One scene features a [[homosexuality|gay]] couple, portrayed by Jordan Shannon and Justin Croft, kissing on a bench and ignoring the stares of people who pass them.<ref name="video">[http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3283 "Christina Aguilera to be Honored at 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka in Los Angeles"]. [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]. February 8, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> Another scene shows a [[transvestite]] MTF, played by Robert Sherman, putting on makeup, a wig, and women's clothing.<ref name="video"/>

The music video was successful on video chart programs. It debuted on [[MTV]]'s [[Total Request Live]] on December 9, 2002 at number two.<ref>[http://www.atrl.net/trlarchive/?s=debuts "The TRL Archive - Debuts"]. ATRL. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> It was unable to reach the top of the countdown but remained on it for fifty days and retired at number six on February 25, 2003.<ref>[http://www.atrl.net/trlarchive/?s=halloffame "The TRL Archive - Hall of Fame"]. ATRL. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> The video topped [[MuchMusic]]'s [[Countdown (MuchMusic TV series)|Countdown]] for two consecutive weeks and remained on the countdown for fifteen weeks.<ref name="t40c">[http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=5617&sort=chartid "Christina Aguilera Beautiful"]. Top40-Charts.com. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> The video received a Special Recognition award, presented by [[David LaChapelle]], from the [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] at its [[14th GLAAD Media Awards|14th annual media awards]].<ref name="glaad">[http://www.glaad.org/media/release_detail.php?id=3359 "Eric McCormack, Todd Haynes, Christina Aguilera, The Hours, Six Feet Under Honored at 14th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Presented by Absolut Vodka in Los Angeles"]. [[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]. April 26, 2003. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> After an [[a cappella]] performance of the song, Aguilera stated in her acceptance speech that "this song is definitely a universal message that everybody can relate to - anyone that's been [[discrimination|discriminated]] against or unaccepted, unappreciated or disrespected just because of who you are."<ref name="glaad"/> The video became an instant hit on [[MTV]] and other music video channels.

==Cover versions==
[[Daniel Franzese]], who plays Damian in the 2004 teen comedy film ''[[Mean Girls]]'', covered the song in the Christmas talent show scene. [[Elvis Costello]] covered the song specifically for the ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' episode "Autopsy".<ref>Bundy, Brill and Porter, Rick. [http://tv.zap2it.com/tveditorial/tve_main/1,1002,271%7c96656%7c1%7c,00.html "Press Tour Tidbits: Brett Ratner 'Loves' Naked Men"]. [[Tribune Media Services]]. July 29, 2005. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> ''[[MADtv]]'' parodied the music video as "Virginal", with [[Christina Moore]] portraying Aguilera. In the video, Aguilera becomes "virginal" after everyone tires of her sleazy image (the last straw being the "[[Dirrty]]" video), and declares that she will go back to being a whore if her born-again virgin image does not sell.<ref>Episode 815, ''[[MADtv]]'' (15 February 2003).</ref> Angy Fernandez sang it in the first season of the Spanish version of ''[[Factor X (Spain)|Factor X]]''. It was also covered by [[Gloria Gaynor]] in the British television program ''[[Hit Me Baby One More Time]]'', where she performed a [[disco]] version of the song. Alex Parks winner of [[BBC TV]]'s "[[Fame Academy]]" also recorded a version for her 2003 debut album and appeared as a b-side to her first single "[[Maybe That's What It Takes]]". [[Amber Riley]], who plays [[Mercedes Jones]] on the television series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'', covered in the episode "[[Home (Glee)|Home]]". [[David Walliams]] sang it to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], played by [[Anthony Head]], in an episode of ''[[Little Britain]]''. In "Believe the Unseen", an episode of ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' that first aired on January 10, 2008, the song is performed a capella by a young girl with [[Leber's congenital amaurosis]]. ''[[Australian Idol 2006]]'' runner up [[Jessica Mauboy]] performed a cover during the Top 10 show #1 Hits, which received much praise from the judges and audience. She then went on to release a cover of "Beautiful" for her ''Australian Idol: The Journey'' album which was released as a single but never was charted.

In addition, guitarists [[Richard Fortus]] and [[Robin Finck]] of [[Guns N' Roses]] covered "Beautiful" instrumentally for the early shows of Guns N' Roses' 2006 tour. It was covered by [[Kenny G]] and [[Chaka Khan]] for Kenny G's ''[[At Last...The Duets Album]]''. [[Clem Snide]] covered the song as the title track to its 2004 ''[[A Beautiful EP]]''. Bob Ricci recorded a parody of the song called "Unhackable" for his 2008 album ''Bob's Gone Wild''. The band Hunchback recorded a cover version for their album ''Pray For Scars'' which features Michael Gerald from [[Killdozer (band)|Killdozer]]. [[The Zutons]] performed a cover of the song for [[BBC Radio 1]]'s [[Live Lounge]]. Israeli punk band Make It Rain often play a cover version in their shows. [[The Lemonheads]] cover the song on their album ''[[Varshons]]'' (2009). [[Suede (band)|Suede]] singer [[Brett Anderson]] performed a version of the song on piano, which was uploaded to his official [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/suede/25538 "Brett Anderson in Christina Aguilera shock"]. [[NME.com]]. 19 Dec 2006</ref> [[Krezip]] performed this song as part of their unplugged "PURE" session for music channel The Box. This recording is available on CD and DVD "That'll be unpugged". [[Sandra Bernhard]] did an own version as the opening song to her 2007 comedy show "[[Everything Bad & Beautiful]]". In the end, after she sings a medley of "[[Just Like a Pill]]" by [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] and "Kiss Me Deadly" by [[Lita Ford]], she repeats the line "so don't you bring me down today". [[Katharine McPhee]] performs the song on [[NBC|NBC's]] upcoming show ''[[Smash (TV series)|Smash]]''.<ref>http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2011/05/reviewing_the_nbc_upfront.html</ref>

Aguilera's rendition was later mocked by Pink during her 2004 [[Try This Tour]]. During the tour, Pink performs a solo version of [[Lady_marmalade#Moulin_Rouge.21_cover|Lady Marmalade]] with four [[sex doll|blow up dolls]] resembling herself, [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mýa]] and Aguilera. Along with her background dancers, Pink performs several aggressive sexual acts with the dolls. As the song flows to Aguilera's verse, Pink stops the performance abruptly and states to the crowd, "I want you guys to see this face". She then begins to improv the chorus of "Beautiful", stating, "You are beautiful, no matter what I say."<ref>{{cite video |people=Moore, Alecia |date=2004-03-15 |title=P!nk-Lady Marmalade-Try This Tour-Koln-2004 |url= http://sites.google.com/site/pinkundaztood/media/Pink-LadyMarmalade-TryThisTour-KolnGermany2004.mp3|format=MP3 |medium=Audio |language= |publisher= |location=Cologne, Germany |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate= |time=1:55 |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref>

On October 5, 2010, several hundred people gathered in front of the [[Massachusetts State House]] and sang ''Beautiful'' as a tribute to the teenagers that committed suicide due to anti-gay bullying during the previous months.<ref>http://jointheimpactma.com/?p=715</ref> And in March 2011, the Columbus Children's Choir and Columbus Gay Men's Chorus joined to perform the song as a contribution to the [[It Gets Better Project]].<ref>http://www.afterelton.com/other/2011/04/it-gets-better-columbus-gay-mens-chorus</ref> On November 2011, teenage singer [[Savannah Robinson]] recorded a version of the song and released an anti-bullying video for it on her [[Youtube]] channel.<ref>http://www.homorazzi.com/article/savannah-robinson-video-bullying-beautiful-christina-aguilera-anderson-cooper/</ref>

On October 11, 2011, [[China Anne McClain]] released a cover of "Beautiful" from the [[A.N.T. Farm (soundtrack)]].

==Track listings and formats==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;U.S. 12" single
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer remix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich Next Level mix)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin club mix)

;U.S. digital download
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin radio mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer short club)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown mixshow)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown Divine mix)
# "Beautiful" (Al B Rich Next Level mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer Beautiful theme)
# "Beautiful" (Valentin club mix)
# "Beautiful" (Peter Rauhofer extended club)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown dub)
{{col-2}}
;Australian CD single
# "Beautiful"
# "Dame Lo Que Yo Te Doy"
# "Beautiful" (video)

;Canadian CD single
# "Beautiful"
# "Dame Lo Que Yo Te Doy"

;UK CD single
# "Beautiful (album version)"
# "[[Dirrty]] (MaUVe Mix)"
# "Beautiful" (video)

;UK 12" single
# "Beautiful" (Shanghai Surprise mix)
# "Beautiful" (Tom Mandolini mix)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown mixshow)
# "Beautiful" (Brother Brown Divine mix)

;A.N.T. Farm: Beautiful
tracks from CD
1. Beautiful
{{col-end}}

==Credits and personnel==
* Writer: [[Linda Perry]]
* Lead vocals: Christina Aguilera
* [[Record producer|Producer]]: Linda Perry
* [[Recording engineer]]: Linda Perry
* [[Bass guitar]]: Linda Perry
* [[Cello]]: Richard Dodd
* [[Drum kit|Drums]]: [[Brian MacLeod (U.S. musician)|Brian MacLeod]]
* [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboards]]: Damon Fox
* [[Piano]]: Linda Perry
* [[Violin]]: [[Eric Gorfain]]
* [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|Audio mixer]]: Dave Pensado

==Charts, certification and procession==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Charts (2003/2011)<ref>{{cite web | title=Chart data | publisher=swisscharts.com | year=2002 | url=http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Christina+Aguilera&titel=Beautiful&cat=s | accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref>
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Australia|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|5|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Flanders)|3|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Belgium (Wallonia)|18|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Canada|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|artistid=325726}}
|-
{{singlechart|Denmark|9|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|France|27|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|4|artist=Aguilera,Christina|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Hungary|6|year=2003|week=19|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|week=10|year=2003}}
|-
{{singlechart|Italy|8|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|2|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|4|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|5|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|3|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|7|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful}}
|-
{{singlechart|UKchartstats|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|songid=30662}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|2|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|artistid=325726}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|artistid=325726}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboarddanceclubplay|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|artistid=325726}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|1|artist=Christina Aguilera|song=Beautiful|artistid=325726}}
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{certification Table Top}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=Australia|artist=Christina Aguilera|title=Beautiful|award=Platinum|certyear=2003|relyear=2002|autocat=yes|accessdate=16 September 2011}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=New Zealand|artist=Christina Aguilera|title=Beautiful|award=Gold|certyear=2003|certmonth=6|relyear=2002|autocat=yes}}
{{certification Table Entry|type=single|region=United States|artist=Christina Aguilera|title=Beautiful|award=Gold|certyear=2006|certmonth=3|relyear=2003|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|format=3col|nounspecified=yes}}
{{col-end}}

===End of year charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Country
!align="center"|Position
|-
|align="left"|Australia<ref name="ariayear">{{cite web | author=Australian Recording Industry Association | title=ARIA charts — End of year charts | publisher=aria.com.au | year=2003 | url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2003.htm | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|Austria<ref>{{cite web | title=Austrian year-end chart | publisher=austriancharts.at | year=2003| url=http://www.austriancharts.at/2003_single.asp | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|45
|-
|align="left"|Germany<ref>{{cite web | author=Universität Würzburg | title=German year-end chart | publisher=ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de | year=2003 | url=http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu2003/deu_2003t.html | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|56
|-
|align="left"|Ireland<ref>http://www.irma.ie/best2003.htm</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|Netherlands<ref>http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2003&cat=s</ref>
|align="center"|35
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web | author=Record Industry Association of New Zealand | title= Annual Top 50 Singles Chart 2003 | publisher=RIANZ | year=2003 | url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp | accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Switzerland<ref>{{cite web | author=Hit Parade | title=Swiss year-end chart | publisher=swisscharts.com | year=2003 | url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=2003| accessdate=2009-01-10}}</ref>
|align="center"|66
|-
|align="left"|United Kingdom<ref>http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/yearly%20best%20selling%20singles.pdf</ref>
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|United States<ref>{{cite web|url =http://longboredsurfer.com/charts/2003.php|title =''Billboard'' Top 100 – 2003|publisher =Longboredsurfer.com|accessdate =2010-12-29}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|}

==={{anchor|Chart procession and succesion}}Chart procession and succession===
{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-prec|Chart procession and succession}}}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Lose Yourself]]" by [[Eminem]]
| title = [[Top 40 Mainstream|US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream]] [[Top 40 Mainstream number-one hits of 2003 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = January 11, 2003 - February 8, 2003 (4 weeks)
| after = "[[I'm with You (song)|I'm with You]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All the Things She Said]]" by [[t.A.T.u.]]
| title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[Number-one singles of 2003 (Ireland)|number-one single]]
| years = March 1, 2003 - March 29, 2003 (4 weeks)
| after = "[[Tonight/Miss You Nights|Tonight]]"/"[[Tonight/Miss You Nights|Miss You Nights]]" by [[Westlife]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Lose Yourself" by Eminem
| title = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles in Australia in 2003|number-one single]]
| years = March 2, 2003
| after = "[[Lost Without You]]" by [[Delta Goodrem]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "All the Things She Said" by t.A.T.u.
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)#2003|number-one single]]
| years = March 8, 2003 – March 21, 2003 (2 weeks)
| after = "[[Spirit in the Sky]]" by [[Gareth Gates]] featuring [[The Kumars]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Ketchup Song]]" by [[Las Ketchup]]
| title = [[Canadian Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = March 15, 2003
| after = "[[I Drove All Night]]" by [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "All The Things She Said" by t.A.T.u.
| title = [[RIANZ|New Zealand Singles Chart]] [[list of number-one singles in 2003 (New Zealand)|number-one single]]
| years = March 23, 2003
| after = "[[All I Have (song)|All I Have]]" by [[Jennifer Lopez]] featuring [[LL Cool J]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Game of Love (Santana song)|The Game of Love]]" by [[Santana (band)|Santana]] featuring [[Michelle Branch]]
| title = [[Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary]] [[list of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2003 (U.S.)|number-one single]]
| years = April 19, 2003 - May 17, 2003 (5 weeks)
| after = "The Game of Love" by Santana featuring Michelle Branch
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Try It on My Own]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play|US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play]] [[number-one dance hits of 2003 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = April 19, 2003
| after = "[[On a High]]" by [[Duncan Sheik]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hijas del Tomate|Kusha las payas]]" by Las Ketchup
| title = [[Romanian Top 100]] [[Number-one Hits of 2003 (Romania)|number-one single]]
| years = April 21, 2003
| after = "Nina Piensa En Ti" by [[Los Caños (band)|Los Caños]]
}}
{{end}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year
!align="left"|Ceremony
!align="left"|Award
!align="left"|Result
|-
|align="left"|2003
|align="left"|[[MTV Europe Music Awards]]
|align="left"|Best Song
|align="left"|Nominated
|-
|align="left"|2003
|align="left"|Channel [V] Thailand Music Video Awards
|align="left"|Popular Female Video
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2003
|align="left"|Teen.com Award
|align="left"|Best Song Female Artist
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|[[Grammy Awards]]
|align="left"|Song of the Year
|align="left"|Nominated
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|Grammy Awards
|align="left"|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|Grammy Awards
|align="left"|Best Remixed Recording
|align="left"|Nominated
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|Groovevolt Music & Fashion Awards
|align="left"|Song of the Year
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|Groovevolt Music & Fashion Awards
|align="left"|Video of the Year
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|[[ASCAP Pop Music Awards]]
|align="left"|Best Song
|align="left"|Won
|-
|align="left"|2004
|align="left"|HX Awards
|align="left"|Dance Song of the Year
|align="left"|Won
|-
|}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
!Date
!Format
|-
|United States
|rowspan="1"|December 24, 2002
|rowspan="2"|[[CD Single]]
|-
|United Kingdom
|rowspan="1"|March 3, 2003
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vevo.com/watch/christina-aguilera/beautiful/USRV80400020 "Beautiful" music video] at [[Vevo]]

{{Christina Aguilera singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera Song)}}
[[Category:2000s ballads]]
[[Category:2000s pop songs]]
[[Category:2002 singles]]
[[Category:2003 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written by Linda Perry]]
[[Category:Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:LGBT-related songs]]

[[cbk-zam:Beautiful]]
[[es:Beautiful]]
[[fa:زیبا (ترانه کریستینا آگیلرا)]]
[[fr:Beautiful (chanson de Christina Aguilera)]]
[[it:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera)]]
[[he:Beautiful (כריסטינה אגילרה)]]
[[nl:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera)]]
[[pl:Beautiful (singel)]]
[[pt:Beautiful (canção de Christina Aguilera)]]
[[ru:Beautiful (песня Кристины Агилеры)]]
[[simple:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)]]
[[tr:Beautiful (Christina Aguilera şarkısı)]]
[[vi:Beautiful (bài hát của Christina Aguilera)]]

Beautiful (Christina-Aguilera-Lied)

2011-11-10T15:49:58Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 91.154.99.47 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

Benutzer:Mayur/huggle.css

2011-10-18T17:52:45Z

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Benutzer:JonskiC/Kleinste-Quadrate-Schätzung

2011-10-11T14:47:54Z

Mayur: Reverted edits by 193.55.103.229 (talk) editing tests or vandalism (HG)

The method of '''least squares''' is a standard approach to the approximate solution of [[overdetermined system]]s, i.e., sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns. "Least squares" means that the overall solution minimizes the sum of the squares of the errors made in solving every single equation.

The most important application is in [[curve fitting|data fitting]]. The best fit in the least-squares sense minimizes the sum of squared [[errors and residuals in statistics|residuals]], a residual being the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model. When the problem has substantial uncertainties in the [[independent variable]] (the 'x' variable), then simple regression and least squares methods have problems; in such cases, the methodology required for fitting [[errors-in-variables models]] may be considered instead of that for least squares.

Least squares problems fall into two categories: linear or [[ordinary least squares]] and [[non-linear least squares]], depending on whether or not the residuals are linear in all unknowns. The linear least-squares problem occurs in statistical [[regression analysis]]; it has a closed-form solution. A closed-form solution (or [[closed-form expression]]) is any formula that can be evaluated in a finite number of standard operations. The non-linear problem has no closed-form solution and is usually solved by iterative refinement; at each iteration the system is approximated by a linear one, thus the core calculation is similar in both cases.

The least-squares method was first described by [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] around 1794.<ref name=brertscher>{{cite book|author = Bretscher, Otto|title = Linear Algebra With Applications, 3rd ed.|publisher = Prentice Hall|year = 1995|location = Upper Saddle River NJ}}</ref> Least squares corresponds to the [[maximum likelihood]] criterion if the experimental errors have a [[normal distribution]] and can also be derived as a [[method of moments (statistics)|method of moments]] estimator.

The following discussion is mostly presented in terms of [[linear]] functions but the use of least-squares is valid and practical for more general families of functions. For example, the [[Fourier series]] approximation of degree ''n'' is optimal in the least-squares sense, amongst all approximations in terms of [[trigonometric polynomial]]s of degree ''n''. Also, by iteratively applying local [[quadratic approximation]] to the likelihood (through the [[Fisher information]]), the least-squares method may be used to fit a [[generalized linear model]].

[[Image:Linear least squares2.png|right|thumb|The result of fitting a set of data points with a quadratic function.]]

==History==
===Context===

The method of least squares grew out of the fields of [[astronomy]] and [[geodesy]] as scientists and mathematicians sought to provide solutions to the challenges of navigating the Earth's oceans during the [[Age of Exploration]]. The accurate description of the behavior of celestial bodies was key to enabling ships to sail in open seas where before sailors had relied on land sightings to determine the positions of their ships.

The method was the culmination of several advances that took place during the course of the eighteenth century<ref name=stigler>{{cite book
| author = Stigler, Stephen M.
| title = The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900
| publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
| year = 1986
| location = Cambridge, MA
| isbn = 0674403401
}}</ref>:

*The combination of different observations taken under the ''same'' conditions contrary to simply trying one's best to observe and record a single observation accurately. This approach was notably used by [[Tobias Mayer]] while studying the [[libration]]s of the moon.
*The combination of different observations as being the best estimate of the true value; errors decrease with aggregation rather than increase, perhaps first expressed by [[Roger Cotes]].
*The combination of different observations taken under ''different'' conditions as notably performed by [[Roger Joseph Boscovich]] in his work on the shape of the earth and [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] in his work in explaining the differences in motion of [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]].
*The development of a criterion that can be evaluated to determine when the solution with the minimum error has been achieved, developed by Laplace in his ''Method of Least Squares''.

===The method===

[[File:Bendixen - Carl Friedrich Gauß, 1828.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]]]

[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] is credited with developing the fundamentals of the basis for least-squares analysis in 1795 at the age of eighteen. [[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre]] was the first to publish the method, however.

An early demonstration of the strength of Gauss's method came when it was used to predict the future location of the newly discovered asteroid [[Ceres (asteroid)|Ceres]]. On January 1, 1801, the Italian astronomer [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] discovered Ceres and was able to track its path for 40 days before it was lost in the glare of the sun. Based on this data, astronomers desired to determine the location of Ceres after it emerged from behind the sun without solving the complicated [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|Kepler's nonlinear equations]] of planetary motion. The only predictions that successfully allowed Hungarian astronomer [[Franz Xaver von Zach]] to relocate Ceres were those performed by the 24-year-old Gauss using least-squares analysis.

Gauss did not publish the method until 1809, when it appeared in volume two of his work on celestial mechanics, ''Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium''.
In 1822, Gauss was able to state that the least-squares approach to regression analysis is optimal in the sense that in a linear model where the errors have a mean of zero, are uncorrelated, and have equal variances, the best linear unbiased estimator of the coefficients is the least-squares estimator. This result is known as the [[Gauss–Markov theorem]].

The idea of least-squares analysis was also independently formulated by the Frenchman [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] in 1805 and the American [[Robert Adrain]] in 1808. In the next two centuries workers in the theory of errors and in statistics found many different ways of implementing least squares.<ref>See {{ cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.1998.tb00406.x|author=J. Aldrich|year=1998|title=Doing Least Squares: Perspectives from Gauss and Yule|journal=International Statistical Review|volume=66|issue=1|pages= 61–81}}</ref>

==Problem statement==

The objective consists of adjusting the parameters of a model function to best fit a data set. A simple data set consists of ''n'' points (data pairs) <math>(x_i,y_i)\!</math>, ''i'' = 1, ..., ''n'', where <math>x_i\!</math> is an [[independent variable]] and <math>y_i\!</math> is a [[dependent variable]] whose value is found by observation. The model function has the form <math>f(x,\beta)</math>, where the ''m'' adjustable parameters are held in the vector <math>\boldsymbol \beta</math>. The goal is to find the parameter values for the model which "best" fits the data. The least squares method finds its optimum when the sum, ''S'', of squared residuals
:<math>S=\sum_{i=1}^{n}{r_i}^2</math>
is a minimum. A [[errors and residuals in statistics|residual]] is defined as the difference between the actual value of the dependent variable and the value predicted by the model.

:<math>r_i=y_i-f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)</math>.

An example of a model is that of the straight line. Denoting the intercept as <math>\beta_0</math> and the slope as <math>\beta_1</math>, the model function is given by <math>f(x,\boldsymbol \beta)=\beta_0+\beta_1 x</math>. See [[Linear_least_squares_(mathematics)#Motivational_example|linear least squares]] for a fully worked out example of this model.

A data point may consist of more than one independent variable. For an example, when fitting a plane to a set of height measurements, the plane is a function of two independent variables, ''x'' and ''z'', say. In the most general case there may be one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables at each data point. 

== Limitations ==
This regression formulation considers only residuals in the dependent variable. There is an implicit assumption that errors in the [[independent variable]] are zero or strictly controlled so as to be negligible. When errors in the [[independent variable]] are non-negligible, models of measurement error can be used; such methods are more [[robust statistics|robust]] for [[parameter estimation]] than for [[hypothesis testing]] or for computing [[confidence interval]]s.<ref> Along with standard statistical methods for estimating measurement-error models, one may fit a model by [[total least squares]].</ref>

==Solving the least squares problem==

The [[Maxima and minima|minimum]] of the sum of squares is found by setting the [[gradient]] to zero. Since the model contains ''m'' parameters there are ''m'' gradient equations.

:<math>\frac{\partial S}{\partial \beta_j}=2\sum_i r_i\frac{\partial r_i}{\partial \beta_j}=0,\ j=1,\ldots,m</math>

and since <math>r_i=y_i-f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)\,</math> the gradient equations become

:<math>-2\sum_i \frac{\partial f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)}{\partial \beta_j} r_i=0,\ j=1,\ldots,m</math>.

The gradient equations apply to all least squares problems. Each particular problem requires particular expressions for the model and its partial derivatives.

=== Linear least squares ===

{{main|Linear_least_squares_(mathematics)|l1=Linear least squares}}

A regression model is a linear one when the model comprises a [[linear combination]] of the parameters, i.e.

:<math> f(x_i, \beta) = \sum_{j = 1}^{m} \beta_j \phi_j(x_{i})</math>

where the coefficients, <math>\phi_{j}</math>, are functions of <math> x_{i} </math>.

Letting

:<math> X_{ij}= \frac{\partial f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)}{\partial \beta_j}= \phi_j(x_{i}) . \, </math>

we can then see that in that case the least square estimate (or estimator, in the context of a random sample), <math> \boldsymbol \beta</math> is given by

:<math> \boldsymbol{\hat\beta} =( X ^TX)^{-1}X^{T}\boldsymbol y.</math>

For a derivation of this estimate see [[Linear least squares]].

====Functional analysis====

{{See also|Fourier series|Generalized Fourier series}}

A generalization to approximation of a data set is the approximation of a function by a sum of other functions, usually an [[orthogonal functions|orthogonal set]]:<ref name=Lanczos>

{{cite book |title=Applied analysis |author=Cornelius Lanczos |pages =212–213 |isbn=048665656X |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |edition=Reprint of 1956 Prentice-Hall |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6E85hExIqHYC&pg=PA212}}

</ref>

:<math>f(x) \approx f_n (x) = a_1 \phi _1 (x) + a_2 \phi _2(x) + \cdots + a_n \phi _n (x), \ </math>

with the set of functions {<math>\ \phi _j (x) </math>} an [[Orthonormal_set#Real-valued_functions|orthonormal set]] over the interval of interest, {{nowrap|say [a, b]}}: see also [[Fejér's theorem]]. The coefficients {<math>\ a_j </math>} are selected to make the magnitude of the difference ||{{nowrap|''f − f ''''n'' }}||2 as small as possible. For example, the magnitude, or norm, of a function {{nowrap|''g'' (''x'' )}} over the {{nowrap|interval [a, b]}} can be defined by:<ref name=Folland>

{{cite book |title=Fourier analysis and its application |page =69 |chapter=Equation 3.14 |author=Gerald B Folland |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ix2iCQ-o9x4C&pg=PA69 |isbn=0821847902 |publisher=American Mathematical Society Bookstore |year=2009 |edition=Reprint of Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole 1992}}

</ref>

:<math> \|g\| = \left(\int_a^b g^*(x)g(x) \, dx \right)^{1/2} </math>

where the ‘*’ denotes complex conjugate in the case of complex functions. The extension of Pythagoras' theorem in this manner leads to [[function space]]s and the notion of [[Lebesgue measure]], an idea of “space” more general than the original basis of Euclidean geometry. The {{nowrap|{ <math>\phi_j (x)\ </math> } }} satisfy [[Orthogonal#Orthogonal_functions|orthonormality relations]]:<ref name=Folland2>

{{cite book |title=cited work |page =69 |chapter=Equation 3.17 |author=Gerald B Folland |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ix2iCQ-o9x4C&pg=PA69 |isbn=0821847902 |date=2009-01-13 }}

</ref>

:<math> \int_a^b \phi _i^* (x)\phi _j (x) \, dx =\delta_{ij},</math>

where ''δ''''ij'' is the [[Kronecker delta]]. Substituting function {{nowrap|''f''''n''}} into these equations then leads to
the ''n''-dimensional [[Pythagorean theorem]]:<ref name=Wood>

{{cite book |title=Statistical methods: the geometric approach |author= David J. Saville, Graham R. Wood |chapter=§2.5 Sum of squares |page=30 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8ummgMVRev0C&pg=PA30 |isbn=0387975179 |year=1991 |edition=3rd |publisher=Springer}}

</ref>

:<math>\|f_n\|^2 = |a_1|^2 + |a_2|^2 + \cdots + |a_n|^2. \, </math>

The coefficients {''aj''} making {{nowrap begin}}||''f − fn''||2{{nowrap end}} as small as possible are found to be:<ref name=Lanczos/>

:<math>a_j = \int_a^b \phi _j^* (x)f (x) \, dx. </math>

The generalization of the ''n''-dimensional Pythagorean theorem to ''infinite-dimensional '' [[real number|real]] inner product spaces is known as [[Parseval's identity]] or Parseval's equation.<ref name=Folland3>

{{cite book |title=cited work |page =77 |chapter=Equation 3.22 |author=Gerald B Folland |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ix2iCQ-o9x4C&pg=PA77 |isbn=0821847902 |date=2009-01-13 }}

</ref> Particular examples of such a representation of a function are the [[Fourier series]] and the [[generalized Fourier series]].

=== Non-linear least squares ===

{{main|Non-linear least squares}}

There is no closed-form solution to a non-linear least squares problem. Instead, numerical algorithms are used to find the value of the parameters <math>\beta</math> which minimize the objective. Most algorithms involve choosing initial values for the parameters. Then, the parameters are refined iteratively, that is, the values are obtained by successive approximation.
:<math>{\beta_j}^{k+1}={\beta_j}^k+\Delta \beta_j</math>
''k'' is an iteration number and the vector of increments, <math>\Delta \beta_j\,</math> is known as the shift vector. In some commonly used algorithms, at each iteration the model may be linearized by approximation to a first-order [[Taylor series]] expansion about <math> \boldsymbol \beta^k\!</math>

:<math>
\begin{align}
f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta) & = f^k(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta) +\sum_j \frac{\partial f(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)}{\partial \beta_j} \left(\beta_j-{\beta_j}^k \right) \\
& = f^k(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta) +\sum_j J_{ij} \Delta\beta_j.
\end{align}
</math>

The [[Jacobian matrix and determinant|Jacobian]], '''J''', is a function of constants, the independent variable ''and'' the parameters, so it changes from one iteration to the next. The residuals are given by

:<math>r_i=y_i- f^k(x_i,\boldsymbol \beta)- \sum_{j=1}^{m} J_{ij}\Delta\beta_j=\Delta y_i- \sum_{j=1}^{m} J_{ij}\Delta\beta_j</math>.

To minimize the sum of squares of <math>r_i</math>, the gradient equation is set to zero and solved for <math> \Delta \beta_j\!</math>

:<math>-2\sum_{i=1}^{n}J_{ij} \left( \Delta y_i-\sum_{j=1}^{m} J_{ij}\Delta \beta_j \right)=0</math>

which, on rearrangement, become ''m'' simultaneous linear equations, the '''normal equations'''.

:<math>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{k=1}^{m} J_{ij}J_{ik}\Delta \beta_k=\sum_{i=1}^{n} J_{ij}\Delta y_i \qquad (j=1,\ldots,m)\,</math>

The normal equations are written in matrix notation as

:<math>\mathbf{\left(J^TJ\right)\Delta \boldsymbol \beta=J^T\Delta y}.\,</math>


These are the defining equations of the [[Gauss–Newton algorithm]].

=== Differences between linear and non-linear least squares ===

* The model function, ''f'', in LLSQ (linear least squares) is a linear combination of parameters of the form <math>f = X_{i1}\beta_1 + X_{i2}\beta_2 +\cdots</math> The model may represent a straight line, a parabola or any other linear combination of functions. In NLLSQ (non-linear least squares) the parameters appear as functions, such as <math>\beta^2, e^{\beta x}</math> and so forth. If the derivatives <math>\partial f /\partial \beta_j</math> are either constant or depend only on the values of the independent variable, the model is linear in the parameters. Otherwise the model is non-linear.
*Algorithms for finding the solution to a NLLSQ problem require initial values for the parameters, LLSQ does not.
*Like LLSQ, solution algorithms for NLLSQ often require that the Jacobian be calculated. Analytical expressions for the partial derivatives can be complicated. If analytical expressions are impossible to obtain either the partial derivatives must be calculated by numerical approximation or an estimate must be made of the Jacobian.
*In NLLSQ non-convergence (failure of the algorithm to find a minimum) is a common phenomenon whereas the LLSQ is globally concave so non-convergence is not an issue.
*NLLSQ is usually an iterative process. The iterative process has to be terminated when a convergence criterion is satisfied. LLSQ solutions can be computed using direct methods, although problems with large numbers of parameters are typically solved with iterative methods, such as the [[Gauss–Seidel]] method.
*In LLSQ the solution is unique, but in NLLSQ there may be multiple minima in the sum of squares.
*Under the condition that the errors are uncorrelated with the predictor variables, LLSQ yields unbiased estimates, but even under that condition NLLSQ estimates are generally biased.
These differences must be considered whenever the solution to a non-linear least squares problem is being sought.

==Least squares, regression analysis and statistics==

The methods of least squares and [[regression analysis]] are conceptually different. However, the method of least squares is often used to generate estimators and other statistics in regression analysis.

Consider a simple example drawn from physics. A spring should obey [[Hooke's law]] which states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the force, ''F'', applied to it.
:<math>f(F_i,k)=kF_i\!</math>
constitutes the model, where ''F'' is the independent variable. To estimate the [[force constant]], ''k'', a series of ''n'' measurements with different forces will produce a set of data, <math>(F_i, y_i), i=1,n\!</math>, where ''yi'' is a measured spring extension. Each experimental observation will contain some error. If we denote this error <math>\varepsilon</math>, we may specify an empirical model for our observations,

: <math> y_i = kF_i + \varepsilon_i. \, </math>

There are many methods we might use to estimate the unknown parameter ''k''. Noting that the ''n'' equations in the ''m'' variables in our data comprise an [[overdetermined system]] with one unknown and ''n'' equations, we may choose to estimate ''k'' using least squares. The sum of squares to be minimized is

:<math> S = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(y_i - kF_i\right)^2. </math>

The least squares estimate of the force constant, ''k'', is given by

:<math>\hat k=\frac{\sum_i F_i y_i}{\sum_i {F_i}^2}.</math>

Here it is assumed that application of the force '''''causes''''' the spring to expand and, having derived the force constant by least squares fitting, the extension can be predicted from Hooke's law.

In regression analysis the researcher specifies an empirical model. For example, a very common model is the straight line model which is used to test if there is a linear relationship between dependent and independent variable. If a linear relationship is found to exist, the variables are said to be [[correlated]]. However, [[Correlation_does_not_imply_causation|correlation does not prove causation]], as both variables may be correlated with other, hidden, variables, or the dependent variable may "reverse" cause the independent variables, or the variables may be otherwise spuriously correlated. For example, suppose there is a correlation between deaths by drowning and the volume of ice cream sales at a particular beach. Yet, both the number of people going swimming and the volume of ice cream sales increase as the weather gets hotter, and presumably the number of deaths by drowning is correlated with the number of people going swimming. Perhaps an increase in swimmers causes both the other variables to increase.

In order to make statistical tests on the results it is necessary to make assumptions about the nature of the experimental errors. A common (but not necessary) assumption is that the errors belong to a [[Normal distribution]]. The [[central limit theorem]] supports the idea that this is a good approximation in many cases.
* The [[Gauss–Markov theorem]]. In a linear model in which the errors have [[expectation]] zero conditional on the independent variables, are [[uncorrelated]] and have equal [[variance]]s, the best linear [[unbiased]] estimator of any linear combination of the observations, is its least-squares estimator. "Best" means that the least squares estimators of the parameters have minimum variance. The assumption of equal variance is valid when the errors all belong to the same distribution.
*In a linear model, if the errors belong to a [[Normal distribution]] the least squares estimators are also the [[maximum likelihood estimator]]s.

However, if the errors are not normally distributed, a [[central limit theorem]] often nonetheless implies that the parameter estimates will be approximately normally distributed so long as the sample is reasonably large. For this reason, given the important property that the error mean is independent of the independent variables, the distribution of the error term is not an important issue in regression analysis. Specifically, it is not typically important whether the error term follows a normal distribution.

In a least squares calculation with unit weights, or in linear regression, the variance on the ''j''th parameter,
denoted <math>\text{var}(\hat{\beta}_j)</math>, is usually estimated with

:<math>\text{var}(\hat{\beta}_j)= \sigma^2\left( \left[X^TX\right]^{-1}\right)_{jj} \approx \frac{S}{n-m}\left( \left[X^TX\right]^{-1}\right)_{jj},</math>
where the true residual variance σ2 is replaced by an estimate based on the minimised value of the sum of squares objective function ''S''. The denominator, ''n-m'', is the [[Degrees of freedom (statistics)|statistical degrees of freedom]]; see [[Degrees of freedom (statistics)#Effective degrees of freedom|effective degrees of freedom]] for generalizations.

[[Confidence limits]] can be found if the [[probability distribution]] of the parameters is known, or an asymptotic approximation is made, or assumed. Likewise statistical tests on the residuals can be made if the probability distribution of the residuals is known or assumed. The probability distribution of any linear combination of the dependent variables can be derived if the probability distribution of experimental errors is known or assumed. Inference is particularly straightforward if the errors are assumed to follow a normal distribution, which implies that the parameter estimates and residuals will also be normally distributed conditional on the values of the independent variables.

==Weighted least squares==
{{split section|Weighted least squares|date=September 2011}}
{{see also|Linear_least_squares_(mathematics)#Weighted_linear_least_squares}}
{{see also|Weighted mean}}

The expressions given above are based on the implicit assumption that the errors are uncorrelated with each other and with the independent variables and have equal variance. The [[Gauss–Markov theorem]] shows that, when this is so, <math>\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}</math> is a [[best linear unbiased estimator]] (BLUE). If, however, the measurements are uncorrelated but have different uncertainties, a modified approach might be adopted. [[Alexander Aitken|Aitken]] showed that when a weighted sum of squared residuals is minimized, <math>\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}</math> is BLUE if each weight is equal to the reciprocal of the variance of the measurement.
:<math> S = \sum_{i=1}^{n} W_{ii}{r_i}^2,\qquad W_{ii}=\frac{1}{{\sigma_i}^2} </math>
The gradient equations for this sum of squares are

:<math>-2\sum_i W_{ii}\frac{\partial f(x_i,\boldsymbol {\beta})}{\partial \beta_j} r_i=0,\qquad j=1,\ldots,n</math>

which, in a linear least squares system give the modified normal equations,

:<math>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{k=1}^{m} X_{ij}W_{ii}X_{ik}\hat{ \beta}_k=\sum_{i=1}^{n} X_{ij}W_{ii}y_i, \qquad j=1,\ldots,m\,.</math>

When the observational errors are uncorrelated and the weight matrix, '''W''', is diagonal, these may be written as

:<math>\mathbf{\left(X^TWX\right)\hat {\boldsymbol {\beta}}=X^TWy}.</math>

If the errors are correlated, the resulting estimator is BLUE if the weight matrix is equal to the inverse of the [[variance-covariance matrix]] of the observations.

When the errors are uncorrelated, it is convenient to simplify the calculations to factor the weight matrix as <math>w_{ii}=\sqrt W_{ii}</math>. The normal equations can then be written as

:<math>\mathbf{\left(X'^TX'\right)\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}=X'^Ty'}\,</math>

where

: <math>\mathbf{X'}=\mathbf{wX}, \mathbf{y'}=\mathbf{wy}.\,</math>

For non-linear least squares systems a similar argument shows that the normal equations should be modified as follows.

:<math>\mathbf{\left(J^TWJ\right)\boldsymbol \Delta \beta=J^TW \boldsymbol\Delta y}.\,</math>

Note that for empirical tests, the appropriate '''W''' is not known for sure and must be
estimated. For this [[Feasible Generalized Least Squares]] (FGLS) techniques may be used.

==Relationship to principal components==

The first [[Principal component analysis|principal component]] about the mean of a set of points can be represented by that line which most closely approaches the data points (as measured by squared distance of closest approach, i.e. perpendicular to the line). In contrast, linear least squares tries to minimize the distance in the <math>y</math> direction only. Thus, although the two use a similar error metric, linear least squares is a method that treats one dimension of the data preferentially, while PCA treats all dimensions equally.

==LASSO method==

In some contexts a [[Regularization (machine learning)|regularized]] version of the least squares solution may be preferable. The ''LASSO'' (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) algorithm, for example, finds a least-squares solution with the constraint that <math>|\beta|_1</math>, the [[L1-norm|L1-norm]] of the parameter vector, is no greater than a given value. Equivalently, it may solve an unconstrained minimization of the least-squares penalty with <math>\alpha|\beta|_1</math> added, where <math>\alpha</math> is a constant (this is the [[Lagrange multipliers|Lagrangian]] form of the constrained problem.) This problem may be solved using [[quadratic programming]] or more general [[convex optimization]] methods, as well as by specific algorithms such as the [[least angle regression]] algorithm. The L1-regularized formulation is useful in some contexts due to its tendency to prefer solutions with fewer nonzero parameter values, effectively reducing the number of variables upon which the given solution is dependent.<ref>{{ cite journal|author=Tibshirani, R. |year=1996|title=Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. |journal=J. Royal. Statist. Soc B.|volume= 58|issue= 1| pages =267–288}}</ref> For this reason, the LASSO and its variants are fundamental to the field of [[compressed sensing]].

==See also==
* [[Best linear unbiased prediction]] (BLUP)
* [[L2 norm|''L''2 norm]]
* [[Least absolute deviation]]
* [[Measurement uncertainty]]
* [[Root mean square]]
* [[Squared deviations]]
* [[Quadratic loss function]]

==Notes==

<references />

==References==

*{{ cite book|author=Å. Björck|isbn=978-0-898713-60-2|title=Numerical Methods for Least Squares Problems|publisher=SIAM|year=1996|url=http://www.ec-securehost.com/SIAM/ot51.html}}
*{{cite book| author=C.R. Rao, H. Toutenburg, A. Fieger, C. Heumann, T. Nittner and S. Scheid| title=Linear Models: Least Squares and Alternatives| series=Springer Series in Statistics|year=1999}}
*{{cite book|author=T. Kariya and H. Kurata |title=Generalized Least Squares|publisher= Wiley|year= 2004}}
*{{cite book|author=J. Wolberg|title=Data Analysis Using the Method of Least Squares: Extracting the Most Information from Experiments|publisher= Springer|year=2005|isbn=3540256741}}
*{{ cite book|author=T. Strutz| title=Data Fitting and Uncertainty (A practical introduction to weighted least squares and beyond) |publisher=Vieweg+Teubner | isbn= 978-3-8348-1022-9}}

==External links==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/h/jhm/f90/lectures/lsq2.html Derivation of quadratic least squares] (Penn State)
* [http://www2.uta.edu/infosys/baker/STATISTICS/Keller7/Keller%20PP%20slides-7/Chapter17.ppt Power Point Statistics Book] -- Excellent slides providing an introductory regression example (University of Texas at Arlington)
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/video-lectures/lecture-16-projection-matrices-and-least-squares/ MIT Lecture on Least Squares and Projection Matrices]

{{Least Squares and Regression Analysis|state=expanded}}
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[[Category:Regression analysis]]
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[[Category:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)]]
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2011-02-01T17:28:34Z

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Benutzer:Aspenheitz/Chandni Chowk

2010-08-06T16:08:18Z

Mayur: Removing {{आधार}} template using AWB (6839)

[[चित्र:Paranthewali gali, new delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|गली परांठे वाली, चांदनी चौक, नई दिल्ली]]
[[चित्र:Paranthewali gali, new delhi2.jpg|250px|thumb|गली परांठे वाली, में परांठे बनाता हुआ कारीगर]]
'''परांठेवाली गली''' पुरानी [[दिल्ली]] के [[चांदनी चौक]] के पास स्थित एक जगह है। यहां तरह तरह के परांठों की दुकानें हैं। इसके अलावा यह अपनी खान पान की विभिन्न दुकानो के कारण काफ़ी प्रसिद्ध है। चांदनी चौक में शीशगंज गुरूद्वारे के आगे वाली गली ही कहलाती है परांठे वाली गली। यह गली मुख्य चांदनी चौक से आरंभ होकर दूसरे छोर पर मालीवाड़ा में जाकर मिल जाती है। किसी समय पूरी गली में परांठे की ही दुकाने थी लेकिन अब बदलते वक्त के साथ चार रह गयी हैं।ये दुकाने करीब सौ से सवा सौ साल पुरानी हैं। परांठे बनाने वाले ये लोग [[मध्य प्रदेश]] के रहने वाले हैं। यहां आप आलू परांठे से लेकर रबडी परांठा और खुरचन परांठां तक सब ले सकते हैं। स्वाद ऐसा है कि एक बार खा लें तो शायद जिंदगी भर भूला नहीं पायेंगें।इन को बनाने का तरीका भी अलग है परांठों को [[शुद्ध घी]] सेंकने की बजाय तला जाता है और शायद ये ही इसके स्वाद का राज भी हैं।<ref name="">[http://duniadekho.blogspot.com/2008/03/blog-post_05.html पुरानी दिल्ली के चटखारे] मुसाफ़िर-दुनियादेखो ब्लॉग्स्पॉट , [[५ मार्च]], [[२००८]]</ref>

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==संदर्भ==
<references />
{{दिल्ली}}{{भारतीय खाना}}

[[श्रेणी:दिल्ली]]
[[श्रेणी:खान पान]]