Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Beretta M1918

2019-09-01T07:07:59Z

MaxSem: sourcing problems

{{Infobox weapon
| is_ranged = yes
| image = Beretta M1918.jpg
| image_size = 325px
| caption = Beretta Model 1918
| name = Beretta Model 1918
| type = [[Submachine gun]]
| origin = [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| era =
| design_date =
| prod_design_date =
| serv_design_date =
| used_by = See Users
| wars = [[World War I]]{{cn}} [[World War II]]
| spec_type =
| caliber = 9mm .22 calibre
| part_length = 12 in (305 mm)
| cartridge = [[9 mm Glisenti|9mm Glisenti]] .22LR
| feed = 25 round detachable box
| action = Blowback, automatic only
| rate = 900 round/min cyclic
| velocity = {{convert|1275|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}
| weight = 7 lb 3 oz (3.3 kg)
| length = 43 in (1092 mm)
| variants = Model 1918 Model 1918/30 Hafdasa C-1
| number =
}}

The '''Beretta Model 1918''' was a [[submachine gun]] that entered service in 1918 with the [[Italian armed forces]]. Designed initially as a [[semi-automatic rifle]], the weapon came with an overhead inserted magazine, an unconventional design based on the simplicity of allowing a spent round to be replaced using assistance from [[gravity]]. The gun was made from half of a [[Villar-Perosa aircraft submachine gun]],<ref>https://www.forgottenweapons.com/beretta-m1918-smg-photos/</ref> and as such it can be considered the first submachine gun issued to and used by the Italian armed forces, and is possibly the first SMG used as a general-issue combat weapon.

Another variant was the semiautomatic Model 1918/30 with the magazine inserted underneath and came with a bayonet.<ref>http://s3.postimage.org/yi28hz9rr/DSCF1198.jpg {{unreliable source}}{{broken link}}</ref> The Model 1918/30 was also manufactured in Argentina by Hafdasa as the C-1, which formed the basis of the [[Hafdasa C-4|Ballester-Riguard submachine gun]].

==Design==
*Barrel rifling: 6 grooves with a right hand twist (6-right)
* Automatic carbine, cal. 9mm, having a barrel length of 12.5" and a magazine capacity of 25 rounds.

==Users==
* {{flagcountry|Albania}}
* {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
* {{flagcountry|Italy}}

==See also==
*[[Hafdasa C-4]], an Argentine derivative of the Beretta Model 1918.
*[[Italian submachine guns]]
*[[Villar-Perosa aircraft submachine gun|Villar-Perosa,]] aircraft submachine gun

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100405070859/http://www.comandosupremo.com/M1918.html Beretta Model 1918 Sub-Machine Gun]
* [http://www.foro.fullaventura.com/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=48764 Ballester-Riguard submachine gun]

{{Beretta firearms}}
{{WWIItalianInfWeapons}}
{{WWIIItalianInfWeapons}}

[[Category:Beretta submachine guns|M1918]]
[[Category:World War I Italian infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Italy]]
[[Category:World War I submachine guns]]
[[Category:World War II submachine guns]]
[[Category:Submachine guns of Italy]]

{{Gun-stub}}

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Vorlage:Gradfelder Mars

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<noinclude>
[[Category:Mars templates]]
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Einhundert-US-Dollar-Banknote

2012-05-02T17:51:36Z

MaxSem: rm unsourced speculation

{{Infobox Banknote
| Denomination = One hundred [[United States dollar|dollars]]|
| Country = United States
| Value = $100
| Unit =
| Width = 155.956
| Height = 66.294
| Weight = Approx. 1
| Security Features = Security fibers, [[Watermark]], 3D [[Security thread|Security ribbon]], [[Optically Variable Ink|Optically variable ink]]
| Paper Type = 75% cotton 25% linen
| Years of Printing = 1929 – present (Small size)
| Obverse = New100front.jpg
| Obverse Design = [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Declaration of Independence]], [[Quill pen]], [[Inkwell]]
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date = 2009
| Reverse = New100back.jpg
| Reverse Design = [[Independence Hall]]
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date = 2009
}}
The '''United States one hundred-dollar bill''' ($100) is a [[Denomination (currency)|denomination]] of [[United States dollar|United States currency]]. U.S. statesman, inventor and diplomat [[Benjamin Franklin]] is currently featured on the [[obverse]] of the bill. On the reverse of the banknote is an image of [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]]. The time on the clock according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, shows approximately 4:10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneyfactory.gov/small100denom.html |title=Money Facts |publisher=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> (The numeral ''4'' on the clock face is "IV", while the real Independence Hall has "IIII". (See [[Roman numerals#Calendars_and_clocks|Roman numerals on clocks]].) The bill is one of two denominations that does not feature a [[President of the United States]]; the other is the [[United States ten-dollar bill|$10 bill]], featuring [[Alexander Hamilton]]. The $100 bill is the largest denomination that has been printed after July 13, 1969, when the [[Large denominations of United States currency|denominations]] of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 were retired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneyfactory.gov/section.cfm/5/42 |title=For Collectors: Large Denominations |publisher=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070911204022/http://www.moneyfactory.gov/section.cfm/5/42 |deadurl=yes |archivedate=September 11, 2007 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 89 months (7 years) before it is replaced due to wear and tear.

The bills are also commonly referred to as "Benjamins", in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklin's portrait on the denomination,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Benjamin |title=benjamin |accessdate=2009-06-06 |publisher=[[Urban Dictionary]] |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> or "C-Notes", based on the [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]] for 100.

Approximately 29% of all notes produced in 2009 were $100 bills.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bureau of Engraving and Printing |title=Money Facts |url=http://www.moneyfactory.gov/document.cfm/18/2230 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051206012921/http://www.moneyfactory.gov/document.cfm/18/2230 |archivedate=2005-12-06 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> One hundred hundred-dollar bills are delivered by [[Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve Banks]] in mustard-colored straps ($10,000).

The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and was to be issued to the public in February 11, 2011,<ref name=bep2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.newmoney.gov/currency/100.htm |title=The New $100 Note |date=April 21, 2010 |publisher=Bureau Of Engraving And Printing |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newmoney.gov/media/release_10012010.htm |title=Federal Reserve Announces Delay in the Issue Date of Redesigned $100 Note |date=October 1, 2010 |publisher=Bureau Of Engraving And Printing |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>
but production was shut down in December 2010 because as many as 30% were unusable due to a manufacturing flaw. A vertical crease in the paper reveals a blank space on the bill when pulled out. The new release date is unknown.<ref name="urlNews Headlines">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/40521684 |author=Eamon Javers |title=The Fed Has a $110 Billion Problem with New Benjamins |date=16 December 2009 |work=[[CNBC]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101207021355/http://www.cnbc.com/id/40521684 |archivedate=2010-12-07 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>

==Large size note history==
''(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)''
[[File:US $100 1880 United States Note.jpg|thumb|275px|Series 1880 $100 note]]
*1861: Three-year 10 dollar [[Interest Bearing Note]]s were issued that paid 7.3% interest per year. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate, and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General [[Winfield Scott]].
*1862: The first $100 [[United States Note]] was issued. Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording (obligations) on the reverse; the note was issued again in series of 1863.
*1863: Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a [[Vignette (graphic design)|vignette]] of [[George Washington]] in the center, and [[allegorical]] figures representing "The Guardian" to the right and "Justice" to the left. The two-year notes featured a vignette of the [[U.S. Treasury#History|U.S. treasury building]] in the center, a farmer and mechanic to the left, and sailors firing a cannon to the right.
*1863: The first $100 [[Gold Certificate]]s were issued with a Bald Eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse. The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time.
*1864: [[Compound Interest Treasury Note]]s were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
[[File:US $100 GC 1922.jpg|thumb|275px|right|A 1922 hundred-dollar Gold Certificate]]
*1869: A new $100 [[United States Note]] was issued with a portrait of [[Abraham Lincoln]] on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE.
*1870: A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas Hart Benton]] on the left side of the obverse was issued. The note was one-sided.
*1870: One hundred dollar [[National Gold Bank Note]]s were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the [[USS St. Lawrence (1848)|USS St. Lawrence]] and an allegorical figure to the right; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
*1875: The reverse of the series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned. Also, TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse. This note was issued again in series of 1878 and 1880.
*1878: The first $100 [[Silver Certificate]] was issued with a portrait of [[James Monroe]] on the left side of the obverse. The reverse was printed in '''black''' ink, unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued dollar bill.
*1882: A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued. The obverse was partially the same as the series 1870 gold certificate; the border design, portrait of Thomas H. Benton, and large word GOLD, and gold-colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained. The reverse featured a perched Bald Eagle and the [[Roman numeral]] for 100, C.
*1890: One hundred dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of Admiral [[David G. Farragut]]. The note was also nicknamed a "watermelon note" because of the watermelon-shaped 0's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an [[ornate]] design that occupied almost the entire note.
*1891: The reverse of the series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.
*1891: The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed. The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink.
*1914: The first $100 [[Federal Reserve Note]] was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor, plenty, America, peace, and commerce on the reverse.
*1922: The series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom-left serial number on the obverse.

==Small size note history==
''(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm)''
[[File:Series1934 100gold obverse.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Obverse of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate]]
[[File:US $100 Gold Certificate 1934 reverse.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Reverse of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate]]
*1929: Under [[Series of 1928 (United States Currency)|series of 1928]], all U.S. currency was changed to its [[Small-sized note|current size]] and began to carry a standardized design. All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin, same border design on the [[obverse]], and the same [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] with a vignette of Independence Hall. The $100 bill was issued as a [[Federal Reserve Note]] with a green seal and serial numbers and as a [[Gold Certificate]] with a golden seal and serial numbers.
[[File:Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Baptiste Greuze.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Jean-Baptiste Greuze]] portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1993.]]
[[File:Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Joseph-Siffred Duplessis]] portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward.]]
*1933: As an emergency response to the [[Great Depression]], additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
*1934: The ''redeemable in gold'' clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the [[gold standard]].
*1934: Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public, Federal Reserve bank-to-bank transactions. These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small-sized notes. The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW.
*1950: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray numeral 100, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it.
*1963: Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver, beginning with series 1963A, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording, THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. Also, IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse.
[[File:US $100 United States Note 1966.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Front of a Series 1966 $100 note]]
*1966: The first and only small-sized $100 [[United States Note]] was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. [[Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury|treasury seal]] with wording in [[English language|English]] instead of [[Latin]]. Like the series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes, it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse. The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation. Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note.
*1991: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill.
[[File:Usdollar100front.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Obverse of a Series 2003-A $100 note]]
*March 25, 1996: The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout. The main intent of the new design was to deter [[counterfeit]]ing. New security features included a [[watermark]] of Franklin to the right side of the bill, [[Optically Variable Ink|optically variable ink]] (OVI) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles, a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin, and hard-to-reproduce fine line printing around Franklin's portrait and Independence Hall. Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers, microprinting, and a plastic security thread (which now glows red under a [[black light]]) were kept. The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number.
*The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21, 2010 and was to enter circulation in early 2011.<ref name="bep2010" /> In addition to design changes introduced in 1995, the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed; teal background color; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin; and to the left of Franklin, small yellow 100s whose zeros form the [[EURion constellation]]. The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall. These notes will be issued as series 2009 with [[Rosa Gumataotao Rios|Rios]]-[[Timothy Geithner|Geithner]] signatures. Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTWWzVfwEik |title=$100 Note Podcast Episode: 1 |publisher=YouTube |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> Problems in the printing process have led to a delay in the release of the new bills.<ref>{{cite news |author=Brian Naylor |date=December 7, 2010 |coauthors= |title=Updated $100 Bills May Be Too Tough To Print |url=http://www.npr.org/2010/12/07/131884481/New-100-Bills-May-Be-Too-Tough-To-Print |quote=The government had planned to introduce a new $100 bill early next year. The complex new design is meant to foil counterfeiters. The problem is it's already foiled the machines that are supposed to print it. |work=[[National Public Radio]] |date=December 7, 2010 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> No new release date has yet been given for the circulation of the new $100 bills.

==Limiting the Value of Banknotes==
The Federal Reserve announced that they were taking [[Large denominations of United States currency]] out of circulation on July 14, 1969. The one-hundred-dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation. All the federal reserve notes produced from series 1928 up to before series 1969 (i.e. 1928, 1928A, 1934, 1934A, 1934B, 1934C, 1934D, 1950, 1950A, 1950B, 1950C, 1950D, 1950E, 1963, 1966, 1966A) of the $100 denomination summed to $23.1708 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uspapermoney.info/serials/ |title=US Paper Money information: Serial Number Ranges |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> Since some banknotes had been destroyed, and the population was 200 million at the time, there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating.

As of June 30, 1969 the US coins and banknotes in circulation of all denomination were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2003/2003-006.pdf |title=Some Tables of Historical U.S. Currency and Monetary Aggregates Data |format=pdf |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita. Since 1969 the demand for US currency has greatly increased. As of the end of 2010, a total of 7 billion hundred dollar notes are in circulation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/coin_currcircvolume.htm |title=Currency in Circulation: Volume |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011.

Despite the degradation in the value of the $100 banknote since 1969, competition with the 500 Euro banknote, and clear gains in efficiency, there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100. Quoting T. Allison, Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8, 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Committee on Banking and Financial Services.
''There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note, mainly because many of those efficiency gains, such as lower shipment and storage costs, would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes, but also to money launderers, tax evaders and a variety of other law breakers who use currency in their criminal activity. While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill, it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits, enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/bank/hba51647.000/hba51647_0f.htm |title=Will Jumbo Euro Notes Threaten the Greenback? |work=U.S. House of Representatives |date=October 8, 1998 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| last = Wilhite
| first = Robert
| title = Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (17th ed)
| publisher = Krause Pubns Inc
| year = 1998
| isbn = 0873416538 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Hudgeons
| first = Thomas
| title = The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006, Edition #38
| publisher = House of Collectibles
| year = 2005
| isbn = 1400048451 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Friedberg
| first = Arthur
| coauthors = Ira Friedberg, David Bowers
| title = A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money: Complete Source for History, Grading, and Prices (Official Red Book)
| publisher = Whitman Publishing
| year = 2005
| isbn = 0794817866 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.newmoney.gov/newmoney/flash/interactive100/index.html''interactive 100 dollar bill'']

{{US currency and coinage}}

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R v Dudley and Stephens

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{{Infobox Court Case
| name = R v Dudley and Stephens
| court = [[High Court of Justice#Queen's Bench Division|High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division)]]
| image = Mignonette.jpg
| caption = Sketch of the ''Mignonette'' by Tom Dudley
| date_filed =
| date decided = 1884
| full name = Her Majesty The Queen v. Tom Dudley and Edwin Stephens
| citations = [1884] 14 QBD 273 DC
| judges = [[John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge|Lord Coleridge]], [[Lord Chief Justice]] 
[[William Robert Grove|Mr Justice Grove]] 
Mr Justice Denman 
[[Baron Pollock]] 
[[Baron Huddleston]]
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions = none
| opinions = Lord Coleridge
| transcripts =
}}
'''''R v Dudley and Stephens''''' [1884] 14 QBD 273 DC is a leading [[England and Wales|English]] [[criminal law|criminal]] case that established a [[precedent]], throughout the [[common law]] world, that [[necessity]] is no defense against a charge of [[murder]]. It concerned survival [[cannibalism]] following a [[shipwreck]] and its purported justification on the basis of a [[Custom of the Sea]].<ref>Walker, Andrew: ''Is Eating People Wrong?: Great Legal Cases and How they Shaped the World''. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011 ISBN 978-1-107-00037-7 pg. 22</ref> It marked the culmination of a long history of attempts by the law, in the face of [[public opinion]] sympathetic to [[castaway]]s, to outlaw the custom and it became something of a ''[[cause célèbre]]'' in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

==Facts==
The English [[yacht]] ''Mignonette'' was a 19.43 [[tonnage|net tonnage]], {{convert|52|ft|m}} cruiser built in 1867.<ref name="Simpson 1984 p.18">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=18}}.</ref> In 1883, she was purchased as a leisure vessel by [[Australia]]n lawyer [[John Henry Want]].<ref name="Simpson 1984 p.18"/> The yacht could only reasonably be transported to Australia by sailing her there but she was a small vessel and the prospect of a 15,000-mile (24,000-km) voyage hampered Want's initial attempts to find a suitable crew. However, she finally set sail for [[Sydney, Australia|Sydney]] from [[Southampton]] on 19 May 1884 with a crew of four: Tom Dudley, the captain; Edwin Stephens; Edmund Brooks; and [[Richard Parker (shipwrecked)|Richard Parker]], the cabin boy. Parker was 17 years old and an inexperienced seaman.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=37–40}}.</ref>

On 5 July, the yacht was running before a [[gale]] at {{coord|27|10|S|9|50|W|scale:25000|name=R. v. Dudley and Stephens distress}}, around {{convert|1600|mi|km}} northwest of the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Though the weather was by no means extreme and the vessel was not in any difficulties, Dudley gave the order to [[Heaving to|heave to]] so that the crew could enjoy a good night's sleep. As the maneuver was completed, and Parker was sent below to prepare tea, a wave struck the yacht and washed away the lee [[Glossary of nautical terms#B|bulwark]]. Dudley instantly realised that the yacht was doomed and ordered the single {{convert|13|ft|m|0|adj=on}} [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] to be lowered. The lifeboat was of flimsy construction, with boards only {{convert|0.25|in|mm|0}} thick and was holed in the haste to get it away. The ''Mignonette'' sank within five minutes of being struck and the crew abandoned ship for the lifeboat, only managing to salvage vital navigational instruments along with two tins of [[turnips]] and no fresh water.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=46–49}}.</ref> There have been various theories about the [[naval architecture|structural]] inadequacies of the yacht that led to such a catastrophic failure in routine weather.<ref name="S1">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=50–53}}.</ref>

Dudley managed to improvise a [[sea anchor]] to keep the lifeboat headed into the waves and maintain her stability. Over the first night, the crew had to fight off a shark with their oars. They were around {{convert|700|mi|km}} from the nearest land, being either [[St. Helena]] or [[Tristan de Cunha]].<ref name="S1"/> Dudley kept the first tin of turnips until 7 July when its five pieces were shared among the men to last two days. On or around 9 July, Brooks spotted a turtle which Stephens dragged on board. The crew were resolutely avoiding [[Seawater#Human consumption|drinking seawater]] as it was then universally held to be fatal and, though they devoured the turtle, they forwent drinking its blood when it became contaminated with seawater. The turtle yielded about three pounds (1.4 kg) of meat each, though the crew ate even the bones, and, along with the second tin of turnips lasted until 15 or 17 July. The crew consistently failed to catch any rainwater and by 13 July, with no other source of fluid, they began to [[Urophagia|drink their own urine]]. It was probably on 20 July that Parker became ill through drinking seawater. Stephens was also unwell, possibly having experimented with seawater.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp57-60">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=57–60}}.</ref>
[[Image:Mignonette lifeboat.jpg|right|thumb|290 px|Photograph of the lifeboat exhibited at Falmouth in 1884]]
[[Sortition|Drawing lots]] in order to nominate a sacrificial victim who would die to feed the others was possibly first discussed on 16 or 17 July, and debate seems to have intensified on 21 July but without resolution. On 23 or 24 July, with Parker probably in a coma, Dudley told the others that it was better that one of them die so that the others survive and that they should draw lots. Brooks refused. That night, Dudley again raised the matter with Stephens pointing out that Parker was probably dying and that he and Stephens had wives and families. They agreed to leave the matter until the morning. The following day, with no prospect of rescue in sight, Dudley and Stephens silently signalled to each other that Parker would be killed. Killing Parker before his natural death would better preserve his blood to drink. Brooks, who had not been party to the earlier discussion, claimed to have signalled neither assent nor protest. Dudley always insisted that Brooks had assented. Dudley said a prayer and, with Stephens standing by to hold the youth's legs if he struggled, pushed his [[penknife]] into Parker's [[jugular vein]], killing him.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp57-60"/>

[[Image:RichardParkerTombstone.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Richard Parker's tombstone]]

In some of the varying and confused later accounts of the killing, Parker murmured, "What me?" as he was slain.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=67}}.</ref> The three fed on Parker's body, with Dudley and Brooks consuming the most and Stephens very little. The crew even finally managed to catch some rainwater. Dudley later described the scene, "I can assure you I shall never forget the sight of my two unfortunate companions over that ghastly meal we all was like mad wolfs who should get the most and for men fathers of children to commit such a deed we could not have our right reason."<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=68}}.</ref> The crew sighted a sail on 29 July.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=69}}.</ref>

==Rescue and Arraignment==
Dudley, Stephens and Brooks were picked up by the [[Germany|German]] sailing [[barque]] ''Montezuma'' which returned the men to [[Falmouth, Cornwall]] on Saturday 6 September ''en route'' to its destination in [[Hamburg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=69–70}}.</ref> On arrival in Falmouth, the survivors attended the customs house and Dudley and Stephens entered statutory statements under the Merchant Shipping Acts, required in the event of a shipping loss. All three were candid, Dudley and Stephens believing themselves to be protected by a [[Custom of the Sea]]. However, customs officer and Sergeant of the Harbour Police James Laverty was in the vicinity of the depositions and later questioned Dudley about the means by which he had killed Parker, taking custody of the knife and promising to return it. The depositions were [[telegraph]]ed to the [[Board of Trade]] and to the registrar general of shipping in [[Bassinghall Street]] in London. While the survivors were making arrangements to rejoin their families, Bassinghall Street advised that the men should be detained in Falmouth. The Board of Trade gave conflicting advice to take no action but informed the [[Home Office]]. The Home Office was closed for the weekend. Meanwhile, Laverty was seeking [[arrest warrant|warrant]]s for the men's arrest for murder on the high seas, warrants he obtained later that day from mayor of Falmouth Henry Liddicoat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=3–11}}.</ref>

The three men were held in the borough police station until they could appear before the [[magistrate]]s on the morning of Monday, 8 September. Dudley appears to have been confident that the magistrates would dismiss the charges and Liddicoat visited the men to apologise for their inconvenience. However, all magistrates had recently been instructed to seek advice of the [[Treasury Solicitor]] in all murder cases and the clerk probably prompted Laverty to ask for a [[Detention of suspects|remand in custody]] and [[adjournment]] while advice was sought. Local [[solicitor]] Harry Tilly appeared for the men and requested [[bail]] but after the magistrates, including Liddicoat, had consulted, they were returned to the police cells until 11 September.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=73–76}}.</ref>

The [[civil service]] had now returned from the weekend break and by Wednesday the file was passed to [[Home Secretary]] Sir [[William Vernon Harcourt (politician)|William Harcourt]]. That day Harcourt consulted with [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] Sir [[Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford|Henry James]] and [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] Sir [[Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell|Farrer Herschell]]. Harcourt took the decision to prosecute, the lost opportunity to clarify the law through James Archer (see [[#James Archer|below]]) no doubt alive in his mind.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=77}}.</ref>

By the time of their appearance in front of the magistrates on 11 September, public opinion in Falmouth had swung firmly behind the defendants, especially after Parker's brother Daniel, also a seaman, appeared in court and shook hands with the three. The case was again adjourned until 18 September, though this time Tilly succeeded in obtaining bail, the Home Office having hinted to the court that this would be appropriate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=78–80}}.</ref> The three men returned to their homes while the case began to appear across the British and worldwide press. It soon became clear that public opinion was with the three survivors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=81–83}}.</ref> However Harcourt was revolted by the public's sentiment and intent on a conviction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=89}}.</ref>

[[William Otto Adolph Julius Danckwerts]], a barrister of only six years' [[call to the bar|call]] but with considerable experience in wreck inquiries, was briefed for the prosecution but soon realised that public sentiment and the lack of [[evidence (law)|evidence]] posed formidable difficulties. The only witnesses were the three defendants themselves and their [[right to silence]] would impede any formal proceedings. Further a [[confession (law)|confession]] was only admissible against the person making it, not his co-defendants, and the contents of the depositions was probably inadequate to convict. When the case was heard by the magistrates on 18 September, Danckwerts told the court that he intended to offer no evidence against Brooks and requested that he be discharged so that he could be called as a [[witness]] for the prosecution. There is no evidence that Brooks had been canvassed about this and the magistrates agreed. Danckwerts opened the prosecution case and called as witnesses those who had heard the survivors' stories and Brooks. The magistrates committed Dudley and Stephens for [[trial (law)|trial]] at the winter Cornwall and [[Devon]] [[assizes]] in [[Exeter]], but extended their bail.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=89–92}}.</ref>

==Legal background and theory==
The [[morality]], [[ethics]], and [[law|legality]] of the taking of another's life to increase one's own chances of survival have been discussed in [[thought experiment]]s from the [[Plank of Carneades]] to [[The Case of the Speluncean Explorers]]. However, there have been few actual legal cases where the question has been tested.

===Saint Christopher case===
In the early seventeenth century, seven Englishmen embarked on an overnight voyage from [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Christopher]], but were blown out to sea and lost for 17 days. During this time, starving, they cast lots to see who would sacrifice their own life for the others. The lot fell to the man who had suggested the scheme and he consented to his subsequent killing. His body sustained the rest until they made their way to [[Saint Martin]]. They were returned to Saint Christopher where they were put on trial for [[homicide]]. The judge [[pardon]]ed them, their crime being "washed away" by "inevitable necessity". However, though this case was cited in defence of Dudley and Stephens, it was reported only anecdotally some years later in a medical work and not in the [[law report]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=122–123}}.</ref>

===''U.S. v. Holmes''===
In 1841, the [[U.S.]] ship ''[[William Brown (ship)|William Brown]]'' sank after hitting an [[iceberg]]. Crewmen, including Alexander William Holmes, believed that their overloaded lifeboat was in danger of itself sinking and put 14 or 16 passengers overboard to their inevitable deaths in the frigid water. On his return to [[Philadelphia]], Holmes was arrested and charged with [[murder]]. However, the [[grand jury]] rejected the [[indictment]] and substituted [[manslaughter]].<ref>''[[United States v. Holmes]]'' (1842) 1 Wallace Junior 1, 26 Fed. Cas. 360</ref> The judge in the [[United States Circuit Court]] for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania instructed the jury that necessity might be a complete defence but that "before the protection of the law of necessity can be invoked, a case of necessity must exist, the slayer must be faultless, he must owe no duty to the victim." The jury convicted Holmes and the principle of necessity was not tested by any higher court. This case was also cited in defense of Dudley and Stephens.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=162–175}}.</ref>

===James Archer===
[[Image:The Euxine.jpg|left|thumb|The ''Euxine'']]
On 9 August 1874, the collier ''[[Euxine (ship)|Euxine]]'' was lost and [[James Archer (disambiguation)|James Archer]] took charge of one of the lifeboats with seven other survivors. Archer and four survivors were picked up on 31 August and Archer was candid that he and August Muller had killed and butchered Francis Shufus, selected by drawing lots. They were ultimately landed at [[Batavia Road]] where the acting British [[consul]], William J. Fraser took their surprisingly honest [[Deposition (law)|deposition]]s. The men were then shipped to [[Singapore]] along with Fraser's depositions and put into the hands of shipping master Henry Ellis, a character fictionalised in [[Joseph Conrad]]'s novella ''[[The Shadow Line]]''. Ellis consulted [[Attorney General for Singapore]] [[Thomas Braddell]] but then wrote to the [[Board of Trade]] in [[London]] that no further action was necessary and the men were free to find another ship to serve. However, Singapore Governor Sir [[Andrew Clarke (administrator)|Andrew Clarke]] had ordered the men arrested and when he informed the [[Colonial Office]], they insisted that he hold a judicial enquiry. Prosecution was started in Singapore but ultimately dropped after extended procedural wrangles as to whether Singapore or England was the most appropriate jurisdiction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=176–194}}.</ref>

===Law Commission===
The [[Law Commission|Criminal Law Commissioners]], who were attempting to define an [[English Criminal Code]], considered the matter several times:<ref name="S235">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=235}}.</ref>
*1839, Fourth report, Digest of Law (Art.39) included necessity as a defence to [[homicide]];
*1843, Seventh report (Art.29) also included the defence;
*1846, Second report favoured leaving questions of necessity to the [[royal prerogative]] of [[clemency]] (Art.19);
*1878/ 1879, declined to codify the defence as it was "better to leave such questions to be dealt with when, if ever, they arise in practice by applying the principles of law to the circumstance of the particular case."<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=201}}.</ref>

In 1874, [[James Fitzjames Stephen]] introduced a Homicide Law Amendment [[Bill (proposed law)|Bill]] that included a defence of necessity but it was lost and Stephen himself had changed his mind by 1884.<ref name="S235"/>

==Trial==
The trial of Dudley and Stephens opened in Exeter on 3 November before Judge [[Baron Huddleston]]. Arthur Charles [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] led for the prosecution and Arthur J. H. Collins QC for the defence, paid for out of a defence fund that had been established by public subscription. Huddleston was well aware of the passion of the local jury and probably aware of the case of the ''Euxine'' and the failed prosecution of James Archer, and was determined that the case not collapse and that the issue of necessity be settled. Sir [[William Robert Grove]] had initially been listed to take the assizes that session and there has been speculation that Huddleston was substituted to ensure a "safe pair of hands". Huddleston had a reputation as a judge able to direct a jury.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=195–198}}</ref>

The jury was [[jury (England and Wales)#Empanelling and challenging jurors|empanelled]] and sworn, being composed of almost the same jurors as had sat with Huddleston the previous day in a murder case that had resulted in the [[death penalty]]. Dudley and Stephens pleaded not guilty. Charles opened for the prosecution, outlining the legal arguments and dismissing the defence of necessity. He also dismissed the [[insanity defence]]; it was clear from the depositions and Dudley's prayer that they were aware of the quality of their actions. However, Charles did not suppress the dreadful conditions on the boat and suggested an ultimate appeal to clemency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=205–206}}.</ref>

A discussion now took place between Huddleston and Collins which amounted to the fact that Huddleston had made up his mind on the law and was not interested in hearing any submissions from the defence. In fact, Huddleston had already planned how he would ensure a guilty verdict and settle the law on necessity once and for all. He would invite, in robust terms, the jury to return a [[special verdict]], stating only the facts of the case as they found them but giving no opinion on guilt or otherwise. It would then be for the judge to decide whether the facts found amounted to guilt. Though special verdicts had once been common, none had been returned since 1785 and the jury in any case retained the right to return a general verdict. Huddleston was further determined that the legal question would be settled by a bench of several judges in order to lend it authority. Hence, he planned to adjourn the trial after the special verdict and reconvene with fellow judges to pronounce guilt. Collins would have his opportunity to argue the law in front of the expanded bench.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp206-210">{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=206–210}}.</ref>

The prosecution produced the various accounts and depositions written by the defendants and the evidence that the ''Mignonette'' was registered in Britain, necessary to establish the court's [[jurisdiction]] under s.267 of the [[Merchant Shipping Act 1854]]. Charles then called evidence from the various people who had spoken to the defendants on their arrival in Falmouth before calling Brooks. Brooks provided a compelling account of Dudley and Stephens' actions and his own non-involvement. In [[cross-examination]], Collins did not challenge his account, but made him confirm the appalling conditions on the boat, Brooks' own cannibalism, their inevitable death without recourse to Parker's body and the belief that Parker would have died first.<ref name="Simpson 1984 pp206-210"/>

Though Collins addressed the jury on necessity in his closing speech, Huddleston presented them with a stark alternative: accept his direction to find the men guilty of murder or return a special verdict. Without waiting for the jury's decision, Huddleston produced a special verdict that he had written the night before and invited the jury to indicate their assent to each paragraph as he read it out. Silence was sufficient. Though the jury finally tried to add some facts to the verdict, Huddleston insisted, perhaps not entirely truthfully, that their observations were already incorporated. The final words of the verdict were, "But whether upon the whole matter, the prisoners were and are guilty of murder the jury are ignorant and refer to the Court." Huddleston then renewed the defendants' bail and adjourned the assizes to his rooms in the [[Royal Courts of Justice]] in London for 25 November.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=212–217}}.</ref>

==Huddleston's blunders==
[[Image:SirJohnWalterHuddleston.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Baron Huddleston]]
At some point after the trial, but before the special verdict was copied for the London review, Huddleston realised that he had made a potentially fatal error. In his original draft, he had described the ''Mignonette'' as an "English Merchant vessel" but had altered this to read "yacht". Further, he had described the lifeboat as "an open boat" and not asserted its provenance on the ''Mignonette''. He now realised that he had omitted the critical finding necessary to give the court jurisdiction over Dudley and Stephens. Huddleston's solution was simply to alter his record of the verdict.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=218}}.</ref>

On 25 November, the Cornwall and Devon winter [[Assizes (England and Wales)|assizes]] reconvened at No. 2 Court, the Royal Courts of Justice in London. Attorney-General Sir Henry James appeared for the prosecution and immediately pointed out a problem. The [[Divisional Court]] of the [[Queen's Bench]] had an established authority to decide a matter of law with a panel of judges after referral from an inferior court. However, [[statute]] only permitted this following a conviction and there had been no conviction in Exeter. James suggested that an alternative was to hear the case as the Cornwall and Devon assizes, albeit at an unusual venue, but to add further judges to the bench as all [[High Court of England and Wales|High Court]] judges had authority to hear assize cases. Huddleston expressed his scepticism that judges could be added to a trial once it had begun. Moreover, he had been looking for affirmation from a superior court. By this time Collins had become suspicious of Huddleston's tampering with the record of the trial and requested the [[shorthand]] notes of the hearing. With the proceedings now a shambles, the case was listed for 4 December and the defendants, though on what authority is unclear, were ordered to attend in London.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=218–221}}.</ref>

At a further hearing on 2 December, James withdrew his suggestion of an augmented assize court and gave the opinion that the court should sit as the Queen's Bench Divisional Court. However, this should only have allowed two or three judges, not the five who eventually sat. Collins seems not to have taken the opportunity to challenge the jurisdiction or constitution of the court, possibly because of some agreement with the prosecution and promise of clemency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=221–223}}.</ref>

==Judgment==
[[Image:johncoleridge.jpg|right|thumb|Lord Coleridge]]
The Queen's Bench Division sat on 4 December under [[Lord Chief Justice]] [[John Duke Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge|Lord Coleridge]]. James appeared for the prosecution, leading Charles and Danckwerts. At the beginning of the hearing, the report of the Exeter trial was read out, at some length, in its entirety. This allowed Collins to submit that the special verdict had been altered. As much was ultimately admitted and it was eventually agreed that it was best that the special verdict be restored to the version agreed by the jury. However, Collins' attempt to challenge the jurisdiction of the court was rejected by the judges. Collins then submitted that the court was not competent to return a verdict as the Exeter jury had not given a conditional verdict asserting that the jury would find in accordance with the judge's ruling. Though this troubled the judges, especially Grove, the point was eventually dismissed as one of form only.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=225–228}}.</ref>

James submitted that there was no common law authority to support the proposition that necessity was a defence to murder. The Saint Christopher case was rejected as a precedent because it had not been formally recorded in the law reports. Before Collins started his submissions, Lord Coleridge instructed him to confine his remarks to murder, thereby dismissing the plausible alternative that necessity was a [[partial defence]] leading to a conviction for manslaughter by analogy with the partial defence of [[Provocation (legal)|provocation]]. Collins responded by citing ''[[United States v. Holmes]]'' (1842) and discussing the various theoretical and ethical arguments in favour of the necessity defence. At the conclusion of Collins' submissions, the judges withdrew. They returned after a few moments and Lord Coleridge declared, "We are all of the opinion that the conviction should be affirmed but we will put our reasons in writing and give them on Saturday next." After some technical legal discussion, Lord Coleridge committed Dudley and Stephens to [[Holloway Prison]], then a men's institution, until Tuesday, 9 December, when the court would deliver its reasons and its [[sentence (law)|sentence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=229–237}}.</ref>

The panel of judges found that there was no common law defence of necessity to a charge of murder, either on the basis of legal precedent or the basis of ethics and morality.<ref name="report">''R v. Dudley and Stephens'' [1884] 14 QBD 273 DC.</ref>

{{ quotation | To preserve one's life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it. [[War]] is full of instances in which it is a man's duty not to live, but to die. The duty, in case of shipwreck, of a captain to his crew, of the crew to the passengers, of soldiers to women and children, as in the noble case of the ''[[HMS Birkenhead (1845)|Birkenhead]]''; these duties impose on men the moral necessity, not of the preservation, but of the sacrifice of their lives for others, from which in no country, least of all, it is to be hoped, in England, will men ever shrink, as indeed, they have not shrunk.<ref name="report"/> }}

{{ quotation | It would be a very easy and cheap display of commonplace learning to quote from [[Classics|Greek and Latin authors]], from [[Horace]], from [[Juvenal]], from [[Cicero]], from [[Euripides]], passage after passage, in which the duty of dying for others has been laid down in glowing and emphatic language as resulting from the principles of heathen ethics; it is enough in a [[Christianity|Christian]] country to remind ourselves of the Great Example <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Jesus Christ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> whom we profess to follow.<ref name="report"/> }}

Further, the judges questioned who was qualified to make the decision of who should live and who die were the principle to be allowed. They further observed that such a principle might be the "legal cloak for unbridled passion and atrocious crime". However, they were sensible of the men's awful predicament.<ref name="report"/>

{{ quotation | It must not be supposed that in refusing to admit temptation to be an excuse for crime it is forgotten how terrible the temptation was; how awful the suffering; how hard in such trials to keep the judgment straight and the conduct pure. We are often compelled to set up standards we cannot reach ourselves, and to lay down rules which we could not ourselves satisfy. But a man has no right to declare temptation to be an excuse, though he might himself have yielded to it, nor allow compassion for the criminal to change or weaken in any manner the legal definition of the crime.<ref name="report"/> }}

Dudley and Stephens were sentenced to the statutory death penalty with a recommendation for mercy.<ref name="report"/>

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Sir William Harcourt.jpg|thumb|100 px|left|Sir William Harcourt]]
Collins still had the option of moving a [[writ of error]] to raise the very arguable issues of jurisdiction and constitution of the court but he knew that the verdict in such an important case had been pre-decided and Dudley and Stephens still anticipated an immediate release. However, by 11 December, there was still no announcement and it seemed that, their having been convicted, public opinion was moving against the men. Any exercise of the royal prerogative of mercy would be exercised by [[Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] on the advice of the Home Secretary.

Though Harcourt was personally in favour of abolition of the death penalty, he was conscientious in his official duties. He took the judgment of the court seriously, that the men were guilty of murder, and feared that commuting the sentence to anything other than [[life imprisonment]] would mock the law. However, Attorney-General Sir Henry James felt that a life sentence would not resist the attack of public opinion. He noted that the court had withheld a finding of manslaughter from the jury but that had it been available that would have been the jury's verdict and "no judge would have inflicted more than three months' [[imprisonment]]". Solicitor-General Sir Farrer Herschell concurred. On 12 December, Harcourt decided on six months' imprisonment. Dudley and Stephens were advised the next day but were somewhat disappointed at so long in custody. Dudley never accepted the justice of his conviction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|pp=239–247}}.</ref>

==Cultural impact==
The case is familiar among lawyers in the common law jurisdictions—that is, England and many, though not all, former British territories—and is universally studied by law students in such jurisdictions. However, Simpson observed that, though many murderers have become household names in Britain, the case is surprisingly unfamiliar to the public at large.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|1984|p=306}}.</ref>

It became better known in 1974 when [[Arthur Koestler]] ran a competition in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', in which readers were invited to send in the most striking coincidence they knew of. The winning entry pointed out that in [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s novel ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'', published in 1838, decades before the ''Mignonette'' sank, four men are cast adrift on their capsized ship and draw lots to decide which of them should be sacrificed as food for the other three. The loser was the sailor who had proposed the idea: the character's name was [[Richard Parker (shipwrecked)|Richard Parker]].

The case was also the basis for an infamous [[Monty Python]] [[Sketch comedy|sketch]], titled "[[Lifeboat sketch|Lifeboat (Cannibalism)/Still no Sign of Land]]<ref>http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/lifeboat.htm Lifeboat (Cannibalism) script</ref>". In that sketch, five sailors are [[castaway]]s on a [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] after a [[shipwreck]], and [[survival cannibalism|the only way they can survive is through cannibalism]]. Once they decide whom to eat—and which body parts—a waitress is called over to take their orders, complete with vegetables. In ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'', this is followed by the controversial "[[Undertakers sketch]]", which also features [[cannibalism]].

In 2004, the [[Avett Brothers]] named their album [[Mignonette (album)|Mignonette]] after the ship on which the incident occurred.

[[The Case of the Speluncean Explorers]] is a famous hypothetical case created in 1949 by legal theorist [[Lon L. Fuller]] to illustrate divergent theories of law and morality in the context of facts heavily based around those in Dudley and Stephens.

==See also==
*[[Necessity in English law]]
*[[Necessity in Canadian law]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
*{{citation |last=Clarke |first=R. F. |title='The Mignonette' case as a question of moral theology |journal=[[The Month]] |volume=53 |year=1885 |pages=17 }}
*{{citation |title=The Custom of the Sea: The Story that Changed British Law |last=Hanson |first=Neil |year=1999 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=0385600836 }}
*{{citation |last=Mallin |first=M. G. |title=In warm blood: Some historical and procedural aspects of ''Regina v. Dudley and Stephens'' |journal=University of Chicago Law Review |volume=34 |year=1967 |pages=387–407 |doi=10.2307/1598938 |issue=2 |publisher=The University of Chicago Law Review |jstor=1598938 }}
*{{citation |title=Cannibalism and the Common Law: The Story of the Tragic Last Voyage of the Mignonette and the Strange Legal Proceedings to Which It Gave Rise |last=Simpson |first=A. W. B. |publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | year=1984 | isbn=9780226759425 }}
*{{citation |last=Williams |first=G. |title=A commentary on ''R v. Dudley and Stephens'' | journal=Cambrian Law Review | volume=8 | year=1977 | pages=94 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html Full text of judgment]

[[Category:1884 in case law]]
[[Category:1884 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]]
[[Category:English criminal case law]]
[[Category:High Court of Justice cases]]
[[Category:1884 in case law|R v. Dudley and Stephens]]

[[ja:ミニョネット号事件]]
[[sk:Regina v. Dudley and Stephens]]

Sasha Grey

2008-09-14T10:11:15Z

MaxSem: OTRS ticket #2007112510004013

Behavior Driven Development

2008-08-04T07:23:52Z

MaxSem: Reverted edits by 62.219.148.11 (talk) to last version by 202.27.76.2

{{Nofootnotes|article|date=February 2008}}

'''Behavior Driven Development''' (or '''BDD''') is an [[Agile software development]] technique that encourages collaboration between developers, QA and non-technical or business participants in a software project. It was originally conceived in 2003 by Dan North <ref name="origin">D.North, [http://dannorth.net/introducing-bdd Introducing Behaviour Driven Development]</ref><ref name="astels">D.Astels, p.8, [http://blog.daveastels.com/2005/07/05/a-new-look-at-test-driven-development A New Look at Test Driven Development]</ref> as a response to [[Test Driven Development]], and has evolved over the last few years.

The focus of BDD is the language and interactions used in the process of software development. Behavior-driven developers use their native language in combination with the ubiquitous language of [[Domain driven design|Domain Driven Design]] to describe the purpose and benefit of their code. This allows the developers to focus on why the code should be created, rather than the technical details, and minimizes translation between the technical language in which the code is written and the domain language spoken by the business, users, stakeholders, project management etc.

==BDD Practices==

The practices of BDD include:
* Driving development from the outside-in
* Using examples to describe the behavior of the application, or of units of code
* Automating those examples to provide quick feedback and regression testing
* Using 'should' to help drive out responsibility and allow the behavior to be questioned
* Using 'ensure' to differentiate between outcomes which are the responsibility of the code in question, and those caused by other elements of code as a side-effect
* Using mocks to stand-in for modules of code which have not yet been written

==Outside-In==

BDD is driven by [[Business Value]]; that is, the benefit to the business which accrues once the application is in production. The only way in which this benefit can be realized is through the [[User Interface]](s) to the application, usually (but not always) a [[GUI]].

In the same way, each piece of code, starting with the UI, can be considered a stakeholder of the other modules of code which it uses. Each element of code provides some aspect of behavior which, in collaboration with the other elements, provides the application behavior.

The first piece of production code that BDD developers implement is the UI. Developers can then benefit from quick feedback as to whether the UI looks and behaves appropriately. Through code, and using principles of good design and refactoring, developers discover collaborators of the UI, and of every unit of code thereafter. This helps them adhere to the principle of [[YAGNI]], since each piece of production code is required either by the business, or by another piece of code already written.

==Scenarios, or Application Examples==

The requirements of a retail application might be, "Refunded or replaced items should be returned to stock."

In BDD, a developer or QA might clarify the requirements by breaking this down into specific examples, eg.

===Scenario 1: Refunded items should be returned to stock===
* Given a customer buys a black jumper
* and I have three black jumpers left in stock
* when he returns the jumper for a refund
* then I should have four black jumpers in stock

=== Scenario 2: Replaced items should be returned to stock===
* Given that a customer buys a blue garment
* and I have two blue garments in stock
* and three black garments in stock.
* When he returns the garment for a replacement in black,
* Then I should have three blue garments in stock
* and two black garments in stock

Each scenario is an [[exemplar]], designed to illustrate a specific aspect of behavior of the application.

When discussing the scenarios, participants question whether the outcomes described always result from those events occurring in the given context. This can help to uncover further scenarios which clarify the requirements. For instance, a domain expert noticing that refunded items are not always returned to stock might reword the requirements as "Refunded or replaced items should be returned to stock unless faulty."

This in turn helps participants to pin down the scope of requirements, which leads to better estimates of how long those requirements will take to implement.

The words Given, When and Then are often used to help drive out the scenarios, but are not mandated.

These scenarios can also be automated, if an appropriate tool exists to allow automation at the UI level. If no such tool exists then it may be possible to automate at the next level in, ie: if an [[Model-view-controller|MVC]] design pattern has been used, the level of the Controller.

==Unit-level Examples and Behavior==

The same principles of examples, using contexts, events and outcomes can be used to drive development at a unit level. For instance, the following examples describe an aspect of behavior of a list:

Example 1: New lists are empty
* Given a new list
* Then the list should be empty.

Example 2: Lists with things in them are not empty.
* Given a new list
* When we add an object
* Then the list should not be empty.

Both these examples are required to describe the behavior of the <source lang="java">list.isEmpty()</source> method, and to derive the benefit of the method. These examples can be automated using TDD frameworks. In BDD these examples are usually encapsulated in a single test method, with the name of the method being a complete description of the behavior.

For instance, using Java and JUnit 4, the above examples might become:

<source lang="java">
public class ListTest {

@Test
public void shouldKnowWhetherItIsEmpty() {
List list1 = new List();
assertTrue(list1.isEmpty());

List list2 = new List();
list2.add(new Object());
assertFalse(list2.isEmpty());
}
}
</source>

Sometimes the difference between the context, events and outcomes may be made more explicit. For instance:

<source lang="java">
public class WindowControlBehavior {

@Test
public void shouldCloseWindows() {

// Given
WindowControl control = new WindowControl("My AFrame");
AFrame frame = new AFrame();

// When
control.closeWindow();

// Then
ensureThat(!frame.isShowing());
}
}
</source>

However the example is phrased, the effect should be that of describing the behavior of the code in question. For instance, from the examples above one can derive:

* List should know when it is empty
* WindowControl should close windows

The description is useful if the test fails, and provides documentation of the code's behavior to anyone interested in Lists or WindowControls. Once the examples have been written they are then run and the code implemented to make them work in the same way as TDD.

==Using Mocks==

Because of the outside-in nature of BDD, developers will often find themselves trying to use units of code which don't yet exist. When this happens, an object which is simpler than the desired code, and provides the same interface but predictable behaviour, can be [[Dependency Injection|injected]] into the code which needs it.

These objects can either be created by hand, or created using a mocking framework such as [[JMock]] or [[EasyMock]].

BDD proponents claim that the use of "should" and "ensureThat" in BDD examples encourages developers to question whether the responsibilities they're assigning to their classes are appropriate, or whether they can be delegated or moved to another class entirely. Questioning responsibilities in this way, and using mocks to fulfill the required roles of collaborating classes, encourages the use of [[Role-based Interfaces]]. It also helps to keep the classes small and loosely coupled.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dannorth.net/introducing-bdd Dan North's article introducing BDD]
*[http://blog.daveastels.com/2005/07/05/a-new-look-at-test-driven-development First article on BDD]
*[http://behavior-driven.org/ Introduction to Behavior Driven Development]
*[http://www.concordion.org Concordion: a Java automated testing tool for BDD that uses plain English to describe behaviors]
*[http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/ruby/2007/08/09/behavior-driven-development-using-ruby-part-1.html Behavior Driven Development Using Ruby (Part 1)]
*[http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/ruby/2007/08/30/behavior-driven-development-using-ruby-part-2.html Behavior-Driven Development Using Ruby (Part 2)]
*[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-cq09187/index.html In pursuit of code quality: Adventures in behavior-driven development by Andrew Glover]
*[http://www.narisa.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=22293 Discussion of an approach to support a non-English language for BDD] (in Thai)

=== Implementation ===
*[http://rspec.info/ RSpec] - Ruby
*[http://jbehave.org/ JBehave] - Java
*[http://www.codeplex.com/StoryQ/ StoryQ] - .Net 3.5
*[http://nspec.tigris.org/ NSpec] - .Net
*[http://nspecify.sourceforge.net/ NSpecify] - .Net
*[http://nbehave.googlecode.com/ NBehave] - .Net
*[http://specter.sf.net// Specter] - Another implementation of BDD framework in .Net with focus on specification readability
*[http://groovy.codehaus.org/Using+GSpec+with+Groovy GSpec] - Groovy
*[http://www.easyb.org/ easyb] - Groovy
*[http://code.google.com/p/specs/ specs] - Scala
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/dspec/ dSpec] - Delphi
*[http://jania.pe.kr/aw/moin.cgi/JSSpec JSSpec] - JavaScript
*[http://www.phpspec.org/ PHPSpec] - PHP
*[http://code.google.com/p/instinct/ Instinct] - Java
*[http://www.jdave.org/ JDave] - Java
*[http://sourceforge.net/projects/beanspec beanSpec] - Java
*[http://blog.ianbicking.org/behavior-driven-programming.html BDD in Python] is core module [http://python.org/doc/current/lib/module-doctest.html doctest]

[[Category:Software development philosophies]]
[[Category:Software testing]]

[[ja:ビヘイビア駆動開発]]

Michail Iwanowitsch Pugowkin

2008-07-25T18:56:51Z

MaxSem: more clarity on his statue

{{recent death|Pugovkin, Mikhail Ivanovich|date=July 2008}}
'''Mikhail Ivanovich Pugovkin''' ({{lang-ru|Михаи́л Ива́нович Пу́говкин}}, real name Пугонькин; [[July 13]], [[1923]], Rameshki, [[Chukhloma]] District of [[Kostroma Oblast]] - [[July 25]], [[2008]], [[Moscow]]) was a [[Soviet]]/[[Russia]]n comic actor named a [[People's Artist of the USSR]] in 1988.

He studied in the [[Moscow Art Theatre]] school under [[Ivan Moskvin]], took part in [[World War II]] and, following demobilisation, was featured in the 1944 all-star cast adaptation of [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[The Wedding (1944 film)|The Wedding]]''.

Pugovkin went on to appear in more than 100 films. His roles in [[Leonid Gaidai]]'s comedies, such as ''[[Operation Y and Other Shurik's Adventures]]'' (1965), ''[[Twelve Chairs]]'' (1971) and ''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future]]'' (1973), made him one of the most popular comedians of the former [[Soviet Union]].

Pugovkin lived in [[Yalta]], [[Crimea]] before moving to Moscow in 1999. A statue of Father Fyodor from ''[[The Twelve Chairs (1971 film)|The Twelve Chairs]]'' portrayed by Pugovkin was unveiled in [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]] in 2005.[http://lenta.ru/articles/2008/07/25/pugovkin/] He passed away on [[July 25]], [[2008]] in his house in Moscow. He will be buried on July 29 at [[Vagankovo Cemetery]].

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0700127}}
* [http://www.pugovkin.ru/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pugovkin, Mikhail}}

{{Russia-actor-stub}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Russian actors]]
[[Category:Soviet actors]]
[[Category:People's Artists of the USSR]]

[[ru:Пуговкин, Михаил Иванович]]
[[fi:Mihail Pugovkin]]
[[uk:Пуговкін Михайло Іванович]]

Yosef Mendelevitch

2008-07-10T18:21:17Z

MaxSem: contradicrory: Vladimir is not in Siberia. removing both places

{{unreferenced|date=July 2008}}
'''Yosef Mendelevitch''' (or '''Mendelovitch''') (b. [[1948]] in [[Riga]]), was a well-known Jewish [[Refusenik (Soviet Union)|refusenik]] in the former [[Soviet Union]] who gained fame for his adherence to [[Zionism]] and public attempts to emigrate to [[Israel]] at a time when it was considered to be against the law in the [[USSR]]. He was one of the participants of the [[Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair]]. As punishment, he was imprisoned for eleven years. In [[1981]] he was released and immigrated to Israel.

He was known as a "[[Prisoner of Zion]]". Since moving to Israel he adopted [[Orthodox Judaism]] and has become a [[rabbi]] affiliated with the [[Religious Zionist Movement]].

{{Israel-bio-stub}}

[[Category:Israeli activists|Mendelevitch, Yosef]]
[[Category:Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis|Mendelevitch, Yosef]]
[[Category:Soviet dissidents|Mendelevitch, Yosef]]
[[Category:Baalei teshuva]]
[[Category:Israeli Orthodox rabbis]]
[[ru:Иосиф Менделевич]]

Sergei Sergejewitsch Korsakow

2008-07-02T17:43:57Z

MaxSem: portrat

[[Bild:Sergey Korsakov.jpg|thumb|Korsakow im 1885]]
'''Sergei Sergejewitsch Korsakow''' ([[russische Sprache|russisch]] ''Сергей Сергеевич Корсаков''; * [[22. Januar]] [[1854]] in [[Wladimirsk]]; † [[1. Mai]] [[1900]] in [[Moskau]]) war ein berühmter russischer Nervenarzt.

Er studierte Medizin an der Moskauer Universität. Nach seinem dortigen Examensabschluss im Jahre 1875 arbeitete er ab 1876 in einer Nervenklinik und hatte dabei ausgiebig Gelegenheit, die Auswirkungen des Alkoholismus zu beobachten. 1880 veröffentlichte er eine erste detaillierte Beschreibung einer vor allem bei Alkoholikern auftretenden Form der [[Amnesie]]. 1887 beschrieb er verschiedene Fälle von alkoholbedingter [[Polyneuritis]] mit ausgeprägten psychischen [[Syndrom]]en. Für seine Arbeit über alkoholische [[Paralyse]] erhielt er 1887 den medizinischen Doktortitel.

1888 wurde er Privatdozent und 1892 Leiter einer neuen psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik und [[Extraordinarius]]. Er war zeitweise in Wien zu Besuch und in dieser Zeit Schüler von [[Theodor Meynert]].

Korsakow war einer der größten Psychiater des 19. Jahrhunderts und veröffentlichte zahlreiche Arbeiten auf den Gebieten der Neuropathologie, Psychiatrie und Gerichtsmedizin. Er forschte insbesondere über Alkohol-Psychose, führte den Begriff [[Paranoia]] ein und schrieb ein ausgezeichnetes Psychiatriebuch. Er war bestrebt Patienten humaner, ohne Zwangsmaßnahmen, zu behandeln, was beim Klinikpersonal nicht sonderlich beliebt war (''„Je weniger Zwang für den Patienten, desto mehr Zwang für den Arzt“'').

Korsakow bedauerte, dass Studenten ihre Kräfte für einfache Lebensbedürfnisse vergeuden mussten, wenn sie sich eigentlich auf ihre Studien konzentrieren sollten. Als Vorsitzender der „Fördergesellschaft für bedürftige Studenten“ versuchte er, deren finanzielle Situation zu erleichtern. Aber er hatte auch Erwartungen an die Studenten: ''„Zu allererst möchte ich, dass alle Studenten die Naturnotwendigkeit ihrer Ausbildung erkennen, dass sie Wissen und Wissenschaft lieben und Unwissen verachten… Für das große Privileg studieren zu dürfen, müssen Studenten Opfer bringen…“''

Nach Korsakow sind ein amnestisches Syndrom ([[Wernicke-Korsakow-Syndrom]]) und eine Psychose ([[Korsakow-Syndrom]]) bei Alkoholkranken benannt.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korsakow, Sergei Sergejewitsch}}

[[Kategorie:Psychiater]]
[[Kategorie:Mediziner (19. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1854]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1900]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Korsakow, Sergei Sergejewitsch
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Russischer Nervenarzt
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[22. Januar]] [[1854]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Wladimirsk]]
|STERBEDATUM=[[1. Mai]] [[1900]]
|STERBEORT=[[Moskau]]
}}

[[en:Sergei Korsakoff]]
[[nl:Sergej Korsakov]]
[[pl:Siergiej Korsakow]]
[[ru:Корсаков, Сергей Сергеевич]]

MediaWiki:Cite error references no text

2008-04-17T13:31:46Z

MaxSem: {{broken ref}} per discussion at WP:VPT

Invalid <code><ref></code> tag;
no text was provided for refs named <code>$1</code>{{broken ref}}

Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Sandbox

2008-03-23T13:12:42Z

MaxSem: test AWB

To test AWB

[[Image:Test.jpg|50px]]

Ivan Aguéli

2007-12-22T15:59:48Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Ivan Aguéli''' (born ''John Gustaf Agelii'') ([[May 24]], [[1869]] - [[October 1]], [[1917]]) also named '''Sheikh 'Abd al-Hadi Aqhili''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: '''شيخ عبد الهادی عقیلی''') upon his acceptance of Islam, was a [[Sweden|Swedish-born]] wandering [[Sufi]], painter and author. As a devotee of [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-Arabi]], his metaphysics applied to the study of Islamic esoterism and its similarities with other esoteric traditions of the world. He was the initiator of [[René Guénon]] into [[Sufism]] <ref>Waterfield, p.29</ref> and founder of the Parisian [[Al Akbariyya]] society. His art was a unique form of [[miniature]] [[Impressionism]] where he used the blend of colours to create a sense of depth and distance. His unique style of art made him one of the founders of the Swedish contemporary art movement.

{{Infobox Person |
name = Ivan 'Abd al-Hadi Aguéli|
dead = dead |
birth_date = {{birth date|1869|5|24|mf=y}}|
birth_place = [[Sala]], [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]]|
death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|10|01|1869|05|24}}|
death_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]].
}}

== Childhood and Youth ==

Ivan Aguéli was born as ''John Gustaf Agelii'' in the [[Sweden|Swedish]] small town of [[Sala, Sweden|Sala]] in [[1869]] as the son of the [[veterinary]] ''Johan Gabriel Agelii''. Early on in his youth he began showing an exceptional artistic talent and a keen interest in religious [[mysticism]].

Between the years [[1879]]-[[1889]] he conducted his studies in [[Gotland]] and [[Stockholm]].

In [[1890]] he adopted the name of ''Ivan Aguéli'', possibly under the influence of the writings of [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] and [[August Strindberg]]. The same year he travelled to [[Paris]] where he became the student of the [[Symbolism|Symbolist]] painter [[Émile Bernard]]. Bernard was a close friend of [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Paul Gauguin]]. Before Aguéli returned to Sweden the same year, he made a detour to [[London]] where he met the [[Russia]]n [[anarchist]] scholar [[Kropotkin|Prince Kropotkin]]<ref>Gauffin I, p.67</ref> .

Attending art school in [[Stockholm]], he was taught by the Swedish artists [[Anders Zorn]] and Richard Bergh.

== Ibn al-Arabi and the Holy Koran ==

It was at this time of his youth that Aguéli claimed that he was visited in a dream by the great Sufi [[Ibn Arabi|Muhyiddin Ibn al-Arabi]], who invited him to [[Islam]] and [[Sufism]]. <ref>Gauffin II, p.143</ref> Records kept at the [[Swedish Royal Library|Royal Library]] in [[Stockholm]], also indicate that it was now that he for the first time borrowed a Swedish translation of the [[Qur'an|Holy Koran]], on the 11 March [[1892]]. <ref>Gauffin I, p.73</ref>

Regarding [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-Arabi]], Aguéli would later write ''"I had read his books before I knew Arabic, I had seen his face before I knew his name..."''.

Not only did he start reading about Islam, but Aguéli also began openly displaying Oriental character traits. At one famous occasion when visiting the exclusive café ''Du Nord'' in Stockholm he persuaded all his friends to settle down on the floor, to the great surprise of the waiters. <ref>Gauffin I, p.75</ref>

By the end of the year [[1892]] he left [[Stockholm]] to return to [[Paris]] where he was drawn into the city's political turmoil.

== Paris ==

In [[1894]] he was arrested for association with French [[anarchism|anarchists]] and sentenced to 4 months in the [[Mazas Prison|Mazas prison]]. While in Mazas, Aguéli used his time to study the [[Qur'an|Koran]] and [[Oriental languages]]. Within months of his release in 1895, he left France for Egypt where he lived until 1896 when he returned to Paris. <ref>Gauffin I, pp.131</ref>

It was later on in Paris between [[1898]]-[[1899]] that Aguéli finally converted to [[Islam]] and adopted the name '''Abd al-Hadi'' (meaning ''the servant of the Guide'').

== Sri Lanka ==

In 1899 he moved to [[Colombo]] in today's [[Sri Lanka]] where he settled down in its [[Malay]] community and enrolled at a local Islamic school ''"in order to study the influence of Islam on other nations than the Arab..."''<ref>Gauffin II, p.44</ref>. However, due to monetary difficulties, Aguéli was forced to return to Paris in 1900. <ref>Gauffin II, pp.42</ref>

== Sufism ==

In 1902 Aguéli again moved to [[Cairo]]. There, he became one of the first Western Europeans to be officially enrolled at the [[Al-Azhar University]] where he studied [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Islamic philosophy]]. <ref>Gauffin II, pp.121</ref>

Living a life in utmost poverty, adopting Arab dress and learning perfect Arabic, Aguéli soon won many friends amongst the Egyptians and was in 1902 initiated into the al-Arabiyya [[Shadhili]]yya Sufi order by the great Egyptian Shaykh 'Abd al-Rahman Ilaysh al-Kabir. <ref>Almqvist, pp.17-19</ref>

Considered one of the greatest Sufi masters in Cairo, Shaykh Ilaysh had during an exile to Damascus in the end of the 19th Century become a close friend of the Algerian [[Abdel Qadir|Sufi Emir Abd al-Qadir]].<ref>Gauffin II, p.143</ref>

Shaykh Ilaysh also used to call Aguéli ''Muhyiddin'' (one of [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-Arabi's]] names) and gave him the title ''Muqaddim of Europe''. This title would be of utmost importance during his future travels. <ref>Gauffin II, p.143</ref>

Throughout his life, Aguéli was also drawn to the [[Malamatiyya]] Sufi order, which by many historians is deemed to explain his sometimes bizarre and highly unconventional behaviour, such as the [[Deuil]] incident related below.

Aguéli also stated ''"Maybe you remember that I studied Swedenborg? Then I found [[Ibn Arabi|Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi]] and [[Laozi|Laotzu]]. He who merely studies one of these two, will not read anything else. Our [[Orientalist]]s neither know [[Ibn Arabi|Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi]]'s true place in [[Sufism]], nor [[Sufism]]'s place in [[Islam]]."''

== Il Convito ==

With the blessing of Shaykh Ilaysh, Aguéli and an [[Italy|Italian]] doctor and fellow-convert named Enrico Insabato (1878-1963) founded and contributed to an Italian magazine published in Cairo (1904-1913) named "Il Convito/An-Nadi". To avoid writing in the colonial languages French and English, the magazine was written in [[Italian language|Italian]].

The aim of this publication was to help bridge the cultural gap between Christian Europe and the [[Islamic world]]. Aguéli and Insabato, acting on the instructions of Shaykh Ilaysh wished to by gaining Italian support counter the British and French influence in the Islamic world and simultaneously promote the Sufism of [[Ibn al-Arabi]] in Europe. <ref>Gauffin II, p.191-192</ref>

The greatest achievement of their efforts for an Italian-Islamic dialogue was when Shaykh Ilaysh, in order to spite the [[United Kingdom|British]], in 1906 dedicated a large mosque in Cairo to the memory of the [[Italy|Italian]] King [[King Umberto I|Umberto I]].

However, the political agenda of the magazine, its pro-Sufi stance and opposition to the British rule of Egypt meant that it was branded as anti-colonial and subsequently closed down by the [[British empire|British administration]].

The start of the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911-1912) also led to Aguéli giving up his pro-Italian politics and returning to his painting and Sufi metaphysics. <ref>Gauffin II, p.193</ref>

== First World War and Spain ==

Aguéli's political opinions were clearly against the colonial administration and this resulted in that the British Consul-General of Egypt, [[Earl of Cromer|Lord Cromer]], came to suspect that he was a spy and in [[1916]] expelled him from Egypt to Spain.

Stranded in Spain, Aguéli lacked the funds to continue back to Sweden. On [[October 3]][[1917]] his friend and patron [[Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke|HRH Prince Eugén Bernadotte of Sweden]] sent a cheque of 1,000 [[Spanish peseta]]s to the Swedish [[consulate]] in order to help him back, but it was too late, on [[October 1]] 1917 Aguéli had tragically died in a tram accident in the village of [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] outside [[Barcelona]].

[[Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke|Prince Eugén]] hence ordered the cheque to be given to Aguéli's impoverished mother, who had spent all her savings supporting her son. The Prince also commanded the [[repatriation]] and preservation of all of Aguéli's belongings left behind in Barcelona, Cairo and Paris. These belongings were kept at the archives of the [[Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts|Swedish National Museum of Fine arts]] in [[Stockholm]].

At an exhibition in 1920 nearly 200 of Aguéli's recovered painings were put on display at Prince Eugén's residence at [[Waldemarsudde]]. After the Prince and his nephew [[Gustav VI Adolf|HRH Crown Prince Gustav Adolf Bernadotte]] (future HM King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden) had purchased their favourites, the rest were sold to a fascinated audience.

== Aguéli and René Guénon ==

[[René Guénon]] and Aguéli began their friendship in [[1910]] while Guénon was the editor of ''La Gnose'', an esoteric magazine in Paris.<ref>Almqvist, p.19</ref> It was while writing numerous articles on metaphysics, Sufism and Taoism that Aguéli seems to have awakened Guénon’s interest in Islam. As a Moqaddim of the Shadhiliyya order and Shaykh Ilaysh’s personal representative in Europe it seems that he hence proceeded with initiating Guénon into Sufi Islam.<ref>Almqvist, p.18</ref>

The evidence that it was Aguéli who received Guénon into Islam (and also possibly gave him his Muslim name) is in a letter recovered amongst his possessions, sent by Aguéli in September [[1911]] from [[Sweden]] to an unknown address in [[Cairo]].

''"With regards to France, with which I mean Paris, many of our friends there have accepted Islam, such as [[René Guénon|Abd al-Wahid]] and Abd al-Halim. Most of them are amongst the scholarly, educated and freethinking classes, none of whom are politicians… They have accepted Islam out of their love for the greatest [[Ibn Arabi|Shaykh Muhuyiddin al-Arabi]] (may Allah grant him Mercy) and their inclinations toward the [[Malamatiyya]] order (…) Further we have with the aid of the Most High founded the [[Al Akbariyya]] society in Paris on the night of Friday the 26th..."''.<ref>Gauffin II, pp.188-189</ref>

According to [[Kurt Almqvist|Almqvist]] there can be no doubt that the name ''"Abd al-Wahid"'' in the letter refers to René Guénon.<ref>Almqvist, p.18</ref> Aguéli then proceeded with initiating him into the Sufi path sometime between [[1911]]-[[1912]]. <ref>Almqvist, p.17-19</ref>

A clear hint is given by Guénon himself in his book ''"Le symbolisme de la Croix"'' which is dedicated to ''"the venerated memory of al-Shaykh ’Abd al-Rahman ’Ilaysh al-Kabir al- ’Alim al-Maliki al-Maghribi…"''. After the dedication, Guénon has added the date 1329 A.H. which translated from the Islamic calender corresponds to the years [[1911]]-[[1912]] A.D. <ref>Almqvist, p.17-19 and Chacornac ''La vie simple de R.G.'' p.47</ref>

It is believed that the [[Al Akbariyya]] society founded by Aguéli, remained highly secretive and that Guénon was not openly Muslim until the late 1920’s when he himself moved to Cairo, following in the footsteps of his Swedish Sufi friend.

It is also worth noting that Guénon's book, ''Orient et Occident'' (1924) deals extensively with the metaphysical similarities between Taoism and Sufism which was the subject Aguéli had already touched upon in La Gnose as early as in January 1911 in what has subsequetly become his most famous article. <ref>Waterfield p.30. Also, for the article itself, see ''Écrits pour La Gnose''.</ref> Subsequently, many scholars have chosen to follow Aguéli's lead, such as [[Toshihiko Izutsu]]’s ''Sufism and Taoism'' (published in 1984).

An interesting note is also that Aguéli, the initiator of [[René Guénon]], was born in the same year ([[1869]]) as the great Shaykh [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], who was the initiator of [[Frithjof Schuon]] into Sufism.

== "If a Sufi Shaykh one day would pick up a brush..." ==

Aguéli was of the belief that an artefact made by an artist had the ability of transferring the spiritual state of the artist to the spectator. In an article written in [[1912]] he states ''"...that is why no one in the West is considered cultured unless he knows the paintings of the greatest masters..."''. In the same article Aguéli also states that ''"...if a Sufi Shaykh one day would pick up a brush and paint a painting, one would merely have to view his painting in order to have a glimpse of his spiritual state of realisation..."''.

== Aguéli and Swedenborg ==

As a teenager in Stockholm, Aguéli was introduced to the teachings of the 18th century Swedish mystic [[Emanuel Swedenborg]].<ref>Gauffin I, p.30</ref> The metaphysical teachings of Swedenborg and his [[unitarian]] approach to the Christian concept of divinity made a lasting impression on Aguéli who later on would thank Swedenborg for ''"bestowing upon me the mystical upbringing with which I have managed to defend myself against all kinds of [[Protestantism]] and [[Germanic|Germanisation]]…"'' <ref>Gauffin II, p.142</ref>

Later on he also wrote the following

''"I am working on a piece dealing with the secret teachings of the Orient, where one can see how many similarities there are between Swedenborg and the sacred gathering of great souls, by whom I mean the great saints and men of God who till this day guard the mortals when they leave the world and are drawn unto God. There one sees a spiritual chain stemming from the sacred teachings of the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]], [[Assyrian]] and [[India]]n temples which then continues to shine in its brightest light with the so called [[Faqir]]s and [[Dervish]]es and which is then ended with the Swedenborgian light, after which one is close to gazing into Eternity itself… There are many things in [[Swedenborg]] that I do not accept, and some ideas that I even repudiate and refute, but that is perhaps because I have not fully understood him, nonetheless Swedenborg is the brightest spirit that Europe has produced ever since the dawn of time…''" <ref>Gauffin II, p.142</ref>

It appears that although Aguéli was the first one to explore similarities between Sufi and Swedenborgian metaphysics, this was much later extensively written about by [[Henry Corbin]] in his book ''Swedenborg and Esoteric Islam'' (published in 1995).

It is also interesting to note that Swedish [[genealogist]] Erik Hellerström in 1964 traced Aguéli's ancestry (through his mother's side) back to the Swedish [[Bishop]] [[Jesper Swedberg]] who also happened to be the father of [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] himself. It is presumed that Aguéli throughout his life was unaware of this connection.<ref>Hellerström, pp.18-34</ref>

== Aguéli and Animal Rights ==

As the son of a veterinary, Aguéli had a very profound love for animals and he also participated in active protests.

In one famous incident in year 1900, in a [[bull-fighting]] arena in the French town of [[Deuil]], he shot and wounded two Spanish [[matador]]s with a [[revolver]]. During the trial he vehemently defended his rights and refused to apologise. To justify his action he claimed that bullfights are ''"a school of cowardice and brutality, and indicate the moral decay of a nation"'', when countered by the prosecutor that ''"it is not your nation"'', he simply replied ''"It matters not, my fatherland, is the universe..."'' Rallying the entire French animal-rights movement he was only given a suspended sentence. <ref>Gauffin II, pp.93-98</ref>

During his lifetime he also developed a close friendship with the French journalist and animal-rights activist [[Marie Huot]] ([[1846]] - [[1930]]).

While living in [[Cairo]], Aguéli was known for taking care of many stray street cats. It was said that he used to have up to 15 cats following him wherever he went. One of his favourite [[cat]]s was a one-eyed, Cairo street-cat called ''"Mabruka"'' which he took with him on his European travels.

Once, a Swedish friend heard him say ''"He has not lived, who has not slept in a desert tent and heard the grunts of the camels..."''

== Aguéli and Art ==

In 1912, while living in Paris, Aguéli began writing articles on art theory and contemporary art. One of his most exceptional pieces is an article, published in Paris, which deals with the [[Cubism]] of [[Pablo Picasso]]. <ref>Gauffin, pp.218-219</ref> The article awakened the interest of the famous Parisian art critic [[Guillaume Appollinaire]], who attempted in vain, to get Aguéli to cooperate with him in a series of art publications. <ref>Brummer, pp.124-125</ref>

Later, Aguéli would also attempt to arrange for his patron Prince Eugéne to meet [[Picasso]] and [[Matisse]]. <ref>Brummer, p.125</ref>

There are many accounts of Aguéli's enigmatic and [[bohemian]] life.

At an artist's gathering in Paris, his friend Richard Bergh once made the following observation: ''"...there Aguéli is like the fish in water. He is an extraordinary character (...) he lives nowhere and everywhere - never wants to reveal his address, appears and disappears, dressed in a tight velvet coat and trousers as wide as bags..."'' <ref>Brummer, p.125</ref>

An eyewitness account from an appearance on the Swedish Baltic Sea island of [[Gotland]] sometime between 1909-1910 reads as follows: ''"... then there was a peculiar appearance in the street. A man with a dark beard and dark clothes, dark-blue velvet trousers, a red belt of silk carrying a dagger, a white shirt and on the head, a red [[fez]], walking with a slight limp. The clothes were worn-out and dusty."'' <ref>Gauffin II, p.179</ref>

Another Swedish friend Karl Nordström once sarcastically remarked ''"...it takes many years to get Aguéli out of one's system..."'' <ref>Gauffin II, p.198</ref>

On the concept of art, Aguéli once wrote "''The art of painting is half music, and half architecture''".

== Aguéli's Heritage ==

In Sweden, Aguéli is admired as one of its most prominent contemporary painters and his paintings are considered to be national treasures. Most of his paintings are found at the [[Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts|Swedish National Museum of Fine arts]], the [[Moderna Museet|Museum of Modern Art]] and the [http://www.sala.se/turism/aguelimuseet Aguéli museum].

Aguélis prominence in Sweden was clearly shown in [[1969]], when at the centenary of his birth, six of his paintings were printed as [[Postage stamp|stamps]] by the [[Posten (Sweden)|Swedish Postal Service]].

Aguéli's remains were kept in Barcelona, Spain until [[1981]], when he was brought back to Sweden and re-buried with Islamic [[rite]]s in his hometown of [[Sala, Sweden|Sala]]. In [[Sala, Sweden|Sala]] there is also the [http://www.sala.se/turism/aguelimuseet ''Aguéli museum''], the ''Aguéli street'' and the large ''Aguéli park'' dedicated to his memory.

In 2006, under the patronage of [[Carl XVI Gustav|HM King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden]] the largest ever Aguéli exhibition was once again held at [[Waldemarsudde]] in Stockholm, this time also incorporating his Muslim heritage, with various lectures on Sufism.

After his death, Sufis have referred to Aguéli by the epithet of ''Abd al-Hadi "Noor-u-Shimaal"'' (meaning ''Abd al-Hadi "the Light of the North"'') for being the first ever officially named representative of a Sufi order to bring [[Sufism]] to [[Western Europe]] and [[Scandinavia]].

Spiritually, the traditionalist teachings of [[René Guénon]] and [[Frithjof Schuon]] have been upheld in Sweden by Swedish Sufi traditionalist scholars such as [[Kurt Almqvist]], [[Tage Lindbom]] and [[Ashk Dahlén]].

== Quotes ==

*My fatherland, is the universe... <ref>Gauffin II, p.96</ref>

*Simplicity is not only the principle of all art, but of all spiritual activity whatsoever.

*One can never be precise enough, simple enough, deep enough.

*Unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity has the same function in the Arab-Muslim esoterism as the cross has with the Christians.

*Admit, that a landscape can reflect a spiritual state ... Religion is decisive for the sun in the landscape of my within. See, that is why I love monotheism and the Arabian spirit.

*Amongst the Truths of our religion [Islam] is that the world is as Allah has wished it to be. Hence you should only demand perfection of yourself... <ref>Gauffin II, p.191</ref>

*It is almost heresy to quarrel with the Eternal. Is it not to doubt its Omnipotence and All-knowing? When I pray for mercy, it is not a remission of the punishment that I wish for, it is the spiritual life that I want to gain. Little does pain and worry mean to me, i.e. my own. For I, I do not exist. I am not. There is nothing more godless than to cry I! I! <ref>Gauffin II, p.151</ref>

*You, on your part, seek a religion. I, a language. <ref>Gauffin I, p.151</ref>

*My art will one day explain the eccentricities of my life.

*Give me only bread and water, but let me paint!

*Only in [[Africa]], Southern [[India]] and on [[Gotland]] have I been able to perceive the horizon as a single infinite eye, which follows you everywhere, with different expressions.

*…What importance has then [[Cézanne]]'s influence? He who copies [[Léon Bonnat|Bonnat]], is merely a worse Bonnat. But one cannot copy Cézanne, but only follow his way. And then one does not end up with Cézanne, but with oneself...

*I long more than ever away from this damned Europe, to some primitive country, where it is very hot and very clear, and where [[polemics]], [[dialectics]], [[rhetoric]], [[politics]] and [[Socialism]] are unknown diseases. <ref>Gauffin I, p.106</ref>

*[Regarding the Swedish author August Strindberg] it is the landscape painter and the Impressionist that interests me, not the worshipper of [[Nietzsche]], nor the idiot who claims that women are inferior to men . <ref>Gauffin I, p.172</ref>

*The old authentic Arabian architectural monuments… always seem to be greater than reality… they seem to grow before ones eyes, as when wings spread out, or a fan opened.

== Bibliography ==

'''Swedish:'''
* Gauffin, Axel; ''Ivan Aguéli - Människan, mystikern, målaren'' I-II, Sveriges Allmänna Konstförenings Publikation, 1940-41. (Unrivalled study of Aguéli by the Swedish art historian Axel Gauffin which consists of 500 pages in two volumes with interviews with may of his friends and including a large number of his personal letters in Swedish translations.)
* Wessel, Viveka; ''Ivan Aguéli - Porträtt av en rymd'', 1988. (A profound study of Aguéli's art theory and his thoughts on Islamic metaphysics.)
* [[Gunnar Ekelöf|Ekelöf, Gunnar]]; ''Ivan Agueli'', 1944.
* Brummer, Hans-Erik (red.); ''Ivan Aguéli'', 2006. (Texts by numerous Swedish authors, academics and art historians.)
* Hellerström, Erik; ''Släkt och Hävd'', pp. 18-34, 1964. (Map of Aguéli's ancestry.)
* [[Kurt Almqvist|Almqvist, Kurt]]; ''I tjänst hos det enda - ur René Guénons verk'', Natur och Kultur, 1977.
* [[Kurt Almqvist|Almqvist, Kurt]]; ''Ordet är dig nära. Om uppenbarelsen i hjärtat och i religionerna'', Delsbo, 1994.

'''English:'''
*Chacornac, Paul; ''The Simple Life of Réne Guénon'', pp.31-37, Sophia Perennis.
*Turner, Jade (ed.); ''The Grove Dictionary of Art'', pp.465-466, Grove, 1996.
*Waterfield, Robin; ''Réne Guénon and the Future of the West'', pp.28-30, Sophia Perennis.

'''French:'''
*Abdul-Hâdi (John Gustav Agelii, dit Ivan Aguéli); ''Écrits pour La Gnose, comprenant la traduction de l'arabe du Traité de l'Unité'', Archè, 1988.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Frithjof Schuon]]
*[[Tage Lindbom]]
*[[Kurt Almqvist]]
*[[René Guénon]]
*[[Martin Lings]]
*[[Titus Burckhardt]]
*[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]]
*[[Ashk Dahlén]]

*[[Al Akbariyya]]
*[[Shadhili]]yya
*[[Malamatiyya]]

==External links==
*[http://www.sala.se/turism/aguelimuseet/e-index.html Aguéli Museum]

{{Sufism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aguéli, Ivan}}
[[Category:Impressionist painters]]
[[Category:Swedish painters]]
[[Category:Swedish Muslims]]
[[Category:Traditionalism]]
[[Category:converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]
[[Category:Sufism]]
[[Category:Sufis]]
[[Category:Sufi art]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]

[[sv:Ivan Aguéli]]

Schlacht an der Wedrosch

2007-12-22T13:40:13Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=[[Russo-Lithuanian Wars]]
|date=[[July 14]], [[1500]]
|place=Vedrosha River, 50 km west of [[Kaluga]]
|result=Decisive Russian victory
|combatant1=[[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]]
|combatant2=[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]
|commander1=Prince [[Konstantin Ostrogski]]
|commander2=Prince [[Daniil Shchenya]]
|strength1=40,000
|strength2=40,000
|casualties1=8,000 dead
|casualties2=unknown
}}
'''Battle of Vedrosha''' was one of the greatest [[battle]]s in the medieval history of [[Russia]]. It was fought as part of the [[Russo-Lithuanian Wars]] on [[July 14]], [[1500]], some 50 km to the west of [[Kaluga]], between joint forces of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] under command of Prince [[Konstanty Ostrogski|Konstantin Ostrozhsky]] and the [[Russia]]n army under Prince [[Daniil Shchenya]].

The outstanding Russian commander employed similar tactics that proved successful for the Russian army in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]]. Vedrosha was a crushing victory for the Russians. Some 8,000 Lithuanians were killed, and many more were taken prisoner, including Prince Ostrozhsky, the first ever [[Grand Hetman of Lithuania]], himself.

The battle led to the [[peace treaty]] of [[1503]], which saw huge territories (about one third of the Grand Duchy) incorporated into the nascent Russian state. Upon his release, Prince Ostroghsky made several attempts to retaliate, but his brilliant [[Battle of Orsha|victory at Orsha]] ([[1514]]) didn't entail any political consequences.

== References ==
* The battle was described by [[Sigismund von Herberstein]] in his ''[[Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii]]'' ([[1549]]). Herberstein acidly commented that "in one battle and in one year the Grand Duke of Moscow achieved what Grand Duke [[Vytautas]] had spent all his life in achieving".

==Links==
* [http://www.pobeda.ru/content/view/2360 Data on strength and losses (Russian)]

[[Category:1500]]
[[Category:Battles involving Russia|Vedrosha]]
[[Category:Battles involving Poland|Vedrosha]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Vedrosha]]

{{belarus-history-stub}}
{{Lithuania-hist-stub}}
{{Poland-battle-stub}}
{{Russia-battle-stub}}

[[be:Бітва на Ведрашы, 1500]]
[[de:Schlacht an der Wedroscha]]
[[pl:Bitwa nad Wiedroszą]]
[[ru:Ведрошская битва]]
[[uk:Битва над Ведрошею]]

Roman Anatoljewitsch Pawljutschenko

2007-11-17T15:05:32Z

MaxSem: fix infobox

{{Infobox Fußballspieler
| kurzname = Roman Pawljutschenko
| bild =
| langname = Roman Anatoljewitsch Pawljutschenko
| geburtstag = [[15. Dezember]] [[1981]]
| geburtsort = [[Stawropol]]
| geburtsland = [[Russland]]
| sterbedatum =
| sterbeort =
| sterbeland =
| position = [[Angriff (Fußball)|Offensive]]
| jetztverein = [[Spartak Moskau]]
| trikotnummer =
| jugendvereine =
| jugendjahre =
| vereine = [[Dynamo Stawropol]] [[Rotor Wolgograd]] [[Spartak Moskau]]
| jahre = 1998–2000 2000–2003 2003-
| spiele (tore) = 31 (1) 65 (14) 124 (62)
| nationalmannschaft = [[Russische Fußballnationalmannschaft]]
| nationaljahre =
| länderspiele (tore) = 12 (4)
| trainerjahre =
| trainervereine =
| lgupdate = 10. August 2007
| nmupdate = 10. August 2007
}}

'''Roman Anatoljewitsch Pawljutschenko''' (russ. {{lang|ru|Роман Анатольевич Павлюченко}};englische Transkription ''Roman Pavlyuchenko'' * [[15. Dezember]] [[1981]] in [[Stawropol]], Russland) ist ein [[Russland|russischer]] [[Fußball]]spieler.

Pawljutschenko begann seine Karriere als Profifußballer 1998 beim südrussischen Zweitligisten [[Dynamo Stawropol]]. Zum Beginn der Saison 2000 wechselte er zu [[Rotor Wolgograd]] in die [[Premjer-Liga]]; in zwei Jahren erzielte er in 65 Spielen 14 Tore. Seit 2003 steht er bei [[Spartak Moskau]] unter Vertrag. Sein bisher größter Erfolg war der Gewinn des russischen Pokales 2003. In der Saison 2005 und 2006 wurde er mit Spartak Moskau Zweiter der [[Premier Liga]]. Außerdem wurde er 2006 [[Torschützenkönig]] der russischen Liga. In sieben Spielen für die russische Nationalmannschaft traf Pawljutschenko einmal. Für seine Klubs traf Pawljutschenko 64mal in 135 Spielen. In der Saison 2007, im Spiel gegen Zenit St. Petersburg bekam er als erster Spieler einen Brillanten als besten Spieler des Tages von einem Sponsor.

== Familie ==

Roman hat eine Tochter und ist mit seiner Frau Larissa verheiratet

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawljutschenko, Roman Anatoljewitsch}}
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1981]]
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Russland)]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME= Pawljutschenko, Roman Anatoljewitsch
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG= Russischer Fußballspieler
|GEBURTSDATUM= [[15. Dezember]] [[1981]]
|GEBURTSORT= [[Stawropol]], Russland
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Roman Pavlyuchenko]]
[[es:Roman Pavlyuchenko]]
[[fi:Roman Pavljutšenko]]
[[it:Roman Pavljučenko]]
[[nl:Roman Pavlyuchenko]]
[[ru:Павлюченко, Роман Анатольевич]]

Bab al-Hara

2007-11-10T15:43:34Z

MaxSem: /* External links */ rm spamlink

'''Bab al-Hara''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for "The Neighborhood's Gate" "'''باب الحارة'''") is one of the most popular [[television series]] in the [[Arab world]],<ref name>{{cite web|title=Eid mixes solemn duties with simple fun as faithful mark end of Ramadan|author=Rym Ghazal and Mohammed Zaatari|publisher=Daily Star, Lebanon|date=[[15 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=1&article_id=85976 }}</ref> watched by tens of millions of people<ref name=Stern>{{cite web|title=Arab tradition makes a comeback - on TV|author =Yoav Stern|date=9 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/910260.html}}</ref> from "poverty-stricken [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] to the opulent cities of the [[Persian Gulf]]."<ref name=Nammari>{{cite web|title=Hit soap calls Gaza faithful from evening prayer for a nightly dose of nostalgia|author=Dalia Nammari|publisher=The Scotsman|date=13 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-13|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1636092007}}</ref> The series chronicles the daily happenings and family dramas in a neighborhood in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in the [[inter-war]] period under [[France|French]] rule when the local population yearned for independence.<ref name=Nammari/> The appeal is cross-generational, and viewers include [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], [[Druze]] and even [[Arab Jews|Jews]] from [[Arab]] countries.<ref name=Stern/>

The series airs during [[Ramadan]] and forms part of the emerging modern tradition of the Ramadan [[soap opera]].<ref name=AP>{{cite web|title=Syrian Soap Opera Captivates Arab World|author=Dalia Nammari|publisher=[[The Associated Press]]|date=12 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-15|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ipIxVFfDlTQeNIr6tYENcdLW0CKAD8S7J3OG0}}</ref> The [[List of Arabic language television channels|Arab satellite channels]] broadcast special programming every night during Ramadan to try and capture audiences from among the families who have gathered together to eat and break the fast.<ref name=AP/>

Produced by Bassam al-Mulla and broadcast on [[MBC]],<ref name=Stern/> the first installment of the series, comprising 31 episodes, aired during Ramadan in 2006 and enjoyed broad viewership and a positive reception. The second installment, entitled Bab al-Hara 2, was highly anticipated, receiving even wider acclaim in Ramadan of 2007. A third installment to be aired in Ramadan of 2008 was officially announced on [[al-Arabiya]] channel in October of 2007, and will focus on the post-marriage lives of the children of Abu Issam, the local doctor and barber.<ref name=Waleg>{{cite web|title=Get Ready for Bab al Hara 3!|author=H.A.R|date=10 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-15|publisher=Waleg|url=http://www.waleg.com/archives/009596.html}}</ref>

Like many of the most recent popular Arabic series, Bab al-Hara is a Syrian production, financed by the Gulf-state [[satellite television|satellite channels]]. It reflects a new trend representing the shift of Arabic media dominance away from the [[Egypt]]ians to the Syrians. It is speculated that although Syrian cinema has always had the talent and creativity it is now showing, the Egyptians dominated due to the Syrians lack of funding. Now, with recent financing from Gulf-funded TV stations, the Syrians have seen an exponential rise to dominance in the field Arab audiovisual and cinematic productions.

==Historic context==
The series takes place in the 1930s, a time when the [[Middle East]] was colonized by [[Western powers]]. [[Syria]] was under [[France|French]] control and [[Palestine]] - where some of the neighborhood men go to fight at the end of the second installment of the series - was [[United Kingdom|British]]-occupied. Bab al-Hara depicts the last moments of Syrian society as it existed in it's centuries-old [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman era]] make-up, just prior to the transition into [[colonial]] and [[post-colonial]] [[modernity]]. The series' hearkening back to this era partially explains its massive popularity, an expression of the Arab world's nostalgia and yearning for a simple, more dignified time<ref name=Nammari/> before the cataclysmic turmoil and cultural identity crisis ushered in by the colonial period.

==Characters==
===Main===
*'''Abu Isam''' - [[Abas al-Noury]] (the hakim/doctor the story is based around him)
*'''Abu Shehab''' - [[Samer al-Masry]] (the strongman of the neighborhood)
*'''Abu Ghalib''' (wheat seller, from nearby rival neighborhood)
*'''Isam''' (eldest son of Abu Isam)
*'''Lutfia''' (wife of Isam)
*'''Mo'tez''' (son of Abu Isam)
*'''Umm Zaki''' (unmarried woman of neighborhood; gives advice to other women)
*'''Firyal''' (widow and troublemaker)
*'''Suad''' - [[Sabah al-Jazaery]] (wife of Abu Isam)
*'''Jamila''' (daughter of Abu Isam)
*'''Dalal''' - [[Anahed Fead]] (daughter of Abu Isam)
*'''Al-Za'im''' (leader of of neighborhood until assassinated)
*'''Staif''' ("blind" beggar and assassin of al-Za'im)

===Other===
*'''Abu Ibrahim''' - [[Isam Aba Ge]] (textiles shop owner)
*'''Ibrahim''' (son of Abu Ibrahim and has love relationship with Dalal)
*'''Abu al-Nar''' (strongman of nearby rival neighborhood)
*'''Abu Bashir''' (bread-maker)
*'''Huda''' (second wife of Isam)
*'''Abu Qassem''' (owner of Hamaam [spa] and brother of Abu Shehab and Suad)
*'''Abu Hassan''' (a leader of Arab resistance in Syria and Palestine)
*'''Abu Tony''' (weapons dealer)
*'''Buran''' - (daughter of Abu Isam)

==Society and values==
{{Expand|date=October 2007}}

The director of Bab al-Hara, Bassam al-Mulla, explains that he intended to create nostalgia for "a world with values, honor, gallantry...and the revolutionary spirit."<ref name=AP/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Syrian series]]

{{commons|Category:Bab al-Hara|Bab al-Hara}}

[[ar:باب الحارة]]

Spartak Moskau

2007-11-03T18:41:50Z

MaxSem: /* Aktueller Kader */ linkfix

{{Infobox Fußballklub |
image = [[Bild:Logo Spartak Moskau.jpg|100px]]|
kurzname = Spartak Moskau |
langname = Fußballklub Spartak Moskau |
spitzname = ''Mjaso'' (Fleisch), ''Krasno-belyje'' (Rot-Weiße), ''Narodnaja komanda'' (Volksmannschaft), |
gegründet = 1922 |
stadion = [[Olympiastadion Luschniki]] |
plätze = 82.380 |
präsident = Leonid Fedun |
Generaldirektor = Sergej Schawlo|
trainer = [[Stanislaw Tschertschessow]] |
adresse = [http://www.spartak.com/ spartak.com] |
liga = [[Premjer-Liga]], Russland |
saison = 2006 |
rang = Vizemeister |
pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_whitehorizontal|pattern_ra1=|
leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FF0000|
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leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|
}}
'''Spartak Moskau''' ([[Russische Sprache|russisch]] {{lang|ru|Спартак Москва}}, wiss. [[Transliteration]] ''{{lang|ru-Latn|Spartak Moskva}}'') ist ein [[Russland|russischer]] Sportverein der Stadt [[Moskau]]. Neben der [[Fußball]]- ist auch die [[Eishockey|Eishockeyabteilung]] ''[[HK Spartak Moskau]]'' international bekannt. Die Vereinsfarben sind Rot-Weiß.

Spartak Moskau wurde 1922 als ''Prom Korporatije'' von [[Nikolai Petrowitsch Starostin]] gegründet. 1936 suchte der Verein nach einem neuen Namen. Die damaligen Mitglieder entschieden sich für „Spartak“ als Erinnerung an den Aufenthalt 1927 in Deutschland, wo sie Gäste des „Sparta-Bundes“ waren.

Spartak ist nach einer Umfrage knapp die populärste Fußballmannschaft Russlands[http://www.rol.ru/news/sport/news/06/11/28_114.htm]. Ihr Spitzname lautet „Volksteam“.

== Fußball ==
Die Fußballabteilung von Spartak Moskau spielt im [[Olympiastadion Luschniki]] mit 82.390 Plätzen. Der aktuelle Trainer heißt [[Stanislaw Tschertschessow]]. Spartak ist russischer Rekordmeister; von den ersten Spielzeiten der russischen Liga nach Ende der UdSSR konnte Spartak nur eine (1995) nicht als Meister abschließen. Nach 2001 wurde die Siegesserie unterbrochen, Spartak beendete die folgenden Spielzeiten teilweise lediglich als Zehnter, durch die erheblichen finanziellen Mittel des Hauptsponsors [[Lukoil]] gelang es jedoch 2005 wieder, in den Titelkampf aktiv einzugreifen. Bis zum letzten Spieltag hatte Spartak noch die Möglichkeit die Meisterschaft zu erringen, wurde letztendlich jedoch nur Vizemeister. In der Saison 2006 stand Spartak bereits nach dem vorletzten Spieltag erneut als Vizemeister fest.

=== Erfolge ===
* Meister:
** Sowjetunion: 1936, 1938, 1939, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1969, 1979, 1987, 1989
** Russland: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001

* Pokalsieger:
** Sowjetunion: 1938, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1958, 1963, 1965, 1971, 1992
** Russland: 1994, 1998, 2003

* [[GUS-Pokal]]: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001

== Aktueller Kader ==
{| width="800px"
|----- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
|'''Name'''
!Rückennummer
!Nationalität
!geboren
!im Verein seit
!letzter Verein
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="left" | '''Trainer'''
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Stanislaw Tschertschessow]] ||align="center"| ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 2. September 1963 ||align="center"| 2006 ||align="center"| FC Wacker Tirol
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="left" | '''Tor'''
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Dmitri Chomitsch]] ||align="center"| 1 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 4. Oktober 1984 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| Alanija Wladikawkas
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Stipe Pletikosa]]||align="center"| 22||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Croatia.svg|20px|Pole]]||align="center"| 9. Januar 1979 ||align="center"| 2007 ||align="center"| Schachtar Donezk
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Wojciech Kowalewski]] ||align="center"| 30 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Poland.svg|20px|Pole]]||align="center"| 11. Mai 1977 ||align="center"| 2003 ||align="center"| Schachtar Donezk
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="left" | '''Abwehr'''
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Antonio Géder]] ||align="center"| 2 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Brasilianer]]||align="center"| 23. April 1978 ||align="center"| 2006 ||align="center"| Saturn Ramenskoje
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Martin Stranzl]] ||align="center"| 3 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Austria.svg|20px|Österreicher]]||align="center"| 16. Juni 1980 ||align="center"| 2006 ||align="center"| VfB Stuttgart
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Martin Jiránek]] ||align="center"| 13 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of the Czech Republic (bordered).svg|20px|Tscheche]]||align="center"| 25. Mai 1979 ||align="center"| 2004 ||align="center"| Reggina Calcio
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Renat Sabitow]]||align="center"| 34 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 13.06.1985 ||align="center"| 2007 ||align="center"| Saturn Ramenskoje
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Fjodor Kudrjaschow]] ||align="center"| 36 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 5. April 1987 ||align="center"| 2007 ||align="center"|
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Roman Schischkin]] ||align="center"| 49 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 27. Januar 1987 ||align="center"| 2001 ||align="center"| Fackel Woronesch
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Andrei Iwanow]] ||align="center"| 59 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 8. Oktober 1988 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"|
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="left" | '''Mittelfeld'''
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Junior Santos Batista Mozart]] ||align="center"| 5 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Brasilianer]]||align="center"| 8. November 1979 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| Reggina Calcio
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Florin Costin Şoava]] ||align="center"| 6 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Romania.svg|20px|Rumäne]]||align="center"| 24. Juli 1978 ||align="center"| – ||align="center"| Krylja Sowetow Samara
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Denis Bojarinzew]] ||align="center"| 7 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 6. Februar 1978 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| Rubin Kasan
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Jegor Iljitsch Titow|Jegor Titow]] ||align="center"| 9 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 29. Mai 1976 ||align="center"| 1992 ||align="center"| eigene Jugend
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Alexander Pawlenko]] ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 20. Januar 1985 ||align="center"| 2001 ||align="center"| eigene Jugend
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Dmitri Torbinski]] ||align="center"| 14 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 28. April 1984 ||align="center"| 2002 ||align="center"| eigene Jugend
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Radoslav Kováč]] ||align="center"| 15 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px|Tscheche]]||align="center"| 27. November 1979 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| Sparta Prag
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Wladimir Bystrow]] ||align="center"| 23 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 31. Januar 1984 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| Zenit St. Petersburg
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Maxym Kalynytschenko]] ||align="center"| 25 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px|Ukrainer]]||align="center"| 26. Januar 1979 ||align="center"| 2000 ||align="center"| Dnipro Dnipropetrowsk
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Serghei Covalciuc]] ||align="center"| 27 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Moldova.svg|20px|Moldawier]]||align="center"| 20. Januar 1982 ||align="center"| 2004 ||align="center"| Karpaty Lwiw
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Jehor Luhatschow]] ||align="center"| 37 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px|Ukrainer]]||align="center"| 24. Dezember 1988 ||align="center"| 2002 ||align="center"| –
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Oleg Dinejew]] ||align="center"| 55 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 30. Oktober 1987 ||align="center"| 2005 ||align="center"| –
|----- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="left" | '''Sturm'''
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Roman Anatoljewitsch Pawljutschenko|Roman Pawljutschenko]] ||align="center"| 10 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 15. Dezember 1981 ||align="center"| 2003 ||align="center"| Rotor Wolgograd
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Soares de Morais Welliton]] ||align="center"| 11 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Brasilianer]]||align="center"| 22. Oktober 1986 ||align="center"| 2007 ||align="center"| Goiás Esporte Clube
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Alexander Prudnikow]] ||align="center"| 18 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 26. Februar 1989 ||align="center"| 2007||align="center"| eigene Jugend
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Nikita Baschenow]] ||align="center"| 32 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 1. Februar 1985 ||align="center"| 2004 ||align="center"| Saturn Ramenskoje
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|[[Artjom Dsjuba]] ||align="center"| 40 ||align="center"| [[Bild:Flag of Russia (bordered).svg|20px|Russe]]||align="center"| 22. August 1988 ||align="center"| 2004 ||align="center"| –
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|----- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| colspan="6" align="left" | ''Stand: September 2007''
|}

{{Navigationsleiste Vereine in der russischen Premjer-Liga}}

== Eishockey ==
''siehe'' [[HK Spartak Moskau]]

== Weblinks ==
*[http://rus.spartak.com/ Homepage der Fußballabteilung] (russisch, englisch)
* [http://www.footballmatch.de/moskau.html Bildergalerie und Informationen auf Footballmatch]
*[http://rwinfo.narod.ru/ The Red-White INFOrmation History and statistics FC Spartak Moscow] (russisch, englisch)

[[Kategorie:Russischer Fußballverein|Spartak]]
[[Kategorie:Sport (Moskau)]]

[[ar:سبارتاك موسكو]]
[[bg:ФК Спартак Москва]]
[[en:FC Spartak Moscow]]
[[es:FC Spartak Moscú]]
[[fi:FK Spartak Moskova]]
[[fr:FK Spartak Moscou]]
[[he:ספרטק מוסקבה]]
[[id:FC Spartak Moskwa]]
[[it:FK Spartak Mosca]]
[[ja:スパルタク・モスクワ]]
[[lt:FK Spartak Moskva]]
[[nl:Spartak Moskou]]
[[no:FK Spartak Moskva]]
[[pl:Spartak Moskwa]]
[[pt:FC Spartak Moscovo]]
[[ro:FC Spartak Moscova]]
[[ru:Спартак (футбольный клуб, Москва)]]
[[sr:ФК Спартак Москва]]
[[sv:FC Spartak Moskva]]
[[tr:Spartak Moskova]]
[[zh:莫斯科斯巴达克足球俱乐部]]

James W. Patterson

2007-10-22T14:15:40Z

MaxSem: Fixing links to disambiguation pages - you can help! using AWB

:''For similarly named people, see [[James Patterson (disambiguation)]]''

[[Image:James W. Patterson - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|James W. Patterson]]

'''James Willis Patterson''' ([[July 2]], [[1823]] - [[May 4]], [[1893]]) was a [[United States Representative]] and [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[New Hampshire]]. Born in [[Henniker, New Hampshire|Henniker]], he pursued classical studies, graduated from [[Dartmouth College]] in 1848, and was principal of the Woodstock Academy in ([[Connecticut]]) for two years. He attended the Theological Seminary at [[New Haven, Connecticut]], studied law, and was a professor of mathematics, astronomy, and meteorology at Dartmouth College from 1854 to 1865.

Patterson was a member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]] in 1862, and was elected as a [[USRepublican|Republican]] to the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses ([[March 4]], [[1863]]-[[March 3]], [[1867]]). He was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from [[March 4]], [[1867]], to [[March 3]], [[1873]]; while in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (Forty-first Congress) and a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia (Forty-first and Forty-second Congresses). He was a [[regent]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and in 1877-1878 was again a member of the State house of representatives. He was State [[superintendent (education)|superintendent]] of public instruction from 1881 to 1893, and president of American Institute of Instruction. He died in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]] in 1893; interment was in Dartmouth Cemetery.

==References==
*{{CongBio|P000120}}

{{start box}}
{{U.S. Senator box
|state=New Hampshire
|class=3
|before=[[George G. Fogg]]
|after=[[Bainbridge Wadleigh]]
|alongside=[[Aaron H. Cragin]]
|years=1867–1873}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1823 births|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:1893 deaths|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:American academics|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College alumni|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:Dartmouth College faculty|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:People of New Hampshire in the American Civil War|Patteron, James]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution people|Patterson, James]]
[[Category:United States Senators from New Hampshire|Patterson, James]]

Hudson (Massachusetts)

2007-10-22T14:07:46Z

MaxSem: Fixing links to disambiguation pages - you can help! using AWB

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Hudson, Massachusetts
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption = The [[roundabout|rotary]] located at the center in downtown Hudson, the orange building is the [[Oddfellows]] Hall
|image_seal =
|image_flag =
|image_map = Hudson_ma_highlight.png
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Massachusetts]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1699
|established_title2 = Incorporated
|established_date2 = 1866
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|government_type = [[Open town meeting]]
|leader_title = [[Executive Assistant]]
|leader_name = Paul Blazar
|leader_title1 = [[Board of Selectmen]]
|leader_name1 = Joseph Durant Carl Leeber Antonio Loura Fred Lucy II Santino Parente
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 30.7
|area_total_sq_mi = 11.8
|area_land_km2 = 29.8
|area_land_sq_mi = 11.5
|area_water_km2 = 0.9
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.3
|population_as_of = 2000
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|population_total = 18113
|population_density_km2 = 607.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 1574.4
|elevation_m = 80
|elevation_ft = 263
|timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 42 |latm = 23 |lats = 30 |latNS = N
|longd = 71 |longm = 34 |longs = 00 |longEW = W
|website = http://www.townofhudson.org/Home/
|postal_code_type = ZIP code
|postal_code = 01749
|area_code = [[Area code 351|351]] / [[Area code 978|978]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 25-31540
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0618226
|footnotes =
}}
'''Hudson''' is a town in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. The population was 18,113 at the 2000 census.

For geographic and demographic information on the [[census-designated place]] Hudson, please see the article [[Hudson (CDP), Massachusetts]].

==History==
In 1650, the area that would become Hudson was part of the Indian Plantation for the [[Praying Indian]]s. The Praying Indians were evicted from their plantation during [[King Philip's War]], and most did not return even after the war ended.

The first [[Europe]]an settlement of the Hudson area occurred in 1699 when settler [[John Barnes]], who had been granted an acre of the [[Ockookangansett]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[Plantation]] the year before, built a [[gristmill]] on the [[Assabet River]] on land that would one day be part of Hudson. By 1701, Barnes had also built a [[sawmill]] on the river and had built a bridge across it. Over the next century, Hudson grew slowly.

Hudson was part of [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], and was known as [[Feltonville]] for part of that time, until its incorporation in 1866.

As early as June 1743 Hudson-area residents petitioned to break away from Marlborough and become a separate town, but this petition was denied by the [[Massachusetts General Court]].

Men from the present Hudson area fought with the [[minutemen]] on [[April 19]], [[1775]].

In [[1859]], [[Feltonville]] (as Hudson was then called), received its first [[railroad]]s. This allowed the development of larger [[factory|factories]], some of the first in the country to use [[steam power]] and [[sewing machines]]. By [[1860]], Feltonville had 17 [[shoe]] and shoe-related factories, which attracted immigrants from [[Ireland]] and [[French Canada]].

Feltonville residents fought during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] for the Union side. Twenty-five men died doing so. Many houses, including the Goodale House on Chestnut Street (Hudson's oldest building, dating from 1702) and the Curley home on Brigham Street (now known as the Rice Farm), were stations on the [[Underground Railroad]].

In 1865, Hudson-area residents again petitioned for Feltonville to become a separate town. This petition was approved by the Massachusetts General Court on [[March 19]], [[1866]]. The new town was named Hudson in honor of childhood resident [[Charles Hudson (Massachusetts)|Charles Hudson]], who donated $500 to the new town for it to build a [[library]].

Over the next twenty years, Hudson grew exponentially. Two woolen [[mill]]s, an [[elastic-webbing]] plant, a [[piano|piano case]] factory, and a factory for [[waterproofing]] [[fabric]]s by [[rubber coating]] were built, as well as [[bank]]s, five [[schools]], a [[poor farm]], and the [[town hall]] that is still in use today. The population hovered around 5,500 residents, most of whom lived in small homes with little backyard garden plots. The town maintained five volunteer [[fire company|fire companies]], one of which manned the Eureka Hand Pump, a record-setting pump that could shoot a 1.5-inch stream of water 229 feet.

Then, disaster struck on [[July 4]], [[1894]], when a fire started by two boys playing with [[firecrackers]] burnt down 40 buildings and 5 acres of central Hudson. The cost of damages done was estimated at $400,000. However, the courageous and willing Hudson residents rebuilt the town within a year or so.

By 1900, Hudson's population had reached about 7,500 residents, and the town had built its own [[power plant]], so some homes were wired for electricity. Electric [[trolley]] lines were built that connected Hudson with the towns of [[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]], [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]], and [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]]. The factories in town continued to grow, attracting immigrants from [[England]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Greece]], [[Albania]], and [[Italy]]. These immigrants usually lived in [[boarding house|boardinghouses]] near their places of employment. By 1928, 19 languages were spoken by the workers of the [[Firestone-Apsley Rubber Company]]. Today, the only major ethnic group left in Hudson (besides [[Irish-American|Irish]]) is the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. About one-third of Hudson residents are Portuguese or are of Portuguese descent. The Portuguese community in Hudson maintains the Hudson Portuguese Club[http://www.hudsonportugueseclub.org/], which now has a newly-rebuilt, state-of-the-art clubhouse. The Hudson Portuguese Club was established in the mid-1910s, and has outlived other ethnic clubs, such as the town's long gone Italian Club.

Hudson's population remained about the same until after [[World War II]], when developers started to buy out some farms that rimmed and still do rim the town. The new houses that were built on this land more than doubled Hudson's population. Recently, [[high-technology]] companies have sprung up around Hudson. Although the population of Hudson is now about 20,000, the town still maintains the traditional [[town meeting]] form of government.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 30.7 [[km²]] (11.8 [[square mile|mi²]]). 29.8 km² (11.5 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it (2.87%) is water.

==Adjacent Towns==

Hudson is bordered by five other towns:

[[Bolton, Massachusetts|Bolton]] and [[Stow, Massachusetts|Stow]] on the [[north]], [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] on the [[south]], [[Sudbury, Massachusetts|Sudbury]] on the [[east]], and [[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]] on the [[west]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]][[Geographic references#2|2]] of 2000, there were 18,113 people, 6,990 households, and 4,844 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 608.1/km² (1,574.4/mi²). There were 7,168 housing units at an average density of 240.7/km² (623.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 94.12% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.91% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.13% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.40% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.06% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.40% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.98% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.06% of the population.

There were 6,990 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town the population was spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,549, and the median income for a family was $70,145. Males had a median income of $45,504 versus $35,207 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $26,679. About 2.7% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==

Hudson students have the choice of three school districts they can attend, two [[public schools|public]] and one [[private schools|private]]. The two public school districts are Hudson Public Schools, a district open to any Hudson residents, and Assabet Valley Regional Vocational School District, which is open to students from the 11 towns of [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], Hudson, [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]], [[Berlin, Massachusetts|Berlin]], [[Boylston, Massachusetts|Boylston]], [[West Boylston, Massachusetts|West Boylston]], [[Clinton, Massachusetts|Clinton]], [[Shrewsbury, Massachusetts|Shrewsbury]], [[Westborough, Massachusetts|Westborough]], [[Northborough, Massachusetts|Northborough]], and [[Southborough, Massachusetts|Southborough]]. The private school district is Saint Michael's Schools, a Catholic district run by Saint Michael's [[Parish]]. The [[superintendent (education)|superintendent]] of Hudson Public Schools is Nina Schlikin. The superintendent of Assabet Valley Regional Vocational School District is Eugene Carlo. The Saint Michael's Schools district does not have a set superintendent. Instead, Saint Michael's Parish [[pastor]] Rev. Ron Calhoun serves as administrator for the two schools under the district.

===Public schools===
*John F. Kennedy Middle School, popularly known as JFK, is a public middle (or [[junior high]]) school that serves grades 6 through 7. It was built in the early 1960s and was named after then recently assassinated [[President John F. Kennedy]]. The principal is Madeline Brick and the vice principal is Matthew Gaffny.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/jfk/home.htm]

*Carmela A. Farley Elementary School is a public [[elementary school]] that serves grades 1 through 5 (Farley also has a [[kindergarten]] class and used to have a [[preschool]] class). It was built in the 1950s and was named after long-time Hudson educator Carmela A. Farley. The building has also served as the [[high school]] and the [[middle school]]. The principal is Sharon McDonald.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/farley/home.htm]

*Joseph L. Mulready Elementary School is a public elementary school that serves grades 1 through 5 (Mulready also has a kindergarten class). It was originally named the Cox Street School after the street it is located on, but was renamed after former Hudson [[superintendent (education)|superintendent]] Joseph L. Mulready. The principal is Charlene Cooke.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/mulready/mulready_index.htm]

*Forest Avenue Elementary School is a public elementary school that serves grades 1 through 5 (Forest Ave also has a preschool class and a kindergarten class). It was completed in 1975 and is named after Forest Avenue, the street it is located on. The principal is Nancy Dahlstrom.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/forest/home.htm]

*Hudson High School, or HHS, is a public high school that serves grades 8 through 12 (HHS also has two preschool classes). The new multi-million-dollar building was finished in 2004, the same year the old building, which was built in the early 1970s, was demolished. The prinicipal is John Stapelfeld and the assistant principals are Dan McAnespie and David Champigny.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/hhs/index.html]

*Cora Hubert Kindergarten Center is a public kindergarten center. It occupies the former New Broad Street School building, which was built in 1924, and it is now named after Hudson educator Cora Hubert. The principal is Linda Corbin.[http://www.hudson.k12.ma.us/schools_district/hubert/home.htm]

*Note: Some Hudson students attend [[Assabet Valley High School|Assabet Valley Regional Technical High School]], a public regional vocational high school that serves grades 9 through 12. The school was opened in 1973, and was named after the Assabet Valley that was formed by the [[Assabet River]], as it is where the district's towns are located in. The principal of the school is Mary Jo Nawrocki.[http://www.assabettech.com/]

===Private schools===
*Saint Michael's School is a private Catholic primary school that serves grades 1 through 8 as well as kindergarten. It was built in the late 1910s/early 1920s and is administered by Saint Michael's [[Catholic]] [[Parish]]. The principal is Patricia Delaney.[http://sms.stmikes.org/]

*[[Hudson Catholic High School]], or HCHS, is a private Catholic high school that serves grades 9 through 12. It was completed in 1959 and is administered by Saint Michael's Catholic Parish. The principal is Caroline Flynn and the assistant principal is Mark Wentworth.[http://www.hudsoncatholic.net/]

==Religion==
===Houses of Worship===
*Saint Michael's [[Roman Catholic]] Church[http://www.stmichael-hudson.com/]. St. Michael's Church, also known as St. Mike's, has been in existence since 1869, with the present building having been built in 1889. The current pastor is Rev. Ron Calhoun, and the two parochial vicars are Rev. Joel Grissom and Rev. Steven Poitras.
*Saint Luke's [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] Church[http://www.stlukeshudson.org/]. St. Luke's Church was completed in 1913, and the current rector is Rev. T. James Kodera.
*First United [[Methodist]] Church of Hudson[http://www.hudsonfumc.com/]. The current Methodist Church in town was completed in 1913 after the first one, which was located across the street from the Unitarian Church, burnt down in 1911. The current pastor is Rev. Doug Robinson-Johnson.
*[[Unitarian]] Church of [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]] and Hudson[http://www.ucmh.org/]. The Unitarian Church is technically older than than the town itself; it was built in the early 1860s. The current minister is Rev. Stephen M. Shick.
*Grace the Baptist [[Southern Baptist]] Church[http://www.gracehudson.org/]. The newest church in Hudson, Grace Baptist was built in 1986 and the congregation has grown from an original 25 to a current 1,200 members. The current (senior) pastor is Rev. David Bennett.
*First Federated Church ([[Baptist]]/[[Congregational church|Congregational]])[http://www.thefirstfederatedchurch.org/]. The First Federated Church was built in the 1960s. The current pastor of the First Federated Church is Rev. James (Jay) E. Mulligari III.
*Hudson [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]][http://www.hudsonsdachurch.org/]. The Seventh-day Adventist Church was also built in the 1960s.

===Churches no longer in use===
*Christ the King Roman Catholic Church (merged with Saint Michael's Church in 1994 to form one parish) As the parish had been suppressed in 1994 it was determined by the pastor, Fr. Walter A. Carreiro, with the Parish Pastoral Council to suspend the church building's use for worship. At the same time the St. Michael Early Childhood Center, located in a building on the same property, was relocated to Saint Michael School. The church was closed at the same time as other churches in the Boston Archdiocese were being closed to respond to the shortage of vocations and not to help pay the sex abuse lawsuits, as is often misreported. Christ the King was not closed by the Archdiocese and proceeds of its subsequent sale reverted directly to Saint Michael parish. http://www.rcab.org/Parish_Reconfiguration/closures.html/
*Union Church of All Faiths, possibly the smallest church in the US, built by the Rev. Louis W. West

A very small fraction of the town's population is [[Jewish]] and [[Orthodox]], but there is not yet a [[synagogue]] or an Orthodox [[church]] in Hudson.

==Youth Sports==
*[[Baseball]]
*[[dek hockey|Deck Hockey]]
*[[american football|Football]]
*[[Athletics (track and field)|Track]]
*[[Field Hockey]]
*[[Ice Hockey]]
*[[Scholastic wrestling|Wrestling]]
*[[Soccer]]
*[[Lacrosse]]

==Notable residents==

*Former [[Massachusetts]] governor and former [[United States Ambassador to Canada]] [[Paul Cellucci|Argeo "Paul" Cellucci]] was born and raised here.[[Image:cellucci paul.jpg|200px|thumb|Paul Cellucci]]
*Retired astronaut [[Charles Precourt]] grew up in Hudson.
*Musician and former [[Extreme (band)]] guitarist [[Nuno Bettencourt]] grew up here.
*Musician [[Hugo Ferreira]], lead singer of the band [[Tantric (band)]], is from Hudson.
*Former US senator [[Burton Kendall Wheeler]] was born here.
*Former assistant head of [[FBI]] intelligence, who served for 30 years under [[J. Edgar Hoover]], [[William C. Sullivan]] was also born here.
*[[William D. Coolidge]], American engineer and physical chemist whose improvement of [[tungsten]] [[filaments]] was essential in the development of the modern [[incandescent lamp]] [[bulb]] and the [[X-ray tube]] was born in Hudson.
*Baseball hall-of-famer [[Wilbert Robinson]], who played for the [[Baltimore Orioles]] and was manager of the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] from 1914 to 1931, grew up (or lived later on) in Hudson.
*Former [[New England Revolution]] player [[Tony Frias]] is also from Hudson.

==References==
*Halprin, Lewis, and the Hudson Historical Society. (2001). ''Images of America: Hudson.'' Charleston, SC: Acadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0073-9.

==External links==
*[http://www.townofhudson.org/ Town of Hudson]

{{Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Towns in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Underground Railroad locations]]

[[lmo:Hudson, Massachusetts]]
[[vo:Hudson (Massachusetts)]]

Soma Hellinon Proskopon

2007-08-21T15:52:59Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

{{translation|[[:el:Προσκοπισμός]]}}

{{infobox WorldScouting| image = Scouts of Greece logo.png | caption = Soma Hellinon Proskopon | name = Σώμα Ελληνων Προσκόπων | country = Greece | f-date = 1910 | founder = [[Athanasios Lefkaditis]] | members = 15,687}}

'''Scouts of Greece''' or '''Soma Hellinon Proskopon''' (Σώμα Ελληνων Προσκόπων, ΣΕΠ) is the national [[Scouting]] association of [[Greece]]. Scouting in Greece started in 1910 and was among the charter members of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] in 1922. The association has 15,687 members (as of 2004). The majority of members belong to the Christian Orthodox Church. However, boys and girls of all religions and ethnic groups, residents of Greece, are welcome to become members.

During the [[1908 Summer Olympics]], in [[London]], [[Athanasios Lefkaditis]], a young physical education teacher, observed with interest the [[The Scout Association|British Scouts]]' service and activities at the Games. He met with [[Robert Baden-Powell]] and shortly after, introduced Scouting in Greece in 1910. Ever since, Scouts of Greece has been active in social welfare and relief activities during natural disasters such as great fires and earthquakes.

==Program==
The Scouts of Greece program is based on the [[Scout method]] principles that children can more easily acquire skills through experience than through structured training. They young people plan their own progressive development by choosing from a great variety of programs and activities according to their needs and interests.

The [[Scout Motto]] (''Προσκοπικό ρητό'') is Έσo έτοιμος, ''Be Prepared'' in [[Greek language|Greek]].

===[[Scout Oath]] ''Υπόσχεση του Προσκόπου''===
Υπόσχομαι στην τιμή μου 
να εκτελώ το καθήκον μου στο Θεό και την Πατρίδα 
να βοηθώ κάθε άνθρωπο σε κάθε περίσταση και 
να τηρώ το Νόμο του Προσκόπου. 
''(Η υπόσχεση του προσκόπου προσαρμόζεται σε πολλές χώρες αναλόγως με την θρησκεία και το πολίτευμα)''

===[[Scout Law]] ''Νόμος του Προσκόπου''===
1. Ο Πρόσκοπος λέει την αλήθεια και κρατά το λόγο του. 
2. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι δίκαιος, άξιος να τον εμπιστεύονται, ξέρει να πειθαρχεί και να τηρεί τους Νόμους. 
3. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι χρήσιμος στην οικογένειά του και την κοινωνία. 
4. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι φίλος κι ευγενής προς όλους κι αδελφός με κάθε Πρόσκοπο. 
5. Ο Πρόσκοπος σέβεται τον εαυτό του και τους άλλους, προσέχει τα λόγια και τις πράξεις του. 
6. Ο Πρόσκοπος αγαπά τη φύση και προστατεύει το περιβάλλον. 
7. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι εύθυμος και αισιόδοξος. 
8. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι οικονόμος και φροντίζει για την καλή χρήση του χρόνου. 
9. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι εργατικός και προοδεύει με τις ικανότητές του. 
10. Ο Πρόσκοπος είναι αποφασιστικός, έχει θάρρος και αυτοπεποίθηση κι αναλαμβάνει την ευθύνη των πράξεών του.

The Scout emblem incorporates a [[phoenix]], the [[Greek mythology|myth]]ic [[bird]] symbolizing [[rebirth]], allegory to the creation of the modern Greek nation.

==Distinguished members==
[[Image:-Greecehighestrank.jpg|thumb]]

Mr. [[A. E. Benakis]] was a member of the [[World Scout Committee]] of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] from 1949 until 1951, and [[Demetrios Alexatos]] served on the Committee from 1957 to 1963. In 1963, Mr. Alexatos was awarded the [[Bronze Wolf]], the only distinction of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]], awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. Other Scouts Association of Greece recipients include [[Demetrios A. Macrides]] in 1967 and [[Leonidas J. Skyrianidis]] in 1974.

==Greek Scouting abroad==
Scouts of Greece is also active in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="SoG abroad">{{cite web |url=http://www.sep.org.gr/domi/program_sunedrio.pdf |title=Programme of the 6th Greek Scout Leaders' Conference |publisher=Scouts of Greece |accessdate=2007-02-24}}</ref> These groups form a special region within Scouts of Greece's structures.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{portal|Scouting|Scout logo2.svg}}
*[[Soma Hellinidon Odigon]]

==External links==
*[http://www.sep.org.gr/ Scouts of Greece Homepage]

{{EuropeanScout}}

[[Category:WOSM member organizations]]
[[Category:Scouting in Greece]]

[[el:Προσκοπισμός]]

Nabelinge

2007-08-21T15:32:00Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

{{Taxobox | color = lightblue
| name = Omphalina
| regnum = [[Fungus|Fungi]]
| subregnum = [[Dikarya]]
| phylum = [[Basidiomycota]]
| subphylum = [[Agaricomycotina]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Agaricales]]
| genus = ''Omphalina''
| subdivision_ranks = [[species]]
}}
'''''Omphalina''''' is a genus of small [[agaric]]s with white, [[amyloid (mycology)|nonamyloid]], [[basidiospore]]s and [[decurrent]] [[lamella]]e<ref>{{cite journal | author=Redhead, S.A. ''et al.'' |year=2002a | title=Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for bryophilous omphalinoid agarics outside of the Agaricales (euagarics)| journal=Mycotaxon | volume=82 | pages=151-168}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Redhead, S.A. ''et al.'' |year=2002b | title=Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the Agaricales (euagarics)| journal=Mycotaxon | volume=83 | pages=19-57}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Norvell, L.L. ''et al.'' |year=1994 | title=''Omphalina'' sensu lato in North America. 1-2: 1: ''Omphalina wynniae'' and the genus ''Chrysomphalina''. 2: ''Omphalina'' sensu Bigelow| journal=Mycotaxon | volume=50 | pages=379-407}}</ref>. Typically the [[pileus]] has a deep central depression giving the [[umbrella]]-like to funnel-shaped pileus the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a [[navel]]. Similarly shaped agarics are said to be '''omphalinoid''' in appearance.

==Historical nomenclatural confusion==
The generic name '''''Omphalina''''' is an ancient one, linked to the even older mushroom name '''''Omphalia''''' which cannot be used because it is an illegitimate later homonym. Historically, the former was generally applied to any white-spored, similarly sized and shaped [[mushroom]]. As a result, many species that still are labelled ''Omphalina'', or were labelled ''Omphalia'' are in fact not true Omphalinas. The now [[conserved name|conserved type]] species is ''Omphalina pyxidata''[http://fungus.org.uk/moore/Omphalina%20pyxidata.htm][http://myconormandie.free.fr/affiche-photo.php?photo=373][http://floreoleron.free.fr/page1.php3?nom_genre=Omphalina&nom_espece=pyxidata&nom_famille=Tricholomataceae&nom_francais=Omphale%20en%20coupe&type_fiche=a&structure_fiche=2f&description=&micro=&carte=&nom_url_fiche=&nom_photo1=omphalina%20pyxidata%2001%20r.jpg&date_photo1=Novembre%202005&lieu_photo1=Les%20Allassins&auteur_photo1=Martine%20CARLI&format_photo1=h&nom_photo2=omphalina%20pyxidata%2002%20r.jpg&date_photo2=Novembre%202005&lieu_photo2=Les%20Allassins&auteur_photo2=Martine%20CARLI&format_photo2=h]. Prior to [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|conservation]] of the type, typification was debated and unstable for several decades.

==Phylogenetic redefinition==
Molecular [[phylogenetic]] studies using [[DNA]] show this species and others on [[moss]]es with reddish brown to yellowish brown [[pigment]]s that encrust the [[hypha]]l walls are related, while many other former Omphalinas are distantly related and are classified in other orders, or families, and in other genera.

==Biology==
''Omphalina'' in the modern sense is a small genus of [[bryophyte]] colonizing mushrooms. They grow on mossy burned soils and in undisturbed mossy areas in [[Arctic]], [[Antarctic]], [[alpine climate|alpine]] and [[rural]] and [[urban area|urban]] sites. Many other bryophilous mushrooms occur in such habitats but they have other characteristics.

==Reclassified and excluded former Omphalinas==
Lichenized omphalinas, which are [[basidiolichen]]s, are now placed in ''[[Lichenomphalia]]''. Examples are: ''Omphalina ericetorum'' also known as ''Omphalina umbellifera'', now called ''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''; etc.

Bryophilous grey to blackish former omphalinas are in the genus ''[[Arrhenia]]''. Examples are: ''Omphalina epichysium'', now ''Arrhenia epichysium''; ''Omphalina sphagnicola'' now ''Arrhenia sphagnicola''; etc.

Any former omphalina with [[amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]] spores goes into another genus. These genera include ''[[Mycena]]'', ''[[Myxomphalia]]'', ''[[Pseudoarmillariella]]'', ''[[Xeromphalina]]'', etc.

No true ''Omphalina'' has gelatinized or slimy tissues or brightly colored pigments. Neither do they have [[cystidia]]. Excluded species whose exclusion is supported by molecular analysis, include the genera: ''[[Blasiphalia]]'', ''[[Chrysomphalina]]'', ''[[Chromosera]]'', ''[[Contumyces]]'', ''[[Gerronema]]'', ''[[Haasiella]]'', ''[[Loreleia]]'', ''[[Rickenella]]'', etc.

==[[Etymology]] of Omphalina==
''Omphalina'' is the [[diminutive]] of ''Omphalia'' which is a reference to the belly button or [[navel]]-like appearance of the small dome-shaped caps with a central depression. It derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word [[omphalos]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

[[Category:Fungi]]
[[Category:Basidiomycota]]

Martino Martini

2007-08-21T14:48:55Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Martino Martini''' (in Chinese ''Wei Kuang-guo, Jitai'') ([[20 September]] [[1614]], [[Trento]], Italy - [[6 June]] [[1661]], Hangzhou, [[China]]) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Jesuit]] missionary, cartographer and historian, mainly working on imperial China.

=====Early Years=====
After finishing High School studies in Trent in 1631, Martini entered the Austrian [[religious province|province]] of the [[Society of Jesus]], from where he was sent to study classical letters and [[Philosophy]] at the [[Roman College]], [[Rome]] (1634-37). However his interest was more in Astronomy and Mathematics which he studied under [[Athanasius Kircher]]. His request to be sent as missionary to China had alreary been granted by [[Mutius Vitelleschi]], the then Superior General of the Jesuits. He did his theological studies in [[Portugal]] (1637-39) - already on his way to China! - where he was ordained priest ([[1639]], in Lisbon).
=====In the Chinese Empire=====
He set out for China in 1640, and arrived in [[Macao]] in 1642 where he studied Chinese for some time. In 1643 he crossed the border and settled in Hangzhou from where he did much traveling in view of gathering scientific information, especially on the [[geography]] of the [[Chinese empire]]: he visited several provinces, as well as [[Peking]] and the [[Great Wall]]. He made great use of his talents as [[missionary]], scholar, writer and [[superior]].
=====The Chinese Rites affair=====
In 1651 Martini left China for Rome as the Delegate of the Chinese Mission Superior. He took advantage of the long, adventurous voyage (going first to the [[Philippines]], from thence on a Dutch privateer to [[Amsterdam]] which he reached on the 31 August [[1653]]). Further, and still on his way to Rome, he met printers in [[Anvers]], [[Vienna]] and [[Munich]] to submit to them historical and cartographical data he had prepared. The works were printed and made him famous. It is only in the spring of [[1655]] that he reached Rome...

There, in Rome, was the most difficult part of his journey. He had brought along (for the Holy Office of the [[Catholic Church|Church]]) a long and detailed communication from the Jesuit missionnaries in China, in defence of their [[Inculturation|inculturated]] missionary and religious approach: the so-called ''[[Chinese Rites]]'' (Veneration of ancestors, and other practices allowed to new Christians). Discussions and debates took place for 5 months, at the end of which the [[Propaganda Fide]] issued a decree in favour of the [[Jesuits]] (23 March [[1656]]). A battle was won, but the controversy did not abate.
=====Return to China=====
In 1658, after a most difficult journey, he was back in China with the favourable decree. He was again involved in pastoral and missionary activities in the Hangzhou area where he built a three naves church that is considered as one of the most beautiful of the country (1659-61). The church was hardly built that he died of [[cholera]] ([[1661]]).
=====Post-mortem phenomena=====
According to the attestation of Prosper Intorcetta (in ''Litt. Annuae'', 1861) his body was found undecayed twenty years after; it became a long-standing object of cult not only for Christians, until in [[1877]], suspecting [[idolatry]], the hierarchy had it buried again.
=====Contemporary appreciations=====
Today's scientists are more and more interested in the works of Martini; he is acclaimed as the father of Chinese geographical science. During an international convention organized in the city of [[Trento]] (his birthplace) a member of the Chinese academy of Social Sciences, the Professor Ma Yong said : ''Martini was the first to study the [[history]] and [[geography]] of China with rigorous scientific objectivity; the extend of his knowledge of the [[Chinese culture]], the accuracy of his investigations, the depth of his understanding of things Chinese are examples for the modern sinologists''. [[Ferdinand von Richthofen]] calls Martini ''the leading geographer of the Chinese mission, one who was unexcelled and hardly equalled, during the [[XVIII century]] ... There was no other missionary, either before or after, who made such diligent use of his time in acquiring information about the country''. (China, I, 674 sq.)

=====Works=====
*Martini's most important work is ''Novus Atlas Sinensis'' ([[Amsterdam]] 1655), with 17 maps and 171 pages of text, a work which is, according to Richthofen, ''the most complete geographical description of China that we possess, and through which Martini has become the father of geographical learning on China''.

*Of the great chronological work which Martini had planned, and which was to comprise the whole Chinese history from the earliest age, only the first part appeared: ''Sinicæ Historiæ Decas Prima'' ([[Munich]] 1658), which reached until the birth of [[Jesus]].

*His ''De Bello Tartarico Historia'' ([[Anvers]] 1654) is also important as Chinese history, for Martini himself had lived through the frightful occurrences which brought about the overthrow of the ancient [[Ming dynasty]]. The works have been repeatedly published and translated into different languages.

*Interesting as missionary history is his ''Brevis Relatio de Numero et Qualitate Christianorum apud Sinas'', ([[Brussels]], 1654).

*Besides these, Martini wrote a series of theological and apologetical works in Chinese, including a ''De Amicitia'' (Hangzhou, 1661) that could have been the first anthology of Western authors available in China (Martini's selection fished mainly into [[Roman]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] writings).

*Several works, among them a Chinese translation of the works of [[Francisco Suarez]], still exist in his handwriting. Of these is notable his ''Grammatica Sinica'', which he brought along and donated to [[Jacobus Golius]], and that couldn't be printed because of the impossibility to reproduce Chinese characters. This very copy is still preserved in the [[Anvers Royal Library]]; over time many others were made.

=====Bibliography=====
*BOLOGNANI, B., ''L'Europa scopre il volto della Cina; Prima biografia di Padre Martino Martini'', Trento, 1978.
*DEMARCHI, F. and SCARTEZZINI, R. (eds), ''M.Martini a Humanist and Scientist in XVIIth century China'', Trento, 1996.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martini, Martino}}
[[Category:1614 births]]
[[Category:1661 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Trento]]
[[Category:Italian historians]]
[[Category:Italian missionaries]]
[[Category:Italian orientalists]]
[[Category:Jesuits]]

[[it:Martino Martini]]
[[no:Martin Martini]]

Kefeli-Moschee

2007-08-20T21:14:22Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

[[Image:KefeliMescidi20070603 1.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The Kefeli Mosque seen from the south.]]
{{coor title dms|41|1|46|N|28|56|30|E|type:landmark}}

The '''Kefeli Mosque''' ([[Turkish Language|Turkish]]: ''Kefeli Camii'', meaning "the mosque of the Caffariotes", after the inhabitants of the city of [[Caffa]] in [[Crimea]], or also ''Kefeli Mescidi'', where ''Mescit'' is the Turkish word for a small mosque) is a former [[Eastern Orthodox]] church, later jointly officiated by [[Roman Catholic]]s and [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]]s, and finally converted into a [[mosque]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. The Catholic church was dedicated to [[Saint Nicholas]]. Its date of dedication as Eastern Orthodox church is unknown. The interest of Kefeli Mosque arises because it reproposes the early Christian [[Basilica]] form during the later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period. <ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref>

==Location==
The building lies in [[Istanbul]], in the district of [[Fatih]], in the neighborhood of [[Salmatomruk]], more or less halfway between the museum of [[Chora Church|Chora]] and the mosque of [[Fethiye Mosque|Fethiye]].

==History==
The origin of this building, which lies on the slope of the sixth hill of [[Constantinople]], is not certain. The tradition says that in the ninth century Manuel, ''[[Admiral|Drungarius]]'' in the wars against the [[Saracen]]s during the reign of [[Byzantine Emperor|Emperor]] [[Theophilos (emperor)|Teophilos]], built a [[monastery]] converting his house, which lied near the [[cistern]] of [[Aspar]].<ref>Van Millingen, p. 254.</ref> He was the uncle of Empress [[Theodora (9th century)|Theodora]], wife of the Theofilos, and before retiring in his monastery he was one of the three counselors which assisted the Empress after the death of her husband and the minority of [[Michael III]].

The monastery was rebuilt by Patriarch [[Photius]], and was restored again by Usurper [[Romanos I]] Lekapenos. Emperor [[Michael VII]] retired here after his deposition.<ref>Van Millingen, p. 257.</ref> All these events shows the importance of this monastery in Constantinople. Anyway, the attribution of this building to the complex founded by Manuel is far from certain, and has been denied by the newest research.<ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref>

The documented history of the edifice begins in 1475, shortly after the [[Fall of Constantinople]], when the [[ottoman empire|ottoman]]s conquered the [[Genoa|genoese]] colony of [[Caffa]], in [[Crimea]]. All the [[Latin Europe|Latin]], [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Jewish]] inhabitants who lived in Caffa ("Caffariotes" or, in [[Turkish Language|Turkish]], ''kefeli'') were then deported to Istanbul and relocated to this quarter. The Latins, mainly [[Genoese]], were authorized to use this building as a church together with the [[Armenian People|Armenian]]s.<ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref> The church was dedicated to [[Saint Nicholas]] and officiated by the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]. In 1630, under the kingdom of [[Murat IV]] (1623-1640), the church was converted into a ''mescit'' (a small mosque), but maintained the name of Kefeli.

==Architecture==
[[Image:KefeliMescidi20070603 2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Apse of the Mosque with the [[Minaret]] seen from the north. From here, the alternate courses of bricks and stone are clearly visible.]]

The building is a large hall, 22.6 meter long by 7.22 wide,<ref>Van Millingen, p. 258.</ref> and is oriented in North-South direction, which is quite uncommon among the byzantine churches in [[Constantinople]]. Its [[masonry]] consists of alternate courses of [[brick]]s and stones. The original building had a triple-[[nave]] plan, but the only remains of the side [[aisle]]s belong to the end wall of the western one.<ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref> To the north side there is an arch and a semicircular [[apse]] made of bricks, which outside has a polygonal shape. The walls of the apse are indented by two [[niche]]s. The main aisle has walls which are lighted by two ranges of windows, which are irregularly spaced. The southern wall is also lighted by two ranges of windows. The lower windows are much larger than the higher. The entrance is situated in the middle of the western wall. Under the western side there is a cistern, whose roof rests on three [[column]]s.<ref>Van Millingen, p. 258.</ref>

The dating of the edifice is uncertain. The polygonal apse and the niches in the apse are typical of the churches of [[Palaiologos|palaiologan]] foundation.<ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref> The building is architecturally interesting because it is an example of reproposition of the early Christian [[Basilica]] form during the later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period.<ref>Mathews, p. 190.</ref>

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==Sources==
{{commonscat|Kefeli Mescidi}}
*{{cite book
| last=Van Millingen
| first= Alexander
| title=Byzantine Churches of Constantinople
| publisher=MacMillan & Co
| location = London
| year=1912
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Mathews
| first= Thomas F.
| title=The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey
| publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]]
| location = University Park
| year=1976
| isbn=0-271-01210-2
}}
*{{cite book
| last=Gülersoy
| first= Celik
| title=A guide to Istanbul
| publisher=Kitapligi
| location=Istanbul
| year=1976
| oclc = 3849706
}}

[[Category:Mosques in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Byzantine architecture]]

Eroberung von Damaskus (635)

2007-08-20T17:46:10Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict= Conquest of Damascus
|partof=[[Muslim conquest of Syria]][[Byzantine-Arab Wars]]|
|image=[[Image:DamascusSkyline.jpg|290px]]
|caption=Damascus city.
|date= 21th [[August]]–19th [[September]], [[634]] [[A.D]]
|place=[[Damascus]],[[Syria]]
|result=[[Damascus]] Captured by [[Rashidun Caliphate]].
|combatant1=[[Rashidun Caliphate]]
|combatant2=[[Byzantine empire]].
|commander1=[[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]
|commander2=[[Thomas]]
|strength1=20,000
|strength2=15,000-16,000
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|}}
{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Khalid ibn Walid}}

[[Damascus]] was conquered by the [[Rashidun army]] after a siege lasting about one month, from 21st [[August]] to 19th [[September]] [[634]] A.D. It was the first major city of the [[Byzantine empire]] conquered by [[Muslim]]s during the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]].

==Background==
[[Damascus]] was known as the paradise of [[Syria]]. The main part of the city was enclosed by a massive wall, 11 metres high<ref>Damascus City has risen 4 metres since then, so that the wall is now only 7 metres above ground level.</ref>
The fortified city was a mile long and half a mile wide and was entered by six [[gate]]s:

#'''The East Gate''' (''Bab al Sharq'')
#'''The Gate of Thomas''' (''Bab al Touma'')
#'''The Jabiya Gate''' (''Bab al Jabiya'')
#'''The Gate of Faradis''' (''Bab al Faradees'')
#'''The Keisan Gate''' (''Bab al Kesan'')
#'''The Small Gate''' (''Bab al Sagher'')

Along the [[north]] wall ran the [[River]] [[Barada]], which, however, was too small to be of military significance.<ref>http://castrorum.blogspot.com/2006/05/arab-conquest-roman-perspect

ive.html</ref>

At the time of the [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Syrian campaign]], the [[Byzantine]] Commander-in-Chief at [[Damascus]] was [[Thomas]], son-in-law of [[Emperor Heraclius]]. A deeply religious man and a devouted [[Christian]], he was known not only for his courage and skill in the command of troops but also for his intelligence and learning.<ref>Akram, A. I. The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi, 1970. ISBN 0-71010-104-X</ref>.

==The Siege==

Before the siege of [[Damascus]] Khalid isolated Damscus from rest of the northern [[Syria]], the [[Byzantine]] reinforcement was most likely to be sent from this region. A mounted detachment was left at [[Irbid|Fahal]], west from Damscus to keep the [[Byzantine]] garrison occupied and prevent it to come to aid of Damascus, and to prevent any possible interfereing between the muslim forces and [[Madinah]], thus it acted as a rearguard of the muslim forces on Syrian front. another detachment on the road to [[Emesa]] to take up a position near Bait Lihya, about 10 miles from the city,<ref>Yaqut: Vol. 1, p. 780</ref> and instructed its commander to send out scouts to observe and report the arrival of Roman relief columns. If unable to deal with such columns himself, the detachment commander would seek Khalid's help. Having thus arranged a blocking position to isolate Damascus, [[Khalid ibn Walid]] launched the [[Islamic]] [[army]] into the siege of [[Damascus]] on [[August]] 21th, [[634]] (the 20th of Jamadi-ul-Akhir, 13 Hijri). The corps commanders were instructed to throw back any Byzantine attack from the respective gates, in case of heavy pressure Khalid's help should be seek. [[Zirrar bin al-Azwar]] was given command of 2000 housemen from the mobile guard to patroll in the empty spaces between the gates at night and to help any corps attacked by the Byzantines.<ref>Akram, A. I. The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi, 1970. ISBN 0-71010-104-X page :484</ref>
The following Muslim generals held the siege of the 6 gates of the Damascus, each commander at the gate had 4000-5000 forces with him.
#'''Gate of Thomas''' : Shurahbil ibn Hassana
#'''Jabiya Gate''' : [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]]
#'''Gate of Faradis''' : [[Amr ibn al-A'as]]
#'''Keisan Gate''' : [[Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan]]
#'''Small Gate''' : [[Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan]]
#'''Eastern Gate''' : Raafe bin Umair

[[Khalid bin Walid]] placed the main body of his corps under the command of Raafe bin Umair at eastern gate and him self established a headquarter short distance away from the eastern gate in a [[monastery]] which as a result became known as ''Dair al Khalid'' i.e monastery of khalid.<ref> Akram, A. I. The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi, 1970. ISBN 0-71010-104-X</ref>

===Byzantine reinforcement===

Emperor Heraclius was at [[Antioch]] during this siege. On [[September]] [[9]], [[634]] [[A.D]] [[Emperor Heraclius]] sent the reinforcement of 12,000 men to [[Damascus]], which initailly defeated the muslim detachment and was later defeated and driven away at [[Battle of Saniyyat-ul-Uqab]] about 20 miles north of [[Damascus]], under by the reinforcement under Khalid's command. The [[Muslim]] forces investing the city had been weakened by 9,000 men with the departure of first Raafe's detachment and then the reinforcement of the Mobile Guard under [[Khalid ibn Walid]]. In case the [[Byzantine army]] should attack in strength against any Muslim corps, there would be a serious danger of their breaking through, keeping in view this danger Khalid therefore hurried to the Damascus and didn't followed the routed [[Byzantine]] troops.

===1st Byzantine attack===

After all hopes of the reinforcement from [[Emperor Heraclius]] were finished, Thomas decided to launch counter offensive to drive the Muslims away.

The following morning, early in the third week of [[September]] [[634]] A.D, [[Thomas]] drew men from all sectors of the city and formed a strong force to break out through the ''Gate of Thomas''. His opponent here was ''Shurahbil ibn Hassana'' with his corps of about 5,000 men. The battle begun with the concentrated shower of arrows against [[Rashidun army]], [[Byzantine army|Byzantine infantry]] covered by the [[archer]]s and [[slinger]]s on the wall, rushed through the gate and fanned out into battle, Thomas himself led the assault<ref>Waqidi: p. 46.</ref>. Thomas was struck in his right eye by an arrow, following this [[Byzantine army]] retreated to the fort.<ref>http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/chronology/century7.html</ref> Thomas swore to take thousand eyes in return. He ordered another great [[sally]] to be carried out that night.

===2nd Byzantine attack===

This time the strategy of Thomas was to launch [[sally]] from four gates, the main sector was to be again the Thomas gate, to take full advantage of exausted Muslim corps there. The sally on rest of gates was to tie down other Muslim corps so that they may not come to aid Shurhabil's corps at Thomas gate. The other gates were to be:

#'''Jabiya Gate'''
#'''Small Gate'''
#'''East Gate'''

To the ''East Gate'', Thomas allotted rather more forces than for the others, so that Khalid ibn Walid would be unable to move to Shurahbil's help and take command in that decisive sector.
Attacking from several gates also gave more flexibility to the operation. Thus, if success were achieved, in any sector other than the Gate of Thomas, that could be converted into the main sector and the success exploited accordingly. Thomas ordered that Khalid ibn Walid should be taken alive.
The attack was launched simultaneously from all selected gates. At the Jabiya Gate, where commander was [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]], after some hard fighitng the sally was repulsed and the [[Byzantine army]] hastened back to the city.

At the Small Gate, where the commander was [[Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan]], the battle was intense, Yazid had fewer troops than were positioned at the other gates, before the retreat of [[Rashidun army]], [[Zirrar ibn al Azwar]]'s with his 2000 mounted warriors of [[Mobile guard]] came for aid and attacked the [[Byzantine army]] at there flank, the sally was repulsed.

At the East Gate the situation soon became more serious, for a larger Roman force had been assigned to this sector. [[Raafa ibn Umair]] was unable to hold the attacks, soon [[Khalid ibn Walid]] with his reserve of 400 veterans reached the sector attacking the [[Byzantine army]] at its flank, it marked the turning point in the sally at the East Gate, soon [[Byzantine army]] retreated to the city.

The heaviest fighting was at Thomas gate, where Thomas again commanded the sally in personal, The Muslim commander at the sector was Shurhabil ibn Hassana. After intense fight, Thomas seeing that there was no weakening in the Muslim front, decided that to continue the attack would be fruitless and would lead to even heavier casualties among his men. He ordered a withdrawal, and the Romans moved back at a steady pace, during which they were subjected to concentrated shower of arrows by [[Rashidun army|Muslim army]].
This was the last attempt by Thomas to break the siege. The attempt had failed.<ref>http://www.jesusneverexisted.com/damascus-spring.html</ref> He had lost thousands of men in these sallies, and could no longer afford to fight outside the walls of the city.

==Khalid ibn Walid's attack==

On [[September]] [[18]], [[634]] [[A.D]] (the [[19th]] of [[Rajab]], [[13]] [[Hijrah]] Jonah, son of Marcus, a [[Greeks|Greek]] man informed [[Khalid ibn Walid]] about the celebration of a festival in the city that night, and about the opurtunity to capture the city by surprise attack, in return he was granted amnesty for him self and for his beloved fiance, according to MUslim chronicles, she was still not handed over to him becasue of the arrival of [[Rashidun army|Muslim army]] to besiege Damascus, and according to the narrations he reached Khalid for giving this inteligence just to get his beloved wife soon. Jonah also accepted [[Islam]].<ref>http://library.auraria.edu/generalhelp/libnews/islam/index.html</ref>

There was no time to make a co-ordinated plan of attack for the whole army; and so Khalid decided that he would storm the fort by the East Gate himself. According to the plan, first [[Khalid ibn Walid]], [[Qa'qa ibn Amr]] and Mazur ibn Adi climbed up the wall hand by hand from the side of eastern gate.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29909/Syria</ref> As the wall was the strongest, no guard was there on the top, Khalid and other two warriors tied other ropes and droped them so that other selected 100 warriors could climb up the wall. Khalid left a few men to assist the remaining climbers, and with the rest descended into the city, killing the guards at gate Khalid and Qa'qa reached the East gate and the gate was flung open. The Khalid's crops entered the city, intense battle begun between the Muslims and Byzantine army.
Thomas came to know that there is no movement on other gates in Islamic army, he assumed that only Khalid's crops have entered the city and most probably other crops commanders are unawear of this sudden attack. Thomas tried to save Damascus for one last time, he accordingly sent envoys to the Jabiya Gate to talk with [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]], the second in command to Khalid, and offer to surrender the fort peacefully and to pay the [[Jizya]].<ref>Akram, A. I. The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi, 1970. ISBN 0-71010-104-X</ref> Abu Ubaidah, who was famous for his peace loving nature accepted the terms and peace was made, thinking that [[Khalid ibn Walid]] the commander in chief of army would also accept it. The message was sent to all the crops commanders. After the dawn Abu Ubaidah entered [[Damascus]] from Jabiyah gate and other commanders from there respective gates, while Khalid's crops was still conquering the city by force from Eastern side. Abu Ubaidah marching peacefully with his crops, accompanied by Thomas and Harbees and several dignitaries and [[bishop]]s of Damascus, to wards the center of Damascus. While Khalid and his men marched to wards the center of Damascus finishing all resistance. Both commanders met at [[Church of Mary]] in the center of the city.

===Conquest of the city===

Muslim commander in chief, [[Khalid bin Walid]] urged that he have conquered the city by force and Abu Ubaidah on the other hand told him about the peace agreement, agreed between him and Thomas. All the corps commanders got together and began to discuss the situation. They reached agreement among themselves and conveyed their opinion, to Khalid: suggesting that Let there be peace, because if the Romans in [[Syria]] heard that the [[Muslim]]s had given a guarantee of safety and then slaughtered those whose safety had been guaranteed, no other city would ever surrender to the Muslims, and that would make the task of conquering Syria immeasurably more difficult.
Khalid though not happy but agreed.<ref>Waqidi: Fatuh al Sham, page no: 51-52</ref> Agreeing on the terms that no one will be enslaved and no harm would be given to the temples and nothing will be taken as booty, according to the terms of peace. Save passage was given to Thomas, Harbees and every citizen of [[Damascus]] who was not willing to live under the [[Muslim]] rule,under the terms that the peace will be ended after three days and if Muslim conquered any place at which they are residing, they will not then be under a guarantee of peace.
The following pact was drawn up and signed by Khalid bin Walid:

{{cquote| ''In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. This is given by Khalid bin Al Waleed to the people of Damascus. When the Muslims enter, they (the people) shall have safety for themselves, their property, their temples and the walls of their city, of which nothing shall be destroyed. They have this guarantee on behalf of [[Allah]], the [[Prophet Mohammad|Messenger of Allah]], the [[Caliph]] and the [[Muslim]]s, from whom they shall receive nothing but good so long as they pay the [[Jizya]]''}}<ref>Balazuri: vol: 1 page no: 128.</ref>

According to the Muslim chronicles, the greek man Jonah, who's fiance on listining to his contersion to [[Islam]] recoiled herself from him, and left Damascus with her family, he asked Khalid that if the girl could be given to him taken by force, but Khalid excused because it was against the terms of pact made with [[Byzantine]] commanders.

==Aftermaths==

After three days passed, Khalid ibn Walid commanding a [[cavalry]] regiment followed the convoy of [[Byzantine]] [[commander]]s and soldiers along with thousands of people who left the city with them, going to wards [[Antioch]]. Khalid's cavalry caught up with the convoy a short distance from [[Antioch]] near a sea shore during the heavy downpour. The battle thus fought is known as [[Battle of Maraj al Debaj]], i.e Meadow of Brocade because of plenty of [[brocade]] taken as booty in it. Thomas and Harbees were killed personaly by Khalid in a duel, and wife of Thomas, the daughter of [[Emperor Heraclius]] was taken as keptive.<ref>Akram, A. I. The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi, 1970. ISBN 0-71010-104-X</ref> According to chronicales, the same greek man Jonah, guided Khalid to the short cut route to Antioch to get his fiance, but she committed suicide, Khalid, offered Jonah, daughter of Emperor Heraclius, but he refused to take her, she was later released by Khalid ibn Walid. Jonah died in [[Battle of Yarmouk]] two years later.<ref>waqidi: Fatuh al Sham, page: 55-56</ref> [[Caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]] died making [[Umar]] his successor. Umar removed his cousin [[Khalid ibn Walid]] from the command of [[Muslim]] army and made [[Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah]] the new commander in chief.<ref>http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_conquest/islamic_conque

st.php</ref> In the later years, following the [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in [[636]] A.D the whole [[Levant]] was annexed by [[Rashidun Caliphate]] followed by [[Battle of Iron bridge|conquest of Antioch]] in [[638]] A.D.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Muslim history]]
[[Category:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate]]

Wassili Sergejewitsch Kalinnikow

2007-06-10T09:56:49Z

MaxSem: +Porträt

[[Bild:Vasily Kalinnikov.jpg|thumb|Wassili Sergejewitsch Kalinnikow]]
'''Wassili Sergejewitsch Kalinnikow''' ([[russische Sprache|russisch]] {{lang|ru|Василий Сергеевич Калинников}}, wiss. Transliteration ''Vasilij Sergeevič Kalinnikov''; * 1./[[13. Januar]] [[1866]] in [[Woiny]], [[Oblast Orjol]]; † 29. Dezember 1900/[[11. Januar]] [[1901]] in [[Jalta]]) war ein [[Liste russischer Komponisten klassischer Musik|russischer Komponist]].

== Leben ==
Kalinnikow, der Sohn eines Polizeibeamten, kam aus ärmlichen Verhältnissen. Ab 1879 besuchte er ein theologisches Seminar in [[Orjol]], wo er schon bald einen Chor leiten durfte. 1884 begann er ein Musikstudium am [[Moskau]]er Konservatorium, das er jedoch aus finanziellen Gründen abbrechen musste. Ein [[Stipendium]] ermöglichte ihm ab 1885 ein Studium der Fächer Komposition und Fagott an der Schule der Moskauer Philharmonischen Gesellschaft, das er 1892 beendete. Nebenbei betätigte er sich als Notenkopist und Aushilfsmusiker in diversen Orchestern. Im Jahre 1892 erhielt Kalinnikow durch Vermittlung [[Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowski|Pjotr Tschaikowskis]] den Dirigentenposten am Kleinen Theater in Moskau. 1893 wurde er Dirigierassistent am Italienischen Theater. Bedingt durch seine von großer Not geprägten Lebensumstände erkrankte er jedoch bald darauf an [[Tuberkulose]]. Seine letzten Lebensjahre verbrachte er auf der [[Krim]], wo er auf Linderung seiner Krankheit durch die dortigen klimatischen Bedingungen hoffte. Er lebte von einer kleinen Rente der Moskauer Philharmonischen Gesellschaft. Seine finanzielle Situation wurde gegen Ende seines Lebens etwas abgemildert, weil sich [[Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow|Sergei Rachmaninow]] für ihn einsetzte und einen Verleger für seine Werke fand.

== Tonsprache ==
Kalinnikows Stil ist zutiefst durch die nationalrussische Bewegung gekennzeichnet; viele seiner Themen haben ausgesprochen volksliedhafte Züge. Obwohl sich als Vorbilder Pjotr Tschaikowski und [[Alexander Porfirjewitsch Borodin|Alexander Borodin]] erkennen lassen, besitzt seine Musik einen durchaus eigenständigen Charakter. Kalinnikows Begabung kommt vor allem in seiner sehr einfallsreichen und eingängigen Melodik zum Tragen. Seine Orchestration ist stets farbig und voll klingend. Bei seinen größer angelegten Werken legte er Wert auf eine intensive zyklische Verknüpfung der einzelnen Sätze. Besonders fällt auf, dass seine Musik eine ungemein positive Grundstimmung besitzt und geradezu optimistisch wirkt, obwohl sie im Angesicht seiner unheilbaren Krankheit entstand. Zu Lebzeiten fand Kalinnikow einige Beachtung und wurde von bedeutenden Musikern wie Sergei Rachmaninow und [[Fjodor Iwanowitsch Schaljapin|Fjodor Schaljapin]] geschätzt. Nach seinem Tode ließ seine Bekanntheit deutlich nach. Anfang der 1950er Jahre erlebte Kalinnikow jedoch eine Renaissance, da seine Musik in vielerlei Hinsicht mit der staatlich geforderten Ästhetik des [[Sozialistischer Realismus|Sozialistischen Realismus]] übereinstimmte.

== Werke ==
* Orchesterwerke
** Sinfonie Nr.1 g-Moll (1895)
** Sinfonie Nr.2 A-Dur (1897)
** Suite h-Moll (1892)
** "Die Nymphen", symphonisches Bild (1889)
** "Zeder und Palme", symphonisches Bild (1898)
** 2 Intermezzi A-Dur (1896) und G-Dur (1897)
** Serenade g-Moll für Streichorchester (1891)
** Bylina, Ouvertüre (ca. 1892)
** Schauspielmusik zu "Zar Boris" (1898)
* Vokalwerke
** "Im Jahre 1812", unvollendete Oper (1899/1900)
** Werke für Chor
** Lieder
* Klaviermusik
** kleinere Stücke

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.russisches-musikarchiv.de/werkverzeichnisse/kalinnikow-werkverzeichnis.htm Werkverzeichnis] – weist allerdings einige Unstimmigkeiten auf
* [http://www.russisches-musikarchiv.de/kalinnikow-galerie.htm Bildergalerie]
* {{IMSLP|id=Kalinnikov%2C_Vasily|cname=Wassili Kalinnikow}}

{{Julianischer Kalender}}

[[Kategorie:Russischer Komponist|Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch]]
[[Kategorie:Komponist (Romantik)|Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch]]
[[Kategorie:Mann|Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1866|Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1901|Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch]]

{{Personendaten|
NAME=Kalinnikow, Wassili Sergejewitsch
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Vasilij Sergeevič Kalinnikov
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=Russischer [[Komponist]]
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[13. Januar]] [[1866]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Woiny]], Gouvernement [[Orjol]]
|STERBEDATUM=[[11. Januar]] [[1901]]
|STERBEORT=[[Jalta]]
}}

[[en:Vasily Kalinnikov]]
[[eo:Vasilij Kalinnikov]]
[[fi:Vasili Kalinnikov]]
[[fr:Vassili Kalinnikov]]
[[ja:ヴァシリー・カリンニコフ]]
[[pl:Wasilij Kalinnikow]]
[[ro:Wassili Sergejewitsch Kalinnikow]]
[[ru:Калинников, Василий Сергеевич]]
[[sl:Vasilij Sergejevič Kalinnikov]]

Diabolical Masquerade

2007-05-12T19:07:18Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Diabolical Masquerade''' is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] one-man [[music]]al project. All music is written and played by [[Katatonia]] guitarist ''[[Anders Nyström|Blakkheim]]'' (Anders Nyström) who wanted to have a [[band (music)|band]] where he could [[composer|compose]] more extreme music whilst Katatonia were exploring more mellow moods. The music leans heavily on [[avant-garde metal|avant-garde]] [[melodic black metal|melodic]] [[black metal]] with some [[death metal]] and [[thrash metal]] influences. Blakkheim wanted to experiment more with [[song]] structure, theme and composition. This is most notably seen on his last project as Diabolical Masquerade called "Death's Design". This [[album]] is conceived as the soundtrack to a nonexistent Swedish horror movie, with 61 tracks broken up into 20 movements, each with a unique feel and theme. While Death's Design is a more extreme album than any released by Katatonia in recent years, it also includes many passages featuring various genres and styles, experimenting with [[progressive rock]], [[progressive metal]], [[ambient music|ambient]], [[european classical music|classical music]], and [[rhythm]]ic, [[percussion]] based passages . It is for the most part an album which expresses a [[Plot (narrative)|plot]] through the feel of the music itself, much like the [[orchestra]]l [[soundtrack]] to a [[Film|movie]] might, and by doing this Nyström proves the [[creativity]] that extreme music can reach in the hands of a skilled practitioner of his trade.

Blakkheim worked together on the project however, with [[Dan Swanö]]. In early [[September 2004]], it was announced that Blakkheim had put the project to sleep after not having found the necessary inspiration while working on a fifth album.

==Discography==
===Studio releases===
*1996 ''[[Ravendusk in my Heart]]'' ([[Adipocere]])
*1997 ''[[The Phantom Lodge]]'' ([[Adipocere]])
*1999 ''[[Nightwork (album)|Nightwork]]'' ([[Avantgarde Music]])
*2001 ''[[Death's Design]]'' ([[Avantgarde Music]])

==Band members==
* [[Blakkheim]] - All instruments
* [[Dan Swanö]] - Producer, drums (on ''[[Nightwork]]''), contributed various guitar solos

==External links==
*[http://www.diabolicalmasquerade.com/ Diabolical Masquerade's Official Homepage]
*[http://www.katatonia.com/ Katatonia's Official Homepage]
*[http://www.swano.com/ Dan Swanö's Official Site]
*[http://www.avantgardemusic.com Avantgarde Music Official Homepage]
*[http://metal-archives.com/band.php?id=236 Metal-Archives.com Page]

[[Category:Black metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Symphonic metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Avant-garde metal]]
[[Category:Swedish musical groups]]

[[nl:Diabolical Masquerade]]
[[pl:Diabolical Masquerade]]

Michail Alexandrowitsch Uljanow

2007-03-26T19:44:05Z

MaxSem: full DOB

[[Image:Antikiller.jpg|thumb|Ulyanov as a boss of the [[Russian Mafia]] in the 2001 blockbuster ''Antikiller''.]]
'''Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov''' ({{lang-ru|Михаил Александрович Ульянов}}; [[20 November]] [[1927]]–[[26 March]] [[2007]]) was a [[Russia]]n actor who impersonated the official post-[[World War II]] Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named a [[People's Artist of the USSR]] in [[1969]] and received a special prize from the [[Venice Film Festival]] in [[1982]].

Ulyanov has worked in the [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] since [[1950]] and has directed it since [[1987]]. As regards movies, he was frequently cast in the parts of staunch Communist leaders like [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Georgy Zhukov|Marshal Zhukov]]. ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', a [[1969]] film he co-directed, was nominated to the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]. He also starred in ''Tema'' (1979) and ''Private Life'' (1982), the films that won top awards at the [[Berlin Film Festival]] and [[Venice Film Festival]], respectively.

More recently, he has been acclaimed for the roles of [[Julius Caesar]] in the screening of Shakespeare's play (1990), [[Pontius Pilate]] in the film adaptation of ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' (1994), and an avenging veteran marksman in ''The Rifleman of the Voroshilov Regiment'' (1999), directed by [[Stanislav Govorukhin]].

==External links==
*[http://www.vakhtangov.ru/uliyanov/ Mikhail Ulyanov at the Vakhtangov Theatre website]
*[http://lenta.ru/news/2007/03/26/ulyanov/ Actor Mikhail Ulyanov died in Moscow] {{ru icon}}

{{russia-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulyanov, Mikhail}}

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People's Artists of the USSR]]
[[Category:Russian actors]]

[[ru:Ульянов, Михаил Александрович]]

Michail Alexandrowitsch Uljanow

2007-03-26T19:07:46Z

MaxSem: died:(

[[Image:Antikiller.jpg|thumb|Ulyanov as a boss of the [[Russian Mafia]] in the 2001 blockbuster ''Antikiller''.]]
'''Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov''' ({{lang-ru|Михааил Александрович Ульянов}}; [[1927]]–[[26 March]] [[2007]]) was a [[Russia]]n actor who impersonated the official post-[[World War II]] Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named a [[People's Artist of the USSR]] in [[1969]] and received a special prize from the [[Venice Film Festival]] in [[1982]].

Ulyanov has worked in the [[Vakhtangov Theatre]] since [[1950]] and has directed it since [[1987]]. As regards movies, he was frequently cast in the parts of staunch Communist leaders like [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Georgy Zhukov|Marshal Zhukov]]. ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', a [[1969]] film he co-directed, was nominated to the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]. He also starred in ''Tema'' (1979) and ''Private Life'' (1982), the films that won top awards at the [[Berlin Film Festival]] and [[Venice Film Festival]], respectively.

More recently, he has been acclaimed for the roles of [[Julius Caesar]] in the screening of Shakespeare's play (1990), [[Pontius Pilate]] in the film adaptation of ''[[The Master and Margarita]]'' (1994), and an avenging veteran marksman in ''The Rifleman of the Voroshilov Regiment'' (1999), directed by [[Stanislav Govorukhin]].

==External links==
*[http://www.vakhtangov.ru/uliyanov/ Mikhail Ulyanov at the Vakhtangov Theatre website]
*[http://lenta.ru/news/2007/03/26/ulyanov/ Actor Mikhail Ulyanov died in Moscow] {{ru icon}}

{{russia-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulyanov, Mikhail}}

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People's Artists of the USSR]]
[[Category:Russian actors]]

[[ru:Ульянов, Михаил Александрович]]

Wikipedia:Checkuser/Anfragen/Versionsgeschichte 1

2007-03-23T10:39:53Z

MaxSem: +ru:

__NEWSECTIONLINK__{{Shortcut|[[WP:CU/A]]}}
{| width="100%" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:show;"
|-
|Auf dieser Seite kannst du eine [[Wikipedia:Checkuser|Checkuser-Abfrage]] beantragen. Wenn extreme persönliche Angriffe eine Rolle spielen bzw. private Daten betroffen sind, kannst Du alternativ auch den drei CheckUser-Berechtigten eine [[Hilfe:E-Mail|E-Mail]] zukommen lassen.

Begründe bitte, warum die Abfrage nötig ist und liefere klare und nachvollziehbare Belege (Diff-Links), inwiefern Account-Missbrauch stattgefunden hat.

Alte Anfragen sind im [[Wikipedia:Checkuser/Anfragen/Archiv|Archiv]] zu finden. Bloß allgemein gehaltene Verdächtigungen oder offensichtlich nicht ernst gemeinte Anfragen werden nicht archiviert.
|}
[[en:Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser]]
[[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o ověření uživatele]]
[[ja:Wikipedia:CheckUser依頼]]
[[ru:Википедия:Проверка участников]]
[[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om IP-koll]]
<center>Du hast Fragen zum CU-Verfahren? – Beteilige Dich an der [[Benutzer:Bdk/CheckUser/FAQ|FAQ-Zusammenstellung]].</center>
----
__TOC__
== (19. März) - Nazi-Anschuldigungen seitens IP ==
Die IP {{Benutzer|172.176.241.103}} hat auf [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Rhetorik-Netz&oldid=29336351#Bild:Mahnmal.jpg Benutzer_Diskussion:Rhetorik-Netz] sowie auf [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Axel.Mauruszat&diff=prev&oldid=29332990 Benutzer_Diskussion:Axel.Mauruszat] [[Benutzer:Axel.Mauruszat]] massivst persönlich angegriffen. Dass es sich dabei um {{Benutzer|Rhetorik-Netz}} höchstpersönlich handelt, steht für mich persönlich außer Frage. Ich stelle hiermit den Antrag nachzuprüfen, ob besagter Benutzer besagte IP-Adresse in diesem Zeitraum verwendet hat. Die Abfrage soll das Ziel haben, 100%ig sicherzustellen, dass sich nicht ein anderer Mensch auf der Diskussionsseite als ''Holger Münzer'' ausgibt und die Administration Benutzer:Rhetorik-Netz (gab sich in der Vergangenheit als solcher zu erkennen z.b. [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Rhetorik-Netz&direction=prev&oldid=23613946] und früher) nicht zu Unrecht sperrt. Bei positivem Bescheid werde ich den Benutzer für einen angemessenen Zeitraum sperren. (Zeitraumvorschläge sind erwünscht, min 1 Woche wirds auf jeden Fall werden). Die IP längerfristig zu sperren ist relativ sinnlos, da AOL. Siehe auch [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:BLueFiSH.as&oldid=29344039#Benutzer_Rhetorik-Netz]. Danke im Voraus. --[[User:BLueFiSH.as|BLueFiSH]] [[User_talk:BLueFiSH.as|<big>✉</big>]] ([[User:BLueFiSH.as/redir|Klick mich!]]) 02:57, 19. Mär. 2007 (CET) P.S. auch die Teilnahme an der Diskussion und damit das Gutheißen und Legitimieren der Beiträge der IP kurze Zeit später durch den Benutzer selbst [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Rhetorik-Netz&curid=1552207&diff=29336351&oldid=29331738], ist ein deutliches Indiz für IP=Benutzer. --[[User:BLueFiSH.as|BLueFiSH]] [[User_talk:BLueFiSH.as|<big>✉</big>]] ([[User:BLueFiSH.as/redir|Klick mich!]]) 03:02, 19. Mär. 2007 (CET)
:Ich bitte zudem, die Identität von [[Benutzer:Rhetorik-Netz]] und [[Benutzer:KünstlerKolonie]] abzuklären. Einerseits offensichtlich dieselbe Person: [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Rhetorik-Netz&diff=17918045&oldid=15778162 Edit zur "eigenen Vita" auf fremder Benutzerseite]. Andererseits stimmen beide ab, um einen Artikel von Rhetorik-Netz als lesenswert zu qualifizieren: Erst [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Kandidaten_f%C3%BCr_lesenswerte_Artikel&diff=26759977&oldid=26759403 Vorschlag durch KünstlerKolonie], dann scheinheilige ("Als Erstautor sollte ich mich vielleicht nicht zu Wort melden") [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Kandidaten_f%C3%BCr_lesenswerte_Artikel&diff=26788857&oldid=26788474 Zustimmung durch Rhetorik-Netz]. (Übrigens die beiden einzigen Pros). --[[Benutzer:Logograph|Logo]] 11:40, 19. Mär. 2007 (CET)
::Hier [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:BLueFiSH.as&diff=prev&oldid=29360620] signiert [[Benutzer:KünstlerKolonie]] übrigens mit ''Holger Münzer''. --[[User:BLueFiSH.as|BLueFiSH]] [[User_talk:BLueFiSH.as|<big>✉</big>]] ([[User:BLueFiSH.as/redir|Klick mich!]]) 03:20, 22. Mär. 2007 (CET)

Passiert hier noch was oder ist die (bisherige) Nichtbearbeitung der Anfrage mit der Absage zur Ausführung der selbigen zu verstehen? Dann sagts bitte gleich und lasst nicht die Leute hier sinnlos rumwarten. In der Zeit hätt ich ihn schon dreimal verwarnen und sperren können. --[[User:BLueFiSH.as|BLueFiSH]] [[User_talk:BLueFiSH.as|<big>✉</big>]] ([[User:BLueFiSH.as/redir|Klick mich!]]) 03:17, 22. Mär. 2007 (CET)

:Bereits am Tag der Anfrage (Montag) habe ich mich bemüht, diesen Fall möglichst vollständig nachzuvollziehen und zu verstehen (rund eine Stunde Beiträgeklicken, -lesen und -vergleichen; immer mit Blick auf CU-Relevantes und Datenschutzvorgaben), und habe Dienstag früh (20.3.) dem Betroffenen, Axel.Mauruszat, eine Nachfrage per E-Mail zur Einschätzung der „massiven persönlichen Angriffe“ (und ggf. angedachter juristischer Schritte) geschrieben, soeben nochmal, bislang ohne Reaktion. Wie BLueFiSH bereits schreibt, dürfte die Grundzuordnung der Edits von 172.176.241.103 am 18. März zu ''einem'' Mitglied der [[Künstlerkolonie Berlin]] als offensichtlich gelten.
:Das im November 2006 von Rhetorik-Netz hochgeladene Foto [[Spezial:Wiederherstellen/Bild:Mahnmal.jpg|Mahnmal.jpg]] (gelöschte Version) kann bereits als grober Verstoß gelten (Retusche des Fotos eines anderen Wikipedianers alleine wäre unabhängig von anderen Erwägungen in Ordnung, vorsätzliche Falschangaben zur Urheberschaft hingegen nicht; diese verdeutlichen allerdings die dahinterstehende [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:BLueFiSH.as&diff=prev&oldid=29360620 Intention], erst recht, wenn dort, wie behauptet, gar keine Angaben vorhanden sein sollten) – eine (kurzfristige) Sperre wäre m.E. bereits damit zu rechtfertigen. Die jetzige Diskussion um die Bilder ist nur als äußerst absurd zu bewerten (Rechtsradikalismus-Anwürfe und zudem eine grobe Falschauffassung von Wikipedia als Plattform zur Selbstdarstellung).
:Sowohl Rhetorik-Netz als auch KünstlerKolonie haben zuletzt wenige Stunden nach dieser CU-Anfrage am 19. März editiert. Seither gibt es – zumindest ist mir nichts dergleichen bekannt – keine weiteren zuordnenbaren Edits auf den fraglichen Seiten. Bei besonders (zeitlich) drängender CU-Entscheidung ist es sinnvoll, direkt in der Anfrage darauf hinweisen.
:Nun, eine Abfrage, ob oder wer mit der zu Recht [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spezial%3ALogbuch&type=block&user=&page=Benutzer%3A172.176.241.103 gesperrten] IP 172.176.241.103 editiert hat, kann ich ausführen (die zeitliche Verteilung der Edits am 18./19. März müsste gemäß der obigen Vermutung dann Ergebnisse liefern). Eine gesonderte Überprüfung der Accounts KünstlerKolonie und Rhetorik-Netz – sollte ein IP-Check kein Ergebnis liefern – lässt sich auf Grund in den letzten Wochen fehlender missbräuchlicher Edits allerdings nicht rechtfertigen (die von Logo genannten KLA-Edits von Januar liegen zuweit zurück). Gerne würde ich aber noch eine Antwort von Axel abwarten, ob er z.B. eine ''Anzeige gegen Unbekannt'' wegen übler Nachrede plant (dafür kämen m.E. nur die offen als IP getätigten Edits in Erwägung; dies würde die CU-Grundlage evtl. ändern/erweitern).
:PS: Werde mich bemühen, zukünftig zeitnah nach Kenntnisnahme einer neuen Anfrage zumindest sowas wie „in Bearbeitung“ drunterzusetzen, damit nicht der Eindruck entsteht, etwas bliebe in der Luft hängen. --[[Benutzer:Bdk|:Bdk:]] 11:52, 22. Mär. 2007 (CET)
::Nicht, daß es so aussieht, als würde mich das ganze plötzlich nicht mehr tangieren: die erste Mail ist (warum auch immer) nicht bei mir angekommen. Auf die zweite habe ich gestern Nachmittag geantwortet. viele Grüße --[[Benutzer:Axel.Mauruszat|Axel.Mauruszat]] 09:28, 23. Mär. 2007 (CET)
:::Vielen Dank, Axel. --[[Benutzer:Bdk|:Bdk:]] 10:10, 23. Mär. 2007 (CET)

CU-Abfrage ausgeführt,
[http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Rhetorik-Netz&curid=1552207&diff=29336351&oldid=29331738 dieser Edit] von [[Benutzer:Rhetorik-Netz|Rhetorik-Netz]] am 18. März
wurde von der IP [[Spezial:Beiträge/172.176.241.103|172.176.241.103]] aus getätigt.
--[[Benutzer:Bdk|:Bdk:]] 10:10, 23. Mär. 2007 (CET)

Benutzer:Unterstrichmoepunterstrich/Anatoli Petrowitsch Bugorski

2007-03-04T15:32:34Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

{{Orphan|October 2006}}
'''Anatoli Bugorski''' is a [[Russia]]n [[scientist]] who was involved in an accident with a [[particle accelerator]] in 1978.

He was working on the maintenance of a Soviet linear accelerator, when, due to a failed safety mechanism, he was able to stick his head in one part of the accelerator chamber while the [[proton]] beam was running. The left half of his face swelled up beyond recognition, and over the next several days started peeling off, showing that the proton beam (moving at about the speed of sound)had burned through parts of his face, his bone, and the brain tissue underneath. Amazingly, he has survived to this day: he is able to function perfectly well, save the fact that he has occasional petit mal seizures and very occasional grand mal seizures. The left half of his face was frozen, due to the destruction of nerves, and does not age.

==References==
*http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.12/science_pr.html

[[Category:Year of birth missing|Bugorski, Anatoli]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing|Bugorski, Anatoli]]
[[Category:Living people|Bugorski, Anatoli]]
[[Category:Russian scientists|Bugorski, Anatoli]]

{{scientist-stub}}

Aidamir Mugu

2007-03-04T14:36:03Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Aidamir Mugu''' ([[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]: Айдамир Мугу) is a [[Russia]]n [[Adyghe]] singer.

Mugu became famous in summer 2005 when he in cooperation with an accordionist [[Aslan Tlebzu]] had recorded his ''[[Chyornye Glaza]]'' in [[Russian language|Russian]].

{{Asia-singer-stub}}
[[ru:Айдамир Мугу]]

Angelis Gatsos

2007-01-14T15:19:00Z

MaxSem: Fixing links to disambiguation pages and unicodifying using AWB

'''Aggelis Gatsos''' ([[Greek Language|Greek]]:Αγγελής Γάτσος) ([[1771]] - [[1839]]) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] military commander during the [[Greek War of Independence]]. He was born in the village of [[Sarakini]], [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]].

==His Life==

Aggelis Gatsos played an important role during the [[Greek War of Independence|Revolution]] not only in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], but also in [[Central Greece|Rumeli]].
He joint the [[Klepht|Klephts]] bands of Central Macedonia in the age of 20 and played a significant role during the liberation of [[Naoussa]] from the Ottomans in [[February]], [[1822]].
After the city was destroyed by the Ottoman Army, he escaped with [[Anastasios Karatasos]] to South Greece where he took part in many battles of the Revolution.
In [[1826]] he went to [[Euboea]] were he created his own band and participated in the battle of [[Atalanti (island)]].
After the creation of the Greek State, he joint the Army and died in [[Chalkida]], as [[Colonel]] in [[1839]].

==See also==

*[[Greek War of Independence]]

[[Category:1771 births|Gatsos, Aggelis]]
[[Category:1839 deaths|Gatsos, Aggelis]]
[[Category:Greek revolutionaries|Gatsos, Aggelis]]
[[Category:Natives of Central Macedonia|Gatsos, Aggelis]]
[[Category:People of the Greek War of Independence|Gatsos, Aggelis]]
[[Category:Macedonian revolutionaries (Greek)|Gatsos, Aggelis]]

Benutzer:MaxSem

2007-01-14T12:53:08Z

MaxSem: upd

{{Babel|ru|en-2|uk-1|de-0}}
Hallo! Mein Name ist '''Max Semenik''', ich bin [[:ru:Участник:MaxSem|Benutzer der russischen Wikipedia]].

Das ist mein '''de'''-account für kleine Änderungen wie z.B. interwikis. '''Ich spreche kein Deutsch'''.

Ich besuche die deutsche Wikipedia nur sporadisch, wenn Sie mich kontaktieren möchten schreiben Sie bitte an meinen russischen oder [[:en:User:MaxSem|englischen]] account.

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|}

Anne Carson

2007-01-05T07:19:13Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Anne Carson''' (born [[Toronto, Ontario]] [[June 21]], [[1950]]) is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[poet]], essayist, and translator, as well as a [[professor]] of [[classics]] and [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Michigan]]. Reticent about her private life, the biography published in current editions of her books reads, simply, "Anne Carson lives in Canada."

A professor of the classics, with background in [[classical language]]s, comparative literature, [[anthropology]], history, and [[commercial art]], Carson blends ideas and themes from many fields in her writing. She frequently references, modernizes, and translates [[Greek mythology]]. She has published ten books [[as of 2006]], all of which blend the forms of [[poetry]], [[essay]], [[prose]], [[criticism]], [[translation]], [[fiction]], and [[non-fiction]].

==Selected works==
Odi et Amo Ergo Sum, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1986.
*''Eros the Bittersweet'' (1986) Princeton University Press
*''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1992) [[New Directions]] Publishing Company
*''Short Talks'' (1992) Brick Books
*''Plainwater'' (1995) Knopf
*''[[Autobiography of Red]]: A Novel in Verse'' (1998) Knopf
*''Economy of the Unlost: Reading [[Simonides of Ceos]] with [[Paul Celan]]'' (1999) Princeton University Press
*''Men in the Off Hours'' (2001) Knopf
*''The Beauty of the Husband'' (2002) Knopf
*''If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho'' (2002) Knopf
*''Decreation: Poetry, Essays, [[Opera]]'' (2005) Knopf
*''Grief Lessons: Four Plays by Euripides'' (translation) (2006) New York Review Books Classics

==Selected awards and honors ==
*[[Lannan Award]] (1996)
*[[Pushcart Prize]] (1997)
*[[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1998)
*[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2000)
*[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] (2001)
*[[T.S. Eliot Poetry Prize]] (2001)

==External links==
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=1114 Poems by Anne Carson at PoetryFoundation.org]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/shortlist_2001.php?t=1#a1 Griffin Poetry Prize biography]
* [http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see_hear_poetry.php?t=10 Griffin Poetry Prize reading, including audio clip]
* [http://www.slate.com/id/2095317/ Hermetic Hotties/What is Anne Carson doing on The L Word? by Meghan O'Rourke, ''Slate'']

== References ==
*Ian Rae, University of British Columbia. "[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=758 Carson, Anne.]" The Literary Encyclopedia. [[27 December]] [[2001]]. The Literary Dictionary Company. [[8 December]] [[2005]].

[[Category:1950 births|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:Living people|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:Canadian poets|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:Ontario writers|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:People from Toronto|Carson, Anne]]
[[Category:Women writers|Carson, Anne]]

[[fr:Anne Carson]]

Jonathan Larson

2007-01-04T17:13:28Z

MaxSem: Repairing link to disambiguation page - You can help! using AWB

'''Jonathan Larson''' ([[February 4]], [[1960]] – [[January 25]], [[1996]]) was an [[United States|American]] composer who lived in [[New York City]] and authored [[musical theater|musicals]], including ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'' and ''[[Tick, Tick... BOOM!]]''. These musicals tackle serious issues such as [[multiculturalism]], [[addiction]], [[homophobia]], and the [[AIDS]] epidemic, although Larson himself was heterosexual and HIV-negative. His artistic vision and goal was to fuse [[Generation X]] and the [[MTV Generation]] with the world of [[musical theatre]] in his work. This mission was clearly accomplished by his [[magnum opus]], ''Rent'', which was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]] and won four [[Tony Awards]]; the scores of his shows reveal that he was an apt [[composer]] and [[lyricist]].

==Biography==
Jonathan Larson was born<math>
== in ==
</math> [[White Plains, New York]], in [[Westchester County]] to a Jewish family. He was exposed to the performing arts, especially music and theatre from an early age, as he played the trumpet and tuba in his high school band, was involved in his school's choir, and took formal piano lessons. His early musical influences were rock musicians such as [[Elton John]], [[The Who]], and [[Billy Joel]], as well as the classic composers of musical theatre, especially [[Stephen Sondheim]]. Larson was also involved in acting in high school, performing in lead roles in various productions at [[White Plains High School]].

Larson attended Adelphi University in [[Garden City]], New York, Long Island, with a four-year scholarship as an acting Academic major, in addition to performing in numerous plays and musical theatre. During his college years, he began music composition, composing music, first for small student productions called cabarets, and later the score to a musical entitled ''Libro de Buen Amor'', written by the department head, [[Jacques Burdick]]. Burdick functioned as Larson's mentor during his college education. After graduating with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]], he participated in a summer stock theatre program in [[Augusta, Michigan]], as a piano player, the result of which was the earning of an [[Equity Card]] for membership in the [[Actors' Equity Association]].

Larson moved to a loft with no heat on the fifth floor of a building at the corner of [[Greenwich Street]] and [[Spring Street]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]. For about ten years he worked as a waiter at the [[Moondance Diner]] during weekends, and worked on composing and writing musicals during the weekdays. At the diner Larson later met [[Jesse L. Martin]], who was his waiting trainee and later would perform the role of Tom Collins in the original cast of Larson's ''Rent''. Larson and his roommates lived in harsh conditions with little money or property. Larson had a girlfriend, Elizabeth Erndle, who would cheat on him with other men, but then finally left him for a woman, which inspired him to write the part of Maureen, who leaves Mark for Joanne.

==Early works==
Before composing and writing ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'', his most popular and well-known work, Jonathan Larson wrote a variety of early theatrical pieces, with varying degrees of success and production.

Among his early creative works is ''Sacraimmorality'', his first musical which was co-written with David Armstrong, and originally staged at his [[alma mater]] ([[Adelphi University]]) sometime in the [[1980s]]. Retitled ''Saved'' it played an unacclaimed one-week run in a [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] theatre.

Between 1983 and 1990, Larson wrote ''Superbia'', originally intended as a [[futurism (art)|futuristic]] rock retelling of [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', though the Orwell estate denied him permission to adapt the novel itself. ''Superbia'' won the Richard Rodgers Production Award and the Richard Rodgers Development Grant. However, despite a run at [[Playwrights Horizons]] and a few rock concert performances at the '''Village Gate''' in November of 1991, ''Superbia'' was not truly produced, leading to disappointment for Larson.

His next work, completed in 1991, was a "rock [[monologue]]" entitled ''Boho Days'', which was later expanded and renamed "30/90" and again to (as it is now known) ''[[Tick, Tick... BOOM!]]''. This piece, written for only Larson with a piano and rock band, was intended to be a response to his feelings of rejection caused by the failure of ''Superbia''. The show played [[off-Broadway]] at the '''Charles Street Playhouse''' in [[Greenwich Village]], as well as at the Village Gate in the [[Upper West Side]]. The producer Jeffrey Seller saw the production of ''Boho Days'' and offered to produce Larson's musicals.

Larson came into contact with his strongest musical theatre influence, [[Stephen Sondheim]], to whom he occasionally submitted his work for review. One ''Tick, Tick... BOOM!'' song called "Sunday" is a homage to [[Stephen Sondheim]], who supported Larson, staying close to the melody and lyrics of Sondheim's own song of the same title but turning it from a manifesto about art into a waiter's lament. Sondheim would often write letters of recommendation for Larson to various producers. Larson later won the Stephen Sondheim Award.

In addition to his three larger theatrical pieces written before ''Rent'', Larson also wrote music for ''J.P. Morgan Saves the Nation'', numerous individual numbers, music for ''[[Sesame Street]]'', music for the children's book cassettes of ''An American Tail'' and ''Land Before Time'', music for ''Rolling Stone'' magazine publisher [[Jann Wenner]], early post-graduation works entitled ''Billy Bishop Goes to War'', which was an '''En Garde Arts Company''' production, ''Mowgli'', and four songs for the children's video ''Away We Go!'' (which he also conceived and directed). For his early works Larson won a grant and award from the [[American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers]] and the Gilman and Gonzalez-Falla Theatre Foundation's Commendation Award.

==''Rent'' and Death==
Playwright [[Billy Aronson]] [http://www.billyaronson.com/musicals.php] came up with the idea to write a musical update of ''La Bohème'' in 1988. He wanted to create "a musical based on [[Giacomo Puccini]]'s ''[[La Bohème]]'', in which the luscious splendor of Puccini's world would be replaced with the coarseness and noise of modern New York".

In 1989, Larson got together with Aronson to swap ideas. Larson came up with the title and suggested moving the setting from the [[Upper West Side]] to [[Downtown Manhattan|Downtown]], where Larson himself lived. Larson and his roommates lived in a rundown apartment. For a while, he and his roommates kept an illegal, wood-burning stove. He also dated a dancer for four years who sometimes left him for other men and eventually left him for another woman. Larson wanted to write about his own experience, and in 1991, he asked Billy if he could use the original concept they collaborated on and make ''Rent'' his own. They made an agreement that if the show went to Broadway, Aronson would share in the proceeds. Eventually they decided on setting the musical not in the [[West Village]], where Larson lived, but rather in [[Alphabet City, Manhattan|Alphabet City]] in the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].

''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'' started as a staged reading in 1993 at the [[New York Theatre Workshop]], followed by a studio production that played a three-week run a year later. However, the version that is now known worldwide, a result of the years-long collaborative and editing process between Larson and the producers and director, was not publicly performed before Larson's death. Larson died unexpectedly of an [[aortic dissection]], believed to have been caused by [[Marfan syndrome]], in the early morning on [[January 25]], [[1996]]. It was ten days before his 36th birthday, only hours after the final dress rehearsal of ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'' and the day of its [[off-Broadway]] opening at the [[New York Theatre Workshop]], near the intersection of [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|Second Avenue]] and East 4th Street.

He had been suffering [[angina pectoris|chest pains]] and [[nausea]] for several days prior, but doctors could not find signs of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and so misdiagnosed it either as [[influenza|flu]] or [[distress|stress]]. The show premiered off-Broadway that night, on schedule. Larson's parents (who were flying in for the show anyway) gave their blessing to open the show. Due to Larson's unexpected death the morning of opening night, the cast sang the song "Seasons of Love" as the opening number in memory of him. The cast had agreed beforehand that in light of the tragedy they would just sing through the show that night sitting at three tables lined up on stage. But by the time the show got to its high energy "[[La Vie Boheme]]", the cast could no longer contain themselves and did the rest of the show as it was meant to be.

''Rent'' played through its planned engagement to sold-out crowds and was continuously extended. The decision was finally made to move the show to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], and it opened at the [[Nederlander Theatre]] on [[April 29]], [[1996]]. In addition to the New York Theatre Workshop, ''Rent'' was and is produced by Jeffrey Seller, who was introduced to Larson's work when attending an off-Broadway performance of ''Boho Days'', and two of his producer friends who also wished to support the work, Kevin McCollum and Allan S. Gordon.

For his work on ''Rent'', Larson was posthumously awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]], the [[Tony Award]]s for [[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]], [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]], and [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]; the [[Drama Desk Award|Drama Desks]] for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, and Best Lyrics; the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Musical; the [[Outer Critics Circle Award]] for Best Musical in the Off-Broadway category; and three Obie Awards for Outstanding Book, Outstanding Lyrics and Outstanding Music.

==Legacy==

''Rent'' has played continuously on Broadway at the Nederlander Theatre for more than ten years, and as of [[August 20]], [[2006]], the original production has played 4,289 performances. In addition, it has toured throughout the United States, in Canada, Australia, China, Mexico, throughout Europe, and in other locations.

After his death, Larson's family and friends started the [[Jonathan Larson Performing Arts Foundation]] to provide monetary grants to artists, especially musical theatre composers and writers, to support their creative work.

Jonathan's work was given to the [[Library of Congress]] in Washington, D.C. in December of 2003. The Jonathan Larson Collection is a new addition to its major holdings in the area of musical theater. The collection documents Larson’s surprisingly prolific output, including numerous musicals, revues, cabarets, pop songs, dance and video projects – both produced and unproduced.

== External links ==

* [http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/whoswho/biography/3340 Playbill Biography]
* [http://www.ticktickboomthemusical.com Tik...Tick...BOOM! The Musical]

[[Category:American musical theatre composers|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:Jewish composers and songwriters|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:Jewish American musicians|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:People from Westchester County, New York|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:Adelphi University|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:1960 births|Larson, Jonathan]]
[[Category:1996 deaths|Larson, Jonathan]]

[[fr:Jonathan Larson]]
[[ja:ジョナサン・ラーソン]]

Tschub

2006-11-27T08:29:54Z

MaxSem: linkfix

{{unreferenced}}
[[Image:Repin Cossacks.jpg|right|400px|thumb|''[[The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey]]'' (1880-91). Painted by [[Ilya Repin]].]]

'''Khokhol''' ({{lang-ru|хохо́л}}, ''khokhol''), a [[Russian language|Russian]] name for an element of the [[haircut]]: a long lock of hair left on top or on the front of the otherwise cleanly shaven or shortly cut man's hair.

The word is also used by Russians as a [[Offensive terms per nationality#Ukrainians|derogatory name for Ukrainians]], as it was a common haircut of [[Cossacks#Ukrainian Cossacks|Ukrainian Cossacks]], historically often foes of Russian tsars.

The [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] name for this type of haircut is ''oseledets'' (оселедець, literally "[[herring]]") or ''chub'' (чуб, "crest"). There are several [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] surnames derived from this word.

The ''khokhol / oseledets'' is a standard feature in the [[stereotype]] image of an Ukrainian Cossack, see e.g., the [[webcomic]] ''[[Salo in Space]]''.

Interestingly, whether those who wear it are conscious of its origin or not, the khokhol hairstyle (in varying lengths) has found popularity in [[gothic fashion|gothic]], [[deathrock]], [[industrial music|industrial]] and related [[subcultures]]. It has been worn by members of many bands, sometimes spiked (as seen on the eponymous protagonist (and other characters) of the [[comic]], [[Johnny the Homicidal Maniac]] by [[Jhonen Vasquez]]) or back-combed. It is also worn by Alex Louis Armstrong, the "Strong Arm Alchemist" of the anime and manga Fullmetal Alchemist, and the title character of [[Zep|Zep's]] ''[[Titeuf]]''.

{{Fashion-stub}}
{{ukraine-stub}}

[[Category:Ethnic slurs]]
[[Category:Hairstyles]]

[[ru:Хохол]]
[[uk:Хохли]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Hedwig in Washington

2006-11-12T08:28:24Z

MaxSem: kunstmarkt

{{Benutzer:Timo Müller/Vorlagen/Vandalismus-Counter|2}}
<big>
 
Anfragen und Aufträge für Klimadiagramme bitte hier: '''[[Benutzer Diskussion:Hedwig in Washington/Klimadiagramme|Klimaseite]]'''
</big>
----
== Herzlich Willkommen ==
Hallo Hedwig, schön das du hier mitmachst. Wegen der neuzuschreibenden Artikel kannst du auch mal unter [[Wikipedia:Artikelwünsche]] schauen. Da findest du viele Betätigungsfelder. Zu den Bilder kannst du dir mal [[Wikipedia:Bildertutorial]] anschauen. Viel Spaß noch! -- [[Benutzer:Stefan Kühn|sk]] 16:09, 24. Jul 2006 (CEST)
: Herzlichen Dank! Bin schon fleissig am recherchieren, mal sehen, ob ich den St. Petersburg Artikel toppen kann 8-)))))) Tutorial habe ich mir angesehen, ist aber nicht so wirklich hilfreich. Werde ein wenig auf der Spielwiese probieren! Spass, ja, Spass hab' ich hier wirklich! Das einzige was nervt, ich habe keine deutsche Tastatur 8( Mehr TippEx! 8)

== dummy edit ==
8))

== Funzt doch ==
[[Bild:Nasa-Sat-Tacoma-with-Port.jpg|thumb|Das Problemkind 8)]]
Bild funktioniert prächtig... wo woltlest du's denn einbinden? -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|D. Dÿsentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 15:21, 4. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:Grummel! 8-) Sollte in meine Baustelle: [[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington/Baustelle-Tacoma]] Da geht's net. Grübel..... [[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] 15:29, 4. Sep 2006 (CEST)

== [[Hilfe:Tabellen]] - VBA-Makro ==

Hallo! Hast Du schon irgendwelche Diagramme mit Deinem Makro erstellt und anschließen hier oder auf den [[:commons:Hauptseite|Commons]] hochgeladen? Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 00:33, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:Ja, habe ich. Gerade eben auf die Commons geschickt. Ich habe das Makro ewig nicht gebraucht und da ich kein Excel-Freak bin, habe ich es vorhin erst per Zufall wiedergefunden. 8) --[[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] 01:15, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::Ich mache es immer so, dass ich das Diagramm markiere, in den Zwischenspeicher kopiere, in [[Gimp]] einfüge und dann als PNG speichere. Der Platzbedarf ist IMHO geringer und die Qualität höher. Dein Tipp ist vielleicht besser aufgehoben unter [[Wikipedia:Grafiktipps]] oder [[Wikipedia:Grafiktipps/Diagramme]]. Zudem wäre vielleicht ein weißer Hintergrund für das Diagramm besser. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 01:51, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::Mit dem Hintergrund hast Du recht! Ich bin halt nicht so der Künstler! 8( Habe Deine Anregung aufgenommen und den Link auch bei Wikipedia:Grafiktipps/Diagramme eingebaut. Ich würde den Link unter Tabellenhilfe lassen, da habe ich (Anfänger) als erstes danach gesucht. Und dann auf meiner Festplatte gefunden! 8)
:::Grafik ist jetzt huebscher, kannst ja mal schauen, wie es dir gefaellt. Bitte!? 8-)--[[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] 13:09, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::Sieht gleich viel besser aus! Ich würde den Text „Klimadiagramm Tacoma (Washington), USA“ noch komplett aus der Grafik entfernen. Wenn man das Bild nämlich später in den Artikel einbindet, würde ich das in etwa so machen: 
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>Image:Klimadiagramm Tacoma.jpg|150px|thumb|Klimadiagramm Tacoma (Washington), USA]]
[[Image:Klimadiagramm Tacoma.jpg|150px|thumb|Klimadiagramm Tacoma (Washington), USA]]
::::Das ergibt dann nebenstehendes Bild. So ist mehr Platz für die Grafik und der Informationsgehalt ist der gleiche. Weiters würde ich die Niederschlagsachse so anpassen, dass die Gitternetzlinien der Temperaturachse mit den Skalenteilen der Niederschlagsachse zusammenfallen. Du könntest die Beschriftung der Niederschlagsachse auch blau färben, wobei ich nicht weiß, ob das gut aussieht, um zusätzlich anzuzeigen, dass es sich bei den Balken um die Niederschlagsmenge handelt.
::::Anzumerken wäre auch noch, falls Du das Bild in die deutschsprachige Wikipedia einbinden willst, dass hier das Dezimalkomma verwendet wird und nicht der Punkt, wie in Deiner Grafik.
::::Wo ich schon am meckern dran bin (ich hoffe Du nimmst es mir nicht krumm ;-) ): Du könntest das Diagramm noch so weit aufziehen wie möglich, dann hat man weniger Rand und mehr Grafik.
::::Achja, die Achsenbeschriftung der Temperaturachse sollte vielleicht lauten „Temperatur in °C“ und nicht „°Celsius“. Ich persönlich würde schreiben:
Temperatur
[°C]
::::Aber hier in der WP wird das, glaube ich, anders gehandhabt. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 14:33, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::8-) Freut mich, dass es dir gefaellt. Ich denke, der Name der Stadt sollte schon im Bild bleiben. Niederschlagsachse ist angepasst. Aber blau sieht nicht aus, habe ich probiert. Jaja, Komma und Punkt. Die Amis machen mich hier verrueckt damit! Immer, wenn ich Daten in Excel schreibe, funktioniert nix, weil ich Punkt und Komma verdrehe 8) Ist echt ein Kreuz, ohne deutsche Tastatur. Das naechste mal, wenn ich nach D-Land komme, nehme ich meine alte Tastatur mit.
:::::Jetzt hoere aber auf zu meckern! Frustverdau..... 8-))))) Und ich habe das Diagramm weiter aufgezogen, Schriftgroessen veraendert und [°C] und [mm] eingebaut. Danke fuer deine Kritik/Tips!!! Die neue Version habe ich nach Commons geschoben. --[[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] 23:13, 15. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::Fast perfekt. Ich muss gleich weg, daher nur kurz: Ich habe das gefunden: [[commons:Commons:Images for cleanup]]. Insbesondere Punkt 1. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 00:07, 16. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::::Grummel...... 8))) Den Rahmen habe ich vorsorglich uebersehen. 8) Ist erledigt! Den Job als Bilderkritiker hast du! 8))))))) Wenn Dir noch etwas auffaellt, bitte melden! Danke! --[[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] 01:00, 16. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::::<nowiki>*</nowiki>schlechtesgewissenhab* Du hast jetzt wieder Punkte statt Kommas verwendet. Und die Überschrift gehört IMHO wirklich nicht ins Bild. Ich glaube, es steht sogar im Duden, dass es Bild''unterschriften'' und Tabellen''überschriften'' sein sollen. Das Diagramm verliert ja nicht an Info. Im Artikel später stehts mit Unterschrift da. Im Rahmen, wie oben gezeigt. Und wenn Du es nicht einbindest, steht die Info ja auch in der Bildbeschreibung auf den Commons.
::::::::Noch etwas: ;-) Da Du auf den Achsen ja keine 0,5 Werte verwendest, reicht die Angabe "40 °C" doch statt "40,0 °C" aus, oder?
::::::::Die Farben würde ich noch tauschen. Rot für max. Grün für min. Schwarz für Ø.
::::::::Ein letztes noch: der Bildtyp sollte vielleicht wirklich PNG sein, nicht jpg.
::::::::Sorry fürs viele Nörgeln, ich mein es echt nicht bös, aber Du wolltest es ja so... Liebe Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 22:11, 16. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::::: 8-)))) JA, ich habe es so gewollt. Es hilft keinem, wenn einer sich die Arbeit macht und hinter merkt, dass alles verkehrt ist! 8) DU hast mich mit meinem Komma-/Punkt-Problem schon wieder erwischt. Ich muss in Windoof immer die Einstellungen von USA auf D-Land umstellen, manchmal vergesse ich das. Naja. Sodele, nachdem ich mich hier mehrfach als Laie erwiesen habe, habe ich jetzt mal auf der Seite von [[Benuzer:Hph]] neu Frage hinterlassen, wie es denn auszusehen hat. Hph ist wohl sowas wie die Klimadiagramm-Konifere 8) Das suchen auf Commons bringt ungefaehr 30 verschiedene Versionen zum Vorschein, hilft mir also auch nicht so wirklich. Mal sehen, was Hph so sagt. Mit dem PNG hast Du natuerlich recht, habe ich total vergessen. Danke Dir fuers aufpassen! 8-))) Liebe Gruesse, --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 21:11, 18. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::: ← ← ← ← Zurück zum Anfang ← ← ← ←
:Was ich Dir gesagt habe, waren die Basics zu Diagrammen in der WP. Was Klimadiagramm angeht, habe ich meinen Senf auf die Benutzerseite von [[Benutzer:Hph|Hph]] geschrieben. Vielleicht helfen Dir folgende Links weiter:
:#[[Klimadiagramm]]
:#[[Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Klimadiagramme]] (Projekt eingeschlafen!?)
:#[[Wikipedia Diskussion:WikiProjekt Klimadiagramme]](Projekt eingeschlafen!?)
:Ich kann zwar nicht nachvollziehen, warum man Titel und Koordinaten in das Diagramm packen soll, aber wenn die sich da was überlegt haben...
:Ich habe in irgendeinem Diagramm noch so hübsche, grau-gestrichelte Hilfsgitternetzlinien(?) gesehen. Das finde ich wiederrum gut. Das erhöht die Erkennbarkeit von Werten. Ah, [[:Bild:Klimadiagramm Valencia Stadt.png|hier]]. Vielleicht kommst Du nun weiter. Vielleicht bist es ja DU, der das Projekt wiederbelebt? Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 00:04, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::8-)) Danke! Mal sehen, wie (ob) ich das umsetzen kann. Hmmm... Gute Idee mit den Linien. Wird gleich ausprobiert. Im Prinzip hast Du mit dem Titel recht, kann man locker in der Beschreibung unterbringen, ist doppelt gemoppelt. Ich bin auf dem Gebiet echter Voll-Laie. Ich kann Regen von Sonnenschein unterscheiden, dann ist aber auch schon fast das Ende erreicht. Aber wenn wir mal ein bissl auf den Seiten mosern, vielleicht kommt ja was..... Ich will mal versuchen, dass sich die Leute von dem Portal mal auf einen Standard einigen, den man mit Bordmitteln (Excel, OpenOffice,...) auch erreichen kann.
::Ich wollte eigentlich ein bissl Biologie (Bäume) und Holz allgemein machen. Zur Geographie bin ich per Zufall gekommen, ich habe den Artikel von [[Tacoma]] gelesen und fand den so grausig..... Naja, ich hab nicht gedacht, das ich soviele Dinge nicht weiss 8-)))) Wie gesagt, bin für Kritik immer zu haben und Du bist herzlichst dazu eingeladen!! Oops! Vor lauter Verbindungsabbruechen 8( Unterschrift vergessen 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 01:25, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::WikiPrinzip: Von A nach B über Q. So lernt man. [[Wikipedia:Sei tapfer|Sei tapfer]]. [[Wikipedia:Sei mutig|Sei mutig]]. [[Wikipedia:Sei freundlich|Sei freundlich]]. [[Wikipedia:Sei grausam|Sei grausam]]. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 01:37, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::8-)) Qlimadiagramm? Ist ein Versuch wert! 8) Hartnaeckig fehlt eigentlich 8) DANKE! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 01:42, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::: :-) NP. --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 08:19, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::: Was ist den NP? Nullpunkt? Null Punkte? Ich kann das auch! '''Abk. ist die Abk. für Abk.''' Musste mal gesagt werden! 8-) Ich hole jetzt erstmal Kaffee, Kippen und was zu futtern! 23:30 mittlerweile.... Bis später! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 08:34, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::: Guten Morgen. (08:46h) Siehe [[np]]. Oder http://www.abkuerzungen.de. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 08:47, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::: und [[Netzjargon]]. --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 08:48, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::::au weia! ist wirklich schon spät!! #-) Guten Morgen erstmal. Gut geschlafen? Ich habe mir fix nen Kaffee-Milchshake und nen Burger geholt. Bin wohl echt müde, habe vorhin vergessen eine Änderung zu speichern. 1 Stunde drangessen. 8( Das passiert wohl nicht so schnell wieder! Auf der en-Wiki nehmen die das Thema anscheinend ganz locker. Es scheint da kein Projekt oder sowas zu geben, auch keine Regel. Ich denke, wir setzen hier mal einen Standard, sollte ich Antwort vom Wetter-Portal bekommen. Mal sehen, wann da was kommt. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:10, 19. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::::::Hallo mal wieder. Du hast immer noch den Punkt statt dem Komma drinne. Vorschlag: lass an den Achsen dir ",0" weg. Hast ja eh kein ",5" dabei. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 19:37, 27. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:nach links rutsch
:ich krieg die Krise! Naja, jetzt bleibt es so, wie es ist. Erstmal. Von die Klima-Leuten gibt es keine Antwort, wie es scheint. Ich warte noch ein wenig ab, dann schreibe ich einigen Leuten wahllos auf die Benutzerseite. Es muss doch moeglich, einen Standard fuer so eine popelige Sache zu finden? --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 19:55, 27. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::Wie wärs mit [[Wikipedia:Schreibweise von Zahlen]]? Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 20:11, 27. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::Ich meinte mit Standard eigentlich die Diagramme ansich. NAtuerlich hast Du mit dem Punkt(Komma) absolut recht. Ich pers. finde den Punkt als Trennzeichen absolut verwirrend und unpassend. Wie gesagt, ich bleibe an den Diagrammen dran und dann aendere ich "mein" Diagramm noch ein letztes Mal. 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:38, 27. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::[[Bild:Tacoma-Test.svg|right|thumb|350px|'''Diagramm I:''' Klimadiagramm Tacoma, Washington, USA
 ● maximale Temperatur
 ● durchschnittliche Temperatur
 ● minimale Temperatur
 ● Niederschlag
 Geokoordinaten: 12° 13' 14<nowiki>''</nowiki>
 Daten aus dem Jahre 1719
]]Ich habe mich gerade mal über eine Stunde umgesehen, ob man Excel irgendwie nach SVG bringen kann, aber da gibts imho nicht viel. Was man mir aber geraten hat, war mal [[Gnumeric]] auszuprobieren. Das habe ich dann auch direkt getan und dann sehr schnell nebenstehendes Bild erstellen können! Einarbeitung fast gleich 0, da fast wie Excel - nur strukturierter. Echt geiles Teil. Das Diagramm ist ein wenig länglich geworden, aber ich habe jetzt auch keinen Bock mehr, da noch was zu drehen. Wenn Du willst, dann schicke ich Dir die Dateien auch gern per Mail. *freu* Ich freu mich jetzt so, dass ich mal Gnumeric ausprobiert habe. Da steckt echt Potential drin.
::::Mit dieser erfreuten Einstellung gehe ich jetzt ins Bett. Dir noch einen schönen Tag. Wie groß war noch gleich die Zeitverschiebung? Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 02:19, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::JAU! Das sieht echt gut aus!!! Herzlichen Glueckwunsch! Damit bist ''DU'' der Klimadiagrammbeauftragte! 8-)))))) Tja, aaaaaaaber! Wenn's funktioniert und gut ist, dann muss es ja fuer Linux sein. Ich schau mir das mal an. Zeit: -9 Stunden (UTC -8) d.h. ist jetzt 17:30 bei mir. Dir n guts Naechtle! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 02:33, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::Eben nicht. Es ist zwar ein [[GNOME]]-Projekt, aber es wurde auch nach Windows portiert. Ich habe dummerweise die Beta genommen, da muss man noch sehr oft abspeichern. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 07:53, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::[[Bild:Tacoma-Test-2.svg|right|thumb|300px|'''Diagramm II:''' Wie oben, nur noch mit hinterlegter Karte]]Mit SVG kann man lustige Sachen machen, dass sollte man vielleicht noch im Hinterkopf behalten. Siehe Diagramm II. Ich bin mir zwar nicht sicher, ob eine Karte im Diagramm Sinn macht, aber dies zeigt, welche Möglichkeiten man da noch hat. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 09:08, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::::::P.S.: Hier die (stabile) Windows [http://www.gnome.org/~mortenw/gnumeric/gnumeric-1.6.3-win32-2.exe Portierung]. --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 09:08, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::::::Download laueft! 8) Mal sehen, ob es bei mir geht. Habe z.B. Probleme mit Inkscape. Danke dir fuer den Link! So, muss jetzt basteln gehen.... 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:51, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)

== Diagramme ==
Hallo Hedwig - ich sehe, es ist schon Thema gewesen :-) aber trotzdem: magst du die falschen eckigen Klammern um die [[Einheitenzeichen]] in den Diagrammen selber wegmachen, oder soll ich das übernehmen? Gruß, -- [[Benutzer:Georg Slickers|Schusch]] 11:02, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:Tach! Ohmann! So langsam platzt mir die Hutschnur! 8)))) Ok, wird aber erst gemacht, wenn die Leute vom Klima sich mal endlich zu einer Antwort durchringen. Ich warte noch ne Weile (siehe oben!). Hmmm..... schade, die Klammer ist sooooo huebsch! 8) Hoffe, ich denke dran! BTW: Hast Du Platz auf Deiner TO-DO-LISTE fuer '''Klimadiagramme???''' 8-)))) Moin, --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 11:23, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
::Hi Hedwig - das es noch ein bißchen dauert, ist kein Problem ... aber Platz in meiner ToDo-Liste für Klimadiagramme (ist eher fachfremd bei mir) ist nicht wirklich, der größte Teil geht eher ans echte Leben ;-) -- [[Benutzer:Georg Slickers|Schusch]] 22:30, 28. Sep 2006 (CEST)
:::8))) War aber einen Versuch wert! 8-) Und soooooooo fachfremd ist das ja nicht! ;) Vielleicht kannst Du ja mal bei Gelegenheit vorbeischauen und einen Kommentar ablassen? Irgendwas wird sich finden. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 06:13, 29. Sep 2006 (CEST)

== Geoklima ==

Hi Hedwig. Das scheint ja ein schön einfaches Tool zu sein. Du schreibst, Du hast eine Lizenz für das Programm. Sind die Bilder die Du damit produzierst auch lizenzfrei? Das Aussehen der Diagramme ist imho sehr einfach gestrickt, das bekommt man mit einer Tabellenkalkulation sicherlich besser hin. Ausserdem sind die Messwerte als Tabelle im Diagramm - ich weiß nicht, ob das Sinn macht. Welches Outputformat haben die Bilder? Wenn jpg, dann würd ichs vergessen!

Ich finde, ihr müsst euch im Klimaabteil der WP einfach mal auf ein Format einigen. Wenn ihr das getan habt, erstellt ihr ein Template und in dieses könnt ihr dann ja einfach die Messwerte kopieren und fertig ist das Diagramm. Da brauchst dann auch kein solches Programm. Schön ist natürlich, dass ihr die Messwerte von dem Proggi bekommt, aber stimmen diese auch? Kannst Du die Quellen referenzieren?

Nunja, wie gesagt, ich bin kein "Klimate", daher solltet ihr einen Konsens finden. Liebe Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 09:47, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)

:Ist ein kleines, nettes Tool. Das Programm ist für mich als Werkzeug für die Wikipedia lizensiert. Ich soll es halt nicht fuer meine gewerblichen Zwecke einsetzen, so ist die Absprache. Vertrauen gegen Vertrauen. Und ich lizensiere dann GFDL. Ich habe bis jetzt keine Antwort von den "Klimaten" (klasse Wort!) bekommen, ein Template und was da dran alles haengt bekomme ich nicht hin und ich habe auch keine Lust, mir alles alleine anzulesen und anzutun. Wenn es denen nicht passt, können die mir den Buckel.... Ignorant bin ich alleine, da brauche ich niemanden für. Quelle: Der Autor ist Geographielehrer, da sollte das schon stimmen. Ich habe mal die Daten, die ich hier auf der Platte habe, mit dem Programm verglichen und es stimmt weitestgehend überein. Das die Tabelle im Diagramm ist, finde ich übrigens gut. Dann muß man keine Wiki-Tabelle stricken, die sind auch nicht sooooo hübsch! UND! Und die Daten passen IMMER zur Tabelle, da kann nichts in die Hose gehen. Die Diagramme lade ich als PNG hoch 800x600px. Irfan View muddelt die Dateinamen hin, bin mittlerweile bei 146 fertigen Diagrammen angelangt. Ich fertige erst alle Diagramme an, sortiere nach Ländern und lade dann Land für Land hoch. Dann kann ich die Kategorien besser anpassen und die Bilder einbinden. Das ist dann erstmal Arbeit genug für meinen kleinen Schlepptop. Der kommt überhaupt nicht zum Bearbeiten der Boinc-Projekte! Und wird recht warm 8) So, der nächste Schwung ist gleich in Arbeit, ich lasse den Compi sein Werk vollrichten und hole mir fix einen Kaffee bei [[Starbucks]]. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 10:41, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::<nowiki>*</nowiki>willauchstarbucksindernähehaben* Es gibt auf den Commons den [[:commons:Commons:File upload service|Uploadservice]]. Das wäre wohl was für dich, wenn Du 150 Bilder hast! Dann brauchst Du nicht alles einzeln hochzuladen! Oder das Tool [[:commons:Commons:Tools/Commonist|Commonist]].
::Das mit den Tabellen im Diagramm sage ich ja auch nur, wenn Du jetzt anfängst zig Dateien hochzuladen und nachher stellt sich raus, ach nee, schmeiss die Tabelle raus, dann hast Du (oder wer anders) (wieder) nen Haufen Arbeit. Deine Entscheidung.
::Wenn Du jetzt so einen Service anbietest, wäre es klug, den auf der Hauptseite auch anzupreisen. Sonst weiß keiner, dass es ihn gibt... Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 10:51, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)
:::8-)) Ist schon klasse der Laden! ABER! In der Nähe von Tacoma, in Fife, ist ein kleiner Kaffeeshop auf dem Gelände eines Motels, das ist noch besser! Und billiger! 24 ounces mocha bianca (mit weisser Schoki!!) mit 4 shots nur $3,75! Ich fahre oft vom Interstate 5 runter, wenn ich von Norden komme. Und wenn ich in Tacoma oder im Hafen bin, fahre ich auch ran. Tja, wenn Du rueber kommen willst, Platz ist hier genug, das Wetter ist auch fast gleich, es regnet hier sogar etwas weniger als in Bremen. Ich komme aus der Nähe von Bremen, bin also wasserfest! =8)
:::Nett von Dir, Dich um meine Arbeit zu sorgen! Ehrlich! Aber wie gesagt, ich halte das mit der Tabelle für einen Vorteil. Erleichtert die Lesbarkeit und reduziert Fehlerquellen.
:::Ich habe Commonist auf der Platte, ist ein nettes Ding! Das einzige, was fehlt, ist ein Auswahlmenue für die Kategorien. Ansonsten funktioniert das echt gut!
:::Was meinst Du mit Hauptseite? Auf die erste Seite? Ins Portal habe ich das schon reingeschrieben, bei Commons in die Kategorie. Wenn Du noch eine Idee hast, immer her damit!
:::Es sind zum Schluß etwa 1000 Datein, ich sortiere nach Ländern und lade erstmal nur die "wichtigen" hoch, d.h. die mit genügend Artikeln.
:::Ich sollte Geld dafür nehmen, pro Diagramm nen Euro auf meine Starbucks-Card! 8))))) yum!
:::So, jetzt ist Kaffeezeit! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 11:14, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::::Ich meinte Deine [[User:Hedwig in Washington|Benutzerseite]]. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 13:01, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)
:::::Ach so! 8) Link war drin, habe einen kleinen Text dazu geschrieben. Gruss, --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 13:42, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)

== Ansprechpartner ==

Vielleicht können Dir die Jungs von der [[Wikipedia:Redaktion Bilder|Redaktion Bilder]] in Bezug auf (Klima-)Diagramme weiterhelfen. Unter [[Wikipedia:Redaktion Bilder/Ansprechpartner]] ist ein [[Benutzer:San Jose|San Jose]] gelistet, der als Spezialgebiet "Karten, Grafiken, Animationen" aufzeigt und sich für "Geopolitik" interessiert. Frag mal da an. --[[Benutzer:Rhododendronbusch|Rhododendronbusch]] 17:37, 2. Okt 2006 (CEST)

== Änderung bei [[Oran]] ==

hallo Hedwig in W. ... diese [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oran&curid=167622&diff=22290878&oldid=21504935 Änderung] mit den vielen <nowiki> </nowiki> geht so nicht, erstens muss es <nowiki> </nowiki> heißen und zweitens ist nicht bei jedem die Texthöhe gleich (Abhängig von der Bildschirmauflösung), so dass hier ein <nowiki> </nowiki> besser wäre ... Gruß - [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 22:58, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
: ach ja, der Abschnitt Geographie sollte besser am Anfang stehen - Gruß -- [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 22:59, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::Ok, wusste ich nicht besser. DANKE für die Änderung und Info! LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:04, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::: :-) ... ich zum Anfang auch nicht ... Gruß - [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 23:10, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::::Ich habe noch irgendwo sowas eingebaut, nur wo? Bin gerade auf der Suche.... 8) lg --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:12, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
:::::Eledigt, es war Algier. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:25, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
: ach ja, kannst du bei den Klima-Diagrammen die roten und blauen Linien nicht dicker machen, man erkennt die selbst bei voller Auflösung kaum (mußte erst überlegen, welcher Teil der Niederschlag ist)? - [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 23:30, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::Geht schon, sieht aber nicht mehr gut aus. Geoklima macht dann alles dick und das Bild sieht total überladen aus. UND! Ich habe so um die ±1000 St. bereits fertig. Möchte ich nicht wirklich nochmal machen. 8) Ausprobiert hatte ich das, ich mag es nicht leiden. LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:37, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::: aber wird nicht klasischerweise die Temp als Kurve und der Niederschlag als Balken gemacht? ... dann bräuchte man nicht lange überlegen und man kann die Kurve auch dünn lassen? (muss ja nicht nachträglich geändert werden, sondern nur bei Neuerstellungen)- [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 23:49, 6. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::::Das was Du meinst ist in meinen Augen auch hübscher. Aber Sinn und Zweck der Aktion war&ist es, einen Standard zu schaffen. Einen Standard, der auf einer wissenschaftlichen Basis steht. Ich habe versucht, bei den Klima-Leuten und auch im Portal Klimadiagramme etwas anszuschieben. Beide Portale sind total eingeschlafen. Da habe ich mich halt getummelt und nach einer Lösung gesucht. Die Lösung lautet Klimadiagramme nach Walther und Lieth. Dafür habe ich mir das entspr. Programm besorgt, richtiger: es wurde mir kostenlos gegeben. Die inhaltliche Qualität ist das hüpfende Komma, denke ich. Sonst ist das ganze hier für die Katz. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:05, 7. Okt 2006 (CEST)
: was für ein "hüpfendes Komma" ... es reicht doch der Monatsschitt (jeweils verbunden mit einer Linie bei Temp) aus - oder willst du für jedes Jahr ein extra Bild erstellen? - [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 00:15, 7. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::Hüpfendes Komma = springender Punkt. Tschuldigung. Manchmal schreibe ich, wie ich spreche.... 8) Nein, nicht für jedes Jahr. Die Daten sollen aus einer 30-jährigen Aufzeichnung stammen, um saisonale Unterschiede nicht zu hoch zu bewerten. Ausserdem werden die ariden und humiden (nass und trocken) 8) Zeiten entspr. gekennzeichnet. Dazu muss das Diagramm im Achsverhältnis 2:1 gezeichnet werden. Und beides Temp und Niederschlag als Linie, aride und humide Zeiten als Flächen. So die Definition. Da kann ich ja keine Standard erschaffen, der nicht wissenschaftlich begründet ist. Nebenbei, dazu bin ich auch zu doof, ich habe von Klima keine Ahnung, alles nur angelesen und entspr. bei Fachleuten erfragt, bis es richtig war. Das Ergebnis ist das Diagramm, wie es jetzt auf Commons zu finden ist. Für einen "Reiseführer" oder sowas sind die Diagramme nicht das Optimum. Aber wir haben ja einen anderen Anspruch. So wird zumindest immer gesagt.... ;)) LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:35, 7. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::: man lernt nie aus :-) ... muss mich wohl von meinem Schul-Klima-Diagramm verabschieden ... Gruß -- [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 00:38, 7. Okt 2006 (CEST)
::::Ich habe auch gedacht, mal schnell mit Excel malen, Daten rein, Makro rauf und fertig. Banane! Das hat mich jetzt Jahre meines Lebens gekostet, bin mit Block und Stift ins Bett gegangen, falls mir noch ne Frage einfällt..... Haben wir das in der Schule so gemacht? Vielleicht war ich ja zu der Zeit gerade Kreide holen?! Wenn ich Java oder sowas könnte, würde ich gerne ein Online-Tool basteln, mit autom. Upload auf Commons, Kategorien, usw.... Mal sehen, ob das mit Access auch geht. Werde ich mir nächstes Jahr mal ansehen. LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:47, 7. Okt 2006 (CEST)

== Suche Diagramm ==

Hallo suche ein Klima dIagramm für Oberhof und ZElla-Mehlis es existieren zwar schon Artikel doch ich möchte gerne noch Klaimadiagramme hinzufügen.
Alsoi wäre net wenn wes gleich hinzugefügt werden sollte

Danke !
:Moin! Habe ich leider beide nicht auf der Platte! Schau mal hier [[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington/Klimadiagramme|Klimadiagramme on demand 8)]] und schreib mir die Daten entsprechend da rein, dann geht's fix! 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 14:49, 8. Okt 2006 (CEST)
Ja die DAten außer koordinbaten und Name und höhe hab ich ja nich die such ich ja sonst könnte ich mir ja auch ein Klima diagram machen.
Wo kann man denn solche Daten herbekommen ?
::Nee, selber machen ist nicht so einfach! Du musst, z.B. ein Achsverhaeltnis von 2:1 einhalten und die ariden und humiden Zeiten entspr. kennzeichnen und und und. Alle selbstgestrickten Diagramme fliegen wieder raus. Besonders die, bei denen keine Quellenangaben vorhanden snd.
::Fuer Deine Suche: Schau mal in der Bibliothek vorbei! Wetterdienste im Internet sind auch OK. Evtl. kann Dir die Gemeinde helfen. Die Daten muessen aus einer verifizierbaren Quelle stammen und eine Wetterbeobachtung der letzten 30 Jahre beinhalten. So ist das halt.
::Oh, Unterschrift bitte hier nicht vergessen, zweimal minus, viermal ~, ergibt Deine Unterschrift. Wenn du Daten gefunden hast, auf meine Klimaseite damit, ich baue Dir dann sofort Deine Diagramme. LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 01:47, 9. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Morphin ==
Hallo Hedwig,

mein Revert auf die Vandalenversion war leider nur ein BK, nicht beabsichtigt. Grüße: --[[Benutzer Diskussion:Johnny Yen|Johnny Yen]] [[Benutzer:Johnny Yen/SMINTAIR-Löschdisku|lachen?]] 14:48, 10. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:wir sagen hier: sh(it) happens! 8) Endlich habe ich Dich mal ueberholt! 8)))) LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 14:49, 10. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

==Hilfe==
Ich habe [[Diskussion:Ted Kirkpatrick|das hier]] eben gelesen. Gratulation und Dank dafür. Damit hast Du sicher einen guten neuen Mitarbeiter gewonnen. Wenn sich doch alle so einsetzen würden. --[[Benutzer:Pelz|Pelz]] 20:52, 11. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:8) Danke! Ja, ich hoffe auch, dass er (sie?) weitermacht. Es war halt ein nett gemeinter Versuch, einen Artikel zu schreiben. Eigentlich nach URV zum löschen. Manchmal muss man das Recht eben etwas anders auslegen, ich fahre ja auch nicht immer 50 in der Stadt. Oops! ;) Und ich hätte mir, als ich angefangen habe hier zu basteln, ein wenig mehr Unterstützung gewünscht. Man ist doch ziemlich alleine mit seinen kleinen Problemen. Zumindest am Anfang. Schön, das Dir das aufgefallen ist! Habe noch so ein Projekt am Haken, die [[Hessenhaudoline]]. Das war auch ein Löschkandidat. Ich bin ab und zu, zur Entspannung 8), auf der Seite der letzten Änderungen und schaue, ob ich was zum löschen, reverten, ändern oder retten finde. LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 21:10, 11. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== [[Guayaquil]] ==

Einfach nur: danke! [[Benutzer:Chigliak|chigliak]] 08:13, 12. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:BITTE! Gern geschehen! Evtl. schaust Du mal in die Kategorie auf Commons, da sind ein paar Staedte, mit denen ich nix anfangen konnte. Ich kenne mich in Ecuador nicht so wirklich aus! [[Commons:Category:Climate W+L diagrams of Ecuador|Klimadiagramme Ecuador]].
:Wenn Du Daten für andere Städte hast, immer her damit! Siehe: [[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington/Klimadiagramme|Mein Service für Klimadiagramme]]. --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 18:17, 12. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Also: [[Quito]] ist ja klar. Von den anderen Orten sind nur Puyo und San Cristobal bekannt. Puyo steht auf meiner To-Do-Liste (liegt im Amazonastiefland), San Cristóbal ist eine der Galapagos-Inseln. Pichilingue ist ein nicht allzu großer Ort bei Quevedo in der Provinz [[Los Ríos]] und offenbar für seinen Kakaoanbau bekannt (google findet v.a. Wetterdaten und Informationen über das Kakaoforschungszentrum des ''Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias''). Ich hab - ohne Fachwissen - schon länger nach Klimadaten gesucht und besitze nur ein Buch namens "Elementos de Geografia del Ecuador", in dem sich ein paar Klimadiagramme, aber ohne Tabellen befinden. [http://www.klimadiagramme.de/Samerika/portoviejo.html hier] gibts noch Angaben zur Hauptstadt der Provinz [[Manabí]]. [[Benutzer:Chigliak|chigliak]] 23:28, 12. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::Quito war der einzige Ort, den ich kannte. 8) Versuch mal Daten zu ergattern! Standard: Beobachtungen über 30 Jahre! Wenn´s 15 Jahre oder so sind, bastel ich einen Hinweis in das Diagramm. Was ich brauche sind die Temperaturen der Monate und die Niederschlagswerte. Am einfachsten in Celsius und Millimetern, Fahrenheit und Inch ist aber auch OK. Dazu dann die Koordinaten und los geht´s. Mir fehlt leider die Zeit zur Recherche. 8( Zum Thema Fachwissen: Habe ich auch nicht, alles erfragt und angelesen. Die Diagramme mache ich mit der Software "Geoklima 2.1", der Autor hat mir für die Wikipedia eine Lizenz geschenkt! Deshalb mache ich den ganzen Zirkus, mit Excel würde ich das Thema nicht anfangen! 8))) Oh, kannst Du mir bitte ein kleine Übersetzung machen? Ich schreibe in den Infotext der Diagramme folgendes:

::::*de: Klimadiagramm nach Walther und Lieth, metrisch, °Celsius und Millimeter, erstellt mit Geoklima 2.1
::::*es: Clima cuadro España alemán entre centígrado y milímetro, creación por Geoklima 2.1

:::Ist der spanische Teil ok? Habe ich mit einem Wörterbuch Wort für Wort gebastelt! 8) Wie gesagt, immer her mit den Daten. San Cristobal habe ich in die Galapagos-Inseln eingebaut. Kannst Dich jederzeit melden, wenn Du was brauchst! LG --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:10, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Klimadiagramme ==

Hallo, danke erstmal für die Mühe, die du dir mit den Klimadiagrammen gibst. Schade finde ich nur, dass das Layout nicht ganz optimal ist. Dadurch dass die Temperatur- und Niederschlagskurven sowie die Schraffur dazwischen so dünn sind, sind sie in der Thumbnail-Ansicht kaum zu erkennen. Der untenstehende Vergleich zwischen dem alten und neuen Klimadiagramm von Helsinki zeigt das Problem glaube ich ziemlich deutlich. Wäre es vielleicht möglich, die Linien dicker einzuzeichnen? Gruß, --[[Benutzer:BishkekRocks|BishkekRocks]] 10:26, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

<gallery>
Bild:Klima_helsinki.png|Alt
Bild:Klimadiagramm-Helsinki (Ilmala)-Finnland-metrisch-deutsch.png|Neu
</gallery>
:Ja, bekannt. Das Prob ist, das "man" sich jetzt auf diese Form mehr oder weniger geeinigt hat. Und in der thmub-Darstellung kann man eh nix wirklich erkennen. Bei mehr als 1000 Grafiken kann ich nicht jede einzelne Linie nachziehen! 8)))) So richtig gluecklich bin ich damit auch nicht, leider gibt die Wikikpedia keine "automatischen" Grafiken her, das waere das Optimum. Denke, beides ist nicht so toll, kann man aber mit Leben und ist wissensch. OK <-das ist der Hauptgrund fuer all die neuen Diagramme. Wenn Du Daten hast, immer ran! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 10:39, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Kann man in dem Programm denn nicht die Dicke der Linie einstellen? Oder müsste man das tatsächlich per Hand machen? --[[Benutzer:BishkekRocks|BishkekRocks]] 12:30, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::: wie gesagt, ich wäre auch für das alte Layout, da man es besser erkennt ... aber das mußt du wissen - Gruß -- [[Benutzer:Sven-steffen arndt|Sven-steffen arndt]] 13:04, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::::ICH entscheide das nicht! ;) Ich verstehe das ja, aber mal ehrlich: Erkennen kann man in der Thumb-Darstellung dann trotzdem nix. Hmmmmm.... und 1000 Diagramme neu zu erstellen (alle bereits auf der Festplatte), da bin ich nicht soooo wirklich von begeistert. Das waren volle(!) 3 Tage Arbeit. Kann jemand von Euch beiden programmieren? Ich habe hier nur Visual Basic, ein Krampf hoch drei. Damit funktioniert das nicht wirklich. Direkte Eingabe in Wikipedia waer toll! Tabelle erstellen, Daten rein, Diagramm unten links, fertig! Idee? --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 18:40, 13. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Na, auch wieder auf der Jagd? ;) ==

[[Benutzer:BJ Axel|BJ Axel]] 09:30, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Yepp! Kann im Moment keine Klimadiagramme mehr sehen... 8)) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:30, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Dann lies ein anständiges Buch! (Oder mach' einen Ausflug [[Berlin|hierhin]]). --[[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 09:44, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::Iat das jetzt nett oder boese gemeint? 8) Berlin? Nee.... zu weit weg! Muss ja erst zum Flughafen, dann umsteigen und nochmal umsteigen. Buch! JA, laut Biblo kommt das Buch in dieser Woche wieder rein, ist zumindest faellig. Dann lese ich mir den Knochen-Brecher mal in der englisch Fassung durch. 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:49, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::::Das war natürlich nett gemeint! Bin schon gespannt, was Du zu dem Buch sagst. --[[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 09:55, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::::Ooops! 8)) vergessen! Sorry! Ja, Buch haben will. 8) Ich brauche auch mal wieder ein deutsches Buch! Aber hier gibt es nicht viel und wenn, dann meist teuer. Naja, werde die Buecherei stuermen, sobald das Buch da ist. Das ist <s>geil</s> hier, kannst online reservieren und bekommst ne mail, wenn das Buch da ist. 8) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 10:00, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Ein SLA reicht wohl aus ==

... auch wenn der Unfug oft nicht zu ertragen ist. [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledl&diff=22645409&oldid=22645402] ;-) Gruß --[[Benutzer:Herrick|Herrick]] 11:05, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Moppelt gedoppelt best hälter, sägte Oma immer... ;)) --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 11:13, 16. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

==Freundin für's Leben==
Na, meine Freundin für's Leben. Deine Stimme kann ich bei fehlenden Artikeln gut gebrauchen. Wenn Du mir speziell eine Freude machen möchtest ... in der englischsprachigen Wikipedia gibt es schon zahlreiche Artikel zu Bauwerken aus dem [http://www.nr.nps.gov/ National Register of Historic Places]. Da liegt - um im Siedlerjargon zu bleiben - noch viel unbeackertes Land vor uns. Wenn Du vor Ort bist, lässt sich vielleicht leichter über die eine oder andere Town Hall, Brücke oder Bibliothek schreiben und fotografieren. Viele Grüße und gute Nacht. -- [[Benutzer:Triebtäter|Triebtäter]] 04:10, 17. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
Ja, kann ich machen. Ich wohne in der Naehe von Tacoma (~20 Meilen entfernt), wenn ich meine Sch..-Diagramme erledigt habe, kann ich mich da mal ranmachen. Egal was zuerst? Und zu Deiner Freundin, auch wenn ich mich selbst tierisch ueber deren Sch... aufgeregt habe, ich hab da ein Motto: "Jeden Tag steht ein A...lo.. auf und wenn ich Pech habe, treffen wir uns" 8-))) Bad luck, Buddy! Gut's Naechtle! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 19:00, 17. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Anmelden? ==

Hallo, lieber Hedwig! Bei WP sind zu viele, die einem das Leben als ANGEMELDETEM schwermachen. Mir wird zu lax mit den WP-Konventionen umgegangen. Der Artikel über Bruce Lee zeigte mir mal wieder, daß es hier stlistische, unenzyklopädische Auswüchse gibt, bei denen es einen grausen kann. Außerdem mußte ich die Erfahrung machen, daß man hier Prügel einsteckt, wenn man andere auffordert, sich bitte an die WP-Konventionen zu halten. Und seit sogar ein Admin toleriert hat, daß hier einer zugibt, aus Rache und "Erziehungsgründen" in voller Absicht zu vandalieren, habe ich die Luscht an WP verloren. Ich bin nur noch hin und wieder da - unangemeldet. Gruß --[[Benutzer:88.64.134.121|88.64.134.121]] 08:49, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Ok, ich versuche mir Deine IP zu merken, damit ich nicht hinter Deinen Aenderungen herlaufen muss! 8))) Schade eigentlich..... ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 08:52, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:: Tja, schade. Sag das nicht mir. Sag das --ZENSUR-- oder --ZENSUR--. Es war nicht so sehr der absichtlich vandalierende user --ZENSUR-- (der auch mit anderen Leuten hier ziemlich übel umspringt) sondern der Admin --ZENSUR--, der die schlimmen Eskapaden/Entgleisungen/üblen Wikiquette-Brüche dieses Menschen toleriert(e) und mir somit die weitere Arbeit als ANGEMELDETER verleidet(e). Gruß --[[Benutzer:88.64.134.121|88.64.134.121]] 09:02, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::Naja, in jeder Gemeinschaft (nicht nur im Netz) laeuft man irgendwann einem A..lo.. ueber den Weg. Und alle kann man nicht moegen, ebenso wie nicht alle dich moegen koennen. Ich hab mir ein dickes Fell zugelegt, lass doch andere meckern und motzen. Ich denke, man kann ueber alles reden. Wenn das nicht fruchtet, kann man sich aus dem Weg gehen. Das sollte(!) funktionieren, ich mache das so. Einige Dinge ignoriere ich, weil ich die eh nicht aendern kann. ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:25, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Klimadaten ==
Hallo, Du erstellst ja fleißig Klimadatentabellen. Auf der Disk zu [[Palma]] findet sich die Nachfrage, woher die Klimadaten in der verwendeten [[:Bild:Klimadiagramm-Palma de Mallorca-Spanien-metrisch-deutsch.png|Tabelle]] stammen. Veilleicht kannst Du kurz die Quelle nennen, würde mich auch interessieren. Grüße [[Benutzer:Diba|diba]] 10:53, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Die Daten habe ich aus dem Programm Geoklima, woher der Autor die Daten hat, keine Ahnung. Ich sammel zur Zeit ein paar Fragen und Zweifelsfaelle, um den Autor dann komplett zu uberfallen und nicht haeppchenweise. Mein Gefuehl sagt, traue dem Autor (ist immerhin Geographie-Lehrer), laut seiner Aussage (allgemein) sind alle Daten aus einer 30-jaehrigen Beobachtungsreihe. Aber wissen will ich das trotzdem genau. Ich habe das "auf dem Schirm", hatte zurueckgefragt, wo die anderen Daten von Palma herkommen. Ich komme im Moment aber nicht weiter, weil mein Notebook mit saemtlichen Daten drauf kaputt ist, dauert noch ein wenig, bis ich wieder voll einsatzfaehig bin. Mein Leihgeraet ist ist zwar ganz nett, aber alle meine Tools sind auf dem anderen... 8(( Ich kuemmere mich drum! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 11:02, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Prima, Quellenangabe wäre gerade in diesen Dingen wichtig. Wenn Du mehr in Erfahrung gebracht hast, bitte auf der Artikeldisk vermerken. Gute Grüße [[Benutzer:Diba|diba]] 11:21, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::Aye! (Und das mir, der immer ueber mangelnde Quellen mault...) ;) ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 11:25, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Empfehlung; setzte wenigsten die Jahresangaben, und woher die Daten stammen dazu sonst wird es sicher immer wieder zu solchen, wie ich meine, berechtigten Fragen kommen. Kurvenmalen ist einen Sache, richtige Daten zu haben eine andere. Gruss --[[Benutzer:217.116.12.196|217.116.12.196]] 05:33, 22. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:::I'll do my very best.... ;))) ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 06:01, 24. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== [[Ted Kirkpatrick]] ==

Hi Hedwig, bitte überprüfe nochmal [[Ted Kirkpatrick]], das hattest du auf [[WP:LKV]] gelistet, aber ich finde ums V. die von URV betroffenen Versionen von 06:45 10. Okt. 2006 bis 09:11 11. Okt. 2006 nicht, und kann daher auch nicht bereinigen. Bei der Masse von Kleinstedits steige ich selbst auch nicht so durch, dass ich es selbst finde. --[[Benutzer:Lyzzy|Lyzzy]] 13:12, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Hi hi! Das kann ich mir lebhaft vorstellen! Wird erledigt, schreibe ich Dir auf Deine Disku, dann musst Du meine nicht auch noch beobachten! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 13:14, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

==Faust II==

Hallo Hedwig, habe Deine(?) Ergänzungen (Pharsalische Felder, Phorkyas) meinem Sprachstil anverwandelt und dazu Phorkyas im dritten Akt erwähnt.

Grüße über den Atlantik!--[[Benutzer:H.-P.Haack|H.-P.Haack, Leipzig]] 14:28, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

:Deinem Sprachstil? Das schlaegt ja dem Fass die Krone ins Gesicht! 8))) Danke fuer die Blumen! 8) Ich habe nur Weblinks aus dem Text entfernt, keine inhaltlichen Aenderungen! Trotzdem: Danke fuer die Info! Finde ich klasse! LG ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 14:32, 20. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

==Schon gesehen?==
Wirf' mal einen Blick darauf: [[WP:RC#Blick_über_den_Tellerrand]] - wenn es nicht so traurig wäre, würde ich ja lachen! So, heute muß ich mal arbeiten (stöhn). Jürgen. [[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 07:00, 24. Okt. 2006 (CEST) P.S. Mail ist angekommen.
:Pruuuuuuussssst! Schmeiss' die alle raus! Sowas..... Ich lach' mir nen Ast. Echt, schmeiss die raus, so einen Schwachfug habe ich lange nicht mehr gelesen. Kannst nur drueber lachen, alles andere wuerde mit Passwort fuer Wikipedia wegwerfen enden. Schmeiss' die alle raus. Punkt! Viel Spass auf der Arbeit, alles wird gut! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 03:49, 26. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Hi Großer, Dir ist Uwe also auch positiv aufgefallen. Ich habe mir die Kommentare zu seiner Wiederwahl durchgelesen und dachte dabei, die meinen einen anderen. Bei mir war er immer hilfsbereit, freundlich und durchaus (!) kritikfähig. Sonst alles klar? [[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 09:00, 6. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:::Grosser? Hehe, eher Zwerg. 5'10", mehr ist nicht drin. Und dazu stelle ich mich schon auf ne Kiste Bier! ;)) Ja, mittlerweile habe ich ein paar Namen im Kopf. Leute, die mir immer wieder auffallen. So oder so. Habe die Kommentare auch gelesen, sind immer die gleichen, die Contra schreiben. Ist wohl eher politisch als objektiv gedacht. Ich hab keine Probs mit ihm gehabt, habe seinen scharfen Ton wohl mal gelesen, aber ich bin manchmal auch ein Wutbrocken, kann das also gut verstehen. Und ein Admin mit 100% Zustimmung ist wohl keiner. Klar, alles lotig hier. Kein eigener Rechner, WLAN im Eimer gewesen...., sonst alles OK. Oh! Wetter ist mistig, regnet seit ein paar Tagen. ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:10, 6. Nov. 2006 (CET)

== Portal:Radsport/Mitarbeiten ==

Warum hast du den Revert gemacht? Wo handelt es sich bitte um Unfug oder Vandalismus? --[[Benutzer:Alec 41|Alec 41]] 09:14, 26. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Oops! Sorry! Falschen Artikel erwischt! Gut aufgepasst! Danke! Kommt (so schnell) nicht wieder vor! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 09:18, 26. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
::Ok, danke. --[[Benutzer:Alec 41|Alec 41]] 09:25, 26. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== Orion-Werke ==
Hallo Hedwig !
Du hattest auf meiner Diskussionsseite über das ORION - WERK in Eschwege , Germany, bemerkt, der Artikel sei ein Muss und mir Hilfe angeboten. Bilder hochladen habe ich inzwischen gelernt, trotzdem vielen Dank für Dein Angebot. Offen geblieben ist für mich jedoch die Frage, warum Dir mein Artikel / Bericht am Herzen liegt? Bitte antworte mir. [[Benutzer:84.141.246.21|84.141.246.21]] 19:16, 27. Okt. 2006 (CEST)
:Moin! Ja, ich denke der Artikel ist ein MUSS! Fein, das Du das mit den Bildern hinbekommen hast! KLASSE! Zum WARUM:
:1. war mir das Orion-Werk bekannt (dem Namen nach)
:2. ist, soweit ich das bisher gelesen habe, das Orion-Werk und die Marke Orion ein Stueck deutsche Wirtschaftskultur /-geschichte
:3. konnte man (ich) aus Deinem Artikel Fachwissen herauslesen und ich denke, die Wikipedia kann jeden guten Fachmann gebrauchen, der greifbar ist. Daher sollte man "Nischenartikel" (nicht boese gemeint!) "neuer" Fachleute etwas vorsichtiger handhaben, bezueglich Relevanzkriterien und Loeschantraegen. Nicht jeder kennt Orion oder Buessing usw., daher sollten die "alten" Betriebe mit etwas mehr Herz gepflegt werden, gerade wenn sie nicht mehr existieren. Das ist ein Stueck Geschichte vom Wiederaufbau und danach, das unsere Altvorderen geschrieben haben, ich meine, das sollte bewahrt werden.
:4. bin ich Oldtimer- und Automobil-Technik-Fan ;) Ich musste meinen alten MB (W110, die kleine "Flosse") leider verkaufen und hier in den USA fehlt mir ein wenig die Zeit einen Oldie wieder aufzubauen.
:Angebot steht, wenn's klemmt melden, ich bin auch noch "neu" hier, ich weiss, dass es manchmal schwer ist, Hilfe zu finden. LG ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 23:31, 28. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

Hallo Hedwig !
Ich sehe das genau so wie Du !
Jetzt wollte ich ein Foto von einem einzeln aufgehängten Vorderrad "meines" ORION Busses hochladen, da kamen die Leute, die bei Wikipedia im Hintergrund wirken, und fragten nach der Lizenz. Ich habe geantwortet, dass nach dem deutschen Urheberrecht ein Bildrecht nach 50 Jahren erlischt und meine Bilder ja wohl hochgeladen werden dürften. Die sagten, nein, erst nach 70 Jahren nach dem Tod des Fotografen sei das erlaubt. Ich kenne weder den Fotografen, noch weiß ich, ob er tot ist. Meine Bildersammlung ist also für die Wikipedia unbrauchbar, obwohl zur Zeit viele Webseiten die Bilder "meines" Busses veröffentlichen. Schaue Dir bitte die Links zu meinem Beitrag an. Wie kriege ich ein Bild davon in meinen Beitrag ? Weißt Du einen Weg ?
Ich grüße Dich aus Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein

[[Benutzer:Riemikiel|Riemikiel]] 18:47, 1. Nov. 2006 (CET)

::Moin! Also, da sind keine Leute "Hintergrund", jeder kann Dir die Lizenzen um die Ohren hauen, wenn Du Bilder hochlaedst. Das mit den 70 Jahren stimmt, soweit ich das beurteilen kann, Deine Bilder sind damit nicht fuer die Wikipedia brauchbar. Was Du auf Deiner Website machst, ist m. E. ein Verstoss gegen deutsches Urheberrecht, auch wenn's wohl keinem direkt schadet. Ich schau's mir gleich mal an, aber am Urheberrecht kann ich nix aendern. 8)
::So, die lieben Kollegen Tobnu und Noddy93 haben da '''leider''' voellig recht, die Bilder '''darfst''' Du nicht in die Wikipedia einstellen. Du hast ja gesehen, wie schnell wir/die hier sind, wenn es ans Copyright geht. Die einzige Moeglichkeit, die ich sehe, ist die Erbin zu Fragen, ob sie Bilder hat (selber gemachte!) oder offizielle Bilder, die '''fuer''' die Orion-Werke erstellt und mit dem Urheberrecht an Orion verkauft wurden. Wenn Du Bilder einstellst, gleich die Lizenz rein, sonst gibt es innerhalb weniger Minuten wieder HAUE! ;)))) Soweit meine Ideen, evtl. gibt ja K. Auwaerter ein oder zwei Bilder frei? Mehr Ideen habe ich zur Zeit nicht. Wenn's klemmt, bitte wieder melden! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:40, 5. Nov. 2006 (CET)

[[Bild:Lilium washingtonianum 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Hauptsache Washington!]]

==Sorry² & Washington==

Hallo Hedwig,

deine Entschuldigung nehme ich dann der Einfachheit halber mit Vergnügen an und gebe sie, ob des bösen Vertauschens von DC mit WA- ebenfalls mit Blume, nämlich ''[[Lilium washingtonianum]]'' :) kurzerhand zurück (wenn die auch leider einen Hauch südlicher von dir wächst). Alles Gute nach da drüben, [[Benutzer:Denis Barthel|Denis Barthel]] 00:45, 29. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

: 8-)))) Herzlichen Dank! Ja, ist ungefaehr eine Tagesreise entfernt. Ist aber nicht schlimm, bist nicht die erste, die WA und D.C. durcheinander bekommt. ;) LG ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:51, 29. Okt. 2006 (CEST)

== [[Leipzig]] ==
Hallo Hedwig,

wieso hast Du einen ergänzten Link bei Leipzig mit der Bemerkung 'Linkspam' entfernt? Mit der Bemerkung 'Linkspam' kann ich nichts anfangen, der Link war ja durchaus passend zum Thema. [[Benutzer:195.93.60.105|195.93.60.105]] 18:19, 29. Okt. 2006 (CET)

:Vorab: Wenn Du jemandem auf die Diskuseite schreibst, bitte nicht irgendwo rein, verwende das PLUS-Symbol oben um einen neuen Absatz zu erstellen, DANKE!! 8) Zum Thema: Der Link [http://leipzig-info.net/cgi-bin/search.cgi] verweist auf den Suchbereich einer Webpage, die lt. [[WP:WEB]] nicht fuer Wikipedia geeignet ist. [[Spam]] ist ungewuenschte Werbung und diese Webpage ist nichts anderes. Weblinks in der Wikipedia muessen(!) zum Thema passen (logisch) und das Thema vertiefen, nicht verbreitern, indem man zu irgendwelchen Firmen-Websites durchgereicht wird. Und selbst wenn diese Website ein paar Infos hat, die stehen bereits im Artikel und muessen nicht extern wiederholt werden. Lies dir mal [[WP:WEB]] und [[WP:RK]] durch! LG ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 18:39, 29. Okt. 2006 (CET)

::Danke für Deine schnelle Antwort, ich war von der wirklich schönen Darstellung der historischen Ereignisse überzeugt, habe mir die Seite jetzt aber noch mal genau angeschaut, und muss Dir wegen dem eigentlichen Zweck des Webauftrittes natürlich Recht geben. Da werde ich künftig sorgfältiger sein (müssen). [[Benutzer:195.93.60.105|195.93.60.105]] 19:00, 29. Okt. 2006 (CET)

:::Shit happens... 8) Wenn's klemmt kannst immer fragen! Wobei ich dann zur Anmeldung ueberreden werde!! 8))) (ist sinnvoll, wenn Du mehr machen willst) LG ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 19:05, 29. Okt. 2006 (CET)

== [[Berlin-Dahlem]] ==
Hallo Hedwig in Washington! Auch wenn es ewig und drei Tage gedauert hat - ich habe Dir auf meiner [[Benutzer Diskussion:Torinberl|Diskussionsseite]] geantwortet. Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Torinberl|Torinberl]] 09:00, 31. Okt. 2006 (CET)

== Will nur mal ==
Hallo sagen. Bist mir positiv aufgefallen - eine Erholung bei den vielen ... na sag´n wer ma: Flachzangen in gewissen Bereichen und der vielfach gereizten Stimmung. Xtrauens-Liste und Bewertungs-Fach ham wer beide nich, daher auf diesem Wege. Wir hatten benachbarten Edit auf St. Petersburg: Du Klima, ich Wappen; ich war da diesen Sommer. Weiterhin frohes Schaffen und beste Grüße von --[[Benutzer:Logograph|Logo]] 00:02, 4. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:8-) Hmmmm...., das mit den Flachzangen kommt mir bekannt vor! Danke, danke! Ich habe aber: [[Benutzer:Hedwig_in_Washington/Vertrauen|Vertrauensnetz (sinnvoll)]] und [[Benutzer:Hedwig in Washington/Bewertung|Bewertung (einen Versuch wert)]], die Links sind gaaaaanz unten auf meiner Benutzerseite. St. Petersburg ist mein Liebling, ich habe kaum Ahnung von der Stadt, aber der Artikel ist grossartig! Wuerde gerne mal nach St. Petersburg, aber das wird so schnell nix, bin gerade erst in die USA umgezogen. Hoffe, Du hast nette Bilder gemacht und hochgeladen? ;) Besten Gruss zurueck, ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 00:11, 5. Nov. 2006 (CET)
::Na, Bewertungsseite hab ich jetzt auch gefunden - und da gleich einen Bekannten getroffen. - In der Tat, Petersburg-Fotos kommen demnächst. --[[Benutzer:Logograph|Logo]] 01:12, 5. Nov. 2006 (CET)
::: 8-) Sag Bescheid, wenn die Bilder da sind, bitte! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 01:34, 5. Nov. 2006 (CET)

==[[482]]==
Ja hab ich schon gesehen das du ihn auf die Vandalenseite gesetzt hast.
Scheint die letzten Tage immer wieder in den Artikel zu Vandalieren.
Wäre vieleicht das beste den Artikel zu sperren.--[[Benutzer:Fischkopp|Fischkopp]] 05:36, 6. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:Ja, sieht nach ner Halbsperre aus. Meiner Meinung nach sollten alle Artikel fuer Jahreszahlen und Namen fuer IPs gesperrt werden. Macht weniger Arbeit. Schnack mal mit nem Admin ueber die Halbsperre fuer 482. LG --05:39, 6. Nov. 2006 (CET)

==Deine Signatur==
Hallo Hedwig. Ich habe gerade bei Deinem SLA auf Desperados(Bier) gesehen, dass Deine Signatur nicht funktioniert. Warum? Ich habe nicht die leiseste Ahnung (im Bearbeitungsmodus taucht sie auf), aber ich dachte, Du solltest das wissen. Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Frank11NR|Frank11NR]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Frank11NR|Diskussion]] 01:56, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:Moin! Danke! Das habe ich nicht gemerkt! 8) Ich habe an meiner monobook.js geschraubt, vielleicht ist da der Fehler. Das meine Begruendung zum SLA nicht erschient, habe ich schon gesehen, habe ich nachgetragen. Komisch.... DANKE fuer die Info! --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 02:03, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)
::Gern geschehen, als Ausgleich hab´ ich den Vandalenzähler von Deiner Seite geklaut ;-) Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Frank11NR|Frank11NR]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Frank11NR|Diskussion]] 03:37, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:::Den hab ich mal gerade ne Stunde online! Tststs!! Gleich auf 3 erhoehen! ;) LG, --[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 03:49, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)

== Thanks ==

Hello, Hedwig in Washington. Thank you for your kindly proposal on [[:ja:利用者‐会話:汲平|my discussion page]]. I must learn much not only German language, but also history, habits, social functions, etc. Please help me when I'm in trouble. Best regards! --[[Benutzer:QBay|QBay]] 01:58, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)
:Sure, let me know when I can help! ----[[User:Hedwig in Washington|Hedwig in Washington]] '''[[User talk:Hedwig in Washington|(Post)]]''' 02:04, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)

== kunstmarkt ==

Hi! I've blacklisted it, so you can start delinking it. [[Benutzer:MaxSem|MaxSem]] 09:28, 12. Nov. 2006 (CET)

Henryk Berlewi

2006-11-12T08:22:41Z

MaxSem: /* Weblinks */ rm dupe & spamlink to be blacklisted

'''Henryk Berlewi''' (* [[20. Oktober]] [[1894]] in [[Warschau]], † [[2. August]] [[1967]] in [[Paris]]) war ein polnischer Maler und Grafiker.

Sein Gesamtwerk besteht aus Gemälden, Zeichnungen, Grafiken und Plastiken. Berlewi war ein mit der [[Konstruktivismus|konstruktivistischen Bewegung]] verbundener Maler, er befasste sich u.a. mit Gebrauchsgraphik, Druck- und Buchentwürfen. Er studierte an der Warschauer Schule der Schönen Künste (1904-1909), in [[Antwerpen]] (1909-1910), an der [[École des Beaux Arts]] in [[Paris]] (1911-1912) und in [[Berlin]] (1922-1923). Henryk Berlewi gilt als Vater der Op Art.

Henryk Berlewi begegnet u.a.[[Kasimir Malewitsch]]. In den 60er Jahren ist er Gast der [[Akademie der Künste]].

== Werke ==
* Kontrasty Mekanofakturowe [http://www.internationalauctioneers.com/int/lot_detail.asp?LotID=802&AucID=5941 klick]
* Mechanofaktura Blanc-Rouge-Noire [http://wideofilm.internetdsl.pl/m/naz/berle/1.htm klick]

== Ausstellungen ==
* 1924 Ausstellung in der Galerie „Der Sturm“, Berlin. Veröffentlichung des Manifests der Mechano-Faktur in der Zeitschrift „[[Der Sturm]]“.
* 1961 Teilnahme an der Ausstellung „Der Sturm“ – [[Herwarth Walden]] und die Europäische Avantgarde Berlin (1912-1932). Nationalgalerie im [[Schloss Charlottenburg]], Berlin.
* 1962 Teilnahme an der Ausstellung „Skripturale Malerei“, Haus am Waldsee, Berlin.
* 1963 Einzelausstellung, ausschließlich von Mechano-fakturen, galerie „situationen 60“ berlin
* 1963 Teilnahme an der Ausstellung „Formes Mathématiques – Peintres et Sculpteurs“, Palais de la Découverte, Grand Palais, Paris.
* 1964 Retrospektive Ausstellung Henryk Berlewi im Institut Francais, organisiert vom Senator für Wissenschaft und Kunst. Berlin, im Maison de France
* 2006 Graphic Works of the Avant-Garde 1918-1934, From the Merrill C. Berman Collection, [[Stiftung Insel Hombroich|Langen Foundation]]
* 2006 [[Sprengel-Museum]]: Die Zeit der Avantgarden, Aus den Sammlungen des Museum Sztuki, Łódź 11. Juni – 17. September 2006

== Sammlungen / Museen - Auszüge==
* [[Sammlung Marli Hoppe Ritter]]
* [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart]]
* [[Israel Museum]]
* [[Berlinische Galerie]]

== Literatur ==
* Henryk Berlewi / Olszewski, Andrzej K. 1968
* Retrospektive Ausstellung H. Berlewi / Institut Français <Berlin, West> 1964
* Mechano-Fakturen von Henryk Berlewi / Situationen 60 Galerie <Berlin, West> 1963
* Larionov : Gontcharova ; Ausstellung Juli - September 1961 ; Galerie Beyeler, Basel / Galerie Beyeler <Basel> 1961
* H. Berlewi : portretten en maskers / Toussaint van Boelaere, F. V.

== Weblinks ==
* {{PND|104784636}}
* [http://www.berlewi.com Henryk Berlewi Archive]

[[Kategorie:Mann|Berlewi, Henryk]]
[[Kategorie:Pole|Berlewi, Henryk]]
[[Kategorie:Maler|Berlewi, Henryk]]
[[Kategorie:Grafiker|Berlewi, Henryk]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1894|Berlewi, Henryk]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1967|Berlewi, Henryk]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Berlewi, Henryk
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=polnischer Maler und Grafiker
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[20. Oktober]] [[1894]]
|GEBURTSORT=[[Warschau]]
|STERBEDATUM=[[2. August]] [[1967]]
|STERBEORT=[[Paris]]
}}
[[fr:Henryk Berlewi]]
[[pl:Henryk Berlewi]]

Lib.ru

2006-11-09T14:36:32Z

MaxSem: Category:Digital libraries Category:Book websites

[[Image:Lib_ru.jpg|80px|thumb|Screenshot of main page of Maksim Moshkow's Library]]
'''Lib.ru''' also known as '''Maksim Moshkow's Library''' ({{lang-ru|Библиоте́ка Макси́ма Мошко́ва}}, started to operate in [[November]] [[1994]]) is the largest and the oldest [[electronic library]] in the [[Russia]]n [[Internet]] segment.

Founded and supported by [[Maksim Moshkow]] but is filling up mainly by the users, who send texts they scanned and processed ([[OCR]], [[proofreading]]). This method of acquisition of the new books provide the library a broad and efficient augmentability, though sometimes it adversely affect the quality (errors, omissions).

The structure of the library includes the section where one can publish his own literary texts ("[[Samizdat]]" journal), same project for music publishing ("Music hosting"), travel notes project ("Foreign countries") and some other (See ''Maksim Moshkow's projects collection'' section).

''Maksim Moshkow's Library'' received several Ru-net Premiums, including National Internet Premium ([[2003]]).

The headline on the site Lib.ru says "With support from the [[Federal Agency of Printing and Mass Communication]]". According to Moshkow, his project received $35,000 from that organization in September, [[2005]] indicating some level of government support for the online publishing of in-copyright works. [http://www.teleread.org/blog/?p=4005]

One may compare Maksim Moshkow's projects collection with some [[Wikimedia]] projects. Sometimes, it's called [[Russia]]'s [[Project Gutenberg]]

== KM Online vs. Maksim Moshkow's Library ==

On [[April 1]], [[2004]] "KM Online" media company that is know of forming its own library by copying texts from the other electronic libraries issued a [[lawsuit]] against Maksim Moshkow's Library. The lawsuit was signed by [[Eduard Gevorkian]], Marina Alekseyeva (pen-name "[[Alexandra Marinina]]"), [[Vasili Golovachov]] and [[Elena Katasonova]]. Later was found that only Gevorkian had had the real claims to Moshkow. Moshkow's lawyer was Andrey Mironov from the [[Art. Lebedev Studio|Artemi Lebedev Studio]], while on the other side KM's interests were presented by the so-called "National association on digital technologies (NOCIT)".

This case became the precedent in the russian legal practice as the pressure on an electronic library caused by [[copyright violation]] lawsuit.

On [[March 30]], [[2005]] [[Moscow]] Court of [[Ostankino]] city district decided to impose a penalty on Maksim Moshkow for Eduard Gevorkian in total 3000 [[Russian ruble]]s as a compensation for a moral damage and said "No" to a compensation for copyright violation. [http://anticopyright.wikia.com/wiki/КМ_против_Максима_Мошкова]

== Maksim Moshkow's projects collection ==
* [http://lib.ru/ Maksim Moshkow's Library]
* [http://zhurnal.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Samizdat journal]
* [http://music.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Music hosting]
* [http://world.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Foreign countries]
* [http://turism.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Active Tourism]
* [http://az.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Russian Classics]
* [http://fan.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Modern Fiction]
* [http://det.lib.ru/ Lib.ru/Detective Novel]

[[Category:Digital libraries]]
[[Category:Book websites]]

[[ru:Библиотека Максима Мошкова]]

James Charles Kopp

2006-11-07T10:35:19Z

MaxSem: Reverted edits by 172.191.213.95 (talk) to last version by Steven Russell using IRCM

[[Image:JamesKopp1997.jpg|right|frame|James Charles Kopp, 1997]]
'''James Charles Kopp''' (born in [[Pasadena, California]] on [[August 2]], [[1954]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[terrorism|terrorist]] who was convicted in [[2003]] for the [[1998]] [[Murder#The United States|murder]] of [[Barnett Slepian|Dr. Barnett Slepian]], a [[Buffalo, New York]] [[physician]] who legally performed [[abortion]]s. Prior to his capture, Kopp was on the [[FBI]]'s list of [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]. On [[June 7]], [[1999]] he had become [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s|the 455th fugitive placed on the list]] by the FBI. He was affiliated with anti-abortion group "The Lambs of Christ." He is number 25 in [[Bernard Goldberg|Bernard Goldberg's]] book, ''[[100 People Who Are Screwing Up America]]''.

==Barnett Slepian==

On [[October 23]], 1998, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Kopp murdered Dr. Barnett Slepian, who was standing in the kitchen of his home in [[Amherst, New York]]. Kopp fired a single gunshot, which entered the Slepian home through a rear window, from a wooded area behind the residence. Dr. Slepian was a well-known [[obgyn|obstetrician-gynecologist]] who performed legal abortions at a women's clinic in [[Buffalo, New York]]. He also maintained a private medical practice in an office in Amherst, New York.

==Flight==

Kopp fled to [[Mexico]], then to [[Ireland]]. He eventually went to live in [[France]] under a false identity.

On [[March 29]], [[2001]], Kopp was arrested by French law enforcement in the French town of [[Dinan]] ([[Brittany]]), and jailed. The United States requested his [[extradition]] and Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]] promised that the [[death penalty]] would not be sought, handed down or applied, a prerequisite according to the extradition treaty between France and the US, despite the fact that the murder charge Kopp faced was a state charge over which Ashcroft had no jusridiction and that he did so over the objections of New York State attorney general [[Eliot Spitzer]] and Erie County district attorney Frank Clark, both of whom sought the death penalty. The instruction chamber of the [[Rennes]] [[court of appeals]] ruled in favor of extradition; however, Kopp [[appeal]]ed the ruling.

===Return to the United States===

In May 2002, Kopp waived all possible appeals in France and agreed to return to the US, which he did in June.

==Conviction==

On [[March 11]], [[2003]], Kopp surprised observers by waiving his right to a jury trial. Based upon an agreement between the defense and prosecution, [[Erie County, New York|Erie County]] Judge [[Michael D'Amico]] would be required to find Kopp guilty or innocent based on a single document of facts. In addition, the judge could not consider lesser charges; he would have to find Kopp guilty or not guilty of second-degree murder. Since Kopp had confessed his role in the shooting to police (claiming that he only meant to wound Slepian) Judge D'Amico found him guilty and sentenced him to the maximum, 25 years to life, on [[May 9]], [[2003]], telling Kopp "It's clear the act is premeditated; there is no doubt about it. You made an attempt to avoid responsibility for the act. What may appear righteous to you is immoral to someone else" (see [http://www.courttv.com/trials/kopp/050903_sentence_ap.html]). The Appellate Division, Fourth Department, upheld the conviction on July 7, 2006.

Kopp was also found guilty of violating the [[Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act]].

It is possible that the killing of Slepian was not Kopp's only crime. The FBI notes "(t)he shooting was similar to shootings in Rochester, New York, and three Canadian cities during the fall of 1997, in which abortion doctors were shot in their homes." [http://www.fbi.gov/libref/factsfigure/civilrights.htm] Kopp has been charged by [[canada|Canadian]] authorities in the 1995 shooting of [[Ontario]] doctor [[Hugh Short]], one of a string of [[Remembrance Day]] shootings (see [http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/remembrance_day.asp]).

Kopp is currently serving in [[Niagara County Jail]] in [[Lockport, New York]]. [http://armyofgod.com/POClist.html][http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Kopp&Middle=Charles&FirstName=James&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=41&y=12]

===Abettors===

Kopp had not been evading justice on his own. He received help from sympathetic Roman Catholic [[anti-abortion]] activists Loretta Marra and Dennis Malvasi, who accepted a plea bargain on [[April 15]], [[2003]], and pled guilty to one count of conspiracy in helping Kopp avoid capture. On [[August 21]], 2003, they were sentenced to time served and released.

==See also==

*[[Army of God]]
*[[Christian terrorism]]
*[[Paul Schenck]]

==External links==
* [http://www.jameskopp.com/ jameskopp.com]
* [http://www.hamiltonspectator.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=hamilton/Render&c=Page&cid=1082111582925 Sniper: The True Story of James Kopp] 42-Chapter Online news series
* [http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/james_kopp.html Anti-abortion Extremist James Kopp]
* [http://www.plannedparenthood.org/pp2/portal/files/portal/webzine/eyeonextremism/eoe-kopp-chronology.xml James Kopp: A Chronology of Violence]
* [http://www.niagarafallsreporter.com/kopptrial5.html Kopp Flops in Bid for Martyrdom]
* [http://hatemonitor.csusb.edu/most_wanted/Kopp2.html Archive of Kopp's FBI Most Wanted info]
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2001/June/253ag.htm DOJ statement on Kopp Extradition]
* http://news.lp.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/kopp/usmalvasimarra101702ord.pdf
* http://www.christiangallery.com/koppdidit.htm
* http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2001/PR200105.asp
* http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002/June/02_ag_335.htm
* [http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/news_results.asp?Body=kopp Feminist Daily News stories about Kopp]
* [http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/news_results.asp?Body=marra Feminist Daily News stories about Marra]
* [http://www.msmagazine.com/news/news_results.asp?Title=&Body=kopp Search Ms. for Kopp]

[[Category:1954 births|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:American murderers|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:American terrorists|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:Buffalo, New York|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic converts|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:Living people|Kopp, James Charles]]
[[Category:Abortion-related violence in the United States|Kopp, James Charles]]

[[cs:James Charles Kopp]]
[[simple:James Kopp]]

Kubanoamerikaner

2006-11-03T16:03:45Z

MaxSem: Reverted edits by 72.10.103.4 (talk) to last version by Jcam using IRCMonitor

{{Latino|right}}

A '''Cuban-American''' is a United States citizen whose ancestry can be traced to [[Cuba]]. Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban-American populations. However, [[Miami, Florida]] stands out as the most prominent Cuban-American community, in part because of its proximity to Cuba. Other cities with a large Cuban presence include [[Tampa, Florida]] and [[Union City, New Jersey]].

== Immigration ==
Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonial period in 1565 when [[St. Augustine, Florida]] was established by [[Pedro Menendez de Aviles]]. Hundreds of Spanish/Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life. Along with St. Augustine, many early Cubans migrated to [[New York City]], [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], [[Miami]] and [[Tampa, Florida]].

In the late 1800s, a Cuban entrepreneur named [[Vicente Martinez-Ybor]] started a [[cigar]] making business in Tampa. Soon, other Cuban businessmen followed Ybor's example. Within several years, Tampa had a thriving cigar making industry. Numerous Cuban families lived and worked in the area known as [[Ybor City]] near Tampa, and there are many third and fourth generation Cuban Americans who trace their Cuban heritage directly to this early immigration.

=== 1960 - 1980 ===
Political upheaval in Cuba created new waves of Cuban immigrants to the U.S. In 1959, after the [[Cuban revolution]] led by [[Fidel Castro]], a large Cuban exodus began. From 1960 to 1979, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left Cuba and began a new life in America, often forming the backbone of the anti-Castro movement. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States came from Cuba's educated, upper and middle classes. Like many immigrants, the Cuban-Americans often had little money, which was further exacerbated by Cuban government measures taken to prevent removal of wealth from Cuba.

In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Cuban American Adjustment Act]] in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.2 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for [[public assistance]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], free English courses, [[scholarships]], and low interest [[college loans]]. Some banks even pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan simply because they were of Cuban descent. These loans enabled many Cuban-Americans to secure funds and create their own businesses.

[[Miami, Florida]] and [[Union City, New Jersey]] became the main centers for Cuban-American culture. Because of its low cost of living and similar climate, geography, and architecture, many Cuban-Americans settled in [[Miami, Florida]]. With its Cuban-owned businesses, Miami and Union City were the preferred destination for many immigrants. [[Hialeah, Florida]] within the county of [[Miami-Dade]], stands as the city most populated by [[Cubans]] and Cuban-Americans in the United States. Union City was attractive for the opportunities offered by the [[embroidery]] industry.

=== 1980s ===
Another large wave of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the [[Mariel boatlift]]s. Many Cuban-Americans already living in the United States had a negative opinion of the "[[Marielitos]]" (the name given to refugees who entered the country during the Mariel boatlift), because they believed the Marielitos caused damage to the Cuban-American community's reputation. This belief was rooted in concerns regarding Fidel Castro opening the jails in order to allow convicted felons and committed mental patients to intermingle with the crowds of otherwise innocent emigrants. However, many of the "Marielitos" became prosperous with the assistance of earlier immigrants and government aid and were eventually accepted by the Cuban-American community. They have never, however, achieved the social and economic prosperity of pre-Mariel Cuban immigrants.

== Cuban-American culture ==
The culture of Cuban-Americans varies from community, and from person to person. However, there are distinct features that characterize most Cuban-Americans.

Cuban Americans represent a total of only 4% of the Hispanic population in the United States. Compared with the rest of the Hispanic population in the United States, Cubans are older, have a higher level of education, higher median household income and higher rate of home ownership.

There are approximately 1.5 million Cuban Americans, both native and foreign born. About 86% of Cuban Americans identify themselves as being Caucasian.

=== Economics ===

The median household income for Cubans is $36,671 , a figure higher than other Hispanic groups, but lower than for non-Hispanic whites.

In contrast, native-born Cuban Americans have a higher median income than even non-Hispanic Whites, $50,000 as compared to $48,000 for non-Hispanic Whites.

=== Education ===

25% of Cubans have a college education, about twice the average of all other Hispanic Groups, and lower than that of non-Hispanic whites, of which 30% are college graduates.

However, 39% of native-born Cuban Americans have a college degree or higher, as compared to only 30% of non-Hispanic Whites, and 12% for all other Hispanic groups.

=== Religion ===
Due to [[Spain|Spanish]] influence, most Cubans belong to the [[Roman Catholic]] church. However, there are many [[Protestant]] (primarily [[Pentecostal]]), [[spiritualist]] (involved in [[Santeria]]), nonreligious, and [[Judaism|Jewish]] Cubans.

=== Food ===
[[Cuisine of Cuba|Cuban food]] is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are ''[[arroz con pollo]]'' (chicken and rice), ''pan con bistec'' ([[steak]] [[sandwich]]), ''platanos maduros'' (sweet [[plantain]]s), ''lechon asado'' ([[pork]]), ''[[yuca]]'' ([[Cassava root]]), ''[[flan]]'', ''batido de mamey'' (mamey [[milkshake]]), [[papayas]], and [[guava]] paste. A common soft drink is [[Materva]], a Cuban soda made of [[yerba mate]].

=== Assimilation ===
Many Cubans have assimilated themselves into the mainstream U.S. culture, but in the city of Miami and its surroundings, there is a uniquely molded Cuban community. Since the 1980s, Cubans have moved out of "Little Havana" to the suburbs of Miami, such as [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]] and Kendall as well as the more affluent [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]] and [[Miami Lakes, Florida|Miami Lakes]]. Many new [[South America|South]] and [[Central America|Central Americans]], along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban-Americans who have dispersed throughout the nation.

Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout by transforming Miami from a beach retirement community into a modern city with a distinct [[Hispanic]] flavor.

=== Political Representation ===
Cuban-Americans, especially in the Miami area, tend to be more conservative politically than other Latino groups in the United States. There are several reasons for this, One is that many of the Cubans who left after Castro took over power were among the most traditional, in terms of culture and religion, of those on the island. On many issues such as abortion, taxation, and the military, Cubans find themselves on common ground with the Republicans. The perceived botching of the [[Bay of Pigs]] incident among Cubans by [[John F. Kennedy]], the popularity of [[Ronald Reagan]], and the return of [[Elian Gonzalez]] by the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] has reinforced the belief of many Cuban Americans that they belong in the Republican party.

There are now three Cuban American members of the [[United States House of Representatives]] and two Senators ([[Mel Martinez]] of Florida, and [[Robert Menendez]] of [[New Jersey]]) in the [[United States Senate]], as well as the Cuban-American [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]], [[Carlos M. Gutierrez]].

Cubans are overrepresented in Congress, as they account for 2% of the Senate, and .06% of the members of the House of Representatives. Cuban Americans consist of only .05% of the general population of the United States.

== Immigration policy ==
Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the [[Wet Feet/Dry Feet Policy]]. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans as well as [[Latinos]] lived in all 50 states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that less immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S. born Cubans moved out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of [[Elián González]], the 6-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The fiasco ended on April 22, 2000, when INS agents took Elián González to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C. From there, his father took him back to Cuba.

== See also ==
*[[Cuban exile]]
*[[U.S. embargo against Cuba]]
*[[Cuba-United States relations]]
*[[:Category:Cuban-American actors|Cuban American actors (category)]]
*[[:Category:Cuban sportspeople|Cuban sportspeople (category)]]
*[[List of Cuban-Americans]]

== References ==
== External links ==
*[http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr02.htm Immigration Law and the Racialization of Latina/Latino]
*http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf
[[Category:Cuban-Americans|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Cuban-American relations]]

Schlacht von Cowpens

2006-11-01T18:37:05Z

MaxSem: rvv

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Cowpens
|image=[[Image:Cowpens.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Painted by William Ranney in 1845, this depiction of the Battle of Cowpens show an unnamed black soldier (left) firing his pistol and saving the life of Colonel [[William Washington]] (on white horse in center).
|partof=[[American Revolutionary War]]
|date=[[January 17]], [[1781]]
|place=[[Cowpens, South Carolina]]
|result=Decisive American victory
|combatant1=[[United States]]
|combatant2=[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|commander1=[[Daniel Morgan]]
|commander2=[[Banastre Tarleton]]
|strength1=1,000
|strength2=1,100
|casualties1=12 killed 61 wounded
|casualties2=110 killed 229 wounded 525 captured
}}
{{campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Southern}}

The '''Battle of Cowpens''' was fought on [[January 17]], [[1781]], during the [[American Revolutionary War]] and was an overwhelming victory by [[American Revolution|American revolutionary]] forces under [[Brigadier General]] [[Daniel Morgan]].

== Prelude ==

The Battle of Cowpens was one of the many engagements between the [[United States|Americans]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] during the [[Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War|Southern campaign]] during the American Revolution. The commanders specifically involved were American Brigadier General [[Daniel Morgan]], commander of some 700 [[militia]], including some [[Over Mountain Men]] and [[cavalry]], and 300 [[Continental Army|Continentals]], and Englishman Colonel [[Banastre Tarleton]], who headed a legion of 1,100 [[dragoons]], [[17th Lancers]], [[regulars]], Tory [[loyalists]], and Highlanders.

[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|General Cornwallis]] instructed Tarleton and his legion, who had been successful at battles such as [[Battle of Camden|Camden]] and [[Waxhaw Massacre|Waxhaw]] in the past, to destroy Morgan's command. Tarleton's previous victories had been won by bold attacks, often despite being outnumbered. American commander [[Nathanael Greene]] had taken the daring step of dividing his army, detaching Morgan away from the main Patriot force. Morgan called Americans to gather at the cow pens (a grazing area), which were a familiar landmark. Tarleton attacked with his customary boldness but without regard for the fact Morgan had had much more time to prepare. He was consequently caught in a double envelopment. Only Tarleton and about 260 British troops escaped, but the Americans suffered only 73 casualties (12 dead and 61 wounded).

== Battle ==
===Tactical deployment ===

Daniel Morgan knew that he should use the unique landscape of Cowpens and the time available before Tarleton's arrival to his advantage. Furthermore, he knew his men and his opponent, knew how they would react in certain situations, and used this knowledge to his advantage. To begin with, the location of his forces were contrary to any existing military doctrine: he placed his army between the [[Broad River (Carolinas)|Broad]] and [[Pacolet River]], thus making escape impossible if the army were routed. His reason for cutting off escape was obvious; to ensure that the untrained militiamen would not, as they had been accustomed to do, turn in flight at the first hint of battle and abandon the regulars. Selecting a hill as the center of his position, he placed his Continental infantry on it, deliberately leaving his [[flanking maneuver|flanks]] exposed to his opponent. Morgan reasoned that Tarleton would attack him head on, and he made his tactical preparations accordingly. He set up three lines of soldiers: one of skirmishers (sharpshooters), one of militia, and a main one. The 150 select skirmishers were from [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] (Major McDowell) and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] (Major Cunningham). Behind these men were 300 militiamen under the command of [[Andrew Pickens (congressman)|Andrew Pickens]].
[[Image:Cowpens Reenactors.JPG|thumb|left|Reenactors at Cowpens Battlefield]]

Realizing that poorly trained milita were unreliable in battle, especially when they were under attack from cavalry, Morgan decided to ask the militia to fire two shots and then retreat, so he could have them reform under cover of the reserve (cavalry commanded by [[William Washington]] and James McCall) behind the third, more experienced line of militia and continentals. The movement of the militia in the second line would unmask the third line to the British. The third line, composed of the remainder of the forces (about 550 men) was composed of Continentals from [[Delaware]] and [[Maryland]], and militiamen from Georgia and [[Virginia]]. Colonel [[John E. Howard|John Eager Howard]] commanded the Continentals and Colonels Tate and Triplett the militia. The goal of this strategy was to weaken and disorganize Tarleton's forces (which would be attacking the third line uphill) before attacking and defeating them. Howard’s men would not be unnerved by the militia’s expected move, and unlike the militia they would be able to stand and hold, especially since the first and second lines, Morgan felt, would have inflicted both physical and psychological attrition on the advancing British before the third line came into action.

Additionally, by placing his men downhill from the advancing British lines, Morgan exploited the British tendency to fire too high in battle. The downhill position of his forces allowed the British forces to be silhouetted against the morning sunlight, providing easy targets for Patriot troops. With a ravine on their right flank and a creek on their left flank, Morgan's forces were protected against British flanking maneuvers at the beginning of the battle. Morgan insisted, ''"the whole idea is to lead Benny [Tarleton] into a trap so we can beat his cavalry and infantry as they come up those slopes. When they've been cut down to size by our fire, we'll attack them."'' In developing his tactics at Cowpens, as historian John Buchanan wrote, Morgan may have been ''"the only general in the American Revolution, on either side, to produce a significant original tactical thought.”''

[[Image:Cowpens 1781.jpg|thumb|400px|Battle of Cowpens 17 January 1781.]]

===Events===

At 5:00 a.m. on [[January 17]] [[1781]], Tarleton roused his troops and continued his march to the cowpens. His [[Tory]] scouts had told him of the countryside Morgan was fighting on, and he was certain of victory because Morgan's soldiers, mostly militiamen, seemed to be caught between mostly experienced British troops and a flooding river. As soon as he reached the spot, he formed a battle line, which consisted of [[dragoon]]s on his flanks, with his two [[grasshopper cannon]] in between the [[British Regulars]] and American [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]]. More cavalry and the [[71st Highlanders]] composed his reserve. Sure of an easy victory, he sent his unrested men into battle. Tarleton’s plan was simple and direct. Most of his infantry (including that of the Legion) would be assembled in linear formation and move directly upon Morgan. The right and left flanks of this line would be protected by dragoon units. In reserve he would hold his 250-man battalion of Scottish Highlanders (71st Regiment of Foot), commanded by Major Arthur MacArthur, a professional soldier of long experience who had served in the Dutch Scotch Brigade. Finally, Tarleton kept the 250-man cavalry contingent of his Legion ready to be unleashed when the Americans broke and ran.

Morgan's strategy worked perfectly. After killing fifteen dragoons, the skirmishers retreated. The British pulled back temporarily but attacked again, this time reaching the militiamen, who (as ordered) poured two volleys into the British who—with 40% of their casualties being officers—were astonished and confused. They reformed and continued to advance. Pickens' militia broke and apparently fled to the rear and were eventually reorganized. Tarleton responded by ordering one of his officers, Ogilvie, to charge with some dragoons into the "defeated" Americans. His men moved forward in regular formation and were momentarily checked by the militia musket fire but continued to advance, sensing victory. The British drove in successive lines, anticipating victory only to encounter another, stronger line after exerting themselves and suffering casualties. The depth of the American lines gradually soaked up the shock of the British advance. Taking the withdrawal of the first two lines as a full blown retreat, and sensing victory, the British advanced headlong into the awaiting final line of disciplined regulars which firmly held on the hill.

Despite this, Tarleton sensed he could still win with only one line of Americans left and sent his infantry in for a frontal attack. The Highlanders were ordered to flank the Americans. Under the direction of Howard, the Americans retreated. Flushed with victory and now disorganized, the British ran after them. Abruptly, Howard pulled an about-face, fired an extremely devastating volley into his enemy, and then charged. Triplett's riflemen attacked, however, severely damaging the British, and the cavalry of Washington and McCall charged. Completely routed, the dragoons fled to their own rear. Having dismantled Ogilvie's forces, Washington then also charged into the British. When the British advance was finally halted by the Continentals, the American cavalry struck them on the right flank and rear, while the militia, having re-formed, charged out from behind the hill to hit the British left.

The shock of the sudden charge, coupled with the reappearance of the American militiamen on the flanks where Tarleton's exhausted men expected to see their own cavalry, proved too much for the British. Caught in a clever double envelopment, the British surrendered after suffering heavy losses. With Tarleton's right flank and center line collapsed, there remained only the 71st Highlanders still fighting part of Howard's line. Tarleton, realizing the desperate seriousness of what was occurring, rode back to his one remaining unit, the Legion cavalry. Desperate to save something, Tarleton assembled a group of cavalry and tried to save the two cannon he had brought with him, but they had been taken, and so Tarleton decided to save himself. Tarleton with a few remaining horsemen rode back into the fight, but after clashing with Washington’s men, he too retreated from the field. He was temporarily stopped by Colonel Washington, whose horse Tarleton shot out from under him and thus made his escape.

[[Image:Cowpens reenactors american.JPG|thumb|Reenactors playing Patriot troops march into battle at Cowpens]]

==Aftermath==
Coming in the wake of the American debacle at Camden, Cowpens, in its part in the Revolution, was a surprising victory and a turning point that changed the psychology of the entire war —''"spiriting up the people"'', not just those of the backcountry Carolinas, but those in all the Southern colonies. As it was, the Americans were encouraged to fight further, and the Loyalists and British were demoralized. Furthermore, its strategic result—the destruction of an important part of the British army in the South—was incalculable toward ending the war. Along with the British defeat at [[Battle of King's Mountain]], Cowpens was a decisive blow to Cornwallis, who would have defeated much of the remaining American resistance had Tarleton won Cowpens. As a result, the battle set in motion a series of events leading to the British [[pyrrhic victory]] at [[Battle of Guilford Court House|Guilford Court House]] and the eventual Patriot victory at [[Battle of Yorktown (1781)|Yorktown]]. In the opinion of John Marshall, ''"Seldom has a battle, in which greater numbers were not engaged, been so important in its consequences as that of Cowpens."'' It gave General Nathanael Greene his chance to conduct a campaign of ''"dazzling shiftiness"'' that led Cornwallis by ''"an unbroken chain of consequences to the catastrophe at Yorktown which finally separated America from the British crown."''

The battle site is preserved at [[Cowpens National Battlefield]].

==References==
* http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Moncure/moncure.asp 
* http://www.nps.gov/cowp/dmorgan.htm 
* http://www.nps.gov/cowp/batlcowp.htm 
* Wood, W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War. Algonquin Books of Chapter Hill, 1990.
* Babbits, Lawrence E. A Devil of a Whipping [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]] Press, 1998.

==External links==
*[http://www.replications.com/17LD/17hist.htm British version of the battle]

[[Category:Battles of the American Revolutionary War|Cowpens]]
[[Category:History of South Carolina|Cowpens]]
[[Category:1781]]

[[no:Slaget ved Cowpens]]

Pon de Replay

2006-11-01T16:06:29Z

MaxSem: Reverted edits by 216.123.202.165 to last version by DogPHman using IRCMonitor

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Pon De Replay
| Cover = PDR.jpg|200px
| Artist = [[Rihanna]]
| from Album = [[Music Of The Sun]]
| Released = [[August 22]], [[2005]]
| Format = [[Digital Download]], [[12" maxi single]]
| Recorded = 2005
| Genre = [[R&B]]/[[Reggae]]
| Length = 4:10
| Label = [[Def Jam Records|Def Jam]]/SRP
| Writer = Vada Nobles, [[Carl Sturken]], Evan Roger, Alisha Brooks
| Producer = Vada Nobles, [[Carl Sturken]], [[Evan Rogers]]
| Chart position =
<li>#1 ([[New Zealand]], [[Portugal]])</li>
<li>#2 ([[U.S]], [[UK]], [[China]], [[Belgium]], [[Poland]], [[Ireland]])</li>
<li>#3 ([[Switzerland]])</li>
<li>#5 ([[Austria]], [[Sweden]])</li>
<li>#6 ([[Germany]], [[Italy]])</li>
| Last single = -
| This single = "Pon De Replay" (2005)
| Next single = "[[If It's Lovin' That You Want]]" (2005)
}}

"'''Pon de Replay'''" is the first single from [[Rihanna]]'s debut album, ''[[Music of the Sun]]''. Released in [[2005]], the song is her debut single and peaked at #2 in the USA becoming her first Top 5 single; it also peaked at #2 in the UK and peaked at #6 and #7 in Australia and Canada, respectively. The song is a popular [[stadium anthem]].

== Song information ==
The song was written by Vada Nobles, Carl Sturken, Evan Rogers and A. Brooks, and produced by Nobles, Sturken, Rogers. The song features a Caribbean-infused beat that plays with Rihanna's vocals. The song is partially responsible for Rihanna's current recording contract. Although she was later asked to perform another song [[a cappella]] in front of [[Jay-Z]] for her audition, "Pon de Replay" was part of her original demo tape that she had created with Struken and Rogers. The song's title roughly translated from [[Bajan]] means "play it again." In essence, Rihanna is asking the [[DJ]] of a club to turn up the music and keep replaying her song. She sums up her feelings as she states, "Come Mr. DJ, song pon de replay, come Mr. DJ won't you turn the music up."

== Music video ==
In the [[music video]], Rihanna and her friends arrive at the club where everybody is bored and not dancing because of the low music. Rihanna steps up and sings the song, causing the DJ to turn the music up and everybody to start dancing. The [[music video]] was also popular receiving much play from [[MTV]] and [[BET]]. It peaked at #2 on MTV's ''[[Total Request Live]]'' spending 37 days on the countdown; it was not able to [[TRL retired videos|retire]] due to the early introduction of the music video for her second single, "[[If It's Lovin' That You Want]]". The video reached #4 on BET's ''[[106 & Park]]'' and remained on the countdown for over 20 days.

== Track listing ==
*'''CD single (European version)'''
# "Pon de Replay" (Radio Edit) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:34
# "Pon de Replay" (Remix featuring [[Elephant Man]])(Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:37

*'''CD maxi-single (European version)'''
# "Pon de Replay" (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:36
# "Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 6:48
# "Pon de Replay" (Instrumental) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 4:05
*Extras:
:"Pon de Replay" (Video) — 3:37

== Chart performance ==
The song proved to be a big success, peaking at #2 on the [[USA]] [[Billboard Hot 100]] singles chart and reaching #1 on the [[Hot Digital Songs]] chart. The song almost topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] but wasn't able to overcome [[Mariah Carey]]'s hugely popular single "[[We Belong Together]]." Even when "We Belong Together"'s digital sales began to drop, "Pon de Replay" was still not able to overcome it due to "We Belong Together"'s airplay lead.

"Pon de Replay" was also a major dance hit topping both the [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] and the [[Dance Radio Airplay]] chart for 2 weeks. Although Rihanna has been labeled as an R&B artist, the song underperformed on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] charts peaking at #24; most of its chart points had been received from airplay from pop stations and from its digital downloads. In an unusual situation, the track reached #7 on the [[Hot Rap Tracks]], an unlikely supporter of the song. (Rihanna is not a rapper.) On the non-Billboard chart, ARC Top 40, the track also hit #1.

==Charts==
{| width="0%"
|- valign="top"
| width="50%" |
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2005)
!align="center"|Peak 
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|China Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Belgium Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Worldwide Airplay
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Eurochart Top 100 Singles
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Tokyo Singles Chart
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Australian Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Germany Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Italy Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|Finland Singles Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|}
| width="50%" |
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2005)
!align="left"|Peak
|-
|align="left"|France Singles Chart
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|18
|-
|align="left"|South Africa Singles Chart
|align="center"|22
|-
|align="left"|Russia Singles Chart
|align="center"|53
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Digital Songs]]
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Dance Club Play]]
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Dance Radio Airplay]]
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Digital Tracks]]
|align="center"|'''1'''
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Mainstream Top 40]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot 100 Airplay]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Pop 100 Airplay]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Rhythmic Top 40]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Rap Tracks]]
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot Ringtones]]
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot 100 Singles Sales]]
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]
|align="center"|24
|-
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay]]
|align="center"|24
|}
|}

==Trajectories==

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" bgcolor="white" colspan="31"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]]
|- style="background-color: #white;"
!align="center"|Week
!01
!02
!03
!04
!05
!06
!07
!08
!09
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!25
!26
!27
|-
!align="center" style="background-color: #white;"|Position
|<center>97
|<center>67
|<center>30
|<center>13
|<center>13
|<center>9
|<center>5
|<center>2
|<center>2
|<center>2
|<center>3
|<center>3
|<center>3
|<center>6
|<center>7
|<center>8
|<center>12
|<center>15
|<center>21
|<center>24
|<center>27
|<center>33
|<center>33
|<center>37
|<center>37
|<center>41
|<center>44
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" bgcolor="white" colspan="31"|Australia ARIA Singles Chart
|- style="background-color: #white;"
!align="center"|Week
!01
!02
!03
!04
!05
!06
!07
!08
!09
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
|-
!align="center" style="background-color: #white;"|Position
|<center>13
|<center>9
|<center>9
|<center>9
|<center>9
|<center>7
|<center>7
|<center>8
|<center>6
|<center>7
|<center>8
|<center>14
|<center>17
|<center>21
|<center>21
|<center>17
|<center>20
|<center>20
|<center>31
|<center>40
|<center>43
|<center>44
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" bgcolor="white" colspan="31"|UK Singles Chart
|- style="background-color: #white;"
!align="center"|Week
!01
!02
!03
!04
!05
!06
!07
!08
!09
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
|-
!align="center" style="background-color: #white;"|Position
|<center>2
|<center>2
|<center>6
|<center>8
|<center>10
|<center>16
|<center>25
|<center>34
|<center>44
|<center>46
|<center>57
|<center>59
|<center>65
|<center>72'''*'''
|<center>74'''*'''
|<center>72'''*'''
|}

:'''*''' Re-entry.

==Trivia==
* In the [[DMX]] single, [[We In Here]] there was a slight diss to Rhianna maybe because of him leaving the Def Jam record label which she was signed on

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Axel F (Crazy Frog song)|Axel F]]" by [[Crazy Frog]]
| title = [[RIANZ|RIANZ (New Zealand)]] number one single
| years = [[10 October]] [[2005]] –
| after = "[[Popcorn (Crazy Frog song)|Popcorn]]" by [[Crazy Frog]]
}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:Rihanna songs]]
[[Category:2005 singles]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:RIANZ number-one singles]]

[[sv:Pon de Replay]]

Moon Pie

2006-11-01T10:04:54Z

MaxSem: rvv

{{citations missing}}

A '''moon pie''' is a modern-day [[pastry]] food, invented during the first half of the [[20th century]]. It consists of two [[graham cracker]]s shaped into round [[cookie]]s, with [[marshmallow]] filling in the center. The confection is then dipped in [[chocolate]] (or other flavors).

Moon pies are seen as a unique creation of the [[U.S. Southern States|United States' South]], where they have been a perennial favorite since their inception. The story behind the name "moon pie" began in [[1917]], though the exact details have passed on into [[urban legend]]. Supposedly, a bakery salesperson from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]] named "Mr. Mitchell" visited a nearby [[coal]] [[mining]] town, and asked what kind of [[snack food]] the miners would like to eat. He was told that a popular confection involved graham crackers and marshmallows, and so he asked one of the local miners how big he wanted the snack to be. The miner made a circle with his hands and outlined the moon, which had risen in the sky at that time. "As big as the [[moon]] and twice as thick," he replied. Mr. Mitchell used this as the inspiration for the "moon pie."{{fact}}

Moon pies reached the peak of their popularity during the [[1950s]], when many workers bought them as an inexpensive snack to tide their hunger for a while. Around this time, the typical cost of a moon pie was about five [[United States dollar|cents]], and a soda to drink was also a nickel. The popular legend of moon pies states that [[R.C. Cola]] became the drink of choice to accompany a moon pie, because a serving of R.C. Cola was typically larger than a serving of [[Coca-Cola]] or other sodas. The combination of "an R.C. Cola and a moon pie" became inseparable, and was often referred to as the "working man's lunch." (A novelty song in the early 1950s called "An RC Cola And A Moon Pie" became a popular jingle of the time. In the 1990s the band [[NRBQ]] re-recorded the song, which was so popular among their fans that they held a series of concert/gatherings called "Moon Pie Festivals"). At an average cost of ten cents, the food combination became an institution (in part, by references to it in the comedy routines of [[Brother Dave Gardner]]).{{fact}}

The moon pie is a traditional throw of [[Carnival]] [[krewe]]s in [[Mobile, Alabama]] and other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]], although it is seldom seen in [[New Orleans]] or other communities further west. The westernmost outpost of the moon pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade called "Mona Lisa Moon Pie."

In the northern regions of the United States, a moon pie is called a "scooter pie." In [[New England]], a similar item is known as a "[[Whoopie pie|Whoopie Pie]]," though chocolate cookies are used instead of graham crackers and the pastry is not dipped in chocolate. Elsewhere, including [[Canada]], it is known as a "wagon wheel." "MoonPie" is a registered trademark of The Chattanooga Bakery. The UK also calls them Wagon Wheels where they are manufactured by [http://www.burtonsfoods.com Burtons Biscuits].

Compare [[Mallomars]].

==External links==
* [http://www.moonpie.com/ The Chattanooga Bakery's official page]
* [http://www.nicecupofteaandasitdown.com/biscuits/previous.php3?item=64 Pictures]

[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Brand name cookies]]