Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Gustavus Myers

2010-07-15T19:19:51Z

Mathieugp: Most of his works are online via Internet Archive

{{Infobox Person
|name = Gustavus Myers
|image = Myers-gustavus-1909.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1872|3|20}}
|birth_place = [[Trenton, New Jersey]], [[United States]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1942|12|7|1872|3|20}}
|death_place = [[Bronx, New York]]
|death_cause =
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|resting_place_coordinates =
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|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|other_names =
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|occupation = Journalist and author
|home_town =
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'''Gustavus Myers''' (March 20, 1872 – December 7, 1942) was an American reporter, historian and feature writer. His name is associated with the [[muckraking]] era of American literature.

In 1984, the [[Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights]] was founded. Since 2001, the organization gives out an award for books which are "outstanding in helping shed light on bigotry in America."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myerscenter.org/pages/02winners.htm|title=Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights 2002 Award Winners|date=10 December 2002|publisher=The Gustavus Myers Center For The Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America|accessdate=2009-10-17|location=[[Boston]]. Massachusetts, USA}}</ref>. In 2009 (the Center's 25th Anniversary), the Center closed due to lack of funds.<ref name="gmc-site">{{cite web|url=http://www.myerscenter.org/|title=The Gustavus Myers Center For The Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America website|last=Williams|first=Loretta J.|date=April 2009|publisher=The Gustavus Myers Center For The Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America|accessdate=2009-10-17|location=[[Boston]]. Massachusetts, USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Loretta J.|date=July/August 2009|title=With Sadness, Myers Center Closes: Announces Awards for Outstanding Titles in Human Rights|journal=Peacework Magazine|publisher=New England Office of the [[American Friends Service Committee]]|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], USA|issue=396|url=http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/sadness-myers-center-closes-announces-awards-outstanding-titles-human-rights|accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''History of Public Franchises in New York City''. New York, 1900.
* ''The History of Tammany Hall''. New York, 1901; with additions, 1917.
* ''History of the Great American Fortunes''. 3 vols., Chicago, 1909-1910 ; 1 vol., New York, 1936 ;
** in German: ''Geschichte der grossen Vermogen in Amerika''. 2 vols., Berlin, 1923.
* ''Beyond the Borderline of Life''. Boston, 1910.
* ''History of The Supreme Court of the United States''. Chicago, 1912.
* ''A History of Canadian Wealth'', 1914.
* “A Study of the Causes of Industrial Accidents,” in ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'' 14 (Sept. 1915): 672-694.
* ''The German Myth; the falsity of Germany's "social progress" claims''. New York, 1918.
* ''Ye Olden Blue Laws''. New York, 1921.
* ''The History of American Idealism''. New York, 1925.
* ''America Strikes Back; a record of contrasts''. New York, 1935.
* ''The Ending of Hereditary American Fortunes''. New York, 1939.
* ''History of Bigotry in the United States''. New York, 1943. Published posthumously.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.myerscenter.org/ Gustavus Myers Center]
* {{worldcat|id=lccn-n50-27831}}
* {{OL_author|id=OL1872877A|cname=Gustavus Myers}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Gustavus_Myers|name=Gustavus Myers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myers, Gustavus}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]

{{US-writer-stub}}

Pierre de Rigaud

2010-06-17T19:01:02Z

Mathieugp: /* Bibliographie */

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}

{{Infobox Gouverneur
| image = Fichier:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg
| taille image =
| légende = Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, gouverneur et lieutenant-général en Canada, la Louisiane, Île Royale, Île Saint-Jean et autres îles, terres et pays de l'Amérique septentrionale, vers 1753-55.
| nom = Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial
| titre = Gouverneur général de la Nouvelle-France
| nomination =
| début mandat1 = 1755
| fin mandat1 = 1760
| fonction1 = Gouverneur de la Louisiane Française
| début fonction1 = '''1743'''
| fin fonction1 = '''1753'''
| monarque = [[Louis XV de France]]
| prédécesseur1 = [[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]
| premier ministre =
| naissance = 22 novembre 1698
| lieu naissance = Québec, Canada
| nationalité = Française
| conjoint = Jeanne-Charlotte de Fleury Deschambault
| université =
| profession = Officier de la Marine
| religion = [[Catholicisme]]
| résidence = [[Château Saint-Louis]], [[Québec]]
| emblême =
| liste = [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France|Gouverneurs généraux de la Nouvelle-France]] [[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française|Gouverneurs de la Louisiane Française]]
}}

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles<ref>W. J. Eccles. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000, consulté le 15 mars 2009</ref>), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].
[[Fichier:Après guerre.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Vue de l'église Notre Dame des Victoires à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]], détruite lors du siège de la ville en 1759]]

== La reddition ==
En [[1755]], le marquis de Vaudreuil devient [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France|gouverneur-général de la Nouvelle-France]], il gère la colonie durant la [[Guerre de Sept Ans]]. Les colonies américaines de la [[France]] sont un des théâtres de cette guerre entre la [[France]] et l'[[Angleterre]]. Après [[Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham]], durant le [[Siège de Québec de 1759|Siège de Québec (1759)]], où [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] trouve la mort (le marquis de Vaudreuil et lui se sont souvent opposés). Le marquis de Vaudreuil ordonne l'évacuation de [[Québec (ville)]] et signe la capitulation de la ville. Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il ordonne au [[François Gaston de Lévis|chevalier de Lévis]] (et à ses 2400 soldats) de se rendre, il signa [[Articles de capitulation de Montréal|capitulation]] qui mena à la reddition de [[Montréal]] le {{Date|8|septembre|1760}} contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville.

=== L'affaire du Canada ===
{{Article détaillé|Affaire du Canada}}
A son retour en France, le marquis de Vaudreuil passe devant un tribunal. Les autorités françaises cherchent un bouc-émissaire, il sera jugé en compagnie d'autres administrateurs de la [[Nouvelle-France]], parmi lesquels l'intendant [[François Bigot]]; [[Montclam]] étant mort, les ministères de la Marine et de la Guerre fuyant toutes responsabilités, et [[Louis XV]] se refusant à condamner l'armée. On cherche les responsables de la perte de la [[Nouvelle-France]] et des dettes colossales qu'ont causé la défense de la colonie.
Le marquis de Vaudreuil est [[Bastille (Paris)|embastillé]] le {{Date|30|mars|1762}}, et il sera remis en liberté provisoire le 18 mai; il sera ensuite acquitté le {{Date|10|décembre|1763}} au terme d'un long procès où il sera révélé que la faute ne retombait pas entièrement sur lui. En réparation des préjudices subis lors de cette affaire, le roi lui offre une compensation sous la forme d'un supplément de rentes de 6000 livres.

=== Distinctions et commémorations ===
Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église Saint-Michel de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Après l'[[Affaire du Canada]], le roi [[Louis XV]] le fait Grand Croix de l'[[Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis|Ordre de Saint-Louis]].<ref>http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[William John Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p. ([http://www.nosracines.ca/toc.aspx?id=9142 en ligne])
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p. ([http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_08999 en ligne])
* Henri-Raymond Casgrain. ''Extraits des archives des Ministères de la marine et de la guerre à Paris : Canada, Correspondance générale, MM. Duquesne et Vaudreuil, Gouverneurs-generaux, 1755-1760'', Québec : L.J. Demers, 1890, 322 p. ([http://www.archive.org/details/extraitsdesarchi00casguoft en ligne])
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]
* [[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française]]
* [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France]]
* [[Guerre de Sept Ans]]
* [[Siège de Québec de 1759|Siège de Québec (1759)]]

==Liens externes==
* [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Début dynastie}}
{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=#BFC5F9|couleur2=white|couleur3=#F9C8BF|
|nom=[[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française|Gouverneur colonial de Louisiane Française]]
|avant=[[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville]]
|après=[[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]]
|période= [[1743]] - [[1753]]
}}
{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=#BFC5F9|couleur2=white|couleur3=#F9C8BF|icone=Pavillon LouisXIV.svg
|nom=[[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France]]
|avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]
|après=''Dernier Gouverneur Français''
|période= [[1755]] - [[1760]]
}}

{{Fin dynastie}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France|Québec|Louisiane}}

[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Québec (ville)]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2010-06-17T18:56:18Z

Mathieugp: Plusieurs sources disponibles en ligne

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}

{{Infobox Gouverneur
| image = Fichier:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg
| taille image =
| légende = Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, gouverneur et lieutenant-général en Canada, la Louisiane, Île Royale, Île Saint-Jean et autres îles, terres et pays de l'Amérique septentrionale, vers 1753-55.
| nom = Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial
| titre = Gouverneur général de la Nouvelle-France
| nomination =
| début mandat1 = 1755
| fin mandat1 = 1760
| fonction1 = Gouverneur de la Louisiane Française
| début fonction1 = '''1743'''
| fin fonction1 = '''1753'''
| monarque = [[Louis XV de France]]
| prédécesseur1 = [[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]
| premier ministre =
| naissance = 22 novembre 1698
| lieu naissance = Québec, Canada
| nationalité = Française
| conjoint = Jeanne-Charlotte de Fleury Deschambault
| université =
| profession = Officier de la Marine
| religion = [[Catholicisme]]
| résidence = [[Château Saint-Louis]], [[Québec]]
| emblême =
| liste = [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France|Gouverneurs généraux de la Nouvelle-France]] [[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française|Gouverneurs de la Louisiane Française]]
}}

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles<ref>W. J. Eccles. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000, consulté le 15 mars 2009</ref>), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].
[[Fichier:Après guerre.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Vue de l'église Notre Dame des Victoires à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]], détruite lors du siège de la ville en 1759]]

== La reddition ==
En [[1755]], le marquis de Vaudreuil devient [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France|gouverneur-général de la Nouvelle-France]], il gère la colonie durant la [[Guerre de Sept Ans]]. Les colonies américaines de la [[France]] sont un des théâtres de cette guerre entre la [[France]] et l'[[Angleterre]]. Après [[Bataille des Plaines d'Abraham]], durant le [[Siège de Québec de 1759|Siège de Québec (1759)]], où [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] trouve la mort (le marquis de Vaudreuil et lui se sont souvent opposés). Le marquis de Vaudreuil ordonne l'évacuation de [[Québec (ville)]] et signe la capitulation de la ville. Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il ordonne au [[François Gaston de Lévis|chevalier de Lévis]] (et à ses 2400 soldats) de se rendre, il signa [[Articles de capitulation de Montréal|capitulation]] qui mena à la reddition de [[Montréal]] le {{Date|8|septembre|1760}} contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville.

=== L'affaire du Canada ===
{{Article détaillé|Affaire du Canada}}
A son retour en France, le marquis de Vaudreuil passe devant un tribunal. Les autorités françaises cherchent un bouc-émissaire, il sera jugé en compagnie d'autres administrateurs de la [[Nouvelle-France]], parmi lesquels l'intendant [[François Bigot]]; [[Montclam]] étant mort, les ministères de la Marine et de la Guerre fuyant toutes responsabilités, et [[Louis XV]] se refusant à condamner l'armée. On cherche les responsables de la perte de la [[Nouvelle-France]] et des dettes colossales qu'ont causé la défense de la colonie.
Le marquis de Vaudreuil est [[Bastille (Paris)|embastillé]] le {{Date|30|mars|1762}}, et il sera remis en liberté provisoire le 18 mai; il sera ensuite acquitté le {{Date|10|décembre|1763}} au terme d'un long procès où il sera révélé que la faute ne retombait pas entièrement sur lui. En réparation des préjudices subis lors de cette affaire, le roi lui offre une compensation sous la forme d'un supplément de rentes de 6000 livres.

=== Distinctions et commémorations ===
Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église Saint-Michel de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Après l'[[Affaire du Canada]], le roi [[Louis XV]] le fait Grand Croix de l'[[Ordre royal et militaire de Saint-Louis|Ordre de Saint-Louis]].<ref>http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[William John Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p. ([http://www.nosracines.ca/toc.aspx?id=9142 en ligne])
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p. ([http://www.archive.org/details/cihm_08999 en ligne])
* Henri-Raymond Casgrain. ''Extraits des archives des Ministères de la marine et de la guerre à Paris : Canada, Correspondance générale, MM. Duquesne et Vaudreuil, Gouverneurs-generaux, 1755-1760'', Québec : L.J. Demers, 1890, 322 p.
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]
* [[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française]]
* [[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France]]
* [[Guerre de Sept Ans]]
* [[Siège de Québec de 1759|Siège de Québec (1759)]]

==Liens externes==
* [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Début dynastie}}
{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=#BFC5F9|couleur2=white|couleur3=#F9C8BF|
|nom=[[Liste des gouverneurs coloniaux de la Louisiane française|Gouverneur colonial de Louisiane Française]]
|avant=[[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville]]
|après=[[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]]
|période= [[1743]] - [[1753]]
}}
{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=#BFC5F9|couleur2=white|couleur3=#F9C8BF|icone=Pavillon LouisXIV.svg
|nom=[[Gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France]]
|avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]
|après=''Dernier Gouverneur Français''
|période= [[1755]] - [[1760]]
}}

{{Fin dynastie}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France|Québec|Louisiane}}

[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Québec (ville)]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Schlacht von Beauport

2010-03-09T16:35:49Z

Mathieugp: /* Consequences */

{{FixBunching|begin}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Beauport
|image=[[Image:SiegeOfQuebec1759ByDesBarres.jpg|300px]]
|caption=A 1777 map depicting the military positions of the French and British during the Siege of Quebec
|partof=the [[Seven Years' War]] [[French and Indian War]]
|date=31 July 1759
|place=[[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], [[Canada, New France]]
|coordinates={{coord|46.890188|-71.147268|display=title}}
|result=French victory
|combatant1={{flagicon|United Kingdom|1606}}[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|France|early}}[[France]]
|commander1=[[James Wolfe]]
|commander2=[[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]]
|strength1=4,000 regulars
|strength2=~10,000 regulars and militia
|casualties1=210 killed 333 wounded<ref>McLynn, Frank (2004). ''1759: The Year Britain became Master of the World'', p. 221</ref>
|casualties2=60 dead or wounded<ref name=S79_80>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>
}}
{{FixBunching|mid}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}
{{FixBunching|end}}

The '''Battle of Beauport''', also known as the '''Battle of Montmorency''', fought on 31 July 1759, was an important confrontation between the [[British Armed Forces|British]] and [[French Armed Forces]] during the [[Seven Years' War]] (also known as the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[War of Conquest]]) of the French province of [[Canada, New France|Canada]]. The attack conducted by the British against the French defence line of [[Beauport]], some five kilometres (3.1 mi) east of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] was checked, and the British soldiers of General [[James Wolfe]] retreated with 443 losses.

== Background ==

The [[French and Indian War]] campaigns of 1758 were successful for the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]], who had sent more than 40,000 men against [[New France]] and made key gains by [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|capturing Louisbourg]] and [[Battle of Fort Frontenac|destroying Fort Frontenac]], although their primary thrust was stopped by French general [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] in the [[Battle of Carillon]]. [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]] continued the aggressive policy in 1759, again organizing large campaigns aimed at the heartland of New France, the [[Canada, New France|Canadian]] communities of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] and [[Montreal]] on the [[St. Lawrence River]]. For the campaign against Quebec, General [[James Wolfe]] was given command of an army of about 7,000 men.

=== Beauport ===
When he arrived before Quebec on 26 June, Wolfe observed that the northern shore of the [[St. Lawrence River]] around [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, [[redoubt]]s and [[Floating battery|floating batteries]]. Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore. The search for the best site kept him busy for weeks.

=== Montmorency camp ===
On the night of 8 or 9 July, British forces landed on the north shore, some 1.2 km (1 mi) east of the [[Montmorency Falls]], east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the [[Montmorency River]]. Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by [[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|George Townshend]]. The landing met no opposition from the French.<ref name=S60>Stacey, p.60</ref> [[James Murray (British Army officer)|James Murray]], at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on 10 July. A camp was set up near the landing site. Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line.<ref name=S66>Stacey, p. 66</ref>

=== Plan of attack ===
After establishing the Montmorency camp, Wolfe explored various plans of attack, and chose his plan on 28 July.

The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of 16 July. In a letter to Brigadier [[Robert Monckton]], Wolfe wrote that he hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments. The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from [[Île d'Orléans]], as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site. At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the [[Saint-Charles River]] and Beauport.

This plan was put on hold on 20 July, when an event of great import to the British occurred: the [[Royal Navy]] succeeded, on the night of 18-19 July, in passing seven ships, including the [[ship of the line]] ''[[HMS Sutherland (1741)|HMS Sutherland]]'' and two frigates (''HMS Diana'' and ''HMS Squirrel''), through the narrow passage between Quebec and [[Pointe-Lévy]], thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec.<ref name=S67_68>Stacey, pp. 67-68</ref> Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the [[Lower Town]] of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing. The ''Sutherland's'' log records that the French cannon balls flew too high to cause serious damage.<ref name=S68>Stacey, p. 68</ref>

On 19 July Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoitre the north shore west of Quebec. He moved further west the next day, near the mouth of the [[Chaudière River]], to study the opposite shore between [[Sillery]] and [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap Rouge]].<ref name=S68>Stacey, p. 68</ref> Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of [[Quartier Saint-Michel (Québec)|Saint-Michel]], something he had already considered in June.<ref name=S69>Stacey, p. 69</ref> However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, ordering him instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances".<ref name=S70>Stacey, p. 70</ref> It is possible that the circumstance he alluded to was a French counteroffensive in which a newly-built battery at Samos (near Sillery) damaged the ''Squirrel''.

Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on 26 July. Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoitre the French lines. At about five kilometres (3.1 mi) from the river's mouth, he observed a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore. This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side. The British reported 45 killed and wounded.<ref name=S72>Stacey, p. 72</ref>

On 28 July, Wolfe wrote of an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on 30 July. However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day.<ref name=S74>Stacey, p. 74</ref> The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of 16 July. Unlike the earlier plan, there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport).

== Battle ==
===Dangers of plan exposed===
On the morning of 31 July the war vessel ''[[HMS Centurion (1732)|Centurion]]'' positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries. General Wolfe went on board the ''Russell'', one of the two armed transports (the other being the ''Three Sisters'') that were meant for the attack on the redoubt. Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans. He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy fire. The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground. This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected.<ref>Stacey, pp. 75-76</ref>

In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway. In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action. Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack.

=== Difficult landing ===
At around 11:00, the transport ships (''Russell'' and ''Three Sisters'') reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed. Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe. An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a [[shoal]] preventing them from reaching the shore. A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred around 17:30.<ref>Stacey, pp. 76-77</ref> By that time, the sky was covered by storm clouds.

=== Confrontation ===
The first troops advancing toward French lines were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the [[Royal Americans]].<ref name=S77>Stacey, p. 77</ref> Fire from the Montreal militia stalled their advance up the hill to the entrenchments above.<ref name=S80>Stacey, p. 80</ref>

Shortly after the firing began, a [[summer storm]] broke out, causing gunpowder to become wet and rendering firearms unuseable.<ref>Stacey, p. 78</ref> When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp.<ref name=S77>Stacey, p. 77</ref>

== Consequences ==
Wolfe recorded 443 losses (210 killed and 233 wounded),<ref>McLynn, Frank (2004). ''1759: The Year Britain became Master of the World'', p. 221</ref> while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side; losses which were attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp.<ref name=S79_80>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref> The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement.<ref>Stacey, p. 81</ref>

While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] remained lucid, writing to [[François-Charles de Bourlamaque|Bourlamaque]] that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for.<ref name=S80>Stacey, p. 80</ref> The attack did eventually arrive, when on 13 September the British landed west of Quebec and [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|defeated the French]] on the [[Plains of Abraham]] in a battle that claimed the lives of both Montcalm and Wolfe.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

=== References ===
{{Details|Bibliography of the Siege of Quebec of 1759}}

* McLynn, Frank (2004). ''1759: The Year Britain became Master of the World'', Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 0-224-06245-X
* Stacey, Charles Perry (1959). ''Quebec, 1759: The Siege and The Battle'', Toronto: MacMillan

== External links ==

* [http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpContent&series_id=1&episode_id=4&chapter_id=7&page_id=5&lang=E Invasion of the Beauport Shore] (CBC)
* [http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/maps/quebecmap/ A Map of the Plan of the River St. Laurence with the Operations of the Siege of Quebec. On Sept. 5, 1759], in ''Archiving Early America''

{{Quebec City}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beauport}}
[[Category:Battles involving Canada]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Quebec City|Battle of Beauport]]
[[Category:1759 in France|Battle of Beauport]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1759]]

[[es:Batalla de Beauport]]
[[fr:Bataille de Beauport]]
[[ru:Битва при Монморанси]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2010-02-16T16:47:17Z

Mathieugp:

Pierre de Rigaud

2010-02-16T16:43:13Z

Mathieugp: Infobox

Parc national du Mont-Tremblant

2009-11-04T21:16:26Z

Mathieugp: Portail des Laurentides

{{Infobox Aire protégée
| nom = Parc national du Mont-Tremblant
| catégorie iucn = II
| wdpa =
| image =Paysage lac Monroe.jpg
| légende image =Paysage dans la vallée de la Diable
| légende carte =
| pays = {{Canada}}
| subdivision 1 type = Province
| subdivision 1 = {{Québec}}
| subdivision 2 type = Municipalités régionales de comté
| subdivision 2 = [[Antoine-Labelle]], [[Les Laurentides]] et [[Matawinie]]
| ville proche =
| latitude = 46.433333
| longitude = -74.350000
| échelle = 300000
| superficie = {{unité|1510.1|km|2}}
| création = {{date|12|janvier|1895|au Québec}} {{Date|1|mars|1981|au Québec}} (sous la loi actuelle)
| visiteurs = {{formatnum:403500}}
| visiteurs année = 2005<ref>{{fr}} {{Lien web
|url=http://www.sepaq.com/Fr/Pages/COM/popUp.cfm?no=648
|titre=Québec investit 6,1 M$ dans les régions des Laurentides et de Lanaudière
|en ligne le={{date|21|août|2008}}
|consulté le={{date|7|septembre|2008}}
}}</ref>
| administration = [[Société des établissements de plein air du Québec|SEPAQ]]
| site web = [http://www.sepaq.com/pq/mot/fr/ Site officiel]
| remarque =
| géolocalisation = Québec
}}

Le '''parc national du Mont-Tremblant''' est un [[parcs nationaux du Québec|parc national du Québec]] ([[Canada]]) situé au nord de [[Mont-Tremblant]], de [[Saint-Donat (Matawinie)|Saint-Donat]], et de [[Saint-Côme]] dans les régions administratives de [[Laurentides (région administrative)|Laurentides]] et de [[Lanaudière]]. Il tient son nom du [[mont Tremblant]] et il s'agit du plus vieux parc national (provincial ou fédéral) située au Québec.

L'objectif principale de ce parc de {{unité|1510.1|km|2}} est de protéger un territoire représentatif de la province naturelles des [[Laurentides méridionales]].

Plusieurs activités estivales et hivernales s'y pratiquent, le ski de fond, la raquette, la randonnée pédestre courte et longue en refuge, le canot de lac et de rivière, le kayak, le vélo de montagne, le camping sauvage et la baignade dans de merveilleux lacs, tel le lac Lauzon aux eaux limpides.

Le parc est géré par le gouvernement québécois et sa [[Société des établissements de plein air du Québec]] (SÉPAQ).

==Géographie==
===Localisation===
[[Image:ParcMontTremblantChuteduDiable01.JPG|thumb|left|Chute du Diable]]
Le parc de {{unité|1510.1|km|2}} est situé au nord-est de [[Mont-Tremblant]] et se prolonge à l'est jusqu'au nord de [[Saint-Côme (Québec)|Saint-Côme]]. Son territoire est située dans les [[municipalités régionales de comté]] (MRC) des [[Les Laurentides|Laurentides]], d'[[Antoine-Labelle]] et de la [[Matawinie]] et il comprend 8 municipalités et 3 territoires non organisés. Il est bornée par le nord par la [[réserve faunique Rouge-Matawin]] et à l'est par la [[zec Lavigne]].

Le parc se divise en 3 principaux secteur, soit les vallées de la [[rivière du Diable]], du ruisseau Pimbina et de la [[rivière L'Assomption]]. On peut accéder au secteur du la Diable par l'[[autoroute 15]] et la [[route 117]] à partir de [[Montréal]]. Par la [[route 323]] à partir d'[[Ottawa]]. Le secteur de la Pimbina est accessible par la [[route 125]] à partir de [[Saint-Donat (Matawinie)|Saint-Donat]]. Le secteur de L'Assomption est accessible quant à lui par [[Saint-Côme (Québec)|Saint-Côme]]. On peu avoir aussi accès au parc par [[La Macaza]], [[Labelle (Québec)|Labelle]] et [[Saint-Michel-des-Saints]].

===Climat===
Le climat du parc du Mont-Tremblant se caractérise par des étés modérément chaud et des hivers froids. Les précipitations sont relativement abondante toute l'année. Le mont Tremblant et [[Le Carcan]] présente tout deux une stratigraphie du à leurs altitudes. Étant donnée la taille du parc, celui-ci présente aussi un refroidissement vers le nord<ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/parcs/mt-tremblant/plandir.pdf
|titre=Plan directeur: Parc du Mont-Tremblant
|année=2000
|page=1
|éditeur=Société de la Faune et des Parcs
|consulté le=25 octobre 2008
}}</ref>.

{{Relevé météo
|titre=Relevé météorologique de [[Saint-Donat (Matawinie)|Saint-Donat]] (1971-2000)
|source= [[Environnement Canada]]<ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_f.html?Province=QUE%20&StationName=&SearchType=&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=5269&
|titre=Normales climatiques au Canada 1971-2000 (Saint-Donat, Québec)
|consulté le=25 octobre 2008
}}</ref>
|tmax-jan=-7.6 |tmoy-jan=-13.6 |tmin-jan=-19.6
|tmax-fev=-5.1 |tmoy-fev=-11.8 |tmin-fev=-18.5
|tmax-mar=1.2 |tmoy-mar=-5.3 |tmin-mar=-11.8
|tmax-avr=8.4 |tmoy-avr=2.6 |tmin-avr=-3.3
|tmax-mai=16.9 |tmoy-mai=10.4 |tmin-mai=3.8
|tmax-jui=21.8 |tmoy-jui=15.5 |tmin-jui=9.2
|tmax-jul=24.1 |tmoy-jul=18.1 |tmin-jul=12.0
|tmax-aou=22.6 |tmoy-aou=16.8 |tmin-aou=10.9
|tmax-sep=17.1 |tmoy-sep=11.8 |tmin-sep=6.4
|tmax-oct=10.1 |tmoy-oct=5.4 |tmin-oct=0.8
|tmax-nov=2.4 |tmoy-nov=-1.4 |tmin-nov=-5.3
|tmax-dec=-4.6 |tmoy-dec=-9.7 |tmin-dec=-14.7
|prec-jan=94.9
|prec-fev=73.6
|prec-mar=75.6
|prec-avr=73.2
|prec-mai=92.8
|prec-jui=105.8
|prec-jul=104.3
|prec-aou=109.2
|prec-sep=101.6
|prec-oct=102.7
|prec-nov=96.2
|prec-dec=98.7
}}

===Géologie et pédologie===

La totalité du parc est située dans la [[province de Grenville]], la province géologique la plus récente du [[bouclier canadien]]. Le roc est composée de [[gneiss]] et de [[granulite]]s. Le passage des [[glaciation]]s a fortement influencé le territoire en arrondissant les sommets des collines et en surcreusant les vallées.

Les glaciers ont aussi laissé une couche de [[till]] de granulométrie variable. On retrouve des dépôt de sable le long des cours d'eau et des lacs. Les dépôts organiques sont rares et se retrouvent au nord du lac des Cyprès et en bordure de quelques lacs<ref name=roche>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/parcs/mt-tremblant/plandir.pdf
|titre=Plan directeur: Parc du Mont-Tremblant
|année=2000
|page=2
|éditeur=Société de la Faune et des Parcs
|consulté le=25 octobre 2008
}}</ref>.

===Hydrographie===
[[Image:Rivieredudiabletremblant01.JPG|thumb|right|Rivière du diable et chutes Croches dans le parc du Mont-Tremblant (Québec)]]
Le parc est partagé en 3 bassins hydrographiques, soit celui de la [[rivière Rouge (Québec)|Rouge]] (par l'entremise de la rivière du Diable), de [[Rivière L'Assomption|L'Assomption]] et de la [[rivière Matawin|Matawin]]. Les cours d'eau et la forme des lacs sont grandement influencés par les failles du bouclier canadien. Il y a plus de 400 lacs sur le territoire du parc dont le plus grand, le lac des Cyprès, fait {{unité|9|km|2}}. La plupart des grands lacs sont situés dans la partie nord du parcs, la partie sud ayant un territoire plus escarpé. La position du parc à la tête de plusieurs bassins hydrographiques assure un bonne qualité d'eau dans les cours d'eau<ref name=roche>1</ref>.

==Histoire==
Les [[algonquins (peuple)|algonquins]] appelaient le massif «Manitonga Soutana» (''montagne des Esprits ou du Diable''), ils prétendaient que la montagne émettait des grondements et oscillait sous leur pieds<ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/topos/carto.asp?Speci=63482&Latitude=46,26667&Longitude=-74,58334&Zoom=1700
|titre=Topos sur le web: Mont Tremblant
|en ligne le=25 septembre 2008
|consulté le=22 octobre 2008
}}</ref>. L'exploitation forestière commença dans la région dans les années 1850. C'est le {{date|12|janvier|1895}} que le ''parc de la Montagne-Tremblante'' fut créé suite au projet pour y installer un [[sanatorium]] qui ne verra jamais le jour. Contrairement à la vision ''preservationist'' qui prévalait aux [[États-Unis]] et au [[Canada]] et qui soustrayait le parc de toute exploitation, la province préférait une vision ''conservationist'' qui favorisait une utilisation raisonnable des ressources naturelles<ref name=histoire>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/parcs/mt-tremblant/plandir.pdf
|titre=Plan directeur: Parc du Mont-Tremblant
|année=2000
|page=XVI, XVII
|éditeur=Société de la Faune et des Parcs
|consulté le=22 octobre 2008
}}</ref>. C'est ce qui fit que l'exploitation forestière resta dans le parc jusqu'en [[1981]]. Le parc, à l'origine d'une superficie de {{unité|60|km|2}} et agrandi à {{unité|3108km|2}} en [[1925]]<ref>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.sepaq.com/pq/mot/fr/historique.html
|titre=Mission de conservation: Historique
|site=Sépaq.com
|consulté le=2 novembre 2008
}}</ref>.
[[Image:Lac Monroe.JPG|thumb|left|Lac Monroe dans le secteur de la Diable]]
C'est en [[1938]] qu'un américain du nom de Joe Ryan, établi une station de ski sur le massif du Mont-Tremblant et fait changer la loi provinciale pour y inclure l'usage de parc public et de lieu de délassement. Un station de recherche est ouvert au lac Monroe en 1948 et un premier camping public voit le jour au lac Chat en [[1958]], ce qui marqua le coup d'envoi pour la création de plusieurs aménagements récréatif dans les vallées de la [[rivière du Diable|Diable]] et au nord de [[Saint-Donat (Matawinie)|Saint-Donat]]. En [[1961]], le parc changea son nom pour ''Parc du Mont-Temblant'' <ref name=histoire>1</ref>.

En 1977, la province changea de philosophie de conservation et adopta la ''loi sur les Parcs''. Cette nouvelle loi excluait l'exploitation commerciale et industrielle des ressources naturelles des parcs. Les anciens parcs furent traités en priorité et le parc obtint le statut de « parc de récréation » en [[1981]] à l'exception d'une zone de {{unité|242|km|2}} qui fut incluse dans le parc en [[1990]]. La moitié nord du parc devint quant à elle la [[réserve faunique Rouge-Matawin]]. Le gouvernement relança de nouvelles consultation en [[1998]] qui produisirent des changements mineures des limites et le changement de statut pour « parc de conservation » en [[2000]]<ref name=histoire>1</ref>. Il devint le ''parc national du Mont-Tremblant'' à la suite de l'abandon du statut récréation parc la province en [[2001]].

==Patrimoine naturel==
===Faune===
On retrouve dans le parc 40 espèces de [[mammifères]], les plus facilement observable sont l'[[orignal]], le [[cerf de Virginie]], le [[loup de l'Est]], le [[renard roux]], l'[[ours noir]], le [[lièvre d'Amérique]], l'[[Écureuil roux (Amérique du Nord)|écureuil roux]], le [[castor canadien]], le [[rat musqué]], la [[loutre de rivière]] et le [[vison d'Amérique]]. 11 de ses espèces sont susceptible d'être désignées menacées ou vulnérables<ref name=faune>{{Lien web
|url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/parcs/mt-tremblant/plandir.pdf
|titre=Plan directeur: Parc du Mont-Tremblant
|année=2000
|page=3-6
|éditeur=Société de la Faune et des Parcs
|consulté le=26 octobre 2008
}}</ref>.

La diversité des [[oiseau]]x est beaucoup plus grande avec 194 espèces, dont 25 de [[paruline]]s. On y retrouve des [[gélinotte huppée]], des [[bruant]]s, des [[grive]]s, des [[sittelle]]s, des [[pic]]s et des [[geai]]s. On y retrouve aussi quelque [[rapace]]s, dont le [[grand-duc d'Amérique]], la [[chouette rayée]], la [[petite buse]], l'[[autour des palombes]] et le [[balbuzard]]. Le parc est aussi utilisé comme halte migratoire pour la [[bernache du Canada]]<ref name=faune>1</ref>. De ces espèces, seul le [[pygargue à tête blanche]] est considéré comme vulnérable.

Le parc comprend aussi 7 espèces de [[reptile]] et 14 espèces d'[[amphibien]] la plupart étant associé au milieu aquatique. On y retrouve entre autres le [[ouaouaron]], la [[Rana clamitans|grenouille verte]], le [[triton vert]], la [[couleuvre d'eau]] et la [[Glyptemys insculpta|tortue des bois]] et la [[tortue peinte]]. La tortue des bois est désigné vulnérable au Québec et la couleuvre d'eau et la [[Rana palustris|grenouille des marais]] sont susceptible d'être désigné menacé ou vulnérable<ref name=faune>1</ref>.

On retrouve finalement 29 espèces de [[poisson]] dans le parc, la principale espèce étant l'[[omble de fontaine]] qui préfère les lacs de tête oxygéné et le [[grand brochet]], qui préfère les eaux plus chaudes<ref name=faune>1</ref>.

====Loup====
Le [[loup de l'Est]] est la sous-espèce du loup fréquentant le parc et l'emblème du parc. On estime avoir dans le parc 4 ou 5 meutes et la population à 35 individus. Les loups du parc chassent principalement le castor, l'orignal et le cerf de Virginie qui constitue la majeure partie de son alimentation<ref>{{Article
| titre=Le loup emblème du parc national du Mont-Tremblant
| périodique =Journal du Parc: Parc national du Mont-Tremblant
| année=2007-2008
| pages=5
| consulté le=2 novembre 2008
}}</ref>.

===Flore===

Le parc fait partie du [[climax|domaine climacique]] de l'[[érable à sucre|érablière]] à [[bouleau jaune]]. Les sommets des collines et la vallée de La Macaza, au nord, présente le début du domaine de la [[sapin baumier|sapinière]] à bouleau jaune. Le Carcan et le mont Tremblant présente quant à eux une succession de domaines forestiers, passant de l'érablière à la sapinière.

Les principales essences forestières sont l'[[érable à sucre]], l'[[érable rouge]], le [[bouleau jaune]], le [[bouleau blanc]], l'[[hêtre à grandes feuilles]], le [[peuplier faux-tremble]], le [[sapin baumier]], l'[[épinette blanche]], l'[[épinette rouge]] et l'[[épinette noire]]. Il comprend aussi des individus de [[pruche du Canada]], de [[tilleul d'Amérique]] et de [[chêne rouge]] qui sont à la limite nord de leurs aires de distribution<ref name=faune>1</ref>.

Le parc possède 9 plantes susceptibles d'être désignées menacées ou vulnérables, la plupart d'entre elle se trouvant dans le secteur du lac Monroe. À l'exception de ''[[Hieracium robinsonii]]'', et de ''[[Listera australis]]'', l'observation des autres plantes date de 40 ans et nécessite une mise à jour<ref name=faune>1</ref>.

== Notes et références ==
{{Autres projets
| commons = Category:Parc national du Mont-Tremblant
}}
{{Références|colonnes=2}}

{{Palette Parcs nationaux du Québec}}
{{Portail|Laurentides|Québec|Conservation de la nature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mont-Tremblant, Parc national du}}
[[Catégorie:Parc national du Québec]]
[[Catégorie:Laurentides]]
[[Catégorie:Lanaudière]]
[[Catégorie:Aire protégée créée au XIXe siècle ]]

[[en:Mont-Tremblant National Park]]

Schlacht von Beauport

2009-07-25T00:01:28Z

Mathieugp: alternative name

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Battle of Beauport
|image=
|caption=
|partof=[[Seven Years' War]] [[French and Indian War]]
|date=[[July 31]], [[1759]]
|place=[[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]]
|result=French victory
|combatant1=[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|combatant2=[[France]]
|commander1=[[James Wolfe]]
|commander2=[[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]]
|strength1=4,000 regulars
|strength2=~10,000 regulars and militia
|casualties1=440 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>
|casualties2=60 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>

|}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}

The '''Battle of Beauport''', also known as the '''Battle of Montmorency''', fought on July 31, 1759, was an important confrontation between the [[British Armed Forces|British]] and [[French Armed Forces]] during the [[War of Conquest]] of the French province of [[Canada, New France|Canada]]. The attack conducted by the British against the French defence line of [[Beauport]], some five kilometres east of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] was checked, and the British soldiers of General [[James Wolfe]] retreated with 440 losses.

== Background ==
=== Beauport ===
When he arrived before Quebec on June 26, General Wolfe observed that the North Shore of the [[St. Lawrence River]] around [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, [[redoubt]]s and [[Floating battery|floating batteries]]. Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore. The search for the best site kept the General busy for weeks.

=== Montmorency camp ===
In the night of July 8 to 9, British forces landed on the North Shore, some 1.2 km east of the [[Montmorency Falls]]. The landing site was located east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the [[Montmorency River]]. Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by [[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|George Townshend]]. The landing met no opposition from the French<ref>Stacey, p.60</ref>. [[James Murray (British Army officer)|James Murray]], at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on July 10. A camp was set up near the landing site. Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line<ref>Stacey, p. 66</ref>.

=== Plan of attack ===
After establishing the Montmorency camp, General Wolfe explored various plans of attack, but only took a final decision on July 28.

The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of July 16. In a letter to Brigadier [[Robert Monckton]], Wolfe wrote that he hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments. The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from [[Île d'Orléans]], as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site. At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the [[Saint-Charles River]] and Beauport.

This plan was put on hold four days later on July 20, when an event of great important to the British occurred: the [[Royal Navy]] succeeded, on the night of July 18 to 19, in passing seven ships, including the [[ship of the line]] ''[[HMS Sutherland (1741)|HMS Sutherland]]'' and two frigates (''HMS Diana'' and ''HMS Squirrel''), through the narrow passage between Quebec and [[Pointe-Lévy]], thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec.<ref>Stacey, pp. 67-68</ref>. Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the [[Lower Town]] of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing. The ''Sutherland'' ship's log tell that the French cannon balls flew too high to cause serious damage<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>.

On July 19, Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoitre by himself the North Shore west of Quebec. The day after, he moved further west, nearby the [[Chaudière River]], to study the opposite shore between [[Sillery]] and [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap Rouge]]<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>. Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of [[Quartier Saint-Michel (Québec)|Saint-Michel]], something he had already considered in June<ref>Stacey, p. 69</ref>. However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, who was instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"<ref>Stacey, p. 70</ref>. It is possible that the circumstances of which Wolfe was alluding to were a counteroffensive by the French in which the newly built battery of Samos (near Sillery) damaged the ''Squirrel''.

Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on July 26. Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoitre the French lines. At about five kilometres from the river's mouth, he observed a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore. This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side. The British reported 45 killed and wounded<ref>Stacey, p. 72</ref>.

On July 28, Wolfe wrote about an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on July 30. However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day<ref>Stacey, p. 74</ref>. The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of July 16. Unlike the earlier plan there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport).

== Battle ==
===Dangers of plan exposed===
On the morning of July 31, the war vessel ''[[HMS Centurion (1732)|Centurion]]'' positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries. General Wolfe went on board the ''Russell'', one of the two armed transports (the other being the ''Three Sisters'') that were meant for the attack on the redoubt. Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans. He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy's fire. The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground. This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected<ref>Stacey, pp. 75-76</ref>.

In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway. In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action. Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack.

=== Difficult landing ===
At around 11:00, the transport ships (''Russell'' and ''Three Sisters'') reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed. Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe. An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a [[shoal]] preventing them to reach the shore. A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred around 17:30<ref>Stacey, pp. 76-77</ref>. By that time, the sky was already covered by storm clouds.

=== Confrontation ===
The first troops advancing toward the enemy were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the [[Royal Americans]]<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>. Fire from the Montreal militia repelled their advance as they tried to climb up the hill to the entrenchments above<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

A little after the beginning of the firing on both sides, a [[Summer storm]] formed in the sky above the St. Lawrence. The gun powder became wet and firearms were rendered unusable<ref>Stacey, p. 78</ref>. When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>.

== Consequences ==
Wolfe recorded 440 losses (210 deaths and 230 wounded) while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side, losses which are to be attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>. The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement<ref>Stacey, p. 81</ref>.

While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] remained lucid, writing to [[François Charles de Bourlamaque|Bourlamaque]] that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

=== References ===
{{Details|Bibliography of the Siege of Quebec of 1759}}

* Stacey, Charles Perry (1959). ''Quebec, 1759: The Siege and The Battle, Toronto: MacMillan, 210 p.

== External links ==

* [http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpContent&series_id=1&episode_id=4&chapter_id=7&page_id=5&lang=E Invasion of the Beauport Shore] (CBC)
* [http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/maps/quebecmap/ A Map of the Plan of the River St. Laurence with the Operations of the Siege of Quebec. On Sept. 5, 1759], in ''Archiving Early America''

{{Quebec City}}
{{coord|46.890188|-71.147268|display=title}}

{{QuebecCity-stub}}
{{UK-battle-stub}}
{{France-battle-stub}}

[[Category:Battles involving Canada]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Quebec City]]
[[Category:1759 in France]]

[[es:Batalla de Beauport]]
[[fr:Bataille de Beauport]]
[[ru:Битва при Монморанси]]

Schlacht von Beauport

2009-07-24T23:55:28Z

Mathieugp: wikification

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Battle of Beauport
|image=
|caption=
|partof=[[Seven Years' War]] [[French and Indian War]]
|date=[[July 31]], [[1759]]
|place=[[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]]
|result=French victory
|combatant1=[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|combatant2=[[France]]
|commander1=[[James Wolfe]]
|commander2=[[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]]
|strength1=4,000 regulars
|strength2=~10,000 regulars and militia
|casualties1=440 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>
|casualties2=60 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>

|}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}

The '''Battle of Beauport''', fought on July 31, 1759, was an important confrontation between the [[British Armed Forces|British]] and [[French Armed Forces]] during the [[War of Conquest]] of the French province of [[Canada, New France|Canada]]. The attack conducted by the British against the French defence line of [[Beauport]], some five kilometres east of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] was checked, and the British soldiers of General [[James Wolfe]] retreated with 440 losses.

== Background ==
=== Beauport ===
When he arrived before Quebec on June 26, General Wolfe observed that the North Shore of the [[St. Lawrence River]] around [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, [[redoubt]]s and [[Floating battery|floating batteries]]. Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore. The search for the best site kept the General busy for weeks.

=== Montmorency camp ===
In the night of July 8 to 9, British forces landed on the North Shore, some 1.2 km east of the [[Montmorency Falls]]. The landing site was located east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the [[Montmorency River]]. Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by [[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|George Townshend]]. The landing met no opposition from the French<ref>Stacey, p.60</ref>. [[James Murray (British Army officer)|James Murray]], at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on July 10. A camp was set up near the landing site. Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line<ref>Stacey, p. 66</ref>.

=== Plan of attack ===
After establishing the Montmorency camp, General Wolfe explored various plans of attack, but only took a final decision on July 28.

The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of July 16. In a letter to Brigadier [[Robert Monckton]], Wolfe wrote that he hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments. The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from [[Île d'Orléans]], as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site. At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the [[Saint-Charles River]] and Beauport.

This plan was put on hold four days later on July 20, when an event of great important to the British occurred: the [[Royal Navy]] succeeded, on the night of July 18 to 19, in passing seven ships, including the [[ship of the line]] ''[[HMS Sutherland (1741)|HMS Sutherland]]'' and two frigates (''HMS Diana'' and ''HMS Squirrel''), through the narrow passage between Quebec and [[Pointe-Lévy]], thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec.<ref>Stacey, pp. 67-68</ref>. Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the [[Lower Town]] of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing. The ''Sutherland'' ship's log tell that the French cannon balls flew too high to cause serious damage<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>.

On July 19, Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoitre by himself the North Shore west of Quebec. The day after, he moved further west, nearby the [[Chaudière River]], to study the opposite shore between [[Sillery]] and [[Cap-Rouge, Quebec City|Cap Rouge]]<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>. Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of [[Quartier Saint-Michel (Québec)|Saint-Michel]], something he had already considered in June<ref>Stacey, p. 69</ref>. However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, who was instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"<ref>Stacey, p. 70</ref>. It is possible that the circumstances of which Wolfe was alluding to were a counteroffensive by the French in which the newly built battery of Samos (near Sillery) damaged the ''Squirrel''.

Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on July 26. Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoitre the French lines. At about five kilometres from the river's mouth, he observed a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore. This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side. The British reported 45 killed and wounded<ref>Stacey, p. 72</ref>.

On July 28, Wolfe wrote about an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on July 30. However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day<ref>Stacey, p. 74</ref>. The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of July 16. Unlike the earlier plan there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport).

== Battle ==
===Dangers of plan exposed===
On the morning of July 31, the war vessel ''[[HMS Centurion (1732)|Centurion]]'' positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries. General Wolfe went on board the ''Russell'', one of the two armed transports (the other being the ''Three Sisters'') that were meant for the attack on the redoubt. Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans. He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy's fire. The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground. This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected<ref>Stacey, pp. 75-76</ref>.

In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway. In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action. Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack.

=== Difficult landing ===
At around 11:00, the transport ships (''Russell'' and ''Three Sisters'') reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed. Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe. An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a [[shoal]] preventing them to reach the shore. A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred around 17:30<ref>Stacey, pp. 76-77</ref>. By that time, the sky was already covered by storm clouds.

=== Confrontation ===
The first troops advancing toward the enemy were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the [[Royal Americans]]<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>. Fire from the Montreal militia repelled their advance as they tried to climb up the hill to the entrenchments above<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

A little after the beginning of the firing on both sides, a [[Summer storm]] formed in the sky above the St. Lawrence. The gun powder became wet and firearms were rendered unusable<ref>Stacey, p. 78</ref>. When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>.

== Consequences ==
Wolfe recorded 440 losses (210 deaths and 230 wounded) while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side, losses which are to be attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>. The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement<ref>Stacey, p. 81</ref>.

While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] remained lucid, writing to [[François Charles de Bourlamaque|Bourlamaque]] that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

=== References ===
{{Details|Bibliography of the Siege of Quebec of 1759}}

* Stacey, Charles Perry (1959). ''Quebec, 1759: The Siege and The Battle, Toronto: MacMillan, 210 p.

== External links ==

* [http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpContent&series_id=1&episode_id=4&chapter_id=7&page_id=5&lang=E Invasion of the Beauport Shore] (CBC)
* [http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/maps/quebecmap/ A Map of the Plan of the River St. Laurence with the Operations of the Siege of Quebec. On Sept. 5, 1759], in ''Archiving Early America''

{{Quebec City}}
{{coord|46.890188|-71.147268|display=title}}

{{QuebecCity-stub}}
{{UK-battle-stub}}
{{France-battle-stub}}

[[Category:Battles involving Canada]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Quebec City]]
[[Category:1759 in France]]

[[es:Batalla de Beauport]]
[[fr:Bataille de Beauport]]
[[ru:Битва при Монморанси]]

Schlacht von Beauport

2009-07-24T23:47:34Z

Mathieugp: Expanded

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Battle of Beauport
|image=
|caption=
|partof=[[Seven Years' War]] [[French and Indian War]]
|date=[[July 31]], [[1759]]
|place=[[Quebec City]]
|result=French victory
|combatant1=[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|combatant2=[[France]]
|commander1=[[James Wolfe]]
|commander2=[[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]]
|strength1=4,000 regulars
|strength2=~10,000 regulars and militia
|casualties1=440 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>
|casualties2=60 dead or wounded<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>

|}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}

The '''Battle of Beauport''', fought on July 31, 1759, was an important confrontation between the [[British Armed Forces|British]] and [[French Armed Forces]] during the [[War of Conquest]] of the French province of [[Canada, New France|Canada]]. The attack conducted by the British against the French defence line of [[Beauport]], some five kilometres east of [[Quebec City|Quebec]] was checked, and the British soldiers of General [[James Wolfe]] retreated with 440 losses.

== Background ==
=== Beauport ===
When he arrived before Quebec on June 26, General Wolfe observed that the North Shore of the [[St. Lawrence River]] around [[Beauport, Quebec City|Beauport]], the most favourable site for the landing of troops, was strongly defended by the French, who had built entrenchments on high ground, [[redoubt]]s and [[Floating battery|floating batteries]]. Wolfe consequently had to devise a plan involving a landing on some other location of the shore. The search for the best site kept the General busy for weeks.

=== Montmorency camp ===
In the night of July 8 to 9, British forces landed on the North Shore, some 1.2 km east of the [[Montmorency Falls]]. The landing site was located east of where the French west-east defence line ended, at the mouth of the [[Montmorency River]]. Wolfe landed first, leading the Louisbourg grenadiers, who were followed by the brigade commanded by [[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|George Townshend]]. The landing met no opposition from the French<ref>Stacey, p.60</ref>. [[James Murray (British Army officer)|James Murray]], at the head of a part of his brigade, joined Wolfe and Townshend on July 10. A camp was set up near the landing site. Wolfe ordered the construction of a battery to defend the camp, as well as rafts and floating batteries in anticipation of an attack on the French line<ref>Stacey, p. 66</ref>.

=== Plan of attack ===
After establishing the Montmorency camp, General Wolfe explored various plans of attack, but only took a final decision on July 28.

The first plan which Wolfe mentioned in his journal and the correspondence with his officers is that of July 16. In a letter to Brigadier [[Robert Monckton]], Wolfe wrote that he hoped to capture one of the French redoubts, the second one counting from the east end of the Beauport line, in order to force the enemy out of their entrenchments. The plan involved an attack by the Navy, an important landing force transported from [[Île d'Orléans]], as well as a body of troops crossing the river Montmorency on rafts and marching westward to the battle site. At the same time, the brigade commanded by Monckton was to land on the French right, between the [[Saint-Charles river]] and Beauport.

This plan was put on hold four days later on July 20, when an event of great important to the British occurred: the [[Royal Navy]] succeeded, on the night of July 18 to 19, in passing seven ships, including the [[ship of the line]] ''[[HMS Sutherland (1741)|HMS Sutherland]]'' and two frigates (''HMS Diana'' and ''HMS Squirrel''), through the narrow passage between Quebec and [[Pointe-Lévy]], thus opening the possibility of a landing west of Quebec.<ref>Stacey, pp. 67-68</ref>. Batteries firing at the British flotilla from the [[Lower Town]] of Quebec, as well as the floating batteries pursuing it, were unable to prevent the crossing. The ''Sutherland'' ship's log tell that the French cannon balls flew too high to cause serious damage<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>.

On July 19, Wolfe was at the Pointe-Lévy camp to reconnoitre by himself the North Shore west of Quebec. The day after, he moved further west, nearby the [[Chaudière river]], to study the opposite shore between [[Sillery]] and [[Cap Rouge]]<ref>Stacey, p. 68</ref>. Wolfe wrote to Monckton with orders for a plan of attack involving a landing near the village of [[Quartier Saint-Michel (Québec)|Saint-Michel]], something he had already considered in June<ref>Stacey, p. 69</ref>. However, at 13:00, Wolfe countermanded his orders to Monckton, who was instead to wait a few days and remain ready to act quickly, because of some "particular circumstances"<ref>Stacey, p. 70</ref>. It is possible that the circumstances of which Wolfe was alluding to were a counteroffensive by the French in which the newly built battery of Samos (near Sillery) damaged the ''Squirrel''.

Wolfe returned to the Montmorency camp on July 26. Escorted by two battalions, he walked up the Montmorency river to reconnoitre the French lines. At about five kilometres from the river's mouth, he observed a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] allowing the easy crossing from the west shore to the east shore. This discovery was followed by a solid skirmish between British soldiers, attempting to cross, and French soldiers entrenched on the other side. The British reported 45 killed and wounded<ref>Stacey, p. 72</ref>.

On July 28, Wolfe wrote about an attack on the Beauport line to be executed on July 30. However, poor winds did not allow for naval movements that day and the operations were postponed to the next day<ref>Stacey, p. 74</ref>. The plan of attack then contemplated by Wolfe was a variation of the plan he had described to Monckton in his letter of July 16. Unlike the earlier plan there was no mention of a parallel landing on the French right (west of Beauport).

== Battle ==
===Dangers of plan exposed===
On the morning of July 31, the war vessel ''[[HMS Centurion (1732)|Centurion]]'' positioned itself by the Montmorency Falls to attack the easternmost French batteries. General Wolfe went on board the ''Russell'', one of the two armed transports (the other being the ''Three Sisters'') that were meant for the attack on the redoubt. Wolfe, who was then in the heat of the action, had a better chance to reconnoitre the French position than he could from Île d'Orléans. He immediately realized his mistake: the redoubt he hoped to seize to force the French out of their entrenchments was within range of enemy's fire. The French soldiers could then very well shoot toward the redoubt without leaving their entrenchments on high ground. This fact changed everything and Wolfe's plan of attack consequently proved riskier than expected<ref>Stacey, pp. 75-76</ref>.

In spite of this, General Wolfe decided to proceed with the attack already underway. In his journal, he stated that it was "the confusion and disorder" he observed on the enemy's side which incited him to action. Townshend, who commanded at Montmorency, and Monckton who was doing the same at Pointe-Lévy, received the order to prepare for the attack.

=== Difficult landing ===
At around 11:00, the transport ships (''Russell'' and ''Three Sisters'') reached the north shore where the body of troops mobilized to take the redoubt landed. Toward 12:30, the boats transporting the main landing force left the Île d'Orléans to rendezvous with Wolfe. An unforeseen difficulty caused the landing planned a little to the west of the Montmorency Falls to be suspended: the boats met with a [[shoal]] preventing them to reach the shore. A significant amount of time was lost trying to find a suitable site for landing, which finally occurred around 17:30<ref>Stacey, pp. 76-77</ref>. By that time, the sky was already covered by storm clouds.

=== Confrontation ===
The first troops advancing toward the enemy were the thirteen companies of grenadiers and some 200 soldiers of the [[Royal Americans]]<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>. Fire from the Montreal militia repelled their advance as they tried to climb up the hill to the entrenchments above<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

A little after the beginning of the firing on both sides, a [[Summer storm]] formed in the sky above the St. Lawrence. The gun powder became wet and firearms were rendered unusable<ref>Stacey, p. 78</ref>. When General Wolfe ordered the retreat, the troops marching from the Montmorency camp had not yet met up with the main force transported from the Île d'Orléans camp<ref>Stacey, p. 77</ref>.

== Consequences ==
Wolfe recorded 440 losses (210 deaths and 230 wounded) while the French counted 60 killed and wounded on their side, losses which are to be attributed to the fire coming from the great battery of the Montmorency camp<ref>Stacey, pp. 79-80</ref>. The day after the battle, Wolfe wrote Monckton that the losses incurred in the battle were not great and that the defeat was no cause of discouragement<ref>Stacey, p. 81</ref>.

While the news of the victory was celebrated in the French camp, General [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm|Montcalm]] remained lucid, writing to [[François Charles de Bourlamaque|Bourlamaque]] that in his opinion this attack was only a prelude to a more important one, which they could do nothing but patiently wait for<ref>Stacey, p. 80</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

=== References ===
{{Details|Bibliography of the Siege of Quebec of 1759}}

* Stacey, Charles Perry (1959). ''Quebec, 1759: The Siege and The Battle, Toronto: MacMillan, 210 p.

== External links ==

* [http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpContent&series_id=1&episode_id=4&chapter_id=7&page_id=5&lang=E Invasion of the Beauport Shore] (CBC)
* [http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/maps/quebecmap/ A Map of the Plan of the River St. Laurence with the Operations of the Siege of Quebec. On Sept. 5, 1759], in ''Archiving Early America''

{{Quebec City}}
{{coord|46.890188|-71.147268|display=title}}

{{QuebecCity-stub}}
{{UK-battle-stub}}
{{France-battle-stub}}

[[Category:Battles involving Canada]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Quebec City]]
[[Category:1759 in France]]

[[es:Batalla de Beauport]]
[[fr:Bataille de Beauport]]
[[ru:Битва при Монморанси]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2009-03-15T04:12:58Z

Mathieugp: Au mois une note

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}
[[Image:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg|thumb|Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil]]

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles<ref>W. J. Eccles. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000, consulté le 15 mars 2009</ref>), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église du village de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].

== La reddition ==
Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il signa [[Articles de capitulation de Montréal|capitulation]] qui mena à la reddition de [[Montréal]] en [[1760]] contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville, après que [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] ait péri à la [[bataille de Québec]] en [[1759]]. La [[France]] le condamnera d'abord, ensuite l'acquittera lorsqu'au terme d'un long procès il sera révélé que la faute ne retombait pas entier sur lui.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[W. J. Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p.
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p.
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]

==Liens externes==
* [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Gouverneur NF|
avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]|
année début=''[[1755]]''|
année fin=''[[1760]]''|
après=''Dernier gouverneur français''|
}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}
[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2008-11-21T16:56:49Z

Mathieugp: Maintenant sous Bibliographie

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}
[[Image:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg|thumb|Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil]]

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église du village de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].

== La reddition ==
Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il signa [[Articles de capitulation de Montréal|capitulation]] qui mena à la reddition de [[Montréal]] en [[1760]] contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville, après que [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] ait péri à la [[bataille de Québec]] en [[1759]]. La [[France]] le condamnera d'abord, ensuite l'acquittera lorsqu'au terme d'un long procès il sera révélé que la faute ne retombait pas entier sur lui.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[W. J. Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p.
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p.
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]

==Liens externes==
* [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Gouverneur NF|
avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]|
année début=''[[1755]]''|
année fin=''[[1760]]''|
après=''Dernier gouverneur français''|
}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}
[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2008-11-21T16:54:41Z

Mathieugp: /* La reddition */

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}
[[Image:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg|thumb|Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil]]

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église du village de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].

== La reddition ==
Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il signa [[Articles de capitulation de Montréal|capitulation]] qui mena à la reddition de [[Montréal]] en [[1760]] contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville, après que [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] ait péri à la [[bataille de Québec]] en [[1759]]. La [[France]] le condamnera d'abord, ensuite l'acquittera lorsqu'au terme d'un long procès il sera révélé que la faute ne retombait pas entier sur lui.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[W. J. Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p.
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p.
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]

==Liens externes==
* {{fr}} [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html Biographie discutant le rôle de Vaudreuil au cours de la Guerre de la Conquête]
* {{fr}} [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne]
* {{fr}} [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Gouverneur NF|
avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]|
année début=''[[1755]]''|
année fin=''[[1760]]''|
après=''Dernier gouverneur français''|
}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}
[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Pierre de Rigaud

2008-11-21T16:50:25Z

Mathieugp: Bibliographie

{{ébauche|Nouvelle-France}}
{{voir homonymes|Rigaud|Vaudreuil}}
[[Image:Marquis de Vaudreuil.jpg|thumb|Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil]]

'''Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial''' ({{date|22|novembre|1698}} à [[Québec (ville)|Québec]] - {{date|4|août|1778}} à [[Paris]], rue des Tournelles), marquis de Vaudreuil, officier de la Marine, a été le dernier gouverneur général de la [[Nouvelle-France]].

== Biographie ==
De tous les gouverneurs français de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil est le seul à être né au pays.

Une plaque commémorative est posée sur une pierre, devant l'église du village de [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]], au [[Québec]].

Son ancienne seigneurie de [[Nouvelle-France]], la seigneurie de Vaudreuil entre [[Montréal]] et [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield]], aujourd'hui connue sous le nom de [[Vaudreuil-Soulanges (municipalité régionale de comté)|Vaudreuil-Soulanges]], compte aujourd'hui les villages de :
*[[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
*[[Saint-Lazare (Québec)|Saint-Lazare]]
*[[Rigaud (Québec)|Rigaud]]
*[[Hudson (Québec)|Hudson]]
*[[Pointe-des-Cascades]]

Après son départ du poste de gouverneur de la [[Louisiane]], le marquis de Vaudreuil est venu terminer ses jours au [http://www.chateau-colliers.com château de Colliers], à [[Muides-sur-Loire]] ([[Loir-et-Cher]]). Deux superbes massacres rapportés de Louisiane sont exposés dans l'entrée du château.

== La Louisiane ==

En [[1743]], le marquis de Vaudreuil succède à le [[Pierre LeMoyne d'Iberville|Moyne d'Iberville]], comme gouverneur de la [[Louisiane française|Louisiane]]. Il se montre un admnistrateur entreprenant, ordonne des défrichements. Il est remplacé par [[Louis Billouart de Kerlerec]] en [[1753]].

== La reddition ==
Jugeant la situation désespérée et voulant épargner les derniers soldats qui défendaient la ville, il signa la reddition de [[Montréal]] en [[1760]] contre les troupes britanniques à la veille d'assiéger la ville, après que [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] ait péri à la [[bataille de Québec]] en [[1759]]. La [[France]] le condamnera d'abord, ensuite l'acquittera de ses torts aux termes d'un long procès.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographie ==
* [[W. J. Eccles]]. « [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil] », dans ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne'', Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
* [[Bill Barron]]. ''The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753'', New Orleans : Polyanthos, 1975, 543 p.
* [[Guy Frégault]]. ''Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane'', Montréal : Fides, 1952, 481 p.
* Guy Frégault. ''La Guerre de la Conquête'', Montréal : Fides, 1955, 514 p.
* [[Pierre-Georges Roy]]. ''La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil'', Lévis, 1938, 216 p.
* [[Louis Le Jeune]], « Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil », dans ''Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada'', volume II, Ottawa : Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764-767. ([http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html en ligne])
* [[Henri-Raymond Casgrain]]. ''Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis'', 1895, 215 p.
* Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. ''Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France'', Imprimerie de Moreau, 1763, 46 p.

== Voir aussi ==
* Seigneurie de la [[Nouvelle-Longueuil]]

==Liens externes==
* {{fr}} [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/encyclopedia/PierredeCavagnal-MarquisdeVaudreuil.html Biographie discutant le rôle de Vaudreuil au cours de la Guerre de la Conquête]
* {{fr}} [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2142 Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne]
* {{fr}} [http://www.ville.rigaud.qc.ca/modListText/content.do?oid=87956122&menuElementOid=1427374074 Ville de Rigaud]

{{Gouverneur NF|
avant=[[Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville]]|
année début=''[[1755]]''|
année fin=''[[1760]]''|
après=''Dernier gouverneur français''|
}}

{{Portail|Cliopédia|XVIIIe siècle|Nouvelle-France}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de}}
[[Catégorie:Personnalité française du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la colonisation française]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la Nouvelle-France]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire du Canada]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1698]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1778]]

[[en:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[it:Pierre François de Rigaud, Marchese di Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]]
[[pl:Pierre-François de Rigaud]]

Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine

2008-06-02T19:41:13Z

Mathieugp: /* In English */

[[Image:Louis-Hyppolite Lafontaine.jpg|right|thumb|300pix|Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine.]]
'''Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine''' (or '''La Fontaine''') Baronet (1854) ([[October 4]] [[1807]] – [[February 26]] [[1864]] [[Montreal]]) was the first Canadian to become Prime Minister of the [[United Province of Canada]] and the first head of a [[responsible government]] in Canada. He was born in [[Boucherville, Quebec|Boucherville]], Lower Canada in 1807. A [[jurist]] and [[statesman]], Lafontaine was first elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]] in [[1830]]. He was a supporter of [[Louis-Joseph Papineau|Papineau]] and member of the ''[[Parti canadien]]'' (later the ''[[Parti patriote]]''). After the severe consequences of the [[Rebellions of 1837]] against the British authorities, he advocated political reforms within the new Union regime of [[1841]].

Under this Union of the two [[The Canadas|Canadas]] he worked with [[Robert Baldwin]] and [[Francis Hincks]] in the formation of a party of Upper and Lower Canadian [[liberal]] reformers. He and Baldwin formed a government in [[1842]] but resigned in [[1843]]. In [[1848]] he was asked by [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] to form the first administration under the new policy of [[responsible government]]. The Lafontaine-Baldwin government, formed on [[March 11]], battled for the restoration of the official status of the French language, which was abolished with the Union Act, and the principles of [[responsible government]] and the [[double-majority]] in the voting of bills.

While Baldwin was reforming Canada West (Upper Canada), Lafontaine passed bills to abolish the ''tenure seigneuriale'' ([[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]]) and grant amnesty to the leaders of the rebellions in Lower Canada who had been exiled. The bill passed, but it was not accepted by the [[loyalist]]s of Canada East who protested violently and burned down the [[Parliament]] in [[Montreal]].

Lafontaine retired to private life in 1851 but was appointed chief justice of Canada East in 1853. In 1854 he was created a baronet by [[Queen Victoria]] and a knight commander in the pontifical [[Order of St. Sylvester]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1855.

== Writings ==
=== Works ===
* ''Les deux girouettes, ou l’hypocrisie démasquée'', Montréal, 1834 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/125475.pdf online])
* ''Notes sur l'inamovibilité des curés dans le Bas-Canada'', Montréal, 1837
* ''Analyse de l'ordonnance du Conseil spécial sur les bureaux d’hypothèques [...]'', Montréal, 1842
* ''De l'esclavage en Canada'', Montréal, 1859<ref>With [[Jacques Viger]]</ref> ([http://books.google.ca/books?id=a-ANAAAAQAAJ&hl=fr online])
* ''De la famille des Lauson. Vice-rois et lieutenants généraux des rois de France en Amérique'', 1859 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/337920.pdf online])
=== Other ===
* ''The Address to the Electors of Terrebonne'', 1840 ([http://www.goodreads.ca/terrebonne/fr.html online])

==Posthumous honours==
[[Image:Statue of Baldwin and Lafontaine.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Robert Baldwin]] and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine on [[Parliament Hill]] in [[Ottawa]].]]
In the [[Montreal]] region, both the [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel]] and the [[Parc Lafontaine]] urban park are named in his honour. A statue of Lafontaine and Baldwin was erected on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.

==See also==
*[[Lower Canada Rebellion]]
*[[Timeline of Quebec history]]
*[[LaFontaine-Baldwin Symposium]]
*[[Louis-Joseph Papineau]]

== Notes ==
<references />

== References ==
=== In English ===
* Monet, Jacques. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=38663 La Fontaine, Louis-Hippolyte]", in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'', University of Toronto and Université Laval, 2000
* Abbott Nish, M. E. ''Double majority: Concept, Practice and Negotiations, 1840–1848'', Master Thesis, McGill University, Montréal, 1966
* Leacock, S. B. (1907). ''Baldwin, Lafontaine, Hincks. Responsible Government'', Toronto, 371 p.

=== In French ===
* Aubin, Georges (2002-05). ''Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine. Correspondance générale''
** Tome 1: ''Les ficelles du pouvoir: correspondance entre Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine et Robert Baldwin, 1840-1854''
** Tome 2: ''Au nom de la loi: lettres de Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine à divers correspondants, 1829-1847''
** Tome 3: ''Mon cher Amable: lettres de Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine à divers correspondants, 1848-1864''
* Aubin, Georges (1999). ''Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine. Journal de voyage en Europe, 1837-1838'', Sillery: Septentrion, 153 p. ISBN 2-89448-142-X
* Bertrand, Réal (1993). ''Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine'', Montréal: Lidec, 60 p. ISBN 2-7608-7046-4
* Auclair, Elie-Joseph (1933). ''Figures canadiennes'', Montréal, vol. 2, pp. 9-19 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/192700-2.pdf online])
* DeCelles, Alfred Duclos (1907). ''LaFontaine et son temps'', Montréal: Librairie Beauchemin, 208 p.([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/181276.pdf online])
* Laurent-Olivier David (1872). ''Sir Ls.-H. Lafontaine'', Montréal: Typographie Geo. E. Desbarats, 45 p.

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Charles Richard Ogden]] |
title=[[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] - Canada East|
years=[[1842]]-[[1843]]|
after=with Sir [[Dominick Daly]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Denis-Benjamin Papineau]] |
title=Premiers of Canada East|
years=[[1848]]-[[1851]]|
after=[[Augustin-Norbert Morin]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lafontaine, Louis-Hippolyte}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Canadian Baronets]]
[[Category:Canadian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of St. Sylvester]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Longueuil]]
[[Category:Premiers of the Province of Canada]]

[[es:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]
[[fr:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]

Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine

2008-06-02T19:40:25Z

Mathieugp: References

[[Image:Louis-Hyppolite Lafontaine.jpg|right|thumb|300pix|Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine.]]
'''Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine''' (or '''La Fontaine''') Baronet (1854) ([[October 4]] [[1807]] – [[February 26]] [[1864]] [[Montreal]]) was the first Canadian to become Prime Minister of the [[United Province of Canada]] and the first head of a [[responsible government]] in Canada. He was born in [[Boucherville, Quebec|Boucherville]], Lower Canada in 1807. A [[jurist]] and [[statesman]], Lafontaine was first elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]] in [[1830]]. He was a supporter of [[Louis-Joseph Papineau|Papineau]] and member of the ''[[Parti canadien]]'' (later the ''[[Parti patriote]]''). After the severe consequences of the [[Rebellions of 1837]] against the British authorities, he advocated political reforms within the new Union regime of [[1841]].

Under this Union of the two [[The Canadas|Canadas]] he worked with [[Robert Baldwin]] and [[Francis Hincks]] in the formation of a party of Upper and Lower Canadian [[liberal]] reformers. He and Baldwin formed a government in [[1842]] but resigned in [[1843]]. In [[1848]] he was asked by [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] to form the first administration under the new policy of [[responsible government]]. The Lafontaine-Baldwin government, formed on [[March 11]], battled for the restoration of the official status of the French language, which was abolished with the Union Act, and the principles of [[responsible government]] and the [[double-majority]] in the voting of bills.

While Baldwin was reforming Canada West (Upper Canada), Lafontaine passed bills to abolish the ''tenure seigneuriale'' ([[Seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]]) and grant amnesty to the leaders of the rebellions in Lower Canada who had been exiled. The bill passed, but it was not accepted by the [[loyalist]]s of Canada East who protested violently and burned down the [[Parliament]] in [[Montreal]].

Lafontaine retired to private life in 1851 but was appointed chief justice of Canada East in 1853. In 1854 he was created a baronet by [[Queen Victoria]] and a knight commander in the pontifical [[Order of St. Sylvester]] by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1855.

== Writings ==
=== Works ===
* ''Les deux girouettes, ou l’hypocrisie démasquée'', Montréal, 1834 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/125475.pdf online])
* ''Notes sur l'inamovibilité des curés dans le Bas-Canada'', Montréal, 1837
* ''Analyse de l'ordonnance du Conseil spécial sur les bureaux d’hypothèques [...]'', Montréal, 1842
* ''De l'esclavage en Canada'', Montréal, 1859<ref>With [[Jacques Viger]]</ref> ([http://books.google.ca/books?id=a-ANAAAAQAAJ&hl=fr online])
* ''De la famille des Lauson. Vice-rois et lieutenants généraux des rois de France en Amérique'', 1859 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/337920.pdf online])
=== Other ===
* ''The Address to the Electors of Terrebonne'', 1840 ([http://www.goodreads.ca/terrebonne/fr.html online])

==Posthumous honours==
[[Image:Statue of Baldwin and Lafontaine.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Robert Baldwin]] and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine on [[Parliament Hill]] in [[Ottawa]].]]
In the [[Montreal]] region, both the [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel]] and the [[Parc Lafontaine]] urban park are named in his honour. A statue of Lafontaine and Baldwin was erected on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.

==See also==
*[[Lower Canada Rebellion]]
*[[Timeline of Quebec history]]
*[[LaFontaine-Baldwin Symposium]]
*[[Louis-Joseph Papineau]]

== Notes ==
<references />

== References ==
=== In English ===
* Monet, Jacques. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=38663 La Fontaine, Louis-Hippolyte]", in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'', University of Toronto et Université Laval, 2000
* Abbott Nish, M. E. ''Double majority: Concept, Practice and Negotiations, 1840–1848'', Master Thesis, McGill University, Montréal, 1966
* Leacock, S. B. (1907). ''Baldwin, Lafontaine, Hincks. Responsible Government'', Toronto, 371 p.

=== In French ===
* Aubin, Georges (2002-05). ''Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine. Correspondance générale''
** Tome 1: ''Les ficelles du pouvoir: correspondance entre Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine et Robert Baldwin, 1840-1854''
** Tome 2: ''Au nom de la loi: lettres de Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine à divers correspondants, 1829-1847''
** Tome 3: ''Mon cher Amable: lettres de Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine à divers correspondants, 1848-1864''
* Aubin, Georges (1999). ''Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine. Journal de voyage en Europe, 1837-1838'', Sillery: Septentrion, 153 p. ISBN 2-89448-142-X
* Bertrand, Réal (1993). ''Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine'', Montréal: Lidec, 60 p. ISBN 2-7608-7046-4
* Auclair, Elie-Joseph (1933). ''Figures canadiennes'', Montréal, vol. 2, pp. 9-19 ([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/192700-2.pdf online])
* DeCelles, Alfred Duclos (1907). ''LaFontaine et son temps'', Montréal: Librairie Beauchemin, 208 p.([http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/numtexte/181276.pdf online])
* Laurent-Olivier David (1872). ''Sir Ls.-H. Lafontaine'', Montréal: Typographie Geo. E. Desbarats, 45 p.

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Charles Richard Ogden]] |
title=[[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] - Canada East|
years=[[1842]]-[[1843]]|
after=with Sir [[Dominick Daly]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Denis-Benjamin Papineau]] |
title=Premiers of Canada East|
years=[[1848]]-[[1851]]|
after=[[Augustin-Norbert Morin]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lafontaine, Louis-Hippolyte}}
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Canadian Baronets]]
[[Category:Canadian knights]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of St. Sylvester]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Longueuil]]
[[Category:Premiers of the Province of Canada]]

[[es:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]
[[fr:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]

Gustavus Myers

2008-01-28T13:49:21Z

Mathieugp:

{{bio-stub}}

'''Gustavus Myers''' ([[March 20]] [[1872]] – [[December 7]] [[1942]]) was an American reporter, feature writer. His name is associated with the [[muckraking]] era of American literature.

In 1984, the [[Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights]] was founded. Since 2001, the organization gives out an award for books "which extend our understanding of the root causes of bigotry and the range of options we as humans have in constructing alternative ways to share power"<ref>[http://www.myerscenter.org/ Gustavus Myers Center's Web site], retrived January 28, 2008</ref>.

== Works ==

* ''History of Public Franchises in New York City''. New York, 1900.
* ''The History of Tammany Hall''. New York, 1901; with additions, 1917.
* ''History of the Great American Fortunes''. 3 vols., Chicago, 1909-1910 ; 1 vol., New York, 1936 ;
** in German: ''Geschichte der grossen Vermogen in Amerika''. 2 vols., Berlin, 1923.
* ''Beyond the Borderline of Life''. Boston, 1910.
* ''History of The Supreme Court of the United States''. Chicago, 1912.
* ''A History of Canadian Wealth'', 1914.
* “A Study of the Causes of Industrial Accidents,” in ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'' 14 (Sept. 1915): 672-694.
* ''The German Myth; the falsity of Germany's "social progress" claims''. New York, 1918.
* ''Ye Olden Blue Laws''. New York, 1921.
* ''The History of American Idealism''. New York, 1925.
* ''America Strikes Back; a record of contrasts''. New York, 1935.
* ''The Ending of Hereditary American Fortunes''. New York, 1939.
* ''History of Bigotry in the United States''. New York, 1943. Published posthumously.

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/myers/myers_index.html Gustavus Myers books] - many of his books readable online
* [http://www.myerscenter.org/ Gustavus Myers Center]

[[Category:American literature]]

Gustavus Myers

2008-01-28T13:46:34Z

Mathieugp: Creation of the bio stub

'''Gustavus Myers''' ([[March 20]] [[1872]] – [[December 7]] [[1942]]) was an American reporter, feature writer. His name is associated with the [[muckraking]] era of American literature.

In 1984, the [[Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights]] was founded. Since 2001, the organization gives out an award for books "which extend our understanding of the root causes of bigotry and the range of options we as humans have in constructing alternative ways to share power"<ref>[http://www.myerscenter.org/ Gustavus Myers Center's Web site], retrived January 28, 2008</ref>.

== Works ==

* ''History of Public Franchises in New York City''. New York, 1900.
* ''The History of Tammany Hall''. New York, 1901; with additions, 1917.
* ''History of the Great American Fortunes''. 3 vols., Chicago, 1909-1910 ; 1 vol., New York, 1936 ;
** in German: ''Geschichte der grossen Vermogen in Amerika''. 2 vols., Berlin, 1923.
* ''Beyond the Borderline of Life''. Boston, 1910.
* ''History of The Supreme Court of the United States''. Chicago, 1912.
* ''A History of Canadian Wealth'', 1914.
* “A Study of the Causes of Industrial Accidents,” in ''Journal of the American Statistical Association'' 14 (Sept. 1915): 672-694.
* ''The German Myth; the falsity of Germany's "social progress" claims''. New York, 1918.
* ''Ye Olden Blue Laws''. New York, 1921.
* ''The History of American Idealism''. New York, 1925.
* ''America Strikes Back; a record of contrasts''. New York, 1935.
* ''The Ending of Hereditary American Fortunes''. New York, 1939.
* ''History of Bigotry in the United States''. New York, 1943. Published posthumously.

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/myers/myers_index.html Gustavus Myers books] - many of his books readable online
* [http://www.myerscenter.org/ Gustavus Myers Center]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-27T22:55:48Z

Mathieugp: /* Under British rule */

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves.{{cn}} Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves<ref>James W. ST. G. Walker, [http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC868205 "Blacks"], in The Canadian Encyclopedia</ref> to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]).{{cn}} A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian [[Marcel Trudel]] has recorded 4,092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2,692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2,077 slaves, compared to 1,059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières, Quebec|Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with black slaves.

In 1793, under the administration of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], legislation (the [[Act Against Slavery]]) was passed in Upper Canada that allowed for gradual abolition: slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be freed at age 25. In 1803, [[William Osgoode]], then Chief Justice of Lower Canada, ruled that slavery was not compatible with British law. This judgment of historic nature, while it did not abolish slavery, set free 300 slaves and resulted in the rapid decline of the practice of slavery. The Upper Canada Act remained in force until 1833 when the [[British Parliament]]'s [[Slavery Abolition Act]] abolished slavery in all parts of the [[British Empire]].

Most of the emancipated slaves of African descent in Canada were then sent to settle [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] and those that remained primarily ended up in segregated communities such as [[Africville]] outside [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]. (Today there are four remaining slave [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in Canada: in [[Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality, Quebec|St.-Armand]], [[Quebec]], [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia]] and [[Princeville, Ontario|Princeville]] and [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Dresden]] in [[Ontario]].)

Around the time of the Emancipation, the Underground Railroad network was established in the United States, particularly [[Ohio]], where slaves would cross into the Northern States over the Ohio River en route to various settlements and towns in Upper Canada (known as [[Canada West]] from 1841 to 1867).

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-27T22:53:56Z

Mathieugp: /* Under British rule */

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves.{{cn}} Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves<ref>James W. ST. G. Walker, [http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC868205 Blacks], in The Canadian Encyclopedia</ref> to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]).{{cn}} A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian [[Marcel Trudel]] has recorded 4,092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2,692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2,077 slaves, compared to 1,059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières, Quebec|Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with black slaves.

In 1793, under the administration of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], legislation (the [[Act Against Slavery]]) was passed in Upper Canada that allowed for gradual abolition: slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be freed at age 25. In 1803, [[William Osgoode]], then Chief Justice of Lower Canada, ruled that slavery was not compatible with British law. This judgment of historic nature, while it did not abolish slavery, set free 300 slaves and resulted in the rapid decline of the practice of slavery. The Upper Canada Act remained in force until 1833 when the [[British Parliament]]'s [[Slavery Abolition Act]] abolished slavery in all parts of the [[British Empire]].

Most of the emancipated slaves of African descent in Canada were then sent to settle [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] and those that remained primarily ended up in segregated communities such as [[Africville]] outside [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]. (Today there are four remaining slave [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in Canada: in [[Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality, Quebec|St.-Armand]], [[Quebec]], [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia]] and [[Princeville, Ontario|Princeville]] and [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Dresden]] in [[Ontario]].)

Around the time of the Emancipation, the Underground Railroad network was established in the United States, particularly [[Ohio]], where slaves would cross into the Northern States over the Ohio River en route to various settlements and towns in Upper Canada (known as [[Canada West]] from 1841 to 1867).

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-21T17:40:12Z

Mathieugp:

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian [[Marcel Trudel]] has recorded 4,092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2,692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2,077 slaves, compared to 1,059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières, Quebec|Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with black slaves.

In 1793, under the administration of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], legislation (the [[Act Against Slavery]]) was passed in Upper Canada that allowed for gradual abolition: slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be freed at age 25. The Act remained in force until 1833 when the [[British Parliament]]'s [[Slavery Abolition Act]] abolished slavery in all parts of the [[British Empire]].

Most of the emancipated slaves of African descent in Canada were then sent to settle [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] and those that remained primarily ended up in segregated communities such as [[Africville]] outside [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]. (Today there are four remaining slave [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in Canada: in [[Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality, Quebec|St.-Armand]], [[Quebec]], [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia]] and [[Princeville, Ontario|Princeville]] and [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Dresden]] in [[Ontario]].)

Around the time of the Emancipation, the Underground Railroad network was established in the United States, particularly [[Ohio]], where slaves would cross into the Northern States over the Ohio River en route to various settlements and towns in Upper Canada (known as [[Canada West]] from 1841 to 1867).

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-21T17:36:30Z

Mathieugp: /* Under British rule */

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian [[Marcel Trudel]] has recorded 4,092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2,692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2,077 slaves, compared to 1,059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières, Quebec|Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with black slaves.

In 1793, under the administration of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], legislation (the [[Act Against Slavery]]) was passed in Upper Canada that allowed for gradual abolition: slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be freed at age 25. The Act remained in force until 1833 when the [[British Parliament]]'s [[Slavery Abolition Act]] abolished slavery in all parts of the [[British Empire]]. Most of the emancipated slaves of African descent in Canada were then sent to settle [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] and those that remained primarily ended up in segregated communities such as [[Africville]] outside [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]. (Today there are four remaining slave [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in Canada: in [[Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality, Quebec|St.-Armand]], [[Quebec]], [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia]] and [[Princeville, Ontario|Princeville]] and [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Dresden]] in [[Ontario]].)

Around the time of the Emancipation, the Underground Railroad network was established in the United States, particularly [[Ohio]], where slaves would cross into the Northern States over the Ohio River en route to various settlements and towns in Upper Canada (known as [[Canada West]] from 1841 to 1867).

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-21T17:35:47Z

Mathieugp: Full revert to last version including mention of slavery under both French and British rule (October 4, 2006)

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian Marcel Trudel has recorded 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2,077 slaves, compared to 1,059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières, Quebec|Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with black slaves.

In 1793, under the administration of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], legislation (the [[Act Against Slavery]]) was passed in Upper Canada that allowed for gradual abolition: slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada, and children born to female slaves would be freed at age 25. The Act remained in force until 1833 when the [[British Parliament]]'s [[Slavery Abolition Act]] abolished slavery in all parts of the [[British Empire]]. Most of the emancipated slaves of African descent in Canada were then sent to settle [[Freetown]] in [[Sierra Leone]] and those that remained primarily ended up in segregated communities such as [[Africville]] outside [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]. (Today there are four remaining slave [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in Canada: in [[Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality, Quebec|St.-Armand]], [[Quebec]], [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia]] and [[Princeville, Ontario|Princeville]] and [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Dresden]] in [[Ontario]].)

Around the time of the Emancipation, the Underground Railroad network was established in the United States, particularly [[Ohio]], where slaves would cross into the Northern States over the Ohio River en route to various settlements and towns in Upper Canada (known as [[Canada West]] from 1841 to 1867).

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2006-10-23T15:44:41Z

Mathieugp: /* Base system */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[Unix|UNIX]]-compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system==
{| style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" class="wikitable"
! Name
! style="width:200px" | Description
! style="width:200px" | Provides
! Version [[#Notes|1]]
! Date [[#Notes|1]]
! Homepage
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]]
| the GNU UNIX compatible shell
| bash
| 3.2
| 11-10-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/bash gnu.org/software/bash]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[coreutils]]
| Base commands
| '''fileutils''': [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp (Unix)|cp]], [[dd (Unix)|dd]], [[df (Unix)|df]], [[dir]], [[du (Unix)|du]], [[ln (Unix)|ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm (Unix)|rm]] etc. 
'''textutils''': [[cat (Unix)|cat]], [[cksum]], [[head (Unix)|head]], [[Tail (Unix)|tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl (Unix)|nl]], [[oc (Unix)|oc]], [[pr (Unix)|pr]], [[tsort]], [[join (Unix)|join]], [[wc (Unix)|wc]], [[tac]], [[paste (Unix)|paste]] etc. 
'''shellutils''': [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date (Unix)|date]], [[dirname]], [[echo (computing)|echo]], [[env]], [[Group identifier (Unix)|groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice (Unix)|nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep (Unix)|sleep]] etc.
| 6.3
| 30-9-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils gnu.org/software/coreutils]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[cpio]]
| archiving program
| cpio
| 2.6
| 20-12-2004
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/cpio gnu.org/software/cpio]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[diffutils]]
| contains utilies to compare files
| [[diff]], [[cmp]], [[diff3]], [[sdiff]]
| 2.8.1
| 06-4-2002
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils gnu.org/software/diffutils]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[findutils]]
| contains search utilities
| [[find]], [[locate]], [[xargs]]
| 4.2.28
| 05-8-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils gnu.org/software/findutils]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Finger protocol|finger]]
| user information
| n/a
| 1.37
| 28-10-1992
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/finger gnu.org/software/finger]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[fontutils]]
| font management utilites
| n/a
| 0.7
| 02-4-2002
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils gnu.org/software/fontutils]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[grep]]
| search for strings in files
| grep
| 2.5.1a
| 19-11-2004
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/grep gnu.org/software/grep]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[groff]]
| document processing system (groff)
| groff
| 1.19.2
| 4-9-2005
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/troff gnu.org/software/troff]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[GNU GRUB|GRUB]] [[#Notes|2]]
| GRand Unified Bootloader
| grub
| 1.94
| 04-6-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub gnu.org/software/grub]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[gzip]]
| compression program (gzip)
| gzip
| 1.2.4a
| 05-9-1999
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip gnu.org/software/gzip]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[hurd]]
| a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel
| n/a
| 0.2?
| 12-6-1997
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd gnu.org/software/hurd]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[inetutils]]
| useful utils for networking
| [[File Transfer Protocol|ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
| 1.4.2
| 23-12-2002
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils gnu.org/software/inetutils]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[readline]]
| useful library for reading command lines
| readline
| 5.1_p4
| 09-12-2005, 16-3-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/readline gnu.org/software/readline]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[screen]]
| a terminal multiplexer
| screen
| 4.0.2
| 27-1-2004
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/screen gnu.org/software/screen]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[tar]]
| Archiver able to creates and handles file archives in various formats
| tar
| 1.16
| 21-10-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/tar gnu.org/software/tar]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[texinfo]]
| documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
| n/a
| 4.8a
| 26-9-2006
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo gnu.org/software/texinfo]
|-
! {{rh}} | [[time (Unix)|time]]
| program to determine the duration of execution of a particular command
| time
| 1.7
| 11-7-1996
| [http://www.gnu.org/software/time gnu.org/software/time]
|-
|}

==Notes==
# Stable versions. Note that some distros (e.g [[Gentoo]]) use some development versions in case the stable versions are a bit old.
# Note that [[GRUB]] does not have a stable version, since the program itself it's unstable, although many distros use it as default.

==Development==
#[[GNU build system]] - contains [[autoconf]], [[autogen]], and [[automake]]
#[[GNU Binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
#GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
#[[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]]s, including [[C programming language|C]], [[C++]], [[Fortran]], [[Ada programming language|Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
#[[GNU Debugger]] - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
#[[GNU C Library]] (glibc) - [[POSIX]] compliant [[C standard library|C library]] for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
#[[GNU pth]] - software threads for [[POSIX]]-compatible operating systems.
#GNU [[libtool]] - Shared library support
#[[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
#GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
#[[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
#[[GNU Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
#[[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
#[[GNU Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
#[[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]
#[[GNU indent]] - a program to indent C and C++ source code.
#[[GNU FriBidi]] - a library that implements [[Unicode]]'s [[Bi-directional text|Bidirectional Algorithm]]
#[[MIT/GNU Scheme]] - interpreter, compiler and library for the [[Scheme programming language]] developed at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
#[[SmartEiffel]] - The GNU [[Eiffel]] compiler
#[[GNU Common Lisp]] - an implementation of Common Lisp

==Graphical Desktop==
#[[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
#[[GTK+]] - the GIMP Toolkit, contains the GTK+, GDK, and GLib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
#[[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
#[[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

==Applications and utilities==
#[[GNU Alexandria]] - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
#[[GNU Anubis]] - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA ([[Mail User Agent]]) and the MTA ([[Mail Transport Agent]])
#[[GNU Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
#GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing statistics on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
#[[GNU Bayonne]] - Multi-line telephony services
#[[GNU Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
#[[GNU Parted]] - Partitioning program
#[[GNU Privacy Guard]] - [[Pretty Good Privacy|PGP]] encryption replacement
#GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
#[[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
#[[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers
#[[GnuTLS]] - [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] replacement protocol

==Scientific software==
#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GNU Scientific Library|GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GNU Multi-Precision Library|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]
#[[PSPP]] - a Free version of SPSS, a program for statistical analysis.
#[[GNU data language|GDL]] - GNU data language, compatible with [[IDL programming language|IDL]]

==Other==
#[[GNU Miscfiles]] - several data files including standard airport, country, and language codes
#[[GNU Chess]]
#[[GNU Go]]
#[[GnowSys]] - a kernel for semantic computing (a distributed agent oriented knowledge base.)
#[[Gnucap]] - the GNU Circuit Analysis Package

==See also==
{{portalpar|Free software}}
*[[GNU]]
*[[GNU Project]]
*[[GNU Hurd]]
*[[GNU/Linux]]
*[[Free software movement]]
*[[Free Software Foundation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
*[http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
*[http://www.gnu.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[Category:Lists of software|GNU packages]]
[[Category:GNU project software| ]]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]
[[fi:Luettelo GNU-paketeista]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2006-07-18T14:38:06Z

Mathieugp: /* Development */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[Unix|UNIX]]-compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system==
#GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
#GNU [[coreutils]] - combining three earlier packages:
#*GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp (Unix)|cp]], [[dd (Unix)|dd]], [[df (Unix)|df]], [[dir]], [[du (Unix)|du]], [[ln (Unix)|ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm (Unix)|rm]] etc.
#*GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat (Unix)|cat]], [[cksum]], [[head (Unix)|head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl (Unix)|nl]], [[oc (Unix)|oc]], [[pr (Unix)|pr]], [[tsort]], [[join (Unix)|join]], [[wc (Unix)|wc]], [[tac]], [[paste (Unix)|paste]] etc.
#*GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date (Unix)|date]], [[dirname]], [[echo (computing)|echo]], [[env]], [[Group identifier (Unix)|groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice (Unix)|nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep (Unix)|sleep]] etc.
#GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
#GNU [[diffutils]] - contains utilies to compare files: [[diff]], [[cmp]], [[diff3]], [[sdiff]]
#GNU [[findutils]] - contains search utilities: [[find]], [[locate]], [[xargs]]
#GNU [[Finger protocol|finger]] - user information
#GNU [[fontutils]] - font management utilites
#GNU [[tar (file format)|tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
#GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
#GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
#[[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
#GNU [[inetutils]] - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[File Transfer Protocol|ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
#[[GNU readline]] - useful library for reading command lines
#[[GNU Screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
#GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
#GNU [[time (Unix)|time]] - program to determine the duration of execution of a particular command
#[[GNU GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
#[[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==Development==
#[[GNU build system]] - contains [[autoconf]], [[autogen]], and [[automake]]
#[[GNU Binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
#GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
#[[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]]s, including [[C programming language|C]], [[C++]], [[Fortran]], [[Ada programming language|Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
#[[GNU Debugger]] - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
#[[GNU C Library]] (glibc) - [[POSIX]] compliant [[C standard library|C library]] for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
#[[GNU pth]] - software threads for [[POSIX]]-compatible operating systems.
#GNU [[libtool]] - Shared library support
#[[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
#GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
#[[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
#[[GNU Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
#[[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
#[[GNU Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
#[[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]
#[[GNU indent]] - a program to indent C and C++ source code.
#[[GNU FriBidi]] - a library that implements [[Unicode]]'s [[Bi-directional text|Bidirectional Algorithm]]
#[[MIT/GNU Scheme]] - interpreter, compiler and library for the [[Scheme programming language]] developed at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
#[[SmartEiffel]] - The GNU [[Eiffel]] compiler

==Graphical Desktop==
#[[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
#[[GTK+]] - the GIMP Toolkit, contains the GTK+, GDK, and GLib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
#[[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
#[[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

==Applications and utilities==
#[[GNU Alexandria]] - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
#[[GNU Anubis]] - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA ([[Mail User Agent]]) and the MTA ([[Mail Transport Agent]])
#[[GNU Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
#GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing statistics on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
#[[GNU Bayonne]] - Multi-line telephony services
#[[GNU Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
#[[GNU Parted]] - Partitioning program
#[[GNU Privacy Guard]] - [[Pretty Good Privacy|PGP]] encryption replacement
#GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
#[[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
#[[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers
#[[GnuTLS]] - [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] replacement protocol

==Scientific software==
#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GNU Scientific Library|GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GNU Multi-Precision Library|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]
#[[PSPP]] - a Free version of SPSS, a program for statistical analysis.
#[[GNU data language|GDL]] - GNU data language, compatible with [[IDL programming language|IDL™]]

==Other==
#[[GNU Miscfiles]] - several data files including standard airport, country, and language codes
#[[GNU Chess]]
#[[GNU Go]]
#[[GnowSys]] - a kernel for semantic computing (a distributed agent oriented knowledge base.)
#[[Gnucap]] - the GNU Circuit Analysis Package

==See also==
{{portalpar|Free software}}
*[[GNU]]
*[[GNU Project]]
*[[GNU/Hurd]]
*[[GNU/Linux]]
*[[Free software movement]]
*[[Free Software Foundation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
*[http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
*[http://www.gnu.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[Category:Lists of software|GNU packages]]
[[Category:GNU project software| ]]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]
[[fi:Luettelo GNU-paketeista]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2006-07-18T14:36:07Z

Mathieugp: /* Other */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[Unix|UNIX]]-compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system==
#GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
#GNU [[coreutils]] - combining three earlier packages:
#*GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp (Unix)|cp]], [[dd (Unix)|dd]], [[df (Unix)|df]], [[dir]], [[du (Unix)|du]], [[ln (Unix)|ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm (Unix)|rm]] etc.
#*GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat (Unix)|cat]], [[cksum]], [[head (Unix)|head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl (Unix)|nl]], [[oc (Unix)|oc]], [[pr (Unix)|pr]], [[tsort]], [[join (Unix)|join]], [[wc (Unix)|wc]], [[tac]], [[paste (Unix)|paste]] etc.
#*GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date (Unix)|date]], [[dirname]], [[echo (computing)|echo]], [[env]], [[Group identifier (Unix)|groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice (Unix)|nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep (Unix)|sleep]] etc.
#GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
#GNU [[diffutils]] - contains utilies to compare files: [[diff]], [[cmp]], [[diff3]], [[sdiff]]
#GNU [[findutils]] - contains search utilities: [[find]], [[locate]], [[xargs]]
#GNU [[Finger protocol|finger]] - user information
#GNU [[fontutils]] - font management utilites
#GNU [[tar (file format)|tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
#GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
#GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
#[[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
#GNU [[inetutils]] - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[File Transfer Protocol|ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
#[[GNU readline]] - useful library for reading command lines
#[[GNU Screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
#GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
#GNU [[time (Unix)|time]] - program to determine the duration of execution of a particular command
#[[GNU GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
#[[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==Development==
#[[GNU build system]] - contains [[autoconf]], [[autogen]], and [[automake]]
#[[GNU Binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
#GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
#[[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]]s, including [[C programming language|C]], [[C++]], [[Fortran]], [[Ada programming language|Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
#[[GNU Debugger]] - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
#[[GNU C Library]] (glibc) - [[POSIX]] compliant [[C standard library|C library]] for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
#[[GNU pth]] - software threads for [[POSIX]]-compatible operating systems.
#GNU [[libtool]] - Shared library support
#[[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
#GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
#[[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
#[[GNU Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
#[[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
#[[GNU Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
#[[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]
#[[GNU indent]] - a program to indent C and C++ source code.
#[[GNU FriBidi]] - a library that implements [[Unicode]]'s [[Bi-directional text|Bidirectional Algorithm]]
#[[MIT/GNU Scheme]] - interpreter, compiler and library for the [[Scheme programming language]] developed at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].

==Graphical Desktop==
#[[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
#[[GTK+]] - the GIMP Toolkit, contains the GTK+, GDK, and GLib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
#[[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
#[[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

==Applications and utilities==
#[[GNU Alexandria]] - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
#[[GNU Anubis]] - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA ([[Mail User Agent]]) and the MTA ([[Mail Transport Agent]])
#[[GNU Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
#GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing statistics on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
#[[GNU Bayonne]] - Multi-line telephony services
#[[GNU Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
#[[GNU Parted]] - Partitioning program
#[[GNU Privacy Guard]] - [[Pretty Good Privacy|PGP]] encryption replacement
#GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
#[[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
#[[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers
#[[GnuTLS]] - [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] replacement protocol

==Scientific software==
#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GNU Scientific Library|GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GNU Multi-Precision Library|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]
#[[PSPP]] - a Free version of SPSS, a program for statistical analysis.
#[[GNU data language|GDL]] - GNU data language, compatible with [[IDL programming language|IDL™]]

==Other==
#[[GNU Miscfiles]] - several data files including standard airport, country, and language codes
#[[GNU Chess]]
#[[GNU Go]]
#[[GnowSys]] - a kernel for semantic computing (a distributed agent oriented knowledge base.)
#[[Gnucap]] - the GNU Circuit Analysis Package

==See also==
{{portalpar|Free software}}
*[[GNU]]
*[[GNU Project]]
*[[GNU/Hurd]]
*[[GNU/Linux]]
*[[Free software movement]]
*[[Free Software Foundation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
*[http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
*[http://www.gnu.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[Category:Lists of software|GNU packages]]
[[Category:GNU project software| ]]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]
[[fi:Luettelo GNU-paketeista]]

Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec

2006-03-16T16:19:23Z

Mathieugp: link to a newspaper article

The '''Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec''' manages public [[pension]] plans in the [[Canadian]] province of [[Québec]]. It was founded in [[1965]] by an act of the [[National Assembly of Québec|National Assembly]].

[[As of 2004|As of December 31, 2004]], depositors' net assets totalled [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]102.4 billion, and the Caisse’s total assets under management amounted to CA$174.7 billion.

The Caisse is headquartered in [[Quebec City]] and has a business office in [[Montreal]].

==References==
*[http://www.cdpcapital.com/default.aspx Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]
*[http://www.hoovers.com/caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec/--ID__58136--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml?cm_ven=PAID&cm_cat=INK&cm_pla=CO1&cm_ite=caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec Profile from Hoover's]
*http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/10/caisse_030310 Caisse de depot posts $8.55 billion investment loss in 2002, from CBC News]
*[http://www.ledevoir.com/2006/03/16/104429.html ''Quarante ans de présence - La Caisse de dépôt et placement ou le génie québécois'' Le Devoir, March 16, 2006] (in French)

[[Category:Quebec]]
[[Category:Retirement in Canada]]
[[fr:Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]]

Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec

2006-03-16T16:13:20Z

Mathieugp: Link to French language article

The '''Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec''' manages public [[pension]] plans in the [[Canadian]] province of [[Québec]]. It was founded in [[1965]] by an act of the [[National Assembly of Québec|National Assembly]].

[[As of 2004|As of December 31, 2004]], depositors' net assets totalled [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]102.4 billion, and the Caisse’s total assets under management amounted to CA$174.7 billion.

The Caisse is headquartered in [[Quebec City]] and has a business office in [[Montreal]].

==References==
*[http://www.cdpcapital.com/default.aspx Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]
*[http://www.hoovers.com/caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec/--ID__58136--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml?cm_ven=PAID&cm_cat=INK&cm_pla=CO1&cm_ite=caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec Profile from Hoover's]
*http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/10/caisse_030310 Caisse de depot posts $8.55 billion investment loss in 2002, from CBC News]

[[Category:Quebec]]
[[Category:Retirement in Canada]]
[[fr:Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2005-01-21T15:30:41Z

Mathieugp: refactoring to allow for future expansion

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. Among the European settlements, slavery appeared soon after the colonies were founded in the early [[1600s]]. Most of their [[slavery|slaves]] were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour.

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]]; the year was [[1628]]. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

By the early [[1700s]], [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in [[1759]], there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Under British rule==

The British aristocracy also brought African slaves. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian Marcel Trudel has recorded 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 Blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2077 slaves, compared to 1059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with Black slaves.

In [[1793]], under the leadership of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], a bill had been passed by the [[Legislature]] of Upper Canada making it illegal to bring a person into the colony to be enslaved. Slavery formally ended in the two Canadas in [[1834]] after the [[British Parliament]] passed an act abolishing the institution throughout the [[British Empire|Empire]].

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:Canadian history]][[Category:Slavery]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2004-10-27T12:45:37Z

Mathieugp: wikified dates

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by the [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. Among the European settlements, slavery appeared soon after the colonies were founded in the early [[1600s]]. Most of their [[slavery|slaves]] were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour.

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]]; the year was [[1628]]. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]]. By the early [[1700s]], [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in [[1759]], there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec. Of course the British aristocracy had African slaves also. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian Marcel Trudel has recorded 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 Blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2077 slaves, compared to 1059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with Black slaves.

In [[1793]], under the leadership of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], a bill had been passed by the [[Legislature]] of Upper Canada making it illegal to bring a person into the colony to be enslaved. Slavery formally ended in the two Canadas in [[1834]] after the British [[Parliament]] passed an act abolishing the institution throughout the [[British Empire|Empire]].

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:Canadian history]][[Category:Slavery]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2004-10-27T12:40:15Z

Mathieugp: vandalism: reverted to lst version by Indefatigable

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by the [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. Among the white settlements, slavery appeared soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slaves]] were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour.

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]]; the year was 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]]. By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec. Of course the British aristocracy had African slaves also. Just after the [[American Revolution]] ended in 1783, British [[Loyalist|Loyalists]] brought over 2,000 African slaves to British [[Canada]]. Approximately 1,200 of the African slaves were taken to [[Nova Scotia]], 300 to Quebec ([[Lower Canada]]) and 500 to [[Ontario]] ([[Upper Canada]]). A few others were taken to [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Cape Breton Island]], and [[Newfoundland_and_Labrador|Newfoundland]].

Historian Marcel Trudel has recorded 4092 slaves throughout Canadian history, of which 2692 were aboriginal people, owned mostly by the [[France|French]], and 1400 Blacks owned mostly by the British, together owned by approximately 1400 masters.

The region of [[Montreal]] dominated with 2077 slaves, compared to 1059 for [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] overall and 114 for [[Trois-Rivières]]. Several marriages took place between French colonists and slaves: 31 unions with aboriginal slaves and 8 with Black slaves.

In 1793, under the leadership of Lieutenant Governor [[John Graves Simcoe]], a bill had been passed by the [[Legislature]] of Upper Canada making it illegal to bring a person into the colony to be enslaved. Slavery formally ended in the two Canadas in 1834 after the British [[Parliament]] passed an act abolishing the institution throughout the [[British Empire|Empire]].

==See also==

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:Canadian history]][[Category:Slavery]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T18:08:48Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# [[GNU Alexandria]] - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# [[GNU Anubis]] - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# [[GNU bayonne]] - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU [[parted]] - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Movement]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
* [http://www.fsf.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T18:07:42Z

Mathieugp: /* Applications and utilities */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# [[GNU Alexandria]] - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# [[GNU Anubis]] - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# [[GNU bayonne]] - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU [[parted]] - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
* [http://www.fsf.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T18:07:02Z

Mathieugp: /* Graphical Desktop */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals [[Photoshop]]
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
* [http://www.fsf.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T18:03:08Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]
* [http://www.fsf.org/people/people.html GNU's Who - List of GNU contributors]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:58:55Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tape archiving program (tar)
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - document processing system (groff)
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:57:59Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - groff
# [[gzip|GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:57:42Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[chgrp]], [[chown]], [[chmod]], [[cp]], [[dd]], [[df]], [[dir]], [[du]], [[ln]], [[ls]], [[mkdir]], [[mkfifo]], [[mknod]], [[mv]], [[rm]] etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[cat]], [[cksum]], [[head]], [[tail]], [[md5sum]], [[nl]], [[oc]], [[pr]], [[tsort]], [[join]], [[wc]], [[tac]], [[paste] etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[basename]], [[chroot]], [[date]], [[dirname]], [[echo]], [[env]], [[groups]], [[hostname]], [[nice]], [[nohup]], [[printf]], [[sleep]] etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - groff
# [[GNU zip]] - compression program (gzip)
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:47:45Z

Mathieugp: /* Development */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# [[GNU binutils]] - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# [[GNU m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:45:49Z

Mathieugp: /* Development */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# [[GNU build system]] - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU [[m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:42:44Z

Mathieugp: /* Base system */

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU [[troff]] - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU [[texinfo]] - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# GNU build system - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU [[m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-23T17:41:09Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

== Base system ==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU [[cpio]] - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU [[tar]] - tar archiving program
# GNU [[grep]] - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# [[GNU readline]] - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU [[GRUB]] - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

== Development ==

# GNU build system - contains [[Autoconf]], [[Autogen]], and [[Automake]]
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU [[make]] - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU [[m4]] - Macro processor
# GNU [[Gettext]] - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Applications and utilities ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU [[Aspell]] - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU [[Emacs]] - the Emacs editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific software ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-12T15:51:51Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==Development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[GNU]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-12T15:49:41Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the [[software package]]s developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[free software|free]] [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these software packages are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==Development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# [[Glibc|GNU libc]] - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Network Object Model Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

[[fr:Liste des paquets GNU]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-08T13:37:19Z

Mathieugp: /* Graphical Desktop packages */

This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[UNIX]] compatible operating system whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these programs are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==GNU development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# GNU libc - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# [[GIMP]] - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# [[GTK]]+ - the GIMP ToolKit, contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Object Modelling Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== GNU application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-08T13:33:35Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a [[UNIX]] compatible operating system whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these programs are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: [[ftp]], [[telnet]], [[rsh]], [[rlogin]], [[tftp]]
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==GNU development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# GNU libc - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# GNU GIMP - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# GNU [[GTK+]] - the GIMP ToolKit contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Object Modelling Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== GNU application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-04T15:46:08Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a UNIX compatible operating system whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these programs are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: ftp, telnet, rsh, rlogin, tftp
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==GNU development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# GNU libc - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# GNU GIMP - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# GNU [[GTK+]] - the GIMP ToolKit contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Object Modelling Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== GNU application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

== See also ==

* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU/Hurd]]
* [[GNU/Linux]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.gnu.org/directory/GNU/ FSF/UNESCO Free Software Directory - All GNU Packages]
* [http://savannah.gnu.org/ Savannah - host for all GNU package sources]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-03T22:02:33Z

Mathieugp: /* Widely used application and utility packages */

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-03T22:01:31Z

Mathieugp:

This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a UNIX compatible operating system whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these programs are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - archiving program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: ftp, telnet, rsh, rlogin, tftp
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU texinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==GNU development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# GNU libc - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# GNU GIMP - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# GNU [[GTK+]] - the GIMP ToolKit contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Object Modelling Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Widely used application and utility packages ==

# GNU Alexandria - package of the GNU system that makes use of GNU Bayonne to provide a means to deliver access to electronic content and services for the blind over the public telephone network from a GNU/Linux server
# GNU Anubis - outgoing mail processor that sits between the MUA (Mail User Agent) and the MTA (Mail Transport Agent)
# GNU Aspell - spell checker designed to eventually replace [[Ispell]]
# GNU Accounting Utils - set of utilities providing stats on users and processes for GNU/Linux (last, ac, accton, lastcomm, sa, dump-utmp, dump-acct)
# GNU bayonne - Multi-line telephony services
# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]

Liste der GNU-Pakete

2004-07-03T15:28:54Z

Mathieugp: /* GNU development packages */

This is a list of the software packages developed for or maintained by the [[Free Software Foundation]] for [[GNU]], a UNIX compatible operating system whose development started in [[1984]]. Many of these programs are today included as part of typical [[GNU/Linux distribution]]s.

==Base system packages==

# GNU [[Bourne-Again shell|Bash]] - the GNU UNIX compatible shell
# GNU fileutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: chgrp, chown, chmod, cp, dd, df, dir, du, ln, ls, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, rm etc.
# GNU textutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: cat, cksum, head, tail, md5sum, nl, oc, pr, tsort, join, wc, tac, paste etc.
# GNU shellutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: basename, chroot, date, dirname, echo, env, groups, hostname, nice, nohup, printf, sleep etc.
# GNU cpio - compression program
# GNU diffutils - contains utilies to compare files
# GNU findutils - contains search utilities
# GNU finger - user information
# GNU fontutils - font management utilites
# GNU tar - tar archiving program
# GNU grep - search for strings in files
# GNU troff - groff
# GNU zip - compression program
# GNU inetutils - contains UNIX compatible commands: ftp, telnet, rsh, rlogin, tftp
# GNU readline - library useful for reading command lines
# [[GNU screen]] - a terminal multiplexer
# GNU textinfo - documentation system for producing online and printed manuals
# GNU time - program for setting the computer clock
# GNU GRUB - GRand Unified Bootloader
# [[GNU Hurd]] - a [[microkernel]]-based set of servers that perform the same function as a UNIX kernel

==GNU development packages ==

# GNU build system - contains Autoconf, Autogen, and Automake
# GNU binutils - contains the GNU assembler (as) and the GNU linker (ld)
# GNU make - the Make program for GNU
# [[GNU Compiler Collection]] - optimizing [[compiler]] for many [[programming language]], including [[C programming language|C]], C++, [[Fortran]], [[Ada]], and [[Java]].
# GNU debugger - an advanced [[debugger]] (gdb)
# GNU libc - [[POSIX]] compliant C library for GNU/Hurd and GNU/Linux
# GNU pth - software threads for UNIX compatible OSes
# GNU libtool - Shared library support
# GNU m4 - Macro processor
# GNU Gettext - internationalization library
# [[DotGNU]] - replacement for [[Microsoft .NET]]
# GNU [[Classpath]] - libraries for [[Java programming language|Java]]
# [[GNU bison]] - [[parser generator]] intended to replace [[yacc]]
# [[Guile]] - embeddable [[Scheme programming language|Scheme]] interpreter
# [[Binary File Descriptor|BFD]] - object file [[Library (computer science)|library]]
# [[GNU MDK]] - a development kit for programming in [[MIX]]

== Graphical Desktop packages ==

# GNU GIMP - the GNU Image Manipulation Program is a bitmap image editor that rivals Photoshop
# GNU [[GTK+]] - the GIMP ToolKit contains the GTK, GDK, and glib set of libraries (used by the GIMP and GNOME)
# [[GNOME]] - the GNU Object Modelling Environment, the official GNU Desktop
# [[GNUstep]] - implementation of the [[OpenStep]] libraries and development tools for graphical applications

== Widely used application and utility packages ==

# GNU Emacs - the [[Emacs]] editor of the GNU operating system
# GNU parted - Partitionning program
# GNU [[wget]] - advanced file retrieval from networks and the Internet
# [[GNUnet]] - decentralized, peer-to-peer communication network designed to be resistant to censorship
# [[GNU Robots]] - small but addictive game for computer programmers

== Scientific packages ==

#[[GNU Octave]] - a program for numerical computations similar to [[MATLAB]]
#[[GSL]] - the GNU Scientific Library
#[[GMP (software)|GMP]] - [[arbitrary precision]] numerical calculation programming [[Library (computer science)|library]]
#[[Maxima]] - a [[computer algebra system]]