Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Engadine

2014-02-11T03:22:24Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the [[Corregidor Island|island of Corregidor]] to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the ''Corregidor'' entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

The total number of victims is unknown. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T08:01:30Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the [[Corregidor Island|island of Corregidor]] to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

The total number of victims are unknown. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:49:01Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the [[Corregidor Island|island of Corregidor]] to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

The total number of victims are unknown. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:43:01Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */ word variety

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the [[Corregidor Island|island of Corregidor]] to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

The total number of victims are unknown. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:35:45Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the [[Corregidor Island|island of Corregidor]] to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:24:55Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */ sentence structure changes, wikilink

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at [[Sisiman Cove]] heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When the crews arrived they found the wreckage and survivors and worked to save as many of the passengers as possible–when they had finished, the three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:21:00Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS ''Corregidor'' left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:18:34Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Aftermath */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS ''Corregidor'' when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:09:57Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel [[Paul Bunker]] ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:08:07Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS ''Corregidor''====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:07:15Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */ self-editing. Some were apparently covered in oil, but I made kind of a wishy-washy statement here

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T07:01:04Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* References */ alphabetize

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor|journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:57:57Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']]) to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:57:26Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Sinking of the SS Corregidor */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====
At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
{{Quote box |quote = "The Army and the Filipino skippers had long been butting heads. All the channels out of Manila Bay had been mined for many months. At this time, the mining was strictly up to date and operational. At 1 AM on 16 December, the SS Corregidor, carrying 760 refugees, attempted to go thru the mine field without asking clearance. This request would have been granted. The Lieutenant who was on watch in the mine casement, on sighting the SS Corregidor called his superior, who in turn, called the seaward defense commander, Col. Bunker, requesting information as to whether he should de-activate the contact mines in the channel. With a lifetime of experience with the Filipino, going back to the '98 Insurrection, Col. Bunker said 'No!' My first knowledge of this affair came when my duty watch called me at 12:55 AM. The Corregidor had struck one of our mines and in the four or five minutes it took to reach my battery command post, the vessel had sunk. (...) Thereafter, we had no trouble with unauthorized Filipino boats attempting to traverse the channel" |source = Captain George Steiger: A POW Diary[http://www.fsteiger.com/gsteipow.html] |width = 50% |align = right }}
When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:35:09Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the ''Corregidor'' was the most [[List of maritime disasters in the Philippines|significant maritime disaster in Philippine history]], and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:31:16Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Aftermath */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the [[Visayan-Mindanao Force]] were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:24:37Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of [[Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three|MTB Squadron 3]] posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:20:47Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */ ref fixes

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 75</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:16:43Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Rescue */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref> Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. (At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Hartendorp; A.V.H, p. 350</ref>{{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:14:32Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* References */ Fixed Reference

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives. Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. ( At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>(Hartendorp){{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = September | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:13:06Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* References */

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives. Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. ( At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>(Hartendorp){{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Hartendorp| first = A.V.H.|date = Sept. 1953| title = The Sinking of the SS Corregidor| journal= The American Chamber of Commerce Journal| publisher = Manila| volume = | issue = | pages= 350–352| doi =}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Engadine

2014-02-10T06:05:45Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Postwar career */ expanded

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{otherships|HMS Engadine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Engadine.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=''Engadine'' at anchor, 1915, with a [[Short Brothers]] [[seaplane]] on her stern
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=[[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]
|Ship builder=[[William Denny and Brothers]], [[Dumbarton]], Scotland
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=23 September 1911
|Ship in service=
|Ship completed=1911
|Ship fate=Leased to Royal Navy, 11 August 1914
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=HMS ''Engadine''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship acquired=11 August 1914 February 1915 (purchased)
|Ship commissioned=1 September 1914
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Sold back to owners, December 1919
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship name= SS ''Engadine''
|Ship owner=South East and Chatham Railway/[[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]]
|Ship acquired=December 1919
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship completed=
|Ship fate=Sold, 1932
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|1912}}
|Ship renamed=SS ''Corregidor''
|Ship owner= Fernandez Hermanos, Inc.
|Ship fate=Sunk by [[naval mine|mine]], 17 December 1941
|Ship acquired=1933
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as of 1918)
|Ship type=[[Seaplane carrier]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|2550|LT|t}} ([[deep load]])
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|1676|first=yes}}
|Ship length={{convert|323|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|41|ft|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} 6 [[water-tube boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts 3 [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship complement=197
|Ship armament=4 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]] 2 × [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s
|Ship aircraft=4 × [[seaplane]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Engadine''''' was a [[seaplane tender]] which served in the Royal Navy (RN) during [[World War I]]. Converted from the cross-[[English Channel|Channel]] [[packet ship]] SS ''Engadine'', she was initially fitted with temporary [[hangar]]s for three [[seaplane]]s for [[aerial reconnaissance]] and bombing missions in the [[North Sea]]. She participated in the unsuccessful [[Cuxhaven Raid]] in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Battlecruiser Fleet]] in late 1915 and participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a major naval battle. She was transferred to the [[Mediterranean]] in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. ''Engadine'' was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS ''Corregidor''. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a [[naval mine|mine]] in December 1941 during the [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|invasion of the Philippines]] at the beginning of the [[Pacific War]].

==Description==
''Engadine'' had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|323|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}}, and a mean [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|8|in|1|m}}.<ref name=f4/> She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|2550|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]<ref name=f4>Friedman, p. 364</ref> and was rated at {{GRT|1676|first=yes}}. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive [[steam turbine]]s drove one [[propeller shaft]]. The ship's six [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s generated enough steam to produce {{convert|13800|shp|kW|lk=in}} from the turbines,<ref name=l8/> enough for a designed speed of {{convert|21.5|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=f0>Friedman, p. 30</ref> ''Engadine'' carried {{convert|400|t|LT}} of coal,<ref name=l8>Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> enough to give her a range of {{convert|1250|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

==Construction and service==
SS ''Engadine'' was [[Keel|laid down]] by [[William Denny and Brothers]] at their [[Dumbarton]], Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway|South East and Chatham Railway]]'s [[Folkestone]]-[[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] run. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the [[Admiralty]] on 11 August 1914,<ref>Hobbs, pp. 21, 31; Layman 1989, p. 38</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 1 September after she was modified to handle [[seaplane]]s by [[Chatham Dockyard]]. Three canvas [[hangar]]s were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly-installed [[derrick]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 30, 32, Hobbs, p. 21</ref> In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and enlisted men, including 53 aviation personnel.<ref name=l8/>

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, ''Engadine'' was assigned to the [[Harwich Force]] along with the seaplane tenders {{HMS|Empress|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}.<ref name=l80>Layman 1989, pp. 38, 40</ref> On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name=f2/> Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three [[Water landing|ditched]] safely<ref name=f2>Friedman, p. 32</ref> and were recovered by a British submarine<ref>Barnes & James, p. 98</ref> and the Dutch trawler ''Marta van Hattem''.<ref>{{cite journal|date=8 January 1915|title=The Rescue of Flight Commander Hewlett|journal=Flight|volume=No. 315|issue=8 January 1915|pages=p. 24|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1915/1915%20-%200024.html|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> A notable member of her crew was [[Robert Erskine Childers]] who served an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>Piper, p. 153</ref>

''Engadine'' was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty<ref>Hobbs, p. 31</ref> and she was modified by [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] at [[Liverpool]] from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear [[superstructure]] and a pair of [[crane (machine)|crane]]s were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out out of the water.<ref name=l8/> Four [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder 12 cwt guns]],<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> each with 130 rounds, and two [[Vickers]] [[Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers|QF 3-pounder]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence.<ref name=f2/> She also carried a [[pigeon loft]] that housed [[carrier pigeon]]s to be used by her aircraft if their [[wireless]] was broken.<ref>Hobbs, p. 22</ref>

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, ''Engadine'' and ''Riviera'' attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the [[Ems (river)|River Ems]] and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of ''Engadine''{{'}}s three [[Sopwith Schneider]] [[floatplane]]s that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on take off and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to [[Vice Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]]'s Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at [[Rosyth]] in October. Later that month ''Engadine'' carried out trials on high-speed towing of [[kite balloon]]s for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.<ref name=f34>Friedman, p. 34</ref>

===Battle of Jutland===
{{main|Battle of Jutland}}
On 30 May 1916, ''Engadine'' was attached to the [[3rd Light Cruiser Squadron]], commanded by Rear Admiral [[Trevylyan Napier]], and carried two [[Short Type 184]] and two [[Sopwith Baby]] floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babys were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. ''Engadine'' accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the [[vanguard]] was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' [[wake]]s was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 94–95</ref>

Beatty ordered ''Engadine'' to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant [[Frederick Rutland]] took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled ''Engadine'' that they had spotted three German [[cruiser]]s and five [[destroyer]]s at 15:30. These were ships from the [[II Scouting Group]], leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to [[Taxiing|taxi]] to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, {{HMS|Moresby|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslow|1916|2}}, that had been ordered to protect ''Engadine'' while she was stationary had reached her. ''Engadine'' attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's [[flagship]] and the flagship of the [[5th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|5th Battle Squadron]], but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 96–98</ref>

The {{convert|14000|LT|t|adj=on}} [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Warrior (1905)|''Warrior'']] had been crippled by numerous hits by German [[battleship]]s around 18:30 and fell in with ''Engadine'' 10 minutes later. The former's [[rudder]] had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 ''Engadine'' attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making {{convert|8|kn}} while her turbines were making revolutions for {{convert|19|kn}}. Early the following morning ''Warrior''{{'}}s progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Vincent Molteno]] ordered his ship abandoned after ''Engadine'' came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of ''Warrior''{{'}}s guns punctured ''Engadine''{{'}}s hull below the [[waterline]] as the former ship [[ship motions|rolled]] in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and enlisted men successfully made it to the much smaller ''Engadine'' which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from [[capsizing]]. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal for Lifesaving]] in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and ''Warrior'' sank shortly afterwards.<ref>Layman 1990, pp. 98–99, 101</ref> ''Engadine'' remained with the BCF until early 1918 when she was transferred to the [[Mediterranean Fleet]]. She was based out of [[Malta]], conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 43; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

===Postwar career===
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. ''Engadine'' was transferred to the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] in 1923 when the British railroads were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the [[Philippines]] in 1933 and renamed SS ''Corregidor''.<ref>Hobbs, p. 32; Layman 1989, p. 40</ref>

==== Sinking of the SS Corregidor====

At 10 o’clock PM on the 16th of December, 1941, the SS Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 to 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy’s Inshore Patrol of the ship’s plan to cross the entrance to the bay.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref><ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the ''Corregidor'' had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed procedure on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through the minefield.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

As the ''Corregidor'' moved close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 1 o’clock in the morning, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army’s Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the mine field. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

When the Corregidor entered the mine field with a cargo of passengers, live ammunition and military weapons, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded craft quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island lit the scene.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

Later, some Army officers would report that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>
====Rescue====

Soldiers of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three [[PT boat]]s ([[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-32|''PT-32'']], [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-34|''PT-34'']] and [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-35|''PT-35'']] to investigate. When they arrived they found the wreckage and survivors, many of whom were covered in oil. The crews worked to save as many of the passengers as possible. The three boats were able to retrieve 296 survivors. Many of the badly injured were transported to hospitals in Manila.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref> Seven of the retrieved passengers later died from their injuries.<ref name=USNChron1941>Cressman</ref>{{#tag:ref|Gordon gives 296 survivors.<ref>Gordon, p. 75</ref>|group=Note}}

It is unknown how many died. It has been estimated that 900-1,200 lost their lives. Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. ( At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history, and one of the greatest maritime disasters in the world that did not occur as a result of military or navel action.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>(Hartendorp){{#tag:ref|The mine might have been laid by the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-124|''I-124'']].<ref>Rohwer, p. 258</ref>|group=Note}}

====Aftermath====

A majority of the artillery allocated to the Visayan-Mindanao Force were on board the SS Corregidor when it sank. As a result, eight 2.95-inch weapons served as the entire artillery force for three Philippine Army divisions stationed in the southern islands. Medical supplies and other military equipment were also lost. <ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

The incident was never properly investigated.<ref>Cressman; Gordon, p. 73</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last1=Barnes|first1=Christopher H.|last2=James|first2=Derek N. |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1989|isbn=0-85177-819-4|lastauthoramp=1}}
*{{cite book | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/| title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | chapter = Chapter III: 1941 | chapterurl = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-Chron/USN-Chron-1941.html | first = Robert | last = Cressman | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-55750-149-3 | oclc = 41977179}}
*{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=John|title=Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippine|year=2011|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-062-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Warship 1990|editor=Gardiner, Robert|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-903-4|chapter=Engadine at Jutland|last=Layman|first=R. D.}}
* {{cite book | last = Piper | first = Leonard | title = Dangerous Waters: The Life and Death of Erskine Childers (aka The Tragedy of Erskine Childers) | publisher=Hambledon | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-85285-392-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Axis Submarine Successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese Submarine Successes, 1939 – 1945|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-029-0}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|HMS Engadine (ship, 1911)|HMS Engadine}}

{{SECR Ships}}
{{SR ships}}

{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engadine}}
[[Category:Seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Clyde-built ships]]
[[Category:1911 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War I aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the Southern Railway (Great Britain)]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by mines]]

Projekt A119

2011-09-10T05:58:41Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Consequences */

[[File:Study of Lunar Research Flights - Vol I - Cover.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of ''A Study of Lunar Research Flights - Volume I'']]
'''Project A119''' or "A Study of Lunar Research Flights" was a top-secret plan developed in the late 1950s by the [[United States Air Force]] with the intention of detonating a nuclear bomb on the moon. It is assumed that the purpose of such an act would demonstrate the superiority of the [[United States]] over the [[Soviet Union]] and the rest of the world during the [[Cold War]].
The details concerning the project came from a retired executive at [[NASA]], Dr. [[Leonard Reiffel]], who led the project in 1958. A young [[Carl Sagan]] joined the team responsible for researching the theoretical effects of a nuclear explosion in low gravity.

Project A119 was never carried out, ostensibly due to the fact that a moon landing would be a much more acceptable achievement in the eyes of the American population. The project documents remained secret for nearly 45 years and even with Reiffel's revelations at the beginning of the 2000s, the US government has never officially recognized his involvement in the study.

==Background==

During the Cold War, the [[Soviet Union]] took the lead in the [[space race]] with the launch of [[Sputnik]] on October 4, 1957. Sputnik was the first artificial satellite in Earth orbit, and the surprise of its successful launch, compounded by the resounding failure of [[Project Vanguard]] to launch an American satellite after two separate attempts, sparked the [[Sputnik crisis]] and laid the beginnings of the [[space race]]. Trying to reclaim lost ground, the United States embarked on a series of new projects and studies, giving rise to the launch of [[Explorer 1]], the creation of [[DARPA]] and [[NASA]], amongst other advances.<ref name="Background">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html |title=50th Anniversary of the Space Age |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>

==The project==

Project A119 was one of several possibilities being investigated in the early days of the space race. In May 1958, the [[IIT Research Institute|Armor Research Foundation]], based in the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] and funded by the [[United States Army]], began covertly researching the consequences of an atomic explosion on the moon. The main objective of the program, which ran under the responsibility of the United States Air Force, was the detonation of a device, nuclear or otherwise, in order to cause an explosion which would be visible from Earth. It was hoped that such a display would boost the morale of the American people, which had been shaken by the advantages gained by the Soviets.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2000/may/14/spaceexploration.theobserver |title=US planned one big nuclear blast for mankind |publisher=''[[The Guardian]]'' |date=May 14, 2000 |first=Antony |last=Barnett |accessdate=September 8, 2011}}</ref>

The project was likely influenced by similar study initiated by the [[RAND Corporation]] in 1956, whose results remain secret to this day. A similar idea was also put forward by [[Edward Teller]], the "father of the H-bomb", who proposed in February 1957 to detonate an atomic device some distance from the lunar surface in order to scientifically analyze the effects and disruption caused by the explosion.<ref name="Lunar Exploration">{{cite book|last1=Ulivi|first1=Paolo |last2=Harland|first2=David Michael |last3=Zhou|first3=Chaochen |title=Lunar Exploration: Human Pioneers and Robotic Surveyors|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W1f4TvNUwLsC|pages=19–21|year=2004|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-85233-746-9}}</ref>

===Research===

Led by Dr. [[Leonard Reiffel]], a team of ten people were gathered in Chicago to study the visibility of the explosion, its potential benefits to science and its implications for the lunar surface. Among the members of the research team was [[Carl Sagan]], who was responsible for the mathematical projection of the expansion of a dust cloud in space around the moon, which was an essential element in determining its visibility from Earth.<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT">{{cite web |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10716FD3A5F0C758DDDAC0894D8404482 |title=U.S. Planned Nuclear Blast On the Moon, Physicist Says |first=William J |last=Broad |date=May 16, 2000 |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

Scientists initially considered utilising a [[Teller–Ulam design|hydrogen bomb]] for the project; however, the US Air Force vetoed this idea due to the weight of such a device, as it would need to be propelled over {{convert|375000|km|miles|abbr=off}}. It was then decided to use a device similar in [[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] to the [[Little Boy]] bomb dropped on the Japanese city of [[Hiroshima]] in 1945, determining that it could be carried by a rocket toward the [[dark side of the Moon]], near to the [[terminator (solar)|terminator]], where it would be detonated on impact. with So the mushroom cloud resulting from the explosion would be lit by the sun and are therefore visible from Earth.<ref name="Lunar Exploration"/><ref name="NYT"/> According to Dr. Reiffel, the progress made in the development of [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s by the Air Force would have made such a launch feasible by 1959.<ref name="Post Gazette">{{cite news |title=U.S. considered lunar a-bomb blast |author=Associated Press |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_IcNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rW8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6998,5299680 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=May 18, 2000 |page=7 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

===Cancellation===

The project was eventually cancelled in January 1959, seemingly for fear of the negative public opinion it may have caused. The possible risk to the population should anything have gone wrong with the launch was also a factor; as was the possible implications that the [[nuclear fallout]] may have future research projects and [[Colonization of the Moon|lunar colonization]].<ref name="Post Gazette"/><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |title=U.S. Weighed A-Blast on Moon in 1950s |author=Associated Press |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/may/18/news/mn-313950 |publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' |date=May 18, 2000 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

==Soviet program==

Another major factor in the project's conception may have been the rumor published in late 1957 that the Soviet Union was planning to launch a hydrogen bomb at the Moon. It had been reported in the press at the time that an anonymous source had talked to a [[United States Secret Service]] agent, divulging that the Soviets planned to commemorate the anniversary of the [[October Revolution]] by launching a nuclear device at the Moon to coincide with an eclipse due to occur on November 7. News reports of the rumored launch included mention of targeting the dark side of the terminator, a detail which was key to Project A119; it was also reported that a failure to hit the Moon would likely result in the missile returning to Earth, which had been a factor in the project's cancellation.<ref name="Pittsburgh Press">{{cite news |title=Latest Red Rumor: They'll Bomb Moon |first=Joseph L |last=Myler |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5kUqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bk4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5584,131807 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Press]] |date=November 1, 1957 |page=13 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

Later reports show that the Soviet plan did indeed existed, but differed from the scenario reported in the press. Started in January 1958, the project was part of a series of proposals under the codename "E". Project E-1 entailed plans to reach the Moon, whilst projects E-2 and E-3 involved sending a probe around the far side of the moon to take a series of photographs of its surface. The final stage of the project, E-4, was intended to launch a nuclear strike against the Moon as a display of force. As with the American plan, the E series of projects was cancelled whilst still in its planning stages due to concerns regarding the safety and reliabilty of the launch vehicle.<ref name="Sven Grahn">{{cite web |url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/E3/E3orig.htm |title=The original E-3 project - exploding a nuclear bomb on the Moon |first=Aleksandr |last=Zheleznyakov |publisher=Sven Grahn |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref><ref name="IOL">{{cite web |url = http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/russia-wanted-nuclear-bomb-on-moon-1.4078 |title=Russia wanted nuclear bomb on moon |first=Adam |last=Tanner |date=July 9, 1999 |accessdate=September 9, 2011 |publisher=''[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]''}}</ref>

==Consequences==

[[File:Carl Sagan Planetary Society.JPG|thumb|Project A119 came to light due to research carried out for a biography of [[Carl Sagan]].]]

The signing of the [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]] in 1963 and the [[Outer Space Treaty]] in 1967 would prevent future exploration of the concept. However, by this time both the United States and the Soviet Union had performed several [[high-altitude nuclear explosion]]s, including those of [[Operation Hardtack I]], [[Operation Argus]], [[Operation Dominic I and II]] and [[The K Project]].<ref name="Lunar Exploration"/>

By 1969 the United States were the dominant power in the space race after the success of the [[Apollo 11]] mission. In December of that year, Apollo scientist Gary Latham suggested detonating a "smallish" nuclear device on the Moon in order to assist research into its geologic make-up.<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">{{cite news |title=Moon madness |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZJApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5-cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5506,6803546 |date=December 21, 1969 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |page=19 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref> The plan was dismissed, however, as it would not only violate both of the aforementioned treaties, but it would also interfere with plans to measure the Moon's natural background radiation.<ref name="St Petersburg Times">{{cite news |title=Scientist Withdraws Plans for Nuclear Blast on Moon |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZQIOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1nsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5751,4416523 |date=Janurary 7, 1970 |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |page=7 |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

The existence of Project A119 remained largely secret until the mid 1990s, when writer Keay Davidson discovered the story while researching the life of [[Carl Sagan]] for a biography. Davidson was able to discover Sagan's involvement with the project as a result of Sagan's filing of an application for an academic scholarship at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s [[Miller Institute]] in 1959. In the application, Sagan gave details of the project's research, which Davidson felt constituted a violation of national security.<ref name="A Life">{{cite book|first1=Keay |last1=Davidson|first2=Carl |last2=Sagan|title=Carl Sagan: A Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TXDvAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-25286-3}}</ref>

The resulting biography—''Carl Sagan: A Life''—was published in 1999. Shortly thereafter, a review published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' highlighted the discovery of the leaked information.<ref name="Nature1">{{cite journal |last1=Chyba |first1=Christopher |title=An exobiologist's life search |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=401 |pages=857–858 |date=October 28, 1999 |doi=10.1038/44716 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v401/n6756/full/401857a0.html |accessdate=September 9, 2011 }}</ref> This led Dr. Leonard Reiffel to break his anonymity and write a letter to the journal which confirmed that Sagan's activity had at the time been considered a breach in the confidentiality of the project. Reiffel took the opportunity to reveal details of the studies, and his statements would later be widely reported in the media.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="Nature2">{{cite journal |last1=Reiffel |first1=Leonard |title=Sagan breached security by revealing US work on a lunar bomb project |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=405 |page=13 |date=May 4, 2000 |doi=10.1038/35011148 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6782/full/405013a0.html |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref>

As a result of the publicity the correspondence created, a [[Freedom of information in the United States|freedom of information]] request was lodged concerning the findings of Porject A119. It was only then that ''A Study of Lunar Research Flights - Volume I'' was made public, over forty years since its inception.<ref name="FOIA">{{cite web |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0425380 |title=A STUDY OF LUNAR RESEARCH FLIGHTS, VOLUME I |publisher=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |accessdate=September 9, 2011}}</ref> A search for the other volumes of documentation, however, revealed that other reports were destroyed in the 1980s by the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Lunar Exploration"/>

Dr. [[David Lowry]], a British nuclear historian, has called the project's proposals "obscene", adding "had they gone ahead, we would never have had the romantic image of [[Neil Armstrong]] taking "one giant leap for mankind"."<ref name="Guardian"/>

==See also==
*[[Project Horizon]]
*[[Lunex Project]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons program of the United States]]
[[Category:Exploration of the Moon]]
{{Link GA|pt}}

[[es:Proyecto A119]]
[[pl:Projekt A119]]
[[pt:Projeto A119]]
[[ru:Проект А119]]
[[uk:Проект А119]]

Woohoo

2011-01-30T11:57:31Z

ManfromButtonwillow: /* Live performance */

{{Other uses|Woo Hoo (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox single 
| Name = Woohoo
| Cover = Xtina woohoo isngle cover.png
| Border = yes
| Artist = [[Christina Aguilera]] featuring [[Nicki Minaj]]
| Album = [[Bionic (Christina Aguilera album)|Bionic]]
| Released ={{start date|2010|05|18}} (see [[#Radio and release history|release history]])
| Format = [[Music download|Digital download]]
| Recorded = '''[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]''' No Excuses '''[[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]], [[California]]''' The Red Lips Room
| Genre = [[Electrohop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[dancehall]]
| Length = {{Duration|m=5|s=29}} {{Small|Album version)}} {{Duration|m=4|s=04}} {{Small|(Radio edit)}}
| Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]
| Writer = Christina Aguilera, Onika Maraj, [[Claude Kelly]], [[Ester Dean]], [[Polow da Don|Jamal Jones]]
| Producer = Polow da Don
| Chronology = [[Christina Aguilera]] singles
| Last single = "[[Not Myself Tonight]]" (2010)
| This single = "'''Woohoo'''" (2010)
| Next single = "[[You Lost Me]]" (2010)
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Nicki Minaj]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Massive Attack (song)|Massive Attack]]" (2010)
| This single = "'''Woohoo'''" (2010)
| Next single = "[[Your Love (Nicki Minaj song)|Your Love]]" (2010)
}}}}
"'''Woohoo'''" is a song by American recording artist [[Christina Aguilera]], featuring Trinidadian rapper [[Nicki Minaj]]. The song was written by Aguilera, Onika Maraj, [[Claude Kelly]], [[Ester Dean]] and [[Polow da Don|Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones]], and produced by Polow da Don, for Aguilera's sixth studio album, ''[[Bionic (Christina Aguilera album)|Bionic]]''. The song, that contains a sample of the 1972 song "Add már uram az esőt" by [[Kati Kovács]], lyrically speaks of [[cunnilingus]]. "Wooohoo" was released [[music download|digitally]] as a [[promotional recording|promotional single]] on May 18, 2010, and later was serviced to [[rhythmic contemporary|rhythmic]] airplay as the album's second single on May 25, 2010. The song has been described as an [[electronica]]-driven urban [[dancehall]] track with [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] influences.

"Woohoo" received positive to mixed reviews from critics, some praising Minaj's appearance and Aguilera's vocals. Many noted its similarities to [[Kelis]]'s "[[Milkshake (song)|Milkshake]]. However, some expressed distaste for the sexual nature. "Woohoo" debuted and peaked at forty-six and seventy-nine in Canada and the United States, respectively. Aguilera performed the song as part of a medley from ''Bionic'' at the [[2010 MTV Movie Awards]].

==Composition==
{{Listen|pos=left||filename=Woohoo.ogg|title="Woohoo"|description=A 30-second sample of "Woohoo", featuring Aguilera rapping and singing vocals.|pos= left|formet=Ogg}} "Woohoo" was written by Aguilera, Minaj, Claude Kelly, Ester Dean and [[Polow da Don]].<ref name="booklet"/> The song is [[electronica]]-driven [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[hip hop]] which also blends [[dancehall]] and [[reggae]].<ref name="DS"/> Aguilera's vocals are distorted in parts.<ref name="DS">{{Cite web|author=Released on Monday, June 7, 2010 |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/albumreviews/a225827/christina-aguilera-bionic.html |title=Music - Album Review - Christina Aguilera: 'Bionic' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=2010-06-07 |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2010/06/album-review-christina-aguilera-bionic.html|title=Album review: Christina Aguilera, 'Bionic'|first=Greg|last=Kot|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-06-19 | date=2010-06-07}}</ref> "Woohoo" contains a sample from the Hungarian song "Add már uram az esőt", originally sung by the Hungarian singer [[Kati Kovács]] in [[1972]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a221899/aguilera-reveals-bionic-production-credits.html|title=Aguilera reveals 'Bionic' production credits|first=Nick|last=Levine|date=2010-05-26|accessdate=2010-06-19|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> The song's chorus has been described as "shouty" and "sing-song".<ref name="MTVBUZZ">{{Cite web|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/05/10/song-you-need-to-know-christina-aguilera-featuring-nicki-minaj-woohoo/|title=Song You Need To Know: Christina Aguilera, Featuring Nicki Minaj, 'Woohoo|date=2010-05-12|accessdate=2010-05-18|first=Chris|last=Ryan|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)}}</ref> Rob Harvilla of ''[[The Village Voice]]'' noted that the song sounded like a mix of "[[Milkshake (song)|Milkshake]]" and "[[Lip Gloss (song)|Lip Gloss]]" with "electro synths".<ref name=Harvilla>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/archives/2010/05/on_christina_ag_1.php|title=On Christina Aguilera's "Woohoo," Featuring A Particularly Agitated Nicki Minaj|date=2010-05-10|accessdate=2010-05-18|work=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> Lyrically, the song is about the act of [[oral sex]].<ref name="OMH"/>

==Critical reception==
The song received generally positive to mixed reviews, with most critics commending Aguilera's vocals and praising Minaj's appearance. However, most were not impressed with the song's sexual nature. Sara D. Anderson of [[AOL|AOL Music]] said the "provocative, dancehall track nicely fuses Aguilera's powerful voice with Minaj's MC tactics".<ref name="Anderson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aolradioblog.com/2010/05/12/christina-aguilera-woohoo-nicki-minaj/|title=Christina Aguilera, 'Woohoo' Feat. Nicki Minaj -- New Song|first=Sara D.|last=Anderson|date=2010-05-12|accessdate=2010-05-18|work=AOL Radio|publisher= AOL Inc}}</ref> Benjamin Boles of ''[[Now (magazine)|Now Magazine]]'' called the track the top track on ''Bionic'', commenting that Minaj's cameo "resuces" the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowtoronto.com/music/discs.cfm?content=175345|title=Now Magazine //Music // Christina Aguilera|work=[[Now (magazine)|Now Magazine]]|first=Benjamin|last=Boles|accessdate=2010-06-19|NOW Communications}}</ref> Alexis Petridis of ''[[guardian.co.uk|The Guardian]]'', said, "If you're going to do a five-minute song about cunnilingus, it's a good idea to enlist foul-mouthed rapper Nicki Minaj, whose bug-eyed contribution lends the proceedings an air of gripping abandon."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/03/christina-aguilera-bionic-cd-review|title=Christina Aguilera: Bi-On-Ic|accessdate=2010-06-19|work=Guardian.co.uk|publisher = Guardian News|first=Alexis|last=Petridis | location=London | date=2010-06-03}}</ref> Chris Ryan of [[MTV News|MTV Buzzworthy]] called the song "sexually explicit, funky club pop", saying "In Nicki Minaj, Aguilera has found the perfect partner for her erotic-pop adventures". He also called the song a "dirtier cousin of [[Rihanna]]'s "[[Rude Boy (song)|Rude Boy]]" or "Hollaback Girl", and commended Minaj's verse.<ref name="MTVBUZZ">{{cite web|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/05/10/song-you-need-to-know-christina-aguilera-featuring-nicki-minaj-woohoo/|title=Song You Need To Know: Christina Aguilera, Featuring Nicki Minaj, 'Woohoo"|date=2010-05-12|accessdate=2010-05-18|first=Chris|last=Ryan|work=''[[MTV News]]''|publisher=MTV Networks}}</ref>

Sara D. Anderson of AOL Music' said the "provocative, dancehall track nicely fuses Aguilera's powerful voice with Minaj's MC tactics".<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web|url=http://www.aolradioblog.com/2010/05/12/christina-aguilera-woohoo-nicki-minaj/|title=Christina Aguilera, 'Woohoo' Feat. Nicki Minaj -- New Song|first=Sara D.|last=Anderson|date=2010-05-12|work=''[[AOL|AOL Radio Blog]]''|publisher=AOL|accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref> Becky Bain of ''Idolator'' said the song's 'catchiness' was "miles ahead" of "[[Not Myself Tonight]]", and also compared it to "[[Hollaback Girl]]".<ref name="idolator"/> Bain also said, "If there’s one person who can match Christina Aguilera’s naughtiness, it’s Nicki Minaj, so these two pretty much make a perfect pair for this type of song."<ref name="idolator">{{cite web|url=http://idolator.com/5501431/christina-aguilera-and-nicki-minaj-seek-aural-pleasure-with-new-track-woo-hoo|title=Christina Aguilera And Nicki Minaj Seek Aural Pleasure With New Track “Woo Hoo”|first=Becky|last=Bain|date=2010-05-10|accessdate=2010-05-18|work=''Idolator''}}</ref> Stephen Thomas Erlewine of [[Allmusic]] said the track had an "incessant title loop piercing like a dental drill" and said it "doesn't work as temptation". He also commented "her crassness is no longer alienating as it was on ''[[Stripped (Christina Aguilera album)|Stripped]]''".<ref name="AM">{{Cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r1801137|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Bionic > Overview )))|first=Stephen Thomas|last=Erlewine|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref> Michael Cragg of ''[[MusicOMH]]'' also compared the song to dental work, commenting that the song, "which is about oral sex but is about as sexy as going to the dentist."<ref name="OMH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicomh.com/albums/christina-aguilera-2_0610.htm|title=Christina Aguilera - Bionic|first=Michael|last=Cragg|work=[[MusicOMH]]|accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref> Genevieve Koski of [[The A.V. Club]] called the song along with the "meat" of ''Bionic'', "already-passé electro trash."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/christina-aguilera-bionic,42124/|title=Bionic|first=Genevieve|last=Koski|accessdate=2010-06-19|work=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
In its first week of release, "Woohoo" debuted at forty-six on the [[Canadian Hot 100]], and seventy-nine on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]].<ref name="BB">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/song/christina-aguilera-featuring-nicki-minaj/woohoo/20141057|title=Woohoo- Chrisina Aguilera|accessdate=2010-06-19|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref> The song became Aguilera's fifteenth straight single to hit both charts, keeping her streak of having all of her singles chart on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name="CHARTHIST">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/christina-aguilera/chart-history/325726|title=Christina Aguilera Album & Song Chart History|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.}}</ref> However, both peaks are Aguilera's lowest in the United States and Canada.<ref name="CHARTHIST"/> The song fell off both charts the next week.<ref name="BB"/> However due to increased digital sales after her performance at the [[2010 MTV Movie Awards]] and the release of ''Bionic'', the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at ninety-nine.<ref name="BB"/> The song also charted at number 148 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] from digital sales after the release of ''Bionic''.<ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=http://zobbel.de/cluk/100619cluk.txt|title=Chart Log UK: New Entries Update|accessdate=2010-06-19|work=[[The Official Charts Company]]|publisher=Zobbel}}</ref>

==Live performance==
Aguilera sang a portion of the song, alongside "Bionic" and "[[Not Myself Tonight]]", at the [[2010 MTV Movie Awards]].<ref name="WOOHOO"/> During "Woohoo", the last of the set, Aguilera and her backup dancers removed their leather capes and revealing painted red hearts on their groins, ending with Aguilera's LED heart glowing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/109860|title=Aguilera and Perry Invade MTV Movie Awards|first=Caryn|last=Ganz|accessdate=2010-06-22|work=[[Rolling stone]]}}</ref> James Montgomery of [[MTV News]] referred to the song as a "seriously sexy dance number."<ref name="MTVMS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1640891/20100606/aguilera_christina.jhtml|title=Christina Aguilera Gets Steamy At 2010 MTV Movie Awards|date=2010-06-07|accessdate=2010-06-22|first=James|last=Montgomery|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)}}</ref> Montgomery described the performance's ending, stating, "Not to be outdone, Aguilera ended things by standing tall at center stage, the camera zooming in on her midsection, which now bore a beating heart of its own."<ref name="MTVMS"/>

Most critics were not impressed with the medley, comparing it to Aguilera's identity during the ''[[Bionic (Christina Aguilera album)|Bionic]]'' era.<ref name="NYP">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/popwrap/christina_aguilera_b6KZaF6jjZeEBIAgGjCLMP|title=Christina Aguilera flops on stage and off|first=Jarett|last=Wieselman|accessdate=2010-06-22|work=[[The New York Post]] | date=2010-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/06/07/2010-06-07_christina_aguilera_wears_glowing_led_heart_on_her_crotch_during_mtv_movie_awards.html|title=Christina Aguilera wears glowing LED heart on her groin during MTV Movie Awards 2010 performance|first=Soraya|last=Roberts|accessdate=2010-06-22|work=[[The New York Daily News]] | date=2010-06-07}}</ref> Tamar Anitai, also of ''MTV Buzzworthy'' summarized the performance saying it "was all about her "I-I'm-still-a-diva" vocals, frenzied stage show, and adult-only innuendo...And then this happened."<ref name="WOOHOO"/> She went on to comment also sarcastically, "This is so just Christina Aguilera's way of saying she loves you! And that the diminutive diva still has a sense of humor....It's like a little knowing wink that assures you that when she's not changing diapers and doing mommy stuff, Mamaguilera's hanging out at dance party sex dungeons and wailing from the bottom of her light-up hoo-ha. She is DEFINITELY not the same girl who once bopped around on the [[Disney Channel]] in a Scrunchie."<ref name="WOOHOO">{{Cite web|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/06/07/christina-aguilera-bionic-not-myself-tonight-woohoo-performance-2010-mtv-movie-awards-videos/|title=Watch Christina Aguilera Perform 'Bionic,' 'Not Myself Tonight' And 'Woohoo' At The 2010 MTV Movie Awards|date=2010-06-08|accessdate=2010-06-21|first=Tamar|last=Anitai|work=MTV Buzzworthy|publisher=MTV Networks}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
* '''Digital download'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/be/album/woohoo-feat-nicki-minaj-single/id374246489|title=Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj) - Single by Christina Aguilera|date=5-18-2010|accessdate=1-26-2011|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref>
# "Woohoo" – 5:29

==Credits and personnel==
*[[Songwriting]] - Christina Aguilera, Onika Maraj, Claude Kelly, Ester Dean, Polow da Don
*[[Record producer|Production]] - Polow da Don
*Vocal production - additional by Claude Kelly
*[[Audio mixing (recorded music)|Mixing]] - Jaycen Joshua, assisted by Giancarlo Lino
*[[Audio engineering|Engineering]] - assistant, Matt Benefield
*Recording - Josh Mosser and Jeremy Stevenson
*Vocal recording - Oscar Ramirez
Source<ref name="booklet">{{cite album-notes |title=Bionic|albumlink=Bionic (Christina Aguilera album) |artist=[[Christina Aguilera]] |year=2010|format=booklet |publisher=[[RCA Records]]}}</ref>

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (2010)
!Peak position
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="BB"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|46
|-
|[[German Black Chart]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5qjM6JvWZ|title=MTV Deutsche Black Charts|work=''[[MTV News|MTV Germany]]''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="UK"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|148
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="BB"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|79
|}

==Radio and release history==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
!Date
!Type
|-
| rowspan="2"| United States
| May 18, 2010<ref name="download">{{Cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/woohoo-feat-nicki-minaj/id371905970?i=371905971|title=Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj|accessdate=2010-05-18|publisher=Apple Inc}}</ref>
| [[music download|Digital download]]
|-
|May 25, 2010<ref name="radio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239|title=Airplay Archive|work=[[FMQB]]|accessdate=2010-07-14}}</ref>
|[[Rhythmic contemporary|Rhythmic]] airplay
|-
|Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/be/album/woohoo-feat-nicki-minaj-single/id374246489|title=Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj) - Single by Christina Aguilera|date=5-18-2010|accessdate=1-26-2011|work=[[iTunes]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"| May 28, 2010
|rowspan="3"| Digital download
|-
|Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/se/album/woohoo-feat-nicki-minaj-single/id374246489|title=Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj|accessdate=2010-05-18|publisher=Apple Inc}}</ref>
|-
|Norway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/no/album/woohoo-feat-nicki-minaj-single/id374246489|title=Woohoo (feat. Nicki Minaj|accessdate=2010-05-18|publisher=Apple Inc}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Christina Aguilera singles}}
{{Nicki Minaj}}
{{good article}}

[[Category:2010 singles]]
[[Category:Electropop songs]]
[[Category:Christina Aguilera songs]]
[[Category:Nicki Minaj songs]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Polow da Don]]
[[Category:Songs written by Polow da Don]]

[[cs:Woohoo]]
[[es:Woohoo]]
[[it:Woohoo]]
[[hu:Woohoo]]
[[nl:Woohoo]]
[[pl:Woohoo]]
[[pt:Woohoo (canção)]]
[[ru:Woohoo]]
[[tr:Woohoo]]
[[vi:Woohoo]]