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PC Magazine

2011-07-17T12:43:22Z

MacStep: /* History */ Lifeboat Associates

{{Multiple issues|refimprove=March 2010|rewrite=March 2010}}

{{Infobox Magazine
|title = PC Magazine
|image_file = Pc mag digital.png
|image_caption = February 2009 cover
|editor = Lance Ulanoff
|frequency = Monthly,{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=if online only, what does "monthly" mean? that website is only updated monthly? is there really an "issue" produced? or is it just a website now with ongoing new/updated information added?}} Bi-monthly ([[Philippines]])
|circulation =
|category = [[List of computer magazines|Computer magazine]]
|company = [[Ziff Davis]]
|firstdate = January 1982
|country = ''Main edition'': United States ''Other editions'': [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[China]], [[Greece]], [[Israel]], [[Mexico]], Middle East, the Netherlands, [[Philippines]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Turkey]]
|language = ''Main edition'': English ''Other editions'': [[Arabic language|Arabic]], Chinese, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], Greek, Portuguese, [[Serbian language|Serbian]], Spanish, [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|website = [http://www.pcmag.com pcmag.com]
|issn = 0888-8507
}}

'''''PC Magazine''''' (sometimes referred to as '''''PC Mag''''') is a [[List of computer magazines|computer magazine]] [[Publishing|published]] by [[Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc.]] A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009. Publication of [[Online and offline|online]] editions started in late 1994 and continue to present.

==History==
The first edition was released in January 1982 as a monthly called '''''PC''''' (the word ''Magazine'' was not added to the [[logo]] until the first major redesign in January 1986). ''PC Magazine'' was created by [[David Bunnell]], Eddie Currie and Tony Gold, a co-founder of [[Lifeboat Associates]] who financed the magazine. The magazine grew beyond the capital required to publish it, and to solve this problem, Gold sold the magazine to Ziff-Davis who moved it{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=moved from where?}} to New York City, New York. Bunnell and his staff left to form ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'' magazine.<ref name = "InfoWorld Dec 1982">{{cite journal | last = Wise | first = Deborah | title = Staff Walks Out on ''PC Magazine'', Starts New Journal | journal = InfoWorld| volume = 4 | issue = 50 | pages = 1, 8 | publisher = Popular Computing, Inc. | date = December 20, 1982 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FTAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 | issn = 0199-6649}}</ref>

''PC Magazine'' moved to biweekly publication in 1983 after a single monthly issue swelled to more than 800 pages. In January 2008 the magazine dropped back to monthly issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=PC Magazine issues list|url=http://www.pcmag.com/previous_issues/0,1881,p=4,00.asp|publisher=PC Magazine|accessdate=29 June 2011}}</ref>

In November 2008 it was announced that the print edition of the magazine would be discontinued, but there would still be an online version.<ref>{{citeweb|title=PC Magazine Goes 100% Digital|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2335009,00.asp|publisher=PC Magazine|author=Lance Ulanoff|date=November 19, 2008|accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref><ref name = "NY Times Nov 19 2008">{{Registration required}}{{cite news | last = Clifford | first = Stephanie | title = PC Magazine, a Flagship for Ziff Davis, Will Cease Printing a Paper Version | newspaper = ''[[The New York Times]]'' | date = November 19, 2008 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/business/media/20mag.html}}</ref> The last print edition was the January 2009 issue.

==Editor==
The magazine's editor-in-chief, [[Lance Ulanoff]], ascended to his current post in July 2007. [[Jim Louderback]] had held this position since 2005, but accepted the position of [[chief executive officer]] of [[Revision3]], an online media company.

== Overview ==
''PC Magazine'' provides [[review]]s and [[preview]]s of the latest [[hardware]] and [[Computer software|software]] for the [[information technology]] professional. Articles are written by leading experts{{Citation needed|date=March 2010|reason=crowned "leading experts" by whom?}} including [[John C. Dvorak]], whose regular column and Inside Track feature are among the magazine's most popular attractions. Other regular departments include columns by long-time editor-in-chief [[Michael J. Miller]] (Forward Thinking), Bill Machrone, and Jim Louderback, as well as:
* '''First Looks''' (a collection of reviews of newly released products)
* '''Pipeline''' (a collection of short articles and snippets on computer-industry developments),
* '''Solutions''' (which includes various how-to articles)
* '''User-to-User''' (a section in which the magazine's experts answer user-submitted questions)
* '''After Hours''' (a section about various computer entertainment products; the designation "After Hours" is a legacy of the magazine's traditional orientation towards business computing)
* '''[[Abort, Retry, Fail?]]''' (a beginning-of-the-magazine humor page which for a few years was known as '''Backspace''' — and was subsequently the last page).

== Development and evolution ==
{{update|type=section|date=November 2010}}
The magazine has evolved significantly over the years. The most drastic change has been the shrinkage of the publication due to contractions in the computer-industry ad market and the easy availability of the [[Internet]], which has tended to make computer magazines less "necessary" than they once were. This is also the primary reason for the November 2008 [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2335009,00.asp decision] to discontinue the print version. Where once [[mail order|mail-order]] vendors had huge listing of products in advertisements covering several pages, there is now a single page with a reference to a website. At one time (the 1980s through the mid-1990s), the magazine averaged about 400 pages an issue, with some issues breaking the 500- and even 600-page marks. In the late 1990s, as the computer-magazine field underwent a drastic pruning, the magazine shrank to 300-something and then 200-something pages.

Today,{{When|date=March 2010}} the magazine runs about 150 pages an issue.{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=elsewhere in article it states an online-only magazine. which is it?}} It has adapted to the new realities of the 21st century by reducing its once-standard emphasis on massive comparative reviews of computer systems, hardware peripherals, and software packages to focus more on the broader consumer-electronics market (including cell phones, [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]], [[MP3]] players, digital cameras, and so on). Since the late 1990s, the magazine has taken to more frequently reviewing [[Macintosh]] software and hardware.

''PC Magazine'' has consistently positioned itself as the leading source{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} of information about [[personal computers]] (PC) and PC-related products, and its development and evolution have mirrored those of computer journalism in general. The magazine practically invented the idea of comparative hardware and software reviews in 1984 with a groundbreaking "Project Printers" issue. For many years thereafter, the blockbuster annual printer issue, featuring more than 100 reviews, was a ''PC Magazine'' tradition.

The publication also took on a series of editorial causes over the years, including [[copy protection]] (the magazine refused to grant its coveted Editors' Choice award to any product that used copy protection) and the "brain-dead" [[Intel 80286]] (then-editor-in-chief Bill Machrone said the magazine would still review 286s but would not recommend them).

''PC Magazine'' was a booster of early versions of the [[OS/2]] operating system in the late 1980s, but then switched to a strong endorsement of the [[Microsoft Windows]] operating environment after the release of [[Windows 3.0]] in May 1990. Some OS/2 users accused of the magazine of ignoring OS/2 2.x versions and later.

During the [[dot-com bubble]], the magazine began focusing heavily on many of the new Internet businesses, prompting complaints from some readers that the magazine was abandoning its original emphasis on computer technology. After the collapse of the technology bubble in the early 2000s, the magazine returned to a more-traditional approach.

== Alternative methods of publication ==
The online edition began in late 1994 and started producing a digital edition of the magazine through [[Zinio]] in 2004. For some years in the late 1990s, a [[CD-ROM]] version containing interactive reviews and the full text of back issues was available. In the 1980s, there was a '''PC Disk Magazine''' edition which was published on [[floppy disk]].

There was also a special "Network Edition" of the print magazine from 1993 to 1997. This evolved into "Net Tools", which was part of the general press run, and the current "Internet User" and "Internet Business" sections.

Numerous books have been published under the "PC Magazine" designation, as well. Dvorak's name has also appeared on many books.

== Controversy ==
The Russian edition (in [[Russian language]]) of the magazine has been in conflict with ''[[Russian Wikipedia]]'' since mid-2009. ''Russian Wikipedia'' administrators have accused ''PC Magazine'' (Russian edition) of [[plagiarism]] while several articles about bureaucratization, [[sysop]] tyranny and low quality of articles in ''Russian Wikipedia'' were published at the blog on magazine's site.<ref>http://pcmag.ru/club/user/3902/blog/255/. [[Blog]] (in [[Russian language]]).</ref><ref>http://www.pcmag.ru/club/user/119/blog/271/. [[Blog]] (in [[Russian language]]).</ref> The conflict ended with ''PC Magazine'''s block of linking to its articles from ''Russian Wikipedia'' pages.<ref>http://pcmag.ru/club/user/1/blog/502/. [[Blog]] (in [[Russian language]]).</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=the block remains today (march 5, 2010)?}}

==Forums==
For many years forums at [discuss.pcmag.com] have existed. However, for the last few years the traffic has significantly declined, and there are no obvious links to it from the site's homepage. Many previous members are no longer there.

== See also ==
*[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
*[[Macworld]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{multicol}}
* [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2335009,00.asp (1) End of Print Edition]
* [http://www.pcmag.com/ ''PC Magazine'' online]
* [http://www.pcmagbg.net ''PC Magazine'' Bulgaria]
* [http://www.pcmagazine.co.il/ ''PC Magazine'' Israel]
* [http://www.pcmag.com.cn/ ''PC Magazine'' China]
* [http://pcmag.uol.com.br/ ''PC Magazine'' Brazil]
* [http://www.e-pcmag.gr/ ''PC Magazine'' Greece]
{{col-break}}
* [http://www.esmas.com/pcmagazine/ ''PC Magazine'' Mexico]
* [http://www.pcmag-mideast.com/ ''PC Magazine'' Middle East]
* [http://www.pcmag.ru/ ''PC Magazine'' Russia]
* [http://www.pcmagazine.ro/ ''PC Magazine'' Romania]
* {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}[http://www.pcmag.ph/ ''PC Magazine'' Philippines] (defunct)
* [http://www.pcmagazine.com.tr/ ''PC Magazine'' Turkey]
* [http://www.technoride.com TechnoRide]
{{col-end}}

{{Ziff Davis}}
{{EnglishScienceMagazines}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Pc Magazine}}
[[Category:Defunct American computer magazines]]
[[Category:American computer magazines]]
[[Category:Arabic-language magazines]]
[[Category:Belgian magazines]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines]]
[[Category:Brazilian magazines]]
[[Category:Bulgarian magazines]]
[[Category:Chinese magazines]]
[[Category:Chinese-language magazines]]
[[Category:Computer webzines]]
[[Category:Dutch magazines]]
[[Category:Dutch-language magazines]]
[[Category:English-language magazines]]
[[Category:Greek magazines]]
[[Category:Greek-language magazines]]
[[Category:Home computer magazines]]
[[Category:Israeli magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York]]
[[Category:Mexican magazines]]

[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Online periodicals with defunct print editions]]
[[Category:Philippine magazines]]

[[Category:Publications established in 1982]]
[[Category:Romanian magazines]]
[[Category:Russian magazines]]
[[Category:Serbian computer magazines]]
[[Category:Serbian-language magazines]]
[[Category:Singaporean magazines]]
[[Category:Spanish-language magazines]]
[[Category:Spanish computer magazines]]

[[Category:Thai magazines]]
[[Category:Turkish magazines]]
[[Category:Turkish-language magazines]]
[[Category:Video game magazines]]

[[es:PC Magazine]]
[[fr:PC Magazine]]
[[it:PC Magazine]]
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[[ro:PC Magazine]]

Gomorrha (Buch)

2011-07-17T11:27:49Z

MacStep: /* The book */ pronoun

{{infobox Book | 
| name = Gomorrah
| orig title = Gomorra
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Gomorrah by robertosaviano.jpg|200px]]
| author = [[Roberto Saviano]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Italy]]
| language = [[Italian language|Italian]]
| series =
| genre = [[Inquiry]]
| publisher = [[Mondadori]]
| release_date = [[2006]]
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-374-16527-7
| dewey= 364.1/060945 22
| congress= HV6453.I83 C42 2007
| oclc= 153578620
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Gomorrah''''' is a book by [[Roberto Saviano]] published in 2006.

==The book==
The book describes the clandestine particulars of the [[business]] of the [[Camorra]], a powerful [[Neapolitan]] [[mafia]]-like organization. In this book Saviano employs [[prose]] and news-reporting style to narrate the story of the Camorra, exposing its territory and business connections.

Since 2006, following the publication of the book, Saviano has been threatened by several Neapolitan “[[Capo di tutti capi|godfathers]]”. The Italian Minister of the Interior has granted him a permanent [[police escort]], but he's often attacked by politicians of [[Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconi]]'s government. Also, his escort has been questioned.

As of December 2008, the book has sold almost 4 million copies worldwide.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/174278 Streets of ‘Gomorrah’], Newsweek, December 22, 2008</ref>

The title of the book comes from a text by [[Giuseppe Diana]], a parish priest in Casal di Principe, who was killed by the Camorra in March 1994: "time has come to stop being a Gomorrah."<ref name=varese>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a913746680&fulltext=713240928 The Camorra closely observed], by Federico Varese, Global Crime, Volume 10, Issue 3, August 2009 , pages 262 – 266</ref>

==Reception of ''Gomorrah''==
''Gomorrah'' won many literary prizes.<ref>Viareggio-Repaci Prize for best debut novel, Premio Giancarlo Siani, Premio Dedalus, Premio "Lo Straniero", Premio Letterario Edoardo Kihlgren for best debut novel, Premio Tropea, the Vittorini Prize for civic engagement and the Guido Dorso literary prize</ref> In January 2009 the number of copies sold in Italy surpassed 2,000,000.

''Gomorrah'' has been translated in 51 countries. It appeared in the best sellers’ lists of Germany, Holland, Spain, France, Sweden and Finland. ''[[The New York Times]]'' has placed it amongst the most important books of 2007, while ''[[The Economist]]'' has included it among the hundred books of the year. Saviano is the only Italian to be placed in both lists.

''Gomorrah'' was described by some critics and other Italian authors (such as [[Wu Ming]], [[Carlo Lucarelli]] and [[Valerio Evangelisti]])<ref>[http://www.wumingfoundation.com/english/outtakes/NIE_have_to_be_the_parents.htm A Reflection on ''Gomorrah'' in the context of the New Italian Epic ], opening talk at the conference "The Italian Perspective on metahistorical fiction: The New Italian Epic", IGRS, University of London, October 2nd, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.carmillaonline.com/archives/2008/05/002632.html a single webpage regrouping two articles by major Italian authors published on two important daily newspapers: Carlo Lucarelli, "Noi scrittori della nuova epica", ''La Repubblica'', May 3rd, 2008 and Valerio Evangelisti, "Literary Opera", ''L'Unità'', May 6th, 2008].
Lucarelli wrote: "I agree with enthusiasm and great interest to Wu Ming's reflections on the New Italian Epic, and I practically identify myself with many of their observations. By "practically" I mean in terms of a literary praxis, a research done by means of books and novels [...] by means of history, which for us Italians has never become past and is always present and contemporary [...], also by means of telling the hidden everyday life of the camorra, as Saviano did...'"

According to Evangelisti, "''Gomorra'', which is far from being a mere journalistic report, makes a statement which [[Jean-Patrick Manchette]] would have appreciated: crime is not a secondary element of capitalism, a perversion of its principles. On the contrary, crime is at the core of capitalism, it's one of the main pillars of the system [...] This unidentified object – is it a report or a novel? – has a choral nature that links it to epic, in this case an epic that has no heroes but is capable to embrace a whole world."</ref> as part of a turbulent, heterogeneous stream in Italian writing called the [[New Italian Epic]], whose representatives are particularly keen on producing not only novels and non-fiction narratives, but also real UNOs, [[Unidentified Narrative Objects]].<ref>[http://www.wumingfoundation.com/suoni/audiotheque.htm#allegorithms Italian novelist Wu Ming 1 explains the concept of New Italian Epic] in a conference at Middlebury College, VT, March 31st, 2008 - audio, English, 50:00</ref> ''Gomorrah'' itself was described as a UNO<ref>[http://www.wumingfoundation.com/italiano/Giap/gomorra.htm "Appunti sul come e il cosa di Gomorra], on wumingfoundation.com, June 2006 (Italian)</ref> by several critics, readers and fellow writers.

Writing about ''Gomorrah'' on ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Indian author [[Indrajit Hazra]] observed that "unlike [[Truman Capote]]’s "fact+fiction=faction" and its obsessive hankering for details, the UNO slithers about like a beast, sometimes trodding [''sic''] the path of hard reportage, sometimes flipping over into personal mutterings, sometimes tripping on philosophical ruminations, sometimes diving into novelistic "voices" and sometimes gearing into social theory. And unlike [[Hunter S. Thompson]]'s 'gonzo journalism', it’s dead serious. The UNO’s only purpose is to get us reacting violently on a subject using all the tricks known in the narrating trade.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=8ea95c4a-08c7-4cfd-882e-e113558e21a6&&Headline=Journalism+%26amp%3b+a+bit+more "Journalism and a bit more", ''Hindustan Times'', November 1, 2008]</ref>"

==Theatrical and cinematic adaptations==
''Gomorrah'' has been made into a play written by Saviano with Mario Gelardi and a [[Gomorra (film)|film]] directed by [[Matteo Garrone]] and produced by Fandango. On September 24th, 2008, the film was picked by ANICA (Italy's Association of the Cinematic and Audiovisual Industry) to represent Italy in the race for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar nomination.<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic06d5fa4f707358585ba55a4294ccd82 Eric J. Lyman, "''Gomorra'' in Oscar's foreign-language gang: Italian organized crime drama joins list of contenders"], Hollywood Reporter, September 24th, 2008.</ref>

In reviewing Garrone's [[gomorrah (film)|film]] based on the book, Christoph Huber wrote: "With its interest in moving beyond the categories of novel or non-fiction, Saviano’s work has been identified as part of a heterogeneous strain of national literature, subsumed as the New Italian Epic. A term that certainly isn't disgraced by ''Gomorrah'', the film."<ref>[http://www.cinema-scope.com/cs35/spot_huber_gomorrah.html Christop Huber, "Gomorrah", Cinemascope #35]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomorrah (Book)}}
[[Category:Italian books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about organized crime]]
[[Category:2006 books]]

[[et:Gomorra (Saviano)]]
[[es:Gomorra (novela)]]
[[eo:Gomoro (verko)]]
[[it:Gomorra (romanzo)]]
[[pt:Gomorra (livro)]]
[[sv:Gomorra (bok)]]

Stab-Wernersche Projektion

2011-07-14T14:28:35Z

MacStep: link

[[Image:Werner-projection.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Werner projection of the [[Earth]].]]
The '''Werner projection''' is a [[pseudoconic]] equal-area [[map projection]] sometimes called the '''Stab-Werner''' or '''Stabius-Werner''' projection. Like other [[heart (symbol)|heart]]-shaped projections, it also categorized as '''cordiform'''. ''Stab-Werner'' refers to two originators: [[Johannes Werner]] (1466 – 1528), a [[parish]] [[priest]] in [[Nuremberg]], refined and promoted this projection that had been developed earlier by [[Johannes Stabius]] (Stab) of [[Vienna]] around 1500.

The projection is a limiting form of the [[Bonne projection]], having its standard parallel at one of the poles (<math>\phi_1 = \pm \pi / 2\,</math>).<ref>''Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections'', John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.60-62, ISBN 0-226-76747-7</ref><ref>[http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/pp/pp1395 ''Map Projections—A Working Manual''], [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Professional Paper 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987, pp.138-140</ref> Distances along each parallel and along the central meridian are correct, as are all distances from the north pole.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.radicalcartography.net/?projectionref Table of examples and properties of all common projections], from radicalcartography.net

[[Category:Cartographic projections]]
[[Category:Equal-area projections]]
[[Category:Equidistant projections]]

{{Cartography-stub}}

Leyland Lion PSR1

2011-03-29T20:09:52Z

MacStep: Matchbox (brand)

{{Infobox UK Bus
| name = Leyland Lion (PSR1)
| image =
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[Leyland Motors]]
| factory = [[Preston, Lancashire]], [[England]]
| operator = Various state, municipal and private operators, export only.
| length = 36ft (11m) for 38-53 seats
| floortype = Step entrance
| doors = 1 or 2 door
| engine = Leyland O.600 9.8-litre diesel engine Leyland O.680 11.1-litre diesel engine
| transmission = Leyland [[Self-Changing Gears]] Pneumocyclic direct-acting semi-automatic, electric or air control, 4 or 5 speeds.
| power output = 125-200bhp
| options = Tag axle forward of rear axle to reduce axle-loading (Australia only), Eaton two-speed drive head to rear axle.
}}

The '''Leyland Lion''', coded as '''PSR1''', is [[Leyland Motors]]' first production rear engined single decker. A total of 88 were built between 1960 and 1967, which was low for the time. It was the third of five Leyland bus models to be called Lion.

==Background==
Having expended a large amount of time and money developing the [[Leyland Atlantean]]'s transverse rear engine and Z-drive transmission, Leyland Motors sought further applications for it (the Dromedary 8x4 petrol tanker sold in the thousands, but only as a Lesney [[Matchbox (brand)|Matchbox]] toy, only one full size example entered service). By combining the Atlantean power-pack with a [[Leyland Royal Tiger Worldmaster]] chassis frame, Leyland produced a vehicle equivalent to North American transit buses. This was the Leyland Lion PSR1.

==Description==
The high straight chassis frame was made of high-duty steel channel sections and was similar to that of the Worldmaster. Springs, controls, and brakes were as specified for that model. The engine, transmission, radiator etc were Atlantean-type components.

Standard power unit was the Leyland O.680 rated at up to 200bhp with the Leyland O.600 with outputs from 125-140bhp as an option, these were mounted vertically and transversely at the rear. The front axle was a Worldmaster unit and the rear was similar to the Worldmaster unit but with the driving head inverted. Leyland SCG Pneumocyclic transmission was offered in 5 or 4-speed versions, with electric or pneumatic control. Drive was transmitted from engine to gearbox through either a centrifugal clutch or in later models via a fluid-friction coupling which enabled a solid connection at higher road speeds. An Eaton two speed driving head to the axle was optional. For the Australian market only a third non-driving axle, mounted ahead of the rear axle, was also offered. This was based on the Worldmaster rear axle but without a driving head, and was fitted into a suspension system based on that of the [[Albion Motors|Albion]] Reiver 6x2 lorry. The purpose was to reduce axle loading. Most of the 6x2 Lions went to West Australian Railways and had passenger and cargo bodies fitted; the one exeption to this was used by a West Australian Independent<ref>{{Cite book|first=Doug|last=Jack|title=The Leyland Bus Mark Two|location=Glossop|year=1984}}</ref>.

An Atlantean style glassfibre bustle could be supplied to cover the engine, or coachbuilders could enclose it, examples were built to both styles. Leyland mocked up a version of the bustle with fins and tail-lights from the contemporary Austin Cambridge A55 but this did not enter production.

==Sales==
Although designed with North America in mind none were sold there. The largest customer was the government of [[Iran]] who took 52 with local bodies resembling those of [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[Magirus-Deutz]] vehicles entering service at the same time. 30 were sold to [[Australia]], including six three-axle versions. Two were sold to an operator in [[New Zealand]], two to the [[Egged]] organisatrion in [[Israel]] and one each went to [[Spain]] and [[Turkey]]. The Spanish one received a striking high-floor luxury body, that showed the Atlantean-style bustle, by [[Ayats]], and was operated by Chacosa in the [[Alicante]]-[[Madrid]] line.

==Survivors==
One survived Lion was converted into a mobile home in New Zealand. Another example (Western Australian Government Railways DP90) is preserved by the Bus Preservation Society of Western Australia.

==Sources==
*Jack, The Leyland Bus Mark Two, Glossop 1982
*Smith(ed), Buses Annual 1964, London 1963
{{Reflist}}

{{Leyland buses}}
[[Category:Buses]]
[[Category:Leyland vehicles|Lion]]

Liste von Modellmaßstäben

2011-03-28T21:09:55Z

MacStep: Matchbox (brand)

This is a '''list of scale model sizes''', listing a variety of size ratios for [[scale model]]s.

{{See also|Rail transport modelling scales|Miniature_figure_(gaming)#Scales|l2=Miniature gaming figure scales|Miniature_wargaming#Scale|Wargaming#Unit_or_map_scale}}

{| style="clear:both" class="wikitable"
! Ratio !! Scale foot !! Comments
|-
| [[1:20000]] || 0.015 mm || Arii produced injection-molded kits in this scale of the very large [[Zentradi]] spacecraft from the science fiction anime series ''[[Macross]]''.
|-
| [[1:4800]] || 0.064 mm || This scale has been used for fictional spacecraft for the board game ''Star Cruiser'', originally from [[Citadel Miniatures]].
|-
| [[1:3900]] || 0.078 mm || ''Star Trek'' toys and miniatures are available in this scale.
|-
| [[1:3000]] || 0.102 mm || A line of science fiction miniatures is produced in this scale by Brigade Models for the board game ''Starmada''.
|-
| [[1:2500]] || 0.122 mm || A European size for naval wargaming ship models. Also a popular scale for large fictional spacecraft used in gaming, (esp. ''Star Trek'').
|-
| [[1:2400]] || 0.127 mm || A British and American size for naval wargaming ship models. Some science fiction miniatures in this scale.
|-
| [[1:2000]] || 0.152 mm || Valiant Enterprises produces its "Fighting Sail" line of "sailing men o'war" and related subjects in this scale.
|-
| [[1:1250]] || 0.244 mm || A European size for ship models.
|-
| [[1:1200]] || 0.254 mm || A British and American size for ship and harbor models. Airfix used to produce in this scale.
|-
| [[1:1000]] || 0.305 mm || This is a scale used by Germans for pre-finished airliner models. [[Herpa]] produces several models in this scale.
|-
| [[1:720]] || 0.423 mm || This was a standard size for ship models produced by [[Revell]] and [[Italeri]].
|-
| [[1:700]] || 0.435 mm || This is the scale that [[Tamiya]], [[Aoshima Bunka Kyozai|Aoshima]], [[Hasegawa (model company)|Hasegawa]], and [[Fujimi]] chose to produce the largest series of waterline plastic model ships and submarines. Later [[Skywave]], [[Dragon]] and [[Trumpeter]] joined in.
|-
| [[1:600]] || 0.508 mm || Popular for ships, especially liners and capital ships. This is the traditional scale for comparative drawings of ships, used by the [[Royal Navy]] as it is about one-tenth of a [[nautical mile]] to the foot. Warship models produced by [[Airfix]]
|-
| [[1:570]] || 0.535 mm || This scale was used by [[Revell]] for some ship models because it was one-half the size of the standard scale for wargaming models used by the US Army.
|-
| [[1:500]] || 0.610 mm || This is a scale used by Europeans for pre-finished airliner models. [[Trumpeter]] and several Japanese companies produce ships in this scale.
|-
| [[1:432]] || 0.706 mm || The scale used during the Second World War by the US Navy for aircraft recognition.
|-
| [[1:400]] || 0.762 mm || A European size for ship and submarine models and die cast aircraft. eg [[Heller]] products
|-
| [[1:350]] || 0.871 mm || A Japanese size for ship models. These are typically full-hull models that are substantially more detailed than 1:700 waterline models.
|-
| [[1:300]] || 1.016 mm || A scale closely associated with [[1:285 scale]]. The smallest scale commonly used for [[micro armor]]. "6 mm [[figure scale]]" for [[miniature wargaming]].
|-
| [[1:288]] || 1.058 mm || A scale for aircraft and rockets.
|-
| [[1:285]] || 1.069 mm || Also known as "6 mm [[figure scale]]", the US Army scale for sand-table wargames. The standard used in hobbyist [[miniature wargaming]], where it is considered interchangeable with [[1:300]] scale. Commonly used for [[micro armor]].
|-
| [[1:250]] || 1.219 mm || Used by Heller for model ships.
|-
| [[1:220]] || 1.385 mm || Same as [[Z gauge]].
|-
| [[1:200]] || 1.524 mm || A scale used for high-end model aircraft and very detailed [[paper model]] ships. 9 mm [[figure scale]].
|-
| [[1:182.88]] || 1.667 mm || A newer scale utilized in ancient, fantasy and sci-fi hobbyist [[miniature wargaming]]. Known as "10 mm [[figure scale]]" in wargaming circles.
|-
| [[1:160]] || 1.905 mm || American and European model trains in [[N scale]]. Commonly used for [[mini armor]]. 10 mm to 12 mm [[figure scale]] for [[miniature wargaming]].
|-
| [[1:152]] || 2.005 mm || [[2mm scale]] / British [[N scale]] railway modeling.
|-
| [[1:150]] || 2.032 mm || Used by Heller for model ships, and proposed by the Japanese to supersede 1:144 scale trains.
|-
| [[1:148]] || 2.117 mm || British [[N_scale|N]] Model Railroad Scale.
|-
| [[1:144]] || 2.117 mm || Popular for aircraft, spacecraft. Occasionally used with [[NASCAR]] cars. Also some Japanese [[N scale]] trains, as well as Japanese giant robot models and toys. [[Dollhouse]] for a dollhouse scale for 1:12 dollhouses. Commonly used for [[mini armor]]. Used for 12 mm, and 12.5 mm [[figure scale]] [[miniature wargaming]].
|-
| [[1:128]] || 2.381 mm || A few rockets and some fit-in-the-box aircraft are made to this size.
|-
| [[1:121.92]] || 2.500 mm || Very popular scale utilized in modern hobbyist miniature wargaming. Also known as "15 mm [[figure scale]]" in wargaming circles.
|-
| [[1:120]] || 2.49 mm || [[TT_scale|TT]] Model Railroad Scale.
|-
| [[1:108]] || 2.822 mm || An historic size for ships, also used for rockets and spacecraft. 15 mm [[figure scale]] for wargaming is considered interchangeable with this scale.<ref>[http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/scales.html The Miniatures Page: All About Scales]</ref>
|-
| [[1:100]] || 3.048 mm || Kits of historic and modern spacecraft. Japanese aircraft, spacecraft, and giant robots. Also referred to as "15 mm [[figure scale]]" for use with the [[mini armor]] & miniature figurine-based tabletop strategy/skirmish warfare games, ''[[Flames of War]]'', ''[[Axis & Allies Miniatures]]'', as well as ''[[The Face of Battle (game)|The Face of Battle]]'', and ''[[I Ain't Been Shot Mum!]]''.
|-
| [[1:96]] || 3.175 mm || An historic scale for ships, also used for spacecraft.
|-
| [[1:91.44]] || 3.333 mm || A popular scale for WWII hobbyist miniature wargaming. Also known as "20 mm [[figure scale]]" in wargaming circles.
|-
| [[1:90]] || 3.387 mm || A scale proposed by some European manufacturers to supersede [[H0 scale]].
|-
| [[1:87.1]] || 3.5 mm || Exact HO (half O of 7 mm = 1 foot)
|-
| [[1:87]] || 3.503 mm || Civilian and military vehicles. Same as [[HO scale]]. Original nominal 25 mm [[figure scale]]; though a 6 foot human in 1:87 is closer to 20mm.
|-
| [[1:82]] || 3.717 mm || An intermediate scale (HO/OO) intended to apply to both HO and OO scale train sets. Also used for some military models
|-
| [[1:80]] || 3.810 mm || [[Tomytec]] made cars, buses and trucks in this scale.
|-
| [[1:76.2]] || 4 mm || UK model rail scale [[4 mm scale]] ([[00 gauge|OO Scale]], etc.).
|-
| [[1:76]] || 4.011 mm || Military vehicles. Used with 4 mm to 1 foot models as well.
|-
| [[1:75]] || 4.064 mm || Used by Heller for model ships.
|-
| [[1:73.152]] || 4.167 mm || Common hobbyist miniature wargaming scale for sci-fi games such as ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]'' and ''[[AT-43]]''. Also known as 25 mm and 28 mm [[figure scale]] in wargaming circles. There are also a large number of miniatures in this scale for fantasy & sci-fi wargaming and [[role playing games]] (RPGs) such as ''[[Striker (miniatures game)|Striker]]'', ''[[Gamma World]]'' and ''[[MechWarrior (role-playing game)|Classic Battletech RPG]]''. This scale is popularized by [[Games Workshop]] products and ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'', but there has been a scale creep over the years. The current miniatures are "Heroic 28 mm scale", which is closer to 1/48 or 1/50 scale. Due to this historical influence, many other hobbyist companies are following this practice.
|-
| [[1:72 scale|1:72]] || 4.233 mm || Aircraft, science fiction, space non fiction, figures, vehicles, and watercraft. Now the most prolific{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} small scale (i.e. less than 1:35) for plastic injection armored fighting vehicle (AFV) models and also plastic model figurines & scale model vehicles and aircraft by companies such as [[Airfix]]. There is a growing popularity for scratch-built radio control model ships in this scale.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} More genres are covered in this scale than any other.<ref name="Francis">{{cite web |url=http://www.72scale.com |title=The Definitive 1/72 Scale Model Census |accessdate=2007-11-30 |last=Francis |first=Tim |date=December 2002 |publisher=72scale.com}}</ref> Known as 20 mm [[figure scale]] in wargaming circles.
|-
| [[1:64]] || 4.763 mm || Ships, die-cast cars. [[Matchbox (brand)|Matchbox]] and [[Hot Wheels]] use this scale to describe their vehicles, although the actual scale of the individual models varies from 1:55 to beyond 1:100. Same as [[S gauge|S Scale]]. Also called ''3/16in. scale''.
|-
| [[1:60.96]] || 5.000 mm || Common scale for pre-1970s hobbyist miniature wargaming figures. Some companies such as [[Privateer Press]] are producing new figures in this scale. Because 28 mm [[figure scale]] wargaming miniatures have crept in scale over the years, these new "30 mm [[figure scale]]" wargaming miniatures are similar in proportion to the current 28 mm [[figure scale]] wargaming miniatures. Force of Arms, Westwind and s&s models also use this scale for their range of resin and metal ww2 and modern 28 mm [[figure scale]] vehicles.
|-
| [[1:60]] || 5.080 mm || Used by ''[[Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures]]''. A handful of high-detail, Japanese giant robot model kits primarily produced by [[Bandai]] are of this scale. Some Japanese toy manufacturers also produce aircraft toys in this scale. Rare model rail scale from Germany.
|-
| [[1:56]] || 5.442 mm || Another common scale for 28 mm [[figure scale]] wargaming vehicles - manufacturers in this scale include [[Wargames Factory]], Die Waffenkammer/JTFM Enterprises, NZWM/Army Group North, Force of Arms and Bolt Action.
|-
| [[1:55]] || 5.644 mm || Used only by ''Disney-Pixar Cars Die-Cast Line'' by [[Mattel]].
|-
| [[1:50]] || 6.096 mm || Many European diecast construction vehicles and trucks. A small quantity of early Japanese aircraft kits are also of this scale. 25 mm [[figure scale]] wargaming vehicles are often of this scale—Brigade Games being one manufacturer.
|-
| [[1:48]] || 6.350 mm || For dollhouse applications, 1:48 is commonly known as quarter scale (as it is one-quarter of the 1:12 "standard" dollhouse scale). Mainly military aircraft, but in 2005 [[Tamiya]] launched a new series of armored fighting vehicle (AFV) models in this scale. It is the American [[O scale]]. Architectural model scale corresponding to widely used architectural drawing scale in the U.S. Also the main [[Lego]] scale, known as [[minifigure|minifig]] scale. The rather uncommon 40 mm [[figure scale]] wargames figures fit approximately into this scale.
|-
| [[1:45]] || 6.773 mm || This is the scale which [[MOROP]] has defined for [[0 scale]], because it is half the size of the 1:22.5 Scale G-gauge model railways made by German manufacturers{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}.
|-
| [[1:43.5]] || 7 mm || Exact O scale of 7 mm = 1 foot.
|-
| [[1:43]] || 7.088 mm || Still the most popular scale for die-cast cars worldwide, metric or otherwise. It originates from British [[0 scale]].
|-
| [[1:40]] || 7.620 mm || The very early models of the British Coronation Coach and a few other horse-drawn wagons were made in this scale. Cheap soft [[army men|plastic soldier]] figures are also made to this scale; there are a few kits to make vehicles for them.
|-
| [[1:35]] || 8.709 mm || The most popular scale for military vehicles and figures. Used heavily by [[Verlinden Productions]]. It was originally conceived by [[Tamiya]] for convenience of fitting motorised parts and batteries.
|-
| [[1:34]] || 8.965 mm || A popular scale for collecting vintage and modern American truck models. Established by [[First Gear, Inc.]] in the early 90's with growing popularity in Europe and Australia.
|-
| [[1:33]] || 9.236 mm || The most common scale for [[paper model]] kits of aircraft.
|-
| [[1:32 scale|1:32]] || 9.525 mm || Military vehicles; 54 mm [[figure scale]] toy soldiers are supposed to use this scale as well. Same as [[1 gauge|Gauge 1]], cars, common for [[slot car]]s. Some aircraft (eg Matchbox/Revell)
|-
| [[1:30.5]] || 10 mm || Often quoted as the alternative to 1/32 scale.
|-
| [[1:30]] || 10.16 mm || Toy soldiers and military vehicles including King and Country and Figarti.
|-
| [[1:29]] || 10.51 mm || American model trains running on 45 mm [[1 gauge|Gauge 1]] track.
|-
| [[1:28]] || 10.89 mm || Biplane fighters.
|-
| [[1:25]] || 12.19 mm || Cars, figures. [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]] (now combined with [[Ertl]]), [[Revell]], and [[Jo-Han]] made cars in this scale. In Europe, this is preferred over 1:24. Holland has whole toy villages in this scale. This scale is also standard in most theatre design models used to represent set designs before being built
|-
| [[1:24]] || 12.70 mm || Cars, figures. [[Revell|Monogram]] made cars in this scale; Common scale for non-US companies including [[Tamiya]]. Some American [[dollhouse]] brands. Diecast vehicles by Danbury and Franklin Mint. American trains by Delton MFG., and Aristocraft Classics.
|-
| [[1:22.5]] || 13.55 mm || [[G Scale]] trains made by German manufacturers.
|-
| [[1:20]] || 15.24 mm || Cars, common for [[Formula One]] models.
|-
| [[1:19]] || 16.04 mm || [[16mm scale]] [[Live steam]] model railways. This is also the scale for those{{Which?|date=December 2009}} "four-inch" adventure movie figurines.
|-
| [[1:18]] || 16.93 mm || Cars made from kits, children's [[dollhouse]]s. The [[G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero]] line of figures and vehicles is in this scale, although the figures are compatible with 1:16 vehicles rather than 1:18 cars.
|-
| [[1:16]] || 19.05 mm || [[Live steam]] trains (non-ridable), Figures. [[Ertl Company|Ertl's]] popular line of farm and construction machinery is produced in this size.
|-
| [[1:13]] || 23.44 mm || [[Aurora_Plastics_Corporation|Aurora]] "Monster Scenes" and "Prehistoric Scenes" Kits.
|-
| [[1:12 scale|1:12]] || 25.40 mm || [[Action figure]]s, Model cars (static and RC driven), [[Live steam]] trains (non-ridable), [[dollhouse]]s for adult collectors, motorcycles
|-
| [[1:10]] || 30.48 mm || Motorcycles, [[Radio-controlled car]]s
|-
| [[1:8]] || 38.10 mm || Cars, motorcycles, [[Live steam]] trains (ridable), [[Glow plug (model engine)|IC]] [[radio-controlled car]]s, Japanese [[garage kit]] figures, [[Aurora_Plastics_Corporation|Aurora]] Classic Monster Kits
|-
| [[1:7]] || 43.54 mm || Common scale utilized by Japanese companies for figures of [[anime]] characters, especially{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} when the portrayed character is supposed to be young in age. The scale of a standard 4-stud × 2-stud [[Lego]] brick compared to the [[unit size]] of a standard house brick (9 × {{frac|4|1|2}} × 3 inches).
|-
| [[1:6 Scale Modeling|1:6]] || 50.80 mm || Articulated figures, such as [[G.I. Joe]], and [[Dragon Models Limited|Dragon]], children's [[fashion doll]]s like [[Barbie]], static display [[Model figure|figures]] (commonly of [[anime]] characters), motorcycles, Rail Cannons, Armored Vehicles, Military Dioramas.
|-
| [[1:5]] || 60.96 mm || [[Glow plug (model engine)]] & electric [[Radio-controlled car]]s
|-
| [[1:4]] || 76.20 mm || [[Glow plug (model engine)]] & electric [[Radio-controlled car]]s, plastic model engines, larger collectible [[fashion doll]]s
|-
| [[1:3]] || 101.60 mm || [[Ball-jointed doll]]s
|}

== References ==
* {{cite web |url=http://spaceship.brainiac.com/spaceship.html |title=Tom's Spaceship Miniature Index |accessdate=2008-06-14 |date=04 Mar 2008}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Scale Model Sizes}}
[[Category:Reference material lists|Scale model sizes]]
[[Category:Scale model scales| ]]
[[Category:Model railroad scales|*]]

[[nl:Lijst van modelautoschalen]]