Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Sledgehammer Games

2009-12-15T10:55:03Z

MacGyverMagic: The article isn't being speedy deleted, hangon tags are not needed for an AFD discussion, removing {{hangon}}

{{AfDM|page=Sledgehammer Games|logdate=2009 December 14|substed=yes|help=off}}



'''Sledgehammer Games''' is a new, wholly-owned Activision game development studio founded in 2009 by Glen Schofield and Michael Condrey.

== References ==
Activision Publishing Hires Industry Veterans Glen A. Schofield and Michael Condrey to Lead Sledgehammer Games

In July of 2009 Glen A. Schofield (VP, GM) and Michael Condrey (VP, COO) left EA's Visceral Games to create Sledgehammer Games. <ref>http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Activision-Publishing-Hires-prnews-89762338.html?x=0&.v=1</ref>


[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:Video game developers]]

==Notes==
<references />

Katie Jarvis

2009-05-29T10:10:59Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Acting career */ rm eventually (too repetitive based on previous lines in the section)

{{Infobox Actor
| name = Katie Jarvis
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birthdate = [[Circa|c.]] 1991/1992 
| birthplace = [[Dartford]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Katie Jarvis''', is an [[England|English]] [[actress]], most notable for her role as Mia in the film ''[[Fish Tank (film)|Fish Tank]]''. She was spotted by a casting agent, following an arguement with her boyfriend at [[Tilbury Town railway station]].

==Acting career==
Jarvis was discovered by a casting agent working for director, [[Andrea Arnold]] at [[Tilbury Town railway station]] in [[Tilbury]], [[Essex]], following an arguement with her boyfriend, Brian.<ref name="Katie finds stardom">{{cite news | title = Katie finds stardom after station tiff with boyfriend | url = http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/basildon/4370417.Katie_finds_stardom_after_station_tiff_with_boyfriend/ | publisher = Echo | author = Emma Palmer | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-27 }}</ref> When first approached by the casting agent, she did not believe she was being cast for a film and refused to hand over her phone number, but eventually took a number and called later.<ref name="No Cannes do">{{cite news | title = No Cannes do... Essex girl star of gritty teen movie passes up red carpet invite to stay with newborn baby | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1182269/No-Cannes--Essex-girl-star-gritty-teen-movie-passes-red-carpet-invite-stay-newborn-baby.html | publisher = Daily Mail | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref> She was cast in Arnold's film, ''[[Fish Tank (film)|Fish Tank]]'', following a successful [[audition]]. Despite no previous acting experience, Jarvis said she wasn't nervous; "There weren't a lot of people at the first audition so I wasn't nervous, but at the second it became a bit more scary as there were a lot of girls. I'd never done any dancing or anything like that and I didn't think I had a chance."<ref name="Shy teenage star shuns red carpet of Cannes">{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/shy-teenage-star-shuns-red-carpet-of-cannes-1685198.html | title = Shy teenage star shuns red carpet of Cannes | publisher = The Independent | author = Africa Akbar | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref> However, in the audition Jarvis refused to dance on which Arnold commented; "We had to leave the camera in the room and go out. She hates dancing."<ref name="Station row led Katie Jarvis to stardom">{{cite news | title = Station row led Katie Jarvis to stardom in British film Fish Tank | url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/cannes/article6288427.ece | publisher = The Times | author = Ben Hoyle | date = 2009-05-14 | accessdate = 2009-05-27 }}</ref> During the a lot of the filming, Jarvis slept on sister's [[couch]].<ref name="Station row led Katie Jarvis to stardom" /> She plays Mia, a troublesome and sometimes agressive 15-year-old girl form a [[working class]] family, passionate about [[dance]].<ref name="First Night: Fish Tank">{{cite news | title = First Night: Fish Tank | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/first-night-fish-tank-1685199.html | publisher = The Independent | author = Kaleem Aftab | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref><ref name="Shy teenage star shuns red carpet of Cannes" /><ref name="Fish Tank review">{{cite news | title = Fish Tank review | url = http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/86764/fish-tank.html | publisher = Time Out London | author = Dave Calhoun | date = May 2009 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref> The film was in the running for the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[2009 Cannes Film Festival|62nd Cannes Film Festival]], although it didn't win the highest award, it did win the [[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)|Jury Prize]].<ref name="Cannes 2009 Day Twelve">{{cite news | title = Cannes 2009 Day Twelve: Haneke Triumphs With Top Prize | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-giltz/cannes-2009-day-twelve-ha_b_207204.html | publisher = The Huffington Post | author = Michael Giltz | date = 2009-05-24 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref><ref name="Cannes 2009: Final round-up">{{cite news | title = Cannes 2009: Final round-up | url = http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/7811/cannes-2009-final-round-up.html | publisher = Time Out London | author = Dave Calhoun | date = 2009-05-28 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref> Following the success of the film, she was signed by [[talent agent|talent agencies]], Billy Lazarus signed her for [[United States]] based [[United Talent Agency]] and Sue Latimer of [[Artist Right Group]] will represent her in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref name="Teen mum's on the books with Johnny">{{cite news | title = Teen mum's on the books with Johnny | url = http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/81745/Teen-mum-s-on-the-books-with-Johnny/ | publisher = Daily Star | author = Richard Peppiatt | date = 2009-05-23 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref><ref name="Fish Tank girl Katie signed by US agents">{{cite news | title = Fish Tank girl Katie signed by US agents | url = http://www.basildonrecorder.co.uk/news/echo/4394775.Fish_Tank_girl_Katie_signed_by_US_agents/ | publisher = Basildon Recorder | date = 2009-05-26 | accessdate = 2009-05-28 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jarvis was born in [[Dartford]], [[Kent]] and lives on a [[housing estate]] in [[Essex]].<ref name="Fish Tank girl Katie signed by US agents" /><ref name="How row set in train">{{cite news | title = How row set in train life-changing offer for Fish Tank star | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/may/14/fish-tank-andrea-arnold-cannes-film-festival | publisher = The Guardian | author = Charlotte Higgins | date = 2009-05-14 | accessdate = 2009-05-27 }}</ref><ref name="Unknown teen Katie Jarvis takes Cannes by storm">{{cite news | title = Unknown teen Katie Jarvis takes Cannes by storm | url = http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/47614,news,unknown-teen-katie-jarvis-takes-cannes-by-storm-fish-tank-palm-dor | publisher = The First Post | author = Jack Bremer | date = 2009-05-15 | accessdate = 2009-05-27 }}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter, Lily Mae on 9 May 2009.<ref name="Katie finds stardom" /><ref name="Station row led Katie Jarvis to stardom" /><ref name="How row set in train" />

==Filmography==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Film
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director(s)
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Fish Tank (film)|Fish Tank]]''<ref name="imdb">{{citeweb | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1232776/ | title = Fish Tank | publisher = IMDb | accessdate = 2009-05-27 }}</ref> || Mia || [[Andrea Arnold]]
|- 
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=3086235|name=Katie Jarvis}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Jarvis, Katie
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Dartford]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{lifetime||LIVING|Jarvis, Katie}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tilbury]]
[[Category:People from Basildon]]
[[Category:British film actors]]

Black-Power-Protest bei den Olympischen Spielen 1968

2009-04-01T09:34:46Z

MacGyverMagic: undo rest of vandalism missed by Ivo

[[Image:Carlos-Smith.jpg|thumb|[[Tommie Smith]] (center) and [[John Carlos]] (right) showing the [[raised fist]] in the [[1968 Summer Olympics]], while Silver medallist [[Peter Norman]] from Australia (left) wears an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge to show his support for the two U.S. athletes]]
The '''1968 Olympics Black Power salute''' was a noted black civil rights protest and one of the most overtly political statements<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2094-2393575,00.html | publisher=[[The Sunday Times]] | last=Lewis | first=Richard | date=[[2006-10-08]] | title=Caught in Time: Black Power salute, Mexico, 1968 | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> in the 110 year history of the modern [[Olympic Games]]. [[African American]] athletes [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] performed the [[raised fist|Power to the People salute]] at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]].

==The protest==
On the morning of [[October 16]], [[1968]],<ref name="SJSU">{{cite web | url=http://www.as.sjsu.edu/legacy/Smith-Carlos.pdf | publisher=[[SJSU]] | title=1968: Black athletes make silent protest | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> U.S. athlete Tommie Smith won the [[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics|200 metre race]] in a then-world-record time of 19.83 seconds, with [[Australia|Australia's]] [[Peter Norman]] second with a time of 20.07 seconds, and the U.S.'s John Carlos in third place with a time of 20.10 seconds. After the race was completed, the three went to collect their medals at the podium. The two U.S. athletes received their medals shoeless, but wearing black socks, to represent black poverty.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3535000/3535348.stm | publisher=[[BBC]] | title=1968: Black athletes make silent protest | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent black pride.<ref name="BBC" /> Carlos had his tracksuit top unzipped to show solidarity with all blue collar workers in the U.S. and wore a necklace of beads which he described "were for those individuals that were lynched, or killed and that no-one said a prayer for, that were hung and tarred. It was for those thrown off the side of the boats in the [[Middle Passage|middle passage]]."<ref>{{cite web | last=Lucas | first=Dean | publisher=Famous Pictures: The Magazine | title=Black Power | url= http://www.famouspictures.org/mag/?title=Black_Power | date=[[February 11]], [[2007]] | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> All three athletes wore [[Olympic Project for Human Rights]] (OPHR) badges, after Norman expressed sympathy with their ideals. Sociologist [[Harry Edwards]], the founder of the OPHR, had urged black athletes to boycott the games; reportedly, the actions of Smith and Carlos on [[October 16]], [[1968]]<ref name="SJSU">{{cite web | url=http://www.as.sjsu.edu/legacy/Smith-Carlos.pdf | publisher=[[SJSU]] | title=1968: Black athletes make silent protest | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> were inspired by Edwards' arguments.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cstv.com/sports/c-track/stories/022406aas.html | publisher=[[CSTV]] | last=Spander | first=Art | title=A Moment In Time: Remembering an Olympic Protest | date=[[2006-02-24]] | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref>

Both U.S. athletes intended on bringing black gloves to the event, but Carlos forgot his, leaving them in the Olympic Village. It was the Australian, Peter Norman, who suggested Carlos wear Smith's left-handed glove, this being the reason behind him raising his left hand, as opposed to his right, differing from the traditional Black Power salute.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7674157.stm | publisher=[[BBC]] | title=The other man on the podium | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> When "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" played, Smith and Carlos delivered the salute with heads bowed, a gesture which became front page news around the world. As they left the podium they were booed by the crowd.<ref name="Freedom Weekend">{{cite web | url=http://www.freedomweekend.info/downloads/john_carlos.pdf | publisher=Freedom Weekend | title=John Carlos | format=PDF | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> Smith later said "If I win, I am American, not a black American. But if I did something bad, then they would say I am a Negro. We are black and we are proud of being black. Black America will understand what we did tonight."<ref name=BBC/>

==International Olympic Committee response==
[[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] president [[Avery Brundage]] deemed a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were supposed to be. In an immediate response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the U.S. team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the two athletes being expelled from the Games.

A spokesperson for the organization said it was "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit."<ref name="BBC" />
Brundage, who was president of the United States Olympic Committee in 1936, had made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics. The Nazi salute, being a national salute at the time, was accepted in a competition of nations, while the athletes' salute was not of a nation and so was considered unacceptable.<ref>"The Olympic Story", editor James E. Churchill, Jr., published 1983 by Grolier Enterprises Inc.</ref>

In 2008, the official IOC website states that "Over and above winning medals, the black American athletes made names for themselves by an act of racial protest."<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1968 Mexico 1968] (official [[International Olympic Committee]] website. Accessed 2008-11-09.)</ref>

==Aftermath==
Smith and Carlos were largely ostracized by the U.S. sporting establishment in the following years and in addition were subject to criticism of their actions. [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] showed the five-ring Olympic logo with the words, "Angrier, Nastier, Uglier", instead of "Faster, Higher, Stronger". Back home they were subject to abuse and they and their families received death threats.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tommiesmith.com/ | publisher=Tommie Smith | title=Tommie Smith 1968 Olympic Gold Medallist | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref>

Smith continued in athletics, going on to play [[American football]] with the [[Cincinnati Bengals]], before becoming an assistant professor of Physical Education at [[Oberlin College]]. In 1995 he went on to help coach the U.S. team at the World Indoor Championships at [[Barcelona]]. In 1999 he was awarded a Sportsman of the Millennium award. He is now a public speaker.

Carlos' career followed a similar path to Smith. He initially continued in athletics, equaling the 100m world record the following year. Later he played American football with the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] before a knee injury prematurely ended his career. He fell upon hard times in the late 1970s and in 1977 his wife committed suicide. In 1982 Carlos was employed by the Organizing Committee for the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles]] to promote the games and act as liaison with the city's black community. In 1985 he became a track and field coach at Palm Springs High School, a post which he still holds.

Norman, who was sympathetic to his competitors' protest, was reprimanded by his country's Olympic authorities and ostracized by the Australian media.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Wise|title=Clenched fists, helping hand|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/04/AR2006100401753_2.html|publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|date=[[2006-10-05]]|accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> He was not picked for the [[1972 Summer Olympics]], despite finishing third in his trials. He kept running, but contracted [[gangrene]] in 1985 after tearing his [[Achilles tendon]], which nearly led to his leg being amputated. Depression and heavy drinking followed. He suffered a heart attack and died on [[October 3]], [[2006]]. Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.<ref>{{cite news|first=Martin|last=Flanagan|authorlink=Martin Flanagan|title=Olympic protest heroes praise Norman's courage|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/sport/olympic-protest-heroes-praise-normans-courage/2006/10/09/1160246069969.html|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=[[2006-10-06]]|accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref>

[[Image:2008-0817-SJSU-SJSU-SmithCarlos.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Statue in honor of Smith and Carlos on the campus of San José State University]]
[[San José State University]] honored former students Smith and Carlos with a twenty-two foot high statue of their protest in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|first=Owen|last=Slot|title=America finally honours rebels as clenched fist becomes salute|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article580095.ece|publisher=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=[[2005-10-19]]|accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref> In January 2007, History San José opened a new exhibit called ''Speed City: From Civil Rights to Black Power'', covering the [[San Jose State University]] athletic program "from which many student athletes became globally recognized figures as the Civil Rights and Black Power movements reshaped American society."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://historysanjose.org/exhibits_collections/current_upcoming_exhibits/speedcity.html | publisher=History San José|title=Speed City: From Civil Rights to Black Power | date=[[2005-07-28]] | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref>

On [[March 3]] [[2008]], in the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' editorial section, an editorial by [[Orin Starn]] entitled "Bottom line turns to hollow gold for today's Olympians" lamented the lack of social engagement of modern sports athletes, in contrast to Smith and Carlos.

Smith and Carlos received an [[Arthur Ashe Courage Award]] at the 2008 [[ESPY Awards]] honoring their action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=3417048|title=Salute at ESPYs - Smith and Carlos to receive Arthur Ashe Courage Award|date=2008-05-29|publisher=http://espn.go.com/ [[espn.com]]|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref>

The [[Sydney Film Festival]] in mid-2008 featured [[Salute (2008 film)|a documentary about the protest]], titled "Salute", and directed and produced by [[Matt Norman]], an Australian actor and film-maker, and Peter Norman's nephew.<ref name="SydneyFilmFestival_2008_ProgramRevealed_MattNorman_Salute">{{cite web|url=http://www.sydneyfilmfestival.org/content.asp?id=21&nid=116&p=20|title=2008 Program Revealed!|date=2008-05-08|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref>

On Wednesday, [[July 9]], [[2008]], at 2100, [[BBC Four]] broadcast a documentary, ''Black Power Salute'', by Geoff Small, about the protest and its aftermath. In an article, Small noted that the athletes of the British team attending the [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] had been asked to sign gagging clauses which would have restricted their right to make political statements, but that they had refused.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/09/olympicgames2008.humanrights | publisher=The Guardian | last=Small | first=Geoff | date=[[2008-07-09]] | title=Remembering the Black Power protest | accessdate=2008-11-09}}</ref>

The Salute was featured in a "Nick News" special on Black History Month, during the "Did You Know?" portion. The special aired on Sunday, February 1st, 2009.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://iviesinchina.com/the-politics-of-hypocrisy/ "The Politics of Hypocrisy"] - includes authorized excerpt from the [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[The Harvard Crimson|Crimson]] of Wednesday 6 November 1968.
*[http://gdayworld.thepodcastnetwork.com/2008/07/07/gday-world-333-matt-norman-directorproducer-salute "Matt Norman, Director/Producer 'Salute'"] (podcast: nephew of Peter Norman discusses new documentary about Peter's role in the Black Power Salute)
*[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1056987 "El Black Power de Mexico: 40 años después"] (Diario La Nación of Buenos Aires, 10/11/08)
[[Category:1968 in the United States]]
[[Category:1968 in Mexico]]
[[Category:1968 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1968]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests]]
[[Category:Gestures]]
[[Category:Photographs]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Protests in Mexico]]
[[Category:Racism]]
[[Category:Sport and politics]]
[[Category:Olympic Games controversies]]

[[es:Saludo del Black Power en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1968]]
[[ja:ブラックパワー・サリュート]]
[[no:Black Power-hilsenen under sommer-OL i 1968]]

Royal Military Police

2009-04-01T09:32:08Z

MacGyverMagic: revert vandalism

{{British Army Arms}}

The '''Royal Military Police''' ('''RMP''') is the corps of the [[British Army]] responsible for the policing of service personnel and providing a [[military police]] presence on service property, operations and exercises.<ref>[http://www.army.mod.uk/rmp/ Ministry of Defence, Royal Military Police website, (accessed 15 Nov 06)]</ref> Its members are generally known as '''Redcaps''' because they wear red-topped [[combination cap|peaked caps]] or red [[beret]]s. Their [[stable belt]] was red until 1992, when they were federated into the [[Adjutant General's Corps]] and started wearing the blue and red belt adopted by the AGC. Now the RMP has reverted to the wearing of a new version of the original red belt as approved by the Army Dress Committee. Like other military police around the world, they continue to wear white [[webbing]] with barrack dress but white [[gaiter]]s have not been worn since the 1960s. The regimental march of the RMP is the "The Watchtower" or "''Der Wachturm,''" originally an 18th century German Army marching tune.

==Role==
Principal duties of the RMP:

* The provision of [[garrison]] [[police]] facilities;
* Law enforcement and crime prevention; and liaison with [[Home Office]] police forces and other police forces worldwide when Army interests are involved or suspected;
* Tactical military police support to the Army in all phases of military operations.
* The provision of [[Royal Military Police Close Protection Unit|close protection]] worldwide to those deemed by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] to warrant such.

RMP personnel are not sworn in as [[constable]]s (apart from some oversea's postings, The Falklands for example) and only have police powers whilst dealing with military personnel, dependents or overseas contractors sponsored by the Army. RMP personnel do not have to be on Ministry of Defence land to exercise their authority. They also have police powers over the personnel of the other two services: the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Royal Air Force]]. The Royal Navy Police and RAF Police also have reciprocal police powers over Army personnel.

==== Evolution of Military Policing ====

During the Cold War the approach of NATO to military policing was to provide Military Police support to National Forces by<ref>Royal Military Police Journal 2007</ref>:

* Traffic Control
* Military Security
* Law & Order

Post cold war this has now evolved into:

* Mobility Support
* Security
* Policing
* Detention

===Police duties===
[[Image:Wpe3.gif|right|thumb|150px|Royal Military Police]]
During peacetime the RMP is responsible for policing the Army at home in the UK and abroad.

As well as providing mobile and foot patrols in [[garrison]]/major unit areas, some RMP NCOs are allocated roles working on Service Family Accommodation (SFA) estates, such as [[Community Liaison Officer]] and [[Crime Reduction Officer]]. Part of this role involves visiting schools in the SFA catchment area where the school children come from service families. In the UK this work is often done in conjunction with counterparts from the [[Ministry of Defence Police]]. The RMP does not and never has guarded gates at Army barracks,nor should it be confused with [[Regimental Police]].

In garrison areas, the RMP often patrol local towns on Friday and Saturday nights at venues where service personnel are likely to frequent. This often means good co-operation with the local civil police force so an appropriate public order response can be given when required.

===Exercises and operations===
[[Image:Para Provost DZ Badge.jpg|thumb|RMP Para Provost [[DZ Flash]] (16 Air Assault Brigade)]]

A lot of the skills an RMP NCO uses in policing the military community are also transferable when on exercise or operations.

The wartime role of the RMP is not just to provide support in rear areas. RMP detachments are often in the vanguard of any advance by British military formations. During [[Operation Granby]], RMP personnel followed [[Royal Engineers]] combat units from the form up points to mark out safe routes through [[minefield]]s.

As soon as the first combat troops begin to advance, the RMP guides and marshals other combat and support units toward the front of the advance. As the forward units advance, the RMP sets up traffic posts so they are able to maintain major supply routes.

Other wartime roles for the RMP are:

*Prisoner handling
*Maintenance of law and discipline
*Investigating crime
*[[War crime]] investigations

==History==

The post of [[Provost Marshal]] has existed since [[William of Cassingham]] was appointed by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] on 28 May 1241 (the original title was Sergeant of the Peace). The Provost Marshal has always had men detached to assist him, an arrangement formalised by the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] in the [[Peninsular War]]; but only since 1877 has there actually existed a regular corps of military police. In that year, the '''Military Mounted Police''' (MMP) was formed, followed by the '''Military Foot Police''' (MFP) in 1885. The Military Mounted Police first engaged in combat in 1882 at the [[Battle of Tel el-Kebir]].<ref>Regiments That Served With The 7th Armoured Division, Military Mounted Police and Military Foot Police [http://www.ian.a.paterson.btinternet.co.uk/orgothers.htm]</ref> Although technically two independent corps, these two effectively functioned as a single organisation. In 1926 they were fully amalgamated to form the '''Corps of Military Police''' (CMP). In recognition of their service in the [[Second World War]], they became the '''Corps of Royal Military Police''' (RMP) on 28 November 1946 under Army Order 167.

On 6 April 1992 the RMP lost its status as an independent corps and, together with the [[Military Provost Staff Corps]], became the Provost Branch of the [[Adjutant General's Corps]]. It was, however, permitted to retain the name "Royal Military Police", together with its [[cap badge]] and other distinctive insignia including the red cap.

The RMP motto is ''Exemplo Ducemus'', Latin for "By example, shall we lead".

One of the nicknames for the RMP is the "Monkey Hangers". While the exact origins of the nickname (now shortened to "Monkey") are not known, one possible origin comes from the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], when a merchant ship docked at [[Hartlepool]]; on board the ship was a small [[monkey]] dressed in a sailor's costume. The local people who saw the monkey were convinced that it was a French spy and demanded its demise. The local Provost Marshal hanged the monkey to avoid a riot taking place.

=== First World War ===

In 1914 the Corps of Military Mounted Police and the Corps of Military Foot Police had a total establishment of nearly 5000 men. When the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] was sent to France in that year, each [[division (military)|division]] had one Assistant Provost Marshal in the rank of [[Major]] and several NCOs. The Provost Marshal was a [[Colonel]] until 1915, and a [[Brigadier-General]] thenceforward.

During the [[Battle of Mons|retreat from Mons]] the MPs were busy dealing with soldiers who, through exhaustion or the general confusion of battle, had either lost or became detached from their units. By operating stragglers posts, the MPs were able to return soldiers to their units. These posts were also well placed to pick out [[deserter]]s and those [[AWOL|Absent With Out Leave (AWOL)]].

The [[First World War]] was the conflict where traffic control became an important function. This was identified particularly after the [[Battle of Loos]], when there was a lot of confusion involving two British divisions. As well as traffic control, the BEF provost units dealt with the maintenance of law and order (i.e. the detection of crime and the arrest of offenders), custody of [[prisoners of war]] until handed over to detention facilities, surveillance, control and protection of civilians.

The work undertaken by MPs was not all carried out behind the lines, and sometimes they came under heavy fire. During this conflict, the Military Police suffered 375 casualties. Sixty-five received the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] and 260 received the [[Military Medal]].

As well as the BEF, MPs served in war zones around world during the First World War.

===Second World War===

[[Image:RMP shoulder badges 1.jpg|thumb|CMP & RMP shoulder badges]]
At the beginning of the [[Second World War]], the CMP had several branches: [[Special Investigation Branch]] (SIB); Red Caps, who were responsible for general policing; Blue Caps (Vulnerable Points), responsible for security of static locations and establishments; White Caps (Traffic Control); and Field Security Wing (Green Caps), which was separated from the CMP in 1940 to form the [[Intelligence Corps]], and who wore the CMP cap badge, but without the scroll. By the end of the war the Red Caps had replaced the Blue and White Caps. The RMP provided support to the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in France and these units were also involved in [[Operation Dynamo]].

====Operation Overlord====

On 6 June 1944, the Allies launched [[Operation Overlord]], the invasion of the European mainland. CMP units taking part included:

* 101st Provost Company, CMP (On 18 July 1944 this company landed, under enemy attack, at [[Juno Beach|Courseilles-Sur-Mer]])
* 150th Provost Company, CMP

"The [[Battle of Normandy]] and subsequent battles would never have been won but for the work and co-operation of the Provost on the traffic routes." ([[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Field Marshal Montgomery]], 1945)

====Operation Market Garden====

In 1944, the Allies launched [[Operation Market Garden]], the airborne assault to capture bridges over the Lower [[Rhine]] in the Netherlands. The [[British 1st Airborne Division|1st (Airborne) Divisional Provost Company, CMP]] captured the police station in [[Arnhem]], but then suffered heavy losses when the [[II SS Panzer Corps]] counter attacked.

====Operation Varsity====

On 24 March 1945, the [[British 6th Airborne Division]] successfully launched [[Operation Varsity]] at [[Wesel]], Western Germany. This airborne operation was part of the bigger [[Operation Plunder]], the crossing of the Rhine.

CMP units taking part in Operation Varsity were:

* 6th (Airborne) Divisional Provost Company, CMP
* HQ, 245th Provost Company, CMP

CMP units taking part in Operation Plunder included:
*101 Provost Company, CMP, [[British 15th (Scottish) Division|15th (Scottish) Division]]
CMP units also served with British units of the 14th Army in the Burma campaign 1944-1945 (eg 2nd Division)

===Cold War===
In 1946, the Robertson-Malinin agreement introduced Military Missions into the post-war Control Zones of Germany. The [[Soviet Union]] maintained missions ([[SOXMIS]]) in the U.S., French and British zones. In the British sector the Soviet Mission was based in [[Bünde]] near [[Herford]]. British Forces maintained a mission ([[BRIXMIS]]) in the Soviet Zone ([[East Germany]]).

The RMP had the task of policing the Soviet mission in Bünde, and this was tasked to 19 (Support) Platoon RMP, who became known as "white mice". This unit's job was to wait outside the Soviet mission until a SOXMIS vehicle appeared and then follow it.

In restricted areas, Soviet vehicles were not permitted to leave the [[autobahn]]s (not even in parking areas) unless accompanied by U.S., British or French military police.

The agreements remained in force until 2 October 1990, when all three missions were deactivated on the eve of [[German reunification|Germany's reunification]].

In [[Berlin]], within 2 Regiment RMP, 247 Provost Company RMP was responsible for manning the British Sector checkpoints and Border Patrols. As part of 2 Regiment, an armed unit of German nationals, 248 German Security Unit, was maintained; its commander was a German national in the rank of Major and an RSM from a British infantry regiment acted as liaison officer. This was disbanded in 1994, when the British Garrison in Berlin was closed. A third company within the 2 Regiment was 246 Provost Company in Helmstedt.

====Korean War====

The [[Korean War]] was fought between 1950 and 1953. As part of British and Commonwealth Forces the RMP deployed:

* 27 Brigade Provost Section RMP
* 28 Brigade Provost Section RMP

The Corps had one fatality during this conflict:
* Sergeant D. R. Kinnear

====Malayan Emergency and the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation====

The [[Malayan Emergency]] lasted from 1948 to 1960. The UK committed British forces (including the RMP) to combat communist guerilla forces. The [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] lasted from 1962 to 1966.

Between 1948 and 1956, thirteen members of the RMP lost their lives in this conflict. Britain still maintains military forces in [[Brunei]], including an RMP unit.

====The Suez Canal Zone Emergency and Suez Crisis====

Between 1951 and 1955, British forces stationed in the Suez canal zone were engaged in operations against terrorists. The RMP lost eight members during this emergency. The RMP were also involved in Operation Musketeer, the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956.

====Cyprus====

On 1 April 1955 a terrorist campaign was started by the Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston ([[EOKA]]) in [[Cyprus]]. It lasted until 1959.

Units of the RMP involved which were involved during the emergency were:

* 1st Guards Brigade HQ RMP. Waynes Keep, [[Nicosia]]
* 1 Independent Infantry Division Provost Company (Detachment) RMP. HQ Nicosia
* 3 Infantry Division Provost Company RMP. [[Famagusta]]
* No 6 Army Guard Unit RMP. [[Lakatamia]], [[Larnaca]], [[Dhekelia]]
* 227 GHQ Provost Company RMP. Nicosia, with detachments at Famagusta, [[Limassol]], Larnaca, [[Paphos]], [[Kyrenia]]
* 51 Brigade Independent Provost Company RMP
* Cyprus District Provost Company

The following RMP casualties are buried at the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Waynes Keep Cemetery]], which is located in the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus]].

* Lance-Corporal W. R. Bell, 227 GHQ Provost Company RMP
* Lance-Corporal W. N. Cameron, 51 Independent Infantry Brigade Provost Company RMP
* Lance-Corporal R. J. Downing, 3 Infantry Division Provost Company RMP
* Lance-Corporal R. B. Leitch, 227 Provost Company RMP
* Lance-Corporal D. W. Perry, HQ 3 Brigade RMP
* Lance-Corporal A. R. Shaw, 3 Independent Infantry Division Provost Company RMP
* Lance-Corporal G. A. Todd
* Lance-Corporal B. F. Turvey
* Lance-Corporal B. D. Welsh

In 1955, Major Greenaway, who was the Officer Commanding 1 Division Provost Company (Detachment), was paralysed after being shot in the back; he was repatriated to the UK.

====United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus: Operation TOSCA====

The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was established in 1964 to prevent a recurrence of fighting between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and a return to normal conditions. After the 1974 Greek coup-d'etat and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the UN Security Council extended and expanded the mission to prevent that [[Cyprus dispute]] turning into war. RMP have served with the Force Military Police Unit(FMPU), from the outset.

The FMPU is 1 of only 2 multi-national sub units within UNFICYP, the other being the Mobile Force Reserve. The FMPU is commanded by a RMP major who is both OC FMPU and Provost Marshal. 7 other members of the RMP form the spine of the 25 strong unit. Other contributing nationalities are Argentina, Hungary and Slovakia. The British contribution to FMPU is now the longest enduring operational commitment for RMP.

====Kenya, 1952–1960====

During this period the British Army was conducting operations against terrorists of the [[Mau Mau]]. An RMP unit was based in [[Nairobi]].

====Aden====

The following RMP units were involved in the emergency in [[Aden]] (1964–1967):

* 24 Brigade Provost Unit RMP (Falaise Barracks, Little Aden)
* Port Security Force RMP (based at HMS Sheba until 1967)
* Joint Services Police (Army Navy and Airforce) based at HQ P&SS Steamer Point until 1967

====Northern Ireland: Operation Banner====
{{main|Operation Banner}}

During the troubles which started in 1969, four members of the RMP have lost their lives.

====Falklands Conflict: Operation Corporate====
{{main|Operation Corporate}}

After the Argentine forces surrendered, 5 Infantry Brigade Provost Unit RMP remained on the islands, sworn in as [[Special Constable]]s until the [[Royal Falkland Islands Police|Falkland Islands Police Force]] were able to become operational again. After the re-capture of South Georgia ([[Operation Paraquat]]), the Argentine commander Lieutenant-Commander [[Alfredo Astiz]] was taken to the UK and questioned by the RMP and [[Sussex Police]] at the Keep, Roussillon Barracks, Chichester about the murder of Swedish and French nationals several years before. As there was no jurisdiction for [[extradition]] to [[Sweden]] or France, he was repatriated to [[Argentina]] by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]].

===Post Cold War===
====Middle East: Operation Granby====

In 1991, British forces as part of US-led coalition forces invaded Kuwait and Southern Iraq as part of [[Operation Desert Storm]]. The British name for this operation was [[Operation Granby]].

RMP units involved were:

* 203 Provost Company RMP - 7th and 4th Armoured Brigades (1 (British) Armoured Division). This unit was a composite of various RMP units in [[United Kingdom Land Forces]] and [[British Forces Germany]]
* 174 Provost Company RMP - Force Maintenance Area, One section attached to 203 Pro.

The RMP suffered one fatality:
* Staff Sergeant David Tite

====Bosnia and Herzegovina: Operation Resolute====

During 1994 the British Army deployed units to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] as part of the [[United Nations Protection Force]] (UNPROFOR), which was later superseded by [[IFOR]] and then [[SFOR]]. These included:

* 111 Provost Company Coy RMP - Force Military Police Unit (FMPU) support. The company was based in [[Vitez]], [[Gornji Vakuf]], [[Kiseljak]], [[Maglaj]] and [[Split (city)|Split]]

* 115 Provost Company RMP (based in [[Osnabruck, Germany]]) provided the British Force Military Police Unit (FMPU) for UNPROFOR (UK Operation Grapple 7) between August and December 1995 and then reverted to its unit designation of 4th (UK) Armoured Brigade Provost Unit RMP as part of IFOR until April 1996.

RMP personnel have also been involved in the [[European Union Force]] (EUFOR), which took over in 2004.

====Kosovo: Operation Agricola====

On 12 June 1999, the UK sent 19,000 troops into [[Kosovo]] as part of [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]]. Lead units of the [[British 5th Infantry Brigade|5 Airborne Brigade]], which included the Royal Engineers and RMP, had to deal with booby traps in road tunnels before the Force could advance into Kosovo and seize the [[Kačanik]] [[defile (geography)|defile]].

== Operation Telic casualties ==
British operations in Iraq including the 2003 invasion were carried out under the name [[Operation Telic]], which claimed the lives of several members of the RMP.
*24 June 2003, [[Al Majar Al Kabir]], [[Iraq]]; all from 156 Provost Company RMP (16 Air Assault Brigade); the largest loss of life on a single day in RMP history.<ref>[http://www.modoracle.com/ MOD Oracle news, Tragedy Of Errors In RMP Deaths, Guardian Unlimited (accessed 16 Nov 06)]</ref>

**Sergeant Simon Hamilton-Jewell
**Corporal Russell Aston
**Corporal Paul Long
**Corporal Simon Miller
**Lance-Corporal Benjamin Hyde
**Lance-Corporal Thomas Keys

*23 August 2003, [[Basra]]
**Major Matthew Titchener, 150 Provost Company
**Company Sergeant Major Colin Wall, 150 Provost Company
**Corporal Dewi Pritchard, 116 Provost Company (V)
*31 October 2004, Basra
**Staff Sergeant Denise Rose, SIB
*15 October 2005, Waterloo Lines, Basra
**Captain Ken Masters, Officer Commanding 61 Section SIB<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/suicide-in-basra-the-unravelling-of-a-military-man-409965.html|publisher=The Independent|title=Suicide in Basra: The unravelling of a military man|quote=After a flawless military career that had seen him rise to the rank of captain in just 15 years, the task of leading the British Military Police's investigative unit in Basra should have been the crowning achievement for Ken Masters, a soldier for whom, on missions from Afghanistan to Bosnia, the glass was always half full.}}</ref>

*8 July 2007, Basra City
**Corporal Christopher Read, 158 Provost Company, 3rd Regiment RMP<ref>[http://www.modoracle.com/ MoD Oracle News]</ref>

== Operation Herrick casualties ==

*30th May 2007, Kajaki, Helmand Province
**Cpl Mark Gilyeat, Royal Military Police,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6711769.stm</ref>

==Organisation==

The RMP is still headed by the Provost Marshal, now a [[Brigadier]]. Every [[Formation (military)|formation]] has a Deputy Provost Marshal (DPM), or Assistant Provost Marshal (APM).

The RMP is divided into units called Provost [[Company (military unit)|Companies]], subdivided into [[platoon]]s, and sometimes grouped into [[regiment]]s. Platoons are commanded by a Second Lieutenant, or Lieutenant with a Staff Sergeant as the Platoons Second-in-Command (2ic) and are further divided into [[section (military unit)|sections]] under [[Sergeant]]s. All [[non-commissioned officer|non-commissioned]] RMP personnel are promoted to [[lance corporal|Lance-Corporal]] as soon as they complete training in order to give them authority over other soldiers. [[Commissioned officer]]s were once attached from other branches of the army, but can now be commissioned directly into the RMP. Many RMP officers are commissioned from the ranks.

The RMP is divided into three branches. Most personnel belong to the General Police Duties Branch, which performs uniformed policing and security duties. The Special Investigation Branch is the crime detection branch. The Close Protection Unit provides bodyguards for senior military officers and other key personnel (nominated by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], in danger zones. The RMP also trains military personnel in defensive driving techniques. There is also a Covert Operations Team that conducts surveillance operations in accordance with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) and Test Purchase operations.

The RMP sometimes shares its police stations with other police forces. At [[Catterick Garrison]], the RMP station is shared with [[North Yorkshire Police]] (who man it during daylight hours). Another police station in [[Wiltshire]] is shared with the Ministry of Defence Police and [[Wiltshire Constabulary]]. The RMP works closely with the MDP on aspects of Garrison Policing and Security

In the UK the RMP are authorised to use blue lights and sirens on its vehicles by most chief officers of civilian police forces. In [[British Forces Germany]], under the Status Of Forces Act, the RMP has jurisdiction and primacy over British Forces personnel, their families, MOD contractors, and [[NAAFI]] staff. The German civil police only normally become involved where the interests of a German national are involved. The RMP in Germany cover the [[British 1st Armoured Division|1st Armoured Division]], which includes [[British 7th Armoured Brigade|7th Armoured Brigade]] ([[Hohne]]), and [[British 20th Armoured Brigade|20th Armoured Brigade]] ([[Paderborn]]), as well as the separate [[102 Logistic Brigade|United Kingdom Combat Services Support Command (Germany)]] based at [[Rheindahlen]]. The RMP also maintains a detachment (part of 101 Provost Company) in [[Belgium]] for working with convoys to and from the [[North Sea]] ports through Belgium and the [[Netherlands]] to the German border. This detachment works closely with both the ''[[Koninklijke Marechaussee]]'' (KMar; Royal Dutch Military Police) and the [[Military_Police#Belgium|Belgian Military Police Group]].

As well as being responsible for the Military Provost Staff Corps, the Provost Marshal (A) is also responsible for the [[Military Provost Guard Service]], which provides a guard force of armed troops for bases and units of all three services.

The regimental headquarters of the Royal Military Police moved to MOD Southwick Park, [[Southwick, Hampshire|Southwick]], near [[Portsmouth]] in February 2007, co-located with the tri-service [[Defence Police College]].<ref name=autogenerated1>RMP Journal</ref> The RMP training centre moved there on 27 September 2005 from the RMP's long-standing RHQ at Roussillon Barracks in [[Chichester]], [[West Sussex]]. The HQ of the RMP is located at Trenchard lines in [[Upavon]], Wiltshire. The [[Service Police Crime Bureau]] is manned by the Royal Military Police, Royal Air Force Police and Royal Navy Police and although not part of the DPC, is co-located with it. The RMP museum<ref>[http://www.army.mod.uk/rmp/rmp_museum/index.htm Welcome to the new British Army Website - British Army Website]</ref> has also moved to Southwick Park and is now open.

== Training ==
RMP [[commissioned officer]]s attend the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]], as do all other British Army officers.

RMP [[Other Ranks]] recruits undertake phase 1, Common Military Syllabus (Recruits) at [[Army Training Regiment]] Pirbright.

Phase 2 is undertaken at the Defence Police College.

The training syllabus includes:
* [[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]] (PACE)
* [[Army Act 1955]] (also Navy Act, Air Force Act and Status of Forces in NATO)
* [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]] (SOCAP 2005)
* [[Geneva Conventions]]
* [[HAIG Rules]]
* [[Unarmed Defensive Techniques]] (UDT)

Recruits are expected to maintain a high level of fitness, this is achieved by:

*Personal Fitness Test, generally known in the services as a PFT: An 800 metre warm up as a squad then a 2400 metre (1.5 miles) run to be completed in under ten and a half minutes. For those over 30 the time limit increases at intervals. After training the PFT is conducted on a twice yearly basis; it is a requirement of service personnel to pass.

*Combat Fitness Test (CFT): Normally undertaken in a squad wearing combat gear. This is to get the recruit used to "tabbing", a cross between a shuffle and a jog. It is especially useful for airborne troops, who may have been dropped several miles from their objective. This allows troops to get to the objective fast, but not in a way which depletes their fitness and stamina whilst carrying a full kit load.

=== Professional training and qualifications ===
{{main|Defence Police College}}

All the Service Police organisations also use the Defence Police College for a variety of advanced qualification courses such as Investigations (from the [[Investigations NVQ|Level 3 Investigators Course (L3IC) To Level 4]]), Crime Scene Management, IT ([[HOLMES]], [[CRIMES]], [[COPPERS]], [[REDCAP]] systems). Fraud Investigation training is provided and accredited by the [[Fraud Squad|Ministry of Defence Police]] Fraud Squad.

== Senior officers==
As of 2006

* Provost Marshal (PM(A)): Brigadier Colin Findlay MBE
* Chief of Staff (HQ PM(A)): Colonel P.A.C.A. McIvor
* Deputy Provost Marshal (DPM): Colonel E. O. Forster-Knight OBE
* Provost Marshal (Germany) and CO 1st Regiment RMP: Lieutenant-Colonel I Warren

==Current RMP units==
[[Image:Paul RMP TA.jpg|thumb|RMP NCO, Exercise Rhino Replen, 1st Armoured Division, 1994]]
===Great Britain===

* [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]] MP Battalion (Worthy Down)

*3 Regiment RMP
**150 Provost Company ([[Catterick Garrison]]) [[4th Mechanized Brigade (United Kingdom)|(4 Mechanised Brigade)]]
**158 Provost Company ([[Bulford]]) ([[British 1st Infantry Brigade (Guards)|1 Mechanised Brigade]])
**174 Provost Company ([[Donnington, Telford|Donnington]]) ([[12 Mechanised Brigade]])

*4 Regiment RMP
**160 Provost Company ([[Aldershot Garrison]]) ([[101 Logistic Brigade]])
**116 Provost Company (Volunteers) ([[Cannock]]) (101 Logistic Brigade))
***Detachment, [[Belle Vue, Manchester|Belle Vue]], [[Manchester]]
**[[253 Provost Company]] (Volunteers) ([[Tulse Hill]], London) ([[101 Logistic Brigade]])
***Detachment, [[Southampton]]

*Special Investigation Branch (UK) (SIB (UK) RMP)
**Northern Region
**Eastern Region
**Western Region
**83 Section SIB (Volunteers) ([[RAF Worthy Down|Worthy Down]])

===Germany===
*1 Regiment RMP
**110 Provost Company (Paderborn) (20 Armoured Brigade)
**111 Provost Company (Bergen Hohne) (7 Armoured Brigade)

*5 Regiment RMP
**RHQ ([[Gütersloh]], Germany) (102 Logistic Brigade)
*** RHQ Rear ([[Stockton-On-Tees]], UK)
**101 Provost Company ([[Monchengladbach]], Germany) (52 Infantry Brigade)
**114 Provost Company ([[Gütersloh]], Germany) (102 Logistic Brigade)
**243 Provost Company (Volunteers) ([[Livingston, Scotland|Livingston]]) (102 Logistic Brigade))
***8 Detachment, [[Lisburn]], Northern Ireland
**252 Provost Company ([[Stockton-On-Tees]]) (102 Logistic Brigade))
***2 Pl Detachment, [[Newcastle Upon Tyne]]
Each individual regular RMP company will have smaller Police stations and Police posts at other locations in their area where there is a sizeable Army presence.

*Special Investigation Branch (G) (SIB (G) RMP)
**HQ SIB (G)
**Specialist Support Unit (Crime Scene Management and Technical Support)
**70 Section SIB (G)
**72 Section SIB (G) (Osnabrück)
**74 Section SIB (G)
**76 Section SIB (G) (Gütersloh)
**87 Section SIB (G) (Monchengladbach, co-located with 101 Provost Company)

===Northern Ireland===
*6 Regiment RMP
**Regimental Training Wing
**Operations Company
***173 (Operations) Platoon
***177 (Support) Platoon
**Police Company
***175 (Provost) Platoon
***176 (Provost) Platoon
**Courts & Witness Section
**Claims Investigation Team
*HQ NI Region Provost Branch

===Other units===
*156 Provost Company - this is an independent provost company assigned to [[16 Air Assault Brigade]]. Its members are trained in air assault methods, with one platoon being parachute trained.
*Belize Police Unit
*[[British Military Garrison Brunei|Brunei Police Unit]]
*[[British Army Training Unit Suffield]] (BATUS), Canada
*[[Sovereign Base Areas|Cyprus Joint Police Unit (CJPU)]]
** 1 Platoon CJPU
** 2 Platoon CJPU
** SIB Cyprus
** ESBA Section SIB
*British Contingent, Force Military Police Unit, (FMPU), [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]] (UNFICYP) - Operational Deployment - not part of British Forces Cyprus.
*Joint Service Police Security Unit (JSPSU), Falkland Islands
*Joint Provost and Security Unit (JP&SU), [[Gibraltar]]
*Joint Service Police Unit (JSPU), [[Diego Garcia]], [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]
* SHAPE /AFNORTH RMP - [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe]], Belgium and [[Joint Force Command Brunssum|Allied Forces North]] in the Netherlands.

The RMP also provides some manpower for the [[Royal Marines Police]] Troop at [[Plymouth]].

The RMP are also currently deployed (22.5% of manpower) around the world in [[Kosovo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Iraq]], and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

83 Section SIB (V) RMP is maintained at Worthy Down at the Central Volunteer Headquarters, formerly maintained four specialist general police duty companies in addition to 83 Sec. These were 152, 251, 165 and 164 Provost Companies, which were disbanded in 1999 as part of the [[Strategic Defence Review]]. The CVHQ is now responsible for providing specialist RMP ([[Territorial Army]]) component known as [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]], MP battalion as well having responsibility for training all RMP TA recruits.

== Equipment ==
The RMP is equipped with standard British Army weapons and, unlike most other personnel, are issued with pistols, as well as extendable [[Club (weapon)|baton]]s, Quickcuffs/[[handcuffs]].

[[Image:RMP OPEL VECTRA 2.jpg|thumb|RMP Opel Vectra Patrol Car registration number 02 KM 10]]



The RMP also issues black [[stab vest]]s which display the RMP cap badge and are labelled 'Royal Military Police' on the front and rear of the vests. Every RMP soldier is issued with a reversible high visibility (Hi Viz or HV) saffron yellow jacket.

Most RMP patrol cars have standard police [[Battenburg markings]]. Home Office police radios are fitted to those in the UK.

The RMP also uses the [[Home Office Large Major Enquiry System]] known as HOLMES, as well as having limited access to the [[Police National Computer]] database.

== The RMP in popular culture ==
[[Redcap (TV series)|''Redcap'']], an ABC television drama series which aired from 1964 to 1966, starred [[John Thaw]] as SIB investigator Sergeant (later Staff Sergeant) John Mann.

[[Red Cap (TV series)|''Red Cap'']], another television drama series, which aired in 2003 and 2004, starred [[Tamzin Outhwaite]] as Sergeant Jo McDonagh, also an SIB investigator.

''[[Soldier Soldier]]'', a television drama series about an infantry company which aired from 1991 to 1997, featured [[Holly Aird]] as Corporal (later Sergeant) Nancy Thorpe RMP.

''The Real Redcaps'' was a television documentary series about the Royal Military Police which aired from 2003 to 2005.<ref>The Real Redcaps, Produced by Anglia Television/Channel Television/Meridian Broadcasting for ITV 2005</ref>

==See also==
*[[Regimental police]]
*[[Royal Navy Regulating Branch]]
*[[Royal Air Force Police]]
*[[Policing in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{British Military}}
{{UK private, military, crown dependency and overseas territory police forces}}
{{Police forces in Ireland}}

==External links==
*[http://www.army.mod.uk/provost/police/default.aspx Official RMP website]
*[http://www.corpsofmilitarypolice.org/ Database of Military Police Casualties and Decorations]
*[http://www.rmpredcaps.com/ RMP Redcaps - An online community for serving and ex-members of the RMP]

{{commonscat|Military police}}

[[Category:British administrative corps]]
[[Category:Military police agencies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military provosts]]

[[no:Royal Military Police]]

Jessica Mauboy/Diskografie

2009-03-22T18:41:41Z

MacGyverMagic: Reverted edits by 58.178.204.16 (talk) to last version by FumblingTowardsEcstasy

{{Infobox Artist Discography
|Artist = [[Jessica Mauboy]]
|Logo =
|Image =
|Caption =
|Studio = 1
|Compilation =
|Live = 1
|Video =
|Music videos = 2
|Singles = 3
|Option = 3
|Option name = B-sides
|Option color = crimson
|1Option =
|1Option name = Remix albums
|1Option color = chartreuse
|2Option = 1
|2Option name = Collaborations
|2Option color = violet
|3Option =
|3Option name = Tours
|3Option color = orange
|References =
|Ref link = Notes and references
}}

This is the complete discography of Australian artist [[Jessica Mauboy]] which includes one [[studio album]], two singles and two music video's as of [[February]], [[2009]].

==Albums==
===Studio albums===
{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!align="center" rowspan="2"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2"|Album
!align="center" colspan="3"|Peak chart positions
!align="center" rowspan="2"|Sales and certifications
|-
!width="45"|ARIA Albums
!width="45"|ARIA Australian Albums
!width="45"|ARIA Urban Albums
|-
|align="center"| 2008
|align="left"| ''[[Been Waiting]]''
* First studio album
* Released: November 22, 2008
* Label: [[Sony BMG]]
* Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[digital download]]
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|2
|align="left"|
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] certification: Gold
* Sales: 35,000+
|}

===Live albums===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" width="33"|Year
! width="150" rowspan="2"| Album
! colspan="2" width="15"| Peak Chart Position
! rowspan="2" width="33"| Sales
! width="200" rowspan="2"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]] ([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])
|-
!width="45"|AUS
!width="45"|ARIA Australian Albums
|-
|align="center"| 2007
|align="left"| ''[[The Journey (Jessica Mauboy album)|The Journey]]''
* First live album
* Released: February 23, 2007
* Label: [[Sony BMG]]
* Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]]/[[DVD]]
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="left"|
* Sales: 35,000+
|align="left"|
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] certification: Gold
|}

==Singles==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" width="33"|Year
! width="150" rowspan="2"| Single
! colspan="2" width="15"| Chart peak positions
! width="200" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|[[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref>[http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=jessica+mauboy&cat=s Jessica Mauboy Singles]</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"|AUS Urban
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2"| 2008
| align="left"| "[[Running Back (Jessica Mauboy song)|Running Back]]" (featuring [[Flo Rida]])
| align="center"| 3
| align="center"| 1
| align="center" rowspan=3| ''Been Waiting''
|-
| align="left"| "[[Burn (Jessica Mauboy song)|Burn]]"
| align="center"| 1
| align="center"| 1
|-
| align="center"| 2009
| align="left"| "[[Been Waiting (song)|Been Waiting]]"
| align="center"| 29
| align="center"| —
|}

"—" denotes releases that did not chart.

===B-sides===
* "Breathe" (B-Side to "Running Back" single)
* "Magical" (B-Side to "Running Back" single)
* "Chinese Whispers" ([[iTunes Store]] Bonus Track for ''Been Waiting'')
* "Runnin'" (B-Side to "Burn" single)
* "Now I Know" (B-Side to "Been Waiting" single)

===Single certification===
*[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations.htm ARIA: Australia]

{| width="100%"
|- valign="top"
| width="50%" |
*"[[Running Back (Jessica Mauboy song)|Running Back]]"
:Australia certification: 2x Platinum 

*"[[Burn (Jessica Mauboy song)|Burn]]"
:Australia certification: Platinum

==Music Videos==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song title
!Album
!Director
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|"Running Back" (featuring [[Flo Rida]])
|rowspan="3"|''Been Waiting''
|Fin Edquist
|-
|"Burn"
|Keir McFarlane<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B798LhM2fo&feature=channel Jessica Mauboy - Burn [Official Video]</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|"Been Waiting"
|—
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jessica Mauboy}}

[[Category:Rhythm and blues music discographies|Mauboy, Jessica]]
[[Category:Jessica Mauboy]]

Misha Quint

2009-03-12T09:15:20Z

MacGyverMagic: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Misha Quint closed as keep

'''Misha Quint''' is a [[Cellist]] and [[Music Director]].

[[Image:quint_lg.jpg|210px|thumb|right|]]

==Career==
Misha Quint was born in Leningrad. He began cello at the age of nine and debuted with his first orchestra at the age of thirteen after winning the Boccherini Competition in [[St. Petersburg]]. He then won the International Competition in Prague and the Russian National Competition. His career as a solo cellist blossomed and he performed with renowned Russian Orchestras, such as the Moscow State Symphony, the [[Leningard Philharmonic Orchestra]], the Leningrad State Orchestra, the Orchestra of Classical and Contemporary Music, and the Symphony Orchestras of [[Latvia]] and Geargia.

Misha Quint arrived in the United States in 1989. He made his New York debut at the 92nd Street Y and his orchestral debut in [[Avery Fisher Hall]] at [[Lincoln Center]]. He often performs with the Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra. Other solo appearances include the Metropolitan Symphony, the New York Chamber Orchestra, National Irish Symphony, [[New York Chamber Symphony]] and the London Soloists Chamber Orchestra at [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]]. Quint has performed under conductors [[Maxim Shostakovich]], [[Paul Lustig Dunkel]], Colman Pierce, Sydney Harth, Ravil Martinov, Camilla Kolchinsky, Yakov Bergman, and most recently Ira Levin in Brasilia.<ref name="Misha Quint Biography">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint Biography
| url = http://www.mishaquint.com/mqbio.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref><ref name="Secretary of State of Culture of Brasilia Article">{{cite web | title = Secretary of State of Culture of Brasilia Article
| url = http://www.sc.df.gov.br/exibe_materia.php?id=247 | accessdate = 2009-03-01 }}</ref>

Critics describe him as "a master of probing sentiment, shaded phrasing and flawless technique." Daniel Webster of the [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] writes: "....[his] virtuosity provided a fresh voice..." and "the Russian school of string playing has taken on a different light with Quint." Quint's radio broadcasts include appearances on WQXR's "In the Listening Room" and live recitals on WGBH (Boston), WMNB (NJ), WNYC (NY).<ref name="Misha Quint Biography">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint Biography
| url = http://www.mishquint.com/mqbio.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref>

Misha Quint has performed and premiered new pieces by famous contemporary composers such as [[Schnittke]], Basner and [[Gubaidulina]]. <ref name="Misha Quint Biography">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint Biography
| url = http://www.mishquint.com/mqbio.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref>{{OTRS pending}}

==Pedagogue==
He is [[Music Director]], Founder, and [[teacher]] at the InterHarmony International Music Festivals. He has been on the faculty of the International Institute of Music in Marktoberdorf, [[Germany]], and was the music director and founder of the International Cello Festival in Blonay and Interharmony Music Festival in [[Geneva, Switzerland]]. He has given numerous concerts and master classes in [[England]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]],[[Ireland]] and the [[USA]]. Currently, Misha Quint is a Professor on the music faculties of [[Duquesne University]] in [[Pittsburgh, PA]], the Lucy Moses School and [[Mannes College of Music]] in [[New York]]. <ref name="Misha Quint Biography">{{cite web | title = Misha Quint Biography
| url = http://www.mishquint.com/mqbio.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref><ref name="Duquesne University Music School">{{cite web | title = Duquesne University Music
| url = http://www.music.duq.edu/fasBioQuin.html | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref>

==InterHarmony International Music Festivals==
[[Image:Iimf_logo_sm.jpg|150px|thumb|right|]] Mr. Quint currently is the founder and music director of the Interharmony International Music Festival.. The festival is held in [[San Francisco, California]], USA, Birklehof, [[Germany]]; and Sulzbach-Rosenberg, [[Germany]]. These are intensive performance festivals, which include public performances and master classes. InterHarmony is focused on string instruments and piano. <ref name="InterHarmony International Music Festival">{{cite web | title = InterHarmony International Music Festival
| url = http://www.interharmony.com/ | accessdate = 2009-02-28 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mishaquint.com/ Official Website]
*[http://http://www.youtube.com/user/llewcellist Misha Quint on Youtube]
*[http://www.interharmony.com/ InterHarmony International Music Festival]
*[http://www.interharmony.com/sanfran/home.html InterHarmony International Music Festival in San Francisco]
*[http://www.interharmony.com/hiimf/home.html InterHarmony International Music Festival in Birklehof, Germany]
*[http://www.srimf.com/ InterHarmony International Music Festival in Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany]
*[http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewProfile&friendID=211104329 Misha Quint MySpace]

[[Category:Cellos]]
[[Category:Cellists]]
[[Category:Russian cellists]]
[[Category:American Cellists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American classical cellists]]
[[Category:Contemporary classical music performers]]
[[Category:Jewish classical musicians]]
{{cellist-stub}}

Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb

2009-03-09T12:25:44Z

MacGyverMagic: Neuer Abschnitt /* CatScan */

<div id="Vorlage Dieser Artikel">
{| {{Bausteindesign1}}
| style="width: 26px; vertical-align: middle;" | [[Bild:Disambig-dark.svg|25px]]
| Diese Seite ist die Diskussionsseite von '''Duesentrieb''' mit '''„ue“''' – es gibt hier aber auch noch den '''[[Benutzer:Düsentrieb|Benutzer Düsentrieb]]''' mit '''„ü“'''. ''Bitte nicht verwechseln!''
|}
</div>

{{Benutzer:Duesentrieb/Kasten|
Fehlerberichte zu Extensions bitte auf [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org Bugzilla], Fehlerberichte zu Toolserver-Tools auf [https://jira.toolserver.org JIRA].|}}



* [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:Duesentrieb&action=edit&section=new Neuen Abschnitt anhängen]
* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Emailuser?target=Duesentrieb E-Mail schicken]
* '''Archiv:''' [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Duesentrieb/Archiv 04-11|bis November 2004]], [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Duesentrieb/Archiv 05-12|bis Dezember 2005]], [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Duesentrieb/Archiv 06-04|bis April 2006]], [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Duesentrieb/Archiv 07-01|bis Januar 2007]], [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb/Archiv 08-10|bis Sptember 2008]]
* I agree to the [[w:User:Interiot/EditCountOptIn|edit counter opt-in terms]]

{| style="float:right; margin:0.5ex 0 0.5ex 1ex; width:30%;"
|__TOC__
|}

== CatScan Spanish ==

Hi Duesentrieb. I made a minor edit [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Duesentrieb/CatScan-es&diff=1197856&oldid=708899] on the Spanish language file for the CatScan tool. [[Benutzer:Gustronico|Gustronico]] 16:59, 24. Sep. 2008 (CEST)

==dof benannt==

[[Image:LPIC2457.JPG|thumb]]

== Probleme mit deinem Tool ==

Hallo Duesentrieb, opening your tool at [http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikilang=it&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&since=&until=&img_user_text=filnik&order=-img_timestamp&max=250&order=-img_timestamp&format=html this URL] it returns this error:

<pre>
- warning: external store db connection (sql-text17.ts.wikimedia.org/itwiki) closed! reopening.

Fatal error: Call to a member function selectField() on a non-object in /home/daniel/MediaWiki-live/phase3/includes/ExternalStoreDB.php on line 107
</pre>

Reporting only few images. Have you an idea of why it behaves in this way? Bye, [[:it:User:Filnik|Fil]][[:it:User talk:Filnik|nik]] 10:07, 12. Okt. 2008 (CEST)

: Text stores are down, should be back soon. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 10:49, 12. Okt. 2008 (CEST)

== Nachricht auf Commons ==

Hallo Duesentrieb,

da hier aktiver, ein Hinweis auf [[commons:User_talk:Duesentrieb#Statistics_for_Commons]].

Schöne Grüße, [[Benutzer:Melancholie|Melancholie]] 21:25, 19. Okt. 2008 (CEST)

== Vorschläge für Software-Projekte ==

* Culture correct sorting and searching. [[Kollation]]. Damit [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Check_Wikipedia#DEFAULTSORT_mit_Sonderzeichen]] arbeitslos wird.
* Vereinheitlichtes Repository für Interwikis, damit nicht n² Einträge zu machen sind und die Interwiki-Bots in Rente gehen können.
* Ajax-Tabellen-Editor. WikiTable-Syntax ist nicht einfach genuch, wenn man colspans und rowspans braucht und wenn zudem die Übersichtlichkeit durch oft überreichliches inline-CSS vollends den Bach runtergeht. Knol soll da etwas Nettes haben.
--[[Benutzer:Pjacobi|Pjacobi]] 11:15, 20. Okt. 2008 (CEST)

* Was hältst du von einem Artikel-Fenster, das auf anderen Webseiten eingebunden werden kann. In etwas so, wie es google-Maps macht, nur eben mit Wiki-Artikeln -Peter86169 14.11.08 (SYD)

== evtl. fehlerhafter Fehlertext? ==
Moin, zu deinem Commons-Projekt gibt es für die Fehlertexte natürlich auch eine deutsche Steuerdatei, vermutlich von dir selbst. In nachstehendem Zitat:
include('CommonSense_msg.php');
$messages['db_connect_error_1']= 'Verbindung zur Datenbank für $1 fehlgeschlagen $1';
(es ist gleich der erste aktive Steuersatz) meine ich, dass der Parameter »$1« statt zweimal nur einmal enthalten sein dürfte und am Ende entfallen sollte - oder irre ich mich? hd 2008-10-21 04:40h (MESZ)

== http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/Contributors.php (Hallo!) ==

Saluton !, ¡ Hallo Duesentrieb !
* This script is developed and...
* It is '''available''' under the GPL, you can get the latest snapshot from the download page.
versus
* This script is developed and maintained by Duesentrieb.
*It is '''abailable''' under the GPL...
Danke !, Dankon !
* ¡ Gracias ! [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario_Discusión:Pla_y_Grande_Covián Usuario_Discusión:Pla_y_Grande_Covián] --deWP (anónimo) --[[Spezial:Beiträge/85.49.149.4|85.49.149.4]] 16:57, 27. Okt. 2008 (CET)

: fixed, thanks -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 18:03, 27. Okt. 2008 (CET)

== CommonsTicker ==

Ich habe vor einigen Monaten mal auf [[:meta:User talk:Duesentrieb/CommonsTicker]] nachgefragt, ob wir eine Chance haben, daß wir einmal in den Genuß des Tickers kommen. Gruß -- [[Benutzer:Purodha|de;Purodha Blissenbach]] und [[:ksh:Medmaacher:Purodha|ksh:Purodha Blissenbach]] 21:20, 2. Nov. 2008 (CET)

Hallo Duesentrieb, der CommonsTicker auf la.wikipedia ist am 27. August (!) stehengeblieben, kannst Du ihn bitte wieder anschubsen, damit er wieder weiterläuft? Danke! --[[Benutzer:UV|UV]] 22:19, 2. Nov. 2008 (CET)

Der Ticker ist ziemlich tot. Ich hoffe, ich werde bald die Zeit finden, ihn neu zu schreiben. Wenn der Verein das Projekt adoptierte, kann dann isses mein Job, das zu machen, und die Chancen werden deutlich besser... ihr könnt da ja mal betteln. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 15:37, 3. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:Übernimmt nicht [[User:CommonsDelinker]] mittlerweile die notwendige (und in der Tat lästige) Arbeit, Bilder zu entfernen und zu tauschen? →[[Benutzer:Christian Nurtsch|Christian]][[Benutzer Diskussion: Christian Nurtsch|.И]] 11:00, 10. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:: Die Idee von CommonsTicker war vor allem, leute über Lösch''anträge'' zu informaieren, bevor die Bilder weg sind. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 16:19, 10. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Commons POTD RSS Does Not Display Images ==

This is a duplicate of the comment I submitted here: http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Duesentrieb/POTD#RSS_Feed_Does_Not_Display_Images

"As of a few days ago, the RSS feed for Pictures of the Day (<http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/potd/potd.php>?) which is part of the Open Wiki Blog Planet is no longer displaying the images themselves -- just links to the Commons page, and metadata. I miss this beautiful part of reading all my feeds in Google Reader -- could you please look into whether others are having this issue? 76.175.32.147 08:03, 7 October 2008 (UTC)"

Another user submitted the comment quoted above.

I am having exactly the same problem. Is it something that I am doing wrong?

Thanks for any help with this.

[[Benutzer:Zen118|Zen118]] 15:26, 6. Nov. 2008 (CET)

: I can see the images find, directly in the POTD feed and also in the Open Planet... can you see the image here? /media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Harri_Stojka_30.08.2008c.jpg/400px-Harri_Stojka_30.08.2008c.jpg -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 09:21, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Ein Fehler auf English Wikipedia ==

Sie haben keine Gesamtsumme von dem edits auf ihre Contributors Seite. Woogie10W English Wikipedia

== Extension Matrix bot not working. ==

Are you aware that the Extension Matrix bot has not updated in quite a while? It's a great tool. --[[en:User:Michael Daly]] 2008-11-09, 21:35UTC
: Yes. Too many extensions. I have to rewrite it so to split the page up in a sensible way. Havn't got around to it -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 09:39, 10. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Serverdiagramm ==

[[Benutzer:Hk kng]] hat auf mein Drängen hin dankbarerweise mal ein neues Serverdiagramm gezeichnet. Ich hab momentan wenig Zeit, finde es aber wichtig, da das ja der Punkt ist wo die Spendengelder rein gehen. Könntest du bitte mal [[:Bild:Wikimedia-servers-2008-11-10.svg]] überprüfen. Bitte kommentiere auf [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia servers]] und weise falls möglich die anderen Techs darauf hin. Mehr als ein Entwurf kann das ohne intime Kenntnisse von Hk kng und mir nicht sein. --[[Benutzer:Kolossos|Kolossos]] 12:59, 12. Nov. 2008 (CET)
: Sieht auf den ersten Blick gut aus, ich bin aber kein "echter" Experte... der beste deutschsprachige Ansprechpartner dafür wäre wohl [[Benutzer:JeLuF]]. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 16:36, 12. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== FCKeditor & tags .. or how to get "style=..." to work in {{#categorytree}} syntax ==

Hi,
After install of the FCKeditor I noticed that it blows away the "<categorytree...> tags
Having found no good solution on the FCKeditor site I decided to simply go ahead with the {{#categorytree}} parser syntax instead.
However, I can't seem to make my style=... piece to work.
Here is a version I use a lot:
<pre>
<categorytree mode=pages style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1ex; border:1px solid gray; padding:0.7ex; background-color:white>Top</categorytree>
</pre>
Any suggestions? (like some other editor that is more suitable/configurable or the right syntax to use for getting a bit of style into the picture etc...
Thanks in advance
LynxGate - 13-11-08

: The parser-functions use template-style sytnatx for parameters, that is, they don't use quotes ("). To get it to work, use something like:
:: <tt><nowiki>{{#categorytree:Elektrode|mode=pages|style=border:1px solid red}}</nowiki></tt>
: The result looks like this:
:: {{#categorytree:Elektrode|mode=pages|style=border:1px solid red}}
: In the next version of CategoryTree, I will make it ignore any "" placed around parameters.
: Generally, FCKEditor is known to screw up anything beyond the basic formatting syntax. There is currently no good WYSIWYG-solution. For a discussion, see http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/WYSIWYG -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 14:01, 14. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Wikipedia-Tag Dresden ==

[[Bild:Wikipediatag 2007 SLUB 2.JPG|thumb|Artikelarbeit zum Wikipedia-Tag in der [[SLUB Dresden|SLUB]] 2007]]
Hallo Duesentrieb, ich möchte dich auf diesem Wege recht herzlich zum [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia-Tag_Dresden|vierten Wikipedia-Tag]] nach Dresden einladen. Der Tag besteht aus einem Seminarteil, bei welchem älteren Bürgern erste Schritte zum Lesen von Wikipedia beigebracht werden. Am Abend treffen wir uns in der Dresdner Neustadt zu einem gemütlichen Austausch. Solltest du Lust haben, zu unterstützen oder einfach nur mit Wikipedianern aus dem Raum Dresden und Gästen zu plaudern, schreib dich bitte in die [[Wikipedia_Diskussion:Wikipedia-Tag_Dresden#Teilnehmer_Seminar|Seminarliste]] und/oder die [[Wikipedia_Diskussion:Wikipedia-Tag_Dresden#Teilnehmer_Treffen|Treffensliste]] ein und beobachte die Seite.

Weitere Ideen und Vorschläge erwünscht, Fragenbeantwortung gern, liebe Grüße dir, [[Benutzer:Conny|Conny]] 23:16, 14. Nov. 2008 (CET).

== Regarding 'contributors' tool ==

Hello - I am not very LAMP server savvy,
and have been trying to use the 'contributions' webtool as
part of a comprehensive update of the english wikipedia's
pages with a single editor.

The only problem is that my access to the toolserver
started being throttled after a bit, which makes it a huge
bottleneck as for getting the update done within a month, even!

Is there something you can do to lighten the throttling
limits for my IP for a couple weeks?

Please leave me a message on the English wikipedia.
Thanks!
--[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Monk_of_the_highest_order Monk]
-[[Spezial:Beiträge/129.64.131.25|129.64.131.25]] 13:15, 15. Nov. 2008 (CET)

: You are using that tool to find all pages with only one editor? Ugh! That's about the slowes possible way, even without a throttle. Please put up a request at https://jira.toolserver.org/browse/DBQ (see also https://wiki.toolserver.org/view/DBQ) -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 21:20, 15. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Bitte um Erläuterung zum Selbstzensur-Filter (bei den Spendenkommentaren) ==

Hallo Duesentrieb,
ich wurde mit meiner Frage hierher verwiesen. Es geht darum, dass ich zu meiner kommentierten Spende (ja, wegen diesem aktuellen Fall ...) zwar umgehend eine Bestätigung per email bekam, sie bei der Übersicht der Online-Spenden jedoch nicht auftauchte. Ich wartete unter Annahme, dass diese verzögert angezeigt werden könnten eine halbe Stunde und spendete dann testhalber nochmal, diesesmal ohne WP-links im Kommentar, ansonsten gleichlautend --> Spende+Kommentar wurden umgehend angezeigt. Der erste Text war btw definitiv kleiner als 200 Zeichen.
Warum ist das so? Könnte man nicht wenigstens die geblockten Wörter/WP-Links in einer Warnung auf der Spenden-Seite anzeigen? Wenn man WP-Links (waren noch nichtmal Lemmas zu Personen) in einer WP-Spende nicht pasten darf, hat das für mich doch einen sehr bitteren Nachgeschmack.
Gruß, -- [[Benutzer:Faol|Faolán]] 00:27, 17. Nov. 2008 (CET)

: Kommentare mit Links werden grundsätzlich ausgeblendet um Spam zu vermeiden (sowie auch solche, die gebräuchliche Beschimpfungen enthalten). Eine Liste anzuzeigen wäre eine Einladung, den Filter zu umgehen. Eine allgemeine Warnung diesbezüglich wäre aber wohl machbar. Ich setz es mal auf meine Liste. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 13:33, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)
: Nachtrag: Ich habe Links erstmal wieder zugelassen. Mal gucken wie's läuft. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 15:15, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== CatScan ==

Hi Duesentrieb, [[Meta:User talk:Duesentrieb/CatScan|many requests have been made]] for improvements of [http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryIntersect.php this great tool called CatScan], but unfortunately nobody really seems to respond anymore and many things still remain to do... how come??? it's really a pity. maybe the Wikimedia Foundation could spare a few dimes to get things going again.. ;-) greetings -- [[Benutzer:Saltose|Saltose]] 05:10, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)
: Maybe. Basically, there are a lot of things to do, and I have been caught up in the homepage relaunch and fundraiser stuff mostly. CatScan is however one of the projects I will suggest to wikimedia as something they could pay me to work on. But also note that CatScan has become very complex already. I'd probably have to split it into separate tools before adding more functionality. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 13:30, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::i appreciate your efforts, Duesentrieb! it might be helpful to have more than one person involved with catscan - or is that already the case now? it seems like too much work for one person alone... -- [[Benutzer:Saltose|Saltose]] 10:36, 20. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::: being the mess it is, i don't see a chance for that before a decent rewrite. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 11:57, 20. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::also i wanted to say, that it would be just fine to be able to use some of the requested features, even if they came in the form of separate tools - i wouldn't mind so much. are there otherwise some good places to request such tools - besides the discussionpage of catscan? -- [[Benutzer:Saltose|Saltose]] 20:26, 20. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Geschwindigkeit WikiProxy ==

Hi Daniel, mal wieder wurde ja auf der Toolserver-Mailingliste erwähnt, man solle WikiProxy benutzen, wenn man Volltexte bräuchte. Ich wollte dir nur mal mitteilen, dass ich praktisch überall wieder auf &action=raw von den Mainservern umgestellt habe, da dieses - entgegen der Behauptungen - schneller ist. Ich führe das darauf zurück, dass der Toolserver prinzipiell (auch bei mir zu Hause) sehr viel langsamer antwortet als "normale" Wikipedia-Seiten. Ich wollte mal wissen, ob es da Verbesserungsüberlegungen gibt?! --[[Benutzer:APPER|APPER]]\[[Benutzer Diskussion:APPER|<big>☺☹</big>]] 20:40, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)

Ja, gibt es. Ich würde dafür gerne mal 'ne Woche investieren. Mal gucken wann ich das reinscheiebn kann, im Moment muss ich noch an der Infrastruktur für's neue Büro und das Spendenzeug arbeiten. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 00:18, 26. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Englischer Rechtschreibfehler ==

Im gelben Kasten steht folgender Text:

Most data is up to date again, but one copy of the commons database is badly outdated.
This means some tools may show wrong information for some wikis.
This effects mostly the Gallery tool, and also other commons-related tools like CheckUsage.

Das Wort "effects" in der letzten Zeile sollte richtigerweise "affects" heißen. (Effect ist ein Substantiv, affect ein Verb.)

: Huch, die Nachricht sollte da gernicht mehr stehen, das stimmt schon lange nicht mehr :)
: Du hast recht, es muss "affect" heißen, auch wenn es "effect" durchaus auch als verb gibt [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/effect%5B2%5D] -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 21:55, 27. Nov. 2008 (CET)

Glad you were able to effect the change!

== Japanese file for CatScan ==

[http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Duesentrieb/CatScan-ja&oldid=1299444 The current version of the Japanese language file] is finished by [[m:User:SantaClaus|User:SantaClaus]] and others. If you have time, please make it available on the site. Thank you. --[[Benutzer:Whym|Whym]] 00:49, 1. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:Thanks. i18n for my tools has sadly fallen into disrepair a bit. I try to get around to it soon. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 13:24, 6. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Template ==
''Hallo Duesentrieb, da ich nicht weiß, wie häufig du auf Wikimedia Commons arbeitest, hier dieselbe Nachricht:''

Keine Ahnung, woher nun das neue Template zu den Bundesarchiv-Bildern stammt. Auf Wikimedia Commons kenne ich mich bislang noch überhaupt nicht aus. Jedenfalls habe ich das Gefühl, das (auch?) [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Bundesarchiv#Online-Archiv_Bundesarchiv diese Diskussion] nun ignoriert wird. Deshalb hier mein Verbesserungsvorschlag (in Fettdruck die Verbesserungen):

<blockquote>"Das Bundesarchiv hat oftmals '''historische''' Originalbeschreibungen aus dokumentarischen Gründen übernommen. <s>Sie</s> '''Diese''' können <s>allerdings</s> '''mitunter''' fehlerhaft, überholt '''und /''' oder politisch extrem'''istisch''' sein. Sachkorrekturen und alternative Beschreibungen sind von der Originalbeschreibung getrennt <s>erwünscht</s> '''vorzunehmen'''."</blockquote>

Vor allem das "oder" ist falsch. Denn die Beschreibung kann z.B. sowohl überholt als auch extremistisch sein! Kannst du hier weiterhelfen? --[[Benutzer:T.M.L.-KuTV|T.M.L.-KuTV]] 22:30, 5. Dez. 2008 (CET)
: antwort auf commons. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 13:24, 6. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Bundesarchiv / Mayflower-Suchmaschine auf Commons ==
Hallo Duesentrieb,
Zunächst mal großes Lob an alle, die an der Befreiung der vielen tausend wertvollen Bilder des Bundesarchivs mitgewirkt haben und an der technischen Umsetzung des Uploads mitarbeiten. Ich bin davon echt beeindruckt. Ich habe mich auch bereits ans Verlinken und Kategorisieren gemacht.

Leider ist ja bekanntermaßen die Mediawiki-eigene Suchmaschine zum Auffinden von Bildern auf Commons aus verschiedenen Gründen äußerst unzureichend. Aus diesem Grund hat vor über einem Jahr der Benutzer [[M:User:Tangotango|Tangotango]] das auf dem Toolserver gehostete Tool [http://toolserver.org/~tangotango/mayflower/advanced.php?j=1 Mayflower] geschrieben, dass bei der Suche bessere Ergebnisse liefert und unter der GPL steht. Wie auf der Seite ersichtlich ist, ist der dazugehörige Index leider das letzte Mal im Oktober 2007 erneuert worden. Seit ca. einem Jahr ist Tangotango auch nur noch sporadisch bei Wikimedia aktiv. In der Zwischenzeit dürften auf Commons weitere 1 Million Bilder dazugekommen sein. Mehrere Benutzer haben ihn in den vergangenen Monaten immer wieder zur Erneuerung des Index aufgefordert, ohne Reaktion. Deshalb nun die Bitte an Dich (und Wikimedia Deutschland), dieses nützliche Tool mit einem neuen Index zu versehen bzw. als eigenes Projekt zu implementieren (freie Lizenz). Immerhin ist es auf der Commons-Hauptseite als empfohlenes Tool verlinkt und sollte meiner Ansicht nach auch aktuelle Ergebnisse liefern. Falls Ihr das hinbekommt, würde ich (und sicher viele andere) sich sehr freuen. [[Benutzer:Longbow4u|Longbow4u]] 15:44, 7. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== CheckUsage ==

Dein Tool ersetzt leider ein + in einem Bildnamen durch einen _. [http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/CheckUsage.php?i=BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE%2BGRENZE.svg&w=_100000&m=&x=&go=Check+Usage&b=0#end Dieses Bild] wurde gelöscht und ist noch massenhaft eingebunden, obwohl das Tool nichts anzeigt. Ich denke mal es würde reichen, wenn die Formulardaten per POST übermittelt werden könnten. --[[Benutzer:Wuzur/A|/]][[Benutzer:Wuzur/A/2008/49|/]][[[[Benutzer:Wuzur|Wuzur]]]] 17:21, 7. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:ChrisiPK und ich haben uns grade auf eine abenteuerliche Reise durch deinen Code begeben und suchen im MediaWiki Code den du verwendest nach dem Fehler, POST ist es jedenfalls nicht. [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/tags/REL1_9_6/phase3/includes/normal/UtfNormal.php UtfNormal::cleanUp] scheint was damit zu tun zu haben --[[Benutzer:Wuzur/A|/]][[Benutzer:Wuzur/A/2008/49|/]][[[[Benutzer:Wuzur|Wuzur]]]] 18:17, 7. Dez. 2008 (CET) es könnte auch fastCompose sein...

:: Das gleiche Problem hatte ich auch, ich konnte es nur umgehen, indem ich im ''Eingabefeld'' <code>BSicon_WBR%C3%9CCKE%2BGRENZE.svg</code> eingegeben habe, etwas verrückt, aber so hat's funktioniert! [[Benutzer:Axpde|'''a'''x'''p'''de]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Axpde|Hallo!]] 14:55, 3. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== CatScan und Bundesarchiv ==

Hallo Duesentrieb; ich habe [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Raymond#CatScan_und_Bundesarchiv|bei Raymond eine Frage zu CatScan]] im Zusammenhang mit den Bundesarchiv-Bildern gestellt. Er hat dort auf dich als den Schöpfer von CatScan verwiesen, daher wende ich mich nun an dich. [[Benutzer:Gestumblindi|Gestumblindi]] 18:07, 7. Dez. 2008 (CET)

:Du kannst diese Frage als erledigt betrachten; [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Gestumblindi#CatScan_und_Bundesarchiv|mir wurde bereits weitergeholfen]] :-) [[Benutzer:Gestumblindi|Gestumblindi]] 23:54, 11. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== "Deutsch: Originalbeschreibung im Bundesarchiv:" ==
''[Eine Kopie des folgenden Textes werde ich auch auf der Disk-Seite von [[Benutzer:ChrisiPK]] hinterlassen, da ich mich bei Wikimedia Commons nicht auskenne und nicht weiß, wer die richtigen Ansprechpartner sind.]''

Wie es aussieht, bewegt sich [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BArch-biased#Bitte_ein_.22und_.2F_oder.22_einbinden die Diskussion] bezüglich des Templates in Richtung einer Modifikationen des Textes. Wir können aber gerne noch eine Weile abwarten, falls du das möchtest. Allerdings machen meiner Meinung nach bereits diese Einwände eine Änderung plausibel, da die Teilnehmer deutlich gemacht haben, dass die derzeitige Formulierung mißverständlich sein ''kann''. [[Benutzer:Jan eissfeldt]] hat dabei ohne meine Bitte um Stellungnahme geantwortet; [[Benutzer:Hozro]] habe ich dagegen - wie auch [[Benutzer:Holgerjan]] - um eine Stellungnahme gebeten. Von den letzten beiden Personen weiß ich, dass sich sich ebenfalls auf den Umgang mit NS-Material spezialisiert haben.

Eine nun noch, wie ich glaube, abschließende Bitte zur Ergänzung bei diesem Hinweistext: "''Deutsch: Originalbeschreibung im Bundesarchiv:''". Dieser Text könnte so aufgefasst werden, als würde es sich um eine vom Bundesarchiv selbst formulierte Beschreibung handeln und dessen Inhalte eine Bedeutung in der aktuellen politischen Diskussion in Deutschland haben. Um dieser Fehlanname entgegenzuwirken, dieser Vorschlag: "Deutsch: '''Historisch überlieferte''' Originalbeschreibung '''aus dem''' Bundesarchiv:".

Bitte bei euren Überlegungen und eurer Entscheidung auch berücksichtigen, dass [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E10855,_Polen,_Juden_zur_Zwangsarbeit_befohlen.jpg derartige Bilder und Beschreibungen] mit zum Bestand der hoch geladenen Fotos gehören. Gruß, --[[Benutzer:T.M.L.-KuTV|T.M.L.-KuTV]] 22:43, 7. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== CatScan Semiprotects ==

Hallo,

ich suche ein Tool das mir alle Halb/Vollgesperrten einer Kategorie samt deren Unterkategorie anzeigt. Dein CatScan kann das zwar, aber bei großen Kategorien wird die Anzeige auf 1000 begrenzt. Ich versuche herauszufinden wie viele Artikel der [[:Kategorie:Musiker]] halbgesperrt sind. Gäbe es die Möglichkeit die Suchmaske des Tools so zu verändern, dass gezielt nach dem Schutzstatus gesucht werden kann? Ist nicht eilig, über eine Antwort würde ich mich trotzdem freuen. Gruß -- [[Benutzer:Blunts|blunt.]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Blunts|d]] 19:03, 9. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Catscan-Verbesserungswünsche ==

Hallo, ich habe zu dem Tool zwei konkrete Verbesserungswünsche.
# Ausgabe im Wiki-Link-Format, damit Ergebnisse einfacher auf Projektseiten gelistet werden können (Portale, WikiProjekte), ggf. mit der Filterung "nur Kategorien";
# Möglichkeit, aus einer Kategorie alle Einträge anzeigen zu lassen, die nicht in einer anderen Kategorie enthalten sind.
Während der erste Wunsch eher der Zusammenarbeit dient – etwa der Erstellung vor Arbeitslisten, zur Dokumentation oder Diskussion – ist der zweite Wunsch in der Problematik begründet, daß es derzeit nicht möglich ist, eine Liste zu erstellen, welche Artikel in einer Kategorie in einer bestimmten Unterkategorie nicht vorhanden sind. Es ist zugegebenermaßen wenig sinnvoll ist, sich alle Einträge in [[:Kategorie:Ort in den Vereinigten Staaten]] anzeigen zu lassen, die nicht in [[:Kategorie:Ort in Deutschland]] enthalten sind, aber durchaus hilfreich, alle Einträge in [[:Kategorie:Gebäude in den Vereinigten Staaten]] zu finden, bei denen ein Eintrag in [[:Kategorie:Bauwerk nach Material]] fehlt. Derzeit geht das nur durch umständliches Weiterverarbeiten in irgendwelchen Editoren (Excel, Word, was weiß ich). --[[Benutzer:Matthiasb|Matthiasb]] 11:58, 12. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== CatScan - Macedonian translation ==

Hello! I have just made a Macedonian language subpage for CatScan code here: [[:meta:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan-mk]]. The translation is skilfully made, and it exactly follows our terminology and conventions on mk Wiki.

I took particular notice that you want the translated code (or something else?) in both `nowiki` and `pre` tags, but after inspecting other versions, I didn't see them using it, and neither did I see any particular reason why their absence would impede my page in any way. Nonetheless, I guess it is just something I don't understand in code programming, so please advise me where you need those tags, and I will be happy to assist you.

You did a great job with this usefull tool, it's the new marvel of Wikipedia :) Thank you very much for your devotion. I am sure that many users and editors will appreciate it, and that it will make Wikipedia even greater than it presently is.

Can you please drop me a message on [[:mk:Разговор со корисник:Bjankuloski06|my mk Wiki talk page]] to let me know when this Macedonian interface has been implemented, so that I may advise all the users there by some sort of notice. All best and thanks! --[[Benutzer:Bjankuloski06de|B. Jankuloski]] 14:01, 15. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== URLs ==

Danke für die Nachricht bzw. das Update (wenn auch etwas schwerer zu finden *g*) und sorry für das unglücklich formulierte Topic in der Disk (Dein Umgang damit war so wohl richtig und die Sache hat sich anscheinend ja eh erledigt :-)).
Gruß, -- [[Benutzer:Faol|Faolán]] 23:12, 17. Dez. 2008 (CET)

===PHP update===

Pardon my English. I wished to use this to convert a spreadsheet of electronic components, which is not suitable material for sending over the public internet.

I tried to run csv2wp on a local server, but there were various PHP errors. My PHP is rusty these days. I managed to change <nowiki><?</nowiki> into <nowiki><?php</nowiki> and that fixed some problems.

Still had errors of the form:
<pre>
Notice: Undefined index: csv in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: separator in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: break in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: convert in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: escape in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: quotes in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: table-attr in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: cell-attr in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
Notice: Undefined index: output_encoding in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 27
</pre>

And in the input form, many more of the form:
Notice: Undefined index: separator-; in C:\devshare\htdocs\csv2wp.php on line 451
/>Semicolon (";")

Unfortunately, I don't have more time to work on this.

If you update the code concerning these issues, please drop me a note at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dispersion

I appreciate your useful tool. -- [[Benutzer:Disparagon|Disparagon]] 00:07, 25. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Contribution statistics for en:Wiki [[Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey]] ==

Hi. For some reason the statistics for the English Wikipedia article [[Interpretations of 2001: A Space Odyssey]] are wrong. If you look at the history, it disgrees rather violently with the statistics reported. Only about five editors are shown, all but the last befor 2008, but the article was created after Dec 2007. I don't recognize any of the editors in the statistics as having been involved, either. Thanks -- [[Spezial:Beiträge/24.205.71.191|24.205.71.191]] 05:08, 28. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Hilfe für Übernehmen von Bildern aus der englischen Wiki ==

Der Marathon beim Übernehmen von Bildern aus der englischen Wiki, dachte ich hätte ich hinter mir, ich habe die Quelle persöhnlich gefragt ob ich das bild in die deutsche mitverwenden kann, darauf habe ich versichert bekommen, dass ich es tun soll, und dass es sicher ist. Runterladen, wikimediacommenrestrierung, Hochlademarathon, und alles durch, jetzt wurde es vom CommonsDelinker weil was bei dem quellennachweis nicht stimmte, gelöscht. 
Der aufwand war für dieses Bild sehr hoch. Nun war alles umsonst! 
Das bild "ULTra 001.jpg" hat:"This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License." wie kann man herausfinden ob das bild portierbar ist? 
Frage: gibt es kein internationales Wikimedia Commons, bei dem ich gleich erkennen kann ob es auf der deutschen Wiki "funktioniert"? 
Kann man sich an den Löscher wenden? 
Was muss der quellist(inhaber) machen um es international zugänglich zu machen? 
Wer weis hier bescheid? 
Durch den lizenztschungel möchte ich mich ehrlich gesagt nicht nochmal durchschlagen, denn das Esleibenlassen drängt sich zu sehr auf. Der frustrierte--[[Benutzer:Zwölfvolt|Zwölfvolt]] 14:17, 29. Dez. 2008 (CET)
: Hallo Zwölfvolt, das Problem war, dass Du beim Hochladen in Commons den Autor des Bildes unvollständig angegeben hattest. Ich habe jetzt für Dich das Bild nochmal mit allen Angaben hochgeladen. Das nächste Mal kannst Du Dir von [http://toolserver.org/~magnus/commonshelper.php?interface=de commonshelper] helfen lassen. Nähere Informationen zu Commons und zu Bildrechten findest Du unter [[Hilfe:Wikimedia Commons]]. Grüße, --[[Benutzer:UV|UV]] 17:04, 29. Dez. 2008 (CET)
----
==Guten Rutsch!==

:'''[[s:de:Der Glückwunsch (Ringelnatz)|Der Glückwunsch]]'''

:Ein Glückwunsch ging ins neue Jahr,
:Ins Heute aus dem Gestern.
:Man hörte ihn sylvestern.
:Er war sich aber selbst nicht klar,
:Wie eigentlich sein Hergang war
:Und ob ihn die Vergangenheit
:Bewegte oder neue Zeit.
:Doch brachte er sich dar, und zwar
:Undeutlich und verlegen.

:Weil man ihn nicht so ganz verstand,
:So drückte man sich froh die Hand
:Und nahm ihn gern entgegen. -- [[Benutzer:Anneke Wolf|Anneke]] 22:15, 30. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Zeilenlimit Contributors-Tool? ==

Hallo, ich wollte mit die History zu [[Grabenkrieg]] in dem Toll ausgeben lassen, aber wenn ich keine Einschränkungen mache, wird nicht die volle History angezeigt. Dazu eine Frage: wie viele Zeilen werden maximal ausgegeben? Als eine Verbesserung wäre es gut wenigstens eine Anzeige zu haben, dass nicht die volle History dargestellt wird.-- [[Benutzer:Avron|Avron]] 12:51, 1. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Problem mit http://toolserver.org/%7Edaniel/WikiSense/CheckUsage.php ==

Habe gerade http://toolserver.org/%7Edaniel/WikiSense/CheckUsage.php?w=_100000&i=Image:BSicon_SBHF1.svg laufen lassen, dabei kam folgendes Resultat:

<pre>
Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s1/enwiki_p

Failed to connect to DB enwiki_p!

Failed to connect to database for en.wikipedia.org

Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s3/frwiktionary_p

Failed to connect to DB frwiktionary_p!

Failed to connect to database for fr.wiktionary.org
de.wikipedia.org: - used on at least 100 pages [+]

Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s3/frwiki_p

Failed to connect to DB frwiki_p!

Failed to connect to database for fr.wikipedia.org

Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s3/jawiki_p

Failed to connect to DB jawiki_p!

Failed to connect to database for ja.wikipedia.org
it.wikipedia.org: - used on 43 pages [+]
nl.wikipedia.org: - used on 40 pages [+]

Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s3/eswiki_p

Failed to connect to DB eswiki_p!

Failed to connect to database for es.wikipedia.org

Database Error: Unknown error on sql-s3/ruwiki_p

Failed to connect to DB ruwiki_p!

Failed to connect to database for ru.wikipedia.org

usw.</pre>

Das geht schon seit Tagen so, wo liegt das Problem?!? [[Benutzer:Axpde|'''a'''x'''p'''de]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Axpde|Hallo!]] 15:02, 3. Jan. 2009 (CET)

: Das Problem war, dass die Server mit einem Lastwagen von einem Ort zum anderen gefahrenn wurde. Und dann am Ziel nicht alles so glatt lief wie gehofft. Jetzt laufen sie wieder, aber wir haben keine aktuellen Daten. Die gibt's erst wieder in ein paar Wochen. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 10:05, 5. Jan. 2009 (CET)

:: <ironie>Wie jetzt, noch nie watt von WLAN gehört? Unverschämtheit!</ironie>
:: Jo, lüppt allet wieder soweit, sogar schneller als vorher :) [[Benutzer:Axpde|'''a'''x'''p'''de]][[Benutzer Diskussion:Axpde|Hallo!]] 10:24, 5. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== CatScan ==

Ich habe Catscan auf kroatisch übersetzt. Du kannst es [[meta:User:Duesentrieb/CatScan-hr|hier]] finden. [[Benutzer:Admiral Norton|Admiral Norton]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Admiral Norton|Diskussion]]) 13:45, 4. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Und wir haben auch was auf Polnisch [[:m:User_talk:Duesentrieb/CatScan#.C3.9Cbersetzung|übersetzt]].  « [[Benutzer:Saper|Saper]] // [[Benutzer Diskussion:Saper|@talk]] »  21:21, 18. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Tool: Gallery ==

Bei dem Tool [http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php Gallery] werden (zur Zeit?) keine Bilder ab einen gewissen Datum mehr angezeigt. Kann es mit der Umstellung des Namensraum "Image" auf "File" zu tun haben? --[[Benutzer:Atamari|Atamari]] 15:57, 8. Jan. 2009 (CET)
: Nein, das hat was damit zu tun, dass die server umgezogen wirden, und unsere Datenbankkopie desshalb jetzt veraltet ist. Steht auch in dem dicken gelben Kasten oben auf der Seite :) -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 12:54, 9. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== CatScan ==

Is it possible to have CatScan look for articles Category A that are NOT also in category B? Rough translation: Ist es möglich, Catscan für Artikel in Kategorie A aber NICHT auch in Kategorie B zu suchen? [[Benutzer:Jarry1250|Jarry1250]] 13:39, 12. Jan. 2009 (CET)
: has been requested before, and it would make sense. But CatScan needs a rewrite, i'm not going to mess with it until i can fully redo it. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 21:47, 12. Jan. 2009 (CET)
::No problem. [[Benutzer:Jarry1250|Jarry1250]] 20:18, 13. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== In Artikeln verwendete Begriffe, die nicht auf ein Lemma verweisen ==
Mit dem Tool [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste Spezial:Linkliste] gibt es ein Tool, mit dem ich feststellen kann, welche Lemmata auf einen Artikel verweisen. Gibt es auch ein Tool, mit dem ich feststellen kann, ob ein Begriff in einem x-beliebigen Wikipedia-Artikel zwar verwendet, aber bislang noch ''nicht'' verlinkt wurde? Und wenn nicht, ist es schwierig, ein solches Tool zu basteln? Denn wenn ich im linken Suchfeld auf Volltext klicke, erhalte ich auch Seiten, wo ein spezieller Suchbegriff bereits verlinkt ist, was für die Suche nach Artikeln, wo eben keine Verlinkung für einen speziellen Begriff vorliegt, ein erheblich größer Zeitaufwand ist. Grüße, --[[Benutzer:T.M.L.-KuTV|T.M.L.-KuTV]] 17:19, 13. Jan. 2009 (CET)
: das ist kaum möglich. Zumindest nicht ohne sehr sehr viel Auffwand. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 22:16, 13. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:: Schade eigentlich. Danke für die Info. --[[Benutzer:T.M.L.-KuTV|T.M.L.-KuTV]] 09:52, 14. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== WikiSense/Contributors.php ==

Hallo, on checking the listing at http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/Contributors.php?wikilang=en&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&grouped=on&page=Wikipedia+talk%3ARequests+for+adminship I noticed that the tool gives substantially different numbers from other edit counting tools. Specifically [http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl this tool] gives numbers for my own edits that are what I believe to be correct. Just thought you would like to know. Thank you for developing the tool. - [[:en:User:Taxman|en.wiki]][[Benutzer:Taxman|Taxman]] 03:56, 23. Jan. 2009 (CET)
: yes, you are right. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 15:24, 23. Jan. 2009 (CET)
: fixed. the reason was that your edits got counted for every group you are in. In your case, bureaucrat, oversight and administrator, so your count was tripled. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 15:40, 23. Jan. 2009 (CET)

==MediaWiki==
Hallo Hr. Düsentrieb! [[Benutzer:Gerold Broser|Geri]], [[Benutzer_Diskussion:Gerold Broser|✉]] hat mir erzählt, dass sie MediaWiki-Entwickler sind.

Ich habe bei meinem Home-PC ein Wii für meine Heimatchronik laufen und den CategoryTree installiert. Wenn ich { { #categorytree:asdf|showcount } } einfüge, werden sauber alle Kategorien und Unterkategorien mit den jeweiligen Anzahlen angezeigt. Wie müsste ich das aber machen, dass ich global für alle Kategorieseiten die Anzahlen sehe, so wie bei Wikipdia, wo auch immer folgender Text steht: ''In Klammern die Anzahl der enthaltenen Kategorien (K), Seiten (S), Dateien (D)''. Vielleicht kannst Du mir helfen. Liebe Grüße aus dem [[Mostviertel]]: [[Benutzer:GT1976|GT1976]] 07:16, 7. Feb. 2009 (CET)
: Hallo GT1976, dafür musst Du auf Deinem Wiki die Systemnachricht ''MediaWiki:Categorytree-member-num'' anpassen und dort z. B. den Quelltext der gleichen Nachricht hier in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia ([[MediaWiki:Categorytree-member-num]]) hineinkopieren. --[[Benutzer:UV|UV]] 15:22, 7. Feb. 2009 (CET)
::Hallo! Das war verdammt einfach. Selbstständig wäre ich aber nie darauf gekommen. Ich danke Dir und bin begeistert. Wenn ich Dich sehen könnte, würde ich jetzt sofort mit Dir ein [[Bild:Koelsch.jpg|40px]] trinken. :-) [[Benutzer:GT1976|GT1976]] 06:49, 8. Feb. 2009 (CET)

==FIXED: [+] in Category Tree stopped working with installation of V1.13.4==
I use the Category Tree in the sidebar, and with an upgrade to the latest version, now, the [+] buttons no longer work.

Also, the category tree feature has stopped working. Any ideas?

Sorry for the ugly URLs - we're working on it:
http://clev9.com/~platfor1/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CategoryTree&target=help&mode=pages&dotree=Show+tree

Thanks
[[Benutzer:Applicationswhisperer|Applicationswhisperer]] 18:48, 9. Feb. 2009 (CET)

: I incorrectly set the permissions for the /extensions folder to 744 instead of 755. All is well now. [[Benutzer:Applicationswhisperer|Applicationswhisperer]] 19:15, 9. Feb. 2009 (CET)

== Artikel-Blockade ==
Hallo, kannst Du mir helfen, die Blockade des von mir derzeit bearbeiteten Artikels "Thasos (Stadt)" zu beseitigen ? Danke! -- [[Benutzer:Gerdl|Gerdl]] 22:11, 20. Feb. 2009 (CET)

== CatScan ==

Please check [[:Meta:User talk:Duesentrieb/CatScan#Template with a slash ("/") in its name]]. -- User:[[:en:User:Docu|Docu]]/[[meta:User:D2|D2]]

== Fragen zum CatScan ==
Hallo, ich habe eben gerade ein paar Fragen zu deinem tollen Tool in der Diskussion [http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ADuesentrieb%2FCatScan&diff=1411549&oldid=1402537 gestellt]. Ich danke dir im Voraus, schöne Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Poco a poco|poco a poco]] 11:41, 1. Mär. 2009 (CET)

== ContactPage extension ==

(Sorry for posting in English - my German is extremely rusty!) There is currently a discussion on foundation-l suggesting using your ContactPage extension to provide an easy way for people to complain about problems with BLP (and other) articles. I would like to modify it to appear in the toolbox and contain key information in the email body by default (page title and revision ID). Do you have any objections to me doing that (with appropriate config options)? Thanks. --[[en:User:Tango]] 21:58, 2. Mär. 2009 (CET)

== CommonsTicker on da-wiki ==
Hi Duesentrieb. CommonsTicker is not active on da-wiki and has not been since august 2008. I think it should be activated again on [[:da:Wikipedia:CommonsTicker]]. What do I need to do? --[[Benutzer:MGA73|MGA73]] 23:20, 2. Mär. 2009 (CET)

== other dataformat for contributors? ==

hi, I use your tool contributors quite often and like it very much. Do you know of a way, to get the data/results in some other format than html? f.e. is there an adress or tool that gives out xml or rss or even sql itself? thanx, [[Special:Contributions/85.179.17.74|85.179.17.74]] 22:13, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

: there's a selector for the output format. TSV is easy to parswe, amd mysql can import it directly.
: Oh, and please add new sections at the end of talk pages. -- [[Benutzer:Duesentrieb|Duesentrieb]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Duesentrieb|⇌]] 13:09, 8. Mär. 2009 (CET)

::thanx very much. sorry I didnt find it myself ... I moved my question to the end of the list, didnt want to confuse anything!;))) [[Spezial:Beiträge/85.179.11.169|85.179.11.169]] 14:25, 8. Mär. 2009 (CET)

== CatScan ==

Since templates regarding article status like Good articles or Featured articles are put on an article talk page, it is impossible to check for categories from an article intersecting with categories from a talk page. Would it be possible to implement something like that? (Please leave me a quick note on my English Wikipedia talk page when you've responded) -- [[Benutzer:MacGyverMagic|MacGyverMagic]] 13:25, 9. Mär. 2009 (CET)

White House (Plantage)

2009-03-03T10:37:31Z

MacGyverMagic: /* White House connection */

'''White House''', an [[18th-century]] [[plantation]] near [[White House, Virginia|White House]] in [[New Kent County, Virginia|New Kent County]], [[Virginia]], was the home of [[Martha Washington|Martha Dandridge Custis]] (1731-1802) and [[Daniel Parke Custis]] (1711-1757) after they were married in 1750. They had four children, two of whom survived childhood. However, their father, 20 years older than their mother, died in 1757.

==Antebellum years==
A wealthy widow, Martha Custis was courted by General [[George Washington]], whom she married in 1759. Shorty thereafter, he resigned his Virginia military commission and they moved to his farm at [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]] in [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] overlooking the [[Potomac River]].

George and Martha Washington had no children of their own, but raised her two surviving children. When her son, [[John Parke Custis|John Parke "Jacky" Custis]] (1754-1781) died during the [[American Revolutionary War]], Martha and George Washington raised his two youngest children, [[Eleanor Parke Custis]] (later Lewis) and [[George Washington Parke Custis]] (1781-1857).

George Washington was to become the first [[President of the United States]] and his wife, Martha, became the nation's initial [[First Lady]], although she was known at the time as simply "Lady Washington." The title of First Lady was traditionally given the President's wife in years thereafter.

In 1802, George Washington Parke Custis began construction on [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]], then in the [[District of Columbia]], intending it to become a memorial to his step-grandfather (and adoptive father), George Washington, who had died in 1799. Arlington House would years later become the home of his daughter, [[Mary Anna Custis Lee]], born in 1807, who in 1831, married [[Robert E. Lee]], a graduate of the [[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) at [[West Point, New York]] in the Class of 1829, there. In 1846, most of the area of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac River was retroceded to [[Virginia]], including the land occupied by Arlington House and the surrounding plantation.

Robert E. and Mary Anna Custis Lee had seven children, of whom three boys and three girls survived to adulthood. Of these, the second son was [[William Henry Fitzhugh Lee|William H.F. "Rooney" Lee]] (1837-1891), who was born at Arlington House. Rooney Lee was educated at [[Harvard University]], and then followed his father's footsteps into service with the U.S. Army. However, in 1859, he resigned his commission.

Rooney Lee moved to White House Plantation, which he had inherited from his grandfather, who died in 1857. He married Charlotte Wickham, a descendant of attorney [[John Wickham (1763)|John Wickham]]. They had two children, a boy and a girl, both of whom died in infancy. His wife, Charlotte, died in 1863. The manor house at White House Plantation which was burned in 1862 had been the second of three which occupied the site of over the years, all destroyed by fires.

White House was the site of the crossing of the Pamunkey River of the [[Richmond and York River Railroad]], which was completed in 1861 between [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] and [[West Point, Virginia|West Point]], where the Pamunkey and the [[Mattaponi River]]s converge to form the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]].

==American Civil War years==
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, and [[Virginia]] joined the newly formed [[Confederate States of America]], Robert E. Lee, who had most recently been Superintendent of the USMA at West Point was offered the command of all Union forces by U.S. President [[Abraham Lincoln]], but resigned his commission in favor of serving his home state of Virginia. All three of his sons joined him in military service for the Confederacy.She was the first lady in the white house.

Robert E. Lee's wife suffered from [[rheumatoid arthritis]], and this became increasingly debilitating with advancing age. By 1861, she was using a wheelchair. Early in the War, Mrs. Lee and her daughters left Arlington House and she was staying at her son Rooney's plantation in New Kent County at White House when Union troops under General [[George B. McClellan]] took White House Landing as a supply base during the [[Peninsula Campaign]] in 1862, a failed attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. General McClellan made arrangements for Mrs. Lee's safe passage through the Union lines, and she relocated to Richmond, where she resided at 707 E. Franklin Street (in a still-extant house) for the duration of the War.

During the Peninsula Campaign, [[Frederick Law Olmsted]], designer of [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]] among his many accomplishments, served as Executive Secretary of the [[U.S. Sanitary Commission]], a precursor to the [[Red Cross]] in [[Washington D.C.]] which tended to the Union wounded during the Civil War. Olmsted headed the medical effort for the sick and wounded at White House Landing until McClellan abandoned it as he retreated with his troops during the [[Seven Days Battles]] and shifted his base to the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. The manor house of White House Plantation was burned.

==Postbellum years==
[[Rooney Lee]] lost his wife and children during the War, and was captured and held as a prisoner-of-war in New York after the [[Battle of Brandy Station]]. Following the War, Rooney Lee returned to White House Plantation. In 1867, he married again. With his second wife, Mary Tab Bolling Lee, he had several children. Nearby, his younger brother [[Robert E. Lee, Jr.|Rob]] lived at [[Romancock Plantation]] across the river in [[King William County, Virginia|King William County]].

After his mother died in 1873, Rooney inherited the [[Ravensworth Estate]], the old Fitzhugh family property (near present-day [[Springfield, Virginia|Springfield]]) in [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County]] with {{convert|563|acre|km2}} of land. In 1874, he moved there from White House Plantation.

Rooney Lee was elected to the [[Virginia Senate]] in 1875 , serving until 1878. He was then elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[US House of Representatives]] in 1887. He served in the House until his death at Ravensworth in 1891. He is interred in the [[Lee Chapel]] at [[Washington and Lee University]] in [[Lexington, Virginia]] with his parents and siblings.

==White House connection==
Although it wasn't built until some years after presidency of George Washington, it is speculated that the name of the famous [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] which became the traditional home of the President of the United States, may have derived from First Lady Martha Custis Washington's "White House Plantation" in New Kent County, where they both had shared many pleasant memories. [http://www.co.new-kent.va.us/planningcomm/ExistingConditions.pdf].

[[Category:Lee family residences]]
[[Category:Washington family residences]]
[[Category:Custis family residences]]
[[Category:Houses in Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia plantations]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt

2009-02-04T11:18:53Z

MacGyverMagic: Neuer Abschnitt /* Xqbot on en.wikipedia */

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== [[Justice League Task Force]] ==

Besten Dank für die Entfernung des Inuse-Bausteines im Artikel. Ich hab den total vergessen ;-)
Grüsse aus der Schweiz --[[Benutzer:Phixweb|₱ħ¡Ŀ]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:phixweb|☎]] 14:55, 27. Okt. 2008 (CET)

== Dein Bot ==

Hi Xqt, ich habe da eine Frage zu Deinem SLA-Bot. Prüft dieser eigentlich, ob die zu löschende Seite irgendwie verlinkt ist? Das wäre nämlich sehr praktisch. Momentan muss man immer prüfen, ob irgendein ein Link auf die Seite zielt, was zwei Mausklicks mehr bedeutet. Grüße, —[[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 05:37, 29. Okt. 2008 (CET)
:Nein, noch nicht, danke für den Hinweis. Ich nehme das in meine LOP auf. Die Links könnten dann korrigiert werden; manchmal gehts aber lusig hin und her wie z.B. bei [[Rothenburg/O.L.]], vielleicht in dem Fall erst mal stehen lassen. Ich baue erst mal eine zusätzliche Prüfung und eine Bemerkung z.B. ''keine Links'' ein, damit ihr Bescheid wisst. Mal sehen, ob ich kurzfristig dazu komme. Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 06:15, 29. Okt. 2008 (CET)
::''Keine Links'' würde völlig ausreichen - in allen anderen Fällen muss man dann halt noch kontrollieren. —[[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 06:17, 29. Okt. 2008 (CET)

== Dein Revert in [[Mangel]] ==

ich finde auf [[WP:BKL]] keinen Hinweis, dass es

'''Siehe auch:'''

heissen muss.

Ich kenne aus vergangenenen WP-Tagen (meines Wissens sogar mit Meinungsbild) nur

<nowiki>==Siehe auch==</nowiki>

oder

''Siehe auch:''

Ich will kein Aufhebens machen, aber vielleicht habe ich ja etwas nicht mitbekommen. Vielleicht gibst Du mir einen Hinweis. Gruß--[[Benutzer:Neu1|Neu1]] 17:08, 31. Okt. 2008 (CET)
:Siehe auch [[WP:BKV]] ;-) Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 17:23, 31. Okt. 2008 (CET)

::Danke; so hat die WP eben ihre Tiefen + Sonderpfade. Gruß--[[Benutzer:Neu1|Neu1]] 17:25, 31. Okt. 2008 (CET)

== Sichtung von [[Wanderreiten]] ==

Hallo Xqt, die Sichtung der Literaturangabe ist in meinen Augen ausgesprochen zweifelhaft. Wenn du dir [[WP:LIT]] durchliest wirst du sicherlich auch zu dem Ergebnis kommen, dass bei Artikeln, die sich nichtwissenschaftlichen Themen widmen, die Angabe neuer Literatur Grundsätzlich fragwürdig ist. Alles was rund um den Freizeitsport geht, wird von solchen Werbeeinträgen regelrecht bombardiert. Gruß: [[Spezial:Beiträge/87.78.150.235|87.78.150.235]] 11:05, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:Sicherlich liegst Du mit Deinen Bedenken nicht grundsätzlich falsch. Grundsätzlich soll die WP ja keine Werbeplattform für irgendwelche Literatur sein, die zum Thema paßt. Andererseits kann ich nicht beurteilen, ob die neu eingefügte Literaturangabe besser oder schlechter (meinetwegen im Sinn von WP:LIT) ist, ohne sie gelesen, zumindest im Inhalt überflogen zu haben. Solange der Literaturabschnitt nicht überquillt kann man's m.E. auch stehen lassen. Bei der [[WP:GSV|Sichtung]] soll ja ohnehin nur auf offensichtlichen Vandalismus geprüft werden (natürlich korrigiere ich auch offensichtliche Mängel). Deshalb war meine Sichtung auch in Ordnung -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 11:51, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::Hallo Xqt, prinzipiell hast du natürlich recht, dass die Angabe gesichtet werden kann. Ich wünsche mir allerdings seit langem etwas mehr Sensibilität in der WP im Umgang mit Weblinks, Literatur- und Quellenangaben. Bei Weblinks hat es sich mittlerweile eingebürgert sie vor der Sichtung zumindest einem kurzen Check zu unterziehen, bei Literatur und Quellen vermisse ich das vielfach noch. Natürlich kann Niemand für eine blosse Sichtung die angegebenen Bücher einsehen, aber ein wenig mehr Sensibilität bei neuen Einträgen wäre halt schon schön. Insbesondere wenn gerade erst erschienene Literatur eingefügt wird, bin ich immer sehr skeptisch, ob das wirklich im Sinne der WP brauchar ist. Ab einem gewissen Maß ist das für mich auch Vandalismus - in wie weit der offensichtlich ist, sei dahingestellt. --[[Spezial:Beiträge/84.44.169.115|84.44.169.115]] 13:43, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:::Grundsätzlich ACK. Im konkreten Fall ist die neue Literatur aber vermutlich wesenlich näher am Inhalt als z.B. Teichners ''Reitroutenplanung für die Pferderegion Münsterland'' (zu speziell und touristiklastig) oder die ''Die schönsten Pferdetrecks de Welt'' von Julie Miller und Gabriele Boiselle (touristiklastig). Vielleicht sollte man eher diese beiden rausnehmen. Habe aber persönlich keine Veranlassung, ist nicht wirklich mein Themengebiet. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 13:54, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::::Ich hatte schon überlegt den ganzen Absatz rauszuwerfen. Wer dann Literatur einfügt soll bitte begründen, warum sie für den Artikel relevant ist. Mal schauen, ich lasse mir das bis heute abend noch durch den Kopf gehen. --[[Spezial:Beiträge/84.44.169.115|84.44.169.115]] 14:49, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:::::Solltest Du dann ausführlich begründen. Deine Änderungen als IP werden sonst sehr schnell revertiert. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 14:54, 7. Nov. 2008 (CET)
==[[micro compact home]]==
Du hast Dich an der [[Wikipedia:Löschkandidaten/20._April_2008#Micro_compact_home_.28gel.C3.B6scht.29|LD zum ''micro compact home'']] beteiligt. Hast Du Einwände, daß ich den Artikel neu erstelle? [http://www.microcompacthome.at/?con=pub Resonanz hat der Würfel ja erzeugt]. Gruß, [[Benutzer:Ciciban|Ciciban]] 17:42, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:[[Benutzer_Diskussion:Wangen#micro_compact_home|Dem]] kann ich mich anschließen. Ein Pressespiegel allein begründet noch keine Relevanz, es belegt lediglich eine tätige Presseabteilung. Relevanz ergibt sich nicht aus lancierten Meldungen sondern aus der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 18:07, 19. Nov. 2008 (CET)
===Neubeginn===
Ich habe den Artikel [[Benutzer:Ciciban/micro compact home|hier]] vorbereitet und möchte ihn Donnerstag in den Artikelraum verschieben. Ich freue mich über Verbesserungsvorschläge und hoffe daß niemand Einwände gegen die Veröffentlichung hat. Gruß, [[Benutzer:Ciciban|Ciciban]] 18:14, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:Ich glaube inhaltlich ist er etwas besser geraten als die letzten drei Versuche. Die Relevanz dieses universitären Projekts erscheint mit dagegen nach wie vor zweifelhaft. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 19:33, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
::Nicht jede Hausarbeit kommt ins MoMA. Gruß, [[Benutzer:Ciciban|Ciciban]] 08:24, 26. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:::Das ist wohl war! Du hast den Artikel ja noch ordentlich überarbeitet und damit meine Vorbehalte zerstreut. Respekt! -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 19:01, 27. Nov. 2008 (CET)

===Stapellauf===
Habe den Entwurf zum [[m-ch]] gerade in den Artikelraum verschoben. Danke für Euer aller Verständnis und Mithilfe. Gruß, [[Benutzer:Ciciban|Ciciban]] 11:34, 27. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Bitte ==

den Bot um spätestens 8 Uhr stoppen...sonst kollidiert er mit dem Schulbeginn :-) Danke! —[[Benutzer:YourEyesOnly|YourEyesOnly]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:YourEyesOnly|schreibstdu]] 07:47, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:Ja, das habe ich mir auch so gedacht. Mach ich dann. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 07:48, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== Dein Revert ==

Wir waren uns im Normenbereich eigentlich einig, keine nationalen Weiterleitungen auf internationale Normen anzulegen (außer der weitgreifenden DIN EN ISO 9000). Wenn Du schon darauf bestehst, dann bitte auch [[ÖNORM EN ISO 6946]] und [[SN EN ISO 6946]] anlegen und in den nächsten Tagen zu allen existierenden Lemmas EN ISO... die nationalen Weiterleitungen. Oder aber Du machst Deinen Revert rückgängig. Danke. Gruß [[Benutzer:Tom_md|Der]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Tom_md|Tom]] 10:14, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:Natürlich kann ich alle Redirects anlegen, wenn das gewünscht ist. Würde vielleicht zwei Stunden dafür brauchen. Ist von Dir wohl rhetorisch gemeint gewesen. Andererseits scheint die Einigkeit nicht so groß zu sein wenn man sich [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spezial%3APr%C3%A4fixindex&from=DIN+EN&namespace=0 das] so anschaut. Und wie stehts mit der DIN ISO? Und warum EN ISO? Von mir aus schmeiß es halt raus, mir liegt nichts daran. Dachte halt nur, das ist ein sinnvoller und gültiger Redirekt und m.E. kann man's auch lassen. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 11:16, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:: War natürlich rhetorisch ;-) EN ISO... heißen die Lemmas, da die zugehörigen internationalen (europäischen) Normen korrekt so heißen. Deiner Liste werde ich mich mal annehmen, da muss ich dann schon konsequent sein. Zur Grundsatzfrage: Nenn mir ein „schlagendes Argument“, warum wir die nationalen Normenableitungen als Redirect anlegen sollen. Zumal fast immer nur nach DIN... geschrieen wird, aber wir sind nun mal keine deutsche, sondern eine deutschsprachige Wikipedia, so dass ÖNORM und SN auch nötig wären... [[Benutzer:Tom_md|Der]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Tom_md|Tom]] 11:28, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)
:::Na es gibt halt unbedarfte, die nicht täglich sich mit Normen auseinandersetzen dürfen, wie unsereiner. Und der kommt vielleicht schon mal ins Grübeln, wenn er eine DIN-Norm nicht auf Anhieb findet. Da gibt es vielfach unnötigere Schreibvarianten die gerne behalten werden. (Die en:wikipedia ist in dieser Hinsicht besonders schlimm, aber das nur am Rande.) Andererseits muß nicht jeder Redirect sein und mein [[Benutzer:Xqbot|Bot]] hat täglich Kehrwoche - der arme! -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 11:40, 25. Nov. 2008 (CET)

== keine Abkürzung? ==

Ohne hoffentlich zu nerven, muss ich doch nochmal nachfragen, wieso gelten die Buchstabenkombinationen der Autokennzeichen nicht als Abkürzung? Siehe z.B. auch [[Liste der Kfz-Kennzeichen in Deutschland]] ab A, linke Spalten, Überschrift. Ohne wirklich Bescheid zu wissen, der Einleitungstext zur [[:Kategorie:Abkürzung]] schließt auch sprachwissenschaftliche andere Buchstabenkombinationen ein (die Unterschiede zwischen Abk, Kurzwort oder Akronym sind mir völlig unklar). Und in [[Abkürzung]] wird ''Kürzel'' sogar direkt einschließend erwähnt. Angesichts dessen wäre ich für einen Kommentar zu [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PL%C3%96&curid=711024&diff=53660546&oldid=53660522 deiner Zusammenfassungszeile] dankbar. Grüße, --[[Benutzer:Xario|<big>''χ''</big>ario]] 07:14, 2. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:Ups, das ist wohl sehr weit gefaßt. Sorry und danke für den Hinweis. Hab mich wohl zu [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PL%C3%96&diff=next&oldid=53660546 korrigieren]. Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 07:23, 2. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:: Okidoki! :-) --[[Benutzer:Xario|<big>''χ''</big>ario]] 07:26, 2. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== [[Burg Alt-Scharfeneck]] ==
Vergiss mal kurz die Frage Trümmer oder Reste und guck auf die Disku. Der Artikel kommt mir spanisch vor. [[Benutzer:Kinderschnaps|Kinderschnaps]] 08:05, 9. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== [[Top]] und [[Türnummer]] ==

* In Österreich wird immer öfter die Bezeichnung [[Top]] für [[Türnummer]] verwendet. Ich habe diese Bedeutung auf der Seite [[Top]] angeführt, sie wurde von Ihnen jedoch entfernt.

* Desweiteren habe ich die redundante Seite [[Türnummer]] nun bereinigt. Sie bezieht sich nun wirklich nur auf die Türnummer, und lässt die [[Hausnummer]] vollständig aus. Ich erachte es als wichtig auch eine Seite zur [[Türnummer]] zu haben, da dies unter [[Hausnummer]] passenderweise nicht beschrieben wird.

* Zum Abschluss würde ich gern noch auf [[Hausnummer]] unter "Siehe unter" [[Türnummer]] angeben.

Mit freundlichen Grüssen -- [[Benutzer Diskussion: PutzfetzenORG |@]] [[Benutzer: PutzfetzenORG | PutzfetzenORG]] 15:05, 10. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:Inhaltlich m.E. nach wie vor unzureichend. Ohne Quellen ist das [[WP:TF|Theoriefindung]] und freies Assoziieren, teilweise auch falsch oder unverbindlich. Dann kann man's auch lassen. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 15:47, 10. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== SCOOP "Führt zu nichts?"==
In Diagrammen, welche die Entwicklung hin zur UML zeigen, wird SCOOP aufgeführt - was für ein Unsinn ist es also die Erklärung der Abkürzung wieder zu entfernen? Wieso führt das zu nichts? Ich hoffe, dass sie die zig anderen Abkürzungserklärungen (RDD, MOSES, SOMA etc.), die ich mit der Zeit eingefügt habe, jetzt nicht auch gleich entfernen.
In diesem Sinne, schönes Löschen! [[Spezial:Beiträge/217.236.193.19|217.236.193.19]] 09:16, 11. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:Ich bezweifle, daß ''System Construction with object-oriented pictures'' ein relevantes Lemma wird und ein Verweis auf die UML bringt auch nichts. Dort wird dazu auch nichts gesagt. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 09:24, 11. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:: Nach dieser Logik müssten Sie alle Abkürzungserklärungen, aus denen kein eigens Lemma wird, umgehend löschen. [[Spezial:Beiträge/217.236.193.19|217.236.193.19]] 09:30, 11. Dez. 2008 (CET)
::PS Es gibt es Bücher und Papers, die mehr Informationen enthalten, als der Wikipedia-UML-Artikel.
:::Ja, das ist auch so. Deinen Eintrag bei [[Bon]] habe ich im übrigen wohlweislich stehen gelassen, weil ich das dort anders einschätze. Es steht Dir natürlich frei die Artikel auszubauen oder einen relevanten zu ''System Construction with object-oriented pictures'' zu erstellen. Lasse mich gern eines Besseren belehren. Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 09:35, 11. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Raubkopierer sind keine Verbrecher ==

Lieber Xqt, vielen Dank erst mal für den Hinweis. Den Artikel aus http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kurier habe ich heute gelesen und würde gerne mit folgender Aufklärung dazu beitragen:
Vorerst sei gesagt, dass diejenigen Texte, die aus Wikipedia stammen, alle Namensnennungen, Links auf Wikipedia sowie eine GNU-Lizenz integriert haben. Diejenigen Texte, die keine Namensnennung mit Wikipedia beinhalten sind dann aber auch tatsächlich von uns. Andere Texte, die im Rahmen des Themas "Raubkopien" in Wikipedia zu finden sind, wurden teilweise aus unseren Sites und von unserem Buch NO COPY von Wikipedia-Autoren auf Wikipedia übernommen und kollaborativ weiterbearbeitet. Das stellt insoweit für uns kein Problem dar, da ja auch unsere Inhalte und auch das Buch unter der GNU-Lizenz und Creative Commons stehen - es ist okay, wenn Wikipedia-Autoren diese Inhalte übernehmen. An vielen Stellen verlinkt Wikipedia dann ja auch auf uns, was dann auch zum FairPlay gehört. Ich kann daher das Missverständnis nachvollziehen: Wir haben teilweise Inhalte aus Wikipedia übernommen (und auch angegeben). Wir haben Inhalte in Wikipedia aber auch selbst verfasst und bearbeitet (teilweise nur mit IP, dann auch mit Login, das weiß keiner mehr so genau). Und wir haben eine Menge eigener Inhalte, die dann wiederum von Wikipedia übernommen worden (diese sind deutlich gekennzeichnet).

Unsere Arbeit gilt aber weiterhin der kritischen und klischeefreien Betrachtungsweise zum Thema "Raubkopien". Wikipedia darf und soll Inhalte von uns zum Thema übernehmen. Auch wir sind auf die Wikipedia-Community angewiesen, da diese auch uns mit hilfreichen Meinungen immer wieder auf neue Gedanken bringen. Vielen Dank.
{{Unsigned|Evr| 10:46, 16. Dez. 2008}}
:Ich hab zu diesem Thema auf nichts hingewiesen. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 10:55, 16. Dez. 2008 (CET)
<div style="text-align:right;">Nach [[Wikipedia Diskussion:Kurier #Beitrag: Raubkopierer sind Verbrecher .3F.3F]] kopiert -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 16:38, 16. Dez. 2008 (CET)</div>

== [[Martin Langer (Fotograf)]] ==

Danke für das Verschieben! Wollte ich auch gerade machen. Ich hatte gerade aus [[Martin Langer]] [[Martin Langer (Kameramann)]] gemacht und die BKL angelegt. Schönes Wochenende und ein frohes Weihnachtsfest. -- [[Benutzer:Johnny Controletti|Johnny Controletti]] 17:02, 19. Dez. 2008 (CET)
:Ja, dann biege ich die Links noch um. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 17:08, 19. Dez. 2008 (CET)

== Archivzyklus für [[Vorlage Diskussion:Infobox Unternehmen|Diskussion:Infobox Unternehmen]] ==

Guten Abend. Habe eben gesehen, daß Du den Zyklus erhöht hast. Allerdings hatte ich ihn vorerst so gering gewählt, damit die alten Beiträge erstmal archiviert werden und ich demnach auch die Verknüpfungen zu den jeweiligen Archiven einbinden kann. Deine Änderung habe ich dahingehend entfernt. Den Zyklus setze ich höher, sobald die ersten Beiträge verschwunden sind. -- [[Benutzer:Dev107|DEV107]] 17:58, 1. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Ja, das ist für mich auch ok. Danke. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 18:12, 1. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Xqbot]] ==
[[:pl:Wikipedia:Boty/Zgłoszenia]]. [[Spezial:Beiträge/89.78.94.167|89.78.94.167]] 20:32, 2. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Bot flag granted on fr:WP ==
Everything is in the title. Best regards. [[Benutzer:Clem23|Clem23]] 22:53, 11. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Merci bien -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 23:10, 11. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== test editionen auf pl.wiki ==

Kannst Du erklaeren voher diese Edition kommt?: http://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rozszczep_podniebienia&diff=prev&oldid=15393537 #TAM kann als alias benutzt worden, aber in den standart pywikibot kann ich es nicht sehen. [[Benutzer:Masti|Masti]] 22:33, 12. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:redirect.py ruft die Methode site.redirect() auf. Diese ist in wikipedia.py definiert. Die Lokalisierung stammt aus family.py. Codeauszug:
redirect.py:
text = mysite.redirectRegex().sub(
'#%s %s' %
(mysite.redirect( True ),
targetPage.aslink()),
oldText)

wikipedia.py:
def redirect(self, default = False):
"""Return the localized redirect tag for the site.
If default is True, falls back to 'REDIRECT' if the site has no
special redirect tag.
"""
if default:
return self.family.redirect.get(self.lang, [u"REDIRECT"])[0]
else:
return self.family.redirect.get(self.lang, None)

family.py:
# Redirect code can be translated.
# Note that redirect codes are case-insensitive, so it is enough
# to enter the code in lowercase here.
redirect = {
...
'pl': [u'TAM', u'PRZEKIERUJ'],
...
}

-- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 23:21, 12. Jan. 2009 (CET)

*die sind, aber als aliases definiert, Bot soll die normale #REDIRECT nicht ändern. Standart pywikipediabot fixinig_redirect.py macht es nicht. Also ich verstehe nicht warum Dein bot hat das gemacht. Übrigens, warum hast Du hier geantwortet und nich in meine Diskussion auf pl.wiki? [[Benutzer:Masti|Masti]] 23:20, 14. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Siehe jetzt [[:pl:Dyskusja_wikipedysty:Masti #test_edits_von_Xqbot_auf_pl.wiki]] -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 12:22, 15. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:: Ich habe ein bisschen gesucht und es sieht so aus. TAM und PRZEKIERUJ sind nicht benutztz. Mann kan sie nutzen aber es ist nur ein alias. Kannst Du Deinen bot so stellen das er #REDIRECT nich ändert? Oder Dein Bot arbeitet nur als interwikibot? [[Benutzer:Masti|Masti]] 20:30, 15. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:::Ja kann ich. Wenn es Dir recht ist mache ich anschließend ein paar Beispieledits. Dauert aber einen Moment den Standard umzuprogrammieren. Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 20:34, 15. Jan. 2009 (CET)
::Danke fuer die verstaendigung. Botflag auf pl.wiki ist erteilt. [[Benutzer:Masti|Masti]] 19:30, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:::Danke ebenso. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 23:45, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Ich habe Deinen request gesehen. Danke fuer den patch. [[Benutzer:Masti|Masti]] 17:54, 27. Jan. 2009 (CET)

==[[Europaschule]] ==
Warum wird unter Europaschule Auswahl nicht das Oswald-von-Nell-Breuning Berufskolleg Coesfeld aufgenommen? (''Der vorstehende, nicht signierte Beitrag – siehe dazu [[Hilfe:Signatur]] – stammt von'' [[Benutzer:Nbbkcoesfeld|Nbbkcoesfeld]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Nbbkcoesfeld|Diskussion]] • [[Spezial:Beiträge/Nbbkcoesfeld|Beiträge]]) 10:41, 14. Jan. 2009 (CET)) 
:Es ist zweifelhaft, daß das Berufskolleg [[WP:RK|relevant]] ist. Siehe auch [[WP:WWNI]]. Gruß -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 00:01, 15. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Xqbot@wuu.wikipedia ==

Hello,

I understand the situation. But remember [[:meta:Bot_policy#Bot_account|you must have a user page indicating the account is a bot and where the owner can be contacted]]. It's OK now.

You can make a request for bot status at [[:wuu:Wikipedia:机器人]]. Feel free to run your bot normally during process. If there is no objections (I have never seen any ;) ) I'll give you the bot flag.

regards

--[[Benutzer:Hercule|Hercule]] 22:45, 16. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Interwikis [[Filipe]] ==

Hi, ich kann nicht so recht nachvollziehen, welcher tiefere Sinn in
[http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipe&diff=55490325&oldid=55415851 diesem Edit]
des Bots steckt. Es gab da zwar einen Interwikikonflikt in [[:pt:Filipe]], aber das wird ja kaum der Grund sein, bzw. es würde durch diesen Edit nicht gelöst. -- [[Benutzer:Ukko|Ukko]] 21:35, 18. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Die Ursache liegt daran, daß [[Filipe]] keine [[WP:BKL]] ist, die angegebenen Interwiki-Links dagegen wohl. Der nächste Bot wird das also wieder "korrigieren" -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 22:32, 18. Jan. 2009 (CET)
::Ah, jetzt sehe ich's auch. Danke! -- [[User:Ukko|Ukko]] 23:27, 18. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Xqbot@ru.wikipedia ==

Du kannst loslegen. [[Benutzer:Obersachse|Obersachse]] 19:54, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:O danke, das ging schnell. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 20:18, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
::Ich habe die Kollegen davon überzeugt, daß globale Bots ja bereits für tauglich befunden wurden. Das ist gelebter Bürokratieabbau ;-) [[Benutzer:Obersachse|Obersachse]] 21:28, 20. Jan. 2009 (CET)
==Warum==
[http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moder&diff=55649439&oldid=55621431] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moder&diff=265587965&oldid=265495678] ? The 3 (de: fr: & en:) are disambig pages, no ? [[Benutzer:Alvaro|Alvaro]] 00:55, 22. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:The second isn't because [http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=37255293 this article] had no disambig-template as the bot did its work. I add it and ask my bot runnin again through this stuff. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 08:35, 22. Jan. 2009 (CET)
::(I saw your [http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moder_(homonymie)&diff=next&oldid=37255293 recent diff on fr:]). Ich verstehe besser. Danke sehr. All looks fine now. ++ [[Benutzer:Alvaro|Alvaro]] 14:59, 22. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Bot@cs.wiki ==

hello, you have flag now, but there was one bad edit [http://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidovdansk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstava&diff=3549828&oldid=3545456] - don't worry, it's bug in framework, but if you could report it (i have it reported yet, but more reports - bigger chance to repair). [[Benutzer:JAn Dudík|JAn Dudík]] 23:23, 26. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Thanks. I've reported it to the bug request #2484627 too and fixed the page. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 07:29, 27. Jan. 2009 (CET)

== Xqbot ==

xqbot nervt langsam. Sowohl bei [[USS Green Bay]] als auch bei [[USS New Mexico]] entfernt er mehrmals den/die Interwikilink, wohl weil in de kein BKL-Baustein im Artikel sein darf. Der Inhalt ist der selbe, und wenn dein Bot das an einem Baustein festmacht, dann ändere das Verhalten bitte, oder schalte den Bot ab. --[[Benutzer:Florian Adler|fl-adler]] [[Benutzer Diskussion:Florian Adler|•λ•]] 10:36, 31. Jan. 2009 (CET)
:Das ist das Standard-Verhalten der Interwiki-Bots. Es wird nichts nützen, meinen auszuschalten. Irgendwann wird das irgendein anderer Bot ebenso machen. Ursache ist, wie du schon festgestellt hast, der fehlende BKL-Baustein in Deinen Artikeln. BKLs verlinken nur zu BKLs, Artikel nur zu Artikeln. Die USS Green Bay wird aber mein Bot wahrscheinlich vorerst in Ruhe lassen. -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 11:21, 31. Jan. 2009 (CET)

==Bot in ruwiki==
It has deleted English interwiki because the enwiki article was renamed. Please look [[:ru:Правила Худзита]]. I suppose the bot should just change the interwiki in such cases instead of deleting it. [[Benutzer:Yrogirg|Yrogirg]] 14:25, 1. Feb. 2009 (CET)
:See [[:ru:User Talk:Yrogirg]]. Thanks -- [[Benutzer Diskussion:Xqt|@]][[Benutzer:Xqt|xqt]] 17:43, 1. Feb. 2009 (CET)

== Xqbot on en.wikipedia ==

It appears your bot malfunctioned. It said it fixed a double redirect when it didn't [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AInjection_site_reactions&diff=268448804&oldid=268448785]. Please look into it and get back to me on my English talk page. - [[Benutzer:MacGyverMagic|MacGyverMagic]] 12:18, 4. Feb. 2009 (CET)

Vanity Ballroom Building

2008-12-15T10:56:58Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Description */ and--> as (typo)

{{Infobox_nrhp | name =Vanity Ballroom Building
| nrhp_type =
| image = Vanity Ballroom Detroit MI.jpg
| caption =
| location= 1024 Newport St., [[Detroit, Michigan]]
| lat_degrees = 42
| lat_minutes = 22
| lat_seconds = 42
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 82
| long_minutes = 57
| long_seconds = 1
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = Michigan
| area =
| built =1929
| architect= [[Charles N. Agree]]
| architecture= [[Art Deco]]
| added = November 12, 1982
| governing_body = Private
| refnum=82000556<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2008-04-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}

The '''Vanity Ballroom Building''' is a public building located at 1024 Newport Street (at Jefferson Avenue in the [[Jefferson-Chalmers Historic Business District]]) in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. The building contains the last remaining intact ballroom of the multiple Detroit dance halls that hosted big bands in the 1930s-50s.<ref name = "state"/><ref name = "city">[http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/historic/districts/vanity_ballroom.pdf Vanity Ballroom Building] from the city of Detroit</ref>

== History ==
The Vanity Ballroom was designed in 1929 by [[Charles N. Agree]] as a flamboyant venue in which to socialize, dance and hear music.<ref name = "det1701">[http://www.detroit1701.org/VanityBallroom.htm Vanity Ballroom] from Detroit1701.org</ref> The ballroom was a major venue for bands of the 1930s and 1940s, such as those of [[Tommy Dorsey]], [[Jimmy Dorsey]], [[Duke Ellington]], [[Benny Goodman]], [[Red Nichols]], [[Russ Morgan]], [[Art Mooney]], [[Woody Herman]], and [[Pee Wee Hunt]].<ref name = "det1701"/><ref name = "city"/> The Vanity billed itself as "Detroit's most beautiful dance rendezvous."<ref name = "ad">[http://books.google.com/books?id=qnEaLpWstfMC Rebecca Binno Savage and Greg Kowalski,] ''Art Deco in Detroit,'' Arcadia Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0738532282, pp. 98-104</ref>

The ballroom was closed in 1958, but reopened in 1964 for one night a week.<ref name = "city"/> It was eventually completely shuttered, and although it played a bit part in [[Eminem]]'s movie, [[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]],<ref name = "det1701"/> it remains closed and dilapidated.

== Description ==
The Vanity Ballroom is a two-story building originally containing five retail shops on the first floor and a ballroom on the second. It is built in the [[Art Deco]] style with an [[Aztec]] theme and measures 125 feet by 121 feet.<ref name = "state">[http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/16485.htm Vanity Ballroom Building] from the state of Michigan</ref> It is constructed of steel and reinforced concrete building faced with brick.<ref name = "det1701"/> The bulk of the brickwork uses orange brick; this is complemented with darker brick and cast stones.<ref name = "det1701"/> There is a three-sided entrance pavilion at the corner of the structure,<ref name = "det1701"/> and the facades to either side (along both Jefferson Avenue and Newport Street) are nearly identical.<ref name = "state"/> These facades terminate in smaller entrance pavilions; all three pavilions are slightly taller than the rest of the facade and contain a geometric stone pattern near the top.<ref name = "state"/> The multi-paned windows on the second floor are flanked by pilasters and topped with Art Deco geometric designs echoing those of the Aztecs.<ref name = "det1701"/>

The ballroom inside was built to hold 1000 couples, and has a 5,600 square-foot<ref name = "ad"/> maple dance floor, a stage/bandstand, and a promenade on three sides.<ref name = "city"/> The dance floor was built on springs which intentionally sank under the weight of the people who danced on it,<ref name = "city"/> giving the dancers a "bounce" as they moved.<ref name = "ad"/> The backdrop of the stage features a scene representing [[Chichen Itza]].<ref name = "ad"/>

Three of the retail shops on the first floor also had interiors designed by Agree; their interiors echo the Art Deco Aztec theme of the exterior.<ref name = "city"/> Within the retail spaces, Agree used elements such as wood and marble trim and [[terrazzo]] floors.<ref name = "city"/>

The exteriors of these first floor stores has been substantially changed.<ref name = "city"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Detroit}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Detroit, Michigan]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Michigan]]
[[Category:1929 architecture]]

George Sampson (Tänzer)

2008-11-25T10:55:34Z

MacGyverMagic: fr:George Sampson added

'''George William Sampson''' (* [[29. Juni]] [[1993]] in [[Warrington]], [[England]]) ist ein englischer [[Hip-Hop]]-Tänzer, der mit 14 Jahren am 31. Mai 2008 Gewinner der zweiten Staffel der britischen [[Castingshow]] ''[[Britain’s Got Talent]]'' wurde.

Mit sechs Jahren begann Sampson eine Tanzausbildung; schon bevor er 2008 Kandidat in ''Britain’s Got Talent'' wurde, nahm er daneben auch Gesangs- und Schauspielunterricht. In seiner Freizeit [[Breakdance|tanzte]] er auf den Straßen seiner Heimatstadt, dabei hatte er einige weitere Jugendliche um sich geschart, mit denen er ''Streetdance'' übte. Schon 2007 hatte er sich um einen Platz in der ersten Staffel von ''Britain’s Got Talent'' beworben, wurde aber nicht in die Endausscheidungen berufen. Da er und seine Familie und Freunde von seinem Talent überzeugt waren, gab er nicht auf, bewarb sich ein Jahr später erneut und konnte dieses Mal die Jury überzeugen. Juror [[Simon Cowell]] sagte über Sampsons Leistung: „Letztes Jahr fand ich dich fantastisch, dieses Jahr bist du phänomenal.“

In der Finalshow tanzte Sampson zu der drei Jahre alten Aufnahme „[[Singin’ in the Rain]]“ der Band [[Mint Royale]], die 2005 auf Platz 20 der [[UK Top 40|britischen Charts]] war. In der Spitze 14,4 Millionen Zuschauer<ref>[http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz/s/1052093_britains_got_talent_wins_ratings_war ''Britain's Got Talent wins ratings war''], Manchester Evening News vom 1. Juni 2008</ref> sahen das Finale von ''Britain’s Got Talent'' am 31. Mai 2008, und die Verwendung des Songs in der Performance des Siegers weckte neues Interesse an der Single, die daraufhin am [[Liste der Nummer-Eins-Hits in Großbritannien (2008)|8. Juni 2008]] auf Platz eins der Hitparade kletterte.

Sampson bekam als Preis für seinen ersten Platz 100.000 [[Britisches Pfund|Pfund]] und die Gelegenheit, vor [[Charles Mountbatten-Windsor, Prince of Wales|Prinz Charles]] aufzutreten.

Am 24. November 2008 erscheint George Sampsons erste Single, eine Doppel-A-Seite mit den Tracks ''Get Up on the Dance Floor'' und ''Headz Up''; der Erlös daraus kommt der Wohltätigkeitsorganisation eines Londoner Kinderkrankenhauses ''(Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity)'' zugute. Am 1. Dezember erscheint eine DVD, ''Access 2 All Areas''.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.georgesampsondances.co.uk/ Offizielle Seite] (englisch)
* [http://talent.itv.com/finalists/wednesdayFinalist2.asp George Sampson auf der Seite von ''Britain's Got Talent''] (englisch)
* [http://www.bebo.com/georgesampsonuk Videos zu den Tracks von George Sampsons erster Single]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampson, George William}}
[[Kategorie:Tänzer]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1993]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Sampson, George William
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=englischer Hip-Hop-Tänzer
|GEBURTSDATUM=29. Juni 1993
|GEBURTSORT=[[Warrington]], [[England]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[da:George Sampson]]
[[en:George Sampson]]
[[fr:George Sampson]]
[[nl:George Sampson]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2008-11-19T12:48:52Z

MacGyverMagic: changed death number, changed data not supported by listed reference

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St Giles in the Fields|St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux's Brewery|Meux and Company Brewery]]<ref name="greenberg">{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Michael I.|title=Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|pages=156|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY|isbn=0763739898}}</ref> on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book|last=Rennison|first=Nicholas|title=The Book of Lists: London|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd|date=[[2 November]], [[2006]]|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767|isbn=9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg" />, a huge [[vat]] containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of [[beer]] ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the Tavistock Arms [[pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left nine people dead: eight due to drowning and one from [[effects of alcohol on the body|alcohol poisoning]].<ref name="bookoflists"/>

The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "[[Act of God]]" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1814 in England]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:19th century in London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]
[[Category:Brewing in London]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2008-11-19T12:40:39Z

MacGyverMagic: replaced removed warphead citation with other ref

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St Giles in the Fields|St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux's Brewery|Meux and Company Brewery]]<ref name="greenberg">{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Michael I.|title=Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|pages=156|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY|isbn=0763739898}}</ref> on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book|last=Rennison|first=Nicholas|title=The Book of Lists: London|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd|date=[[2 November]], [[2006]]|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767|isbn=9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg" />, a huge [[vat]] containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of [[beer]] ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the Tavistock Arms [[pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left 10 people dead: 8 due to drowning, one from [[effects of alcohol on the body|alcohol poisoning]] and one from [[dysentery]].<ref name="bookoflists"/>

The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "[[Act of God]]" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1814 in England]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:19th century in London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]
[[Category:Brewing in London]]

Red River Trails

2008-11-01T15:53:33Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Life on the trail */ grammar fix Sentence now reads: It contained no iron at all. Instead it was constructed entirely of wood and animal hide.

[[Image:Métis and Red River carts.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<center>[[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}}]] drivers and ox carts at a rest stop</center>]]
The '''Red River Trails''' were a network of [[Red River ox cart|ox cart]] routes connecting the [[Red River Colony]] (the ''Selkirk Settlement'') and [[Fort Garry]] in [[Canada under British Imperial control (1764-1867)|British North America]], with the head of the [[Mississippi River]] in the United States. The trails ran from the location of present-day [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]] in the [[Canadian province]] of [[Manitoba]] across the international border and by a variety of routes across what is now the eastern part of [[North Dakota]] and western and central [[Minnesota]] to [[Mendota, Minnesota|Mendota]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] on the Mississippi.

Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated Red River Colony and the outside world. They gave the Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the [[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}} people]], an outlet for their [[fur trade|furs]] and a source of supplies other than the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails.

Free traders, independent of the Hudson's Bay Company and outside its jurisdiction, developed extensive commerce with the United States, making Saint Paul the principal ''[[entrepôt]]'' and link to the outside world for the Selkirk Settlement. The trade developed by and along the trails connecting Fort Garry with Saint Paul stimulated commerce, contributed to the settlement of Minnesota and North Dakota in the United States, and accelerated the settlement of Canada to the west of the rugged barrier known as the [[Canadian Shield]]. For a time, this cross-border trade even threatened Canada's control of its western territories. The threat diminished after completion of transcontinental [[trade route]]s both north and south of the border, and the transportation corridor through which the trails once ran declined in importance. That corridor has now seen a resurgence of traffic, carried by more modern means of transport than the crude ox carts that once travelled the Red River Trails.

==Origins==
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<center>'''Red River Trails between Fort Garry and Saint Paul'''</center>
<center>Not all trails shown; there were many connecting trails and alternate routes.</center>
<center>''Hold cursor over waypoints to display settlements; click to go to article.''</center>
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In 1812, [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk]], started a colony of settlers in [[British North America]] where the [[Assiniboine River]] joins the [[Red River of the North]] at the site of modern Winnipeg.<ref>This settlement had a number of names over the years, including the "Selkirk Colony" or "Selkirk Settlement" and later "Fort Garry". The latter name was current during most of the period covered by this article.</ref> Although fur posts were scattered throughout the Canadian northwest, and settlements of [[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}}]] [[fur trade]]rs and [[bison]] hunters were located in the vicinity of Selkirk’s establishment,<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), pp. 27–29.</ref> Selkirk's colony was the only agricultural settlement between [[Upper Canada]] and the Pacific Ocean. Isolated by geology behind the rugged [[Canadian Shield]] and many hundreds of miles of wilderness, settlers and their {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours had access to outside markets and sources of supply only by two laborious water routes.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml ''The Red River Cart and Trails''].</ref>

The first, maintained by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (in which Lord Selkirk was a principal investor), was a sea route from Great Britain to [[York Factory]] on [[Hudson Bay]], then up a chain of rivers and lakes to the colony, 780 miles (1250 km) from salt water to the Assiniboine.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), states this figure at page 78. Eric Morse however gives the distance from York Factory to Winnipeg via [[Norway House]] as a total of 650 miles (1040 km). Morse, ''Fur Trade Routes in Canada'' (1969), p. 20.</ref> The alternative was the historic route of the rival [[North West Company]]'s voyageurs from [[Montreal]] through [[Lake Huron]] to [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]] on [[Lake Superior]]. Above Superior, this route followed rivers and lakes to [[Lac La Croix First Nation|Lac la Croix]] and west along the international border through [[Lake of the Woods]] to [[Rat Portage]], and then down the [[Winnipeg River]] to the Red.<ref>In 1803 Fort William had replaced [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] as the Lake Superior anchor of this route for freight, but the Grand Portage route continued to be used for express canoes.</ref> The distance from the Selkirk settlement to Lake Superior at Fort William was about 500 miles (800 km), but Lake Superior was only the start of a lengthy journey to Montreal where furs and supplies would be transshipped to and from Europe.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), p. 96.</ref>

Neither of these routes was suitable for heavy freight. Lighter cargoes were carried in [[York boat]]s to Hudson Bay or in canoes on the border route. Both routes required navigation of large and hazardous lakes, shallow and rapid-strewn rivers, and swampy creeks and bogs, connected by numerous portages where both cargo and watercraft had to be carried on men's backs.

But geology also provided an alternate route, albeit across foreign territory. The valleys of the Red and [[Minnesota River]]s lay in the beds of [[Glacial Lake Agassiz]] and its prehistoric outlet [[Glacial River Warren]]; the lands exposed when these bodies of water receded were flat plains between low uplands covered by prairie grasslands. At the [[Traverse Gap]], only a mile (1.6  km) of land separated the [[Bois des Sioux River]], a source stream of the Red (which flowed north to Hudson Bay) and the [[Little Minnesota River]], a source stream of the Minnesota River (tributary to the Mississippi, which flowed south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]). The valley floors and uplands of the watercourses along this gently graded route provided a natural thoroughfare to the south. The eyes of the colonists therefore turned to the new United States, both as a source of supplies and an (illegal) outlet for their furs.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 7–8. Although founded as an agricultural colony, the Selkirk settlement’s {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours were fur traders, and many of the colonists also turned to that more lucrative endeavour. The sole legal outlet for their fur, and for that matter the sole legal source of supply, was the Hudson’s Bay Company, the charter of which gave it a monopoly on trade. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 136–139.</ref>

==Development of the routes==
The rich fur areas along the upper Mississippi, Minnesota, [[Des Moines River|Des Moines]], and [[Missouri River]]s, otherwise occupied only by peoples of the [[First Nations]], were exploited by independent fur traders operating from [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] in the late eighteenth century. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, these traders established fur posts in the Minnesota River valley at [[Lake Traverse]], [[Big Stone Lake]], [[Lac qui Parle]], and [[Traverse des Sioux]]. The large fur companies also built posts, including the North West Company's stations at [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]] and [[Walhalla, North Dakota|St. Joseph]] in the valley of the Red River.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2–3.</ref> The paths between these posts became parts of the first of the Red River Trails.

In 1815, 1822, and 1823, cattle were herded to the Red River colony from Missouri by a route up the Des Moines River Valley to the Minnesota River then down the Red River to the Selkirk settlement.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2, 4.</ref> In 1819, following a devastating plague of locusts which left the colonists with insufficient seed even to plant a crop, an expedition was sent by snowshoe to purchase seed at Prairie du Chien.<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), p. 114.</ref> It returned by [[flatboat]] up the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers and down the Red River, arriving back at the settlement in the summer of 1820.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), pp. 156–58; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 102–03.</ref> In 1821, five dissatisfied settler families left the colony for [[Fort Snelling]], the forerunners of later tides of migration up and down the valley between the two nations.<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), p. 114.</ref> Two years later in 1823, Major [[Stephen Harriman Long]] was the first official U.S. representative to reach Pembina; his expedition came by way of the Minnesota and Red Rivers.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 6.</ref> These early expeditions on the watersheds of these two streams were among the earliest known through trips on the route of the first Red River Trail.

===West Plains Trail===
The '''West Plains Trail''' had originated with Native Americans, and before the ox cart traffic it connected the fur-[[trading post]]s of the Columbia Fur Company.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 5, 43.</ref> In fact, that company introduced the [[Red River ox cart]] to haul its furs and goods. It also developed the trails, and by the early 1830s, an expedition from the Selkirk settlement driving a flock of sheep from Kentucky to the Assiniboine found the trail to be well-marked.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 5, 7.</ref>

From the Red River Settlement, the trail went south upstream along the Red River's west bank to Pembina, just across the international border. Pembina had been a fur-trading post since the last decade of the eighteenth century.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 27–33; Huck, ''Exploring the Fur Trade Routes'' (2002). p. 201.</ref> From there, some traffic continued south along the river, but most cart trains went west along the [[Pembina River (North Dakota)|Pembina River]] to [[Walhalla, North Dakota|St. Joseph]] near the border and then south, or else cut the corner to the southwest in order to intercept the southbound trail from St. Joseph. This north-south trail paralleled the Red River about thirty miles (50 km) to the west.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 34–38.</ref> By staying on the uplands west of the Red River, this route avoided the swampy bottomlands and the tributary stream crossings in the lakebed of Glacial Lake Agassiz which the river drained.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-3; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 38.</ref>

[[Image:Norman Kittson c. 1856.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Fur trade]]r and cart train operator [[Norman Kittson]]]]
In what is now southeastern [[North Dakota]], the trail veered to the south-southeast to close with the Red River at [[Georgetown, Minnesota|Georgetown]], [[Fort Abercrombie]], and [[Breckenridge, Minnesota]], all of which came into existence in consequence of the passing cart traffic.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 41.</ref> From Breckenridge, the trail continued upstream along the east bank of the Red and [[Bois des Sioux River]]s to the continental divide at Lake Traverse. Some traffic went along the lakeshore through the [[Traverse Gap]] on the continental divide, then down either side of Big Stone Lake, source of the Minnesota River,<ref>There was a fur post on the west side of Big Stone Lake, in what now is [[Roberts County, South Dakota]]. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 45 (map); 46–47.</ref> while other carters took a short cut directly south from the Bois des Sioux across the open prairie through modern [[Graceville, Minnesota]] thereby avoiding the wet country in the Traverse Gap.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 44–47. </ref>

The trail continued on intertwined routes down both sides of the valley of the Minnesota River past fur posts at [[Lac qui Parle State Park|Lac qui Parle]] and downstream locations, and the [[Upper Sioux Agency State Park|Upper Sioux]] and [[Lower Sioux Agency|Lower Sioux Indian Agencies]] and [[Fort Ridgely]], all established in the 1850s.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 43–50.</ref> From Fort Ridgely, the trail struck across the open prairie to the Minnesota River at Traverse des Sioux near modern-day [[St. Peter, Minnesota]], where the furs and goods were, at first, usually transshipped to flatboats.<ref>Norman Kittson preferred to transship to keelboats at Traverse des Sioux, and keep his carters away from the diversions and temptations of the tiny settlement which was to grow into Saint Paul. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 12.</ref> In later years, most cart trains crossed to the east bank and proceeded northeast along the wooded river bottoms and uplands to [[Fort Snelling]] or Mendota, where the Minnesota River joined the Mississippi.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 43–47.</ref> From there furs were shipped down the Mississippi River to Saint Louis and other markets.

Sporadic at first, more regular trade between Fort Garry and the Mississippi started in 1835, when a caravan of traders from the Red River came to Mendota. The efforts of the Hudson’s Bay Company to enforce its monopoly only induced the fur traders to avoid the company's jurisdiction by moving across the border to the United States. These included [[Norman Kittson]] whose enormous fur-trading and shipping enterprise along the West Plains Trail started with one six-cart train in 1844.<ref>Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 126, 139.</ref> In later years, trains consisting of hundreds of ox carts were sent from Kittson’s post at Pembina, just inside U.S. territory and safely outside the reach of the Hudson’s Bay Company.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-4.</ref> While some of this fur traffic was shifted to other routes in 1854, the forts, missions, Indian agencies, and remaining cart traffic kept the trails busy, and they were improved in the 1850s and supplemented by military roads.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 12, 16, 43–47.</ref>

===Woods Trail===
[[Image:Red river ox cart and driver in St. Paul.jpg|thumb|right|An ox cart seen at the end of the trail in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]]]
The West Plains Trail, although relatively level, went by a lengthy route through the lands of the [[Sioux|Dakota]] people, and the shorter East Plains Trail also skirted Dakota land. The Dakota were the enemy of the [[Ojibwa]], to whom the {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters were related by blood and marriage.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 9.</ref> These tensions led to conflicts. One such bloody confrontation in the summer of 1844 (caused by an attack by {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters on Dakota hunters) occurred when that year's expedition of free traders were in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. This meant that they could not safely return by the normal route.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 9; Hess, ''Minnesota Red River Trails'' (1989), p. E-3.</ref> The traders therefore struck northwest up the Mississippi to [[Crow Wing State Park|Crow Wing]] at the mouth of the [[Crow Wing River]], west up that river and across the [[height of land]] to the fur post at [[Otter Tail Lake]], then northwest across the prairie to a crossing of the Red River near its confluence with the [[Forest River (North Dakota)|Forest River]].<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 9–10, 55–56. </ref> The next year, a southbound party followed its tracks, and by the year after (1846), the final route had been well-established inland from the Red River bottomlands. This trail was known as the '''Woods''' or '''Crow Wing Trail'''; it was also known locally as the '''Saint Paul Trail''' and '''Pembina Trail'''.<ref>The trails were not named officially, and local names and usages differ.</ref>

As the first of these names indicates, the path was partially wooded, as its southern reaches crossed the transition zone between the western prairies and eastern woodland. From Fort Garry, southbound cart trains followed the east bank of the Red River, crossing the [[Roseau River (Manitoba)|Roseau River]] and the international border. In Minnesota, the trail was joined by a route coming from Pembina to the northwest, and continued south on a level prairie in the former lakebed of prehistoric Lake Agassiz. It ascended to and followed a firm gravelly ridge which was once among the higher beaches or strandlines of that ancient lake, forded the [[Red Lake River]] at the ''Old Crossing'' near modern [[Huot, Minnesota|Huot]], and angled south by southeast to the fur post at [[White Earth, Minnesota|White Earth]]. At Otter Tail Lake, the route left the plains and turned east into a forest in the [[Leaf Mountains]] on the continental divide. Taking a difficult but scenic path east through the woods, the trail crossed the Mississippi River at [[Old Crow Wing]]. It then went south down the east bank of that river on a smooth and open glacial [[outwash]] sandplain to [[Sauk Rapids, Minnesota|Sauk Rapids]] and [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|East Saint Cloud]].<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 16, 55–68.</ref>

The final lap of the trail to Saint Paul, which had replaced Mendota as the principal ''[[entrepôt]]'' for the cart trade, continued along the sandplain on the east bank of the Mississippi. This route ran within a few miles of the river to [[Saint Anthony Falls]] and the community of that name which was growing on the east bank of the Mississippi. The trail then left the river and crossed open country to Saint Paul. The carters camped on the uplands west of the steamboat landing during the interval between their arrival with the furs and their return to the north with supplies and trade goods.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 79–87; Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-5.</ref>

Inferior in terrain to other routes, the Woods Trail was superior in safety, as it was well within the lands of the Ojibwa. It was less well used during times of relative calm.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-3.</ref> In the late 1850s, its utility was increased by improvements made by the U.S. Army,<ref> Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 56.</ref> which straightened and improved the winding ox path through the woods along the Leaf and Crow Wing Rivers, and also replaced the old trail along the Mississippi River between [[Fort Ripley]] (near Crow Wing) and Sauk Rapids with a military road.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 56.</ref>

===East Plains Trail===
The '''Middle''' or '''East Plains Trail''' also came into common use in the 1840s. Shorter than the competing West Plain Trail, it became the route of the large cart trains originating from Pembina when well-known trader [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] retired from the fur trade in 1854. His successor and former partner Norman Kittson moved their company's cart trains from the West Plains Trail in the Minnesota River valley to the East Plains route.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 16.</ref>

[[Image:Red River cart in Saint Cloud, Minnesota.jpg|thumb|left|Red River cart at [[Saint Cloud, MN|Saint Cloud]]]]
The East Plains Trail followed the older routes of the West Plains Trail from Pembina to Breckenridge, Minnesota, then struck east by a variety of routes out of the Red River Valley across the upper valleys of the [[Pomme de Terre River (Minnesota)|Pomme de Terre]] and [[Chippewa River (Minnesota)|Chippewa River]]s (tributaries of the Minnesota River), to [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|Saint Cloud]] and [[Sauk Rapids, Minnesota|Sauk Rapids]] on the Upper Mississippi.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 71-75.</ref> Soon however, a branch was added to connect the East Plains Trail with the Woods Trail. This link skirted the west slope of the Leaf Mountains and joined the East Plains routes at [[Elbow Lake, Grant County, Minnesota|Elbow Lake]] or near the [[Otter Tail River]]. At times, this eastern connection may have been the better-travelled of the two variants.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 71–72. Vera Kelsey in fact shows the East Plains Trail along this route. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), at 120 (map).</ref>

At Saint Cloud, the furs of some of the cart brigades were transshipped to river craft on the Mississippi, which operated to Saint Anthony Falls at [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]. Other cart trains crossed the Mississippi and travelled on to Saint Paul on a route shared with the Woods Trail.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1951), pp. 71–75.</ref>

Over most of its route, the East Plains Trail went through a post-glacial landscape of lakes, moraines, and drumlins, with beautiful scenery and difficult swamps. As the area became settled during Minnesota’s territorial and early statehood days, the routes were improved, [[stagecoach]] service was instituted, towns were established, and permanent settlement began.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), pp. E-5, 6; Holmquist, ''They Chose Minnesota'' (1981), pp. 39–41.</ref>

==Commerce==
The trails were first used to obtain seed and supplies for the Selkirk colony. They soon became [[trade route]]s for local fur traders. In the 1830s, they began to be heavily used by American fur traders operating just south of the international border. The Americans acquired furs from {{lang|fr|Métis}} fur traders in British North America who were evading the Hudson's Bay Company monopoly on trade within its chartered domain. <ref>Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), p.
[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0010 8].</ref>

The settlement at Fort Garry was isolated and at the end of a seven-hundred mile (1100 km) water and land route from York Factory, which was served by only one or two ships each year. Orders from Britain had to be placed a year in advance. But from Saint Paul, the settlers could obtain staples and other goods in the span of a single summer.<ref name = Henderson3>Henderson 3, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/13/selkirksettlement3.shtml ''The Lord Selkirk Settlement at Red River, Part 3''] (1968).</ref> In the face of these relative inconveniences and the economy of shipping over the trails, the Hudson’s Bay Company was unable to compel all trade to go by way of York Factory on Hudson Bay, and by 1850 the company’s monopoly was broken.<ref>In 1849 the Hudson's Bay Company pressed a test case against four {{lang|fr|Métis}} smugglers; while one was convicted the jury recommended no penalty and the reaction of the crowd was such that it became clear to local authorities that none could be imposed. The other cases were dismissed; the crowd proclaimed "{{lang|fr|Le commerce est libre!}}", and thenceforward there was no further interference with free cross-border trade along the trails. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 14.</ref> In fact, the company itself all but abandoned the York Factory route for heavy trade in 1857, and instead shipped its own traffic in bond through the United States and over the Red River Trails.<ref> The company made an arrangement with the [[U.S. Department of the Treasury]], which enforced customs regulations, that company goods could be shipped sealed and under bond via Saint Paul and the trails to Fort Garry. McFadden, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/steamboating.shtml ''Steamboating on the Red''].</ref>

The principal export from the Red River settlements was fur,<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 14. Other exports included [[pemmican]], buffalo tongue, and moccasins and other garments made of animal skin, beaded and decorated by members of the First Nations.</ref> but as the colony passed from a subsistence economy to one producing more than could be consumed locally the agricultural surplus was also sent south by ox cart. The imports were more varied; originally they were seed, spices, and other staples, liquor, tools, implements, and hardware. In midcentury the [[American Bison|buffalo]] herds declined, and traffic in furs began to be replaced by the produce and needs of settlers.<ref>Huck, ''Exploring the Fur Trade Routes'' (2002), p. 201; Blegen, ''Minnesota: A History of the State'' (1975), p. 192.</ref> As settlement developed the trails became a "common carrier" for all manner of goods that could be carried by ox cart, including lamps and coal oil to burn in them, fine cloth, books,<ref name = Henderson3/> general merchandise, champagne, sheet-metal stoves,<ref>Gillman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 13.</ref> disassembled farm machinery and at least one piano,<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1980), p. 17.</ref> and a printing press and other accouterments for the first newspaper in the Fort Garry region.<ref>Garland, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/norwester.shtml ''The Nor’Wester and the Men Who Established It''] (1959-60).</ref>

==Life on the trail==
[[Image:Red River cart repair v2.jpg|thumb|upright|Repair of the wooden [[axle]] of a [[Red River ox cart]] in [[Pembina, North Dakota]] before setting out for [[Saint Anthony Falls]]]]
The typical carter was a {{lang|fr|Métis}} descended from French {{lang|fr|voyageurs}} of the fur trade and their [[Ojibway]] spouses. His conveyance was the Red River ox cart, a simple vehicle derived either from the two-wheeled {{lang|fr|charettes}} used in French Canada, or from Scottish carts.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 5; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25.</ref> From 1801 on, this cart was modified so that it was made solely from local materials.<ref>Piehl,''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref> It contained no iron at all. Instead it was constructed entirely of wood and animal hide. Two twelve-foot-long parallel oak shafts or "trams" bracketed the draft animal in front and formed the frame of the cart to the rear. Cross-pieces held the floorboards, while front, side and rear boards or rails enclosed the box. These wooden pieces were joined by [[Mortise and tenon|mortices and tenons]]. The axle was also made of seasoned oak. It was lashed to the cart by strips of wet [[American Bison|bison]] hide known by its [[Cree]] name of ''shaganappi'', which shrank and tightened as they dried. The axles connected two spoked wheels, five or six feet in diameter, which were "dished" or in the form of a shallow cone, the apex of which was at the hubs, which were inboard of the rims.<ref>Fonseca, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/stpaultrail.shtml On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties]''. Excellent plan and section drawings can be found at Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> The carts were originally drawn by small horses obtained from the First Nations. After cattle were brought to the colony in the 1820s, [[ox|oxen]] were used to haul the carts. They were preferred because of their strength, endurance, and cloven hooves which spread their weight in swampy areas.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref>

The cart, constructed of native materials, could easily be repaired. A supply of shaganappi and wood was carried as a cart could break a half-dozen axles in a one-way trip.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref> The axles were unlubricated, as grease would capture dust which would act as sandpaper and immobilize the cart.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25.</ref> The resultant squeal sounded like an untuned violin, giving it the sobriquet of "the North West fiddle". One visitor wrote that "a den of wild beasts cannot be compared with its hideousness".<ref>Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25. This noise can be endured by listening to a [http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/cart_squeak.htm recording] of a cart, from the website of the Clay County, Minnesota Historical Society.</ref> The noise was audible for miles. The carts were completely unsprung, and only their flexible construction cushioned the shocks transmitted from the humps and hollows of the trail.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 15.</ref>

Southbound, the carts were loaded with fur, packed into the 90-pound (40 kg) bundles known in the fur trade as ''{{lang|fr|pièces}}''.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> A cart could handle up to 800–1,000 pounds (360–450 kg).<ref>Fonseca, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/stpaultrail.shtml On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties].</ref> On their return the traders carried staples, trade goods, and manufactured goods unavailable at Fort Garry. In both directions, the cargo was covered with hide or canvas. The carts were lashed together in brigades of ten carts, with three drivers and an overseer. These brigades could join in trains up to two miles (three km) in length.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> Carts numbering in the low hundreds annually used the trails in the 1840s,<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), pp. 193–94.</ref> many hundreds in the 1850s, and thousands in the late 1860s.<ref>Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), p.
[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0010 8].</ref> These cart trains travelled about two miles (three km) an hour, and about twenty miles (thirty km) in a day.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref>

[[Image:Red River cart.GIF|thumb|upright|left|Red River ox cart (1851), by Frank Blackwell Mayer]]
After breaking camp in the morning, the carters would set out across the prairie; transits of the unprotected open prairie between places of refuge were known as ''{{lang|fr|traverses}}''.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 38. The French word means "crossing", and was the same term used by French-Canadian {{lang|fr|voyageurs}} (from whom the {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters were descended) for crossings of open water between points.</ref> Streams would have to be forded; where the water was too deep, the carts would be unloaded, the wheels would be taken off and lashed together or affixed under the cart, the assemblage would be covered with hide to form a hull, and the makeshift craft would be loaded and floated across.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 15.</ref> The traders would endeavour to ford a stream at the end of the day rather than start the next day with the crossing, to allow time to dry out overnight.

Streamside camps offered wood, water, and some protection from the hazards of open land. The prairie crossings could be dangerous in time of native unrest, and trade ceased entirely for a time during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]. Prairie fires, driven by winds, were a risk in dry spells. Wet weather turned rivers into torrents, approaches to streams into bogs, and worn paths into morasses.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 38–40, 51, 66, 73–74.</ref> Blizzards could strand traders and threaten them with starvation.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]</ref> Insects harassed both the traders and their draft animals, depriving them of sleep and weakening them.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 49.</ref>

There were compensations. Game was plentiful and the traders rarely lacked fresh meat.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 49.</ref> Some saw in the seemingly boundless prairies a colourful ocean of grass, and summer storms could be awe-inspiring, although dangerous.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 39, 44.</ref> While the prairie had its own grandeur, after weeks of travel over treeless [[steppe]] the rivers, lakes, and woods of central Minnesota were a welcome relief.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 49, 51, 53, 63, 74.</ref>

After six or so weeks on the trail, the brigades reached Saint Paul. There the carters camped on the bluff above the town growing on the riverfront. Not all was harmonious. To the locals, the swarthy-complected carters up on the hill had a "devil-may-care" aspect, with their "curious commingling of civilized garments and barbaric adornments".<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 86.</ref> One trader from the north called his host city "a wretched little village" where "drinking whisky seems to occupy at least half the time of the worth[y] citizens", while the rest were "employed in cheating each other or imposing upon strangers." <ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 86.</ref> The economic benefits of trade, and the separation of the carters' camp from the village below, may have helped keep relations civil.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 86–87. Nor were these the worst of the characterizations each group had for the other. ''Id.''</ref> After about three weeks of trading, the "wild" carters from the north, now laden with goods, took their leave of the "den of blackguards" that was Saint Paul, returning to what they felt was a more civilized world. Their erstwhile hosts, on the other hand, thought the carters were from an uncivilized and frozen wilderness.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 86–87. When [[Minnesota Territory|territorial]] Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] arrived in Saint Paul in 1849, he found a stark treeless settlement of low crude buildings inhabited by unwashed and unshaven men. In 1851 he journeyed to the north, finding Pembina (then part of his territory) to be populated by 1,134 people, with more grain stored than his whole territory raised. The Red River Settlement had 5,000 inhabitants (not counting First Nations), with two stone forts, a cathedral, other churches and parsonages, and schools. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 127–130.</ref>

==End of the trails==
[[Image:Red River carts at railway station station(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Red River carts meet the instrument of their demise: carts and traders at a railway station]]
At times, some ox cart trains did not go all the way through, but were supplemented by river craft. First [[flatboat]]s and then shallow-draft steamboats ascended the Minnesota River to Traverse des Sioux and upstream points, where they were met by cart brigades travelling the West Plains Trail. In 1851, weekly steamboat service on the Mississippi began between Saint Anthony Falls and Sauk Rapids on the Middle and Woods trails. In 1859, steamboat machinery was carried overland to the Red River where a boat was built, but service was intermittent. The Dakota War of 1862 and the [[American Civil War]] delayed further improvements.<ref>McFadden, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/steamboating.shtml Steamboating on the Red]''.</ref>

After the Civil War, the age of steam came to the region. Steamboat service was revived on the Red River, and railways were built west from Saint Paul and [[Duluth, Minnesota]] on Lake Superior. A branch of the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]] reached St. Cloud in 1866. Its mainline reached [[Willmar]] in 1869 and [[Benson, Minnesota]] the following year. Each end-of-track town in its turn became the terminus for many of the cart trains. In 1871, the railway reached the Red River at Breckenridge, where revived steamboat service carried the traffic the rest of way to Fort Garry.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-6.</ref> The long trains of carts drawn by oxen were replaced by railway trains powered by steam, and the trails reverted to nature.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]>; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 21–26.</ref>

A few traces of the vanished trails still exist. Some local roads follow their routes; depressions in the landscape show where thousands of carts once passed, and even after more than a century of winters and springs, freezing and thawing the land, there are still places where soils remain compacted and resistant to the plow.<ref>Walsh, [http://www.arch.umanitoba.ca/greenmap/pages/GM_kw_CrowWingTrail/index.html ''Crow Wing Trail''].</ref> Some of these subtle artifacts are marked or are visible to those with a discerning eye,<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html ''Retracing the Red River Trail''].</ref> but in most places the trails have been obliterated.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), §§ F, G.</ref> Their locations are noted at parks and wayside signs,<ref>E.g., Rubinstein, ''Minnesota History Along the Highways'' (2003), pp. 245–46.</ref> and trail locations near [[Baxter, Minnesota|Baxter]], [[St. Hilaire, Minnesota|St. Hilaire]], and [[West Union, Minnesota]] are recognized on the U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>[http://www.nr.nps.gov/iwisapi/explorer.dll?IWS_SCHEMA=NRIS1&IWS_LOGIN=1&IWS_REPORT=100000044 ''Impromptu Query, National Register Information System''], [[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]], [[United States Department of the Interior]]. Search by State ("MN") and Name ("Red River"); the West Union location is the stage road which supplemented and to some extent replaced the original trail. Retrieved 2008-10-23.</ref>

==Significance==
The Red River Trails are less well known today than many other pioneer trails and trade routes in North America and do not occupy as large a place in folklore as the great western trails in the United States and the fur-trading canoe routes of Canada.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. v.</ref> They were neither fought over nor the locus of battles (with the exception of the Dakota War of 1862),<ref>Several settlements along the trails were the sites of battles or skirmishes during that war.</ref> and although hazardous at times, other trails presented greater dangers. It may be that this relative lack of attention is due to the fact they did not lead to annexation of any territory to either of the nations in which the trails were located.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. v.</ref>

[[Image:MN1949stamp.jpg|thumb|left|Postage stamp on the centennial of [[Minnesota Territory]] recognizing the importance of the trails]]
The trails nevertheless were instrumental in the development of central North America. Traffic over the West Plains Trail sustained the Selkirk settlement in its early years. The trails also gave settlers and their {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours a route for migration as well as a highway for trade that was not dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company. As usage grew, old fur trading posts became settlements and new communities were established along the cart routes.<ref>Holmquist, ''They Chose Minnesota'' (1981); pp. 39–41.</ref> The trails pioneered by the fur brigades accelerated development of Minnesota and North Dakota,<ref>Hess, [http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf ''Minnesota Red River Trails''] (1989), p. E–1.</ref> and facilitated settlement of the Canadian northwest.

The trails had profound political effects during a time of Anglo-American tension. Both Britain and the U.S. were concerned about each other’s cross-border influences. Born out of commercial needs and located by the dictates of geography, the trails helped create and contribute to these international influences and the tensions which resulted. The United States sent military expeditions to assert its national interests in the face of the continued British presence in the northwestern fur posts on soil which the U.S. claimed. The Americans were also concerned about the establishment of Lord Selkirk’s colony as well as British claims to the Red River Valley.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 32–33, 72–73.</ref> Finally the U.S. wanted to curtail Britain’s attempts to get access to the Mississippi, access implicit in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] ending the [[American War of Independence]], and which Britain sought well into the nineteenth century.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 12, 30, 32–33, 72–73. The forty-ninth parallel was established as the border in 1818, extinguishing old British claims to the upper part of the Red River Valley, which was in the [[Drainage basin|watershed]] of Hudson Bay and therefore part of [[Rupert's Land]] within the Hudson's Bay Company's 1670 charter. Major Stephen Long's expedition to Pembina located the border and was an assertion of U.S. control over the lands to its south. Nute, ''Rainy River Country'' (1950), pp. 27-28. As the Mississippi rose south of that line of latitude, no access to the river was given to the British, and the 1818 treaty put an end to the claims arising out of the Treaty of Paris based on the erroneous assumption that the river arose in British territory.</ref> The United States' assertion of dominion over its new territories parried and reversed the British domination of the fur trade in the upper Mississippi valley, which had continued for decades after the Revolutionary War settlement which had assigned those territories to the new nation.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 17, 19–21, 30–33; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2–4, 6.</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | "I have had occasion to observe the great facilities which nature offers, for a commercial intercourse between the country which I propose to establish, & the American settlements in the Missouri & Illinois Territories; from whence our people might draw their supplies of many articles, by way of the Mississipi, & River St. Peters [''Minnesota River''], with greater facility than from Canada or from Europe. This traffic, tho’ it might be of small account at first, would increase with the progress of our Settlement, creating a growing demand for many articles of American produce."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |—Letter of 22 December 1817 from Thomas Douglas, Fifth Earl of Selkirk, to U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 1, citing ''A Letter by Lord Selkirk on Trade Between Red River and the United States'', Canadian Historical Review, 17:428–23 (December 1936).</ref>
|}
Later, the economic dependence of the Selkirk settlements and the Canadian northwest on the Red River trade routes to U.S. markets came to pose a threat to British and Canadian control of their territory.<ref>Bowsfield, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/canadianamerican.shtml ''Canadian-American Relations: The Background'']; Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''. The settlers at Red River used these fears in their efforts to be free of the Hudson's Bay Company, in their petition to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada:
<blockquote>When we contemplate the mighty tide of immigration which has flowed towards the North these six years past, and has already filled the valley of the Upper Mississippi with settlers, and which will this year flow over the height of land and fill up the valley of the Red River, is there no danger of being carried away by that flood, and that we may thereby lose our nationality?</blockquote>
This petition is reproduced in Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), pp. 12–[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0016 14].</ref> At a time when a sense of Canadian nationality was tenuous in the northwest, that region relied on the Red River Trails and its successor steamboat and rail lines as an outlet for its products and a source of supplies.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota, a History'' (2d ed.) (1978), p. 115–16; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), p. 143; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), pp. 14–18, 20, 25, 497–98.</ref> An active [[Manifest Destiny]] faction in Minnesota sought to exploit these commercial ties as a means of acquiring northwestern Canada for the United States.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), p. 72; Lass, ''Minnesota, a History'' (2d ed.) (1978), pp. 116–19; Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''; ''see also'' Gilman, ''The Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 25.</ref> This pressure prompted Canada to take over the Hudson's Bay Company territory in return for monetary and land compensation. It contributed to [[Canadian Confederation]] and the establishment of Manitoba. It also led to the decision that there should be an all-Canada route for the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]].<ref>Bell, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/redriverhistory.shtml Some Red River Settlement History]'', Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/canadianamerican.shtml Canada-America Relations: The Background]'', and Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''.</ref> Not until completion of that line in 1885 did Manitoba and the northwest finally have reliable and efficient access to eastern Canada by a route located entirely on Canadian soil.<ref>Upon assimilation of the North West Company in 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company abandoned use of the former concern's border route in favour of the route to York Factory, which was cheaper to operate and allowed single-season shipments to and from Europe. Morse, ''Fur Trade Routes of Canada'' (1969), p. 48; ''see also'' HBC Heritage, [http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/furtrade/nwc.asp ''The North West Company'']. In 1858, the company gave up use of the York Factory route for furs from the Selkirk Settlement and used the Red River Trails instead. Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-5; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), p. 146. In 1870, the Dawson Route was established along the general line of the old voyageur's border route from [[Fort William, Ontario]], but was much inferior to the Red River routing. ''See'' Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), pp. 35–38; Morrison, ''[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002167 Dawson Road]''.</ref>

Today, the international border is firmly established and peaceful; there is a greater sense of Canadian nationality, and fears of U.S. Manifest Destiny have all but disappeared. Canada and the U.S. have formalized their trading partnership with the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], leading to increased trade between the two nations. This trade now coursing up and down the valleys of the Red and Mississippi rivers more than fulfils Lord Selkirk's predictions made nearly two centuries ago; while he first sought access over U.S. territory for the succour of his nascent colony, now commerce in manufactures and commodities goes in both directions. The trade corridor once occupied by the long-gone Red River Trails continues to be employed for its historic purposes.<ref> Killion, ''[http://www.ugpti.org/about/news/viewarticle.php?id=6 Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty]''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Carlton Trail]]

==References==
===Notes===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

===Sources===
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*{{cite journal|last=Killion|first=Rick|title=Historic Trade Corridors|journal=Prairie Business Magazine|publisher=Grand Forks Herald|date=December 2004}} Republished online by Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, [[University of North Dakota]], as [http://www.ugpti.org/about/news/viewarticle.php?id=6 Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty]. Retrieved on [[2008-10-26]].

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* {{cite book
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*{{cite journal
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| title = Rainy River Country
| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press
| location = St. Paul
| id = {{OCLC|3921767}}
}}

*{{cite journal
| last = Peihl
| first = Mark
| year = March/April 2000
| title = A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts
| journal = CCHS Newsletter
| publisher = Clay County Historical Society}} Republished as [http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm article] on Clay County Historical Society website. Retrieved on [[2008-10-26]].

* {{cite book
| last = Rubinstein
| first = Sarah P.
| year = 2003
| title = Minnesota History Along the Highways: A Guide to Historic Markers and Sites
| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press
| location = St. Paul
| id = ISBN 0873514564
}}

*{{cite journal
| last = Shepard
| first = Lansing
| title = Retracing the Red River Trail
| journal = Minnesota Conservation Volunteer
| volume =
| issue = May-June 2008
| pages =
| publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
| url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html
| accessdate = 2008-10-24 }}

*{{cite web
| last = Walsh
| first = K.
| year = 2006
| month = May
| url = http://www.arch.umanitoba.ca/greenmap/pages/GM_kw_CrowWingTrail/index.html
| title = Crow Wing Trail
| work = Winnipeg & Region Green Map
| publisher = Department of City Planning, Faculty of Architecture, [[University of Manitoba]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-23
}}

[[Category:Geography of Manitoba]]
[[Category:Geography of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Geography of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Canada]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in the United States]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Red River Colony]]
[[Category:Roads on the National Register of Historic Places]]

{{Registered Historic Places}}

Red River Trails

2008-11-01T15:51:48Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Life on the trail */ wikified Ojibway

[[Image:Métis and Red River carts.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<center>[[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}}]] drivers and ox carts at a rest stop</center>]]
The '''Red River Trails''' were a network of [[Red River ox cart|ox cart]] routes connecting the [[Red River Colony]] (the ''Selkirk Settlement'') and [[Fort Garry]] in [[Canada under British Imperial control (1764-1867)|British North America]], with the head of the [[Mississippi River]] in the United States. The trails ran from the location of present-day [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]] in the [[Canadian province]] of [[Manitoba]] across the international border and by a variety of routes across what is now the eastern part of [[North Dakota]] and western and central [[Minnesota]] to [[Mendota, Minnesota|Mendota]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] on the Mississippi.

Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated Red River Colony and the outside world. They gave the Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the [[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}} people]], an outlet for their [[fur trade|furs]] and a source of supplies other than the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails.

Free traders, independent of the Hudson's Bay Company and outside its jurisdiction, developed extensive commerce with the United States, making Saint Paul the principal ''[[entrepôt]]'' and link to the outside world for the Selkirk Settlement. The trade developed by and along the trails connecting Fort Garry with Saint Paul stimulated commerce, contributed to the settlement of Minnesota and North Dakota in the United States, and accelerated the settlement of Canada to the west of the rugged barrier known as the [[Canadian Shield]]. For a time, this cross-border trade even threatened Canada's control of its western territories. The threat diminished after completion of transcontinental [[trade route]]s both north and south of the border, and the transportation corridor through which the trails once ran declined in importance. That corridor has now seen a resurgence of traffic, carried by more modern means of transport than the crude ox carts that once travelled the Red River Trails.

==Origins==
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{{Red River Trails Locator Map cropped.PNG}}
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<center>'''Red River Trails between Fort Garry and Saint Paul'''</center>
<center>Not all trails shown; there were many connecting trails and alternate routes.</center>
<center>''Hold cursor over waypoints to display settlements; click to go to article.''</center>
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In 1812, [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk]], started a colony of settlers in [[British North America]] where the [[Assiniboine River]] joins the [[Red River of the North]] at the site of modern Winnipeg.<ref>This settlement had a number of names over the years, including the "Selkirk Colony" or "Selkirk Settlement" and later "Fort Garry". The latter name was current during most of the period covered by this article.</ref> Although fur posts were scattered throughout the Canadian northwest, and settlements of [[Métis people (Canada)|{{lang|fr|Métis}}]] [[fur trade]]rs and [[bison]] hunters were located in the vicinity of Selkirk’s establishment,<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), pp. 27–29.</ref> Selkirk's colony was the only agricultural settlement between [[Upper Canada]] and the Pacific Ocean. Isolated by geology behind the rugged [[Canadian Shield]] and many hundreds of miles of wilderness, settlers and their {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours had access to outside markets and sources of supply only by two laborious water routes.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml ''The Red River Cart and Trails''].</ref>

The first, maintained by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (in which Lord Selkirk was a principal investor), was a sea route from Great Britain to [[York Factory]] on [[Hudson Bay]], then up a chain of rivers and lakes to the colony, 780 miles (1250 km) from salt water to the Assiniboine.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), states this figure at page 78. Eric Morse however gives the distance from York Factory to Winnipeg via [[Norway House]] as a total of 650 miles (1040 km). Morse, ''Fur Trade Routes in Canada'' (1969), p. 20.</ref> The alternative was the historic route of the rival [[North West Company]]'s voyageurs from [[Montreal]] through [[Lake Huron]] to [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]] on [[Lake Superior]]. Above Superior, this route followed rivers and lakes to [[Lac La Croix First Nation|Lac la Croix]] and west along the international border through [[Lake of the Woods]] to [[Rat Portage]], and then down the [[Winnipeg River]] to the Red.<ref>In 1803 Fort William had replaced [[Grand Portage National Monument|Grand Portage]] as the Lake Superior anchor of this route for freight, but the Grand Portage route continued to be used for express canoes.</ref> The distance from the Selkirk settlement to Lake Superior at Fort William was about 500 miles (800 km), but Lake Superior was only the start of a lengthy journey to Montreal where furs and supplies would be transshipped to and from Europe.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), p. 96.</ref>

Neither of these routes was suitable for heavy freight. Lighter cargoes were carried in [[York boat]]s to Hudson Bay or in canoes on the border route. Both routes required navigation of large and hazardous lakes, shallow and rapid-strewn rivers, and swampy creeks and bogs, connected by numerous portages where both cargo and watercraft had to be carried on men's backs.

But geology also provided an alternate route, albeit across foreign territory. The valleys of the Red and [[Minnesota River]]s lay in the beds of [[Glacial Lake Agassiz]] and its prehistoric outlet [[Glacial River Warren]]; the lands exposed when these bodies of water receded were flat plains between low uplands covered by prairie grasslands. At the [[Traverse Gap]], only a mile (1.6  km) of land separated the [[Bois des Sioux River]], a source stream of the Red (which flowed north to Hudson Bay) and the [[Little Minnesota River]], a source stream of the Minnesota River (tributary to the Mississippi, which flowed south to the [[Gulf of Mexico]]). The valley floors and uplands of the watercourses along this gently graded route provided a natural thoroughfare to the south. The eyes of the colonists therefore turned to the new United States, both as a source of supplies and an (illegal) outlet for their furs.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 7–8. Although founded as an agricultural colony, the Selkirk settlement’s {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours were fur traders, and many of the colonists also turned to that more lucrative endeavour. The sole legal outlet for their fur, and for that matter the sole legal source of supply, was the Hudson’s Bay Company, the charter of which gave it a monopoly on trade. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 136–139.</ref>

==Development of the routes==
The rich fur areas along the upper Mississippi, Minnesota, [[Des Moines River|Des Moines]], and [[Missouri River]]s, otherwise occupied only by peoples of the [[First Nations]], were exploited by independent fur traders operating from [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]] in the late eighteenth century. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, these traders established fur posts in the Minnesota River valley at [[Lake Traverse]], [[Big Stone Lake]], [[Lac qui Parle]], and [[Traverse des Sioux]]. The large fur companies also built posts, including the North West Company's stations at [[Pembina, North Dakota|Pembina]] and [[Walhalla, North Dakota|St. Joseph]] in the valley of the Red River.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2–3.</ref> The paths between these posts became parts of the first of the Red River Trails.

In 1815, 1822, and 1823, cattle were herded to the Red River colony from Missouri by a route up the Des Moines River Valley to the Minnesota River then down the Red River to the Selkirk settlement.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2, 4.</ref> In 1819, following a devastating plague of locusts which left the colonists with insufficient seed even to plant a crop, an expedition was sent by snowshoe to purchase seed at Prairie du Chien.<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), p. 114.</ref> It returned by [[flatboat]] up the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers and down the Red River, arriving back at the settlement in the summer of 1820.<ref>Bryce, ''The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists'' (1909), pp. 156–58; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 102–03.</ref> In 1821, five dissatisfied settler families left the colony for [[Fort Snelling]], the forerunners of later tides of migration up and down the valley between the two nations.<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), p. 114.</ref> Two years later in 1823, Major [[Stephen Harriman Long]] was the first official U.S. representative to reach Pembina; his expedition came by way of the Minnesota and Red Rivers.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 6.</ref> These early expeditions on the watersheds of these two streams were among the earliest known through trips on the route of the first Red River Trail.

===West Plains Trail===
The '''West Plains Trail''' had originated with Native Americans, and before the ox cart traffic it connected the fur-[[trading post]]s of the Columbia Fur Company.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 5, 43.</ref> In fact, that company introduced the [[Red River ox cart]] to haul its furs and goods. It also developed the trails, and by the early 1830s, an expedition from the Selkirk settlement driving a flock of sheep from Kentucky to the Assiniboine found the trail to be well-marked.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 5, 7.</ref>

From the Red River Settlement, the trail went south upstream along the Red River's west bank to Pembina, just across the international border. Pembina had been a fur-trading post since the last decade of the eighteenth century.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 27–33; Huck, ''Exploring the Fur Trade Routes'' (2002). p. 201.</ref> From there, some traffic continued south along the river, but most cart trains went west along the [[Pembina River (North Dakota)|Pembina River]] to [[Walhalla, North Dakota|St. Joseph]] near the border and then south, or else cut the corner to the southwest in order to intercept the southbound trail from St. Joseph. This north-south trail paralleled the Red River about thirty miles (50 km) to the west.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 34–38.</ref> By staying on the uplands west of the Red River, this route avoided the swampy bottomlands and the tributary stream crossings in the lakebed of Glacial Lake Agassiz which the river drained.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-3; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 38.</ref>

[[Image:Norman Kittson c. 1856.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Fur trade]]r and cart train operator [[Norman Kittson]]]]
In what is now southeastern [[North Dakota]], the trail veered to the south-southeast to close with the Red River at [[Georgetown, Minnesota|Georgetown]], [[Fort Abercrombie]], and [[Breckenridge, Minnesota]], all of which came into existence in consequence of the passing cart traffic.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 41.</ref> From Breckenridge, the trail continued upstream along the east bank of the Red and [[Bois des Sioux River]]s to the continental divide at Lake Traverse. Some traffic went along the lakeshore through the [[Traverse Gap]] on the continental divide, then down either side of Big Stone Lake, source of the Minnesota River,<ref>There was a fur post on the west side of Big Stone Lake, in what now is [[Roberts County, South Dakota]]. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 45 (map); 46–47.</ref> while other carters took a short cut directly south from the Bois des Sioux across the open prairie through modern [[Graceville, Minnesota]] thereby avoiding the wet country in the Traverse Gap.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 44–47. </ref>

The trail continued on intertwined routes down both sides of the valley of the Minnesota River past fur posts at [[Lac qui Parle State Park|Lac qui Parle]] and downstream locations, and the [[Upper Sioux Agency State Park|Upper Sioux]] and [[Lower Sioux Agency|Lower Sioux Indian Agencies]] and [[Fort Ridgely]], all established in the 1850s.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 43–50.</ref> From Fort Ridgely, the trail struck across the open prairie to the Minnesota River at Traverse des Sioux near modern-day [[St. Peter, Minnesota]], where the furs and goods were, at first, usually transshipped to flatboats.<ref>Norman Kittson preferred to transship to keelboats at Traverse des Sioux, and keep his carters away from the diversions and temptations of the tiny settlement which was to grow into Saint Paul. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 12.</ref> In later years, most cart trains crossed to the east bank and proceeded northeast along the wooded river bottoms and uplands to [[Fort Snelling]] or Mendota, where the Minnesota River joined the Mississippi.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 43–47.</ref> From there furs were shipped down the Mississippi River to Saint Louis and other markets.

Sporadic at first, more regular trade between Fort Garry and the Mississippi started in 1835, when a caravan of traders from the Red River came to Mendota. The efforts of the Hudson’s Bay Company to enforce its monopoly only induced the fur traders to avoid the company's jurisdiction by moving across the border to the United States. These included [[Norman Kittson]] whose enormous fur-trading and shipping enterprise along the West Plains Trail started with one six-cart train in 1844.<ref>Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 126, 139.</ref> In later years, trains consisting of hundreds of ox carts were sent from Kittson’s post at Pembina, just inside U.S. territory and safely outside the reach of the Hudson’s Bay Company.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-4.</ref> While some of this fur traffic was shifted to other routes in 1854, the forts, missions, Indian agencies, and remaining cart traffic kept the trails busy, and they were improved in the 1850s and supplemented by military roads.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 12, 16, 43–47.</ref>

===Woods Trail===
[[Image:Red river ox cart and driver in St. Paul.jpg|thumb|right|An ox cart seen at the end of the trail in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]]]
The West Plains Trail, although relatively level, went by a lengthy route through the lands of the [[Sioux|Dakota]] people, and the shorter East Plains Trail also skirted Dakota land. The Dakota were the enemy of the [[Ojibwa]], to whom the {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters were related by blood and marriage.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 9.</ref> These tensions led to conflicts. One such bloody confrontation in the summer of 1844 (caused by an attack by {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters on Dakota hunters) occurred when that year's expedition of free traders were in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. This meant that they could not safely return by the normal route.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 9; Hess, ''Minnesota Red River Trails'' (1989), p. E-3.</ref> The traders therefore struck northwest up the Mississippi to [[Crow Wing State Park|Crow Wing]] at the mouth of the [[Crow Wing River]], west up that river and across the [[height of land]] to the fur post at [[Otter Tail Lake]], then northwest across the prairie to a crossing of the Red River near its confluence with the [[Forest River (North Dakota)|Forest River]].<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 9–10, 55–56. </ref> The next year, a southbound party followed its tracks, and by the year after (1846), the final route had been well-established inland from the Red River bottomlands. This trail was known as the '''Woods''' or '''Crow Wing Trail'''; it was also known locally as the '''Saint Paul Trail''' and '''Pembina Trail'''.<ref>The trails were not named officially, and local names and usages differ.</ref>

As the first of these names indicates, the path was partially wooded, as its southern reaches crossed the transition zone between the western prairies and eastern woodland. From Fort Garry, southbound cart trains followed the east bank of the Red River, crossing the [[Roseau River (Manitoba)|Roseau River]] and the international border. In Minnesota, the trail was joined by a route coming from Pembina to the northwest, and continued south on a level prairie in the former lakebed of prehistoric Lake Agassiz. It ascended to and followed a firm gravelly ridge which was once among the higher beaches or strandlines of that ancient lake, forded the [[Red Lake River]] at the ''Old Crossing'' near modern [[Huot, Minnesota|Huot]], and angled south by southeast to the fur post at [[White Earth, Minnesota|White Earth]]. At Otter Tail Lake, the route left the plains and turned east into a forest in the [[Leaf Mountains]] on the continental divide. Taking a difficult but scenic path east through the woods, the trail crossed the Mississippi River at [[Old Crow Wing]]. It then went south down the east bank of that river on a smooth and open glacial [[outwash]] sandplain to [[Sauk Rapids, Minnesota|Sauk Rapids]] and [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|East Saint Cloud]].<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 16, 55–68.</ref>

The final lap of the trail to Saint Paul, which had replaced Mendota as the principal ''[[entrepôt]]'' for the cart trade, continued along the sandplain on the east bank of the Mississippi. This route ran within a few miles of the river to [[Saint Anthony Falls]] and the community of that name which was growing on the east bank of the Mississippi. The trail then left the river and crossed open country to Saint Paul. The carters camped on the uplands west of the steamboat landing during the interval between their arrival with the furs and their return to the north with supplies and trade goods.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 79–87; Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-5.</ref>

Inferior in terrain to other routes, the Woods Trail was superior in safety, as it was well within the lands of the Ojibwa. It was less well used during times of relative calm.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-3.</ref> In the late 1850s, its utility was increased by improvements made by the U.S. Army,<ref> Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 56.</ref> which straightened and improved the winding ox path through the woods along the Leaf and Crow Wing Rivers, and also replaced the old trail along the Mississippi River between [[Fort Ripley]] (near Crow Wing) and Sauk Rapids with a military road.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 56.</ref>

===East Plains Trail===
The '''Middle''' or '''East Plains Trail''' also came into common use in the 1840s. Shorter than the competing West Plain Trail, it became the route of the large cart trains originating from Pembina when well-known trader [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] retired from the fur trade in 1854. His successor and former partner Norman Kittson moved their company's cart trains from the West Plains Trail in the Minnesota River valley to the East Plains route.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 16.</ref>

[[Image:Red River cart in Saint Cloud, Minnesota.jpg|thumb|left|Red River cart at [[Saint Cloud, MN|Saint Cloud]]]]
The East Plains Trail followed the older routes of the West Plains Trail from Pembina to Breckenridge, Minnesota, then struck east by a variety of routes out of the Red River Valley across the upper valleys of the [[Pomme de Terre River (Minnesota)|Pomme de Terre]] and [[Chippewa River (Minnesota)|Chippewa River]]s (tributaries of the Minnesota River), to [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|Saint Cloud]] and [[Sauk Rapids, Minnesota|Sauk Rapids]] on the Upper Mississippi.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 71-75.</ref> Soon however, a branch was added to connect the East Plains Trail with the Woods Trail. This link skirted the west slope of the Leaf Mountains and joined the East Plains routes at [[Elbow Lake, Grant County, Minnesota|Elbow Lake]] or near the [[Otter Tail River]]. At times, this eastern connection may have been the better-travelled of the two variants.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 71–72. Vera Kelsey in fact shows the East Plains Trail along this route. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), at 120 (map).</ref>

At Saint Cloud, the furs of some of the cart brigades were transshipped to river craft on the Mississippi, which operated to Saint Anthony Falls at [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]. Other cart trains crossed the Mississippi and travelled on to Saint Paul on a route shared with the Woods Trail.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1951), pp. 71–75.</ref>

Over most of its route, the East Plains Trail went through a post-glacial landscape of lakes, moraines, and drumlins, with beautiful scenery and difficult swamps. As the area became settled during Minnesota’s territorial and early statehood days, the routes were improved, [[stagecoach]] service was instituted, towns were established, and permanent settlement began.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), pp. E-5, 6; Holmquist, ''They Chose Minnesota'' (1981), pp. 39–41.</ref>

==Commerce==
The trails were first used to obtain seed and supplies for the Selkirk colony. They soon became [[trade route]]s for local fur traders. In the 1830s, they began to be heavily used by American fur traders operating just south of the international border. The Americans acquired furs from {{lang|fr|Métis}} fur traders in British North America who were evading the Hudson's Bay Company monopoly on trade within its chartered domain. <ref>Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), p.
[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0010 8].</ref>

The settlement at Fort Garry was isolated and at the end of a seven-hundred mile (1100 km) water and land route from York Factory, which was served by only one or two ships each year. Orders from Britain had to be placed a year in advance. But from Saint Paul, the settlers could obtain staples and other goods in the span of a single summer.<ref name = Henderson3>Henderson 3, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/13/selkirksettlement3.shtml ''The Lord Selkirk Settlement at Red River, Part 3''] (1968).</ref> In the face of these relative inconveniences and the economy of shipping over the trails, the Hudson’s Bay Company was unable to compel all trade to go by way of York Factory on Hudson Bay, and by 1850 the company’s monopoly was broken.<ref>In 1849 the Hudson's Bay Company pressed a test case against four {{lang|fr|Métis}} smugglers; while one was convicted the jury recommended no penalty and the reaction of the crowd was such that it became clear to local authorities that none could be imposed. The other cases were dismissed; the crowd proclaimed "{{lang|fr|Le commerce est libre!}}", and thenceforward there was no further interference with free cross-border trade along the trails. Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 14.</ref> In fact, the company itself all but abandoned the York Factory route for heavy trade in 1857, and instead shipped its own traffic in bond through the United States and over the Red River Trails.<ref> The company made an arrangement with the [[U.S. Department of the Treasury]], which enforced customs regulations, that company goods could be shipped sealed and under bond via Saint Paul and the trails to Fort Garry. McFadden, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/steamboating.shtml ''Steamboating on the Red''].</ref>

The principal export from the Red River settlements was fur,<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 14. Other exports included [[pemmican]], buffalo tongue, and moccasins and other garments made of animal skin, beaded and decorated by members of the First Nations.</ref> but as the colony passed from a subsistence economy to one producing more than could be consumed locally the agricultural surplus was also sent south by ox cart. The imports were more varied; originally they were seed, spices, and other staples, liquor, tools, implements, and hardware. In midcentury the [[American Bison|buffalo]] herds declined, and traffic in furs began to be replaced by the produce and needs of settlers.<ref>Huck, ''Exploring the Fur Trade Routes'' (2002), p. 201; Blegen, ''Minnesota: A History of the State'' (1975), p. 192.</ref> As settlement developed the trails became a "common carrier" for all manner of goods that could be carried by ox cart, including lamps and coal oil to burn in them, fine cloth, books,<ref name = Henderson3/> general merchandise, champagne, sheet-metal stoves,<ref>Gillman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 13.</ref> disassembled farm machinery and at least one piano,<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1980), p. 17.</ref> and a printing press and other accouterments for the first newspaper in the Fort Garry region.<ref>Garland, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/norwester.shtml ''The Nor’Wester and the Men Who Established It''] (1959-60).</ref>

==Life on the trail==
[[Image:Red River cart repair v2.jpg|thumb|upright|Repair of the wooden [[axle]] of a [[Red River ox cart]] in [[Pembina, North Dakota]] before setting out for [[Saint Anthony Falls]]]]
The typical carter was a {{lang|fr|Métis}} descended from French {{lang|fr|voyageurs}} of the fur trade and their [[Ojibway]] spouses. His conveyance was the Red River ox cart, a simple vehicle derived either from the two-wheeled {{lang|fr|charettes}} used in French Canada, or from Scottish carts.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 5; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25.</ref> From 1801 on, this cart was modified so that it was made solely from local materials.<ref>Piehl,''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref> It contained no iron at all, being entirely constructed of wood and animal hide. Two twelve-foot-long parallel oak shafts or "trams" bracketed the draft animal in front and formed the frame of the cart to the rear. Cross-pieces held the floorboards, while front, side and rear boards or rails enclosed the box. These wooden pieces were joined by [[Mortise and tenon|mortices and tenons]]. The axle was also made of seasoned oak. It was lashed to the cart by strips of wet [[American Bison|bison]] hide known by its [[Cree]] name of ''shaganappi'', which shrank and tightened as they dried. The axles connected two spoked wheels, five or six feet in diameter, which were "dished" or in the form of a shallow cone, the apex of which was at the hubs, which were inboard of the rims.<ref>Fonseca, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/stpaultrail.shtml On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties]''. Excellent plan and section drawings can be found at Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> The carts were originally drawn by small horses obtained from the First Nations. After cattle were brought to the colony in the 1820s, [[ox|oxen]] were used to haul the carts. They were preferred because of their strength, endurance, and cloven hooves which spread their weight in swampy areas.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref>

The cart, constructed of native materials, could easily be repaired. A supply of shaganappi and wood was carried as a cart could break a half-dozen axles in a one-way trip.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''.</ref> The axles were unlubricated, as grease would capture dust which would act as sandpaper and immobilize the cart.<ref>Piehl, ''[http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts]''; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25.</ref> The resultant squeal sounded like an untuned violin, giving it the sobriquet of "the North West fiddle". One visitor wrote that "a den of wild beasts cannot be compared with its hideousness".<ref>Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), p. 25. This noise can be endured by listening to a [http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/cart_squeak.htm recording] of a cart, from the website of the Clay County, Minnesota Historical Society.</ref> The noise was audible for miles. The carts were completely unsprung, and only their flexible construction cushioned the shocks transmitted from the humps and hollows of the trail.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 15.</ref>

Southbound, the carts were loaded with fur, packed into the 90-pound (40 kg) bundles known in the fur trade as ''{{lang|fr|pièces}}''.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> A cart could handle up to 800–1,000 pounds (360–450 kg).<ref>Fonseca, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/stpaultrail.shtml On the St. Paul Trail in the Sixties].</ref> On their return the traders carried staples, trade goods, and manufactured goods unavailable at Fort Garry. In both directions, the cargo was covered with hide or canvas. The carts were lashed together in brigades of ten carts, with three drivers and an overseer. These brigades could join in trains up to two miles (three km) in length.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref> Carts numbering in the low hundreds annually used the trails in the 1840s,<ref>Christianson, ''Minnesota: The Land of Sky-Tinted Waters'' (1935), pp. 193–94.</ref> many hundreds in the 1850s, and thousands in the late 1860s.<ref>Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), p.
[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0010 8].</ref> These cart trains travelled about two miles (three km) an hour, and about twenty miles (thirty km) in a day.<ref>Brehaut, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/redrivercart.shtml The Red River Cart and Trails].</ref>

[[Image:Red River cart.GIF|thumb|upright|left|Red River ox cart (1851), by Frank Blackwell Mayer]]
After breaking camp in the morning, the carters would set out across the prairie; transits of the unprotected open prairie between places of refuge were known as ''{{lang|fr|traverses}}''.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 38. The French word means "crossing", and was the same term used by French-Canadian {{lang|fr|voyageurs}} (from whom the {{lang|fr|Métis}} carters were descended) for crossings of open water between points.</ref> Streams would have to be forded; where the water was too deep, the carts would be unloaded, the wheels would be taken off and lashed together or affixed under the cart, the assemblage would be covered with hide to form a hull, and the makeshift craft would be loaded and floated across.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 15.</ref> The traders would endeavour to ford a stream at the end of the day rather than start the next day with the crossing, to allow time to dry out overnight.

Streamside camps offered wood, water, and some protection from the hazards of open land. The prairie crossings could be dangerous in time of native unrest, and trade ceased entirely for a time during the [[Dakota War of 1862]]. Prairie fires, driven by winds, were a risk in dry spells. Wet weather turned rivers into torrents, approaches to streams into bogs, and worn paths into morasses.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 38–40, 51, 66, 73–74.</ref> Blizzards could strand traders and threaten them with starvation.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]</ref> Insects harassed both the traders and their draft animals, depriving them of sleep and weakening them.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 49.</ref>

There were compensations. Game was plentiful and the traders rarely lacked fresh meat.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 49.</ref> Some saw in the seemingly boundless prairies a colourful ocean of grass, and summer storms could be awe-inspiring, although dangerous.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 39, 44.</ref> While the prairie had its own grandeur, after weeks of travel over treeless [[steppe]] the rivers, lakes, and woods of central Minnesota were a welcome relief.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 49, 51, 53, 63, 74.</ref>

After six or so weeks on the trail, the brigades reached Saint Paul. There the carters camped on the bluff above the town growing on the riverfront. Not all was harmonious. To the locals, the swarthy-complected carters up on the hill had a "devil-may-care" aspect, with their "curious commingling of civilized garments and barbaric adornments".<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 86.</ref> One trader from the north called his host city "a wretched little village" where "drinking whisky seems to occupy at least half the time of the worth[y] citizens", while the rest were "employed in cheating each other or imposing upon strangers." <ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 86.</ref> The economic benefits of trade, and the separation of the carters' camp from the village below, may have helped keep relations civil.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 86–87. Nor were these the worst of the characterizations each group had for the other. ''Id.''</ref> After about three weeks of trading, the "wild" carters from the north, now laden with goods, took their leave of the "den of blackguards" that was Saint Paul, returning to what they felt was a more civilized world. Their erstwhile hosts, on the other hand, thought the carters were from an uncivilized and frozen wilderness.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 86–87. When [[Minnesota Territory|territorial]] Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] arrived in Saint Paul in 1849, he found a stark treeless settlement of low crude buildings inhabited by unwashed and unshaven men. In 1851 he journeyed to the north, finding Pembina (then part of his territory) to be populated by 1,134 people, with more grain stored than his whole territory raised. The Red River Settlement had 5,000 inhabitants (not counting First Nations), with two stone forts, a cathedral, other churches and parsonages, and schools. Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), pp. 127–130.</ref>

==End of the trails==
[[Image:Red River carts at railway station station(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Red River carts meet the instrument of their demise: carts and traders at a railway station]]
At times, some ox cart trains did not go all the way through, but were supplemented by river craft. First [[flatboat]]s and then shallow-draft steamboats ascended the Minnesota River to Traverse des Sioux and upstream points, where they were met by cart brigades travelling the West Plains Trail. In 1851, weekly steamboat service on the Mississippi began between Saint Anthony Falls and Sauk Rapids on the Middle and Woods trails. In 1859, steamboat machinery was carried overland to the Red River where a boat was built, but service was intermittent. The Dakota War of 1862 and the [[American Civil War]] delayed further improvements.<ref>McFadden, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/steamboating.shtml Steamboating on the Red]''.</ref>

After the Civil War, the age of steam came to the region. Steamboat service was revived on the Red River, and railways were built west from Saint Paul and [[Duluth, Minnesota]] on Lake Superior. A branch of the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]] reached St. Cloud in 1866. Its mainline reached [[Willmar]] in 1869 and [[Benson, Minnesota]] the following year. Each end-of-track town in its turn became the terminus for many of the cart trains. In 1871, the railway reached the Red River at Breckenridge, where revived steamboat service carried the traffic the rest of way to Fort Garry.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-6.</ref> The long trains of carts drawn by oxen were replaced by railway trains powered by steam, and the trails reverted to nature.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]>; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 21–26.</ref>

A few traces of the vanished trails still exist. Some local roads follow their routes; depressions in the landscape show where thousands of carts once passed, and even after more than a century of winters and springs, freezing and thawing the land, there are still places where soils remain compacted and resistant to the plow.<ref>Walsh, [http://www.arch.umanitoba.ca/greenmap/pages/GM_kw_CrowWingTrail/index.html ''Crow Wing Trail''].</ref> Some of these subtle artifacts are marked or are visible to those with a discerning eye,<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html ''Retracing the Red River Trail''].</ref> but in most places the trails have been obliterated.<ref>Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), §§ F, G.</ref> Their locations are noted at parks and wayside signs,<ref>E.g., Rubinstein, ''Minnesota History Along the Highways'' (2003), pp. 245–46.</ref> and trail locations near [[Baxter, Minnesota|Baxter]], [[St. Hilaire, Minnesota|St. Hilaire]], and [[West Union, Minnesota]] are recognized on the U.S. [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>[http://www.nr.nps.gov/iwisapi/explorer.dll?IWS_SCHEMA=NRIS1&IWS_LOGIN=1&IWS_REPORT=100000044 ''Impromptu Query, National Register Information System''], [[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]], [[United States Department of the Interior]]. Search by State ("MN") and Name ("Red River"); the West Union location is the stage road which supplemented and to some extent replaced the original trail. Retrieved 2008-10-23.</ref>

==Significance==
The Red River Trails are less well known today than many other pioneer trails and trade routes in North America and do not occupy as large a place in folklore as the great western trails in the United States and the fur-trading canoe routes of Canada.<ref>Shepard, [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html Retracing the Red River Trail]; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. v.</ref> They were neither fought over nor the locus of battles (with the exception of the Dakota War of 1862),<ref>Several settlements along the trails were the sites of battles or skirmishes during that war.</ref> and although hazardous at times, other trails presented greater dangers. It may be that this relative lack of attention is due to the fact they did not lead to annexation of any territory to either of the nations in which the trails were located.<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. v.</ref>

[[Image:MN1949stamp.jpg|thumb|left|Postage stamp on the centennial of [[Minnesota Territory]] recognizing the importance of the trails]]
The trails nevertheless were instrumental in the development of central North America. Traffic over the West Plains Trail sustained the Selkirk settlement in its early years. The trails also gave settlers and their {{lang|fr|Métis}} neighbours a route for migration as well as a highway for trade that was not dependent on the Hudson's Bay Company. As usage grew, old fur trading posts became settlements and new communities were established along the cart routes.<ref>Holmquist, ''They Chose Minnesota'' (1981); pp. 39–41.</ref> The trails pioneered by the fur brigades accelerated development of Minnesota and North Dakota,<ref>Hess, [http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf ''Minnesota Red River Trails''] (1989), p. E–1.</ref> and facilitated settlement of the Canadian northwest.

The trails had profound political effects during a time of Anglo-American tension. Both Britain and the U.S. were concerned about each other’s cross-border influences. Born out of commercial needs and located by the dictates of geography, the trails helped create and contribute to these international influences and the tensions which resulted. The United States sent military expeditions to assert its national interests in the face of the continued British presence in the northwestern fur posts on soil which the U.S. claimed. The Americans were also concerned about the establishment of Lord Selkirk’s colony as well as British claims to the Red River Valley.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 32–33, 72–73.</ref> Finally the U.S. wanted to curtail Britain’s attempts to get access to the Mississippi, access implicit in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] ending the [[American War of Independence]], and which Britain sought well into the nineteenth century.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 12, 30, 32–33, 72–73. The forty-ninth parallel was established as the border in 1818, extinguishing old British claims to the upper part of the Red River Valley, which was in the [[Drainage basin|watershed]] of Hudson Bay and therefore part of [[Rupert's Land]] within the Hudson's Bay Company's 1670 charter. Major Stephen Long's expedition to Pembina located the border and was an assertion of U.S. control over the lands to its south. Nute, ''Rainy River Country'' (1950), pp. 27-28. As the Mississippi rose south of that line of latitude, no access to the river was given to the British, and the 1818 treaty put an end to the claims arising out of the Treaty of Paris based on the erroneous assumption that the river arose in British territory.</ref> The United States' assertion of dominion over its new territories parried and reversed the British domination of the fur trade in the upper Mississippi valley, which had continued for decades after the Revolutionary War settlement which had assigned those territories to the new nation.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), pp. 17, 19–21, 30–33; Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), pp. 2–4, 6.</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | "I have had occasion to observe the great facilities which nature offers, for a commercial intercourse between the country which I propose to establish, & the American settlements in the Missouri & Illinois Territories; from whence our people might draw their supplies of many articles, by way of the Mississipi, & River St. Peters [''Minnesota River''], with greater facility than from Canada or from Europe. This traffic, tho’ it might be of small account at first, would increase with the progress of our Settlement, creating a growing demand for many articles of American produce."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |—Letter of 22 December 1817 from Thomas Douglas, Fifth Earl of Selkirk, to U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams<ref>Gilman, ''Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 1, citing ''A Letter by Lord Selkirk on Trade Between Red River and the United States'', Canadian Historical Review, 17:428–23 (December 1936).</ref>
|}
Later, the economic dependence of the Selkirk settlements and the Canadian northwest on the Red River trade routes to U.S. markets came to pose a threat to British and Canadian control of their territory.<ref>Bowsfield, [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/canadianamerican.shtml ''Canadian-American Relations: The Background'']; Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''. The settlers at Red River used these fears in their efforts to be free of the Hudson's Bay Company, in their petition to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada:
<blockquote>When we contemplate the mighty tide of immigration which has flowed towards the North these six years past, and has already filled the valley of the Upper Mississippi with settlers, and which will this year flow over the height of land and fill up the valley of the Red River, is there no danger of being carried away by that flood, and that we may thereby lose our nationality?</blockquote>
This petition is reproduced in Kernaghan, [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0002 ''Hudson's Bay and Red River Settlement''] (1857), pp. 12–[http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView?id=b6d4d71f526dfd18&display=52648+0016 14].</ref> At a time when a sense of Canadian nationality was tenuous in the northwest, that region relied on the Red River Trails and its successor steamboat and rail lines as an outlet for its products and a source of supplies.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota, a History'' (2d ed.) (1978), p. 115–16; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), p. 143; Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), pp. 14–18, 20, 25, 497–98.</ref> An active [[Manifest Destiny]] faction in Minnesota sought to exploit these commercial ties as a means of acquiring northwestern Canada for the United States.<ref>Lass, ''Minnesota's Boundary with Canada'' (1980), p. 72; Lass, ''Minnesota, a History'' (2d ed.) (1978), pp. 116–19; Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''; ''see also'' Gilman, ''The Red River Trails'' (1979), p. 25.</ref> This pressure prompted Canada to take over the Hudson's Bay Company territory in return for monetary and land compensation. It contributed to [[Canadian Confederation]] and the establishment of Manitoba. It also led to the decision that there should be an all-Canada route for the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]].<ref>Bell, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/1/redriverhistory.shtml Some Red River Settlement History]'', Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/canadianamerican.shtml Canada-America Relations: The Background]'', and Bowsfield, ''[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/unitedstatesredriver.shtml The United States and Red River Settlement]''.</ref> Not until completion of that line in 1885 did Manitoba and the northwest finally have reliable and efficient access to eastern Canada by a route located entirely on Canadian soil.<ref>Upon assimilation of the North West Company in 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company abandoned use of the former concern's border route in favour of the route to York Factory, which was cheaper to operate and allowed single-season shipments to and from Europe. Morse, ''Fur Trade Routes of Canada'' (1969), p. 48; ''see also'' HBC Heritage, [http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/furtrade/nwc.asp ''The North West Company'']. In 1858, the company gave up use of the York Factory route for furs from the Selkirk Settlement and used the Red River Trails instead. Hess, ''[http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500284.pdf Minnesota Red River Trails]'' (1989), p. E-5; Kelsey, ''Red River Runs North!'' (1951), p. 146. In 1870, the Dawson Route was established along the general line of the old voyageur's border route from [[Fort William, Ontario]], but was much inferior to the Red River routing. ''See'' Berton, ''The Impossible Railway'' (1972), pp. 35–38; Morrison, ''[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002167 Dawson Road]''.</ref>

Today, the international border is firmly established and peaceful; there is a greater sense of Canadian nationality, and fears of U.S. Manifest Destiny have all but disappeared. Canada and the U.S. have formalized their trading partnership with the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], leading to increased trade between the two nations. This trade now coursing up and down the valleys of the Red and Mississippi rivers more than fulfils Lord Selkirk's predictions made nearly two centuries ago; while he first sought access over U.S. territory for the succour of his nascent colony, now commerce in manufactures and commodities goes in both directions. The trade corridor once occupied by the long-gone Red River Trails continues to be employed for its historic purposes.<ref> Killion, ''[http://www.ugpti.org/about/news/viewarticle.php?id=6 Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty]''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Carlton Trail]]

==References==
===Notes===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

===Sources===
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| accessdate = 2008-02-14 }}

* {{cite book
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}}

*{{cite journal
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*{{cite journal
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*{{cite journal
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*{{cite web
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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}}

* {{cite book
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| id = {{OCLC|18264299}}
| isbn = }}

*{{cite journal|last=Killion|first=Rick|title=Historic Trade Corridors|journal=Prairie Business Magazine|publisher=Grand Forks Herald|date=December 2004}} Republished online by Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, [[University of North Dakota]], as [http://www.ugpti.org/about/news/viewarticle.php?id=6 Historic Trade Corridors: Vital Links Follow Nature's Bounty]. Retrieved on [[2008-10-26]].

* {{cite book
| last = Lass
| first = William E.
| title = Minnesota, A History
| location = New York & London
| publisher = W.W. Norton & Co.
| year = 1978
| edition = 2d
| isbn = 0393046281 }}

* {{cite book
| last = Lass
| first = William E.
| year = 1980
| title = Minnesota’s Boundary with Canada
| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press
| location = St. Paul
| id = ISBN 0873511530
}}

*{{cite journal
| last = McFadden
| first = Molly
| authorlink =
| title = Steamboating on the Red
| journal = MHS Transactions
| volume = Series 3
| issue =
| pages =
| publisher = Manitoba Historical Society
| date = 1950-51
| url = http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/steamboating.shtml
| accessdate = 2008-02-14 }}

*{{cite web
| last = Morrison
| first = William R.
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002167
| title = Dawson Road
| work = Canadian Encyclopedia
| publisher = Historica Foundation of Canada
| accessdate = 2008-02-14
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Morse
| first = Eric W.
| year = 1969
| title = Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada / Then and Now
| publisher = NorthWord Press
| location = Minocqua, WI
| id = ISBN 1559710454
}}

*{{cite web
| date = 2007
| url = http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/furtrade/nwc.asp
| title = The North West Company
| format =
| work = HBC Heritage. Our History: Acquisitions, Fur Trade
| pages =
| publisher = Hudson's Bay Company
| accessdate = 2008-02-14
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Nute
| first = Grace Lee
| year = 1950
| title = Rainy River Country
| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press
| location = St. Paul
| id = {{OCLC|3921767}}
}}

*{{cite journal
| last = Peihl
| first = Mark
| year = March/April 2000
| title = A Few Thoughts About Red River Carts
| journal = CCHS Newsletter
| publisher = Clay County Historical Society}} Republished as [http://www.info.co.clay.mn.us/History/red_river_carts.htm article] on Clay County Historical Society website. Retrieved on [[2008-10-26]].

* {{cite book
| last = Rubinstein
| first = Sarah P.
| year = 2003
| title = Minnesota History Along the Highways: A Guide to Historic Markers and Sites
| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press
| location = St. Paul
| id = ISBN 0873514564
}}

*{{cite journal
| last = Shepard
| first = Lansing
| title = Retracing the Red River Trail
| journal = Minnesota Conservation Volunteer
| volume =
| issue = May-June 2008
| pages =
| publisher = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
| url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/mayjun08/red_river_trail.html
| accessdate = 2008-10-24 }}

*{{cite web
| last = Walsh
| first = K.
| year = 2006
| month = May
| url = http://www.arch.umanitoba.ca/greenmap/pages/GM_kw_CrowWingTrail/index.html
| title = Crow Wing Trail
| work = Winnipeg & Region Green Map
| publisher = Department of City Planning, Faculty of Architecture, [[University of Manitoba]]
| accessdate = 2008-03-23
}}

[[Category:Geography of Manitoba]]
[[Category:Geography of Minnesota]]
[[Category:Geography of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Canada]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in the United States]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Red River Colony]]
[[Category:Roads on the National Register of Historic Places]]

{{Registered Historic Places}}

Gary Highway

2008-10-28T09:11:21Z

MacGyverMagic: done some reformatting

{{db-nocontext}}

{{hangon}}

The Australian '''Gary Highway''' was built by Len Beadell's Gunbarrel Road Construction Party in 1963 and named after his son.

It connects the Gunbarrel Highway at Everard Corner to the Gary Junction Road at Gary Junction, and passes several interesting points:

*[[Veevers Meteorite Crater]], 16 kms off the track and well worth a visit. Check out the visitors book which still contains entries from the original team who identified the crater.
*Tropic of Capricorn with several marker signs in different places,
*Windy Corner (the junction with the Tallawana Track). There is a visitors book here too.
*McDougall Knoll, which is a good lookout point. There are notes from visitors contained in a tin can jammed in the cairn.
*The junction of the Eagle Highway, which appears very overgrown,
*The [[Gibson Desert Nature Reserve]] which includes [[McPhersons Pillar]]. This is 30kms off the track but is a spectacular landmark with excellent views over the Gibson Desert and access to '''Milgan Rockhole''',
*Charlies Knob,
*[[Everard Junction]] on the [[Gunbarrel Highway]], where there is another interesting visitors book.

The track itself is a single lane, not overgrown but quite corrugated over it's entire length and for the most part quite straight, with the exception of a section bewteen 22.85 and 22.88ºS where the track winds between sanddunes.

The track was quite navigable (in September 2007), there are no sanddunes to climb and the surface is hard sand and gravel although the southern end has suffered several wash-away's through the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve.

The length of the track is about 425 [[kilometer|kms]], including side trips to Veevers Crater and McPherson's Pillar. There are no buildings or habitation or facilities along this track. The nearest supplies are at [[Kunawaritji]], at [[Well 33]] on the CSR, or [[Warburton Roadhouse]] some 300 kms south of Everard Junction.

Ballet Shoes (Film)

2007-12-26T20:10:34Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Trivia */ reworded, can someone incorporate this into one flowing prose bit?

{{Infobox Television Film
| bgcolour =
| name = Ballet Shoes
| image =
| caption =
| format = Drama
| runtime = 180 minutes
| creator =
| director = [[Sandra Goldbacher]]
| producer = [[Piers Wenger]] [[Michele Buck]] [[Damien Timmer]] [[Patrick Spence]] [[Heidi Thomas]]
| writer = [[Heidi Thomas]] [[Noel Streatfeild]] (novel)
| starring = [[Emma Watson]]<ref>http://www.emmawatsonofficial.com/#news/show/1</ref> [[Richard Griffiths]] [[Lucy Boynton]] [[Yasmin Paige]] [[Emilia Fox]]
| music =
| country = [[UK]]
| language = English
| network = [[BBC]]
| released = [[December 26]], [[2007 in television|2007]]
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
| num_episodes =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website =
| imdb_id = 1083845
| tv_com_id =
| amg_id =
}}

'''''Ballet Shoes''''' is an upcoming television adaptation of [[Noel Streatfeild]]'s [[1936]] novel ''[[Ballet Shoes (book)|Ballet Shoes]]'', written by [[Heidi Thomas]].<ref>http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/17473/wood-to-star-in-a-bbc1-adaptation-of-ballet</ref> It will premiere on [[BBC1]] on [[26 December|Boxing Day]] [[2007]]. It is directed by [[Sandra Goldbacher]].<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/20/ballet.shtml</ref> ''Ballet Shoes'', produced by [[Granada TV]], will be two hours long.<ref>http://www.theagency.co.uk/docs/clients.pdf</ref>

This version of ''Ballet Shoes'' is not to be confused with the previous BBC adaptation of ''[[Ballet Shoes (1975 TV serial)|Ballet Shoes]]'', made in [[1975 in television|1975]] and directed by [[Timothy Combe]].

==Cast==
Patrick Spence, one of the executive producers, has said that he believes the cast of ''Ballet Shoes'' to be a "mix of hugely prestigious and burgeoning talent [that] is as close to perfection as any cast could be."<ref>http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/17816/cast-announced-for-bbcs-feature-length</ref> According to the BBC, the cast is:<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/08_august/11/ballet.shtml</ref>
The show will also be shown in Canada and New Zealand, on dates to be announced.

*[[Emma Watson]] as Pauline Fossil
*[[Yasmin Paige]] as Petrova Fossil
*[[Lucy Boynton]] as Posy Fossil
*[[Richard Griffiths]] as Great Uncle Matthew (Gum)
*[[Victoria Wood]] as Nana
*[[Emilia Fox]] as Sylvia Brown
*[[Eileen Atkins]] as Madame Fidolia
*[[Peter Bowles]] as Sir Donald Houghton
*[[Marc Warren]] as Mr Simpson
*[[Harriet Walter]] as Dr Smith
*[[Gemma Jones]] as Dr Jakes
*[[Lucy Cohu]] as Theo Danes
*[[Heather Nicol]] as Winifred Bagnall
*[[Mary Stockley]] as Miss Jay
*[[Skye Bennett]] as Young Sylvia
*[[Don Gallagher]] as Mr French
*[[Nina and Lucy Watson]] as young Pauline Fossil
*Katie Lowe as a dancer

==Trivia==

*[[Emilia Fox]] plays the part of Sylvia Brown in this adaptation. Emilia's mother, [[Joanna David]], played the part of Theo Danes in the [[1975]] [[BBC]] [[Ballet Shoes (1975 TV serial)|adaptation]] of the same story.

*[[Emma Watson]] and [[Richard Griffiths]] have also starred together in the [[Harry Potter (films)|Harry Potter films]]. [[Gemma Jones]] appeared as [[Madam Pomfrey]] in [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]].

*The [[identical twins|identical twin]] girls, Lucy and Nina Watson, who play young Pauline, are [[Emma Watson|Emma Watson's]] younger half-sistersand will only appear in the DVD version of the serial.[http://www.emmawatsonofficial.com/#news/show/223]

*The serial will released on DVD in Europe, Region 2, on the [[7 January]], [[2008]]. [http://www.emmawatsonofficial.com/#news/show/223]

*The serial will also be broadcast in Canada and New Zealand with CBC and TVNZ respectively.[http://www.emmawatsonofficial.com/#news/show/223]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:BBC television programmes]]
[[Category:British television miniseries]]
[[Category:Period piece TV series]]
[[Category:2007 television series debuts]]

[[ru:Балетные туфельки (фильм)]]
[[sv:Ballet Shoes (TV)]]

Eyam

2007-10-25T10:43:53Z

MacGyverMagic: forgot to delete moved line

{{infobox UK place|
|official_name = Eyam
|os_grid_reference = SK220764
|population = 926 (2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793301&c=eyam&d=16&e=15&g=434246&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 |title=Parish Headcounts: Eyam CP |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] }}</ref>)
|shire_district = [[Derbyshire Dales]]
|shire_county = [[Derbyshire]]
|region = East Midlands
|country = England
|latitude = 53.284
|longitude = -1.671
|map_type = Derbyshire
|scale = 20000
|constituency_westminster = [[Derbyshire Dales (UK Parliament constituency)|Derbyshire Dales]]
|post_town = HOPE VALLEY
|postcode_district = S32
|postcode_area = S
|dial_code = 01433
}}

'''Eyam''' (pronounced "Eem") is a small village in [[Derbyshire]], [[England]]. The village is best known for being the "plague village" that chose to isolate itself when the [[Black Death]] was found in the village in August [[1665]], rather than see the infection travel further north.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/derby/ |title=Living with the plague |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Local Legends |publisher=[[BBC]] }}</ref>

==Plague history==
The plague had been brought to the village in a flea-infested bundle of cloth that was delivered to tailor George Vicars from [[London]]<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/index.html |title=Mystery of the Black Death |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=[[Secrets of the Dead]] |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>. Within a week he was dead. After the initial deaths, the townspeople turned to their rector, the [[Reverend William Mompesson]] and the Puritan Minister Thomas Stanley. They introduced a number of precautions to slow the spread of the illness from May 1665. These included the arrangement that families were to bury their own dead and the relocation of church services from the parish church of St. Laurence to Cucklett Delph to allow villagers to separate themselves, reducing the risk of infection. Perhaps, the best known decision was to quarantine the entire village to prevent further spread of the disease. The plague raged in the village for 16 months and killed at least 260 villagers: only 83 villagers survived out of a population of 350.
[[image:Eyamplague.JPG|thumb|left|500px|A 'plague' cottage with plaque commemorating some of the deaths]]

When the first outsiders visited Eyam a year later, they found that fewer than a quarter of the village had survived the plague. Survival appeared random, as many plague survivors had close contact with the bacterium, but never caught the disease. For example, Elizabeth Hancock never became ill, despite burying six children and her husband in eight days (the graves are known as the Hancock graves).<ref name="pbs" /> The unofficial village grave digger also survived, despite handling many infected bodies.

==Eyam's role in genetic research==
Some research indicates that the villagers of Eyam may have had some genetic protection from the bubonic plague.<ref name="pbs" /> A [[CCR5]] gene mutation designated as [[CCR5-D32|"delta 32"]] was found in a statistically significant number, 14%, of direct descendants of the plague survivors. The Delta 32 mutation appears to be very rare. In fact, the levels of Delta 32 found in Eyam were only matched in regions of Europe that had been affected by the plague and in Americans of European origin. It has also been suggested<ref name="pbs" /> that the Delta 32 mutation, if inherited from both parents, may provide immunity to HIV/AIDS.

More recent research at [[Scripps Research Institute]] disputes the hypothesis that the Delta 32 mutation provided protection against the plague, suggesting instead that it is more likely to have arisen as protection against some other disease common at the time, such as smallpox. This new hypothesis is still being tested. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/021104b.html |title=Genetic Mutation Protects Against both HIV and Plague? Not So, Say Scientists at Scripps Research |accessdate=2007-04-12 |publisher=[[The Scripps Research Institute]] }}</ref>

==Saxon cross==
[[Image:Eyam Celtic Cross.jpg|thumb|150px|left|7th century Anglo-Saxon Cross.]]
Eyam churchyard contains a [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] cross dated to the [[7th century|7th]] or [[8th century|8th centuries]]. Initially, it was located at the side of a cart track near to Eyam. After the plague it was moved to its present location.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} It is [[listed building|Grade I listed]] and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=80635 |title=Eyam Saxon cross |accessdate=2006-04-17 |work=[[Images of England]] |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notable residents==
*[[Anna Seward]], acclaimed poet (1747 — 1809)<ref>[http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/seward.html "Eyam" a poem by Anna Seward] accessed June 2007</ref>
*[[Richard Furness]], the Poet of Eyam (1791 — 1857)

==Treatments in the media==
* ''[[Year of Wonders]]'' (Novel, 2001) by [[Geraldine Brooks]].
* ''[[A parcel of patterns]]'' (Novel, 1983) by [[Jill Paton Walsh]].
* ''[[The Roses of Eyam]]'' (Play, first performed 1970, published 1976) by Don Taylor.
* The Judas Strain (Novel, 2007) by James Rollins
* A song about the plague epidemic of 1665 was written by [[Leeds]] based rock group [[iLiKETRAiNS]] and is featured on their 2007 album [[Elegies to Lessons Learnt]]

== See also ==
*[[Derby plague of 1665]], [[Great Plague of London]] (also in 1665)
*[[Beau]], writer of the song ''"The Roses Of Eyam"''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.derbyshireuk.net/eyam.html Eyam at derbyshireuk.net]
* [http://www.survivors-mad-dog.org.uk/MDEyam01.html Eyam at Survivors: Mad Dog]

[[Category:Villages in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:History of Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Towns and villages of the Peak District]]

[[fr:Eyam]]
[[nl:Eyam]]
[[no:Eyam]]
[[sv:Eyam]]

Eyam

2007-10-25T10:41:24Z

MacGyverMagic: moved see also link to notable residents and altered latter section

{{infobox UK place|
|official_name = Eyam
|os_grid_reference = SK220764
|population = 926 (2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793301&c=eyam&d=16&e=15&g=434246&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 |title=Parish Headcounts: Eyam CP |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] }}</ref>)
|shire_district = [[Derbyshire Dales]]
|shire_county = [[Derbyshire]]
|region = East Midlands
|country = England
|latitude = 53.284
|longitude = -1.671
|map_type = Derbyshire
|scale = 20000
|constituency_westminster = [[Derbyshire Dales (UK Parliament constituency)|Derbyshire Dales]]
|post_town = HOPE VALLEY
|postcode_district = S32
|postcode_area = S
|dial_code = 01433
}}

'''Eyam''' (pronounced "Eem") is a small village in [[Derbyshire]], [[England]]. The village is best known for being the "plague village" that chose to isolate itself when the [[Black Death]] was found in the village in August [[1665]], rather than see the infection travel further north.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/derby/ |title=Living with the plague |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Local Legends |publisher=[[BBC]] }}</ref>

==Plague history==
The plague had been brought to the village in a flea-infested bundle of cloth that was delivered to tailor George Vicars from [[London]]<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/index.html |title=Mystery of the Black Death |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=[[Secrets of the Dead]] |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>. Within a week he was dead. After the initial deaths, the townspeople turned to their rector, the [[Reverend William Mompesson]] and the Puritan Minister Thomas Stanley. They introduced a number of precautions to slow the spread of the illness from May 1665. These included the arrangement that families were to bury their own dead and the relocation of church services from the parish church of St. Laurence to Cucklett Delph to allow villagers to separate themselves, reducing the risk of infection. Perhaps, the best known decision was to quarantine the entire village to prevent further spread of the disease. The plague raged in the village for 16 months and killed at least 260 villagers: only 83 villagers survived out of a population of 350.
[[image:Eyamplague.JPG|thumb|left|500px|A 'plague' cottage with plaque commemorating some of the deaths]]

When the first outsiders visited Eyam a year later, they found that fewer than a quarter of the village had survived the plague. Survival appeared random, as many plague survivors had close contact with the bacterium, but never caught the disease. For example, Elizabeth Hancock never became ill, despite burying six children and her husband in eight days (the graves are known as the Hancock graves).<ref name="pbs" /> The unofficial village grave digger also survived, despite handling many infected bodies.

==Eyam's role in genetic research==
Some research indicates that the villagers of Eyam may have had some genetic protection from the bubonic plague.<ref name="pbs" /> A [[CCR5]] gene mutation designated as [[CCR5-D32|"delta 32"]] was found in a statistically significant number, 14%, of direct descendants of the plague survivors. The Delta 32 mutation appears to be very rare. In fact, the levels of Delta 32 found in Eyam were only matched in regions of Europe that had been affected by the plague and in Americans of European origin. It has also been suggested<ref name="pbs" /> that the Delta 32 mutation, if inherited from both parents, may provide immunity to HIV/AIDS.

More recent research at [[Scripps Research Institute]] disputes the hypothesis that the Delta 32 mutation provided protection against the plague, suggesting instead that it is more likely to have arisen as protection against some other disease common at the time, such as smallpox. This new hypothesis is still being tested. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/021104b.html |title=Genetic Mutation Protects Against both HIV and Plague? Not So, Say Scientists at Scripps Research |accessdate=2007-04-12 |publisher=[[The Scripps Research Institute]] }}</ref>

==Saxon cross==
[[Image:Eyam Celtic Cross.jpg|thumb|150px|left|7th century Anglo-Saxon Cross.]]
Eyam churchyard contains a [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] cross dated to the [[7th century|7th]] or [[8th century|8th centuries]]. Initially, it was located at the side of a cart track near to Eyam. After the plague it was moved to its present location.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} It is [[listed building|Grade I listed]] and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=80635 |title=Eyam Saxon cross |accessdate=2006-04-17 |work=[[Images of England]] |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notable residents==
*[[Anna Seward]], acclaimed poet (1747 — 1809)<ref>[http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/seward.html "Eyam" a poem by Anna Seward] accessed June 2007</ref>
*[[Richard Furness]], poet (1791 — 1857)

==Treatments in the media==
* ''[[Year of Wonders]]'' (Novel, 2001) by [[Geraldine Brooks]].
* ''[[A parcel of patterns]]'' (Novel, 1983) by [[Jill Paton Walsh]].
* ''[[The Roses of Eyam]]'' (Play, first performed 1970, published 1976) by Don Taylor.
* The Judas Strain (Novel, 2007) by James Rollins
* A song about the plague epidemic of 1665 was written by [[Leeds]] based rock group [[iLiKETRAiNS]] and is featured on their 2007 album [[Elegies to Lessons Learnt]]

== See also ==
*[[Derby plague of 1665]], [[Great Plague of London]] (also in 1665)
*[[Beau]], writer of the song ''"The Roses Of Eyam"''
*[[Richard Furness]], the Poet of Eyam

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.derbyshireuk.net/eyam.html Eyam at derbyshireuk.net]
* [http://www.survivors-mad-dog.org.uk/MDEyam01.html Eyam at Survivors: Mad Dog]

[[Category:Villages in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:History of Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Towns and villages of the Peak District]]

[[fr:Eyam]]
[[nl:Eyam]]
[[no:Eyam]]
[[sv:Eyam]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T18:45:22Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Governance */

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0|lk=on}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1|lk=on}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in St Andrews Church as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in the local [[St Andrew's Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]]. The earliest Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own nine-member [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. The ward is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

The police service is provided by [[Avon and Somerset Constabulary]] with two [[Police Community Support Officer|Community Support Officer]] and one police officer covering the wider Chew Valley area. The [[Avon Fire and Rescue Service]] have a fire station at Chew Magna.

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T09:59:22Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Recent history */

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in St Andrews Church as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in the local [[St Andrew's Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]]. Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. It is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> The area is largely rural, with several farms, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]]. A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T09:55:42Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers */ moved link to text

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in St Andrews Church as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in the local [[St Andrew's Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]]. Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. It is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> The area is largely rural, with several farms, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]]. A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T09:53:04Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers */ avoiding redirect

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrews Church]] as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in St Andrew's Church. Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. It is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> The area is largely rural, with several farms, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]]. A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T09:49:12Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Romano-Celtic temple */

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family (bell founders and clock makers)}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrews Church]] as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in St Andrew's Church. Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. It is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> The area is largely rural, with several farms, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]]. A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Chew Stoke

2007-10-23T09:44:59Z

MacGyverMagic:

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
|population= 905 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], [[England]], about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[excavation]]s carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|Iron Ages]] had left numerous [[artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | id =ISBN 0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The siting of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |id=ISBN 0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to Gilbert Fitz-Turold. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimbourne |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family (bell founders and clock makers)}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrews Church]] as a memorial to the family.]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in St Andrew's Church. Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie - Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On [[10 July]] [[1968]], torrential rainfall led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather - The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref>

On [[4 February]] [[2001]], Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements - January - August | date = [[January 10]] [[2001]]
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September, a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = [[December 14]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council - What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. It is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke.]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[Arable land|arable]] land and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> The area is largely rural, with several farms, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]]. A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 635
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 653 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || ? || ? || 836 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew_Stoke_Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England : North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | id=ISBN 0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | year 1982 | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | id=ISBN 0-7091-9585-0 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, Chew Stoke Church [[Primary School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on [[10 September]] [[1790]]. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | id =ISBN 1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | id =ISBN 0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | id =ISBN 0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 — Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village web site]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley web site]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew Web Site]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]

Xanadu-Häuser

2007-09-29T15:16:41Z

MacGyverMagic: rm {{advertising}}, no explanation for tagging and it wouldn't have become featured if it was true.

{{otheruses2|Xanadu|Xanadu (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Xanaduoutside80s.jpg||thumbnail|250px|right|The exterior of the Xanadu House in [[Kissimmee, Florida]] in 1994]]

The '''Xanadu Houses''' were a series of [[experimental home]]s built to showcase examples of [[computer]]s and [[automation]] in the home in the [[United States]]. The architectural project began in 1979, and during the early 1980s three houses were built in different parts of the [[United States]]: one each in [[Kissimmee, Florida|Kissimmee]], [[Florida]]; [[Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin|Wisconsin Dells]], [[Wisconsin]]; and [[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg]], [[Tennessee]]. The houses included novel construction and design techniques, and became popular [[tourist attraction]]s during the 1980s.

The Xanadu Houses were notable for being built with [[polyurethane]] insulation foam rather than [[concrete]], for easy, fast, and cost-effective construction. They were [[ergonomics|ergonomically]] designed, and contained some of the earliest [[home automation]] systems. The Kissimmee Xanadu, designed by [[Roy Mason (architect)|Roy Mason]], was the most popular, and at its peak was attracting 1000 visitors every day. The Wisconsin Dells and Gatlinburg houses were closed and demolished in the early 1990s; the Kissimmee Xanadu House was closed in 1996 and demolished in October 2005.

==History==
[[Image:Roymasonxanadu.JPG|thumb|right|Roy Mason with a clay model prototype design of the Xanadu House]]

Bob Masters, who conceived the Xanadu House concept, was an early pioneer in creating and living in houses built of rigid insulation. Before creating Xanadu House, Masters designed and created inflatable balloons to be used in the construction of the house. He was inspired by the [[Kesinger House]] in [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], by architect Stan Nord Connolly, one of the earliest homes built from insulation. Masters built his first home in 1969 in two-and-a-half days during a blustery snowstorm, using the same methods later used to build the Xanadu houses. Masters was convinced that these dome-shaped homes built of foam could work for others, so he decided to create a series of show homes around the country. Masters’s business partner Tom Gussel chose the name "Xanadu" for the homes, a reference to Mongol Emperor [[Kublai Khan]]’s summer residence [[Xanadu]], which is prominently featured in [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]’s famous poem ''[[Kubla Khan]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Xanadu: The Computerized Home of Tomorrow and How It Can Be Yours Today!|author=[[Roy Mason (architect)|Roy Mason]], Lane Jennings, and Robert Evans|pages=124–125|location=Washington, D.C. | publisher=Acropolis Books|id=ISBN 0-87491-701-8|year=1983}}</ref> "Xanadu" is also the name of the palace in the movie ''[[Citizen Kane]]''.

The first Xanadu House was located in Wisconsin Dells. It was designed by architect Stewart Gordon in 1979, and was created by Bob Masters. It was 4,000 square feet in area, and featured a geodesic greenhouse. In its first summer, 100,000 people visited the new attraction.<ref>Mason, pages 126–129.</ref>

The most popular Xanadu house was the second house, designed by architect [[Roy Mason (architect)|Roy Mason]]. Masters had met Mason at a futures conference in [[Toronto]] in 1980. Mason had worked on a similar project prior to his involvement in the creation of the Kissimmee Xanadu House — an “experimental school” on a hill in [[Virginia]] which was also a foam structure. Both Mason and Masters were influenced by other experimental houses and building concepts which emphasized ergonomics, usability, and energy efficiency. These included apartments designed by architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]] featuring detachable building modules and more significant designs including a floating habitat made of fiberglass designed by Jacques Beufs for living on water surfaces, concepts for living underwater by architect Jacques Rougerie and the [[Don Metz house]] built in the 1970s which took advantage of the earth as insulation. Fifty years before Xanadu House, another "House of Tomorrow" at the Century Progress Exposition in Chicago introduced air conditioning, forced air heating, circuit breakers, electric eye doors, and other innovative features.

Mason believed Xanadu House would alter people's views of houses as little more than inanimate, passive shelters against the elements. "No one's really looked at the house as a total organic system," said Mason, who was also the architecture editor of ''The Futurist'' magazine. "The house can have intelligence and each room can have intelligence." The estimated cost of construction for one home was $300,000. Roy Mason also planned a low cost version which would cost $80,000, to show that homes using computers do not have to be expensive. The low cost Xanadu was never built.

[[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] opened the [[Epcot|Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow]] in [[Florida]] on [[October 1]] [[1982]] as the ''EPCOT Center''. Masters and Mason decided to open a Xanadu House several miles away in Kissimmee. It eventually opened in 1983, after several years of research into the concepts Xanadu would use. It was over 6,000 square feet in size, considerably larger than the average house because it was built as a showcase. At its peak in the mid 1980s, more than 1,000 people were visiting the new Kissimmee attraction every day. A third Xanadu House was built in Gatlinburg, Tennessee.<ref>{{cite news | title=Schlocky Gatlinburg antithesis of Smokies | date=June 1, 1986 | publisher=Houston Chronicle }}</ref> Shortly after the Xanadu Houses were built and opened as visitor attractions, [[tourism]] companies began to [[advertising|advertise]] them as the "home of the future" in brochures encouraging people to visit.<ref>Mason, pages 132–135.</ref>

By the early 1990s, the Xanadu houses began to lose popularity because the technology they used was quickly becoming obsolete, and as a result the houses in Wisconsin and Tennessee were demolished, while the Xanadu House in Kissimmee continued to operate as a public visitor attraction until it was closed in 1996. It was consequently put up for sale in 1997 and was sold for office and storage use. By 2001 the Kissimmee house had suffered greatly from mold and mildew throughout the interior due to a lack of maintenance since being used as a visitor attraction, it was put up for sale again for an asking price of US$2 million. By October 2005, the last of the Xanadu houses had been demolished, following years of abandonment and use by the homeless. A condominium is planned for the Xanadu tract.<ref>{{cite news | title=Demoliton: Future Arrives Without Xanadu| date=2005 | publisher=roadsideamerica | url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/roger/QueryTips.php3?tip_AttractionName=xanadu&tip_Town=kissimmee&tip_State=FL&Submit=Go }}</ref>

==Design==
Xanadu House was ergonomically designed, with future occupants in mind. It used curved walls, painted concrete floors rather than carpets, a light color scheme featuring cool colors throughout, and an open-floor plan linking rooms together without the use of doors. The modular exterior was reminiscent of a [[UFO]], as the domes were built by spraying [[polyurethane]] foam onto removable molds. Xanadu House featured white painted walls, a [[communications]] pole, an outside public toilet, and a lake. It had at least two entrances, and large porthole-type windows. The interior of Xanadu was cave-like, featuring cramped rooms and low ceilings. The interior used a cream color for the walls, and a pale green for the floor. At the center of the house was the living room, in which a large false tree supported the roof, and also acted as part of the built-in heating system.

Construction of the Xanadu house in [[Kissimmee, Florida]], began with the pouring of a concrete slab base and the erection of a tension ring 40 feet in diameter to anchor the domed roof of what would become the "Great Room" of the house. A pre-shaped vinyl balloon was formed and attached to the ring, and then inflated by air pressure from large fans. Once the form was fully inflated, its interior surface was sprayed with quick-hardening polyurethane plastic foam. Spraying from the inside permitted work to continue even in wet or windy weather. The foam, produced by the sudden mixture of two chemicals that expand on contact to 30 times their original volume, hardened almost instantly. Repeated spraying produced a five-to-six-inch-thick structurally sound shell within a few hours. Once the foam cured, the plastic balloon form was removed to be used again. Once the second dome was completed and the balloon form removed, the two rooms were joined together by wire mesh which was also sprayed with foam to form a connecting gallery or hall. This process was repeated until the house was complete. Window, skylight, and door openings were cut and the frames foamed into place. Finally, the interior of the entire structure was sprayed with a 3/4 inch coating of fireproof material that also provided a smooth, easy-to-clean finish for walls and ceilings. The exterior was given a coat of white elastomeric paint as the final touch.<ref>Mason, center pages.</ref>

==Interior==
The Xanadu Houses used an [[automation|automated]] system controlled by [[Commodore International|Commodore]] [[microcomputer]]s. The houses had 15 rooms each, of these the kitchen, party room, health spa, and bedrooms all used computers and other electronics equipment heavily in their design. For example, the bath could be filled with water at a set temperature on a specific date and time. The automation concepts which Xanadu House used are based on original ideas conceived in the [[1950s]] and earlier. The Xanadu Houses aimed to bring the original concepts into a finished and working implementation. As visitors followed an electronic [[tour|tour guide]] of the house, featuring constantly changing computer-graphics art shows on video screens in the family room, they learned about the different advantages and features of the Xanadu House including the security and fire systems.

[[Image:Xanadukitchen.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|The kitchen in Xanadu in the early '90s.]]
[[Image:Xanadu-bedroom.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Children using a computer in the master bedroom.]]
[[Image:Xanadu-family-room.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|A child and her mother in the family room playing.]]

The main features of the Xanadu House design included an "electronic hearth" featuring a television, games console, sound system, VCR and other electronics equipment, an automated kitchen including tele-shopping and housekeeping capabilities, a family room with several television sets to watch multiple channels at once, a telecommunications antenna, computer-controlled heating and computer-controlled electricity and gas usage.<ref name=electricity>Mason, center pages, Plate H and I.</ref>

Xanadu House's kitchen was automated by "autochef", an electronic dietitian which planned well-balanced meals. Meals could be cooked automatically at a set date and time. If new food was required, it could either be obtained via tele-shopping through the computer system or from Xanadu's own greenhouse. The kitchen's computer terminal could also be used for the household calendar, records, and home book keeping.<ref>Mason, center pages, Plate L.</ref>

The Xanadu homes also suggested a way to do [[business]] at home with the [[office]] room and the use of computers for electronic mail, access to stock and commodities trading, and news services.

Computers in the master bedroom allowed for other parts of the house to be controlled. This eliminated chores such as having to go downstairs to turn off the coffee pot after one had gone to bed. The children's bedroom featured the latest in teaching microcomputers and "videotexture" windows, whose realistic computer-generated landscapes could shift in a flash from scenes of real places anywhere in the world to imaginary scenes. The beds at the right of the room retreated into the wall to save space and cut down on clutter; the study niches were just the right size for curling up all alone with a pocket computer game or a book.<ref>Mason, center pages, Plate J.</ref><ref>Mason, center pages, Plate K.</ref>

The "great room" was the largest room in the entire Xanadu home, and included a [[fountain]], small [[television]] set, and a [[video projector]]. Nearby was the dining room, featuring a glass table with a curved seat surrounding it; behind the seats was a large window covering the entire wall. The family room featured television monitors and other [[Electronics|electronic]] [[equipment]] covering the walls. The builders called the [[entertainment center]] an "electronic hearth". It was planned as a gathering place for family members and relatives, just as is a traditional hearth with a [[fireplace]].<ref name="electricity"/>

In the spa, people could relax in a whirlpool, sun sauna, and environmentally-controlled habitat, and even exercise with the help of spa monitors. One of the advantages of using computers in the home includes security. In Xanadu House, a [[HAL 9000|HAL]]-type voice would speak when someone entered to make the intruder think someone was home.

==Disadvantages==
An initial concern was that the cost of [[electricity]] would be excessive, since several computers would be running all day, all year. However, Mason figured that a central computer could control the energy consumption of all the other computers in the house. Many believed using computers in the home was a disadvantage, because if the computer failed, occupants would be restricted from getting food, having a bath, and even leaving the house if doors are locked. Many also resisted the concept of computers in the home because of concerns people would become less social. Those in favor argued that computers improved security and helped get household chores such as cleaning done quickly.

While the majority of people who visited a Xanadu House felt at ease because of the organic design, others felt that the concept was not viable because it was badly affected by the weather. Other architects and designers saw Xanadu House as an unprofessional [[architectural]] design because of the materials used, and the odd use of colors and shapes inside the home. Designers continued to build conventionally-shaped homes, dismissing Xanadu House as an unsuccessful concept. Many disliked Xanadu House as a practical home because of its low ceilings, curved walls, and cramped rooms.

==Xanadu in print==
[[Image:Xanadubook.jpg|right|thumbnail|The cover of the book ''Xanadu: The Computerized Home of Tomorrow and How It Can Be Yours Today!'']]

A book about Xanadu House entitled ''Xanadu: The Computerized Home of Tomorrow and How It Can Be Yours Today!'' and written by Roy Mason, Lane Jennings and Robert Evans was published by Acropolis Books in November 1983. The book explains how computers can be used in the home, including many concepts in use today such as integrated [[media center]]s, [[television]]s and [[sound system]]s; it also describes how the Xanadu Houses were designed and constructed, including interviews with Bob Masters. The book includes several photos of the Xanadu Houses, and discusses several other similar examples of architecture that used rigid insulation or an automated computer system.

==See also==
* [[Architecture]]
* [[House]]
* [[House of Innovation]]
* [[Visitor attraction]]
* [[Tourism]]
* [[Monolithic dome]]
* [[Xanadu 2.0]]
* [[Smart House]]- a Disney Channel Original Movie that involved a similar type house and many fears that also came with the Xanadu house.

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
* Joseph A. Harb, ''No place like home - beep - zzzt - "smart home" technology reviewed'' (Nation's Business article, February, 1986)
* Tom Halfhill. ''Using Computers in the Home'' (Compute Magazine Article, December 1982)
* Catherine O'Neil ''Computers Those Amazing Machines'' (Book, 1985), Page 90, 92. (Computing the Future) ISBN 0-87044-574-X
* Joseph J Corn, ''Yesterday's Tomorrows: Past Visions of the American Future'' (1984,1996), ISBN 0-8018-5399-0
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.commodore.ca/history/other/1982_Future.htm 1982 Compute Magazine Article] "Using Computers in the Home"
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Xanaduhome/ Xanadu home of the future yahoo group]
*[http://www.lostparks.com/xanadu.html Xanadu : Home of the future]
*[http://www.jtlytle.com/jtlytle/xanadu/ Xanadu - Demolished October 7–10, 2005 ] — 2005 photos of the demolished Xanadu
*[http://www.thisexit.com/movies/FLKISxanadu.mov 3 minute Xanadu video showing the Xanadu tour] (QuickTime movie)
*[http://dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/duh/ The Dilbert Ultimate House], a very similar project
*[http://www.jetsetmodern.com/architecture.htm JETSETMODERN's picture]

{{featured article}}

[[Category:1979 architecture]]
[[Category:American architecture]]
[[Category:Architectural theory]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Houses in Florida]]
[[Category:Houses in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Houses in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Domes]]

{{Link FA|he}}
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[[zh:仙納度屋]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2007-09-21T11:43:50Z

MacGyverMagic: changed reference formatting

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux and Company Brewery]]<ref name="warphead">[http://www.warphead.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1168 Beer flood] at Warphead.com</ref> on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book | last = Rennison | first = Nicholas | title = The Book of Lists: London | publisher = Canongate Books Ltd | date = [[2 November]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767 | isbn = 9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg">{{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Michael I. | title = Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Publishers | pages = 156 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY | isbn = 0763739898}}</ref>, a huge vat containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of beer ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the [[Tavistock Arms pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left 9 people dead: 8 due to drowning, one from alcohol poisoning.<ref name="warphead"/><ref name="bookoflists"/>

Because the wave hit a poor neighbourhood, survivors rushed to save as much of the drink as they could. It took weeks for the smell to subside. The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "Act of God" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==Notes==
*Sometimes the disaster is inaccurately said to have occurred in 1816.

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1919 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:History of London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2007-09-21T11:12:31Z

MacGyverMagic: moved User:MacGyverMagic/WIP/1814 London Beer Flood to London Beer Flood: Done drafting article, move to main namespace

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux and Company Brewery]]<ref name="warphead">[http://www.warphead.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1168 Beer flood] at Warphead.com</ref> on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book | last = Rennison | first = Nicholas | title = The Book of Lists: London | publisher = Canongate Books Ltd | date = [[2 November]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767 | isbn = 9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg">{{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Michael I. | title = Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Publishers | pages = 156 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY | isbn = 0763739898}}</ref>, a huge vat containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of beer ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the [[Tavistock Arms pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left 9 people dead: 8 due to drowning, one from alcohol poisoning.<ref name="warphead"/><ref name="bookoflists"/>

Because the wave hit a poor neighbourhood, survivors rushed to save as much of the drink as they could. It took weeks for the smell to subside. The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "Act of God" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==Notes==
*Sometimes the disaster is inaccurately said to have occurred in 1816.

==References==

*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])

<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1919 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:History of London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]

Londoner Bier-Überschwemmung

2007-09-21T11:12:09Z

MacGyverMagic: first draft

__NOTOC__
The '''London Beer Flood''' occurred on [[October 17]], [[1814]] in the [[London]] parish of [[St. Giles]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. At the [[Meux and Company Brewery]]<ref name="warphead">[http://www.warphead.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1168 Beer flood] at Warphead.com</ref> on [[Tottenham Court Road]]<ref name="bookoflists">{{cite book | last = Rennison | first = Nicholas | title = The Book of Lists: London | publisher = Canongate Books Ltd | date = [[2 November]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/Book-Lists-London-Nicholas-Rennison/dp/1841956767 | isbn = 9781841956763}}</ref><ref name="greenberg">{{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Michael I. | title = Disaster!: A Compendium of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Catastrophes | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Publishers | pages = 156 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EZAdQAuPyKAC&pg=PA156&dq=%22beer+flood%22&hl=nl&sig=Y6Ha_T9sgglenbul8-ZzlGoTUaY | isbn = 0763739898}}</ref>, a huge vat containing over 135,000 [[gallon]]s of beer ruptured, causing other vats in the same building to succumb in a [[domino effect]]. As a result, more than 323,000 gallons of beer burst out and gushed into the streets. The wave of beer destroyed two homes and crumbled the wall of the [[Tavistock Arms pub]], trapping the barmaid under the rubble.<ref name="expages">[http://web.archive.org/web/20060117063012/www.expage.com/page/beerflood London Beer Flood] at Expages.com (archived version)</ref>

The wave left 9 people dead: 8 due to drowning, one from alcohol poisoning.<ref name="warphead"/><ref name="bookoflists"/>

Because the wave hit a poor neighbourhood, survivors rushed to save as much of the drink as they could. It took weeks for the smell to subside. The brewery was eventually taken to court over the accident, but the disaster was ruled to be an "Act of God" by the judge and jury, leaving no one responsible.

==See also==
*[[Boston Molasses Disaster]]
*[[Great Fire of London]]

==Notes==
*Sometimes the disaster is inaccurately said to have occurred in 1816.

==References==

*[http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=50 "Beer Flood Claims Nine Souls"] by Alan Bellows, Damninteresting.com ([[September 28]], [[2005]])

<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/beer.asp "A Brew to a Kill"] by Barbara Mikkelson at Snopes.com

[[Category:1814 disasters]]
[[Category:1919 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of the City of London]]
[[Category:History of London]]
[[Category:Industrial disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in London]]

Tom Daley

2007-05-16T12:39:48Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Trivia */ fix typo.

{{Orphan|date=March 2007}}

{{Infobox Biography
| subject_name = Thomas Daley
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| date_of_birth = {{birth date and age|1994|05|21}}
| place_of_birth = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Plymouth]], [[England]]
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
| education =
| occupation = [[diving|diver]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Thomas Daley''' (born [[May 21]] [[1994]] in [[Plymouth]], [[England]]<ref name="Hero">{{cite news | date=[[2006]] | url=http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509 | title=Thomas Daley Biography | publisher=Olympics.org.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[diving|diver]]. The Plymouth Diving Club member represented his nation at the [[2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival|Youth Olympics]] in [[Australia]] in January [[2007 in sports|2007]]. Aged 12 at the time, he was given special [[dispensation]] by the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] to compete in the event, for which the minimum age is fifteen. Despite a persistent thumb injury, Daley, who started diving at the age of eight, managed to win a [[silver medal]] with [[Callum Johnstone]] in the 10-[[metre]] synchronised-diving final.

Daley is the British Under-18 champion in the highboard and [[springboard]], and he came second in the 10m platform at the 2006 senior British Championships.

He is due to take part in the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic Games]] in [[London]].

==Honours==
*British champion in all events (1m, 3m, platform) in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in the relevant age group.
*[[Gold medal]] at the Australian Junior Elite Diving Championships in 2005.
*Short-listed to the final ten for the [[BBC]] [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Young Personality|Young Sports Personality of the Year]] award in 2006.
*Named Youngster of the Year by [[BBC South West]] in 2005.<ref name="Youngster of Year">{{cite news | date=[[December 5]] [[2005]] | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/12/02/bbc_sports_personality_2005_feature.shtml | title=BBC honours South West sports stars | publisher=BBC.co.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==Trivia==
*His Olympian hero is [[Canada|Canadian]] diver [[Alexandre Despatie]], who won gold at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] at the age of 13.<ref name="Hero"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/07/13/diver_thomas_daley_feature.shtml Thomas tipped for the top] - BBC Sport
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6267933.stm#daley Stars for 2012] - BBC Sport

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daley, Thomas}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth]]
[[Category:British divers]]

Tom Daley

2007-05-16T12:20:26Z

MacGyverMagic: added ref link to birth date

{{Orphan|date=March 2007}}

{{Infobox Biography
| subject_name = Thomas Daley
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| date_of_birth = {{birth date and age|1994|05|21}}
| place_of_birth = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Plymouth]], [[England]]
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
| education =
| occupation = [[diving|diver]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Thomas Daley''' (born [[May 21]] [[1994]] in [[Plymouth]], [[England]]<ref name="Hero">{{cite news | date=[[2006]] | url=http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509 | title=Thomas Daley Biography | publisher=Olympics.org.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[diving|diver]]. The Plymouth Diving Club member represented his nation at the [[2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival|Youth Olympics]] in [[Australia]] in January [[2007 in sports|2007]]. Aged 12 at the time, he was given special [[dispensation]] by the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] to compete in the event, for which the minimum age is fifteen. Despite a persistent thumb injury, Daley, who started diving at the age of eight, managed to win a [[silver medal]] with [[Callum Johnstone]] in the 10-[[metre]] synchronised-diving final.

Daley is the British Under-18 champion in the highboard and [[springboard]], and he came second in the 10m platform at the 2006 senior British Championships.

He is due to take part in the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic Games]] in [[London]].

==Honours==
*British champion in all events (1m, 3m, platform) in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in the relevant age group.
*[[Gold medal]] at the Australian Junior Elite Diving Championships in 2005.
*Short-listed to the final ten for the [[BBC]] [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Young Personality|Young Sports Personality of the Year]] award in 2006.
*Named Youngster of the Year by [[BBC South West]] in 2005.<ref name="Youngster of Year">{{cite news | date=[[December 5]] [[2005]] | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/12/02/bbc_sports_personality_2005_feature.shtml | title=BBC honours South West sports stars | publisher=BBC.co.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==Trivia==
*His Olympian hero is [[Canada|Canadian]] diver [[Alexander Despatie]], who won gold at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] at the age of 13.<ref name="Hero"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/07/13/diver_thomas_daley_feature.shtml Thomas tipped for the top] - BBC Sport
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6267933.stm#daley Stars for 2012] - BBC Sport

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daley, Thomas}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth]]
[[Category:British divers]]

(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)

2007-05-10T16:57:40Z

MacGyverMagic: Disambiguation link repair - (You can help!)

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = (You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Beastie Boys]]
| from Album = [[Licensed To Ill]]
| B-side =
| Released = [[1987]]
| Format =
| Recorded = [[Spring (season)|Spring]] [[1986]]
| Genre = [[Hip-hop]]
| Length = 3:29
| Label = [[Def Jam]]/[[Columbia Records]]
| Writer =
| Producer = Rick Rubin
| Certification =
| Chart position =
| Last single = "[[Brass Monkey]]" (1987)
| This single = "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)" (1987)
| Next single = "[[No Sleep Till Brooklyn]]" (1987)
| Misc =
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = Audio sample
| Audio file = Fight for Your Right by the Beastie Boys.ogg
}}
}}
'''"(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party!)"''' was the first single released from the [[Beastie Boys]]' breakthrough album, ''[[Licensed to Ill]]'' ([[1986 in music|1986]]). It is one of their best-known songs. It reached #7 on the [[Billboard 100]], and was later named one of [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]. The Beastie Boys also included the track on their hits album, ''[[The Sounds of Science]]'', in [[1999 in music|1999]].

Ironically, the song was intended as a parody of party and attitude songs, such as "[[Smokin' In The Boys' Room]]" and "[[I Wanna Rock]]." But the irony was lost on most listeners. [[Mike D]] commented that, "The only thing that upsets me is that we might have reinforced certain values of some people in our audience when our own values were actually totally different. There were tons of guys singing along to 'Fight for Your Right' who were oblivious to the fact it was a total goof on them."<ref>http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=650</ref>

Despite probably being the group's most famous song, the Beastie Boys have expressed distaste for it. In, ''[[The Sounds of Science]]'' [[liner notes]], [[Adam Yauch| MCA]] jokingly says the song "sucks," though they didn't feel the album would be complete without it. The group hasn't performed the song live since 1987.

==Pop culture references==
*N.Y.C.C. covered this song in 1998.
*[[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine]] covered this in a [[lounge music]] style on his [[2000]] album ''[[Lounge Against the Machine]]'' and his [[2006]] album ''[[The Sunny Side of the Moon: The Best of Richard Cheese]]''.
*The song was performed by former [[Mötley Crüe]] drummer [[Tommy Lee]] in his reality TV show, ''[[Tommy Lee Goes to College]]''.
*The closing track of [[Public Enemy]]'s album ''[[It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back]]'' is titled "Party For Your Right To Fight" in reference to this song; [[Atmosphere (music group)|Atmosphere]] later included a track whose titled played on both songs, "Party for the Fight to Write", on their ''[[Lucy Ford: The Atmosphere EPs|Lucy Ford]]'' album.
*This song was the first song played on [[WCBS-FM]] after its switch to the Jack format.
*Sammy Hagar now plays this song as a medley to close his shows—singing the first verse of "Summertime Blues", by Eddie Cochran, and then inviting a guest on stage the sing the rest of the song.
*[[Pennywise]] has covered the song live in concert.
*Heavy metal bands [[FireHouse]], [[Trixter]], and [[Warrant (American band)|Warrant]] covered this song at a [[1991]] [[Louisiana]] [[concert]]. Warrant frontman [[Jani Lane]] also replaced the line "Mom you're just jealous,it's the Beas-tie-Boys!" with "It's just Firehouse, Trixter, and the dirty [[Down Boys(song)|Down Boys]]!"
*The album's producer, and band's DJ, [[Rick Rubin]] appears in the video wearing the T-shirt of [[thrash metal]] band [[Slayer]] t-shirt who were another band on his label. Rubin can also be seen wearing [[AC/DC]] and Beastie Boys shirts. A very young [[LL Cool J]] appears in the video.
*The song is featured in an episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''.
*[[Green Day]] performed a [[medley]] of the choruses of "Fight for Your Right" and "[[We're Not Gonna Take It]]" during a jam at the end of their [[Woodstock 94]] performance.
*Stand Up Comedian [[Roy Chubby Brown]] used this as his intro music on his Standing Room Only Tour and DVD.
*German [[thrash metal]] band [[Holy Moses]] has covered the song.

==Links==
*{{youtube|_DvSojoFQ_0|Music video (uncut version)}}

==References==
<references/>

{{1980s-rock-song-stub}}

{{Beastie Boys}}

[[Category:1987 singles|(You Gotta) Fight For Your Right (to Party!)]]
[[Category:Beastie Boys songs|(You Gotta) Fight For Your Right (to Party!)]]
[[Category:Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine songs|Fight for Your Right]]

[[scn:(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (to Party)]]

Tom Daley

2007-04-24T09:36:14Z

MacGyverMagic: replaced date in infobox with {{tl|birth date and age}}.

{{Orphan|March 2007}}

{{Infobox Biography
| subject_name = Thomas Daley
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| date_of_birth = {{birth date and age|1994|05|21}}
| place_of_birth = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Plymouth]], [[England]]
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
| education =
| occupation = [[diving|diver]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Thomas Daley''' (born [[May 21]] [[1994]] in [[Plymouth]], [[England]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[diving|diver]]. The Plymouth Diving Club member represented his nation at the [[2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival|Youth Olympics]] in [[Australia]] in January [[2007 in sports|2007]]. Aged 12 at the time, he was given special [[dispensation]] by the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] to compete in the event, for which the minimum age is fifteen. Despite a persistent thumb injury, Daley, who started diving at the age of eight, managed to win a [[silver medal]] with [[Callum Johnstone]] in the 10-[[metre]] synchronised-diving final.

Daley is the British Under-18 champion in the highboard and [[springboard]], and he came second in the 10m platform at the 2006 senior British Championships.

He is due to take part in the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic Games]] in [[London]].

==Honours==
*British champion in all events (1m, 3m, platform) in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in the relevant age group.
*[[Gold medal]] at the Australian Junior Elite Diving Championships in 2005.
*Short-listed to the final ten for the [[BBC]] [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Young Personality|Young Sports Personality of the Year]] award in 2006.
*Named Youngster of the Year by [[BBC South West]] in 2005.<ref name="Youngster of Year">{{cite news | date=[[December 5]] [[2005]] | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/12/02/bbc_sports_personality_2005_feature.shtml | title=BBC honours South West sports stars | publisher=BBC.co.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==Trivia==
*His Olympian hero is [[Canada|Canadian]] diver [[Alexander Despatie]], who won gold at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] at the age of 13.<ref name="Hero">{{cite news | date=[[2006]] | url=http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509 | title=Thomas Daley Biography | publisher=Olympics.org.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/07/13/diver_thomas_daley_feature.shtml Thomas tipped for the top] - BBC Sport
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6267933.stm#daley Stars for 2012] - BBC Sport

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daley, Thomas}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth]]
[[Category:British divers]]

Tom Daley

2007-04-20T09:32:17Z

MacGyverMagic: added infobox with basic details

{{Orphan|March 2007}}

{{Infobox Biography
| subject_name = Thomas Daley
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| date_of_birth = [[May 21]] [[1994]]
| place_of_birth = [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Plymouth]], [[England]]
| date_of_death =
| place_of_death =
| education =
| occupation = [[diving|diver]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Thomas Daley''' (born [[May 21]] [[1994]] in [[Plymouth]], [[England]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[diving|diver]]. The Plymouth Diving Club member represented his nation at the [[2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival|Youth Olympics]] in [[Australia]] in January [[2007 in sports|2007]]. Aged 12 at the time, he was given special [[dispensation]] by the [[Australian Olympic Committee]] to compete in the event, for which the minimum age is fifteen. Despite a persistent thumb injury, Daley, who started diving at the age of eight, managed to win a [[silver medal]] with [[Callum Johnstone]] in the 10-[[metre]] synchronised-diving final.

Daley is the British Under-18 champion in the highboard and [[springboard]], and he came second in the 10m platform at the 2006 senior British Championships.

He is due to take part in the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic Games]] in [[London]].

==Honours==
*British champion in all events (1m, 3m, platform) in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in the relevant age group.
*[[Gold medal]] at the Australian Junior Elite Diving Championships in 2005.
*Short-listed to the final ten for the [[BBC]] [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Young Personality|Young Sports Personality of the Year]] award in 2006.
*Named Youngster of the Year by [[BBC South West]] in 2005.<ref name="Youngster of Year">{{cite news | date=[[December 5]] [[2005]] | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/12/02/bbc_sports_personality_2005_feature.shtml | title=BBC honours South West sports stars | publisher=BBC.co.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==Trivia==
*His Olympian hero is [[Canada|Canadian]] diver [[Alexander Despatie]], who won gold at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] at the age of 13.<ref name="Hero">{{cite news | date=[[2006]] | url=http://www.olympics.org.uk/AYOF07/athlete.aspx?sp=DV%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&at=6509 | title=Thomas Daley Biography | publisher=Olympics.org.uk | accessdate=2007-02-12 | author= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/07/13/diver_thomas_daley_feature.shtml Thomas tipped for the top] - BBC Sport
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6267933.stm#daley Stars for 2012] - BBC Sport

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daley, Thomas}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth]]
[[Category:British divers]]

Augustine Washington

2007-04-15T14:47:03Z

MacGyverMagic:

{{Mergefrom|Augustine Washington, Jr.|date=December 2006}}
'''Augustine Washington''' (circa [[1694]] - [[April 23]], [[1743]]) was the father of [[George Washington]]. Augustine was born at Bridges Creek in [[Westmoreland County, Virginia|Westmoreland County]], [[Virginia]], the son of [[Lawrence Washington (1659-1698)|Lawrence]] and [[Mildred Gale|Mildred Washington (née Warner)]]. Augustine died in the city of [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]] when young George Washington was only 11.[http://www.kenmore.org/foundation/gene_washington.html] He was a male line descendant from the Scottish 2nd Earls of Dunbar, who in turn were male line descendants of the House of Macduff, second Royal House of Scotland. He also descended eight times from King [[Jean de Brienne]] of Jerusalem, once from King [[Louis VIII of France]], once from King [[Henry III of England]], three times from King [[Edward I of England]] and three times from King [[Edward III of England]] [http://www.whosyomama.com/gabroaddrick3/4/25978.htm].

===Children (by Jane Butler)===
*Butler - (born 1716)
*[[Lawrence Washington (1718-1752)|Lawrence]] - (1718-1752)
*[[Augustine Washington, Jr.|Augustine, Jr.]] - (1720-1762)
*Jane - (1722-1735)

===Children (by [[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Ball]])===
*[[George Washington|George]] - (1732-1799)
*[[Betty Washington Lewis|Betty]] - (1733-1797)
*[[Samuel Washington|Samuel]] - (1734-1781)
*[[John Augustine Washington|John Augustine]] - (1736-1787)
*[[Charles Washington|Charles]] - (1738-1799)
*Mildred - (1739-1740)

==External link==

* [http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2005/032005/03262005/1710627/printer_friendly Paula S. Felder's article on Augustine]

[[Category:American colonial people|Washington, Augustine]]
[[Category:1743 deaths|Washington, Augustine]]
[[Category:Washington family|Washington, Augustine]]
[[Category:George Washington|Washington, Augustine]]
[[Category:1694 births|Washington, Augustine]]
[[Category:Virginia colonial people|Washington, A]]

[[sv:Augustine Washington]]

{{US-poli-bio-stub}}

Estella Warren

2007-03-04T12:59:38Z

MacGyverMagic: re-categorisation per CFD using AWB

{{Infobox Model
| name = Estella Warren
| image = Estella.jpg
| birthname = Estella Warren
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1978|12|23}}
| location = [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]], [[Ontario]]
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| haircolor =
| eyecolor =
| measurements = 34-24-34
| weight =
| dress size =
| shoesize =
| agency =
| homepage =
| spouse =
}}

'''Estella Warren''' (born [[December 23]], [[1978]] in [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]], [[Ontario]]) is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[actor|actress]], former [[model (person)|fashion model]], and a former [[synchronized swimming|synchronized swimmer]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Warren's father was a used car salesman, and her mother an elementary school principal. As a synchronized swimmer, she represented Canada at the World Aquatic Championships. She moved to [[Toronto]] at the age of twelve to train with the national synchronized swimming team, and after becoming the senior national champion at seventeen, Warren had the chance to move on to the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. She is a three-time Canadian national champion, and the solo [[bronze medal|bronze medallist]] at the 1995 Junior World Championships.

In her free time, she enjoys [[equestrianism|horse riding]], playing the [[piano]], [[singing]], and [[swimming]].

===Fashion Modelling===
During a [[high school]] [[fashion]] show, a [[talent agent]] was present who spotted her, took a [[Polaroid]] picture of her and sent it to a [[New York City]] agency, which triggered the start of her modelling career.

Warren stands 5'9" tall (1.75 [[metre]]s), with measurements of 34-24-34 (bust-waist-hips). She has appeared in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', ''[[Snoecks 2000]]'', ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', two [[Television advertisement|television commercial]]s for [[Chanel No. 5]] perfume and was named ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' Magazine's Hottest Woman in 2000.

In 2000 Warren was the host of ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit 2000]]''. [[Damon Wayans]] was the co-host

===Acting===
Warren has been in numerous movies, including 2001's ''[[Driven]]'' (with [[Sylvester Stallone]]) and ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'', 2003's lambasted ''[[Kangaroo Jack]]'' and the critically acclaimed ''[[The Cooler]]'' in the same year.

Her acting abilities have been showcased on the small screen, too. She appeared in ''[[That '70s Show]]'' in 2003; in ''[[Law & Order]]'', and in its [[spin-off]] ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit|Special Victims Unit]]'', both in 2005. She also appeared in ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]'', in an episode entitled, "On the Wings of a Dove", where she portrayed Alexis ("Lexi") Fogerty, which aired on [[November 11]], [[2005]]. 

In 2006, Warren was featured in the video for [[INXS]]' song ''[[Afterglow (song)|Afterglow]]''.

===Trivia===

* Was #1 on [[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'s Hot 100 Babe List. [2000]
* Dated actor [[Kip Pardue]]. [2001]
* English Canadian.
* Is the youngest of 3 children (older sisters Elaine and Julia, who was also a synchronized swimmer)
* Is a world class synchronized swimmer.
* Attended [[Silverthorn Collegiate Institute]] in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada.
* Trained in [[synchronized swimming]] at the Etobicoke Olympium in [[Etobicoke]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] by coach Sheilagh Croxon, synchro coach of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] Canadian bronze medalists.
* Ranked as #61 in [[FHM]]'s "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2005" special supplement. (2005)
* Named #52 in FHM magazine's "100 Sexiest Women in the World 2006" supplement. (2006).
* Was the November 2007 entry in Stuff magazine's 2006-2007 pin up calendar.

==Quotes==
*"Coming from a barely clothed childhood as a swimmer makes me really comfortable with my body."
*"I really wanted to go to the Olympics, but everyone wanted me to model for them, so I said what the hell, why not!"
*"If I can't use my beauty now, I'm never going to be able to. This is the way I'm going to get myself to a position where it isn't a factor."

==External link==
*{{imdb name|id=0005535|name=Estella Warren}}
*{{tvtome person|id=150380|name=Estella Warren}}

[[Category:1978 births|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Canadian film actors|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Canadian swimmers|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Law & Order cast members|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit cast|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Living people|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Ontario actors|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Ontario models|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Ontario sportspeople|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:People from Peterborough, Ontario|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Worst Supporting Actress Razzie|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Sports Illustrated swimsuit models|Warren, Estella]]
[[Category:Synchronized swimmers|Warren, Estella]]

[[ca:Estella Warren]]
[[de:Estella Warren]]
[[fr:Estella Warren]]
[[nl:Estella Warren]]
[[ja:エステラ・ウォーレン]]
[[pl:Estella Warren]]

Craig Fairbrass

2007-01-18T11:06:50Z

MacGyverMagic:

{{Infobox actor
| name = Craig Fairbrass
| image = Craig Fairbrass.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Fairbrass as [[Dan Sullivan]] in [[EastEnders]].
| birthdate = [[1964]]
| location = [[Stepney, London]], [[England]]
| height =
| deathdate =
| birthname =
| othername =
| homepage = [http://www.craigfairbrass.info/ CraigFairbrass.info]
| notable role = [[Dan Sullivan]] in ''[[EastEnders]]''.
}}
'''Craig Fairbrass''' (born [[Stepney, London]] [[1964]]) is an [[England|English]] [[actor]].

He made his acting debut in an episode of the television series ''[[Shelley (TV series)|Shelley]]'' in [[1980]]. This was followed by appearances in ''[[Emmerdale]]'', ''[[Three Up Two Down]]'' and ''[[London's Burning]]''.

He has appeared in such [[Hollywood]] films as ''[[For Queen and Country]] with [[Denzel Washington]] and also starred in ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'' with [[Sylvester Stallone]].

He became most famous for his appearance and portrayal of [[Dan Sullivan]] in the [[BBC]] [[soap]], ''[[EastEnders]]'' from [[1999]] to [[2001]].

In January 2007, Fairbrass starred in [[White Noise: The Light]] as Henry Caine. The film is a sequel to the [[Michael Keaton]] film [[White Noise (film)|White Noise]].

He has a distinctive [[Cockney]] accent.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| [[2007 in film|2007]]
| ''[[White Noise: The Light]]''
| Henry Caine
| Post-production
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[2005 in film|2005]]
| ''[[Dream Team (TV series)|Dream Team]]'' (TV)
| Terry Rose (2005-)
|
|-
| ''[[Hard Sell Short]]''
| Danny Bleak
|
|-
| ''[[The Long Weekend]]''
| Frank Silver
|
|-
| [[2002 in film|2002]]
| ''[[The Great Dome Robbery]]''
| Ray Betson
|
|-
| [[2001 in film|2001]]
| ''[[Weak at Denise]]''
| Roy
|
|-
| [[1999 in film|1999]]
| ''[[EastEnders]]'' (TV)
| [[Dan Sullivan]] (1999-2001)
|
|-
| [[1998 in film|1998]]
| ''[[Killing Time]]''
| Det. Robert Bryant
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1996 in film|1996]]
| ''[[Darklands (film)|Darklands]]''
| Frazer Truick
|
|-
| ''[[Proteus]]''
| Alex, DEA Agent
|
|-
| [[1995 in film|1995]]
| ''[[Galaxis]]''
| Lord Tarkin
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1993 in film|1993]]
| ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]''
| Delmar
|
|-
| ''[[Beyond Bedlam]]''
| Terry Hamilton
|
|-
| [[1992 in film|1992]]
| ''[[Prime Suspect 2]]''
| DI Frank Burkin
|
|-
| [[1991 in film|1991]]
| ''[[Prime Suspect]]''
| DI Frank Burkin
|
|-
| [[1990 in film|1990]]
| ''[[The Final Frame]]'' (TV)
| Franklin
|
|-
| [[1989 in film|1989]]
| ''[[Tank Malling]]''
| Jackie
|
|-
| [[1988 in film|1988]]
| ''[[London's Burning]]''
| Gary 'Technique' Pagnall (1990-1991)
|
|-
| [[1989 in film|1989]]
| ''[[For Queen and Country]]''
| Challoner
|
|-
| [[1987 in film|1987]]
| ''[[Three Up Two Down]]''
| Man On Beach
|
|-
| [[1986 in film|1986]]
| ''[[Emmerdale]]'' (TV)
| Gypsy (1986)
|
|-
| [[1980 in film|1980]]
| ''[[Shelley (TV series)|Shelley]]''
| Darth
|
|-}

==External links==
*[http://www.craigfairbrass.info/ CraigFairbrass.info]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0265492/ Craig Fairbrass] on the [[IMDb]]

[[Category:English actors|Fairbrass, Craig]]
[[Category:People from Stepney|Fairbrass, C]]
[[Category:1964 births|Fairbrass, C]]
[[Category:EastEnders actors|Fairbrass]]
{{England-actor-stub}}

Craig Fairbrass

2007-01-18T11:06:18Z

MacGyverMagic: Undo additional of unverifiable B-day date; revision 99440032 by Setchcr (talk)

{{Infobox actor
| name = Craig Fairbrass
| image = Craig Fairbrass.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Fairbrass as [[Dan Sullivan]] in [[EastEnders]].
| birthdate = [[1964]]
| location = [[Stepney, London]], [[England]]
| height =
| deathdate =
| birthname =
| othername =
| homepage = [http://www.craigfairbrass.info/ CraigFairbrass.info]
| notable role = [[Dan Sullivan]] in ''[[EastEnders]]''.
}}
'''Craig Fairbrass''' (born [[Stepney, London]] [[1964]]) is a well-built [[England|English]] [[actor]].

He made his acting debut in an episode of the television series ''[[Shelley (TV series)|Shelley]]'' in [[1980]]. This was followed by appearances in ''[[Emmerdale]]'', ''[[Three Up Two Down]]'' and ''[[London's Burning]]''.

He has appeared in such [[Hollywood]] films as ''[[For Queen and Country]] with [[Denzel Washington]] and also starred in ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]'' with [[Sylvester Stallone]].

He became most famous for his appearance and portrayal of [[Dan Sullivan]] in the [[BBC]] [[soap]], ''[[EastEnders]]'' from [[1999]] to [[2001]].

In January 2007, Fairbrass starred in [[White Noise: The Light]] as Henry Caine. The film is a sequel to the [[Michael Keaton]] film [[White Noise (film)|White Noise]].

He has a distinctive [[Cockney]] accent.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| [[2007 in film|2007]]
| ''[[White Noise: The Light]]''
| Henry Caine
| Post-production
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[2005 in film|2005]]
| ''[[Dream Team (TV series)|Dream Team]]'' (TV)
| Terry Rose (2005-)
|
|-
| ''[[Hard Sell Short]]''
| Danny Bleak
|
|-
| ''[[The Long Weekend]]''
| Frank Silver
|
|-
| [[2002 in film|2002]]
| ''[[The Great Dome Robbery]]''
| Ray Betson
|
|-
| [[2001 in film|2001]]
| ''[[Weak at Denise]]''
| Roy
|
|-
| [[1999 in film|1999]]
| ''[[EastEnders]]'' (TV)
| [[Dan Sullivan]] (1999-2001)
|
|-
| [[1998 in film|1998]]
| ''[[Killing Time]]''
| Det. Robert Bryant
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1996 in film|1996]]
| ''[[Darklands (film)|Darklands]]''
| Frazer Truick
|
|-
| ''[[Proteus]]''
| Alex, DEA Agent
|
|-
| [[1995 in film|1995]]
| ''[[Galaxis]]''
| Lord Tarkin
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1993 in film|1993]]
| ''[[Cliffhanger (film)|Cliffhanger]]''
| Delmar
|
|-
| ''[[Beyond Bedlam]]''
| Terry Hamilton
|
|-
| [[1992 in film|1992]]
| ''[[Prime Suspect 2]]''
| DI Frank Burkin
|
|-
| [[1991 in film|1991]]
| ''[[Prime Suspect]]''
| DI Frank Burkin
|
|-
| [[1990 in film|1990]]
| ''[[The Final Frame]]'' (TV)
| Franklin
|
|-
| [[1989 in film|1989]]
| ''[[Tank Malling]]''
| Jackie
|
|-
| [[1988 in film|1988]]
| ''[[London's Burning]]''
| Gary 'Technique' Pagnall (1990-1991)
|
|-
| [[1989 in film|1989]]
| ''[[For Queen and Country]]''
| Challoner
|
|-
| [[1987 in film|1987]]
| ''[[Three Up Two Down]]''
| Man On Beach
|
|-
| [[1986 in film|1986]]
| ''[[Emmerdale]]'' (TV)
| Gypsy (1986)
|
|-
| [[1980 in film|1980]]
| ''[[Shelley (TV series)|Shelley]]''
| Darth
|
|-}

==External links==
*[http://www.craigfairbrass.info/ CraigFairbrass.info]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0265492/ Craig Fairbrass] on the [[IMDb]]

[[Category:English actors|Fairbrass, Craig]]
[[Category:People from Stepney|Fairbrass, C]]
[[Category:1964 births|Fairbrass, C]]
[[Category:EastEnders actors|Fairbrass]]
{{England-actor-stub}}

Badger Mountain Centennial Preserve

2007-01-04T10:50:29Z

MacGyverMagic: Reverted edits by Qwerty418752 (talk) to last version by SmackBot

{{Orphan|August 2006}}

[[Image:RichlandWaBadgerTrail-C.jpg|thumb|right|320px| The view from Badger Mountain Centennial Preserve shows Red Mountain in the foreground and Rattlesnake Mountain beyond it. Taken in January, this photo does not show the spectacular spring flower display.]]
The '''Badger Mountain Centennial Preserve''', located on the edge of [[Richland, Washington|Richland]] in [[Washington]], provides a spectacular view of the Tri-Cities as well as the Columbia and Yakima rivers. A non-profit group, Friends of Badger Mountain, worked to procure this [[shrub-steppe]] area that has most native vegetation intact and then built a trail to the summit so others can enjoy it. The 2-kilometer trail rises 300 meters above the trail head in Richland.

[[Category:Nature reserves]]

{{Washington-geo-stub}}

BBC Cymru Wales

2006-12-22T10:25:44Z

MacGyverMagic: fix link

[[Image:BBC Wales.png|right]]
'''BBC Wales''' ({{lang-cy|'''BBC Cymru'''}}) is a division of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] for [[Wales]]. Based at [[Broadcasting House (Cardiff)|Broadcasting House]] in the Llandaff area of [[Cardiff]] (not to be confused with [[Broadcasting House]] in [[London]] which is the headquarters of [[BBC Radio]]), it directly employs around 1100 people, and produces a range of television, radio and online services. BBC Wales television services debuted on [[1 February]] [[1964]] to much fanfare (short television commercials proclaimed: "Wales gets its very own TV service in 1964!") [http://www.tv-ark.org.uk/bbcwales/bbcwales.html]. Prior to 1964, the BBC had no dedicated television production centre in Wales, although it did broadcast from the area.

==Overview==
BBC Wales produces [[television]] programming in [[English language|English]] and [[Welsh language|Welsh]] both for the regional opt-out sections of the [[BBC One]] and [[BBC Two|Two]] network feeds, and for the dedicated Welsh-language channel [[S4C]]. Perhaps its best-known Welsh-language programme is the soap opera ''[[Pobol y Cwm]]'', which has run since [[1974]]. BBC Wales also operates two radio stations: [[BBC Radio Wales]] in English and [[BBC Radio Cymru]], which broadcasts in Welsh and is aimed at a younger audience. The local television news programme ''Wales Today'' has been produced in Cardiff since [[1963]]. BBC Wales also produces the Welsh language news programme (''Newyddion'') for [[S4C]], which combines international and UK news with regional news from Wales.

Another popular locally-screened programme is the drama series ''[[Belonging]]'', which as of [[2005]] has run for six seasons since [[1999]]. An English language programme, ''Belonging'' is produced in-house by the BBC Wales drama department and screened on [[BBC One]] during a regional opt-out slot from the main national network feed. As with other such opt-outs, however, it is available to viewers elsewhere in the UK via the digital satellite platform.

As well as providing these dedicated services for Wales, BBC Wales also provides programming for the BBC's UK networks. In recent years, its drama output has been particularly successful, including the 2005 revival of the classic [[Science fiction on television|science-fiction]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]'', and its spin-off ''[[Torchwood]]'' (2006). The [[BBC National Orchestra of Wales]] is currently based at Broadcasting House in Cardiff, though there are plans to move it to the [[Wales Millennium Centre]], and performs regularly throughout Wales and internationally.
[[Image: BBCCymru_1988.JPG|thumb|300px|1988 ''BBC Cymru'' Ident]]

==Programming==
===Produced in-house by BBC Wales===

;For Wales:
*''[[BBC Wales Today|Wales Today]]'' (1963–present)
*''[[Week In, Week Out]]'' (1964–present)
*''[[Pobol y Cwm]]'' (1974–present)
*''[[Belonging]]'' (1999–present)

 

;For the UK:
*''[[The District Nurse]]'' (1984–1987)
*''[[Anthony Trollope#Trollope on television|He Knew He Was Right]]'' (2004)
*''[[Doctor Who]]'' (2005–present)
*''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' (2005–present)
*''[[The Chatterley Affair]]'' (2006)
*''[[Torchwood]]'' (2006)

===Commissioned from independent producers by BBC Wales===

;For the UK:
*''[[Shakespeare: The Animated Tales]]'' (1992, 1994)
*''[[Casanova (2005 television)|Casanova]]'' (2005)
*''[[The Girl in the Café]]'' (2005)
*''[[Life on Mars (television)|Life on Mars]]'' (2006–present)
*''[[Wide Sargasso Sea (TV)|Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (2006)
*''[[This Life|This Life - Ten Years On]]'' (2006)

==References==
{{unreferenced|date=November 2006}}

==External link==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales BBC Wales] at [[bbc.co.uk]]

{{BBC Television}}

[[Category:BBC regions|Wales]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Wales]]
[[Category:Welsh television]]

[[no:BBC Wales]]

Fay Weldon

2006-09-21T09:47:52Z

MacGyverMagic: rv nonsense

[[Image:Weldon.JPG|thumb|250px|Fay Weldon]]
'''Fay Weldon''' (born [[September 22]], [[1931]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[novelist]], [[short story]] writer, [[playwright]] and [[essayist]] whose work has been associated with [[feminism]]. In her fiction, Weldon typically portrays contemporary women who find themselves trapped in oppressive situations caused by the [[patriarchy|patriarchal]] structure of Western, in particular British, society.

Weldon was born '''Franklin Birkinshaw''' in [[Alvechurch]], [[Worcestershire]], [[England]] to a literary family, with both her maternal grandfather, [[Edgar Jepson]] ([[1863]]-[[1938]]), and her own mother Margaret writing novels (the latter under the nom de plume [[Pearl Bellairs]], after a character from [[Aldous Huxley|Huxley]]'s 1922 novel ''[[Crome Yellow]]''). Weldon spent the first years of her life in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], where her father worked as a doctor, but at the age of 14, after her parents' divorce, moved to England with her mother and her sister Jane, never to see her father again.

She went to [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]], [[Scotland]] to study [[psychology]] and [[economics]] but moved to [[London]] after giving birth to an illegitimate child. Soon afterwards she married her first husband, Ronald Bateman, a teacher 20 years her senior and not the natural father of her son, and started to live in [[Acton, London]]. The couple got a divorce after only two years. To support herself and her son, who was now going to school, Weldon started working in the advertising industry. As Head of [[Copywriting]] at one point she was responsible for publicising the phrase ''"[[Go to work on an egg]]"''.

At 29 she met Ronald Weldon, an antiques dealer. They married and, starting in 1963, produced three more sons. It was during her second pregnancy that Weldon began writing for [[radio]] and [[television]]. A few years later, in 1967, she published her first novel, '''The Fat Woman's Joke'''. For the next 30 years she built a very successful career, publishing over 20 novels, collections of short stories, television movies, newspaper and magazine articles and becoming a well-known face and voice on the [[BBC]]. In [[1971]] Fay Weldon wrote the first episode of the landmark television series [[Upstairs, Downstairs]], she won a Writers' Guild award for Best British TV Series Script for this episode.

In 1994, Ronald and Fay Weldon divorced. She subsequently married Nick Fox, a poet, with whom she currently lives in [[Hampstead, London]].

==Novels==

*''[[The Fat Woman's Joke]]'' ([[1967 in literature|1967]])
*''[[Down Among the Women]]'' ([[1971 in literature|1971]])
*''[[Female Friends]]'' ([[1975 in literature|1975]])
*''[[Remember Me (Fay Weldon)|Remember Me]]'' ([[1976 in literature|1976]])
*''[[Little Sisters (Fay Weldon)|Little Sisters]]'' ([[1977 in literature|1977]])
*''[[Praxis (novel)|Praxis]]'' ([[1978 in literature|1978]])
*''[[Puffball (novel)|Puffball]]'' ([[1980 in literature|1980]])
*''[[The President's Child]]'' ([[1982 in literature|1982]])
*''[[The Life and Loves of a She-Devil]]'' ([[1983 in literature|1983]])
*''[[The Shrapnel Academy]]'' ([[1986 in literature|1986]])
*''[[The Heart of the Country]]'' ([[1987 in literature|1987]])
*''[[The Hearts and Lives of Men]]'' ([[1987 in literature|1987]])
*''[[Leader of the Band]]'' ([[1988 in literature|1988]])
*''[[The Cloning of Joanna May]]'' ([[1989 in literature|1989]])
*''[[Darcy's Utopia]]'' ([[1990 in literature|1990]])
*''[[Affliction (1994 novel)|Affliction]]'' ([[1994 in literature|1994]])
*''[[Growing Rich]]'' ([[1992 in literature|1992]])
*''[[Life Force (Fay Weldon)|Life Force]]'' ([[1992 in literature|1992]])
*''[[Splitting]]'' ([[1995 in literature|1995]])
*''[[Worst Fears]]'' ([[1996 in literature|1996]])
*''[[Big Women]]'' ([[1997 in literature|1997]])
*''[[Rhode Island Blues]]'' ([[2000 in literature|2000]])
*''[[The Bulgari Connection]]'' ([[2001 in literature|2001]])
*''[[Mantrapped]]'' ([[2004 in literature|2004]])
*''[[She May Not Leave]]''([[2006 in literature|2006]])

Weldon published an [[autobiography]] of her early years, ''[[Auto de Fay]]'', in [[2002 in literature|2002]] (an [[allusion]] to ''[[auto de fe]]'').

==External links==
* [http://www.redmood.com/weldon/ http://www.redmood.com/weldon/] created by [[Jan Hanford]]
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/fayweldon/ 1988 audio interview with Fay Weldon by Don Swaim of CBS Radio, RealAudio]

[[Category:1931 births|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:Living people|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:English novelists|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:Feminist writers|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:Copywriters|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:Women writers|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:University of St Andrews alumni|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:English Anglicans|Weldon, Fay]]
[[Category:Natives of Worcestershire|Weldon, Fay]]

[[nl:Fay Weldon]]
[[fi:Fay Weldon]]

Nissan Caravan

2006-08-25T08:53:36Z

MacGyverMagic: Reverted edits by Fairmont (talk) to last version by 138.162.128.43

[[Image:Patrol car2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|E24 Caravan]]
The '''Nissan Caravan''' is a van designed by [[Nissan]] for use as a fleet vehicle or cargo van. The model is only sold in the [[Japan]]ese domestic market. Several configurations of this van are available, including the GX (flat roof) and DX (taller roof) models, and
several models with multiple-engine configurations including the [[KA24DE]], the [[Nissan KA engine#KA20DE|KA20DE]], and a 3 liter diesel.

From 1986 until 1987, a KD-ARE24 chassis was used. The 1988 to 1997 models used the E24 chassis, and models from 1998 onward use the TA-QGE25 chassis.

==Specifications==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Specification
!GX model
!DX model
|-
!Dimensions (L × W × H)
|4990 × 1690 × 2285 mm (GX)
|4990 × 1990 × 2285 mm (DX)
|-
!Wheelbase
|colspan="2"|2715 mm
|-
!Front tread
|colspan="2"|1470 mm
|-
!Rear tread
|colspan="2"|1450 mm
|-
!Ground clearance
|colspan="2"|170 mm
|-
!Interior (L × W × H)
|colspan="2"|1975 × 1550 × 1180 mm
|-
!Seating capacity
|colspan="2"|10
|-
!Curb weight
|1940 kg
|1860 kg
|-
!Minimum turning radius
|colspan="2"|5.4 m
|-
!Steering
|colspan="2"|[[Rack and pinion]]
|-
!Front suspension
|colspan="2"|Double wishbone coil
|-
!Rear suspension
|colspan="2"|Rigid leaf
|-
!Front braking system
|colspan="2"|Ventilated discs
|-
!Rear braking system
|colspan="2"|Leading trailing
|-
!Drive train
|colspan="2"|[[Two wheel drive]]
|-
!Clutch
|colspan="2"|Torque converter (dry single diaphragm)
|}

== References ==
*[http://www.nissan-global.com/ Nissan Global News Site]

{{nissan}}
[[ja:日産・キャラバン]]
[[Category:Nissan vehicles|Caravan]]

Benutzer:MacGyverMagic

2006-07-07T10:40:52Z

MacGyverMagic: link gemacht zum Englisher Wikipedia

''Ich bearbeite die Englische Wikipedia ofter. Wenn sie etwas mit mir diskutieren will, bitte sende mie eine Nachricht durch [[:en:User talk:MacGyverMagic]].''

Alice Roosevelt Longworth

2006-06-09T10:13:56Z

MacGyverMagic: Reverted edits by 20.142.32.69 (talk) to last version by CmdrObot

[[Image:Alice_roosevelt_color_3.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Alice Roosevelt, taken about 1900. A striking beauty, her outspokeness and antics won the hearts of the American people who nicknamed her "Princess Alice"]]'''Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth''' ([[February 12]], [[1884]] – [[February 20]],[[1980]]) was the only child of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], also known as '''TR''' and '''Teddy''', the 26th [[President of the United States]], and his first wife, [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Hathaway Lee]].

Alice led an unconventional and sometimes controversial life, and despite her love and admiration for her legendary father, she proved to be almost nothing like him. She spurned [[Christianity]], was not faithful in her marriage, once considered accepting the offer to be "an honorary homosexual" in the late 1960s, temporarily became a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] during the [[John Kennedy|Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]] administrations, and proudly boasted in a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview that she was a "[[hedonist]]."

==Childhood==
[[Image:Theodore Roosevelt and family, 1903.jpg|thumb|right|220 px|Roosevelt Family in 1903 with [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] on the left, TR, [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.|Ted, Jr.]], [[Archibald Roosevelt|"Archie"]], Alice, [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Edith Kermit Roosevelt|Edith]], and [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]]]]

Alice Lee Roosevelt was born at the [[Roosevelt]] family home on 6 West 57th St. in [[New York City]]. Two days after her birth, in the same house, both her mother, [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice]], a [[Boston]] banking heiress, and her paternal grandmother, [[Martha Bulloch|Martha]], died; the former of undiagnosed [[Bright's disease]], the latter from [[typhoid]]. Her father, then a New York state legislator, was so distraught with the loss that the only way he could deal with this tragedy was to try not to even think about his deceased spouse. While he wrote a short tribute to her in his diary and made a couple of references to her in the months after her death, from the next year on, Roosevelt tried never to speak of her again. He refused to have her name mentioned in his presence and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Even his daughter was seldom referred to by her name calling her "Baby Lee." (the use of any name other than Alice was a practice she continued late in life, preferring to be called "Mrs. L"). Grief-stricken, Roosevelt left his infant daughter Alice in the care of his sister [[Bamie Roosevelt|Bamie]], (also known as "Bye").

==The influence of Theodore Roosevelt's sister, Bamie and the Lee grandparents==
Theodore Roosevelt's sister, and the only aunt with whom she had a long-term relationship, [[Bamie Roosevelt]], would be the one strong stabilizing influence on her. She would take Alice under her watchful care until TR married [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]], at which time she would come under her step-mother's wing and during much of Alice's childhood, Bamie would be a remote figure who eventually would marry and move to London for at time. Aunty "Bye", Bamie would provide the needed structure and stability, on and off again, as Alice became more and more independent, and her father and step-mother would come into conflict with that independence and rebellious nature. Late in life, when Alice spoke of her beloved Auntie Bye in and series of interviews lasting over five years with Michael Teague, she told him that, "There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye."

Increasingly, Alice's parents would send her off to visit Bamie when they couldn't handle her. Likewise it would be Alice's Lee grandparents (on her mother's side) in Boston, with whom Alice would spend summers and holiday periods, including Thanksgiving, who would give her the undivided attention she could seldom find in her father's home to the point of spoiling her as only grandparents can. They would provide an unconditional love and constancy of affection that Alice would miss in her father's home with her step-mother Edith. In the weeks after his wife's death, her father embarked on a journey of personal discovery to the violent [[Old West]], an experience that largely allowed him to rise above his childhood illnesses and physical limitations and so influenced his life that it would substantially contribute to the succession of personal accomplishments that led him to the White House in September 1901.

==Her father's return from the West and marriage to Edith Carow==
After returning east, and running for and losing the election to mayor of [[New York City]],Theodore Roosevelt went to London where he married a childhood friend, [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]], by whom he would have five more children. There were strains in the relationship between [[Theodore Roosevelt|TR]] and his daughter, and he had very little interaction with her during her earliest years, leaving the work to other people, such as his sister Bamie, Alice's maternal grandparents and even his second wife, Edith. Alice was continually shuffled about from one house to another, even as a teenager, and she later said she often felt like he loved her "one-sixth" as much as the other children. There were also tensions in the relationship between young Alice and her stepmother, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful but insipid, childlike fool. As Alice Longworth later recalled, her stepmother once angrily told her that if Alice's mother, Alice Lee Roosevelt had lived, she would have bored her father to death. Despite these strains, it would be Edith, the demanding step-mother, who would save Alice from a life possibly in a wheelchair or on crutches when Alice came down with a mild form of [[polio]] and one leg and its muscles grew shorter than the other. By Edith's uncompromising regimen of nightly forced wearing of torturous leg braces and shoes, even over Alice's sobs, Edith insured that Alice would grow up with almost no trace of the disability. Alice would be able to run up stairs, touch her nose with her toe well into her 80s because of a step-mother she really didn't appreciate.

==Growing young womanhood==
Alice, always spoiled with gifts, matured into young womanhood and in the course became known as a great beauty like her mother. However the years of separation between her and her father, combined with the continued tension between her and her stepmother, and the lack of attention by her ever-occupied father, molded a young woman who was as independent and outgoing as she was self-confident and calculating.

==Father's Presidency==
[[Image:Theodore Roosevelt and family, 1903.jpg|thumb|left|220 px|Roosevelt Family in 1903 with [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] on the left, TR, [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.|Ted, Jr.]], [[Archibald Roosevelt|"Archie"]], [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]], [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Edith Kermit Roosevelt|Edith]], and [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]]]]
When her father took office following the assassination of President [[William McKinley]] (an event that "filled (me) with an extreme rapture"), Alice became an instant celebrity and fashion icon. While proud of her father's accomplishment, she also was painfully aware that his new duties would afford her even less of his time and getting more of his attention was something she really longed for. She was known as a rule-breaker in an era when women were under great pressure to conform. Among her exploits that garnered national attention were smoking a cigarette in public, driving a car with boys in it, and staying out all hours of the night partying, keeping a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily as in her spinster aunt and Spinach as in garter snake green) in the White House, and being seen, placing bets with a bookie. This was simply not the sort of demeanor expected of a turn-of- the-century American President's daughter.

[[Image:AliceRooseveltwPekingeseDog1902.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Alice with dog. She was also given a [[Pekingese]], Manchu, by the last Chinese [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] in 1902]]
Alice, along with her father's Secretary of War, [[William Howard Taft]], led the largest diplomatic mission in U.S. history up until that time, including 35 U.S. Congressmen (future husband [[Nicholas Longworth]] included) and other diplomats to [[Japan]]. She made headlines wherever she went, being photographed with the [[Emperor of Japan]] and the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of [[China]], as well as attending [[sumo]] wrestling matches. In the cruise to Japan, she made a splash by jumping into the ship's pool with all her clothes on. The diplomatic junket, and Alice's ability to keep the press at bay by becoming the center of attention, contributed to her father's successfully concluding the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] in [[1905]] that ended the [[Russo-Japanese War]], which eventually made her father the first-ever [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner in American history.

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt Mar 24 1902 side in black.jpg.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Alice 1902 studio portrait by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]]]]
Once, a [[White House]] visitor commented on Alice's frequent interruptions to the [[Oval Office]], often because of her political advice. The exhausted President commented to his friend, author [[Owen Wister]], after the third interuption to their conversation and after threatening to throw Alice 'out the window', "I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both."

Alice was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, especially at her wedding, but she had to be very competitive to get noticed when he was around. She said of his love of attention, that he "wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening."

==Married life==
For her husband, Alice chose [[Nicholas Longworth]], a [[U.S. House of Representatives]] member from [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], who ultimately would rise to become [[Speaker of the House]]. Their 1906 wedding is considered by some the biggest social event in White House history.

A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family and a brother-in-law of a French count, Nick had a reputation as a Washington, D.C. playboy, and the two made an awkward couple. The couple had a daughter, [[Paulina Longworth]] (1925-1957). Alice and Nick shared an interest in Republican politics and power. Of the two, Alice was known as taking the more hard-line Republican position, while Longworth was more affable. Alice publicly supported her father's [[1912]] [[Bull Moose]] presidential candidacy, while Nick stayed loyal to his mentor, President Taft. She once appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, [[Hiram Johnson]], in Nick's own district. He later lost by about 105 votes, and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost) but he was elected again in [[1914]] and stayed in the House for the rest of his life. Nick would be reelected and become [[Speaker of the House]] of Representatives. At that time, the Longworths moved to their 2009 Massachusetts Avenue home in Washington. Alice would live there all her life.
The site and building is now the headquarters of the [[Washington Legal Foundation]].

During their marriage Longworth carried on numerous affairs; Alice responded by using every opportunity to make disparaging remarks about his home district of [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], which she mockingly called "Cincinasty," calling its residents "ignorant savages," and worse.

==Post-TR presidency==
[[Image:Nicholas Longworth & wife Alice Roosevelt Longworth.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Alice and her husband, Ohio Congressman [[Nicholas Longworth]] on the US Capital steps in 1926]]
When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the [[White House]], Alice buried a [[Voodoo doll]] of the new First Lady, [[Helen Herron Taft|Nellie Taft]] in the front yard. At many White House social activities such as dinners, Alice frequently mocked the [[First Lady]], rendering Mrs. Taft rather uncomfortable in Alice's presence who was some twenty years her junior. Mrs. Taft offended Alice by offering her an invitation to the [[White House]], upon receiving the invitation, Alice asked, "Me? Who walked the halls of the White House for so many years." Later, the Taft White House would mark her first ban from her former residence. During the administration of [[Woodrow Wilson]] (from which she was banned in [[1916]] for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Alice worked endlessly against the entry of the United States into the [[League of Nations]]. Her Washington society dinners and reception lobbying is credited with helping to derail America's membership in the League of Nations.

[[Image:Paulina & Alice Roosevelt Longworth.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alice on her 43rd birthday in 1927 with her daughter Paulina, age 2]]
With great relief, Alice welcomed the presidency of [[Warren G. Harding]], although her feelings toward the Hardings was slightly lower than those she felt toward Cincinnati. Mrs. Longworth felt that Harding was a crass man, barely educated, and ill-suited for the job, but they were on good terms (and she would become close to his vice president, [[Calvin Coolidge]]). She also recognized that Harding's election dimmed the prospects of her own husband's possible ascendancy in the new administration, although she was pleased that Harding was a Republican and had appointed her father's friend and political ally, [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] to his cabinet. Her feelings toward First Lady [[Florence Harding]] grew more strained during the Hardings' years in Washington. Alice felt that she had lost her best friend, [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]], to Florence, and the relationship between Alice -- the Speaker's wife -- and the President's wife grew bitter.

Following the death of her husband in [[1931]], Alice Longworth and her daughter continued to live near [[Dupont Circle]] on Massachusetts Avenue, Washington's [[Embassy Row]]. When asked if she would run for her late husband's seat, she declined. She did not like public speaking, seldom spoke at public receptions, and abhorred physical contact with the public and the "press of the flesh" that came so easily to her father; in short, campaigning did not suit her. Her final visits to Cincinnati were in order to fulfill obligations, not for pleasure. One such trip was made for the burial of her husband, another for the social debut of her daughter. When asked if she would be buried in Cincinnati, Mrs. Longworth said that to do so "would be a fate worse than death itself."

With the [[Great Depression]] affecting even the Longworth fortune, Mrs. L decided to appear in [[tobacco]] advertisements and a campaign that was credited with making smoking common in [[Hollywood]] movies, and thus, popular nationwide. She made thousands and secured her financial status in the year's following her husband's death. She also published an autobiography, ''Crowded Hours,'' a take off on her father's depiction of his day at the Battle of San Juan Hill, during the [[Spanish-American War]] as his "crowded hour." The book sold well despite its less than fascinating story. It would always be difficult for her to capture the excitement of her life ion the printed page form until late in her life when a series of interviews was published in book form called ''Conversations with Mrs. L.''

==The other Washington Monument==
The widow Longworth maintained her stature in the community, socially and politically, garnering her the nickname "the other Washington Monument". Mrs. Longworth served as a delegate to [[Republican National Convention]] on more than one occasion, declining to address the Convention.

Alice's wit was legendary in Washington, DC; and that wit could have a deadly political effect on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin [[Joseph Alsop]] claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential candidate, [[Wendell Willkie]], the Republican hope to defeat F.D.R. in 1940, Alice said yes, "the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs." <ref>{{cite web | title = Skow, John "Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth
''Review of Carol Felsenthal biography on Alice Roosevelt Longworth''," Time Magazine (April 25, 1988 ) Online Edition | url = http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,967243,00.html | accessdate = 2006-05-29 }}</ref> When Alice demolished [[Thomas Dewey]], the [[1944]] opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-line mustached Republican to “the little man on the wedding cake.” The image stuck and helped Governor Dewey lose two consecutive presidential elections.

[[Paulina Longworth]] married [[Alexander McCormick Sturm]], with whom she had a daughter, Joanna (b. 1944). Sturm died in [[1951]]. Following the death of her daughter in 1957 (by an overdose of sleeping pills, for many years suspected of being a suicide, although Alice never agreed with that assessment), Alice Longworth fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter [[Joanna Sturm]], whom she raised. In an article in American Heritage Magazine in 1969, Joanna was described as a "highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old" and was called "a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth’s youthfulness....The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other’s tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.'" <ref>{{cite web | title = Bingham, June "BEFORE THE COLORS FADE: ''Alice Roosevelt Longworth''," American Heritage Magazine Vol 20 (February 1969) Online Edition | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1969_2_42.shtml | accessdate = 2006-05-03 }}</ref>

Unlike her relationship with her daughter, Mrs. Longworth doted on her granddaughter and the two were very close. Upon Paulina's death, her cousin [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] sent condolences and the two mended their broken relationship based on their obvious political differences.

==Lifelong republican who occasionally flirted with democrats==
From an early age, Alice was interested in politics. When her aunt Bamie was incapcitated by advancing age and illness, Alice stepped into her place as an unofficial political advisor to her father. Alice strongly advised her father against challenging the renomination of William Howard Taft on the Republican 1912 ticket. While her political instincts were highly developed, she was not at all accommodating politically. In fact, she took a hard line view of the democrats and was on the decidedly conservative wing of the Republican party in her youth. She was active in supporting her half-brother, Ted Roosevelt in his attempt to become governor of New York in 20s. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, Alice took pains to publicly oppose his candidacy, writing in the Ladies' Home Journal October 1932, she said of FDF, "He is my father's fourth cousin once removed. . . . Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common. . . . I am a Republican. . . . I am going to vote for Hoover. . . . If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time." <ref>{{cite web | title = National Affairs Section "Disclaimer" Time Magazine (October 24, 1932) Online Edition | url = http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,753436,00.html| accessdate = 2006-05-23}}</ref>

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt & Joanna Sturm at Tricia Nixon Wedding.gif|right|thumb|300px|[[Joanna Sturm]] and Alice, her grandmother at [[Tricia Nixon]]'s wedding in 1971]]
Alice developed a genuine friendship with [[Richard Nixon]] when he was vice-president, and when he returned to California after Eisenhower's 2nd term, Alice continued to maintain an active relationship with him and did not consider his political career over. She encouraged Nixon to re-enter politics and continued to invite him to her famous dinners. Not forgetting this kindness, when Nixon became President, he invited Alice to his first formal White House dinner. She was invited to the wedding of his daughter Tricia Nixon in 1971.

In old age, however, Alice would flirt with the democrats and even supported [[John F. Kennedy]] and had an affectionate although sometimes strained friendship with [[Bobby Kennedy]] in whom she found a relatively thin skin, personally. When she privately made fun of his scaling the newly named Mt. Kennedy in Canada, he was not amused.

==Privacy activism==
Following the attempt on her father [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s life in [[1912]], Alice became a constant critic of the media's shadowing of famous people. Throughout her life, newspapers published celebrity's daily itineraries. These itineraries included a minute-by-minute analysis that was often accurate. These unwanted timelines were the predecessor to the modern-day [[paparazzi]] intrusions on celebrity's lives and just as dangerous. This controversial practice aided assassins and other deranged people who used the newspaper timelines accuracy to tragic effect. This included the assassinations of presidents [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[James Garfield]], [[William McKinley]], and [[John F. Kennedy]]. Alice remained a privacy advocate by spotlighting other attempts (notable ones included the [[1933]] attempt on her cousin Franklin that killed Chicago Mayor [[Anton Cermak]], the [[1972]] attempt on [[George Wallace]] and the murder of [[John Lennon]]).

In the late 1960s, a thief used a newspaper to learn exactly when Alice's house would be empty. He ransacked it, stealing her jewelry. This burglary affected her deeply. Though returned later, Alice carried her most valued jewelry in her purse each time she left the house ever after, including the costly pearl necklace giver her by the government of Cuba when she married and which can be seen wearing in photos all her life. She also planted and trained poison ivy to grow up the façade of her Washington house as a deterrent to future would-be burglars. When [[Sirhan Sirhan]] killed her close friend [[Bobby Kennedy]] in [[1968]], she publicly spoke most strongly, appearing on [[60 Minutes]], in her only televised interview.

Alice would not live to see this practice end. Not until the uproar caused by [[John Hinckley]]'s shooting of [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[1981]], did this practice finally cease, the year after her death.

==Alice and Eleanor==
[[Image:Eleanor Alice Roosevelt Churchill wife 1944.gif|thumb|left|250px|Eleanor Roosevelt, Alice, and Mrs. Winston Churchill at Quebec, Canada for conference (September 11, 1944)]]
[[Image:Eleanor Roosevelt at Her Cousin Alice Roosevelt Longworths Home in DC - TR Sr on Mantle.gif|thumb|right|200px|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] at Alice's home with painting of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr]]
Alice had spent much of her young life being considered the most famous woman in the world and photographers often asked presidents to step aside so they could get a picture of her alone. She continued to compete for public attention with her cousin [[Eleanor Roosevelt|Anna Eleanor Roosevelt]] even after Eleanor became First Lady upon the election of Eleanor's husband and their cousin, [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. Eleanor, like Alice, attracted much attention upon reaching the White House. For a time, Alice and Eleanor were competing newspaper columnists both beginning in 1936, with Alice's "''Capitol Comment''" column being overwhelmingly less popular than Eleanor's "''My Day''". Alice found that her clever and world-famous witticisms did not translate so well into print and she quickly lost interest. After numerous dull prints, Mrs. L. was paid a handsome sum to cancel the column.
The relationship between the two cousins was at best strained and often contentious. They grew up together, and her father, "TR," often scolded Alice for not being more like her prim and proper "cousin Eleanor". When Eleanor was called more attractive because of her height and eyes, their childhood years marked the beginning of Alice's rivalry and lifelong obsession with Eleanor. Alice later agreed that "Cousin Eleanor" was much more like her father than she was, an assessment Eleanor, herself agreed with. As adults, Alice and Eleanor often spent time together, invited each other to dinners and other social functions, suggesting they didn't let politics completely interfere with family affairs. As soon as they reached the political forefront though, fierce competition began between the two. Mrs. Longworth especially enjoyed antagonizing Eleanor and often imitated her among [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[social circles]]. As an adult, Eleanor's son, Elliot would confide that of all the people in her life, Eleanor's cousin Alice, was the only one who could reduce his mother to tears and that she was never able to not feel intimidated by her. Alice seemed to take delight in poking fun at her cousin and was always ready to do her famous imitation of the first lady, an amusing one that even Eleanor, herself, could laugh at. It was Mrs. L. who facilitated the affair between FDR and [[Lucy Page Mercer Rutherfurd|Lucy Page Mercer]].

As many obvious differences that there may have been between Alice and Eleanor, there were many similarities.
*Both born in 1884.
*They led highly unconventional and controversial lives.
*Each had deeply insecure personalities.
*They were envious of one another.
*Both were orphaned or semi-orphaned before age ten.
*Both had very unstable childhoods.
*Both adored their fathers.
*Both were married to cheating men.
*Both were unfaithful in her marriage.
*Each were extremely unattentive as mothers.
*Both were highly competitive by nature.
*Both thrived on attention.
*Both were banned from the [[White House]] due to disparaging remarks made on its occupants.
*Both adored [[Theodore Roosevelt]].
*Each were notorious for holding grudges and being vindictive.
*Known for their famous witticisms.
*Was the ''Grande Dame'' of her respective parties until her death.
*Preferred to be called by the first letter of their last name: "Mrs. R." and "Mrs. L."
While they had quite similar origins, it would be how they dealt with these origins that would be so different. Alice's effect on Washington politics was as an insider, uncomfortable with dealing with the public, while her cousin Eleanor was able to rise above childhood insecurity to become an outspoken public advocate for her various public cause including [[civil rights]] and the [[United Nations]] to which she would become the first American delegate.

When Franklin was elected president, Alice loved to joke about it. She said that the pastor at Franklin's church was so thrilled that he put up a sign that read, "The president's church," adding that an anonymous person put up a smaller sign beneath it that read, "formerly God's." Later, Alice was asked what she thought of her cousin [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|FDR]] being elected to a third term in office and Mrs. L commented, "I'd rather vote for [[Hitler]] than to vote for [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin]] one more time." This comment deeply offended Mr. Roosevelt and Alice was banned from the [[White House]] for the remainder of their tenure. To this day, Alice remains the person who was most banned from the White House in its history, but only partly because of the ban from her cousins.

On a train ride, Alice informed Eleanor that "No matter how much our politics may differ, there is still a tribal feeling between us." Both Alice and Eleanor agreed that the media often played up the tension between them two. Alice was also quick to come to Eleanor's defense. Once when a reporter was about to recite [[Edith Roosevelt]]'s much quoted ugly duckling line, Alice sharply reprimanded him, saying that Eleanor had turned into, "Not a swan, something much better than a swan!"

On the death of [[Paulina Longworth|Paulina Sturm]], Eleanor sent Alice some spring flowers and an endearing letter. Alice, so heartbroken about Paulina's death took five months to send a response to Eleanor. In her reply, Alice demanded that Eleanor visit her in [[Washington D.C.|Washington]] and that she meet her younger first cousin twice removed, [[Joanna Sturm]]. This was a request that Eleanor made good upon, though still intimidated by Alice.

Alice continued to remember her cousin and close friend, Eleanor Roosevelt long after Eleanor's death. In moments of senility, Mrs. Longworth would sometimes ask spontaneously, "Where's Eleanor, what's Eleanor doing?"

==Odds and ends==
Alice was a lifelong [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], like her father. This changed when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson, voting Democratic in 1964 and in the 1968 Democratic primary for Bobby Kennedy. After Bobby was murdered, she supported [[Richard Nixon]]. Her friendship ended when Nixon quoted her father's diary at his resignation, saying "Only if you've been to the lowest valley can you know how great it is to be on the highest mountain top," and other things TR said when Alice's mother died. At this point, Nixon infuriated Alice, who literally spat curse words at her television screen as she watched him compare his loss - due to criminal behavior- to her young father's loss of her mother and grandmother on the same day due to illness.

She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, [[Gerald Ford]], but a minor lack of social grace on the part of [[Jimmy Carter]] caused her to decline to ever meet the last sitting president in her lifetime.

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt Christens Sub TR.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Alice christening the sub named after her father, the USS Theodore Roosevelt in 1969]]

In [[1965]], as her chauffeur was driving Mrs. L. to an appointment, he pulled out in front of a [[taxi]] causing the driver to get out and ask the chaffeur,"What do you think you're doing you black son of a bitch?" Although the driver took the insult calmly, Mrs. L. did not and told the taxi driver, "He's taking me to my destination, you white son of a bitch!"

In [[1958]], Mrs. L. was found to be suffering from [[breast cancer]] and successfully underwent a [[mastectomy]] and was again later found to have cancer that required a second mastectomy. Taking the medical procedures in stride, she referred to herself as the only "topless octogenarian" in Washington. After these surgeries, Mrs. L.'s health was not as strong as it once had been but she continued a rigorous schedule and maintained her social rounds. After many years of ill health, Alice finally died in her Embassy Row home in [[1980]] of [[emphysema]], [[pneumonia]], [[cardiac arrest]] and a number of other extended illnesses at the age of 96. Alice Roosevelt Longworth is buried in [[Rock Creek Cemetery]], [[Rock Creek Park]], Washington, D.C.

When the last one of the Rahl children was born in Hale, Michigan in 1906, Jennie,
the oldest child, insisted she be named Alice Roosevelt Rahl, because she was born on the same day the President’s daughter was married.

Of her quotable quotes, her most famous found its way to a pillow on her settee: "If you haven't anything nice to say, come sit by me." To Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] she stated that the garbage men, taxi drivers and street sweepers in her neighborhood could call her by her first name, but that he could not. She also informed President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that she wore wide brim hats so he couldn't kiss her. When a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, Mrs. Longworth quipped, "You can't make a soufflé rise twice."

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==See also==
*[[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Lee Roosevelt]] Mother
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]] Alice's Father
*[[Edith Kermit Roosevelt]] Alice's Step-mother
*[[Nicholas Longworth]] Alice's Husband
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] Alice's cousin and friend
*[[Paulina Longworth]] Alice's Daughter
*[[Joanna Sturm]] Alice's Grand Daughter and companion

*[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Roosevelt]] Grandmother
*[[Bamie Roosevelt]] - Auntie Bye, Theodore's talented sister and stability figure in Alice's life
*[[Washington Legal Foundation]] - the organization that occupies the former Longworth site in Washington, DC.

==External links==
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDD123BF930A1575BC0A967948260&sec=&pagewanted=all New York Times Book Review of "Conversations with Mrs. L" in August 1981]

{{wikiquote}}

*[http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/alice.html Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Alice Roosevelt Longworth]
*http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1656

[[Category:1884 births|Longworth, Alice Roosevelt]]
[[Category:1980 deaths|Longworth, Alice Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Autobiographers|Longworth, Alice]]
[[Category:Bulloch family|Longworth]]
[[Category:Children of Presidents of the United States|Longworth, Alice Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Deaths by pneumonia|Longworth, Alice]]
[[Category:Dutch Americans|Longworth, Alice]]
[[Category:Roosevelt family|Longworth, Alice Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Scottish-Americans|Longworth, Alice]]

[[fr:Alice Roosevelt Longworth]]

Das Mädchen im Kamin

2006-05-09T12:34:23Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Notes */

{{Doctorwhobox|
|serial_name=175 - The Girl in the Fireplace
|doctor=[[David Tennant]] ([[Tenth Doctor]])
|writer=[[Steven Moffat]]
|director=[[Euros Lyn]]
|script_editor=[[Helen Raynor]]
|producer=[[Phil Collinson]]
|executive_producer=[[Russell T. Davies]] [[Julie Gardner]]
|production_code=Series 2, Episode 4
|series=[[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 2 (2006)|Series 2 (2006)]]
|length= 45 mins
|date=[[May 6]], [[2006]]
|preceding=[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]
|following=[[Rise of the Cybermen]]
|}}
'''''The Girl in the Fireplace''''' is an [[list of Doctor Who serials|episode]] in the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[science fiction television]] series ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was first broadcast on [[May 6]], [[2006]].

==Synopsis==
On a 51st century ship, the [[Tenth Doctor]], [[Rose Tyler|Rose]] and [[Mickey Smith|Mickey]] find time windows leading to 18th century France, and a group of [[clockwork]] androids stalking [[Madame de Pompadour]].

==Plot==
{{spoiler}}
[[Image:Thegirlinthefireplace.jpg|thumb|350px|"You are inside my mind!"]]
A woman in 18th-century dress stares expectantly at a fireplace as outside, people scream and run from something. A richly dressed man runs into the room and warns her to flee as monsters are attacking the court. She refuses, telling him that she is just his mistress, and that he should go to his queen. The clock on the mantlepiece is broken, and she is expecting a visit from the only other man she has ever loved, someone who has watched over her her entire life. She looks into the fireplace, calling out for the "[[Doctor (Doctor Who)|Doctor]]".

The [[TARDIS]] materialises in a spaceship three thousand years later and two and a half galaxies away. The Doctor, Rose and Mickey step out, the Doctor remarking about the poor repair of the spaceship as Rose wonders where the crew is. The Doctor finds a switch that opens a skylight. Through it is a starscape set against a brilliant nebula, which Mickey marvels at. The Doctor examines the equipment and is puzzled; the warp drives are at full capacity, generating enough power to punch a hole in the universe, but yet the ship is motionless. The travellers wander further, smelling the scent of cooking, and find something out of place: an 18th century French fireplace, intact and properly constructed.

The Doctor looks through the fireplace, and sees a young girl looking back. He asks who she is, and she replies that her name is Reinette and that she lives in [[Paris]] in the year 1727. The Doctor confers with Mickey and Rose for a moment, telling them that it is probably a "time window" connecting the spaceship and 18th century France.

The Doctor pushes the side of the fireplace, and the wall rotates, taking him with it. Instead of finding himself on the outside hull of the ship, however, he ends up in Reinette's bedroom. He discovers from Reinette that months have gone by since she saw him last and remarks that there must be a loose connection. He also finds, to his concern, that the clock on the mantelpiece is broken, yet there is still ticking in the room. The Doctor works out from the volume of the ticking that it must be emanating from something the size of a fully-grown man. Whatever it is had broken the clock so that its own ticking would not be noticed. He checks under Reinette's bed and the creature beneath it pushes him back, swiftly getting up on the other side: a clockwork man wearing a mask and period dress.

Examining Reinette, the Doctor discovers that the creature has been scanning her brain, and questions why the creature would punch a hole in the universe for a young girl's brain. Reinette, shocked, turns round and asks the creature, "You want me?" The creature replies, in a distorted electronic voice, "Not yet. You are incomplete." The Doctor questions this statement as well, but the creature simply walks round the bed robotically. The Doctor draws his [[sonic screwdriver]], and in turn the creature extends a large blade from within its arm. The Doctor backs towards the fireplace and the clockwork man follows, slashing away until the blade gets caught on the mantle. The Doctor assures Reinette it is all a nightmare and not to worry, as even monsters have nightmares. When Reinette asks what monsters have nightmares about, the Doctor replies, "Me!" Pressing on the fireplace, he makes it rotate back into the ship.

Back on the spaceship, the Doctor gets a fire extinguisher gun from the wall and freezes the creature. Removing the mask from the creature, he finds to his astonishment and delight space-age clockwork. He tells it that it would be vandalism to disassemble a beautiful machine apart, but that will not stop him. However, before he can do so, the clockwork man teleports away. Surmising it to be a short-range [[teleportation|teleport]] and that it could still be on board, the Doctor tells Mickey and Rose not to go looking for it as he goes back through the fireplace. Once he is gone, however, the two companions immediately set off, armed with the extinguisher guns.

Back in the bedroom, the Doctor finds it very much changed, and calls out for Reinette before plucking on a harp stationed in the room. Whilst he is doing so, Reinnete walks in — this time a beautiful young woman in flowing dress. The Doctor seems a bit flustered at how much she has grown, as she remarks how he has not aged. Reinette steps up to him and touches his cheek, determining that the imaginary friend of her childhood is indeed flesh and blood. She hears her name called again. With little time, she grabs the Doctor and kisses him passionately, breaking it and running off as she is called once more, as "Mademoiselle Poisson". Although startled, the Doctor still manages to place the name: Reinette Poisson, actress, courtesan, the mistress of [[Louis XV of France|King Louis XV]] and uncrowned Queen of France. A servant asks the Doctor who he is, and as he rotates the fireplace again he replies, laughing, that he is the Doctor… and he has just kissed Madame de Pompadour.

On the ship again, the Doctor is annoyed to discover that Mickey and Rose have wandered off against his orders. He goes to find them, turning a corner only to discover a large grey horse, whinnying at him. Meanwhile, searching the ship, Rose and Mickey find a human eye inside a mechanical armature, acting as a surveillance camera. Hearing beating sounds, Rose opens a hatch to discover a human heart wired into the circuitry.

With the horse tailing him, the Doctor continues exploring the ship, opening a set of double doors that leads into another time window, this time into an open park in December 1744. He deduces that the doors are how the horse got onto the ship. He surreptiously observes Reinette from behind a marble balustrade. Reinette is walking with a friend, Katherine, discussing the imminent death of King Louis' mistress, [[Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchess de Châteauroux|Madame de Châteauroux]] and how the king will be seeking a new one. He ducks out of the way when Reinette twice looks in his direction, seemingly sensing his presence.

On the ship, Mickey and Rose stumble across another time window, this time a mirror. Joined by the Doctor and the horse, they observe Reinette's first meeting with King Louis in February 1745. The King leaves and Reinette checks her reflection in the mirror. A nearby clock is broken, but the sound of ticking still fills the room. Reinette turns to see a figure standing motionless in the corner, and she demands to know who it is. The figure turns to reveal a clockwork woman similar to the male one she encountered years earlier.

The Doctor grabs a fire extinguisher gun and steps through the time window, greeting Reinette before freezing the clockwork woman. However, this model starts to melt the ice almost immediately, and starts up again. The Doctor asks it to identify itself, but it does not answer. The Doctor then asks Reinette to order it, since the clockwork man also appeared to obey her. She does so, and the creature replies that the ship was damaged in an ion storm, but could not be repaired as they did not have the parts. Since the clockwork men were programmed to repair the ship at all costs, and no proper parts were available, they cannibalised the crew, using their organs instead. They also burnt flesh for heat, explaining the smell of cooking the travellers encountered on the flight deck.

However, one more part is required: Reinette, but they have not taken her because she is "incomplete". Rose asks why choose Reinette, but the clockwork woman simply replies that they are the same. Angered, Reinette orders the creature to leave, and it teleports away. The Doctor quickly orders Rose and Mickey back through the mirror to look for the creature, and to take the horse (which the Doctor has named Arthur) with them. However, Mickey and Rose are swiftly captured by the clockwork men, who render them unconscious.

Meanwhile, the Doctor reads Reinette's mind to find out what the clockwork men are looking for. He finds out that the clockwork creatures have not yet taken her because she is not old enough. Reinette starts referring to a lonely childhood, and addresses the Doctor by name although he had never revealed it. He realises in shock that she is also reading ''his'' mind, and that it is ''his'' childhood to which she is referring. Reinette calls him "my lonely Doctor", and asks him to dance with her. The Doctor refuses at first, but she tells him that there comes a time that every lonely boy must learn how to dance. She pulls him out of the room.

On the ship, Rose and Mickey awaken to find themselves strapped down and at the mercy of the clockwork creatures. Just as one is about to cut Rose open, the Doctor enters, apparently drunk from a party. He is in sunglasses, holding a goblet, wearing his tie as a bandana and singing "[[My Fair Lady|I Could Have Danced All Night]]". In this apparently inebriated state, the Doctor reveals that the clockwork creatures are waiting for Reinette to age, because when she is thirty-seven she will be the same age as the ship — and her brain, they believe, will be compatible with the ship's computers. Suddenly, the Doctor shuts down one clockwork creature with multi-grade anti-oil that was contained in the goblet. Completely sober again, he flips a lever that switches the rest off before letting Rose and Mickey out of their straps.

The Doctor tries to turn the other time windows off, but an override is present. A clockwork message comes in and he realises that there is still one creature in the 18th century with Reinette. The clockwork creatures power up again and declare, "She is complete." They teleport away; one of them has found the right time window.

Rose visits Reinette in 1753, five years before her thirty-seventh birthday, warning her that the clockwork creatures will be here sometime after that day. Rose tries to explain the situation and, impressively, Reinette quickly grasps the concept of the time windows and how the Doctor can move between the moments of her life without aging. Rose tells Reinette to stall the clockwork creatures when they arrive until the Doctor can get there. When she tells Reinette that her life was not supposed to have monsters, Reinette grows angry. It may be that one cannot have the Doctor without the monsters, but one can tolerate demons for the sake of an angel.

Mickey comes out from behind a tapestry, telling Rose that they have found the time window for Reinette's thirty-seventh birthday and the clockwork creatures' return. Reinette forces her way past Rose despite her objections, through the tapestry and onto the ship. She hears the screams from her future, the time when the clockwork creatures return, and realises that she must take the slower path, however much she is afraid. Before she leaves, she tells Rose what they both know: that "the Doctor is worth the monsters".

In 1758, the clockwork men terrorise the guests at the court. Reinette calls out into the fireplace for the Doctor. The clockwork creatures come into the room, and order her to follow. She and the rest of the guests are forced into the ballroom by the clockwork creatures as the Doctor, Mickey and Rose watch on helplessly through the time window, a mirror looking in on the ballroom. The clockwork men knew he was coming and blocked it off.

As the Doctor struggles to find a way to get in, Reinette commands attention and berates the guests for screaming in the royal ballroom of the [[Palace of Versailles]]. She refuses to go with the clockwork creatures, saying she does not wish to step foot in their world again. They reply that they do not need her feet, and force her to her knees to decapitate her. She defiantly says that she does not fear them, for they are merely the nightmare of her childhood. And if her nightmare can return to plague her, so can theirs.

As she speaks, a horse can be heard galloping in the distance. It is the Doctor, on Arthur, riding through the time window — shattering it and breaking the portal back to the ship. Back on the ship, Mickey realises that they cannot pilot the TARDIS by themselves, and wonders how the Doctor will get back. Rose is despondent, and does not reply. Beyond the broken time window, a clockwork creature threatens the Doctor with its weapon, but the Doctor tells it to give up, for the link to the ship is broken, and thus they cannot access the parts on the ship they need to survive. After a few seconds, they all stop working.

In the 18th century, the Doctor is standing at a window, staring at the stars. Reinette joins him, and mentions how the Doctor saved her despite knowing that he would be trapped. The Doctor agrees, and starts to contemplate life in the 18th century, and how different it will be. Reinette then reveals that she had moved the original fireplace from her childhood room piece-by-piece, hoping that the Doctor would return. The Doctor sees in this an opportunity to return. The movement would have severed the bond with the ship, keeping it undamaged whilst all the other time portals were destroyed along with the mirror. Hopefully, with the help of the loose connection, it will provide the way back.

The Doctor tries to see if the link is still there and it is, and so he asks Reinette to wish him luck as he returns. She refuses to do so even as the wall starts to rotate, and he realises too late that she does not want him to leave. He talks to her through the fireplace, asking her to pack a bag, give him two minutes and to pick a star — any star. She goes, and the Doctor gleefully runs off. He finds Rose and Mickey and tells them to get into the TARDIS, and he will explain later.

However, when he returns through the fireplace, the Doctor discovers to his dismay that six years have passed since that last meeting; it is now April 1764. Searching for Reinette, he finds King Louis at the window, who tells him that she has recently died. King Louis gives the Doctor a parting letter from Reinette, as they look out of the window to see her horse-drawn coffin leave for Paris. King Louis asks what she wrote in the letter, but the Doctor puts the envelope into his jacket pocket without answering. King Louis understands, and the Doctor quietly returns to the ship, and the TARDIS.

As he returns, Rose asks why the clockwork creatures thought they could repair the ship with the head of Madame de Pompadour. The Doctor replies that they will probably never know; perhaps it was a computer error. He continues, in muted tones, that the TARDIS will close the remaining time windows. Rose asks if he is all right. The Doctor says he is always all right, but in an overstated manner. Mickey asks Rose to show him round the rest of the TARDIS, in order to leave the Doctor on his own for a while.

When they have both left, the Doctor reads the letter. In it, Reinette wishes that the Doctor will return, although she recognises that he probably will not. However, she continues to hope, and asks him to hurry as her days grow short, referring to him as "my love" and her "[[The Lonely God|lonely angel]]". Slowly, he returns the letter to his jacket, and watches the TARDIS console screen, which shows the fireplace being put out, permanently severing the link.

The TARDIS then dematerialises from the ship, revealing behind it a framed portrait of Reinette. The ship, the ''SS Madame de Pompadour'', slowly drifts through space.

==Cast==
*[[Doctor (Doctor Who)|The Doctor]] — [[David Tennant]]
*[[Rose Tyler]] — [[Billie Piper]]
*[[Mickey Smith]] — [[Noel Clarke]]
*[[Madame de Pompadour|Reinette]] — [[Sophia Myles]]
*[[Louis XV of France|King Louis]] — Ben Turner
*Young Reinette — [[Jessica Atkins]]
*Katherine — Angel Coulby
*Manservant — Gareth Wyn Griffiths
*Clockwork Man — Paul Casey
*Clockwork Woman — Ellen Thomas
*Alien Voices — Jonathan Hart, Emily Joyce

==Notes==
#In a ''Production Notes'' column for ''Doctor Who Magazine'' #363 (November 2005), writer [[Steven Moffat]] stated that the working titles for the episode were ''Madame de Pompadour'', ''Every Tick of My Heart'' and ''Reinette and the Lonely Angel''.
#In an interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', [[Russell T. Davies]] described this episode as "practically a love story for the Doctor... It's very understated, very beautifully done, but it's nonetheless a [[Time Lord]] falling in love and Rose's reaction to him falling in love with someone else." <ref>{{cite news | first=Clar | last=Byrne | url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article356806.ece | title=Russell T Davies: The saviour of Saturday night drama | publisher=[[The Independent]] | date=Monday [[2006-04-10]] | accessdate=2006-04-11 }}</ref>
#Some of the scenes at Versailles, including the ballroom, were filmed at [[Ragley Hall]] in Warwickshire in late October 2005. The scene in the gardens of Versailles was filmed at [[Dyffryn Gardens]] near [[Cardiff]], as were some other interiors.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/tours/events/pages/doctorwho_s2e4.shtml
| title =The Girl In The Fireplace locations guide
| publisher =[[bbc.co.uk]]
| accessdate =2006-05-08
}}</ref>
#The plot for this episode is reminiscent of [[Audrey Niffenegger]]'s novel ''[[The Time Traveler's Wife]]'', which describes a romance between a man who randomly jumps in and out of a woman's life at various points along her timeline (including her childhood), while she has to live her life linearly.
#The idea of a time traveller drifting in and out of a person's life is also present in Moffat's [[Bernice Summerfield]] short story ''The Least Important Man'', published in the ''Dead Men Diaries'' anthology. There, Bernice (who is from the 26th century) uses a quantum imager to recreate the life of a 20th century man, who then sees her as a ghostly figure appearing at key moments throughout his life.
#This episode follows immediately from ''[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]'' with Mickey saying he got a spaceship on his "first go" as he exits the [[TARDIS]] with the Doctor and Rose.
#Moffat reveals on the commentary for this episode that when he wrote it he had not yet read the end of ''[[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]]'', hence the lack of continuing animosity shown towards Mickey by Rose after he joins the TARDIS crew.<ref name=commentary>{{cite web
| url = http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/fireplace-commentary.mp3
| title = Episode Commentary
| author = Noel Clarke and Steven Moffat
| publisher = BBC
| format = mp3
}}</ref>
#The young Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson calls herself "Reinette" in 1727, whereas in reality the nickname (meaning "Little Queen") was not given to her until 1730.<ref>{{cite web
| author=Emil Kren and Daniel Marx
| title=DROUAIS, François-Hubert
| publisher=
| date=
| work=Web Gallery of Art
| url=http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/drouais/francois/mme_pomp.html
| accessdate=2006-05-07
}}</ref>
#Clockwork robots and androids also appear in the [[Eighth Doctor Adventures]] novel ''[[Anachrophobia]]'' by [[Jonathan Morris (author)|Jonathan Morris]], the [[Ninth Doctor Adventures]] novel ''[[Ninth Doctor Adventures#The Clockwise Man|The Clockwise Man]]'' by [[Justin Richards]], and the [[Big Finish Productions]] audio play ''[[Time Works]]'' by [[Steve Lyons]].
#Steven Moffat states on the ''[[Doctor Who Confidential]]'' episode "Script to Screen" that the clockwork people were inspired by [[The Turk]], a clockwork man who played chess around the same period (and which was later revealed to be a [[hoax]]).
#The Doctor responds to the question "What do monsters have nightmares about?" with "Me!" The [[Seventh Doctor]] said the same thing in Moffat's short story ''Continuity Errors'' (from ''[[Virgin Decalog#Decalog 3: Consequences|Decalog 3]]''), based on a line in [[Paul Cornell]]'s [[Virgin New Adventures]] novel ''[[Love and War (Doctor Who)|Love and War]]''.
#After discovering the link to Reinette's bedroom, the Doctor describes it with a complex-sounding name ("spatio-temporal hyperlink") which he then admits he just made up as he did not want to just call it a "magic door". In the [[Red Dwarf]] episode ''Stasis Leak'', the crew find a similar portal back into the past, which [[David Lister|Lister]] and [[Arnold Rimmer|Rimmer]] attempt to describe to [[Cat (Red Dwarf)|The Cat]] in a series of technical and scientific explanations, none of which he understands, until they finally resort to calling it a "magic door".
#Throughout this episode, Mickey wears a [http://downloads.lggaming.com/mickey-shirt.jpg T-shirt] which has a picture of the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] controller over the caption, "Know Your Roots". This particular T-shirt, a limited edition, could be obtained either by subscribing to the British ''[[Nintendo Official Magazine]]'', or by being purchased at selected [[GameStation]] outlets. In ''[[Doctor Who Magazine]]'' #367 Noel Clarke admitted to being a Nintendo fan and to being the owner of a [[Nintendo DS]] console.
#Before they are attacked by the clockwork androids, Rose and Mickey briefly discuss the women with whom the Doctor has had relationships, including [[Sarah Jane Smith]], Madame de Pompadour and [[Cleopatra]], who Mickey claims the Doctor called Cleo.
#While trying to sever the time windows, the Doctor searches his person for "Zeus plugs". Zeus plugs were one of the tools the [[Fourth Doctor]] asked Sarah Jane Smith to hand to him while he repaired the TARDIS controls in her farewell scene at the end of ''[[The Hand of Fear]]''.
#The plot element involving Arthur bears a resemblance to an incident in the novel ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]]'', written by former ''Doctor Who'' script editor [[Douglas Adams]]. In it, a horse ends up in 20th century [[Cambridge]] after accidentally wandering into a [[time machine]] belonging to [[Professor Chronotis]]. Whilst Chronotis's backstory is not given in the novel, the never-completed ''Doctor Who'' serial ''[[Shada]]'' (also written by Adams) features the same character, explicitly identified as a [[Time Lord]] and his time machine as a [[TARDIS]].
#The Doctor reads Madame de Pompadour's mind in this episode — the first time that this specific power of his has been shown in ''Doctor Who'' (although it has been previously implied that [[Time Lord]]s possess some degree of [[ESP|psychic ability]]) — [[Susan Foreman]] showed psychic abilities in ''[[The Sensorites]]'', and in ''[[The Deadly Assassin]]'', the Doctor mentions that Time Lords are telepathic. Additionally, in ''[[The Three Doctors]]'', the [[Second Doctor|Second]] and [[Third Doctor|Third]] Doctors sent telepathic messages to each other, a talent exhibited by the Doctors during other occasions where multiple incarnations are present in one location, used primarily as a means of updating the other self to the current situation. The TARDIS has telepathic circuits, the Doctor using these to contact the [[Time Lords]] at the end of ''[[Frontier in Space]]''. The Doctor also contacted the Time Lords by going into a trance and creating an assembling box (suggesting [[telekinesis]] as well) in ''[[The War Games]]''. In ''Love and War'', the Doctor uses a similar method to read the mind of his companion Bernice Summerfield.
#After reading the Doctor's mind, Reinette says, "Doctor who?", a reference both to the series' title and to the long-running mystery about the Doctor's actual name. She also says that it is "more than just a secret", but does not elaborate further. In the commentary, Moffat says that he wrote because he believes that, as the Doctor does not tell even his closest companions his name, there must be a "dreadful secret" about it.<ref name=commentary/>
#Moffat revisits a number of elements from his earlier scripts for the [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 1 (2005)|2005 series]], like the theme of well-meaning but mistaken technology featured in ''[[The Empty Child]]'' and ''[[The Doctor Dances]]''. More direct references include the use of "dancing" as a metaphor for sex, the Doctor's apparent obsession with [[banana]]s (he claims to have invented the banana [[daiquiri]] during the party in 17th century France) and him lamenting the fact that his companions are always wandering off on their own. Other references to the 2005 series include the Doctor describing Reinette as "Fantastic" and Rose recalling the [[Dalek]]s' name for the Doctor ("The Oncoming Storm", from ''[[The Parting of the Ways]]'').
#Two horses were used in the episode: one (named [[Bolero]]) for the scenes in close quarters on the spaceship, and another (actually named Arthur) for the jump. As seen in ''Doctor Who Confidential'', the horse was not allowed to set foot in the ballroom in the climactic scene. The various elements of the Doctor riding Arthur through the mirror: the horse, the mirror breaking and the reactions of the extras in the ballroom, all had to be filmed at separate times and then composited together; Tennant's head was superimposed upon that of the stunt rider in post-production.<ref name=commentary/>
#There is no [[Torchwood]] reference in this episode, unlike the earlier episodes in the 2006 series. According to the commentary, this is because Russell T. Davies did not tell Moffat to drop the word in the script.
#Sophia Myles and David Tennant started dating after working together on this story, according to an interview with Myles on [[GMTV]] ([[25 April]], [[2006]]). They first met on the set of ''[[Foyle's War]]''. It is rumored she carries a "Doctor Who" doll in her handbag.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.gallifreyone.com/cgi-bin/viewnews.cgi?id=EEuVylAulZuVSoxYBu&tmpl=newsrss
|title=TARDIS Report: End of Week Press
|publisher=[[Outpost Gallifrey]]
|date=[[2006-04-21]]
|accessdate=2006-05-07
}}</ref>
#According to ''[[Doctor Who Magazine]]'' #366, this episode will be released as a "vanilla" [[DVD]] along with ''[[Tooth and Claw (Doctor Who)|Tooth and Claw]]'' and ''School Reunion''.

==References==

<div style="font-size:90%"><references/></div>

==External links==
* {{cite news| url=http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=133188&command=displayContent&sourceNode=133171&contentPK=13941524&moduleName=InternalSearch&formname=sidebarsearch | title=Who's this with Dr Who? | publisher=This Is Plymouth | date=[[2006-02-01]] | accessdate=2006-02-07}} Local newspaper article about child actor Jessica Atkins.

[[Category:Tenth Doctor episodes|Girl in the Fireplace]]

Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library

2006-04-06T10:15:39Z

MacGyverMagic: wikified and added missing word

The '''Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library''' collects [[book]]s and [[periodical]]s in [[architecture]], [[historic preservation]], [[art history]], [[painting]], [[sculpting]], graphic arts, decorative arts, [[city planning]], [[real estate]], and [[archaeology]]. The architectural and fine arts collection are non-circulating. The Ware Collection, mainly books on urban planning and real estate development, do circulate.

The Avery Library is named for [[Henry Ogden Avery]], one of New York's promising young architects in the late [[19th century]] and a friend of [[William Robert Ware]], who founded the [[Department of Architecture]] at Columbia in 1881. A few weeks after Avery's early death in 1890, his parents established the library as a memorial to their son. They offered his collection of 2,000 books, mostly in architecture, archaeology, and the decorative arts, many of his original drawings, as well as funds to round out the book collection, and an endowment to help the library grow. As of today, the Library now contains more than 250,000 volumes and receives approximately 1,500 periodicals.

The Avery collection in architecture is among the largest in the world; it ranges from the first Western printed book on architecture, De re aedificatoria (1485), by [[Leone Battista Alberti]], to the classics of modernism by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and [[Le Corbusier]]. Avery's drawing and manuscript collection holds 400,000 drawings and original records. Most of the library's inventory is referenced in a database known as the [[Avery Index]], used throughout the world.

== Sources ==
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/avery/ Official Website]

[[Category:Libraries|Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]]

Samuel Francis Du Pont

2005-12-16T10:53:37Z

MacGyverMagic: /* Childhood and early naval career */

[[Image:Samuel francis du pont.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Samuel Francis du Pont'' by [[Daniel Huntington]] 
1867-68, oil on canvas 
[[National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC|National Portrait Gallery]], [[Washington, DC]]]]
'''Samuel Francis du Pont''' ([[September 27]], [[1803]] – [[June 23]], [[1865]]) was an [[United States|American]] naval officer who achieved the rank of [[Rear Admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]]. He served prominently during the [[Mexican-American War]] and was a significant participant in the expansion of U.S. involvement with [[China]] and [[Japan]] in the mid 19th century. Du Pont also contributed to the modernization of the U.S. Navy by promoting steam technology, and emphasizing math and engineering in his drafting of the first curriculum of the [[United States Naval Academy]]. His career was marred shortly before his death, however, by his highly publicized defeat at [[Charleston, South Carolina]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Du Pont was given the blame, despite the fact that he was merely following orders that he had himself criticized. It took close to two decades after his death for the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to finally recognize his service, in the form of the [[Dupont Circle]] memorial in [[Washington, D.C.]].

==Childhood and early naval career==
Du Pont was born in Bergen Point (now [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]]), [[New Jersey]], the fourth child and second son to survive of [[Victor Marie du Pont de Nemours]] (the son of [[Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours]]) and [[Gabrielle Joséphine de la Fite de Pelleport]]. His uncle was [[Eleuthère Irénée du Pont]], the founder of [[DuPont|E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company]], which was started as a gunpowder factory and today is a multinational chemical corporation. Du Pont spent his childhood across the river from his uncle's estate, "Eleutherian Mills", just north of [[Wilmington, Delaware]]. He was enrolled in [[Mount Airy Academy]] in [[Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Germantown, Pennsylvania]], at age 9. However, his father was unable to fund his education due to his failing wool mill, and he was encouraged to instead enlist in the Navy. His family's close connections with [[Thomas Jefferson]] helped secure him an appointment as a [[midshipman]] by [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Madison]] at the age of 12, and he first set sail aboard [[USS Franklin (1815)|''Franklin'']] out of [[Delaware]] in December of [[1815]].

As there was no naval academy at the time, du Pont learned [[mathematics]] and [[navigation]] at sea and became an accomplished navigator by the time he took his next assignment aboard [[USS Constitution|''Constitution'']] in [[1821]]. He then served aboard [[USS Congress (1799)|'' Congress'']] in the [[West Indies]] and off the coast of [[Brazil]]. Though still not yet a commissioned officer, he was promoted to [[sailing master]] during his service aboard [[USS North Carolina|''North Carolina'']] in [[1825]], which sailed on a mission to display American influence and power in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Soon after his promotion to lieutenant in [[1826]], he was ordered aboard [[USS Porpoise (1820)|''Porpoise'']], returned home for two years after his father's death in [[1827]], and then served aboard [[USS Ontario|''Ontario'']] in [[1829]]. Despite the short period in which he had been a officer by this time, du Pont had begun to openly criticize many of his senior officers, whom he believed were incompetent and had only received their commands through political influence.

After returning from ''Ontario'' in June of [[1833]], du Pont married Sophie Madeleine du Pont (1810 – 1888), his first cousin as the daughter of Eleuthère Irénée. As he never kept an officer's journal, his voluminous correspondence to Sophie served as the main documentation of his operations and observations throughout the rest of his naval career. From [[1835]] until [[1838]], he was the [[Executive Officer]] of [[USS Constellation (1797)|''Constellation'']] and [[USS Warren|''Warren'']], commanding both the latter and [[USS Grampus (1820)|''Grampus'']] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. In 1838, he joined [[USS Ohio (1820)|'' Ohio'']] in the Mediterranean until [[1841]]. The following year he was promoted to [[commander]] and set sail for [[China]] aboard [[USS Perry|''Perry'']], but was forced to return home and give up his command due to severe illness. He returned to service in [[1845]] as commander of ''Congress'', reaching [[California]] by the time the Mexican War had begun.

==The Mexican War==
[[Image:USS Cyane.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''USS ''Cyane'' Taking Possession of San Diego Old Town July 1846'', by Carlton T. Chapman (detail)]]
Du Pont was given command of [[USS Cyane (1837)|'' Cyane'']] in [[1846]] and quickly showed his skill as a naval combat commander, taking or destroying thirty enemy ships and clearing the [[Gulf of California]] in the process. Du Pont captured [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] and [[La Paz, Baja California Sur|La Paz]], and burnt two enemy gunboats in the harbor of [[Guaymas]] under heavy fire. He led the main line of ships that took [[Mazatlan]] on [[November 11]], [[1847]], and on [[February 15]], [[1848]], launched an amphibious assault on [[San José del Cabo]] that managed to strike three miles inland and relieve a besieged squadron, despite heavy resistance. He was given command of the [[California]] naval [[blockade]] in the last months of the war, and after taking part in further land maneuvers was ordered home.

==Between the wars==
Du Pont served most of the next decade on shore assignment, and his efforts during this time are credited with helping to modernize the U.S. Navy. He studied the possibilities of [[steam power]], and emphasized [[engineering]] and mathematics in the curriculum that he established for the new [[United States Naval Academy]]. He was appointed superintendent of the Academy, but resigned after four months because he believed it was a post more appropriate for someone closer to retirement age. He advocated for a more mobile and offensive Navy, rather than the harbor defense function that much of it was then relegated to, and worked on revising naval rules and regulations. After being appointed to the board of the [[U.S. Lighthouse Service]], his recommendations for upgrading the antiquated system were largely adopted by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in a [[lighthouse]] bill.

In [[1853]], du Pont was made general superintendent over what is typically considered the first [[World's Fair]] in the United States—the [[Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations]], to be held in [[New York City]]. Despite international praise, low attendance caused the venture to go into heavy debt and du Pont resigned.

Du Pont became an enthusiastic supporter of naval reform, writing in support of the [[1855]] congressional act to "Promote the Efficiency of the Navy." He was appointed to the Naval Efficiency Board and oversaw the removal of 201 naval officers. When those under fire called upon friends in Congress, however, du Pont himself became the subject of heavy criticism, and subsequent review of the dismissal resulted in the reinstatement of nearly half of those removed.

Du Pont was promoted to [[captain]] in 1855. In [[1857]], he was given command of [[USS Minnesota (frigate)|''Minnesota'']] and ordered to transport [[William Reed]], the U.S. Minister to China, to his post in [[Beijing]]. Du Pont's ''Minnesota'' was one of seventeen warships parading Western force in China, and after China failed to satisfy demands for greater access to its ports, he witnessed the capture of Chinese forts on the [[Hai He|Peiho River]] by the [[France|French]] and [[England|English]] on [[April 28]], [[1858]]. He then sailed to [[Japan]], [[India]], and [[Saudi Arabia|Arabia]], finally returning to [[Boston]] in May of [[1859]]. He played a major role in the receiving of the Japanese ambassador that year, accompanying him on his three-month visit to Washington, [[Baltimore]], and Philadelphia; the trip was a breakthrough for opening Japan to American trade and investment. Du Pont was then made commandant of the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] in [[1860]]. He expected to retire in this post, but the outbreak of the Civil War returned him to active duty.

==The Civil War==
When communication was cut off with [[Washington, DC|Washington]] at the start of the Civil War, du Pont took the initiative of sending a fleet to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] to protect the landing of Union troops at [[Annapolis, Maryland]]. In June of [[1861]], he was made president of a board in Washington formed to develop a plan of naval operations against the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. He was appointed [[commodore (rank)#United States Navy|flag officer]] and commander of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, leading from [[Norfolk, Virginia]] the largest fleet ever commanded by an American officer at that time. On [[November 7]], du Pont led a successful attack on the fortifications at [[Port Royal, South Carolina|Port Royal]] harbor in [[South Carolina]]. This victory led to the southern waters of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and the entire eastern coast of [[Florida]] being secured by Union naval forces and an effective blockade established. Du Pont received accommodations from Congress for his brilliant tactical success, and was appointed [[rear admiral]] on [[July 16]], [[1862]].
[[Image:Samuel_francis_dupont_photo.gif|left|thumb|225px|Photograph of du Pont, unknown date]]

Towards the end of 1862, du Pont became the first U.S. naval officer to be assigned command over armored "[[ironclad]]" ships. Though he commanded them ably in engagements with other ships, they performed poorly in an attack on [[Fort McAllister]], due to their small number of guns and slow rate of fire. Du Pont was then given direct orders from the [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]] to launch an attack on [[Charleston, South Carolina]], which was the main area in which the blockade of the Confederacy had been unsuccessful and the site of the first shots fired in the Civil War with the fall of [[Fort Sumter]]. Though du Pont believed that Charleston could not be taken without significant land troop support, he nevertheless attacked with nine ironclads on [[April 7]], [[1863]]. Unable to navigate properly in the obstructed channels leading to the harbor, his ships were caught in a blistering crossfire and he withdrew them before nightfall. Five of his nine ironclads were disabled in the failed attack and one more subsequently sank.

The [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]], [[Gideon Welles]], blamed du Pont for the highly publicized failure at Charleston. Du Pont himself anguished over it, and after one more major engagement in which he sank a Confederate ironclad, was relieved of command on [[July 5]] at his own request. Though he enlisted the help of [[Maryland]] [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Henry Winter Davis]] to get his official report of the incident published by the Navy, an ultimately inconclusive congressional investigation into the failure essentially turned into a trial of whether du Pont had misused his ships and misled his superiors. Du Pont's attempt to garner the support of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] was ignored and he returned home to Delaware. He returned to Washington to serve briefly on a board reviewing naval promotions, and then while on a trip to Philadelphia with his wife, died on June 23, 1865 without being officially exonerated.

However, subsequent events arguably vindicated du Pont's judgment and capabilities. A subsequent U.S. naval attack on the city failed, despite being launched with a significantly larger fleet of armored ships. Charleston was finally taken only by the invasion of [[William Tecumseh Sherman|General Sherman]]'s army in [[1865]].

==Legacy==

In [[1882]], 17 years after du Pont's death, Congress finally moved to recognize his service and commissioned a sculpture of him to be placed in Pacific Circle, in Washington, DC. A bronze sculpture of du Pont by [[Daniel Chester French]] was dedicated in [[1884]] and the traffic circle was renamed [[Dupont Circle]]. Though the circle still bears his name, the statue was moved to [[Wilmington, Delaware]] by the du Pont family in [[1920]].

The [[destroyer]]s USS ''Du Pont'' [[USS Du Pont (DD-152)|DD-152]] and [[USS Du Pont (DD-941)|DD-941]] were also named in his honor.

==References==
*[http://www.hagley.lib.de.us/WMSS9.htm Background notes for the papers of Samuel Francis du Pont 1806-1865], Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.
*[http://www.famousamericans.net/samuelfrancisdupont/ Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography], edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske and Stanley L. Klos. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 and 1999.
*[http://americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/civwar/dupont.html ''The American Civil War''], Ronald W. McGranahan, 2004-05.
*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/du/DuPont-S.html ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition, 2001-05].
*''Dictionary of American Fighting Ships'', Department of the Navy, Navy Historical Center. Includes histories of the [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/d6/du_pont-i.htm first] and [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/d6/du_pont-ii.htm second] ''Du Pont'' destroyers.

==Further reading==
*''Lincoln's Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont'', Kevin J. Weddle. University Press of Virginia, 2005.
*''Du Pont, the Making of an Admiral: A Biography of Samuel Francis Du Pont'', James M. Merrill. Dodd, Mead, 1986.

[[Category:U.S. Navy admirals|Du Pont, Samuel Francis]]
[[Category:American Civil War people|Du Pont, Samuel Francis]]
[[Category:1803 births|Du Pont, Samuel Francis]]
[[Category:1865 deaths|Du Pont, Samuel Francis]]
[[Category:DuPont]]

Matt Savage

2005-11-25T10:06:12Z

MacGyverMagic: /* External links */

'''Matt Savage''' (born [[1992]]) is an an [[United States|American]] [[autistic savant]] [[musician]]. Matt taught himself how to read [[piano]] [[music]] when he was six years old. He studied [[European classical music|classical]] piano for less than a year before discovering [[jazz]], which became his main focus. He began studying at [[The New England Conservatory of Music]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachussetts|MA]] in the fall of 1999. He continued his classical studies as well. Matt has never had any instruction in composition.

Despite his young age and the fact that he is autistic, Matt is an accomplished musician and composer. He has released several [[compact disc|CDs]], both as a solo performer and as part of the Matt Savage Trio. Matt's compositions tend toward the technical, but are still very approachable and often humorous.

Matt has received many awards, including being signed in 2003 to [[Bösendorfer]] pianos. He is the only child to be so recognized in the company's 175-year history.

Matt has toured the world, performing for heads of state and others, and appearing on numerous [[television]] and [[radio]] programs.

==External links==

*[http://www.savagerecords.com/ Matt Savage's web site] – contains a biography, press coverage, tour information, and store.

[[Category:1992 births|Savage, Matt]]
[[Category:American musicians|Savage, Matt]]
[[Category:Autistic savants|Savage, Matt]]
[[Category:Autistic people|Savage, Matt]]

Wikipedia:Wikijuristerei

2005-11-15T11:04:26Z

MacGyverMagic:

'''Wikilawyering''' is attempting to inappropriately rely on legal technicalities with respect to [[Wikipedia:Policies]] or [[Wikipedia:Arbitration]]. Such policies and procedures are intended to be interpreted in a common sense way which expresses the purpose of the policy or which tends toward resolution of disputes. Typically wikilawyering attempts to raise some procedural or evidentiary point in the manner it might be raised in legal proceedings, often using conventional common law reasoning. Occasionally such an objection might concern some question of fairness, but often serve only to evade the issue or obstruct crafting of a workable solution.

For example, while it is often impossible to definitely establish the actual user behind a set of sockpuppets, it is not a defense that all the sockpuppets which emerge were not named in the complaint.
[[Category:Wikipedia essays]]

Beecroft Peninsula

2005-09-25T12:15:05Z

MacGyverMagic:

'''Beecroft Peninsula''' is a [[peninsula]] located to the north and east of [[Jervis bay]] in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. Due to strong winds and waves from the south the peninsula contains numerous caves and [[blowhole]]s. Its varied fauna and vegetation have led to a request for the area to be made into a [[National Park]].

==Reference==
*[http://members.ozemail.com.au/~hrjones/JBSITE/jbstage2.html Information on Beecroft peninsula]

{{geo-stub}}