Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Software Freedom Conservancy

2011-08-19T22:45:41Z

Lorem Ip:

{{notability|date=March 2011}}
{{primary sources|date=March 2011}}

The '''Software Freedom Conservancy''' is an organization that provides a non-profit home and infrastructure for [[free software]]/[[open source software]] projects.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/overview/
|title=Overview - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref> The conservancy was established in 2006.<ref>{{cite news | author = ScuttleMonkey | title = New Conservancy Offers Gratis Services to FOSS | publisher = Slashdot | url = http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/04/03/1847227 | date = 2006-04-03 | language = en | accessdate = 2008-07-05}}</ref> As of June 2011 the conservancy had 26 member projects, including [[Boost_C%2B%2B_Libraries|Boost]], [[BusyBox]], [[Git]], [[Inkscape]], [[jQuery]], [[Samba (software)|Samba]], [[Sugar Labs]] and [[Wine_(software)|Wine]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/members/current/
|title=Current Member Projects - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2011-6-13}}</ref> In October 2010, the conservancy hired its first [[Executive Director]], [[Bradley M. Kuhn]].<ref name="sfc-ed">{{Cite web|url=http://sfconservancy.org/news/2010/oct/04/kuhn-executive-director/|title=Software Freedom Conservancy Appoints Full-Time Executive Director|date=2010-10-04}}</ref>

== Directors ==
As of october 2010, the conservancy's directors were:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/about/board/
|title=Directors - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/about/officers/
|title=Officers - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2010-10-04}}</ref>
* [[Jeremy Allison]]
* [[Loïc Dachary]]
* [[Mark Galassi]] (Vice President)
* [[Bradley M. Kuhn]] (President and Chair)
* [[Axel Metzger]]
* [[Eben Moglen]]
* [[Dan Ravicher]]
* [[Ian Lance Taylor]]
* [[Tom Tromey]]
* [[Matthew S. Wilson]]

==Member Projects==
The following projects are members of the Software Freedom Conservancy:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/members/current/
|title=Current Member Projects - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2011-8-1}}</ref>
* [[Amarok]]
* [[ArgoUML]]
* [[Bongo]]
* [[Boost]]
* [[BusyBox]]
* [[Darcs]]
* [[Evergreen]]
* [[Gevent]]
* [[Git]]
* [[Inkscape]]
* [[K-3D]]
* [[Kohana_(web_framework) |Kohana]]
* [[Libbraille]]
* [[Mercurial]]
* [[OpenChange]]
* [[PyPy]]
* [[SWIG]]
* [[Samba]]
* [[Selenium]]
* [[Squeak]]
* [[SurveyOS]]
* [[Twisted]]
* [[Wine]]
* [[jQuery]]
* [[uCLibc]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== See also ==
* [[Apache Software Foundation]] (ASF)
* [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF)
* [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI)
* [[Software Freedom Law Center]] (SFLC)
* [[Software in the Public Interest]] (SPI)

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [http://www.sfconservancy.org/ Official website]

{{FOSS}}
[[Category:Free and open source software organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2006]]

[[he:מוסד חופש התוכנה]]
[[ja:Software Freedom Conservancy]]

Armutsfalle

2011-07-22T23:40:42Z

Lorem Ip:

A '''poverty trap''' is "any self-reinforcing mechanism which causes [[poverty]] to persist."<ref>Costas Azariadis and John Stachurski, “Poverty Traps,” ''Handbook of Economic Growth'', 2005, 326.</ref> If it persists from generation to generation, the trap begins to reinforce itself if steps are not taken to break the cycle.

==Developing world==
In the [[developing world]], many factors can contribute to a poverty trap, including: limited access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] and [[capital markets]], extreme [[environmental degradation]] (which depletes an areas agricultural production potential), corrupt governance, [[capital flight]], poor education systems, disease ecology, lack of [[public health care]], war, or poor [[infrastructure]].<ref>Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. “Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 277:1185-1192. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1778</ref>

Nations like this include [[Sierra Leone]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[Jeffrey Sachs]], in his book [[The End of Poverty]], discusses the poverty trap and prescribes a set of policy initiatives intended to end the trap. He recommends that [[aid agencies]] behave as [[venture capitalists]] funding [[start-up companies]]. Venture capitalists, once they choose to invest in a venture, do not give only half or a third of the amount they feel the venture needs in order to become profitable; if they did, their money would be wasted. If all goes as planned, the venture will eventually become profitable and the venture capitalist will experience an adequate rate of return on investment. Likewise, Sachs proposes, [[developed countries]] cannot give only a fraction of what is needed in [[aid]] and expect to reverse the poverty trap in Africa. Just like any other start-up, developing nations absolutely must receive the amount of aid necessary (and promised at the [[G-8 Summit]] in 2005<ref>Collier, Paul et al. “Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice. “ Development Research Group, World Bank.</ref>) for them to begin to reverse the poverty trap. The problem is that unlike start-ups, which simply go bankrupt if they fail to receive funding, in Africa people continue to die at a high rate due in large part to lack of sufficient aid.

Sachs points out that the extreme poor lack six major kinds of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]: human capital, business capital, infrastructure, natural capital, public institutional capital, and knowledge capital.<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 244</ref> He then details the poverty trap: <blockquote>The poor start with a very low level of capital per person, and then find themselves trapped in poverty because the [[ratio]] of capital per person actually falls from generation to generation. The amount of capital per person declines when the population is growing faster than capital is being accumulated ... The question for growth in per capita income is whether the net capital accumulation is large enough to keep up with [[population growth]].</blockquote>

Sachs argues that sufficient [[foreign aid]] can make up for the lack of capital in poor countries, maintaining that, “If the foreign assistance is substantial enough, and lasts long enough, the capital stock rises sufficiently to lift households above subsistence.”

Sachs believes the [[public sector]] should focus mainly on investments in human capital (health, education, nutrition), infrastructure (roads, power, water and sanitation, environmental conservation), natural capital (conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run public administration, judicial system, police force), and parts of knowledge capital (scientific research for health, energy, agriculture, climate, ecology).<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 252</ref> Sachs leaves business capital investments to the private sector, which would more efficiently use funding to develop the profitable enterprises necessary to sustain growth. In this sense, Sachs views public institutions as useful in providing the [[public goods]] necessary to begin the [[Rostovian take-off model]], but maintains that [[private goods]] are more efficiently produced and distributed by [[private enterprise]].<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. ''[[The End of Poverty]]''. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. (?)</ref> This is a widespread view in [[neoclassical economics]].

==See also==
*[[Welfare trap]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*"The Joint conference of African Ministers of Finance and Ministers of Economic Development and Planning Report." May, 1999, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Major_ECA_Website/joint/capital.htm
*Ajayi, S. Ibi $ Mahsin, S. Khan. "External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa." IMF, 2000. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2000/extdebt/index.htm.
*Collier, Paul et al. "Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice." Development Research Group, World Bank.
*Emeagwali, Philip. Interview, "How does capital flight affect the average African?" http://emeagwali.com/interviews/capital-flight/africa.html.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poverty Trap}}
[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Development studies]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Poverty]]
[[Category:Social issues]]

[[fa:تله فقر]]
[[nl:Armoedeval]]
[[vi:Bẫy nghèo đói]]

Armutsfalle

2011-07-22T23:40:09Z

Lorem Ip:

A '''poverty trap''' is "any self-reinforcing mechanism which causes [[poverty]] to persist."<ref>Costas Azariadis and John Stachurski, “Poverty Traps,” ''Handbook of Economic Growth'', 2005, 326.</ref> If it persists from generation to generation, the trap begins to reinforce itself if steps are not taken to break the cycle.

In the [[developing world]], many factors can contribute to a poverty trap, including: limited access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] and [[capital markets]], extreme [[environmental degradation]] (which depletes an areas agricultural production potential), corrupt governance, [[capital flight]], poor education systems, disease ecology, lack of [[public health care]], war, or poor [[infrastructure]].<ref>Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. “Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 277:1185-1192. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1778</ref>

Nations like this include [[Sierra Leone]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[Jeffrey Sachs]], in his book [[The End of Poverty]], discusses the poverty trap and prescribes a set of policy initiatives intended to end the trap. He recommends that [[aid agencies]] behave as [[venture capitalists]] funding [[start-up companies]]. Venture capitalists, once they choose to invest in a venture, do not give only half or a third of the amount they feel the venture needs in order to become profitable; if they did, their money would be wasted. If all goes as planned, the venture will eventually become profitable and the venture capitalist will experience an adequate rate of return on investment. Likewise, Sachs proposes, [[developed countries]] cannot give only a fraction of what is needed in [[aid]] and expect to reverse the poverty trap in Africa. Just like any other start-up, developing nations absolutely must receive the amount of aid necessary (and promised at the [[G-8 Summit]] in 2005<ref>Collier, Paul et al. “Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice. “ Development Research Group, World Bank.</ref>) for them to begin to reverse the poverty trap. The problem is that unlike start-ups, which simply go bankrupt if they fail to receive funding, in Africa people continue to die at a high rate due in large part to lack of sufficient aid.

Sachs points out that the extreme poor lack six major kinds of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]: human capital, business capital, infrastructure, natural capital, public institutional capital, and knowledge capital.<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 244</ref> He then details the poverty trap: <blockquote>The poor start with a very low level of capital per person, and then find themselves trapped in poverty because the [[ratio]] of capital per person actually falls from generation to generation. The amount of capital per person declines when the population is growing faster than capital is being accumulated ... The question for growth in per capita income is whether the net capital accumulation is large enough to keep up with [[population growth]].</blockquote>

Sachs argues that sufficient [[foreign aid]] can make up for the lack of capital in poor countries, maintaining that, “If the foreign assistance is substantial enough, and lasts long enough, the capital stock rises sufficiently to lift households above subsistence.”

Sachs believes the [[public sector]] should focus mainly on investments in human capital (health, education, nutrition), infrastructure (roads, power, water and sanitation, environmental conservation), natural capital (conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run public administration, judicial system, police force), and parts of knowledge capital (scientific research for health, energy, agriculture, climate, ecology).<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 252</ref> Sachs leaves business capital investments to the private sector, which would more efficiently use funding to develop the profitable enterprises necessary to sustain growth. In this sense, Sachs views public institutions as useful in providing the [[public goods]] necessary to begin the [[Rostovian take-off model]], but maintains that [[private goods]] are more efficiently produced and distributed by [[private enterprise]].<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. ''[[The End of Poverty]]''. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. (?)</ref> This is a widespread view in [[neoclassical economics]].

==See also==
*[[Welfare trap]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*"The Joint conference of African Ministers of Finance and Ministers of Economic Development and Planning Report." May, 1999, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Major_ECA_Website/joint/capital.htm
*Ajayi, S. Ibi $ Mahsin, S. Khan. "External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa." IMF, 2000. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2000/extdebt/index.htm.
*Collier, Paul et al. "Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice." Development Research Group, World Bank.
*Emeagwali, Philip. Interview, "How does capital flight affect the average African?" http://emeagwali.com/interviews/capital-flight/africa.html.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poverty Trap}}
[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Development studies]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Poverty]]
[[Category:Social issues]]

[[fa:تله فقر]]
[[nl:Armoedeval]]
[[vi:Bẫy nghèo đói]]

Armutsfalle

2011-07-22T19:10:05Z

Lorem Ip: /* In welfare states */

A '''poverty trap''' is "any self-reinforcing mechanism which causes [[poverty]] to persist."<ref>Costas Azariadis and John Stachurski, “Poverty Traps,” ''Handbook of Economic Growth'', 2005, 326.</ref> If it persists from generation to generation, the trap begins to reinforce itself if steps are not taken to break the cycle.

== In welfare states ==
{{expand section|date=October 2010}}
{{main|welfare trap}}
In countries with large [[welfare state]]s which use [[means testing]], the poorest individuals may face high [[effective marginal tax rate]]s if they increase their income or wealth. This can seriously weaken their incentive to work their way out of poverty.

==In poor countries==
{{one source|section|date=October 2010}}

In the [[developing world]], many factors can contribute to a poverty trap, including: limited access to [[Credit (finance)|credit]] and [[capital markets]], extreme [[environmental degradation]] (which depletes an areas agricultural production potential), corrupt governance, [[capital flight]], poor education systems, disease ecology, lack of [[public health care]], war, or poor [[infrastructure]].<ref>Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. “Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 277:1185-1192. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1778</ref>

Nations like this include [[Sierra Leone]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[Jeffrey Sachs]], in his book [[The End of Poverty]], discusses the poverty trap and prescribes a set of policy initiatives intended to end the trap. He recommends that [[aid agencies]] behave as [[venture capitalists]] funding [[start-up companies]]. Venture capitalists, once they choose to invest in a venture, do not give only half or a third of the amount they feel the venture needs in order to become profitable; if they did, their money would be wasted. If all goes as planned, the venture will eventually become profitable and the venture capitalist will experience an adequate rate of return on investment. Likewise, Sachs proposes, [[developed countries]] cannot give only a fraction of what is needed in [[aid]] and expect to reverse the poverty trap in Africa. Just like any other start-up, developing nations absolutely must receive the amount of aid necessary (and promised at the [[G-8 Summit]] in 2005<ref>Collier, Paul et al. “Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice. “ Development Research Group, World Bank.</ref>) for them to begin to reverse the poverty trap. The problem is that unlike start-ups, which simply go bankrupt if they fail to receive funding, in Africa people continue to die at a high rate due in large part to lack of sufficient aid.

Sachs points out that the extreme poor lack six major kinds of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]: human capital, business capital, infrastructure, natural capital, public institutional capital, and knowledge capital.<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 244</ref> He then details the poverty trap: <blockquote>The poor start with a very low level of capital per person, and then find themselves trapped in poverty because the [[ratio]] of capital per person actually falls from generation to generation. The amount of capital per person declines when the population is growing faster than capital is being accumulated ... The question for growth in per capita income is whether the net capital accumulation is large enough to keep up with [[population growth]].</blockquote>

Sachs argues that sufficient [[foreign aid]] can make up for the lack of capital in poor countries, maintaining that, “If the foreign assistance is substantial enough, and lasts long enough, the capital stock rises sufficiently to lift households above subsistence.”

Sachs believes the [[public sector]] should focus mainly on investments in human capital (health, education, nutrition), infrastructure (roads, power, water and sanitation, environmental conservation), natural capital (conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run public administration, judicial system, police force), and parts of knowledge capital (scientific research for health, energy, agriculture, climate, ecology).<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. 252</ref> Sachs leaves business capital investments to the private sector, which would more efficiently use funding to develop the profitable enterprises necessary to sustain growth. In this sense, Sachs views public institutions as useful in providing the [[public goods]] necessary to begin the [[Rostovian take-off model]], but maintains that [[private goods]] are more efficiently produced and distributed by [[private enterprise]].<ref>Sachs, Jeffrey D. ''[[The End of Poverty]]''. Penguin Books, 2006. Pg. (?)</ref> This is a widespread view in [[neoclassical economics]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
*"The Joint conference of African Ministers of Finance and Ministers of Economic Development and Planning Report." May, 1999, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/Major_ECA_Website/joint/capital.htm
*Ajayi, S. Ibi $ Mahsin, S. Khan. "External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa." IMF, 2000. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2000/extdebt/index.htm.
*Collier, Paul et al. "Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice." Development Research Group, World Bank.
*Emeagwali, Philip. Interview, "How does capital flight affect the average African?" http://emeagwali.com/interviews/capital-flight/africa.html.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poverty Trap}}
[[Category:Development]]
[[Category:Development studies]]
[[Category:Economic problems]]
[[Category:Poverty]]
[[Category:Social issues]]

[[fa:تله فقر]]
[[nl:Armoedeval]]
[[vi:Bẫy nghèo đói]]

Informationsverlust

2011-01-19T20:29:19Z

Lorem Ip:

{{überarbeiten}}
'''Informationsverlust''' beschreibt den meist unerwünschten [[Verlust]] von [[Information]]en während eines [[Informationsfluss]]es einer [[Kommunikation]]. Mit diesem [[Problem]] befasst sich bei der Kommunikation von Personen die [[Kommunikationswissenschaft]], bei technischer Kommunikation die [[Informationstheorie]]. Informationsverlust ist bei jeder Art von Kommunikation möglich, er unterliegt verschiedenen Ursachen und Wirkungen.

Er kann auch durch technische [[Prozess (Informatik)|Prozess]]e ([[Informationslogistik]]/[[Informationsübertragung (Physik)|Informationsübertragung]]) oder gezielt durch [[Manipulation]] entstehen (z. B. durch [[Informationskontrolle]] oder [[Sabotage]]).

==Ursachen==
Informationsverluste können in verschiedenen Situationen auftreten:

*''Verluste bei der [[Übermittlung]]'', z. B. durch Unterbrechung einer [[Nachrichtenverbindung]], fehlende [[Kompatibilität (Technik)|Kompatibilität]] oder der [[Arithmetischer Überlauf|Überlauf]] eines Speichermediums, führen zu unvollständigen Nachrichten.
* ''Prinzipiell bedingte Verluste'' können durch Umwandlung zwischen unterschiedlichen Formaten ''[[Codierung]]'' bei Aufzeichnung und Wiedergabe von Informationen kommen. Beispiel: endliche Auflösung bei der Signalabtastung (vgl. [[Abtasttheorem]])
*''Fehler bei der [[Decodierung]]'' führen zu partiellen oder kompletten Informationsverlusten beim [[Empfänger (Information)|Empfänger]]. Beispiel: Verfügt der Empfänger nicht über die Möglichkeit, die Information in ein für ihn brauchbares Format umzuwandeln, so ist sie für ihn nutzlos.
* Die ''[[Datenkompression|Kompression von Daten'']] kann zu Datenverlusten führen. In der Informationstheorie wird beispielsweise ein Maß für den Informationsgehalt über das Konzept der verlustfreien Komprimierbarkeit definiert. (vgl. [[Entropie (Informationstheorie)|Entropie im informationstheoretischen Sinne]])
* ''Verfahrensbedingte Verluste'' können auch bei der [[Elektronische Datenverarbeitung|Verarbeitung]] von Informationen auftreten.Beispiel: Verarbeitung numerischer Informationen mit begrenzter Rechengenauigkeit ([[Rundungsfehler]]).
* In physikalischen Systemen kann es zum Verlust der Information über Anfangsbedingungen und Zustände kommen (vgl. [[Entropie (Physik)|Entropie im physikalischen Sinne]]).

==Wirkung==
Durch Informationsverluste entstehen gegebenenfalls [[Konflikt]]e, z. B. [[Technischer Defekt|technische Defekte]] und [[Computerabsturz|Systemzusammenbrüche]].

==Vorkommen==

===Interpersonelle Kommunikation===
In der [[zwischenmenschliche Kommunikation|zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation]] ([[Gespräch]] und [[Korrespondenz]]). Beim Gespräch kann ein Informationssverlust durch die Anwendung einer [[Fremdsprache|fremden Sprache]], einer falschen [[Aussprache]], einer falschen [[Artikulation (Linguistik)|Artikulation]] oder durch einen differenten [[Soziolekt]] zu einem falschen oder nicht kompletten Verstehen kommen. Es entsteht so ein [[Verständigung]]sproblem.

'''Beispiel:'''

* Sehr häufig sind beim Spiel ''[[Stille Post]]'' Informationsverluste bei deren Weitergabe zu beobachten.

===Technik===
In der Technik können Informationsverluste bei kommunizierenden Automaten oder Programmen bei der [[Datenfernübertragung]] oder beim Datenaustausch in Netzwerken entstehen, wenn sie unterbrochen werden (Verbindungsstörung oder Fehlbedienung) oder fehlerhaft übertragen werden (Problem der [[Signalverarbeitung]]).

'''Beispiele'''

Informationsverluste können beispielsweise auftreten:
In der
*[[Telekommunikation]] beim abrupten Abbruch der [[Nachrichtenverbindung]] oder
*[[Datenverarbeitung]], wenn Dateien nicht [[Datensicherung|gesichert]] worden sind (vgl. [[Datenverlust]]) 
*[[Sabotage]]

==Auswirkungen==

*[[technischer Defekt]], z. B. [[Stromausfall]]
*[[Menschlicher Fehler]], z. B. [[Missverständnis]]
*[[Kettenreaktion]]

==Vorkehrungen==
===Planung===
*[[Berechenbarkeit]]
*[[Risikoabschätzung]]
*[[Kontrollstruktur]]

===Durchführung===
*[[Kontrollmechanismus|Kontrollmechanismen]], z. B. [[Qualitätssicherung]]smaßnahmen
*[[Optimierung]]
*Gestaltung und Kontrolle der [[Ablauforganisation]]

==Kultur==
Eine große Menge an Informationen ging in der [[Kulturgeschichte]] oft beim Ende von [[Zeitalter|Epoche]]n verloren. Bei dem [[Phänomen]] gingen neben gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen und religiösen vor allem wissenschaftliche Errungenschaften verloren. Je mehr Information angesammelt wurde, desto mehr ging beim Niedergang verloren. Besonders viel Information ist beim Zusammenbruch von [[Hochkultur (Geschichtswissenschaft)|Hochkultur]]en erkennbar. Ein Beispiel hierfür sind die Errungenschaften der [[Antike]], denen nach ihrem [[Ende der Antike|Ende]] in Westeuropa zunächst für viele Jahrhunderte kaum Beachtung mehr geschenkt wurde bzw. werden konnte. Die Kultur im mittelalterlichen Europa bewegte sich danach längere Zeit auf einem niedrigeren Niveau, wenngleich das antike Erbe nie vollkommen verloren ging und in [[Byzantinisches Reich|Byzanz]] auch weitgehend bewahrt werden konnte.

Informationen werden bei der [[Transkulturation]] ausgeblendet oder negiert.

==Siehe auch==
*[[Informationsüberflutung]]

[[Kategorie:Kommunikationsproblem]]



{{lückenhaft|Formen, Konsequenzen und Vorkehrungen sowie Ausformulierungen der letzten Absätze}}
{{überarbeiten}}

[[en:Digital obsolescence]]

Scala Theatre

2010-09-06T18:37:03Z

Lorem Ip: /* Further reading */

{{About|the former Scala Theatre in London|the Opera House in Milan, Italy|La Scala}}
{{coord|51|31|12.2|N|0|8|10.0|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

:''This is not the same theatre as [[The Prince of Wales Theatre]], in [[Leicester Square]] which was built in 1884, became The Prince of Wales in 1886, and is still existent.''

The '''Scala Theatre''' was a [[theatre]] in London, sited on [[Charlotte Street]], off [[Tottenham Court Road]], in the [[London Borough of Camden]]. The first theatre on the site opened in 1772, and the theatre was demolished in 1969, after being destroyed by fire. From 1865-82, the theatre was known as the '''Prince of Wales's Theatre'''.

==Origins==
The theatre began on this site as '''The New Rooms''' where concerts were performed, in Charlotte Street, in 1772, under the management of Francis Pasquali. Popularity, and royal patronage led to the building's enlargement by [[James Wyatt]], and its renaming as the '''King's Concert Rooms''' (1780–1786). It then became '''Rooms for Concerts of Ancient Music''' and '''Hyde's Rooms''' (1786–1802, managed by ''The Directors of Concerts and Ancient Music'').

In 1802, a private theatre club, managed by Captain Caulfield, the ''"Pic-Nics"'' occupied the building and named it the '''Cognoscenti Theatre''' (1802–1808). It became the '''New Theatre''' (1808–1815, under Saunders and Mr J. Paul) and was extended and fitted out as a public theatre with a portico entrance, on Tottenham Street.

It continued under a succession of managers as the unsuccessful '''Regency Theatre''' (1815–1820), falling into decline. The theatre then reopened as the '''West London Theatre''' (1820–1831, under Brunton), '''Queen's Theatre''' (1831–1833, 1835–1837, and again 1839-1865), and '''Fitzroy Theatre''' (1833–1835 and 1837–1839). The lessee of the theatre from 1843 to 1869 was a scenic artist, Charles James James, and the theatre became the home of lurid [[melodrama]], being nicknamed ''The Dusthole''<ref><cite>[http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/special/html/specoll/theats.htm University of Kent, Theatre Collection] accessed 12 Mar 2007</ref><ref><cite>[http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~a0fs000/1800/0407.html University of Massachusetts, Theatre History] accessed 12 Mar 2007</ref><ref name=scala><cite>[http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/special/icons/playbills/3SCALA.HTM University of Kent, Scala Theatre] accessed 12 Mar 2007</ref>.

==Prince of Wales's Royal Theatre 1865-1882==
In 1865, the theatre was renovated and named the ''''Prince of Wales Royal Theatre'''' and this continued until its demolition in 1903. The same year, in partnership with [[Henry James Byron|Henry Byron]], [[Effie Bancroft|Effie Marie Wilton]] assumed the management of the theatre, having secured as a leading actor [[Squire Bancroft]]. He starred in J. P. Wooler's ''A Winning Hazard'', among other works. Wilton provided the capital, and Byron wrote a number of plays. His first was a burlesque of ''[[La sonnambula]]''. However, Wilton wanted to present more sophisticated pieces. She agreed to produce three more burlesques by Byron, while he agreed to write his first prose comedies, ''War to the Knife'' (a success in 1865) and ''A Hundred Thousand Pounds'' (1866). By 1867, Byron left the partnership.<ref>Thomson, Peter. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4280 "Byron, Henry James (1835–1884)",] ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008, accessed 19 December 2008</ref><ref>Lee, Amy Wai Sum. [http://whaleyween.com/Holly/DLB344_19thC_BritishDramatists/Byron.pdf "Henry J. Byron"], Hong Kong Baptist University</ref>

The house soon became noted for the successful domestic drama-comedies by [[Thomas William Robertson]], including his series of groundbreaking [[realism (dramatic arts)|realist]] plays, ''[[Society (play)|Society]]'' (1865), ''Ours'' (1866), ''Caste'' (1867), ''Play'' (1868), ''School'' (1869), and ''M.P.'' (1870). In 1867, Miss Wilton became Mrs. Bancroft and regularly took the principal female parts in these pieces opposite her husband. Other plays were [[W. S. Gilbert]]'s ''Allow Me To Explain'' (1867; this ran as a companion piece to Robertson's ''Caste'')<ref>[http://math.boisestate.edu/GaS/other_gilbert/html/allow_me.html Synopsis of ''Allow Me To Explain'']</ref> and ''[[Sweethearts (play)|Sweethearts]]'' (1874), as well as ''Tame Cats'' (1868), [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Lytton's]] ''Money'' (1872), ''[[The School for Scandal]]'' (1874), a revival of [[Dion Boucicault|Boucicault's]] ''London Assurance'' (1877), and ''Diplomacy'' ([[Clement Scott]]'s 1878 adaptation of [[Victorien Sardou|Sardou]]'s ''Dora''). A number of prominent actors played at the theatre during this period, among them [[John Hare (actor)|Hare]], [[Charles Francis Coghlan|Coghlan]], the [[William Hunter Kendal|Kendals]], and [[Ellen Terry]].

A big success in 1881 was [[F. C. Burnand]]'s ''[[The Colonel (play)|The Colonel]]'', which went on to run for 550 performances, transferring to the Imperial Theatre. In 1882, the theatre went ''dark'', and from 1886 to 1903, the theatre buildings were used as a [[Salvation Army]] Hostel<ref name=scala/>. A different London theatre began to use the name [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in 1886.

== Scala Theatre 1905-1969 ==
In 1903, Dr. [[Edmund Distin Maddick]] bought the property, and adjoining properties, and enlarged the site. The main entrance was now situate on Charlotte Street, and the old portico, on Tottenham Street became the stage door. The new theatre, designed by [[Frank Verity]], opened in 1905, as '''The Scala Theatre''', seating 1,139 and boasting a large stage. The new venture was not particularly successful, however, and became a cinema from 1911–1918, run by Charles Urban<ref name=scala/>. In 1918, F. J. Nettlefold took over and ran the premises as a theatre again.

It became known as the ''New Scala'' in 1923, with D.A. Abrahams as licensee for both staging plays and showing films, becoming owner in 1925. Amateur productions and [[pantomime]] were performed, and for a while the theatre became home to the [[Gang Show]]. During [[World War II]], it again housed professional theatre, reverting to the ''Scala Theatre''. After the war, under the management of Prince Littler, amateur productions returned, with ''[[Peter Pan]]'' being the annual pantomime. This continued until 1969 when, after a fire, it was demolished for the building of offices, known as ''Scala House''. In 1964, the theatre was used by [[The Beatles]] for the concert sequences in the film ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]''. Today it is the site of an apartment block.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/special/icons/playbills/3SCALA.HTM University of Kent, History of Scala Theatre] accessed 12 Mar 2007
*[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Scala.htm Photos and historical information about the theatre] accessed 12 Mar 2007
*[http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/special/html/specoll/theats.htm University of Kent, Theatre Collection] accessed 12 Mar 2007
*[http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~a0fs000/1800/0407.html University of Massachusetts, Theatre chronology] accessed 12 Mar 2007

==Further reading==
*Baker, Henry Barton. ''History of the London stage and its famous players (1576-1903)''. London: Routledge, 1904.
*Howard, Diana. ''London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950''. London: The Library Association, 1970.
*Leacroft, Richard. ''The Development of the English Playhouse''. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1976.
*Mander, Raymond & Mitchenson, Joe. ''The Lost Theatres of London''. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company: 1968.
*Mander, Raymond & Mitchenson, Joe. ''The Theatres of London''. London: Harvest, 1963

[[Category:1772 architecture]]
[[Category:1905 establishments]]
[[Category:1969 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Gilbert and Sullivan performing groups]]
[[Category:Former theatres of London]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures of Camden]]