Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Board of Directors

2014-04-07T02:58:38Z

LlamaAl: Änderungen von 120.37.230.245 (Diskussion) auf die letzte Version von Kam Solusar zurückgesetzt

Das '''Board of Directors''' ({{deS|etwa ''[[Verwaltungsrat (Deutschland)|Verwaltungsrat]]''}}) ist im [[anglo-amerikanisch]]en Raum das Leitungs- und Kontrollgremium eines [[Unternehmen]]s. Meist vereinigt es in etwa die Funktionen von [[Vorstand]] und [[Aufsichtsrat]] einer deutschen [[Aktiengesellschaft]] und stellt somit ein [[monistisches System]] der Unternehmensführung dar. Der [[Vorsitz]]ende des Board of Directors wird als '''Chairman of the Board''' (COB) bezeichnet.

== Aufbau ==
Die Mitglieder des Boards werden allein von den Anteilseignern, in der Regel durch die [[Hauptversammlung]], gewählt. Arbeitnehmervertreter, wie etwa im Aufsichtsrat großer [[Kapitalgesellschaft]]en in Deutschland, sind im Board of Directors nicht vorgesehen. Die Direktoren werden meist in geschäftsführende (''executive'') und nicht-geschäftsführende (''non-executive'') Direktoren unterschieden. Die geschäftsführenden Direktoren, häufig als [[Chief Officer]]s bezeichnet, übernehmen die operative [[Geschäftsführung]] des Unternehmens und entsprechen somit dem Vorstand einer deutschen AG. Die nicht geschäftsführenden Direktoren sind vor allem in einer Beratungs- und Kontrollfunktion tätig und üben dieses Amt nicht hauptberuflich aus, sie sind auch keine Angestellten des Unternehmens. Ihr Amt ist mit dem eines Mitgliedes des Aufsichtsrats einer deutschen AG vergleichbar.

=== Dualistische Variante ===
Einige Unternehmen im anglo-amerikanischen Raum verwenden stattdessen ein [[dualistisches System]] der Unternehmensführung, bei der Geschäftsleitung und Kontrollgremium getrennt sind, analog zur Trennung zwischen Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat in einer [[Aktiengesellschaft (Deutschland)|deutschen Aktiengesellschaft]]. Das Board of Directors hat in diesem System eine Kontrollfunktion, während die Geschäftsleitung vom ''Executive Board'' übernommen wird. Personelle Überschneidungen beider Gremien sind möglich, so ist etwa der [[CEO]] als Vorsitzender des ''Executive Boards'' oft auch Mitglied im Board of Directors.

Firmen, die diese Variante der Unternehmensführung einsetzen, sind etwa [[Apple]] und [[Google]].<ref>Apple: [http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/ Apple Leadership] abgerufen am 6. September 2011</ref><ref>Google: [http://www.google.com/about/corporate/company/execs.html Management Team] abgerufen am 6. September 2011</ref>

== In anderen Ländern ==
Auch in einer [[Europäische Gesellschaft|Europäischen Gesellschaft (SE)]] kann die Unternehmensleitung durch ein Board of Directors ausgeübt werden. Die SE bietet Wahlfreiheit zwischen dem monistischen System und dem [[Dualistisches System|dualistischen System]].

Japanische ''[[kabushiki-gaisha]]'' werden ebenfalls von einem derartigen, ''torishimariyaku-kai'' (wörtlich: „Direktorenversammlung, Direktorium“) genanntem, Gremium geleitet.

Im Russischen wird statt des Vorstandes der Aufsichtsrat als ''Rat der Direktoren'' (Совет директоров, Sowjet Direktorow) bezeichnet, eine bessere Übersetzung von Совет директоров wäre daher ''Direktoriumsbeirat'' (dem Direktorium beigeordneter Aufsichtsrat).

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Verwaltungsrat (Schweiz)]]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|TYP=s|GND=4303006-3}}

[[Kategorie:Berufliche Funktion (Management)]]
[[Kategorie:Leitungsorgan]]

Quijada

2014-04-07T02:47:43Z

LlamaAl: Revertidos los cambios de 190.203.250.97 (disc.) a la última edición de Opus88888

[[Archivo:Quijada.jpg|thumb|250px|Quijada de burro.]]

La '''quijada''' de burro, caballo o res se usa como [[instrumento de percusión]] en varios lugares de [[Hispanoamérica]] y en algunos de ellos, cuando cumple esta función se la conoce como '''charrasca''', ''''cacharaina''', '''charaina''', '''carretilla''' o '''''kahuaha'''''.

Es elaborada con el maxilar inferior o quijada de un [[burro]] o [[caballo]] que es hervida y secada hasta que los molares se aflojan y producen un castañeteo. Dependiendo de la técnica de ejecución se obtienen dos sonidos. El primero implica golpear la parte final de la quijada con la palma o el costado de la mano cerrada, ocasionando la vibración de la [[dentadura]]. El segundo se obtiene al frotar la fila de dientes con un palillo de [[madera]]. Este último se denomina "carrasca", probablemente una voz [[Onomatopeya|onomatopéyica]].

Se utiliza como instrumento de marcha en los carnavales y fiestas religiosas y también en varios ritmos de origen afroamericano como la percusión afroperuana de la costa centro y norte del [[Perú]], en sones de [[República Dominicana]], así como en la música [[México|mexicana]] de [[son jarocho]] y de [[son afromestizo de Costa Chica]], de [[Torbellino (danza)|torbellino]] [[Colombia|colombiano]], en Guatemala, Belice, y en la música chilota de [[Chile]].

== Enlaces externos==
*[http://mx.youtube.com/watch?v=R44rBtI37EE Video en Youtube - Quijada en son jarocho]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uO3H9CqAKiY Video en Youtube - QSUR 200 - Baile con "Quijada de Burro"]
*[http://www.amigosdevilla.it/musica/musica/instrumentos_07.htm]

== Véase también ==
* [[Taba]]

== Referencias ==
* {{cita libro
| nombre=John | apellidos=Beck
| título = Encyclopedia of Percussion
| año = 1994
| editorial = Garland
| id = ISBN 978-0-8240-4788-7
}}

[[Categoría:Instrumentos musicales de Argentina]]
[[Categoría:Instrumentos musicales de Chile]]
[[Categoría:Instrumentos musicales de México]]
[[Categoría:Instrumentos musicales del Perú]]
[[Categoría:Idiófonos de raspado]]

Benutzer Diskussion:C-M

2014-02-21T23:12:57Z

LlamaAl: Neuer Abschnitt /* New Translation */

<div style="height:100%;overflow:auto;color:#200000; background-color:#ffffff; border:1px solid #666666; padding:0.4em">
<div align="center" style="background-color:#f5f5f5;padding:0.2em;">'''Herzlich willkommen auf meiner Diskussionsseite!'''</div>
<hr />
<div style="color:#535068">
Um die Diskussion für mich einfacher und übersichtlicher zu gestalten bitte ich um die Einhaltung einiger einfacher Regeln:
*Neue Beiträge bitte unten [http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer_Diskussion:C-M&action=edit&section=new anfügen]
*Deinen Beitrag bitte mit <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> signieren
*Es gilt [[Request for Comments|RFC]] [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1855 1855]
----
{{Benutzer:C-M/Linkbox}}
{{Autoarchiv|Alter=30|Ziel='Benutzer Diskussion:C-M/Archiv/((Jahr))-((Halbjahr))'|Mindestbeiträge=1|Klein=Ja}}
<div style:"width=50%;overflow:auto">[[Image:System-file-manager.svg|30px|left|Archiv]] '''Archiv:'''{{Spezial:Präfixindex/Benutzer Diskussion:C-M/Archiv/}}</div>

</div>


== New Translation ==

Here is a new translation for Japanese:
<pre>language = "Japanese"
language_code = "ja"

[blockcalc]
permanent_link = "permanent link"
heading = "Rangeblock-Calculator"
howtoheading = "How to use"
howto = "Just enter your IPs into the textbox, separated by newline, space or everything else which is not a number - copy'n'paste from history works just fine."
range = "Range"
users_pre = "up to"
users_post = "users would be blocked"
ip_found = "IPs found"
calc_range = "Calc range"
whois = "whois"
contributions = "global contributions"

[overview]
heading = "chm's tools"
howtoheading = "Overview"
howto = "This page contains tools made by chm. You can find me in Wikipedia <a href='http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:C-M'>here</a>."
vote_heading = "Votecheck"
vote = "Checks whether a user has the right to vote (german wikipedia only)"
blockcalc_heading = "Blockcalc"
blockcalc = "Calculates the smallest possible rangeblock for a set of ips"
whois_heading = "Whois"
whois = "Whois-service for IPs and hostnames"
tor_heading = "Torcheck"
tor = "Checks whether an IP belongs to a TOR exitnode."
mark_heading = "Highlight Admins"
mark = "Highlights admins using css (currently german wikipedia only)"
rc_heading = "SVG-RC"
rc = "Live recent changes for de.wikipedia.org using AJAX and SVG"
bugtrack = "submit a bug"
</pre>

== Tool Labs ==

Hi C-M. I don't think you're still around, but I'll give it a try. Could you please move [//toolserver.org/~chm/blockcalc.php your toolserver tools] to [[:toollabs:|Tool Labs]]? :) (Toolserver quits.) [[Benutzer:Trijnstel|Trijnstel]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Trijnstel|Diskussion]]) 16:46, 30. Dez. 2013 (CET)
:Yes, I plan to do so, but it might take a few days. — [[Benutzer:C-M|C-M]] [[Benutzer_Diskussion:C-M|<sup>hä?</sup>]] 18:35, 3. Jan. 2014 (CET)
::Could you please do it asap? The toolserver could be shut down very soon and we don't want to lose your tool. [[Benutzer:Trijnstel|Trijnstel]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Trijnstel|Diskussion]]) 16:24, 2. Feb. 2014 (CET)

== New Translation ==

Here is a new translation for <insert your language here>:
<pre>language = "language"
language_code = "es"

[blockcalc]
permanent_link = "permanent link"
heading = "Rangeblock-Calculator"
howtoheading = "How to use"
howto = "Just enter your IPs into the textbox, separated by newline, space or everything else which is not a number - copy'n'paste from history works just fine."
range = "Range"
users_pre = "up to"
users_post = "users would be blocked"
ip_found = "IPs found"
calc_range = "Calc range"
whois = "whois"
contributions = "global contributions"
</pre>

== New Translation ==

Here is a new translation for spanish:
<pre>language = "spanish"
language_code = "es"

[blockcalc]
permanent_link = "enlace permanente"
heading = "Calculador de Rangos de IP"
howtoheading = "¿Cómo usarlo? "
howto = "Pon la IP específica dentro del cuadro. Para poner 2 o más IPs, presiona intro antes de cada IP. También puedes copiar una IP desde el historial de cualquier página de nuestros proyectos y pegarla abajo."
range = "Rango"
users_pre = "up to"
users_post = "users would be blocked"
ip_found = "IPs encontradas"
calc_range = "Calcular rango"
whois = "whois"
contributions = "contribuciones globales"
</pre>

== New Translation ==

Here is a new translation for es:
<pre>language = "Español"
language_code = "es"

[blockcalc]
permanent_link = "enlace permanente"
heading = "Calculador de bloqueos de rango"
howtoheading = "Cómo usarlo"
howto = "Solo ingresa las IPs en la caja de texto, separadas por una línea, espacio o cualquier cosa que no sea un número. Copiar y pegar del historial funciona."
range = "Rango"
users_pre = "hasta"
users_post = "usuarios serán bloqueados"
ip_found = "IPs encontradas"
calc_range = "Calcular rango"
whois = "whois"
contributions = "contribuciones globales"
</pre>
[[Benutzer:LlamaAl|LlamaAl]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:LlamaAl|Diskussion]]) 00:12, 22. Feb. 2014 (CET)

Zufallsstichprobe

2014-02-17T03:05:12Z

LlamaAl: Änderungen von Ted00PSS (Diskussion) auf die letzte Version von Easy Israel zurückgesetzt

Eine '''Zufallsstichprobe''' (auch Wahrscheinlichkeitsauswahl, Zufalls-Stichprobe, Zufallsauswahl, Random-Sample) ist eine [[Stichprobe]] aus der [[Grundgesamtheit]], die mit Hilfe eines speziellen [[Stichprobe|Auswahlverfahren]]s gezogen wird. Bei einem solchen Zufallsauswahlverfahren hat jedes Element der [[Grundgesamtheit]] eine [[Auswahlsatz|angebbare]] [[Wahrscheinlichkeit]] (größer Null), in die Stichprobe zu gelangen. Nur bei Zufallsstichproben sind, streng genommen, die Methoden der [[Induktive Statistik|induktiven Statistik]] anwendbar.

== Mathematische Definition ==

Eine Stichprobe ist zunächst einmal eine Teilmenge einer Grundgesamtheit. Für eine Zufallsstichprobe werden zusätzliche Bedingungen gestellt:

* die Elemente werden zufällig aus der Grundgesamtheit gezogen und
* die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mit der ein Element aus der Grundgesamtheit gezogen wird, ist angebbar

Des Weiteren unterscheidet man zwischen einer ''uneingeschränkten'' und einer ''einfachen'' Zufallsstichprobe:
* '''Uneingeschränkte Zufallsstichprobe:'''
** jedes Element der Grundgesamtheit hat die gleiche Wahrscheinlichkeit, in die Stichprobe zu gelangen
* '''Einfache Zufallsstichprobe:'''
** jedes Element der Grundgesamtheit hat die gleiche Wahrscheinlichkeit, in die Stichprobe zu gelangen und
** die Ziehungen aus der Grundgesamtheit erfolgen unabhängig voneinander

Eine uneingeschränkte Zufallsstichprobe erhält man z.B. bei einem ''Ziehen ohne Zurücklegen'' und eine einfache Zufallstichprobe z.B. bei einem ''Ziehen mit Zurücklegen''.

=== Beispiele ===

'''Literary Digest Desaster'''

Das [[Literary Digest Desaster]] von 1936 zeigt auf, was passieren kann, wenn keine Zufallsstichprobe aus der Grundgesamtheit gezogen wird.<ref>{{Internetquelle
|hrsg = Marktforschungs-Wiki
|titel = Literary Digest Desaster
|url = http://marktforschung.wikia.com/wiki/Literary_Digest_Desaster
|zugriff = 2011-02-12
}}
</ref> Eine verzerrte Stichprobe führte zu einer vollständig falschen Wahlprognose.

'''Wahlbefragung'''

Eine Befragung von Wählern, nachdem sie aus der Wahlkabine kommen, bzgl. ihres Wahlverhaltens ist eine uneingeschränkte Zufallsstichprobe (wenn kein Befragter die Antwort verweigert) bzgl. der Wähler. Sie ist jedoch ''keine'' (uneingeschränkte) Zufallsstichprobe bzgl. der Wahlberechtigten.

'''Taschenkontrolle'''

Der Einzelhandel beklagt immer wieder, dass durch Diebstahl von Waren durch eigene Mitarbeiter große Schäden verursacht werden.<ref>{{Internetquelle
|hrsg = [[Der Tagesspiegel]]
|titel = Diebstahl kostet Handel Milliarden
|url = http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/diebstahl-kostet-handel-milliarden/v_default,1096294.html
|datum = 2007-11-14
|zugriff = 2011-02-12
}}</ref>
Deswegen führen größere Supermärkte unter anderem eine [[Torkontrolle|Taschenkontrolle]] durch, wenn Mitarbeiter den Supermarkt verlassen. Da eine vollständige Taschenkontrolle aller Angestellten zu aufwändig wäre (und dies vermutlich auch als Arbeitszeit bezahlt werden müsste), gehen die Angestellten beim Verlassen des Supermarktes durch den Personalausgang an einer Lampe vorbei. Sie zeigt computer-gesteuert entweder ein grünes Licht (Angestellter wird nicht kontrolliert) oder ein rotes Licht (Angestellter wird kontrolliert). Diese Auswahl ist dann eine einfache Zufallsauswahl.

=== Zufallsstichproben in der mathematischen Statistik ===

In der [[Mathematische Statistik|mathematischen Statistik]] sind Zufallsstichproben die Grundlage für den Rückschluss von der Stichprobe auf Eigenschaften der Grundgesamtheit. Eine konkrete Stichprobe <math>x_1, \dotsc, x_n</math> wird dann als Realisierungen der [[Zufallsvariable]]n <math>X_1, \dotsc, X_n</math> betrachtet. Diese Zufallsvariablen werden als [[Stichprobenvariable]]n bezeichnet und geben an, mit welcher Wahrscheinlichkeit bei der <math>i</math>ten Ziehung mit einem bestimmten Auswahlverfahren ein bestimmtes Element der Grundgesamtheit gezogen werden kann.

Wurde eine einfache Zufallsstichprobe gezogen, so kann man zeigen, dass die Stichprobenvariablen <math>X_i</math> [[unabhängig und identisch verteilt]] sind (Abkürzung ''i.i.d.'', aus dem engl. ''independent and identically distributed''). D.h. der Verteilungstyp und die Verteilungsparameter aller Stichprobenvariablen sind gleich der Verteilung in der Grundgesamtheit (''identically distributed''), und aufgrund der Unabhängigkeit der Ziehungen sind die Stichprobenvariablen auch unabhängig voneinander (''independent'').

Bei vielen Problemen in der induktiven Statistik wird vorausgesetzt, dass die Stichprobenvariablen i.i.d. sind.

=== Abhängige und unabhängige Stichproben ===

Bei Analysen mit mehr als einer Stichprobe muss zwischen abhängigen und unabhängigen Stichproben unterschieden werden. Statt von einer ''abhängigen Stichprobe'' spricht man auch von ''verbundenen Stichproben''<ref name=Roenz1994>{{Literatur|Herausgeber=Bernd Rönz, Hans G. Strohe|Titel=Lexikon Statistik|Jahr=1994|Ort = Wiesbaden|Verlag=Gabler Wirtschaft|ISBN = 3-409-19952-7|Seiten=412}}</ref> oder ''gepaarten Stichproben''<ref name=Janssen2007>{{Literatur |Autor=Jürgen Janssen, Wilfried Laatz|Jahr=2007 |Titel=Statistische Datenanalyse mit SPSS für Windows. Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung in das Basissystem und das Modul Exakte Tests|Auflage=6., neu bearbeitete und erweiterte |Verlag=Springer |Ort = Berlin u. a. |ISBN = 978-3-540-72977-8 |Seiten=353}}</ref>.

''Abhängige Stichproben'' treten meist bei wiederholten Messungen an dem gleichen Untersuchungsobjekt auf. Zum Beispiel besteht die erste Stichprobe aus Personen vor der Behandlung mit einem bestimmten Medikament, und die zweite Stichprobe aus denselben Personen nach der Behandlung, d.h. die Elemente von zwei (oder mehr) Stichproben können einander jeweils paarweise zugeordnet werden.

Bei ''unabhängigen Stichproben'' besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen den Elementen der Stichproben. Dies ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn die Elemente der Stichproben jeweils aus unterschiedlichen Population kommen. Die erste Stichprobe besteht beispielsweise aus Frauen, und die zweite Stichprobe aus Männern, oder wenn Personen nach dem Zufallsprinzip in zwei oder mehrere Gruppen aufgeteilt werden.

Formal bedeutet es für die Stichprobenvariablen <math>X_{ij}</math> (mit <math>i</math> das <math>i</math>te Untersuchungsobjekt und <math>j</math> die <math>j</math>te Messung):
* bei unabhängigen Stichproben: alle Stichprobenvariablen <math>X_{ij}</math> sind unabhängig voneinander.
* bei abhängigen Stichproben: die Stichprobenvariablen der ersten Stichprobe <math>X_{11}, \dotsc, X_{n1}</math> sind unabhängig voneinander, jedoch gibt es eine Abhängigkeit zwischen den Stichprobenvariablen <math>X_{i1}, \dotsc, X_{ip}</math>, da sie am gleichen Untersuchungsobjekt <math>i</math> erhoben werden.

== Einstufige Zufallsstichproben ==
{{Hauptartikel|Urnenmodell}}

Eine reine (auch: einfache) oder uneingeschränkte Zufallsstichprobe kann mittels eines Urnenmodells beschrieben werden. Dazu wird ein fiktives Gefäß mit Kugeln gefüllt, welche anschließend zufällig gezogen werden: Ziehen mit Zurücklegen ergibt eine einfache Zufallsstichprobe, Ziehen ohne Zurücklegen ergibt eine uneingeschränkte Zufallsstichprobe. Durch ein Urnenmodell lassen sich so verschiedene Zufallsexperimente, etwa eine Lottoziehung, simulieren.

=== Stichprobenumfang ===
Der Stichprobenumfang (oft auch ''Stichprobengröße'' genannt) ist die Anzahl der für eine [[Prüflos|Prüfung benötigten Proben]] einer Grundgesamtheit, um [[Parameter (Statistik)|statistische Kenngrößen]] mit einer vorgegebenen Genauigkeit mittels [[Schätzmethode|Schätzung]] zu ermitteln. Der Stichprobenumfang wird aber häufig durch Normen bzw. Erfahrungswerte festgelegt.


Wenn <math>\theta</math> der unbekannte Parameter in der Grundgesamtheit ist, dann wird eine [[Schätzfunktion]] <math>\Theta=\Theta(X_1, \dotsc, X_n)</math> in Abhängigkeit von der Stichprobenvariablen <math>X_1, \dotsc, X_n</math> konstruiert. Der Erwartungswert der Zufallsvariablen <math>\Theta</math> ist meist <math>E(\Theta)=\theta</math>, und es gilt:

:<math>P(\theta-e\leq \Theta \leq \theta+e)=1-\alpha</math>

mit <math>\hat{\theta}</math> eine [[Punktschätzer|Punktschätzung]] des unbekannten Parameters, <math>e</math> der absolute Fehler und <math>1-\alpha</math> die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass <math>\Theta</math> eine Realisation im [[Zentrales Schwankungsintervall|zentralen Schwankungsintervall]] annimmt.

Der absolute Fehler ist gleich <math>e=c_{1-\alpha/2} \sqrt{Var(\Theta)}</math>, also

:<math>P\left(\theta-c_{1-\alpha/2} \sqrt{Var(\Theta)}\leq \Theta \leq \theta+c_{1-\alpha/2} \sqrt{Var(\Theta)}\right)=1-\alpha</math>

und <math>c_{1-\alpha/2}\,</math> hängt meist vom Verteilungstyp von <math>\Theta</math> ab und die Varianz <math>Var(\Theta)\propto\tfrac1n</math>.
Die folgende Tabelle gibt für den unbekannten Mittelwert <math>\mu</math> bzw. den unbekannten Anteilswert <math>\pi</math> eine Abschätzung des Stichprobenumfanges an.

{| class="wikitable centered"
! rowspan="2" | Unbekannter<br>Parameter
! rowspan="2" | Bedingung
! colspan="2" | e
! rowspan="2" | Abschätzung<br>Stichprobenumfang
|-
! <math>c_{1-\alpha/2}</math>
! <math>\sqrt{Var(\Theta)}</math>
|-
| rowspan="3" | <math>\mu</math>
| <math>X_i\sim N(\mu;\sigma)</math> und <math>\sigma</math> bekannt
| <math>z_{1-\alpha/2}</math>
| <math>\sigma/\sqrt{n}</math>
| <math>n\geq \frac{z_{1-\alpha/2}^2\sigma^2}{e^2}</math>
|-
| <math>X_i\sim N(\mu;\sigma)</math> und <math>\sigma</math> unbekannt
| <math>t_{n-1;1-\alpha/2}</math>
| <math>s/\sqrt{n}</math>
| <math>n\geq \frac{t_{n-1;1-\alpha/2}^2s^2}{e^2}</math>
|-
| <math>X_i\sim (\mu;\sigma)</math> und <math>n>30</math>
| <math>z_{1-\alpha/2}</math>
| <math>s/\sqrt{n}</math>
| <math>n\geq \frac{z_{1-\alpha/2}^2s^2}{e^2}</math>
|-
| <math>\pi</math>
| <math>np(1-p)\geq 9</math>
| <math>z_{1-\alpha/2}</math>
| <math>\sqrt{p(1-p)/n}</math>
| <math>n\geq \frac{z_{1-\alpha/2}^2}{4e^2}\geq \frac{z_{1-\alpha/2}^2 p(1-p)}{e^2}</math>
|}

=== Beispiel (Wahl) ===
[[Datei:Stichrobenumfang.png|thumb|400px|Benötigte Stichprobenumfänge bei [[Einfache Zufallsstichprobe|einfacher Zufallsauswahl]]]]

Eine Partei hat in einer Umfrage kurz vor der Wahl 6 % erreicht. Welchen Umfang muss eine Wählerbefragung am Wahltag mit <math>1-\alpha=95\%</math> Sicherheit haben, damit der wahre Anteilswert mit einer Genauigkeit von <math>e=1\%</math> ermittelt werden kann?

:<math>n \geq \frac{1{,}96^2}{4 \cdot 0{,}01^2} = 9604</math>

bzw. etwas genauer

:<math>n \geq \frac{1{,}96^2 \cdot 0{,}06 \cdot 0{,}94}{0{,}01^2} \approx 2167</math>.

D. h. bei der etwas genaueren Abschätzung des Stichprobenumfanges für den Anteilswert ergibt sich, dass immer noch 2167 Wähler befragt werden müssen, um mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 % das Wahlergebnis zu erhalten. Die Grafik rechts zeigt, welche Stichprobenumfänge nötig sind für einen bestimmten geschätzten Anteilswert und eine gegebene Sicherheit.

=== Beispiel (Werkstoffprüfung) ===
In der [[Werkstoffprüfung]] ist ein Stichprobenumfang von 10 pro 1000 produzierten Teilen durchaus üblich. Er ist u. a. von der Sicherheitsrelevanz des Bauteils oder des [[Werkstoff]]es abhängig. Bei den zerstörenden Prüfungen wie zum Beispiel beim [[Zugversuch]] wird versucht, den Prüfaufwand und damit die Stichprobe möglichst klein zu halten. Bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung – z. B. bei [[Bildverarbeitung]]ssystemen für die [[Vollständigkeitsprüfung]] – wird häufig eine 100 %-Kontrolle durchgeführt, um Fehler in der [[Produktion]] möglichst schnell zu erkennen.

== Mehrstufige Zufallsauswahl (auch Komplexe Zufallsauswahl) ==
Insbesondere sind folgende Auswahlverfahren von Bedeutung, wobei die ersten beiden als '''Zweistufige Auswahlverfahren''' bezeichnet werden:
* [[Geschichtete Zufallsstichprobe]] (''stratified sample''): Die Elemente werden nach einem bestimmten Merkmal in Gruppen (Untermengen) eingeordnet. Innerhalb jeder dieser Gruppen wird dann eine reine Zufalls-Stichprobe gezogen. Hier wird auf mindestens zwei Ebenen gezogen. Beispielsweise werden auf der ersten Stufe Schulklassen nach einem vorher festgelegten Verfahren gezogen. Danach werden auf der zweiten Stufe die Untersuchungsgegenstände (hier Schüler) gezogen. Als Verfahren kommt sowohl die reine Zufalls-Stichprobe als auch ein [[Gewichtung|gewichtetes]] Verfahren in Frage.
* [[Klumpen-Stichprobe]] (''cluster sample''): Zuerst wird eine (relativ kleine) reine Zufalls-Stichprobe gezogen. Danach werden alle in den gezogenen Einheiten enthaltenen Elemente in die Stichprobe aufgenommen. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist die Befragung ganzer Häuserblocks oder von Schulklassen. Zuerst werden die zu befragenden Schulklassen per Zufallsauswahl bestimmt. Dann werden alle in den Schulklassen enthaltenen Schüler befragt. Bei der Klumpenstichprobe tritt der sogenannte [[Klumpeneffekt]] auf. Er ist umso größer, je homogener die Elemente innerhalb der Gruppen und heterogener die Gruppen untereinander sind<ref name="eckey158">Vgl.: Hans-Friedrich Eckey, Reinhold Kosfeld, Matthias Türck: ''Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und Induktive Statistik. Grundlagen – Methoden – Beispiele.'' Gabler, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-8349-0043-5, S. 185.</ref>.
* [[Gestufte Zufallsstichprobe]] (''staged sample''): Sie wird häufig aus Gründen der Kostensenkung und Zeitersparnis der Schichtung vorgezogen. Ebenfalls empfiehlt sich die Stufung, wenn eine Auflistung aller Fälle (Untersuchungsgegenstände, Merkmale etc.) der Grundgesamtheit nicht existiert und sich deshalb eine einfache Zufallsstichprobe nicht durchführen lässt (''z. B. eine Untersuchung anhand von Texten. Da noch nicht alle Texte elektronisch erfasst bzw. verfügbar sind, entstehen durch das Aufsuchen der jeweiligen Archive hohe Kosten. Durch eine Stufung kann dies vermieden werden''). Im Wesentlichen orientiert sich das Vorgehen der Stufung an der Schichtung, indem man:
:# Stufungskriterien (Merkmale) bestimmt,
:# die Grundgesamtheit nach diesen Merkmalen in einander ausschließende Teilgesamtheiten (Primäreinheiten) aufteilt,
:# nun eine zufällige Auswahl der Teilgesamtheiten trifft und sich auf eine bestimmte Anzahl von Primäreinheiten begrenzt, die man untersucht. Die restlichen Teilgesamtheiten werden ignoriert.
:# Aus den zufällig ausgewählten Primäreinheiten ermittelt man nun die Zufallsstichprobe der Merkmalsträger (Objekte, Individuen, Fälle). Ein Institut will bspw. 500 Personen nach ihrem Konsumverhalten befragen. In Schritt 2 wurde die Grundgesamtheit, z. B. anhand geographischer Merkmale, in Ost-, Nord-, Süd- und Westdeutschland aufgeteilt. In Schritt 3 wurde festgelegt, dass das Konsumverhalten in ost- und süddeutschen Supermärkten (Sekundäreinheiten) im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht, so dass in jeder der beiden Regionen 250 Leute (Tertiäreinheiten) befragt werden.
:# Die Teilgesamtheiten (der beiden untersuchten Regionen) werden nun zu einer Gesamtstichprobe zusammengefügt.
*[[Random-Route]]-Verfahren

'''Anwendungsmodelle'''
* [[ADM-Design]] als Kombination von Schichtung und Stufung

== Literatur ==
* Joachim Behnke, Nina Baur, [[Nathalie Behnke]]: ''Empirische Methoden der Politikwissenschaft'' (= ''UTB'' 2695 ''Grundkurs Politikwissenschaft''). Schöningh u. a., Paderborn u. a. 2006, ISBN 3-506-99002-0.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Auswahlsatz]]
* [[Designeffekt]]
* [[EPSEM]]
* [[Random-Route]]
* [[Schwedenschlüssel]]

{{Normdaten|TYP=s|GND=4191095-3|REMARK=Ansetzungsform "Zufallsauswahl"}}

[[Kategorie:Stichprobentheorie]]
[[Kategorie:Empirische Sozialforschung]]

Coverdale/Page (Album)

2013-09-06T01:44:48Z

LlamaAl: Änderungen von 87.205.149.24 (Diskussion) auf die letzte Version von Inspiring zurückgesetzt

{{Dieser Artikel|beschreibt das Album. Zur gleichnamigen Rockgruppe siehe [[Coverdale/Page (Band)]].}}
{{Infobox Musikalbum
| Typ = Studioalbum
| Künstler = [[Coverdale/Page (Band)|Coverdale Page]]
| Titel = ''Coverdale Page''
| Genre = [[Hard Rock]]
| Jahr = 15. März 1993
|Aufnahmejahr = 1991-1992
| Label = [[EMI Records]] (Europa), [[Geffen Records]] (USA)
| Formate = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[Schallplatte|LP]], [[Compact Cassette|MC]]
| AnzahlTitel = 11
| Laufzeit = 61:10
| Besetzung =
* [[Gesang]]:<br> [[David Coverdale]]
* [[Gitarre]]: <br> [[Jimmy Page]]
| Produzent = [[David Coverdale]], Jimmy Page, [[Mike Fraser]]
|Studio = Little Mountain Sound Studios, Criteria Studio, [[Abbey Road Studios]], Hook City
| Vorheriges =
| Nächstes =
}}
'''Coverdale/Page''' ist der Titel des einzigen Albums eines [[Bluesrock]]-Projektes der Musiker [[David Coverdale]] ([[Whitesnake]]; [[Gesang]]) und [[Jimmy Page]] ([[Led Zeppelin]]; [[Gitarre]]), das 1993 erschien.

== Entstehung ==
1991 entschieden sich David Coverdale, ehemals Sänger von [[Deep Purple]] und [[Whitesnake]], und Jimmy Page, ehemals Gitarrist von [[The Yardbirds]] und [[Led Zeppelin]], ein gemeinsames Album aufzunehmen. Sie schrieben zahlreiche Titel zusammen, von denen von Herbst 1991 bis zum frühen Winter 1992 siebzehn ein vollständiges Arrangement erhielten und aufgenommen wurden.

Für die Aufnahmen wurden vor allem die „[[Little Mountain Sound Studios]]“ des kanadischen [[Musikproduzent|Produzenten]] [[Bruce Fairbairn]] in [[Vancouver]] ([[Kanada]]) sowie die „[[Abbey Road Studios]]“ in [[London]] (Großbritannien), genutzt. Weitere Aufnahmen fanden in [[Miami]] ([[Florida]]; „Criteria Studios“) und in [[Hook City]] ([[Nevada]]; „Highbrow Productions“) statt. Neben den namengebenden Musikern Coverdale und Page war Mike Fraser, der [[Toningenieur]] von Bruce Fairbairn, für die Produktion des Albums verantwortlich.

Als das Album im März 1993 veröffentlicht wurde, enthielt es elf Titel. Weggefallen waren unter anderem die aufgenommenen Titel ''Good Love'', ''Saccharin'' und ''Southern Comfort''.
<br>
;Cover
{{Infobox Gemälde
|bilddatei=
|bildlink = http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sIr1hiuBDQM/S_KQmGtHsvI/AAAAAAAADsA/En4ZpMkHb0k/s1600/CP1.jpg
| titel = Cover des Albums
|künstler =
| jahr = 1993
| technik =
| höhe =
| breite =
| museum =
| ort =
| museen =
}}
Das Cover zeigte ein [[Raute|rautenförmiges]], [[fiktiv|fiktives]] [[Verkehrszeichen]], das auf gelbem Hintergrund einen schwarzen, nach oben weisenden [[Pfeil (Symbol)|Pfeil]] zeigt. Der Pfeil soll offenbar die Zusammenführung zweier Wege zu einem symbolisieren, da sich neben der üblichen graden Linie in seiner Mitte eine weitere, sich bogenförmig mit der Hauptlinie vereinigende Linie zu sehen ist. In diese Richtung äußerte sich auch David Coverdale in Interviews.<ref name="info">{{cite web|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3|title=Led Zeppelin Assorted Info|author=Led-Zeppelin.org| accessdate=2011-07-10}}</ref>

Das Verkehrszeichen wird im [[Booklet]] zum Album wiederholt gezeigt. So ist es zum Beispiel zwischen zwei Reihen gelagerter Holzstämme und auf einer Rinderweide zu sehen, steht vor den [[Pyramiden von Gizeh]], vor einem Stapel verschrotteter Autos oder in der [[Brandung]] eines durch [[Sturm]] aufgewühlten [[Meer]]es.
<br>
;Singles
In den [[Vereinigte Staaten|USA]] wurden vier [[Single (Musik)|Singles]] veröffentlicht, nämlich ''Over Now'' (Platz 24 in den „Mainstream Rock Charts“), ''Pride And Joy'' (Platz 1), ''Shake My Tree'' (Platz 3), und ''Take Me For A Little While'' (Platz 15). <ref name="BillboardS">[{{Allmusic|Rubrik=album|ID=mw0000094706/awards|NurURL=ja}} Billboard Single-Informationen]</ref> Jedoch konnte sich keine der Singles in den [[Billboard Hot 100]] platzieren. In [[Vereinigtes Königreich|Großbritannien]] erschienen zwei Singles, die auch die Charts erreichen konnten, nämlich ''Take Me For A Little While'' (Platz 29) und ''Take A Look At Yourself'' (Platz 43).

Es wurde zur Zeit der Veröffentlichung des Albums vermutet, dass Page das Projekt startete, um seinen ehemaligen Led Zeppelin-Weggefährten [[Robert Plant]] zu reizen, der sich zögerlich gezeigt hatte, erneut mit Page zu arbeiten.<ref name=prato>{{cite web |url= http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/coverdale_page_1/bio.jhtml|title= Coverdale/Page| accessdate=2009-06-27 |last= Prato|first= Greg|date= |work= |publisher=[[Vh1]]|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20071229093325/http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/coverdale_page_1/bio.jhtml|archivedate=2007-12-29 09:33:25}} </ref> In Interviews aus dieser Zeit äußerte sich Plant meist spöttisch über die Zusammenarbeit von Page und Coverdale.<ref name="info"/>

Das Album wurde 2001 wiederveröffentlicht.

== Rezeption ==
{{Infobox Chartplatzierungen
| vorläufige Chartplatzierung = nein
| Singles =
{{Single
|Take Me For A Little While
|{{Charts|UK|29|03.07.1993|2|}}
}}
{{Single
|Take A Look At Yourself
|{{Charts|UK|43|23.10.1993|1|}}
}}
| Alben =
{{Album
|Coverdale Page
|{{Charts|UK|4|27.03.1993|8|}}
|{{Charts|US|5|03.04.1993|24|}}
|{{Charts|DE|27|29.03.1993|16|}}
}}
}}
Die Reaktionen auf das Album waren unterschiedlich, aber überwiegend positiv. Oft wurde der Vergleich zu Led Zeppelin bemüht, der auch zutreffend war. So erkannte Stephen Thomas Erlewein von der Website [[Allmusic]].com, dass „''alles um Coverdale/Page herum der Versuch ist, die pompöse Majestät von Led Zeppelin einzufangen. Natürlich gelingt dies nicht, aber das Album lässt alle anderen Zep-Klone im Staub zurück''.“

Die Zeitschrift Audio schrieb:
{{Zitat|''Was vom Box-Set an Led-Zeppelin-Songs übrig blieb, mischte Jimmy Page jüngst für eine weitere Box neu ab. Das inspirierte den Gitarristen offenbar zum Projekt mit David Coverdale, Ex-Shouter bei Deep Purple und Whitesnake. Der röhrt fast so brachial los wie weiland Robert Plant, phasenweise (Pride & Joy) zum Verwechseln. Auch eine Powerballade wie Take Me For A Little While wandelt versiert auf dem Grat zwischen Vorgestern und Heute. Nicht nur wer Led Zep vermisst, kommt bei den beiden Vollsaft-Rockern auf seine Kosten.''|Thomas Enders|Review<ref>AUDIO - Magazin für Hi-Fi, High End und Musik; 15. April 1993</ref>}}

Das deutsche Magazin [[Rock Hard]] vergab 9 Punkte für das Album und urteilte:
{{Zitat|''Herausgekommen ist dabei in etwa jene Mischung aus beider Background, die von vornherein am wahrscheinlichsten war. Mal stampft die Geschichte à la "Slide It In" straight durch die Landschaft, getoppt durch den unnachahmlichen Coverdale'schen Schmachtfetzengesang, mal dominieren die Grooves aus der Patentliste von John Bonham in Verbindung mit den launischen herausgequetschten, mystischen Page-Leads. Auch die melodische Ausrichtung der Nummern (durchweg gute bis erstklassige Songs) stellt eine gelungene Symbiose zwischen der "kommerziellen" Ader Coverdales und dem wie immer leicht gruftigen Zeppelin-Touch dar.''|Matthias Breusch|Review<ref>RockHard; Heft 71 (1993)</ref>}}

In Kanada wurde ''Coverdale/Page'' mit einer [[Goldene Schallplatte|Platin-Schallplatte]] für mehr als 100.000 verkaufte Alben ausgezeichnet, in den USA erhielt es die Auszeichnung für mehr als 1.000.000 verkaufte Alben.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php|title=CRIA Coverdale Page - 30 March 1993|publisher= CRIA |accessdate= 2009-01-19}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS | title = RIAA.org Coverdale Page - 7. April 1995| publisher = RIAA | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>

== Titelliste ==
Alle Titel wurden von David Coverdale und Jimmy Page geschrieben.
# 4:50 – ''Shake My Tree''
# 5:15 – ''Waiting On You''
# 6:17 – ''Take Me For A Little While''
# 3:32 – ''Pride And Joy''
# 5:22 – ''Over Now''
# 4:10 – ''Feeling Hot''
# 5:51 – ''Easy Does It''
# 5:02 – ''Take A Look At Yourself''
# 7:52 – ''Don't Leave Me This Way''
# 6:00 – ''Absolution Blues''
# 6:54 – ''Whisper A Prayer For The Dying''
== Beteiligte Musiker ==
* David Coverdale: [[Gesang]]
* Jimmy Page: [[E-Gitarre]]n, [[Akustik Gitarre|akustische Gitarren]], [[E-Bass|Bass]], [[Dulcimer]]
* Denny Carmassi: [[Schlagzeug]]
* Jorge Casas: Bass
* Ricky Phillips: Bass
* John Harris: [[Harmonika]]
* Lester Mendez: [[Keyboards]]
* Tommy Funderburk: [[Backing Vocal]]
* John Sambataro: Backing vocal

== Weblinks ==
{{Allmusic|Rubrik=album|ID=mw0000094706|Linktext=Coverdale/Page|Download=27.06.2011}}
*{{Musik-Sammler|413|Coverdale/Page}}
== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

[[Kategorie:Album 1993]]
[[Kategorie:Album (Hard Rock)]]

Ulipristalacetat

2013-08-06T16:36:55Z

LlamaAl: Revertidos los cambios de 200.74.16.25 (disc.) a la última edición de Elvisor

{{Ficha de medicamento |
| Nombre_IUPAC = (8''S'',11''S'',13''S'',14''R'',17''R'')-17-Acetoxy-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione
| Imagen = Ulipristal acetate skeletal.svg
| Ancho = 200
| Número_CAS = 126784-99-4
| Suplemento_CAS =
| Prefijo_ATC =
| Sufijo_ATC =
| Suplemento_ATC=
| PubChem = 130904
| DrugBank =
| Fórmula_química =
| C=30 | H=37 | N=1 | O=4
| Peso_molecular = 475.62 g/mol
| smiles = CC(=O)OC4(C(C)=O)CCC3C1CCC2=CC(=O)CCC2=C1C(CC34C)c5ccc(N(C)C)cc5
| Sinónimos = Píldora de los cinco días después, EllaOne
| Densidad =
| Punto_fusión =
| Punto_ebullición =
| Solubilidad =
| Rotación_específica =
| sec_combustion =
| Biodisponibilidad = ~100%
| Unión_proteica = 96.7–99.5%
| Metabolismo = [[Hígado]] [[CYP3A4]]
| Vida_media_eliminación = 32 horas
| Excreción = [[Heces|Fecal]]:90%
| Licencia_UE = ElleOne
| Licencia_EEUU =
| Embarazo_AU =
| Embarazo_US =
| Categoría_embarazo = contraindicada
| Legal_AU =
| Legal_CA =
| Legal_UK =
| Legal_US =
| Estado_legal = Bajo prescripción médica</br>Aprobado [[Agencia Europea de Medicamentos|EMEA]]
| Riesgo_dependencia =
| Vías_administración = oral
}}

El '''Acetato de ulipristal''' ('''''ellaOne''''', de la [[empresa farmacéutica]] [[HRA Pharma]]) es un modulador selectivo de los receptores de la [[progesterona]] (SPRM) utilizado como [[anticonceptivo de emergencia|anticonceptivo femenino de emergencia]]<ref>{{cita publicación|pmid=17077229|año=2006|last1=Creinin|first1=MD|last2=Schlaff|first2=W|last3=Archer|first3=DF|last4=Wan|first4=L|last5=Frezieres|first5=R|last6=Thomas|first6=M|last7=Rosenberg|first7=M|last8=Higgins|first8=J|título=Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception: a randomized controlled trial|volumen=108|número=5|páginas=1089–97|publicación=Obstetrics and gynecology}}</ref> eficaz durante cinco días (120 horas) después de haber
mantenido [[relaciones sexuales]] sin protección o haberse producido un fallo del [[anticonceptivo]] utilizado.<ref name="EMEA">[http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ellaone/H-1027-es1.pdf Emea-Europa, EMEA/H/C/1027, Informe público europeo de evaluación ''Ellaone'', abril de 2009, consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2009]</ref> Para evitar [[embarazo no deseado|embarazos no deseados]]<ref name="European Medicines Agency">{{cita web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ellaone/H-1027-en1.pdf|título=European Public Assessment Report for Ellaone. Summary for the public|editorial=EMEA|fechaacceso=18 diciembre de 2009}}</ref> ellaOne es una alternativa eficaz a otros [[anticonceptivos de emergencia]] ya que se pueden utilizar hasta 5 días después de relaciones sexuales sin protección, mejorando los resultados del anticonceptivo de emergencia con [[levonorgestrel]] en los 3 primeros días y continuando su eficacia 2 días más.<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/news/Glasier%202010%20-%20UPA.pdf Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis, The Lancet, Volume 375, Issue 9714, Pages 555-562, A. Glasier, S. Cameron, P. Fine, S. Logan, W. Casale, J. Van Horn, L. Sogor, D. Blithe, B. Scherrer, H. Mathe, et al.</ref><ref>[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/9/2256.abstract Immediate pre-ovulatory administration of 30 mg ulipristal acetate significantly delays follicular rupture. V. Brache; L. Cochon; C. Jesam; R. Maldonado; A.M. Salvatierra; D.P. Levy; E. Gainer; H.B. Croxatto, Hum. Reprod. (2010) 25 (9): 2256-2263. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq157]</ref><ref name="Horacio">[http://www.noticiasmedicas.es/medicina/noticias/2176/1/El-Dr-Horacio-Croxatto-confirma-que-el-acetato-de-Ulipristal-es-el-anticonceptivo-de-urgencia-no-hormonal-mas-eficaz-para-la-mujer-/Page1.html El Dr. Horacio Croxatto confirma que el acetato de Ulipristal es el anticonceptivo de urgencia no hormonal más eficaz para la mujer, en Noticiasmedicas.es, 26/3/2010]</ref> Se le concedió la autorización de comercialización por la [[Agencia Europea de Medicamentos]]-([[Agencia Europea de Medicamentos|EMEA]]) en marzo de [[2009]].<ref name="EMA">{{cita web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.ema.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/ellaone/H-1027-en6.pdf|título=CHMP Assessment Report for Ellaone|editorial=EMEA|fechaacceso=18 de diciembre de 2009}}</ref> El acetato de ulipristal se le conoce ''píldora de los cinco días después''<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Llega/Espana/pildora/dias/despues/elpepusoc/20091218elpepisoc_5/Tes Llega a España la 'píldora de los cinco días después', María R. Sauquillo, Madrid, 18/12/2009, El País, -España-]</ref> y pasa a formar parte del grupo de medicamentos denominado [[píldora del día después]].

== Farmacocinética ==
En estudios con animales, el fármaco mostró una rápida y casi completa absorción en el [[intestino]]. La ingesta de alimento retrasa la absorción, pero se desconoce si este retraso es clínicamente relevante.<ref name="EMA" />

El ''acetato de ulipristal'' se metaboliza en el [[hígado]], lo más probable por el [[CYP3A4]], y, en menor medida por [[CYP1A2]] y [[CYP2D6]]. Los dos principales [[metabolitos]] que se ha demostrado que son farmacológicamente activos, pero en menor medida que el medicamento original. La vía principal de excreción es a través de las [[heces]].<ref name="EMA" />

== Farmacodinámica ==
Como modulador selectivo de los receptores de la progesterona (SPRM), el acetato de ulipristal ocupa los receptores a los que normalmente se une la [[progesterona]], impidiendo así que la hormona ejerza su efecto. Al actuar sobre los receptores de la progesterona afecta a la [[ovulación]] y previene así el [[embarazo]], además de producir cambios en el [[endometrio]] de forma que, en el caso de que se haya producido una fecundación, impida la eventual anidación del embrión.<ref name="EMEA" /><ref name="Píldora">[http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2010/06/22/index.php?section=opinion&article=a09a1cie La píldora de los cinco días, La Jornada, 22 de junio de 2010]</ref> De este modo, tendría un efecto antiimplantatorio <ref>[http://www.bioeticaweb.com/content/view/4845/915/ Ulipristal acetato, un contraceptivo de emergencia ( EllaOne), Consultado el 9 de agosto de 2011]</ref> o abortivo. <ref> Cf. Miech RP. "Immunopharmacology of ulipristal as an emergency contraceptive", ''International Journal of
Women’s Health'' 2011:3 391-397</ref>

== Contraindicaciones ==
El acetato de ulipristal no debe ser tomado por mujeres con enfermedades graves de [[hígado]]
<ref name="Leaflet">{{cita web|url=http://www.ellaone-registry.com/en/download/package_leaflet_EN_240909.pdf|título=Package leaflet: Ellaone 30 mg tablet|fechaacceso=22 de noviembre de 2009}}</ref> a causa de su metabolismo mediado por [[Citocromo P450|CYP]]. No ha sido estudiado en mujeres menores de 18 años.<ref name="EMA" />

=== Embarazo ===
A diferencia de [[levonorgestrel]], y como la [[mifepristona]], el ''acetato de ulipristal'' es [[embriotóxica]]. Antes de tomar este medicamento el [[embarazo]] debe ser excluido.<ref name="Leaflet" /> La [[Agencia Europea de Medicamentos|EMEA]] ha indicado que se evite cualquier mención de su posible uso como [[abortivo]] en el prospecto que acompaña al medicamento para evitar cualquier uso como [[indicación no aprobada]] (''Off-label use'').<ref name="EMA" />

=== Lactancia ===
No se recomienda [[lactancia|amamantar]] durante las 36 horas posteriores a la toma del fármaco ya que no se sabe si el ''acetato de ulipristal'' o sus metabolitos se excretan en la [[leche materna]]<ref name="EMA" /><ref name="Leaflet" />

== Efectos adversos ==
Los efectos adversos comunes incluyen [[dolor abdominal]], alteraciones menstruales, naúseas y dolor de cabeza.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.aemps.es/actividad/notaMensual/marzo2009/nota_medicamentos.htm Ver ''ellaOne'', en nuevos medicamentos ''Agencia Española de medicamentos y productos sanitarios'' nota de 31 de marzo de 2009, consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2009]</ref>

== Interacciones ==
No se han realizado estudios sobre las interacciones. El ''acetato de ulipristal'' es probable que interactúe con sustratos de [[CYP3A4]], pero esto podría no ser clínicamente relevante ya que se toma una sola dosis del medicamento.<ref name="EMA" /> También podría interactuar con [[levonorgestrel]] y otros sustratos de receptores de [[progesterona]], así como con [[glucocorticoides]].<ref name="European Medicines Agency" /><ref name="EMA" />

== Comercialización ==
La [[Comisión Europea]] emitió una autorización de comercialización válida en toda la Unión Europea
para el medicamento ''Ellaone'' al ''Laboratoire HRA Pharma'' el [[15 de mayo]] de [[2009]].<ref name="EMEA" /><ref>[http://www.noticiasmedicas.es/medicina/noticias/1322/1/HRA-Pharma-inicia-la-venta-en-Espana-de-ellaOne-el-anticonceptivo-de-urgencia-no-hormonal-mas-eficaz-del-mercado/Page1.html HRA Pharma inicia la venta en España de ellaOne®, el anticonceptivo de urgencia no hormonal más eficaz del mercado. noticiasmedicas, 22/12/2009]</ref>

== Comparación, valoración y eficacia ==
El Acetato de ulipristal o [[píldora de los cinco días después]] (marca [[ellaOne]]), es considerada por el chileno [[Horacio B. Croxatto]] -experto en [[anticoncepción de emergencia]] y creador del [[implante subcutáneo]]-, el [[anticonceptivo de urgencia]] no hormonal más eficaz para la mujer, es cinco veces más potente que el [[levonorgestrel]] en la inhibición o retraso de la ovulación. Además, y en comparación con el levonorgestrel es el triple de eficaz si se administra en las primeras 24 horas, y el doble si se suministra en las primeras 72 horas después de la relación sexual sin protección o haberse producido un fallo en el método anticonceptivo utilizado.<ref name="Horacio"/>

El experto en anticoncepción de emergencia [[James Trussell]], en su informe (en inglés) de 2010: [http://ec.princeton.edu/questions/ec-review.pdf#page=1 Anticoncepción de emergencia: la última oportunidad para prevenir embarazos no deseados] señala que el acetato de ulipristal es altamente efectivo y bien tolerado.<ref>[http://ec.princeton.edu/questions/ec-review.pdf#page=1 Emergency Contraception: A Last Chance to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy, James Trussell, PhD1, Elizabeth G. Raymond, MD, MPH2, September 2010]</ref>

== Referencias ==
{{listaref}}

== Véase también ==
* [[Anticonceptivos de emergencia]]
** [[Píldora del día después]] o [[píldora del día siguiente]]
*** [[Levonorgestrel]]
*** [[Mifepristona]]
** [[Dispositivo intrauterino]] ([[Dispositivo intrauterino|DIU]])

== Enlaces externos ==
* [http://www.hra-pharma.com/ Página de la empresa farmaceútica HRA-Pharma]
* [http://www.vademecum.es/noticia-091217-+el+nuevo+anticonceptivo+de+urgencia+ellaone%AE+eficaz+de+forma+mantenida+durante+5+d%EDas+ya+est%E1+disponible+en+espa%F1a+_2717 Precio de ellaOne -España-]
* [http://www.hra-pregnancy-registry.com/es/ Registro de embarazos de ellaOne (HRA Pharma)]
* [http://www.hra-pharma.com/downloads/HRA_Pharma_Spain_PR.pdf HRA Pharma Expands to Spain and Launches ellaOne]

;Artículos de prensa sobre ellaOne
* [http://www.elpais.com/videos/sociedad/Sale/venta/pildora/dias/despues/elpvidsoc/20091217elpepusoc_2/Ves/ Video ''Sale a la venta la píldora de los cinco días después'', El País.com, 17/12/2009, -España-]
* [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Llega/Espana/pildora/dias/despues/elpepusoc/20091218elpepisoc_5/Tes Llega a España la 'píldora de los cinco días después', María R. Sauquillo, Madrid, 18/12/2009, El País, -España-]

{{ORDENAR:Acetato De Ulipristal}}

[[Categoría:Anticonceptivos]]
[[Categoría:Acetatos|ulipistral]]

Usaquén

2013-08-02T02:13:57Z

LlamaAl: Revertidos los cambios de 181.135.212.60 (disc.) a la última edición de CEM-bot

{{Ficha de entidad subnacional
|nombre = Localidad de Usaquén
|nombre completo = Localidad de Usaquén
|país = Colombia
|unidad = [[Localidad]]
|mapa = Distrito Capital de Bogotá - Usaquén.svg
|superficie = 65.31
|población = 544924
|población_año = 2005
|densidad =
|tipo_superior_1 = [[Distrito|Distrito Capital]]
|superior_1 = [[Imagen:Flag of Bogotá.svg|21px]] [[Bogotá]]
|subdivisión = 9 [[Unidades de Planeamiento Zonal|UPZ]]
|dirigentes_títulos= Alcalde Local
|dirigentes_nombres= Julieta Naranjo Luján 2012 - 2016
}}
'''Usaquén''' es la localidad número uno del [[Bogotá, Distrito Capital|Distrito Capital de Bogotá]]. Se encuentra ubicada al nororiente de la [[Bogotá|ciudad]]. Hasta [[1777]] albergó un poblado indígena, cuyos habitantes fueron desplazados hacia el sur por un decreto real.<ref name="Usaquén"/> Fue asiento de extensas haciendas, hoy convertidas en urbanizaciones y centros comerciales. En su zona este se encuentra un sector de los [[cerros orientales]] de la ciudad, que colindan con el municipio [[Cundinamarca|cundinamarqués]] de [[La Calera (Colombia)|La Calera]].

== Historia ==

Su nombre viene del vocablo ''Usaque''. Fue un poblado muisca en época prehispánica y se fundó como poblado indígena en [[1539]]. Durante la Colonia fue en todo caso una población de reducidas proporciones, cuyos tributos [[iglesia|eclesiástico]]s se encontraban entre los más bajos de la [[Sabana de Bogotá|Sabana]].<ref name="Usaquén"/>

Sus condiciones geográficas eran desfavorables, y el camino que la comunicaba con Santa Fe estaba en muy malas condiciones, en parte por los pantanos que se formaba en algunos tramos.<ref name="Usaquén"/> El poblado indígena se abandonó por decreto [[España|español]] en [[1777]], entre otras cosas debido a la baja calidad agrícola de sus tierras y a la extensión de los [[humedal]]es.<ref>''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', pág. 38.</ref>

===Siglo XIX===

A principios del [[siglo XIX]] el lugar contaba apenas con unas 120 casas, la mayoría de paja, de las cuales solo 100 conformaba el pueblo propiamente dicho.<ref name="Usaquén"/> Fue asiento de haciendas famosas de la sabana como Santa Ana, Santa Bárbara y el Cedro, hoy convertidas casi en su totalidad en barrios, urbanizaciones y locales e inmuebles comerciales.

El sector se erigió como municipio en [[1852]]<ref name="Usaquén"/> y en [[1860]], se dio una batalla entre las tropas gubernamentales y las de [[Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera]], quién salió vencedor y tomó el poder del país.

===Siglo XX===

En [[1905]] se construyó la Carretera Central del Norte, que mejoró notablemente las comunicaciones con [[Chapinero]] y Bogotá.<ref>''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', pág. 229.</ref> Hasta [[1954]], formaba parte del departamento de [[Cundinamarca]], contaba con 71 km² y su cabecera se situaba a 12 km del centro de Bogotá, lo que hacía su territorio agradable para las familias ricas de la ciudad.

[[Archivo:Usaquen, Bogota - Colombia.png|thumb|170px|left|Iglesia del centro de Usaquén.]]
En términos [[demografía|demográficos]] [[1938]] la población de Usaquén era de 4.617 personas, y más de la mitad de sus viviendas carecía de servicios.<ref>''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', pág. 228.</ref> En los [[años 1940]], sin embargo, el sector experimentó un marcado crecimiento demográfico, común al resto de la actual Bogotá, alcanzando en [[1951]] una población de 11.207 habitantes, de los cuales solo 2.469 habían nacido en Usaquén.<ref name="USQ">''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', págs. 230 a 235.</ref> Durante este periodo, además del casco urbano, existían hitos como los cuarteles de Santa Ana, el [[Country Club]], la Colonia Vacaional, y la estación del cable aéreo de la empresa [[Cementos Samper]].<ref name="USQ"/>

La explotación de las areneras explica el surgimiento en este periodo de barrios como [[La Cita (Bogotá)|La Cita]] y [[San Cristóbal Norte]], que surgen de los loteos realizaos por las empresas mineras operantes en la zona.<ref name="USQ"/> En este periodo también surge el barrio [[Barrancas (Bogotá)|Barrancas]], conformado por familias de inmigrantes que se asentaron entre las calles 153 y 163.<ref name="USQ"/>

[[File:Centro Empresarial Santa Bárbara.JPG|thumb|170px|Edificios del Centro Empresarial Santa Bárbara.]]
[[File:Usaquén Casa en la carrera Sexta con calle 119b.JPG|thumb|left|Casa en Usaquén.]]
Tras la creación del [[Bogotá, Distrito Especial|Distrito Especial]], en [[1955]] fue integrado a la ciudad<ref name="Usaquén">''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', págs. 225-228.</ref> manteniendo sus instituciones como municipio pero con supervisión del Alcalde Mayor. También durante este periodo se inició la parcelación de la hacienda Santa Ana, inspirándose en la urbanización del sector de [[El Chicó]], lo mismo que la de El Cedro, dirigiendo la segunda sus lotes a la naciente joven clase media que había surgido de algunas dinámicas modernizadoras de la ciudad.<ref name="USQ"/>

A comienzos de los [[años 1960]] el sector contaba con dieciocho barrios, pero aún quedaban por urbanizarse varias veredas.<ref name="USQ"/> Por haber sido urbanizadas de manea irregular, su transporte depende de la [[carrera Séptima]], pues pese a estar enmarcado por varias avenidas el sector no tiene acceso vial a ellas.<ref name="USQ"/> La oferta de servicos públicos es también muy restringida, y en un principio la poca fertilidad agrícola obligó a sus nuevos habitantes a hacer mercado en Bogotá.<ref name="USQ"/>

En [[1972]] se crearon las alcaldías menores de la ciudad, entre ellas la de Usaquén, con lo cual el sector recuperó un poco de autonomía, y se desarrolló el sistema de financiación de vivienda conocido como [[UPAC]].<ref name="USF FIN">''Historia de Bogotá — Siglo XX'', pág. 160. "Usaquen fin de siglo"</ref> De gran relevancia es la construcción en [[1976]] del centro cmercial [[Unicentro]], que produjo nuevas dinámicas urbanas , el cual estuvo acompañado por los barrios [[Multicentro]] y [[Antigua (Bogotá)|Antigua]].<ref name="USF FIN"/> Estos proyectos, barrios y urbanizaciones fueron adelantados por [[Pedro Gómez y Cia.]], que también desarrolló otros varias áreas de la actual localidad de Usaquén, como [[Santa Coloma (Bogotá)|Santa Coloma]], [[La Pradera (Bogotá)|La Pradera]], [[Belmira (Bogotá)|Belmira]] o [[Bosque Medina]].<ref name="USF FIN"/> El [[31 de diciembre]] de [[1978]], en sus cercanías, el grupo guerrillero [[M-19]] realizó la operación conocida como el [[robo de armas del Cantón Norte]].<ref name="canton">[http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-18087 El Tiempo: Clave 1979 Robo De Armas Canton Norte]</ref>

Para [[1991]], el antiguo municipio fue erigido como localidad por orden constitucional.

== Geografía y ubicación ==
Limita al norte, por la calle 240, con el municipio de [[Chía (Colombia)|Chía]] en el departamento de [[Cundinamarca]], por el sur con la [[Calle 100 (Bogotá)|calle 100]] en la localidad de [[Chapinero]], por el este con los [[cerros orientales]] que lo separan del municipio de [[La Calera (Cundinamarca)|La Calera]], y por el oeste con la [[Autopista Norte (Bogotá)|Autopista Norte]], situada en la localidad de [[Suba (Bogotá)|Suba]].

=== Sitios de interés ===
[[File:Usaquén Bogotá - Escuela en el parque central.JPG|thumb|Escuela en la [[arquitectura colonial|zona colonial]].]]
[[File:Bogotá San Ana Shopping Mall.JPG|thumb|Centro comercial Santa Ana.]]
*La [[arquitectura colonial|zona colonial]], que comprende la parroquia de Santa Bárbara (construida en [[1665]] y modernizada en el [[siglo XX]]), la antigua [[Hacienda Santa Bárbara|hacienda del mismo nombre]] y actual centro comercial, seminarios , colegios y el famoso mercado de las pulgas.
*El [[Club El Country|Country Club]], club social reservado para las familias de clase alta reconocido por sus amplios y verdes campos de [[golf]].
*El [[Unicentro|Centro comercial Unicentro]], es uno de los más grandes de la ciudad con compradores provenientes no solamente de la localidad, sino de toda la ciudad.
*La [[Universidad El Bosque]] ubicada en la calle 134 con avenida 9.
*El [[Centro comercial Santa Ana]], ubicado en la [[Norte-Quito-Sur|Avenida Novena]], es uno de los más exclusivos de la ciudad.
*El [[Centro comercial Cedritos 151]], ubicado en la calle 150 con carrera 16 (dirección nueva).
*Centro Comercial Palatino ubicado en la calle 140 con carrera 7.
*Universidad de san buenaventura ubicada en la calle 172 con carrera 8
*[[Universidad Militar Nueva Granada]], ubicada en la calle 100 con carrera 11.
*[[Centro Comercial Hacienda Santa Bárbara]], el cual une lo moderno con lo colonial al construirse en los terrenos donde estaba ubicada la casona colonial de la hacienda la cual fue propiedad de Pepe Sierra.
*El [[Centro Empresarial Santa Bárbara]] es un conjunto de nueve edificios entre las calles 112 y 116 y entre las carreras 7 y 9.

=== Transporte ===
[[File:Estación 127.JPG|thumb|Estación [[Calle 127 (estación)|Calle 127]] del sistema [[Transmilenio]] en la [[Autopista Norte]].]]
Para su acceso de [[transporte]], hay servicio de bus urbano por la gran mayoría de vías, especialmente en la [[Carrera Séptima (Bogotá)|Carrera 7ª]], la [[Norte-Quito-Sur|Avenida Novena]], la Avenida Carrera 19, la Avenida Carrera 15 y las calles 187, 183, 170, 161, 153, 147, 140, 134, 127, 116 y 100.

Con el sistema [[TransMilenio]], solo hay servicio para las estaciones en el límite occidental de la localidad, en la [[Autopista Norte (Bogotá)|Autopista Norte]] hasta el [[Portal del Norte]], donde hay servicio de buses alimentadores. La línea B del sistema también comprende las estaciones sencillas de [[Toberín (estación)|Toberín]], [[Cardio Infantil (estación)|Cardio Infantil]], [[Mazurén (estación)|Mazurén]], [[Calle 146 (estación)|Calle 146]], [[Calle 142 (estación)|Calle 142]], [[Alcalá (estación)|Alcalá]], [[Prado (estación)|Prado]], [[Calle 127 (estación)|Calle 127]], [[Pepe Sierra (estación)|Pepe Sierra]] y [[Calle 106 (estación)|Calle 106]].

En cercanías a la zona colonial, frente al [[centro comercial Santa Ana]], se encuentra la estación de [[ferrocarril]] de Usaquén, destinada para rutas por los municipios de la [[sabana de Bogotá]]. De igual manera existe la estación de San Antonio, en la calle 183, la cual está inactiva.

== UPZ, barrios y veredas ==
La localidad de '''Usaquén''' está dividida en nueve UPZ ([[Unidades de Planeamiento Zonal]]). A su vez, estas unidades están divididas en barrios, como vemos aquí (algunas UPZ comparten barrios):<ref>[http://contenido.metrocuadrado.com/contenidom2/consteinmob_m2/constylicit_m2/enbogota/homeenbogot/ARTICULO-WEB-PL_DET_NOT_REDI_M2-3442940.html Unidades de planeamiento zonal (upz)] Metrocuadrado.com.</ref><ref>[http://www.dapd.gov.co/www/resources/LISTABARRIOS%2020_08_2004%20POR%20UPZ%20POR%20LOCALIDAD.xls Listado de Barrios por UPZ - Secretaría Distrital de Planeación]</ref>

*'''Paseo de Los Libertadores''': Canaima, La Floresta de La Sabana y Torca.
[[File:Calle 120 A con carrera Sexta Bogotá localidad de Usaquén.JPG|thumb|Calle del barrio Usaquén, en la calle 120 A con carrera Sexta.]]
[[File:Bogotá barrio Santa Bárbara Occidental.JPG|thumb|Edificios del barrio Santa Bárbara Occidental, en la calle 127 bis con carrera Veinte.]]
*'''Verbenal''': Altos de Serrezuela, Balcones de Vista Hermosa, Balmoral Norte, Buenavista, Chaparral, El Codito, El Refugio de San Antonio, El Verbenal, Horizontes, La Estrellita, La Frontera, La Llanurita, Los Consuelos, Marantá, Maturín, Medellín, Mirador del Norte, Nuevo Horizonte, San Antonio Norte, Santandersito, Tibabita, Viña del Mar.

*'''La Uribe''': Bosque de San Antonio, Conjunto Camino del Palmar, El Pite, El Redil, La Cita, La Granja Norte, La Uribe, Los Naranjos, San Juan Bosco, Urbanización Los Laureles.

*'''San Cristóbal Norte''': Ainsuca, Altablanca, Barrancas, California, Cerro Norte, Danubio, Don Bosco, La Perla Oriental, Las Areneras, Milán (Barrancas), Pradera Norte, San Cristóbal Norte, San Cristóbal Norte parte alta, San Cristóbal Norte parte baja, Santa Teresa, Soratama, Torcoroma, Villa Nydia, Villa Oliva.

*'''Toberín''': El Toberín, Babilonia, Darandelos, Estrella del Norte, Guanoa, Jardín Norte, La Liberia, La Pradera Norte, Las Orquídeas, Pantanito, Santa Mónica, Villa Magdala, Villas de Aranjuez, Villas del Mediterráneo, Zaragoza.

*'''Los Cedros''': Acacias, Antigua, Belmira, Bosque de Pinos, Caobos Salazar, Capri, Cedritos, Cedro Bolívar, Cedro Golf, Cedro Madeira, Cedro Narváez, Cedro Salazar, El Contador, El Rincón de Las Margaritas, La Sonora, Las Margaritas, Lisboa, Los Cedros, Los Cedros Oriental, Montearroyo, Nueva Autopista, Nuevo Country, Sierras del Moral.
*'''Usaquén''': Bella Suiza, Bellavista, Bosque Medina, El Pañuelito, El Pedregal, Escuella de Caballería I, Escuela de Infantería, Francisco Miranda, Ginebra, La Esperanza, La Glorieta, Las Delicias del Carmen, Sagrado Corazón, San Gabriel, Santa Ana, Santa Ana Occidental, Santa Bárbara Alta, Santa Bárbara Oriental, Unicerros, Usaquén.

*'''Country Club''': Country Club, La Calleja, La Carolina, La Cristalina, Prados del Country, Recodo del Country, Santa Coloma, Soatama, Toledo, Torres del Country, Vergel del Country.

*'''Santa Bárbara''': Santa Bárbara Occidental, Campo Alegre, Molinos del Norte, Multicentro, Navarra, Rincón del Chicó, San Patricio, Santa Bárbara, Santa Bárbara Central, Santa Bibiana, Santa Paula.

=== Veredas ===
Hacia el extremo norte de la localidad existe la vereda de [[Torca]], la más grande de la localidad y El Páramo son las veredas no oficiales.

== Véase también ==
* [[Historia de Bogotá]]
* [[Turismo en Bogotá]]

==Bibliografía==
*VV. AA., director Fabio Puyo Vasco, ''Historia de Bogotá'' 3 tomos: Tomo I - Conquista y Colonia, Tomo II - Siglo XIX, Tomo III - Siglo XX, Bogotá, 2007. ISBN 9789588293318.

== Referencias ==
{{listaref|2}}

== Enlaces externos ==
{{Commons category|Usaquén}}
*[http://www.gobiernobogota.gov.co/content/view/111/338/ ''Secretaría de Gobierno'']. Localidad de Usaquén.
*[http://www.bogota.gov.co/portel/libreria/php/01.27090701.html ''Sitio oficial de Bogotá'']. Historia Usaquén: Es diversa y tiene de todo.
*[http://www.lopublico.redbogota.com/secciones/localidades/usaquen Sitio de la Universidad Nacional sobre Usaquén].
*[http://www.bogotaturismo.gov.co/turismo/productos/panorama/A1-Ficha%20Usaqu%E9n.pdf Ficha técnica turística] (en español).

[[Categoría:Usaquén| ]]
[[Categoría:Toponimia muisca]]
[[Categoría:Distritos financieros]]

Renzo Gracie

2013-03-27T21:43:00Z

LlamaAl: Removing link(s) to "Charles Gracie": Deleted via AfD . (TW)

{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Renzo Gracie
| other_names =
| image = RenzoCropped.jpg
| image_size = 200x
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|3|11}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]], [[United States|US]]
| nationality = [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]]
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}
| weight_lb = 171
| weight_class = [[Welterweight (MMA)|Welterweight (170 lb)]]<br /> [[Middleweight (MMA)|Middleweight (185lb)]]
| reach =
| style = [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]], [[Judo]]
| stance = Orthodox
| fighting_out_of = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| team = Renzo Gracie Combat Team
| rank = {{color box|black}} ''6th degree black belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]'' <br /> {{color box|black}} ''Black belt in [[Judo]]''
| years_active = 1992-2010
| mma_kowin = 1
| mma_subwin = 8
| mma_decwin = 3
| mma_dqwin = 1
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 4
| mma_draw = 1
| mma_nc = 1
| occupation =
| university =
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Gracie family]]
| students = [[Matt Serra]], Nick Serra, [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], John Danaher, [[Shawn Williams]], [[Georges St. Pierre]], [[Rolles Gracie]], [[Chris Weidman]], [[Kyra Gracie]], [[Frankie Edgar]], [[Roy Nelson (fighter)|Roy Nelson]], Mario Delgado Dávila, [[Gunnar Nelson (fighter)|Gunnar Nelson]]
| club =
| school =
| url = http://www.renzogracie.com/
| sherdog = 290
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | [[Submission Wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Abu Dhabi Combat Club|ADCC World Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold | 2000 | -77kg }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcombat.com/adcc-results?year=2000&weight=-77kg |title=ADCC Results |work=Official 2000 ADCC results |accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref>
{{MedalGold | 1998 | -77kg }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcombat.com/adcc-results?year=1998&weight=-77kg |title=ADCC Results |work=Official 1998 ADCC results |accessdate=May 13, 2012}}</ref>
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Renzo Gracie''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|n|z|oʊ|_|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|s|iː}}; born March 11, 1967) is a [[Gracie Barra]] [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]] black belt under [[Carlos Gracie Jr.]] and a retired [[mixed martial arts]] fighter. He is member of the [[Gracie family]] of [[Brazil]]. He is the son of [[Robson Gracie]], grandson of [[Carlos Gracie]], nephew of [[Carlos Gracie, Jr.]] and grandnephew of [[Helio Gracie]].<ref>[http://evolve-mma.com/index.php/instructors#ins2 Renzo Gracie Bio at Evolve MMA]</ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2012}}

A world famous Jiu-Jitsu coach, Gracie has helped train a number of professional fighters such as: [[Matt Serra]], [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Georges St. Pierre]], [[Frank Edgar]], [[Rolles Gracie]], [[Chris Weidman]], [[Kyra Gracie]] and [[Roy Nelson (fighter)|Roy Nelson]]. His brothers [[Ralph Gracie]] and the late [[Ryan Gracie]] were also famous fighters.<ref>[http://www.ifl.tv/Team-Pitbulls-Renzo-Gracie.html Renzo Gracie Coach of the New York Pitbulls. MMA Fighter Renzo Gracie Jiu Jitsu fighting style. Professional Fighting with Renzo Gracie. International Fight League]</ref>

== Mixed martial arts career ==
Gracie has competed both in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and [[mixed martial arts]] events including the [[PRIDE Fighting Championships]], the [[International Fight League]], [[RINGS]], Martial Arts Reality Superfighting (MARS) and the World Combat Championship.

On February 10, 2007 Gracie won a match against former UFC light heavyweight champion [[Frank Shamrock]] for upstart [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] promotion [[EliteXC]] on its debut night Saturday February 10, 2007, on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. Gracie was able to take Frank down and keep the fight on the ground until Shamrock was disqualified by referee [[Herb Dean]] for landing illegal knee strikes to the back of Gracie's head. Shamrock had already been given one warning earlier in the match for illegal strikes to the back of Gracie's head. After the match, Gracie had to be helped out of the ring and back to his dressing room by his team allegedly due to receiving a concussion from the strikes.

Renzo formerly coached a team, the [[New York Pitbulls]], for the [[International Fight League]].

Gracie is the head instructor at the Renzo Gracie Academy in midtown Manhattan. Many well known BJJ and MMA fighters have been trained by Renzo, including BJJ black belts [[Rodrigo Gracie]], current UFC Welterweight Champion [[Georges St-Pierre]], former UFC Welterweight Champion [[Matt Serra]], BJJ World Champion Rafael "Gordinho" Correa, [[Paul Creighton]], former Middleweight King of Pancrase [[Ricardo Almeida]], [[Sean Alvarez]], [[Chris Weidman]] Alan Teo, Mike Codella, Carl Massaro, [[Shawn Williams (Grappler)|Shawn Williams]],Gabe Koura, Chad Lebrun and GRACIE Magazine founder [[Luca Atalla]].{{fact|date=October 2012}}

Renzo Gracie also has affiliate academies in US, Brazil, Singapore, Canada, Mexico, South Africa and Israel.

Gracie has co-written two instructional books on jiu-jitsu; “Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique”<ref>{{cite book |title=Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique|last= Gracie |first=Renzo |coauthors=Gracie, Royler |publisher=[[Invisible Cities Press LLC]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-931229-08-1 |page=304}}</ref> with his cousin [[Royler Gracie]], and “Mastering Jujitsu”<ref>{{cite book |title=Mastering Jujitsu |last= Gracie |first=Renzo |coauthors=Danaher, John |publisher=[[Human Kinetics Publishers]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7360-4404-2 |page=248}}</ref> with training partner John Danaher. He has also been the personal jiu-jitsu teacher of [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], [[Crown Prince]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], since 1993.<ref name="Fit for a Prince">{{cite web
|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/extra/mma/news/story?id=3039205
|title=Professional fighter gets royal treatment as prince's trainer
|year=2007
|accessdate=2007-08-19
|publisher=[[ESPN]] by Ryan Hockensmith
}}</ref>

=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Returning from a three year hiatus, Gracie signed a six-fight contract with the [[UFC]] in December 2009 and faced former [[UFC Welterweight Championship|UFC Welterweight Champion]] [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]] on April 10, 2010, at [[UFC 112]] in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=news.detail&gid=51590|title=UFC to make history in Abu Dhabi at UFC 112|publisher=ufc.com |date=2010-01-27}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2012}} Although Gracie fared reasonably well against the American, he began to take more and more leg kicks, by the end of the second round, Hughes was taking more chances and the fight began to look more and more to his favor.

The third round saw Hughes score with a series of uppercuts and hooks that hurt Gracie. Hughes finished Gracie with a series of punches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2010/4/10/1414452/ufc-112-results-matt-hughes-beats|title=UFC 112 Results: Matt Hughes Beats Up Renzo Gracie}}</ref> Gracie lost to Hughes by TKO at 4:40 of round 3, becoming the second Gracie to fall victim to Matt Hughes, the other was his famous cousin Royce Gracie at [[UFC 60]].

== Personal life ==
Gracie is a resident of [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]]. He and his wife Cristina have three children, Catarina, Cora and Ruran.<ref>Hinckley, David. [http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-02-27/local/17891736_1_renzo-gracie-martial-arts-gym "Renzo Gracie shares family martial arts tradition"], ''[[Daily News (New York)]]'', February 27, 2008. Accessed March 15, 2011. "Gracie, 40, of Holmden{{sic}}, N.J., is a world-class mixed martial arts competitor who has spent his life preaching and practicing Brazilian (aka Gracie) jujitsu: a judo-based martial art that his grandfather devised."</ref> He has eleven brothers and sisters, including Charles Gracie, Flavia Gracie ([[Kyra Gracie]]'s mother), [[Ralph Gracie]] and the late [[Ryan Gracie]].<ref>[http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html Gracie Family Tree] URL accessed on June 5, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.charlesgracie.com/cms/ Charles Gracie Family Tree] URL accessed on June 5, 2009</ref>{{Dead link|date=October 2012}}

== Championships and Accomplishments ==
* World Combat Championship
** WCC 1 Tournament Winner

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
|draws=1
|nc=1
|ko-wins=1
|ko-losses=2
|sub-wins=8
|sub-losses=1
|dec-wins=3
|dec-losses=4
|dq-wins=1
|dq-losses=0
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 13–7–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Matt Hughes (fighter)|Matt Hughes]]
| TKO (leg kicks & punches)
| [[UFC 112]]
| {{dts|2010-04-10}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 4:40
|[[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 13–6–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Frank Shamrock]]
| DQ (knees to downed opponent)
| [[EliteXC: Destiny]]
| {{dts|2007-02-10}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:00
|[[Southaven, Mississippi]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 12–6–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Carlos Newton]]
| Decision (split)
| IFL: World Team Championships
| {{dts|2006-12-29}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 4:00
|[[Uncasville, Connecticut]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 11–6–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Miletich]]
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| IFL: Gracie vs. Miletich
| {{dts|2006-09-23}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:37
|[[Moline, Illinois]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 10–6–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[B.J. Penn]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Hawaii]]
| {{dts|2005-07-29}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 10–5–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Carlos Newton]]
| Decision (split)
| [[Pride Bushido 1]]
| {{dts|2003-10-05}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 10–4–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Shungo Oyama]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Pride 21]]
| {{dts|2002-06-23}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 10–3–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Michiyoshi Ohara]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Pride 17]]
| {{dts|2001-11-03}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 9–3–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dan Henderson]]
| KO (punch)
| [[Pride 13]]
| {{dts|2001-03-25}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:40
|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 9–2–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kazushi Sakuraba]]
| Technical Submission (kimura)
| [[Pride 10]]
| {{dts|2000-08-27}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 9:43
|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 9–1–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kiyoshi Tamura]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final
| {{dts|2000-02-26}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 9–0–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Maurice Smith (kickboxer)|Maurice Smith]]
| Submission (straight armbar)
| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B
| {{dts|1999-12-22}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:50
|[[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 8–0–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} Wataru Sakata
| Submission (armbar)
| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B
| {{dts|1999-12-22}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:25
|[[Osaka]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 7–0–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Alexander Otsuka]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Pride 8]]
| {{dts|1999-11-21}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 10:00
|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6–0–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Sanae Kikuta]]
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| [[Pride 2]]
| {{dts|1998-03-15}}
|align=center| 6
|align=center| 0:43
|[[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{draw}}Draw
|align=center| 5–0–1 (1)
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akira Shoji]]
| Draw
| [[Pride 1]]
| {{dts|1997-10-11}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 10:00
|[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|
|-
| {{nocontest}}NC
|align=center| 5–0 (1)
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} Eugenio Tadeu
| No Contest (fans rioted)
| Pentagon Combat
| {{dts|1997-09-27}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 14:45
|[[Brazil]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-0
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Oleg Taktarov]]
| KO (upkick)
| Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
| {{dts|1996-11-22}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:02
|[[Birmingham, Alabama]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4–0
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[James Warring]]
| Submission (ezekiel choke)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:47
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3–0
| {{flagicon|USA}} Phil Benedict
| Submission (punches)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:08
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2–0
| {{flagicon|The Netherlands}} [[Ben Spijkers]]
| Technical Submission (lapel choke)
| WCC 1: First Strike
| {{dts|1995-10-17}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:38
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1–0
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} Luiz Augusto Alvareda
| Technical Submission (rear naked choke)
| Desafio: Gracie Vale Tudo
| {{dts|1992-01-01}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 7:03
|[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
|
{{end}}

== Documentary ==
On November 14, 2008, there was limited release on DVD of a documentary, titled "[[Renzo Gracie: Legacy]]", which followed Gracie over 10 years of his life. The DVD was only released on Amazon.com and www.renzogracielegacy.com.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} Its tag line is "A 10 year history of mixed martial arts through the eyes of Renzo Gracie, one of its most charismatic pioneers."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official|http://www.renzogracie.com}}
* [http://notesontheroad.com/renzo-gracie.html Interview: Renzo Gracie and the Art of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu]
* [http://www.renzogracielegacy.com/ The official website of the documentary]
* {{twitter|RenzoGracieBJJ}}
* {{Sherdog|id=290}}

{{Gracie family}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=75663178}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Gracie, Renzo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Mixed martial artist
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 11, 1967
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gracie, Renzo}}
[[Category:Brazilian mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Welterweight mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:Brazilian judoka]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts trainers]]
[[Category:Brazilian jiu-jitsu trainers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Holmdel Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (city)]]
[[Category:Brazilian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Gracie family]]

Gracie Family

2013-03-27T21:42:51Z

LlamaAl: Removing link(s) to "Charles Gracie": Deleted via AfD . (TW)

{{Other uses|Gracie (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox Family
| colour = Green
| name = Gracie
| crest =
| caption =
| ethnicity = [[Scottish Brazilian]]
| region = [[Brazil]], [[United States]]
| early_forms =
| origin =
| members = [[Carlos Gracie]]<br />
[[Hélio Gracie]]<br />
[[Relson Gracie]]<br />
[[Carlson Gracie]]<br />
[[Carley Gracie]]<br />
[[Rolles Gracie]]<br />
[[Kyra Gracie]]<br />
[[Rickson Gracie]]<br />
[[Royce Gracie]]<br />
[[Renzo Gracie]]<br />
[[Roger Gracie]]
| otherfamilies = [[Machado family|Machado]], Barreto, Behring, Valente
| traditions = [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
}}

The '''Gracie family''' ({{IPA|ˈɡɾejsi}}) is a prominent sporting family from [[Brazil]] known for their founding of [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] (BJJ). They have been successful in combat sport competitions including [[mixed martial arts]], [[vale tudo]] and [[submission wrestling]] events. As a family, they uphold the [[Gracie challenge]], which promotes their style of BJJ.

==Origins==
The Gracie family line in Brazil descended from George Gracie, a [[Scottish people|Scotsman]] from the [[Carronbridge|Carronhill estate]] in [[Dumfriesshire]] who emigrated in 1826 when he was 25 years old.<ref>[http://www.faixapreta.com/Materia.aspx?C=1400 Redescobertas as origens da família Gracie]</ref><ref>[http://faixapretamag.wordpress.com/ Origins of the Gracie Family Rediscovered]</ref><ref name="gracie">[http://members.optusnet.com.au/cgfh/earlygracies.html Early Gracies]</ref>{{Clarify|date=November 2012|reason=This is not a proper reference citation. Use Cite web or similar to provide source details.}} George was a son of James (b. 1772), the second son of family patriarch George Gracie (b. 1734), and Jean Patterson.<ref name="gracie" />

==Jiu-jitsu==
Gastão Gracie from [[Rio de Janeiro]], the grandson of George Gracie through his son Pedro married Cesarina Pessoa Vasconcellos, the daughter of a wealthy [[Ceará]] family, in 1901 and decided to settle in [[Belém do Pará]].<ref name="cairus">[http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2009/files/CairusJose.pdf The Gracie Clan and the Making of Brazilian Jiu‐jitsu: National Identity, Performance and Culture, 1801‐1993 (Draft)], José Cairus</ref>{{verify credibility|date=November 2012|reason=Unrevised drafts of publications are categorically unreliable.}} Gastão Gracie became a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, the [[Italian Argentine]] Queirolo Brothers staged [[circus]] shows there and presented [[Mitsuyo Maeda]], a [[Japan]]ese ''[[judoka]]'' and prize fighter.<ref>[http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=circo+am%C3%A9ricano+gracie&source=bl&ots=I5GBH5jYTL&sig=s4jvJ0FgXAJG42REg_YrUJmmYLY&hl=tr&ei=Mi1ETofBNMON-wagoZnQCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation]</ref><ref>[http://bjjteamconde.com/historiaprotugues.aspx Team Conde Association]</ref> In 1917, [[Carlos Gracie]], the eldest son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Maeda at the [[Da Paz Theatre]] and decided to learn judo. Maeda accepted to teach Carlos. In 1921, following his financial dire straits and his father Pedro's demise, Gastão Gracie returned to his native Rio with his family.<ref name="cairus"/>

Carlos passed Maeda's teachings on to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George. [[Hélio Gracie|Hélio]] was too young and sick at that time to learn the art, and due to medical imposition was prohibited to take part in the training sessions. Despite that, Hélio learned from watching his brothers. Hélio and Carlos Gracie are widely considered in the Brazilian jiu-jitsu community and within the Gracie family as the creators of the modern form of Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

The most recent family champion is [[Roger Gracie]], who holds the C''onfederação Brasileira de Jiu-Jitsu'' World Super Heavyweight and Pan-American Open Weight titles, and the ADCC heavyweight and openweight championships.

==Family members==
{{see also|Gracie (name)}}
Members of the Brazilian Gracie family include:<ref>[http://www.gracie.com/family/tree.html#1generation Gracie Family Tree].</ref><ref>[http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html International Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Federation >> Gracie Family Tree].</ref><ref>[http://www.charlesgracie.com/ Charles Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy >> Gracie Family Tree].</ref>

*[[Carlos Gracie]] (d. 1994)
*[[Rodrigo Gracie]]
*[[Crolin Gracie]]
*[[Carlos Gracie, Jr.]]
*[[Robson Gracie|Carlos Robson Gracie]]
*[[Carlson Gracie]] (d. 2006)
*[[Cesar Gracie]]
*Charles Gracie
*[[Crosley Gracie]]
*[[Daniel Gracie|Daniel Gracie Simoes]]
*[[Gregor Gracie| Gregor Gracie Rangel]]
*[[Hélio Gracie]] (d. 2009)
*[[Igor Gracie]]
*[[Kron Gracie]]
*[[Kyra Gracie| Kyra Gracie Guimarães]]
*[[kyvia Gracie ]]
*[[Nick Gracie]]
*[[Ralek Gracie]]
*[[Ralph Gracie]]
*[[Relson Gracie]]
*[[Rener Gracie]]
*[[Renzo Gracie]]
*[[Reyson Gracie]]
*[[Rhalan Gracie]]
*[[Rickson Gracie]]
*[[Robin Gracie]]
*[[Carley Gracie]]
*[[Roger Gracie| Roger Gracie Gomes]]
*[[Rolles Gracie, Jr.]]
*[[Rorion Gracie]]
*[[Royce Gracie]]
*[[Royler Gracie]]
*[[Ryan Gracie]] (d. 2007)

==See also==
* Gracie magazine
* [[List of notable Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gracie.com/ Gracie US website]
*[http://www.550media.com/igjjf/familytree.html International Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Federation]

{{Gracie family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gracie Family}}
[[Category:Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Scottish descent|*]]
[[Category:Latin American people of British descent]]
[[Category:Family trees]]
[[Category:Brazilian families]]
[[Category:Gracie family| ]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts in Brazil]]

Jeri Ellsworth

2013-02-28T00:40:49Z

LlamaAl: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeri Ellsworth closed as keep

{{Infobox person
|name = Jeri Ellsworth
|image = You're_one_baaad_cat.jpg
|image_size = 225px
|caption = Jeri Ellsworth, 2008
|birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974}}
|birth_place = [[Yamhill, Oregon]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names = cm_easy
|known_for = [[Entrepreneur]] and [[autodidacticism|self-taught]] [[computer chip]] designer
|occupation = Consultant
|nationality = American
}}
[[Image:Jeri Ellsworth at her store.jpg|thumb|right|Jeri Ellsworth stands in front of her store, Computers Made Easy, in December, 2000.]]

'''Jeri Ellsworth''' (born 1974) is an [[United States|American]] [[entrepreneur]] and [[autodidacticism|self-taught]] [[computer chip]] designer. She is best known for creating a [[Commodore 64]] emulator within a [[joystick]], in 2004, called [[C64 Direct-to-TV|Commodore 30-in-1 Direct to TV]]. That "computer in a joystick" could run 30 video games from the early 1980s, and was very popular during the 2004 Christmas season, at peak selling over 70,000 units in a single day via the [[QVC]] [[shopping channel]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |first=John |last=Markoff |work=[[New York Times]] |date=December 20, 2004 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/technology/20joystick.html?ex=1261198800&en=0e285af90f620c58&ei=5090 |title=A Toy with a Story}}</ref> Ellsworth currently lives in Seattle.<ref name="YouTube">{{cite video |first=Jeri |last=Ellsworth |date=November 4, 2012 |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTCtx9eNHXE#t=6 |title=Short Circuits - One Bit ADC}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Ellsworth was born in [[Yamhill, Oregon]], and grew up in the town of [[Dallas, Oregon]], where she was raised by her father, a local [[Mobil Oil|Mobil]] [[filling station|service station]] owner. As a child, she persuaded her father to let her use a [[Commodore 64]] computer which had been originally purchased for her brother. She taught herself to program by reading the C64's manuals. While at high school, she drove [[dirt-track race cars]] with her father, and then began designing new models in his workshop, eventually selling her own custom race cars. This allowed her to drop out of high school to continue the business.

In 1995, at the age of 21, she decided that she wanted to get away from the race car business<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLy0mVkoLio |title=Jeri Ellsworth, self-taught engineer, talks about her career|publisher=youtube.com}}</ref>, and she and a friend started an early [[Intel]] 486-PC-based business, assembling and selling computers. When she and her partner  later had a disagreement, Ellsworth opened a separate business in competition. This new business became a chain of four stores, "Computers Made Easy", selling computer equipment in towns in Oregon.<ref name="Monahan">{{cite news|last=Monahan |first=Matt |date=January 25, 2005 |url=http://159.54.226.83/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050125/BUSINESS/501250320 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060221204134/http://159.54.226.83/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050125/BUSINESS/501250320 |archivedate=2006-02-21| title=Joy of electronics sticks with woman, sparking invention |publisher=''[[Statesman Journal]]'' |accessdate=2011-03-22}}</ref> She ran that chain until selling it in 2000, at which point she moved to [[Walla Walla, Washington]] and attended [[Walla Walla College]], studying circuit design for about a year. She dropped out due to a "cultural mismatch"; Ellsworth said that questioning professors' answers was frowned upon.<ref name="NYT"/>

In 2000, Ellsworth attended her first Commodore exposition, where she unveiled a prototype video expansion for the C64. This project later evolved to become the CommodoreOne, a.k.a. the [[C-One]], and [[C64 Direct-to-TV|C64-DTV]].

Ellsworth then began designing computer circuits that mimicked the behavior of her first computer, the Commodore 64. In this way, in 2002, she designed the chip used in the [[C-One]], a board which was co-designed and manufactured by Jens Schönfeld,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c64upgra.de |title=C-One website |publisher=C64upgra.de |date= |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref> as an enhanced Commodore 64 which could also emulate other home computers of the early 1980s, including the [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] and [[Sinclair ZX81]]. She displayed the C-1 at a technology conference, and she and Schönfeld received enough business to sell a few hundred units. This also led to Ellsworth receiving a job offer from Mammoth Toys, a company which hired her to design the "computer in a chip" for the Commodore-emulating joystick. She began the project in June 2004, and had the project ready to ship by that Christmas. It sold over a half-million units, in the USA, Europe, and elsewhere.

Ellsworth is a pinball machine [[aficionado|expert]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} and owns over 90 full sized pinball arcade games{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}. Ellsworth lists some of the pinball machines she owns (at 7:37).</ref> She runs the business, Ricochet Pinball.

On May 30, 2009, Ellsworth demonstrated her Home Chip Lab at [[Maker Faire]] Bay Area 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://makerfaire.com/pub/e/2545 |title=Events filled with DIY projects, science, demos, recycling, entertainment, and fun |publisher=Makerfaire.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>

Ellsworth was named "MacGyver of the Day" on February 25, 2010 by [[Lifehacker]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Torrone | first = Phil | date = February 25, 2010 | url = http://lifehacker.com/5480199/macgyver-of-the-day-electronics-hacker-jeri-ellsworth | title = MacGyver of the Day: Electronics Hacker Jeri Ellsworth | publisher = Lifehacker.com}}</ref>

On December 3, 2010 she released information on how to build a TSA "naked" scanner using repurposed satellite antenna parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hackaday.com/2010/12/03/make-your-own-tsa-naked-scanner/ |title=Make Your Own TSA "Naked" Scanner |publisher=Hack a Day |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>

Ellsworth has published numerous technical articles online regarding subjects as diverse as homemade semiconductors (2009), homemade electroluminescent (EL) displays (2010), EL phosphor manufacture from common ingredients and ways to make transparent EL backplanes without using expensive indium-tin-oxide coated glass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2010/06/jeri-ellsworth-turns-an-lcd-into-el.html |title=Make: Online | Jeri Ellsworth turns an LCD into an EL display |publisher=Blog.makezine.com |date=June 11, 2010 |accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>

Ellsworth was a keynote speaker at the Embedded Systems Conference on May 5, 2011.

In early 2012 Ellsworth was hired by [[Valve Corporation]] (along with several other notable hardware hackers) to work on gaming hardware.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.valvetime.net/threads/im-working-at-valve-on-nextgen-gaming-hardware-jeri-ellsworth.187331/ | title = "I'm working at Valve on nextgen gaming hardware" - Jeri Ellsworth | publisher = valvetime.net }}</ref> Ellsworth was fired the following year,<ref>https://twitter.com/jeriellsworth/status/301521067816669184</ref> along with several other Valve employees.<ref>[http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/186592/Several_out_of_work_as_Valve_makes_large_decisions_about_its_future.php Gamasutra: Several out of work as Valve makes 'large decisions' about its future]</ref><ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/13/valve-gabe-newell-layoffs-statement/ Engadget: Valve's Gabe Newell on reported layoffs]</ref>

== Presentations ==
* {{cite web|title=Demo Coding with FPGAs: We Don't Need No Stinking CPUs|work= [[Notacon]] 5|date= April 4, 2008|url=http://blip.tv/file/821819}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jeri Ellsworth}}
*{{official website|http://www.jeriellsworth.com}}
*{{twitter|jeriellsworth|Jeri Ellsworth}}
*{{youtube channel|jeriellsworth|Jeri Ellsworth}}
*{{youtube channel|JeriEllsworthJabber|Jeri Ellsworth}} (Less formal companion channel.)
*{{vimeo user|jeri|Jeri Ellsworth}}
*{{flickr|jeriellsworth|Jeri Ellsworth}}
*{{ustream|5194965|Jeri Ellsworth at the March 2010 Portland Linux General Meeting}}
*Stanford lecture, May 18, 2005 in [http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/courses/ee380/050518-ee380-100.asx video stream]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ellsworth, Jeri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 14, 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Yamhill, Oregon
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellsworth, Jeri}}
[[Category:American engineers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Oregon]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commodore 64]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Oregon]]
[[Category:Women in technology]]
[[Category:Walla Walla University alumni]]

[[ar:جيري يلسورث]]
[[de:Jeri Ellsworth]]
[[sv:Jeri Ellsworth]]

San Diego Reader

2013-01-25T14:36:09Z

LlamaAl: Removing link(s) to "Colin Flaherty": Deleted. (TW)

{{Infobox Newspaper
| name = San Diego Reader
| image =
| type = Weekly [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| foundation = October, 1972
| owners = Jim Holman
| price = Gratis
| headquarters = [[San Diego, California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| editor = Jim Holman
| publisher = Jim Holman
| circulation = 152,524 weekly in 2011<ref name="Circ">{{cite web |url=http://www.verifiedaudit.com/reports.php|title=Annual Audit Report, June 2011|location=Larkspur, Calif.|publisher=[[Verified Audit Circulation]] |accessdate=April 30, 2012}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.sdreader.com/ SanDiegoReader.com]
}}
The '''''San Diego Reader''''' is the largest [[alternative media|alternative press]] paper in the county of [[San Diego]], distributed [[Gratis|free]] in stands and private businesses throughout the county, funded by advertisements. It frequently presents an opposing viewpoint to the ''[[San Diego Union Tribune]]'', the primary printed newspaper in the city.

The ''Reader'', as it is commonly known, was founded in 1972 by Jim Holman, who attended [[Carleton College]] and was one of the original group who established the ''[[Chicago Reader]]''. Although Holman briefly owned shares in the Chicago paper, none of the Chicago owners had an interest in the San Diego paper. Holman used the Reader format and nameplate with the blessings of his friends in Chicago.

Noted for its literary style of journalism and coverage of the arts, particularly film and theater, the ''Reader'' is recognized as a pioneer among alternative weeklies for both its [[creative nonfiction]] and its commercial scheme, using ad revenue (particularly from classifieds and entertainment promotions) to establish the practice of widespread free circulation, a cornerstone of today's alternative papers.

Published weekly since October 1972, the ''Reader'' is known as a showcase for San Diego writers and photographers. Each issue of the ''Reader'' is dated every Thursday and distributed free on Wednesday and Thursday via street boxes and cooperating retail outlets.

==Background==
Specializing in feature stories, the ''Reader'' covers San Diego life in general, with emphasis on politics and the arts and entertainment. The ''Reader'' also publishes listings of movies, events, theater and music, restaurant and film reviews, and free classified advertisements for its readers. Its [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/citylights/ "City Lights"] section contains short investigative reports into the dealings of the city, while the "Calendar" section highlights local society, things to do, places to eat, and the local music scene. Beginning November 2, 1972, film critic [[Duncan Shepherd]] has written the ''Reader's'' movie reviews.

Notable cover stories have included in-depth overviews chronicling San Diego history and pop culture, such as ''Before It Was the Gaslamp: Downtown’s Grindhouse Theater Row in the ‘70s'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/jul/23/before-it-was-the-gaslamp-now-with-50-more-content/ Before It Was the Gaslamp: Downtown’s Grindhouse Theater Row in the ‘70s]</ref> ''Gompers School Takes a Bow'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2009/dec/09/cover-gompers-takes-bow/ Gompers School Takes a Bow]</ref> ''The Rise and Fall of San Diego’s Pacific Comics'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2007/sep/08/pacific-comics-the-inside-story-jay-allen-sanford The Rise and Fall of San Diego’s Pacific Comics]</ref> ''Pussycat Theaters – a Comprehensive History of a California Dynasty'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2010/jun/29/pussycat-theaters-a-comprehensive-history-of-a-cal/ Pussycat Theaters – a Comprehensive History of a California Dynasty]</ref> ''Field of Screens: San Diego Drive-In Theater History 1947–2008'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/aug/01/drive-in-theaters-in-san-diego-complete-illustrate/ Field of Screens: San Diego Drive-In Theater History 1947 – 2008]</ref> and ''Africans, Asians, Hispanics, and Hipsters: Changes in City Heights''.<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2010/mar/17/cover/ Africans, Asians, Hispanics, and Hipsters: Changes in City Heights]</ref> The March 28, 2012 cover feature
''People Will Tell You That You're Late and You'll Hate Them for It''.,<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012/mar/28/cover/ People Will Tell You That You're Late and You'll Hate Them for It]</ref> with confessions of a San Diego USPS mail carrier, earned national coverage on TV programs like [[20/20 (U.S. TV series)]].

The paper has also become increasingly known for its local political coverage, due in no small part to the addition of columnist Don Bauder to the staff. Bauder become financial editor and columnist for the daily ''San Diego Union'' paper in 1973. When the ''Union'' and rival ''Tribune'' merged in the early 1990s, he remained at that post; in 1995, he was named senior columnist at the ''Union-Tribune''. In 1985 and 1986, Bauder wrote ''Captain Money and the Golden Girl'', a book about a local San Diego Ponzi scheme which stayed on the ''L.A. Times'' best-seller list for more than two months. He retired from the ''U-T'' in March 2003 and began writing his weekly column for the ''Reader'' in April 2003. He started his blog [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/financial-crime-politics/ Scam Diego] in September 2007, regularly engaging so many local readers that the comment section frequently racks up to a hundred or more comment posts for each blog post.

Among the ''Reader’s'' political and sociological cover features are ''Soho VS Developers: What’s Worth Saving in San Diego'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2010/sep/29/cover/ Soho VS Developers: What’s Worth Saving in San Diego]</ref> ''Obama Taps Alan Bersin to Cover the Border'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2009/nov/18/cover/ Obama Taps Alan Bersin to Cover the Border]</ref> ''It’s Getting Ugly Downtown'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2008/dec/03/cover/ It’s Getting Ugly Downtown]</ref> ''What’s Wrong With Balboa Park?'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2008/jul/30/whats-wrong-balboa-park/ What’s Wrong With Balboa Park?]</ref> ''San Diego’s Secret Missile Testing Sites'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2008/apr/02/--/ San Diego’s Secret Missile Testing Sites]</ref> and a whistleblowing feature ''Just Save My Life'',<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/mar/22/just-save-my-life/ Just Save My Life]</ref> exposing how clinic trials of an experimental blood substitute called [[PolyHeme]] were being conducted on city medical patients without their knowledge.

Beginning around 2003, a political comic strip also began running in the paper, "Obermeyer’s Cut," by [[Neal Obermeyer]].<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/obermeyer/ Obermeyer’s Cut]</ref> Other well-known comic artists who've served as staffers include Jim Cornelius, who illustrated Matthew Alice's longrunning [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/matthew_alice/ "Straight From the Hip"] column from the earliest issues until being replaced by [[Rick Geary]] in the later 1970s, as well as famed surf artist and California landscape painter Jeff Yeomans (whose wall murals on San Diego buildings included the Unicorn Trading Company on India Street) and [[Revolutionary Comics]] Managing Editor [[Jay Allen Sanford]].

In the editorial staff, the paper’s longtime editor [[Judith Moore]] was an American author and essayist best known for her 2005 book ''[[Fat Girl: A True Story]],'' published by Hudson Street Press. Joining the ''Reader'' staff in 1983 and subsequently known as “Mother Reader” for many years, she specialized in book reviews (especially food writing) and offbeat, whimsical feature subjects. Once, she visited a San Diego sausage factory and described it in lurid detail, in order to test the cliché that no one wanted to see sausage being made. She mentored dozens of writers still contributing to the paper to this day. Moore died of [[colon cancer]] after three years of treatment in May 2006. A memorial feature about Miss Moore written by several staffers ran August 16, 2007, called ''[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2007/aug/16/she-hated-adverbs/ She Hated Adverbs]''.

The paper's local music coverage reportedly earns some of its heaviest website traffic, including columns and staff blogs like "Blurt", "Lists", "Musician Interviews", "Record Release Roundup", "Here's the Deal" (local venue reviews), "Rock Around the Town," "Jam Session," and "Out and About." The magazine's massive online "Local Music Database" chronicles the histories of over 4,000 San Diego bands and 10,000 local musicians, from the 1940s through today, with discographies, biographies, interviews, article links, videos, and playable MP3s. The music section comic strip [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/overheard-san-diego/ "Overheard in San Diego"] has been running since late 1995, spinning off an omnibus book collection in 2012 containing over 700 strips.

With an average of over 220 pages each week, the ''Reader'' is reportedly the largest alternative publication in the nation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} It is the second-largest circulation newspaper in San Diego, currently claiming a single-issue circulation of 170,000 and a 4-week readership of over 777,000 adults.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

As a free publication with high circulation figures, the ''Reader'' generates high advertising revenue. A quarter-page color ad can cost as much as $3,000 for a single run.

Editor and publisher Jim Holman, a conservative Catholic who also publishes the online ''California Catholic Daily'', has reportedly spent more than $5 million of his own money on three separate ballot measures (Props. 73, 85 and 4) that would require a doctor to notify the parents of a minor female before performing an abortion. The most recent measure, Prop. 4, which would have amended the state constitution, was defeated 52 percent to 48 percent on Nov. 4, 2008.

== Notable contributors, reporters, and writers ==
[[Julia Davis (American cinema)|Julia Davis]] is a member of the [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]], an executive member of Women In Film,<ref>[http://www.wif.org Women In Film]</ref> a member of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], a member of the Independent Filmmakers Alliance<ref>[http://www.ifilmalliance.com Independent Filmmakers Alliance]</ref> and a member of Film Independent.<ref>[http://www.filmindependent.org/ Film Independent]</ref> As a contributing writer for the ''San Diego Reader'', she has authored several articles, including ''Murder in Las Vegas''.<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2010/aug/25/feature-las-vegas-murder/%20San%20Diego%20Reader Murder in Las Vegas]</ref>

[[Richard Meltzer]] is a [[music critic]] whose first book, ''[[The Aesthetics of Rock]]'', was one of the earliest rock-focused literary efforts. In the 1980s, while writing for the ''Reader'' chain, Meltzer’s articles for the ''[[L.A. Reader]]'' on the ugliest buildings in Los Angeles were later published as a book. He moved to [[Portland, Oregon]] in the 1990s, but continued contributing to the ''San Diego Reader'', mostly music columns and autobiographical stories. He was also a regular columnist for ''[[Addicted to Noise]]'', and by 2004 he was a contributor to a new weekly, ''[[Los Angeles CityBeat]]''.

[[Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator)|Paul Williams]] is an [[United States|American]] music journalist and writer. Williams created the first national US magazine of [[rock music]] [[music journalism|criticism]] ''[[Crawdaddy!]]''<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/12/arts/music/12wyma.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=%22Paul%20Williams%22%20Crawdaddy&st=cse Dylan Gives the People What He Wants] by Bill Wyman, The New York Times, June 12, 2005.</ref> in January 1966.<ref>http://www.crawdaddy.com/index.php/2008/05/14/and-so-it-began-remembering-the-first-issue/</ref>

[[Duncan Shepherd]] is a longtime [[film criticism|film critic]] whose pithy, incisive, and very often negative reviews began running in the ''San Diego Reader'' on November 2, 1972, continuing through the November 10, 2010 issue, where he announced his retirement. Originally, Shepherd had no rating system, but he was persuaded to institute a four star system, later expanding that to five. Five-star reviews have become rare: only two movies since 2000 have received the highest rating: ''[[Mystic River (film)|Mystic River]]'' (2003) and ''[[Stevie (2002 film)|Stevie]]'' (2002). Less than 100 films are listed as 5-star films, while nearly 2,000 have had the black spot, his lowest rating, bestowed upon them.

David Elliott is a longtime [[film criticism|film critic]] who replaced [[Duncan Shepherd]] in the ''San Diego Reader'' as of the November 17, 2010 edition. He spent around 24 years as a columnist for the city’s rival newspaper, [[the San Diego Union-Tribune]], before going to work for the Reader. He has also written for the [[Chicago Daily News]] (until 1978), the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] (until 1982), [[USA Today]] (until 1984), and SDNN.com (until 2010). According to his debut Reader column in November, Elliott cites his favorite movies as including [[Satyajit Ray]]’s [[The Apu Trilogy]], [[Citizen Kane]], [[The Rules of the Game]], [[The Godfather]], [[The Seven Samurai]], and [[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]], as well as the westerns of [[Budd Boetticher]] and [[Buster Keaton]] comedies. He departed from the ''San Diego Reader'' after a final column in the June 13, 2012 issue.

[[Jay Allen Sanford]] is an author and cartoonist best known for his work with [[Revolutionary Comics]] and [[Carnal Comics]]. He co-created the comic book ''Rock ‘N’ Roll Comics'' with [[Todd Loren]] in 1989, which is still being published in 2012 by [[Bluewater Productions]]. The publishing company he founded, [[Carnal Comics]], is known for launching the movie and cartoon character [[Demi the Demoness]]. His ''Reader'' comic strip [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/overheard-san-diego/ "Overheard in San Diego"] was launched in late 1995, while a second weekly ''Reader'' strip, [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/famous-former-neighbors/ "Famous Former Neighbors"] debuted in 2002.<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/overheard-san-diego/ "Overheard in San Diego"]</ref><ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/famous-former-neighbors/ "Famous Former Neighbors"]</ref> Both reality-based strips are still running. Besides writing several full-length cover features per year (many autobiographical), his other columns for the paper have included "Blurt", "Lists", "URLwatching", "Record Release Roundup", "Most Downloaded", the magazine's online "Local Music Database", and the daily entertainment and pop culture blogs "Rock Around the Town", "Jam Session", "Big Screen", "Fiction Writer", "Autobiography Channel", and "Out and About".

[[Rick Geary]] is a cartoonist and graphic novel writer best known for his contributions to the ''[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]'' and ''[[National Lampoon (magazine)|National Lampoon]]'' magazines. The [[National Cartoonist Society]] awarded Geary its Magazine and Book Illustration Award in 1994. At the ''San Diego Reader'', he has been illustrating the staff-written advice and trivia column [http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/matthew_alice/ "Straight From the Hip"]—aka "Ask Matthew Alice" – since the late seventies, as well as contributing spot illustrations throughout the newspaper.

Colin Flaherty was a contributor to the ''San Diego Reader'' from 1990 to 1994. His story on the unjust conviction of Kelvin Wiley<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-20/local/me-6064_1_years-in-state-prison | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Carol | last=Masciola | title=Conviction Set Aside as Boy Recants : Justice: Judge tosses out guilty verdict in case of man who spent 1 1/2 years in state prison | date=August 20, 1992}}</ref> resulted in Wiley's release from Soledad prison, and was featured on Court TV.<ref>http://colinflaherty.com/colin-flaherty-random-by-lines.php</ref> He was named top political reporter by the San Diego Press Club.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-10-02/local/me-273_1_times-reporter | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Lee | last=Romney | title=Times Takes 3 First-Place Prizes in Press Club Awards | date=October 2, 1992}}</ref>

Mary Leary is a poet, performer, and journalist who published and edited seminal New Wave/alternative music & arts 'zine (the) Infiltrator in Washington, D.C., in the late '70s and early '80s. She did several radio shows at WGTB FM, along with djing in Washington, D.C.-area clubs. She has contributed to My Old Kentucky Blog, San Diego Sidewalk, The Washington Tribune, San Diego Entertainer, Blurt Magazine, Daggerzine, and other journals and online magazines. Her poetry has been featured in a number of journals and anthologies, including those of the New York City-based Unbearables, an anthology of women writing about baseball called Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend (Faber & Faber), and a collection about the Obama election, A Dream in the Clouds. She began writing about music for the San Diego Reader in 2009 after programming music and organizing poetry and music performances for Art Site, El Campo Ruse and Lestat's. Her spoken word/music performances have been featured at the Adams Avenue Street Fair, at Woodbury University, on the Lounge radio show, at the Northwest Singer-Songwriter Showcase, and in numerous other settings.

[[Bart Mendoza]] is a musician and journalist who has written for numerous publications, including San Diego’s ''Axcess Magazine'' and local editions of ''[[The Reader]]''<ref>[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/staff/bart-mendoza/ San Diego Reader Author Archive]</ref> and ''[[San Diego CityBeat]]'',<ref>[http://www.sdcitybeat.com/cms/story/author/bart_mendoza/45 San Diego Citybeat Author Archive]</ref> as well as ''[[The San Diego Union]]'' and its weekly arts insert ''Night & Day''. National publications include the second series of ''[[Crawdaddy!]]''.<ref>[http://www.craigmaas.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.Crawdaddy Crawdaddy! Second Series Index]</ref> International publications he has contributed to include ''British Time Out Guides for Southern California'' and the Spanish rock magazine ''[[Ansia De Color]]''. He has also penned liner notes for recording artists including [[Phil Angeloff]], [[Ray Brandes]], [[Ryan Ferguson]] and [[The Lolas]] and music compilations such as ''This is Mod'' Volume 6, from [[Cherry Red]] Records.

Eleanor Widmer scoured San Diego in search of culinary treasures for the ''Reader'' from 1974 to 2000. Often disdaining established and chain restaurants, she gravitated to obscure and new eateries, sometimes adopting the nickname "Aunt Bertha" for her more contentious reviews. She carried her ''Reader'' food critic career over into radio and television in the 1980s and 1990s, on [[KPBS-FM]] radio and at [[KNSD]]-TV 39, where she answered callers' questions on restaurants and foods. Widmer, who frequently donned wigs to preserve her critic's anonymity on food-themed television shows, died November 8, 2004, at [[Scripps Health]] Memorial Hospital in [[La Jolla]], at the age of 80.

Jerry Schad authored the book ''Afoot and Afield in San Diego County,'' published by Wilderness Press in 1986 and widely considered one of the most comprehensive guides to public hiking lands in San Diego county. An instructor of astronomy at Mesa College, Schad was trained in physics and astronomy at UC Berkeley and at [[San Diego State University]]. He began writing the "Roam-O-Rama" outdoors column for the ''Reader'' in 1993, maintaining it weekly until shortly before his passing (related to cancer) on September 22, 2011.

Steve Esmedina wrote his first story for the Reader in July 1973; his last story appeared in September 1994. Having written for the paper about popular music and film, mostly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Esmedina passed away on June 24, 2001.

==Parody publication==
In 1983 Charles Holloway of San Diego created a 32-page parody of the ''Reader'' called ''Not The Reader.'' This parody (circulation 20,000) resembled its source publication in many ways, including front page format, page layout, and style of advertising (mostly all advertisements were fictional). Stories and articles were mostly attempts at humor. The editor of the real ''Reader'' (at that time, Jim Mullin) gave ''Not The Reader'' "top review grades."

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|San Diego}}
*[http://www.sdreader.com/ The ''San Diego Reader'' website]
*[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/overheard-san-diego/ "Overheard in San Diego" comic strip gallery]
*[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/famous-former-neighbors/ "Famous Former Neighbors" San Diego celebrities comic strip gallery]
*[http://www.sandiegoreader.com/photos/galleries/obermeyer/ "Obermeyer’s Cut" political comic strip gallery]

[[Category:Companies based in San Diego, California]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in California]]
[[Category:Media in San Diego, California]]
[[Category:Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States]]

The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)

2013-01-13T17:25:32Z

LlamaAl: Removing link(s) to "The Da Vinci Game": Deleted.. (TW)

{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox VG
| title = The Da Vinci Code
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]
| publisher = [[2K Games]]
| designer = David Fried<br />Jeremy Lee <small>([[Video game producer|Producer]])</small>
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]
| engine =
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=May 16, 2007<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code]</ref>|NA=May 19, 2006}}
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single player]]
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]
}}
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]], developed by [[The Collective, Inc.]] and published by [[2K Games]]. Based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]], the game is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]] of the same name, and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Additionally, some differences exist between the novel and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect in the game is "Manus Dei". The game was released on May 19, 2006 in North America, and On May 16, 2007 in Europe.

==Gameplay==
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, although it has several gameplay elements and narrative events that appear in neither.

The aim of the game, as with both the book and the film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.

==Characters==
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at [[Harvard University]], Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbol]]ogy. When brought to [[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#|Jacques Sauniere]]'s dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.
*[[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#Sophie Neveu Saint-Clair|Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the [[cryptography]] department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Saunière (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind her grandfather's murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.
*[[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#Silas|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, [[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#Bishop Aringarosa|Manuel Aringarosa]]. From here, he found his purpose in life, and set out to destroy the secret that the [[Priory of Sion]] have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.
*[[List of The Da Vinci Code characters#Bezu Fache|Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery of the [[Musée du Louvre]]. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty of Jaques Saunière's murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.
*Jacques Saunière: Jaques Saunière was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the Priory of Sion. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, in the Louvre. It is ultimately revealed that his job was to protect Sophie Neveu, as she was the only surviving blood relative of the historical [[Jesus]].

==Critical reception==
The game was generally received rather poorly, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] gameplay, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay. The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm BBC Review]</ref> [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system, awarding it 3 out of 5.<ref>[http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html GameSpy Review]</ref> [[IGN]] gave the game 4.8 out of 10, concluding that "as a videogame, ''The Da Vinci Code'' captures a fraction of the intrigue from the best-selling novel. It weaves an interesting tale of conspiracy and corruption, but the gameplay simply doesn't back it up. It doesn't offer enough puzzle variety for serious adventure fans, and the combat will irritate or bore most action aficionados. Sure, a few of the puzzles work well, but in the end it just doesn't amount to much."<ref>[http://ie.ps2.ign.com/articles/709/709677p2.html IGN PS2 Review]</ref> [[GameSpot]] awarded the game 6.5 out of 10, arguing that "The biggest fault of'' The Da Vinci Code'' is the overall presentation. The voice actors sound completely flat and disinterested in the dialogue, the character animations are all jerky and unnatural looking, and there are even a few frustrating bugs that make the game feel unfinished." GameSpot was highly critical of the combat system.<ref>[http://uk.gamespot.com/the-da-vinci-code/reviews/the-da-vinci-code-review-6151654/ GameSpot PS2 Review]</ref> [[Game Revolution]] ranked the game with a D; "Except for a few clever puzzles, a strong story, and a handful of pretty pictures, this licensed mess is mostly a failure."<ref>[http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/da-vinci-code Game Revolution PS2 Review]</ref>

However, some critics did commend the game's intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was also praised by several reviewers. For example, Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' called it a "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring",<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed March 21, 2008.</ref> while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed March 21, 2008.</ref> Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed March 21, 2008.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The original musical soundtrack of ''The Da Vinci Code'' video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]].<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed July 22, 2008.</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of ''The Da Vinci Code'' videogame has received positive reviews.

{{tracklist
| collapsed = yes
| headline = <big>Track listing</big>
| title1 = The Louvre
| length1 = 5:46
| title2 = Bank of Zurich
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion
| length4 = 4:09
| title5 = Chateau Villette
| length5 = 4:43
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport
| length6 = 5:04
| title7 = Temple Church
| length7 = 5:47
| title8 = Westminster Abbey
| length8 = 4:36
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel
| length9 = 5:39
| title10 = The Mona Lisa
| length10 = 5:03
| title11 = Louvre Stealth
| length11 = 5:15

}}

== See also ==
*''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''
*''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]''
*''[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]''
*''The Da Vinci Game''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}
{{Dan Brown}}
{{The Da Vinci Code}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}
[[Category:2006 video games]]
[[Category:Action video games]]
[[Category:Mobile games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]
[[Category:Video games based on novels]]
[[Category:Video games set in France]]
[[Category:Video games set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Video games set in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:Detective video games]]

[[gl:The Da Vinci Code (videoxogo)]]
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]
[[id:The Da Vinci Code (permainan video)]]
[[it:Il codice da Vinci (videogioco)]]
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra komputerowa)]]
[[sr:The Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]
[[sh:The Da Vinci Code (igra)]]

Shayna Baszler

2013-01-13T00:42:26Z

LlamaAl: Removing link(s) to "Amanda Buckner": Deleted.. (TW)

{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Shayna Baszler
| other_names = The Queen of Spades, The Epitome of Awesomeness, The Submission Magician
| image = ShaynaBaszler.png
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|8|8}}
| birth_place = [[Sioux Falls]], [[South Dakota]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = [[People of the United States|American]]
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}
| weight = {{convert|135|lb|kg st|abbr=on}}
| weight_class = [[Bantamweight]]
| reach =
| style = [[Catch Wrestling]], [[Muay Thai]], [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]
| stance =
| fighting_out_of = [[Sioux Falls]], [[South Dakota]]
| team = CSW, Next Edge Academy of Martial Arts
| rank = ''Brown belt in [[Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]''
| years_active =
| mma_kowin =
| mma_subwin = 14
| mma_decwin = 1
| mma_koloss = 3
| mma_subloss = 3
| mma_decloss = 2
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| university = [[MidAmerica Nazarene University]]
| url =
| sherdog = 12116
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}

'''Shayna Baszler''' (born August 8, 1980) is an [[People of the United States|American]] [[mixed martial artist]]. She currently trains under former [[UFC]] Heavyweight Champion [[Josh Barnett]]. She has a record of 15 wins and 8 losses, with 14 wins coming by way of submission.

Baszler gained recognition for her pseudo-chicken wing submission that she has used to defeat many female fighters, including [[Roxanne Modafferi]]. In an audio interview with Jordan Breen on the [[Sherdog|Sherdog Radio Network]], she dubbed the submission, which she created in training, as the "Shwing."

Baszler is currently the #15-ranked [[pound-for-pound]] female MMA fighter in the world by MMARising.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/rankings/womens-pound-for-pound-top-15/|title=Women's MMA Pound-For-Pound Rankings|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=January 1, 2013}}</ref> and the #6-ranked 135-pound female fighter according to the Unified Women's MMA Rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/rankings/unified-womens-mixed-martial-arts-rankings/|title=Unified Women's Mixed Martial Arts Rankings|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=January 1, 2013}}</ref>

==Biography==
Shayna grew up in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and majored in religion at Mid-America Nazarene University before beginning her [[mixed martial arts]] training. Shayna is the first mixed martial arts fighter to ever win by a cobra twist, also known as the [[spinal lock]].<ref name=FCFIGHTER>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcfighter.com/news/Apr%202008|title=The Not-So-Cruel Tutelage of Josh Barnett Shayna Baszler Learns to Step into the Spotlight and Finds Out She Likes It|accessdate=2009-08-28|publisher=FCFighter.com|date=2008-04-14}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Mixed martial arts career==
Shayna began incorporating catch wrestling into her MMA training. This proved to be somewhat difficult because she could not train with Barnett in Southern California, so Barnett wrote her a syllabus and a video teaching the step by step secrets of catch wrestling and how to improve her verbal skills.<ref name=FCFIGHTER/> Barnett also suggested that Baszler carry an electric guitar to the cage to show that she was outspoken. Baszler reluctantly agreed and the guitar has become a signature of hers.<ref name=FCFIGHTER/>

Baszler faced Amanda Buckner at MFC: USA vs. Russia 3 on June 3, 2006. She lost the fight by TKO in the third round.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/MFC-Hometown-Boy-Doesnt-Disappoint-4631|title=MFC: Hometown Boy Doesn’t Disappoint|accessdate=2010-02-13|publisher=Sherdog.com|date=2006-06-04}}</ref>

She faced Samantha Anderson at NFF - The Breakout on March 10, 2007. She won the fight by kimura submission in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Mega-Megu-Takes-Easy-Win-in-the-Cage-6962|title=Mega Megu Takes Easy Win in the Cage|accessdate=2010-02-13|publisher=Sherdog.com|date=2007-03-11}}</ref>

Baszler debuted for [[EliteXC]] at a [[ShoXC]] event on July 27, 2007. She submitted veteran [[Jan Finney]] with a first-round armbar and repeated the feat three months later against [[Jennifer Tate]]. After defeating [[Keiko Tamai]] with an impressive Twister submission at a third ShoXC event, Baszler moved up to the main EliteXC cards.

Baszler next faced [[Cristiane Santos]] on CBS television at [[EliteXC: Unfinished Business]] on July 26, 2008.<ref name=SHERDOG>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news.asp?n_id=13602|title=Ladies To Take CBS-EliteXC Stage|accessdate=2008-07-09|publisher=Sherdog.com, by Jordan Breen|date=2008-07-09}}</ref> She lost the fight via TKO in the second round.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Ruthless-Retains-13795|title='Ruthless' Retains|accessdate=2010-02-10|publisher=Sherdog.com|date=2008-07-27}}</ref>

Following EliteXC's closure, Baszler debuted for [[Strikeforce]] at [[Strikeforce Challengers: Villasenor vs. Cyborg]] on June 19, 2009 in a fight against [[Sarah Kaufman (fighter)|Sarah Kaufman]], but lost by Unanimous Decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmajunkie.com/news/15263/gurgel-and-heun-steal-show-at-strikeforce-villasenor-edges-cyborg-in-main-event.mma|title=Gurgel and Heun steal show at Strikeforce, Villasenor edges "Cyborg" in main event|accessdate=2010-02-10|publisher=MMAjunkie.com|date=2009-06-20}}</ref>

Baszler entered the Freestyle Cage Fighting Women's Bantamweight Grand Prix at FCF 39 on January 30, 2010 in Shawnee, Oklahoma. She submitted [[Megumi Yabushita]] with a twister submission in the first round of their quarterfinal bout. It was the second time that Baszler had won an MMA fight with the unique submission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/01/30/freestyle-cage-fighting-39-live-results/|title=Freestyle Cage Fighting 39 Live Results|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=2010-02-01}}</ref>

Baszler faced late replacement [[Alexis Davis (fighter)|Alexis Davis]] in the second round of the FCF tournament at FCF 40 on March 27, 2010. She defeated Davis by unanimous decision.<ref name=fcf>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/03/28/baszler-finney-advance-in-fcf-grand-prix/|title=Baszler, Finney Advance In FCF Grand Prix|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=2010-03-29}}</ref>

Baszler was scheduled to face [[Jan Finney]] in the tournament final at FCF 43 on June 12, 2010.<ref name=fcf/> However, Finney withdrew in order to compete in Strikeforce and Baszler faced [[Adrienna Jenkins]] instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2010/05/15/cris-cyborg-vs-jan-finney-planned-for-june-26th/|title=Cris Cyborg vs Jan Finney Planned For June 26th|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Baszler defeated Jenkins by first-round armbar to become FCF Women's Bantamweight Grand Prix Champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/06/13/shayna-baszler-wins-fcf-womens-grand-prix/|title=Shayna Baszler Wins FCF Women's Grand Prix|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=2010-06-13}}</ref>

On November 19, 2010, Baszler faced [[Elaina Maxwell]] at The Cage Inc. - Battle At The Border 7. Baszler defeated Maxwell by submission due to a kneebar in the first round to become the first TCI Women's 140 lbs Champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2010/11/22/weekend-recap-baszler-pene-win-at-the-cage-inc/|title=Weekend Recap: Baszler, Pene Win At The Cage Inc.|publisher=MMARising.com|accessdate=2010-11-22}}</ref>

Baszler was scheduled to defend her TCI title in a rematch with [[Alexis Davis (fighter)|Alexis Davis]] at The Cage Inc. - Battle At The Border 10 on July 30, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/06/14/shayna-baszler-vs-alexis-davis-rematch-set-for-july-30/|title=Shayna Baszler vs Alexis Davis Rematch Set For July 30|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2011-06-14|accessdate=2011-06-17}}</ref> However, the fight was cancelled after Davis signed with [[Strikeforce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/07/01/strikeforce-adds-two-more-womens-bouts-to-july-30-card/|title=Strikeforce Adds Two More Women's Bouts To July 30 Card|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2011-07-01|accessdate=2011-07-01}}</ref>

Baszler agreed to face [[Kelly Kobold]] in a rematch at Cage Fighting Xtreme: Spring Brawl on April 21, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/01/09/shayna-baszler-vs-kelly-kobold-rematch-agreed-for-april-21/|title=Shayna Baszler vs Kelly Kobold Rematch Agreed For April 21|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-01-09|accessdate=2012-01-19}}</ref> However, it was announced on March 16 that the event had been cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/03/16/cfx-spring-brawl-cancelled-baszler-kobold-rematch-off/|title=CFX: "Spring Brawl" Cancelled, Baszler-Kobold Rematch Off|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-03-16|accessdate=2012-03-23}}</ref>

On April 28, it was announced that Baszler would face [[Sara McMann]] in the main event of Invicta Fighting Championships 2. The event took place on July 28, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/04/28/sara-mcmann-faces-shayna-baszler-in-invicta-fc-2-headliner/|title=Sara McMann Faces Shayna Baszler In Invicta FC 2 Headliner|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-04-28|accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref> In a back-and-forth affair, Baszler lost the fight via unanimous decision. The bout was named fight of the night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/07/29/invicta-fc-2-results-mcmann-davis-carmouche-victorious/|title=Invicta FC 2 Results: McMann, Davis & Carmouche Victorious|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-07-29|accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/07/29/mcmann-baszler-discuss-invicta-fc-2-fight-of-the-night/|title=McMann, Baszler Discuss Invicta FC 2 Fight Of The Night|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-07-29|accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref>

Baszler faced [[Sarah D'Alelio]] at Invicta Fighting Championships 3 on October 6, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/08/15/shayna-baszler-faces-sarah-dalelio-in-invicta-fc-3-co-feature/|title=Shayna Baszler Faces Sarah D’Alelio In Invicta FC 3 Co-Feature|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-08-15|accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref> She defeated D'Alelio via submission due to a rear-naked choke early in round two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/10/06/invicta-fc-3-results-jessica-penne-captures-atomweight-title/|title=Invicta FC 3 Results: Jessica Penne Captures Atomweight Title|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-10-06|accessdate=2012-10-10}}</ref>

Baszler faced [[Alexis Davis (fighter)|Alexis Davis]] in a rematch at Invicta Fighting Championships 4 in January 2013. Baszler lost the fight via technical submission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/11/09/shayna-baszler-vs-alexis-davis-rematch-added-to-invicta-fc-4/|title=Shayna Baszler vs Alexis Davis Rematch Added To Invicta FC 4|publisher=MMARising.com|date=2012-11-09|accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>

==Mixed martial arts record==
{{MMArecordbox
|ko-wins=0
|ko-losses=3
|sub-wins=14
|sub-losses=3
|dec-wins=1
|dec-losses=2
}}

{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center|15-8
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Alexis Davis (fighter)|Alexis Davis]]
| Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt|Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt]]
| {{dts|2013|January|5}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 2:58
| [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], [[Kansas]], [[United States]]
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 15-7
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sarah D'Alelio]]
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| [[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 3: Penne vs. Sugiyama|Invicta FC 3: Penne vs. Sugiyama]]
| {{dts|2012|October|6}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 0:37
| [[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 14-7
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sara McMann]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 2: Baszler vs. McMann|Invicta FC 2: Baszler vs. McMann]]
| {{dts|2012|July|28}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States
| Fight of the Night
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 14-6
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Elaina Maxwell]]
| Submission (kneebar)
| The Cage Inc. - Battle At The Border 7
| {{dts|2010|November|19}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 4:03
| [[Hankinson, North Dakota]], United States
| Became First TCI Women's 140 lbs Champion
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 13-6
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Adrienna Jenkins]]
| Submission (armbar)
| Freestyle Cage Fighting 43
| {{dts|2010|June|12}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:12
| [[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], United States
| Became FCF Women's Bantamweight Grand Prix Champion
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 12-6
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Alexis Davis (fighter)|Alexis Davis]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| Freestyle Cage Fighting 40
| {{dts|2010|March|27}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 11-6
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Megumi Yabushita]]
| Submission (twister)
| Freestyle Cage Fighting 39
| {{dts|2010|January|30}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 4:50
| [[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 10-6
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Sarah Kaufman (fighter)|Sarah Kaufman]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Strikeforce Challengers: Villasenor vs. Cyborg]]
| {{dts|2009|June|19}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Kent, Washington]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 10-5
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Cristiane Santos]]
| TKO (punches)
| [[EliteXC: Unfinished Business]]
| {{dts|2008|July|26}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:48
| [[Stockton, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 10-4
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Keiko Tamai]]
| Submission (twister)
| [[ShoXC]] - Elite Challenger Series
| {{dts|2008|April|05}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:05
| [[Friant, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 9-4
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jennifer Tate]]
| Submission (armbar)
| [[ShoXC]] - Elite Challenger Series
| {{dts|2007|October|26}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:44
| [[Santa Ynez, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 8-4
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jan Finney]]
| Submission (armbar)
| [[ShoXC]] - Elite Challenger Series
| {{dts|2007|July|27}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:40
| [[Santa Ynez, California]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 7-4
| {{flagicon|USA}} Samantha Anderson
| Submission (kimura)
| NFF - The Breakout
| {{dts|2007|March|10}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:00
| [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 6-4
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tara LaRosa]]
| TKO (punches)
| BodogFight - Costa Rica
| {{dts|2007|February|18}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 3:15
| Costa Rica
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6-3
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Roxanne Modafferi]]
| Submission (hammerlock)
| MARS - BodogFight
| {{dts|2006|October|04}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:08
| [[Tokyo]], Japan
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 5-3
| {{flagicon|USA}} Amanda Buckner
| TKO (punches)
| MFC - USA vs Russia 3
| {{dts|2006|June|03}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 3:03
| [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5-2
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Julie Kedzie]]
| Submission (armbar)
| Freestyle Combat Challenge 22
| {{dts|2006|March|18}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| N/A
| [[Racine, Wisconsin]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 4-2
| {{flagicon|USA}} Amanda Buckner
| Submission (armbar)
| Ring of Fire 20: Elite
| {{dts|2005|December|10}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 4:28
| [[Castle Rock, Colorado]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4-1
| {{flagicon|USA}} Cindy Romero
| Submission (punches)
| UCS - Battle At The Barn 9
| {{dts|2005|May|07}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| N/A
| [[Rochester, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3-1
| {{flagicon|USA}} Heather Lobs
| Submission (choke)
| Jungle Madness 2
| {{dts|2005|January|15}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:51
| [[Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 2-1
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kelly Kobold]]
| Submission (punches)
| Reality Cage Fighting
| {{dts|2004|May|15}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:20
| [[South Dakota]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2-0
| {{flagicon|USA}} Christy Zimmerman
| Submission (armbar)
| Reality Cage Fighting
| {{dts|2003|November|14}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| N/A
| [[South Dakota]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1-0
| {{flagicon|USA}} Tina Johnson
| Submission (armbar)
| Reality Cage Fighting
| {{dts|2003|October|31}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:20
| [[South Dakota]], United States
|
{{end}}

==Championships==
* Freestyle Cage Fighting Women's Bantamweight Grand Prix Champion
* The Cage Inc. Women's 140 lbs Champion

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Sherdog|id=12116|name=Shayna Baszler}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/Shayna_Baszler Shayna Baszler Official MySpace]

==See also==
* [[List of female mixed martial artists]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Baszler, Shayna
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American martial artist
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 8, 1980
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Sioux Falls]], [[South Dakota]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baszler, Shayna}}
[[Category:Female mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:American mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Mixed martial artists from South Dakota]]
[[Category:American practitioners of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu]]
[[Category:Female Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

[[ja:シェイナ・ベイズラー]]
[[pt:Shayna Baszler]]