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Adam Schall von Bell

2020-03-28T08:13:16Z

Litalex: encyclopedia britannica says so

[[Datei:Adam Schall.jpg|mini|Adam Schall von Bell in einem Mandaringewand]]
'''Johann Adam Schall von Bell''', SJ ({{zh|v=湯若望|t=湯若望|p=Tāng Ruòwàng}}; * [[1. Mai]] [[1591]] wahrscheinlich in [[Lüftelberg]] oder [[Köln]]; † [[15. August]] [[1666]] in [[Peking]]) war ein deutscher [[Jesuiten|Jesuit]], [[Wissenschaftler]], [[Missionar]] und [[Mandarin (Titel)|Mandarin]] am Hof des [[Kaiserreich China|Kaisers von China]].

== Leben ==
Schall von Bell entstammte dem rheinischen [[Schall-Riaucour|Adelsgeschlecht von Schall zu Bell]]. Johann Adam war der zweite Sohn, des Heinrich Degenhard Schall von Bell zu Lüftelberg und dessen vierter Ehefrau Maria Scheiffart von Merode zu Weilerswist. Seine Tante, die Schwester seiner Mutter, Gudula Scheiffart von Merode war mit Wilhelm Adolf von Kinzweiler zu Müddersheim, seine Cousine Catharina erbaute die [[Antoniuskapelle (Müddersheim)]].

Die Quellen nennen Lüftelberg (heute Teil der Stadt [[Meckenheim (Rheinland)|Meckenheim]]) bzw. Köln, wo die Familie am heutigen [[Neumarkt (Köln)|Neumarkt 47]] ein Stadthaus unterhielt, als wahrscheinlichen Geburtsort.<ref>Die Annahme, Schall sei in Glatz geboren, erscheint überaus konstruiert: [[Franz Volkmer]] und [[Wilhelm Hohaus]]: ''Denkwürdige Männer aus und in der Grafschaft Glatz''. In: Vierteljahrsschrift für Geschichte und Heimatskunde der [[Grafschaft Glatz]], VII. Jahrgang 1887/88, S. 53f geben als Geburtsort [[Kłodzko|Glatz]] an, wo Schall zunächst das dortige Jesuitenkolleg besucht habe. Diese Angabe beziehen die Autoren auf die Tatsache, dass sich im Glatzer Jesuitenkolleg bis in die Neuzeit ein Portrait Bells befand, auf dem Glatz als Geburtsort angegeben wurde. Zudem sei es Brauch gewesen, Portraits nur von jenen Patres aufzuhängen, die aus dem Kolleg hervorgegangen waren.</ref> Vermutlich nach einem ersten Privatunterricht besuchte er in Köln das damals von Jesuiten geleitete Gymnasium Tricoronatum.<ref>Vorläufer des heutigen [[Dreikönigsgymnasium]]s</ref> Die Entscheidung, sich 1607 in [[Rom]] zu bewerben, um dort am [[Collegium Germanicum]] in erster Linie [[Mathematik]] und [[Astronomie]] zu studieren, könnte mit dem Ausbruch der [[Pest]] in Köln in Zusammenhang stehen. Jedenfalls schickten ihn seine Eltern alsbald nach Rom, obwohl die Bewerbung wegen des noch jugendlichen Alters Adams für ein Jahr zurückgewiesen wurde. In Rom ermöglichte dann eine Vermittlung den verfrühten Zugang zu dem Collegium.

Schall absolvierte die Ausbildung am Collegium und trat 1611 in Rom in den Jesuitenorden ein. Nach dem [[Noviziat]] wechselte er 1613 an das [[Päpstliche Universität Gregoriana|Collegio Romano]]; dort studierte er [[Theologie]], aber auch weiterhin Mathematik und Astronomie, insbesondere bei [[Christoph Grienberger]].

Eine Gruppe von Jesuiten unter der Leitung des Prokurators [[Nicolas Trigault]] trat am 17. April 1618 von [[Lissabon]] aus eine Reise nach [[China]] an, wo der Orden in Peking eine Missionsniederlassung unterhielt. Zu der Reisegruppe gehörten der aus der Nähe von Konstanz stammende Galilei-Schüler [[Johannes Schreck]] (latinisiert: Johannes Terrentius; 1576–1630), der Mailänder Giacomo Rho (1592/1593–1638) und Adam Schall. Am 22. Juli 1619 erreichte die Gruppe China und die kleine portugiesische Kolonie [[Macau]] gegenüber der Küstenstadt [[Guangzhou|Kanton]]. Hier mussten sich die Ankömmlinge zunächst vier Jahre aufhalten, weil in Peking die jesuitischen Missionare gerade vom chinesischen Hof vertrieben worden waren. Den Aufenthalt in Macao nutzte die Gruppe zum Erlernen der chinesischen Sprache.

Die Gruppe geriet in eine frühkolonialistische Auseinandersetzung. Ein niederländisches Schiffskommando versuchte Macao zu erobern. An der militärischen Verteidigung beteiligten sich die Missionare; sie verfügten über hinreichende waffentechnische Kenntnisse, reparierten vier alte Kanonen und erreichten mit deren Einsatz die Vertreibung der Angreifer. Schall soll selbst den niederländischen Hauptmann gefangen genommen haben.

In Peking war man an den fachkundigen Personen aus Europa interessiert. 1623 konnte sich die jesuitische Gruppe in Peking niederlassen. In den Jahren 1627 bis 1630 war Schall in Singanfu (heute [[Xi’an]]) als Seelsorger tätig. Ab 1630 wirkte er wieder in Peking.

Er veröffentlichte in diesem Jahr in chinesischer Sprache den ''Traktat über das Fernrohr''. Darin findet sich eine Zeichnung über das Planetensystem, bei dem die Erde im Mittelpunkt steht, die Sonne und der Mond um die Erde kreisen und die Planeten wiederum um die Sonne. Dies entsprach dem Theoriestand des Astronomen [[Tycho Brahe]] (1546–1601), der von der Kirche toleriert wurde. Schalls Kenntnisse entsprachen jedoch auch den Vorstellungen des [[Nikolaus Kopernikus]]. Nur aufgrund seines Einfühlungsvermögens der chinesischen Kultur gegenüber vertrat er diese Erkenntnis nicht. Es war die Zeit, in der der Vatikan [[Galileo Galilei]] bedrohte.

Im Jahr 1630 wurde Schall zusammen mit Giacomo Rho vom kaiserlichen Hof mit der aufwändigen Reform des [[Chinesischer Kalender|chinesischen Kalenders]] beauftragt, eine Arbeit, die gerade erst von Johannes Schreck aufgenommen, dann aber wegen dessen Tod abgebrochen worden war. Als Nachweis für die legitime Herrschaft des jeweiligen Herrschers hatte der Kalender politische Bedeutung und enthielt Vorschriften für das tägliche Leben. Für diesen Auftrag musste Schall lateinisch geschriebene Fachbücher ins Chinesische übersetzen, eine Schule für mathematische Berechnungsaufträge aufbauen und astronomische Instrumente modernisieren lassen. Für Schalls kopernikanisches Weltbild und konfessionspolitische Offenheit spricht, dass der [[Protestantismus|Protestant]] [[Johannes Kepler]] im Kontakt mit Schall 1632 seine [[Rudolfinische Tafeln|Rudolfinischen Tafeln]] nach Peking sandte, um die Kalenderarbeiten zu unterstützen. 1634 baute Schall in Peking das erste galileische Fernrohr. 1635 wurde das Kalenderwerk veröffentlicht. Diese befinden sich heute noch vor Ort in Peking.

Schall und die anderen Jesuiten bemühten sich parallel um die christliche Mission einer Schicht chinesischer Bürger und Hofbeamten. Hier bildeten sich viele Gemeinden (die Pekinger war die wichtigste), in der chinesische Ansichten, Lebensgewohnheiten und Riten mit christlichen Anschauungen und Lebensgestaltungen eine Symbiose eingingen. Die Koexistenz mit dem [[Konfuzianismus]], die Beibehaltung der [[Ahnenverehrung]] bei christlich getauften Chinesen und auch die von den Jesuiten benutzte Gottesbezeichnung „Tianzhu“ (Tien tschu, {{zh|kurz=1|c=天主|p=Tiānzhǔ|b=Herr des Himmels}}) – dies und Weiteres stieß auf Widerspruch bei ebenfalls in Peking weilenden [[Dominikaner]]n und [[Franziskanische Orden|Franziskanern]], die nach Rom meldeten, dass die Jesuiten Irrlehren verbreiten würden. Im Vatikan entbrannte der [[Ritenstreit]].

1640 übersetzte Schall [[Georgius Agricola]]s [[Georgius Agricola#Hauptwerk – De re metallica libri XII|''De re metallica'']] ins Chinesische und stellte das Werk am Kaiserhof vor. 1642 lenkte er die Produktion von hundert Kanonen für das Kaiserhaus, welches von den [[Mandschu]] angegriffen wurde. 1644 wurde er nach einer wiederholt erfolgreichen astronomischen Prognose zum Präsidenten des kaiserlichen astronomischen Instituts berufen.<ref>Dieses Amt blieb bis 1744 in den Händen der Jesuiten.</ref> Zwischen 1651 und 1661 wurde er zusätzlich noch einer der wichtigsten Berater des ersten Mandschu-Kaisers [[Shunzhi]], dem, 1644 als Kind auf den Thron gekommen, Schall ein väterlicher Lehrer gewesen war. Shunzhi beförderte Schall 1658 sogar zum [[Mandarin (Titel)|Mandarin]] ''1. Klasse'' und ''1. Grades''.

Als 1661 der Kaiser Shunzhi plötzlich starb, behielt Schall zunächst seine Ämter und seine Macht. Nach einer zwischenzeitlichen Beruhigung war der Ritenstreit infolge einer dominikanischen Visitation in Peking wieder entfacht worden. Schall sah sich einer römischen Anklage gegenüber. Auch seine politisch-wissenschaftlichen Ämter lösten nun erhebliche Kritik aus: Im Vatikan verstärkte sich der Standpunkt, Jesuiten sollten eigentlich keine weltlichen Ämter bekleiden.

1664 erlitt Schall einen [[Schlaganfall]], dessen Folgen sein Sprechvermögen einschränkten. Dies nutzten Gegner bei Hof, um ihn zu beschuldigen, seinerzeit den Tod des Herrschers provoziert zu haben: er habe absichtlich Ort und Zeit der Beerdigung eines Sohnes von Shunzhi falsch berechnet. Die Anklage, die auch andere Jesuiten betraf, lautete auf Hochverrat, auf Zugehörigkeit zu einer mit der rechten Ordnung unvereinbaren Religionsgemeinschaft und auf Verbreitung falscher astronomischer Lehren. Schall wurde über den Winter 1664/1665 eingekerkert. Nicht angeklagte Jesuiten wurden nach Kanton ausgewiesen. Am 15. April 1665 wurde Schall nach einem Schauprozess für schuldig befunden.

Er hatte sich wegen seiner Behinderung von seinem inzwischen in Peking tätigen Mitbruder [[Ferdinand Verbiest]] verteidigen lassen müssen. Für die Strafzumessung war das Justizministerium zuständig. Hier entschied man mit Billigung des kaiserlichen Regenten auf die grausamste Todesstrafe, die das Strafrecht vorsah: [[Lingchi|Lingchi (Zerstückelung bei vollem Bewusstsein)]]. Doch als sich kurz vor dem Vollstreckungstermin ein heftiges Erdbeben ereignete, wurde dies von den Richtern als göttliche Antwort und als Beweis für Schalls Unschuld interpretiert. Am 15. Mai 1665 wurde Schall auf Veranlassung des neuen Kaisers [[Kangxi]] aus der Haft entlassen. Er starb in der Jesuiten-Mission in Peking am 15. August 1666 im Alter von 74 Jahren, ohne dass der Kirchenprozess zu einem Ende gekommen war. Kaiser Kangxi rehabilitierte Schall und ließ ihm persönlich einen noch heute vorhandenen prächtigen Grabstein setzen.

== Einordnung ==
Adam Schall von Bells Bedeutung wird vordergründig mit der Aussage unterlegt, er sei in der Geschichte der chinesischen Kaiserzeit der höchstrangige Ausländer am Hof gewesen. Für die historische Sicht maßgeblicher ist jedoch: Schall und die Jesuitengruppe insgesamt bauten auf die Kontakte, die in damaligen Bildungsschichten das Chinabild in Europa und das Europabild in China von gegenseitigen Vorurteilen abrücken halfen. Hierfür stehen die „Novissima sinica“ von [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], in denen China als kulturelles Vorbild erscheint, oder auch das Faible für [[Chinoiserie]]n an europäischen Höfen und in der Barockkunst.

Die Jesuiten waren um der Mission willen aufgebrochen. Sie stellten dazu auch strategische Pläne auf, wie man als Missionar in Anpassung an die im Gastland vorherrschenden Sitten aufzutreten habe, welche Bevölkerungsschicht für eine Berührung mit christlichen Gedanken besonders empfänglich sein könnte, welche Assimilation man mit asiatischen Weltanschauungen eingehen könne. Erfolge und Misserfolge zu bewerten, ist hier nicht die Aufgabe. Kaiser Shunzhi persönlich nahm wohl von Adam Schall viel Wissen über das Christentum auf, ließ sich aber nicht taufen. Dass die chinesische Distanz gegenüber Fremden, aber auch generell gegenüber der Macht, eine maßgebliche Größe blieb, zeigt die politisch-juristische Behandlung, die Schall erfuhr, nachdem der Kaiser, in dessen Gunst er stand, gestorben war.

Schall und andere machten besonderen Eindruck durch ihre astronomischen Fähigkeiten bei der Voraussage von Sonnen- und Mondfinsternissen. Chinesische Gelehrte verfügten selbst über gute Kenntnisse; die Jesuiten konnten wegen der größeren Präzision ihrer Verfahren überzeugen.

Mit verschiedenen Dekreten, einem letzten im Jahre 1742, besiegelte der Vatikan den Ritenstreit. Er entzog damit de facto der katholischen Mission eine dauerhafte Chance, in China rezipiert zu werden, die bis 1936 im Verbot der [[Inkulturation]] weiter galt.

== Erinnerungsstätten ==
[[Datei:Skulptur Schall von Bell Koeln2007.jpg|mini|hochkant|Skulptur Johann Adam Schall von Bells an der Minoritenkirche in Köln]]
[[Datei:Adam Schall von Bell in Lüftelberg.jpg|mini|hochkant|Skulptur in Lüftelberg]]

Schall von Bells Grabdenkmal befindet sich auf dem ehemaligen Friedhof der Jesuiten, dem unter [[Denkmäler der Volksrepublik China (Peking)|Denkmalschutz]] stehenden [[Giuseppe Castiglione#Das Grab in Zhalan|Zhalan-Friedhof]], der sich heute auf dem Gelände einer Kaderschule der Kommunistischen Partei befindet ({{enS|Beijing Administrative College}}), zehn Gehminuten entfernt von der U-Bahn-Station Chegongzhuang im Pekinger Westbezirk. Auf dem Zhalan-Friedhof wurde auch sein Vorgänger und Mitbruder [[Matteo Ricci]] (Lì Mǎdòu) beerdigt.

In Köln gibt es ein Denkmal für Schall in der Minoritenstraße an der Südseite der [[Minoritenkirche (Köln)|Minoritenkirche]]. 1992 hat es die Berliner Werkstatt Carlo Wloch nach einer Stiftung der Deutschen China-Gesellschaft e. V. gestaltet. Auf einer Tafel am Sockel ist zu lesen: „Johann Adam Schall von Bell / Köln 1592 – Peking 1666“. Vor der Statue ist eine Tafel in den Boden eingelassen. Sie zeigt ein [[Astrolabium]] und unterrichtet über Schalls Leben. In den beiden letzten Sätzen heißt es, dass Schall „im chinesischen Reich Ehrungen erhielt wie kein Ausländer vor oder nach ihm. 1666 in Peking gestorben, ist sein Andenken bis heute in China lebendig.“ Sein Standbild, das früher am Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in Köln stand, wurde im [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|Zweiten Weltkrieg]] zerbombt.

In Lüftelberg hat sich die ''Lüftelberger Dorfgemeinschaft e. V.'' seit Herbst 2012 dafür eingesetzt, im Ort ein Denkmal für Schall von Bell zu errichten. Es wurde als Skulptur am 14. September 2014 in der Petrusstraße in Lüftelberg eingeweiht.<ref>[http://www.lueftelberg.de/termine.html www.lueftelberg.de]; Fotos:
[http://www.lueftelberg.de/bilder/svb/Schall-Denkmal-vorne.jpg Denkmal Adam Schall von Bell Lüftelberg 2014],
[http://www.lueftelberg.de/bilder/svb/Schall-Denkmal-Seite.jpg Denkmal Adam Schall von Bell Lüftelberg 2014]</ref>

== Bildliche Darstellungen ==
Ein Bild in der katholischen Kirche St. Petrus in Lüftelberg stellt Schall von Bell dar. Ein barockes Deckenfresko in der Studienbibliothek des Jesuitenkollegs in [[Dillingen an der Donau]], entstanden um 1737 und gefertigt durch [[Joseph Ignaz Schilling]], zeigt Schall gemeinsam mit seinem Ordensbruder [[Christoph Scheiner]]. Das Musée Leblanc-Duvernoy in [[Auxerre]]/Frankreich bewahrt einen alten Wandteppich, der Schall von Bell darstellt.

== Straßen ==
In Meckenheim-Lüftelberg, dem Stammsitz der Familie Schall, gibt es am nördlichen Ortsrand einen Schall-von Bell-Weg. In [[Frechen]], südwestlich von Köln gelegen, ist ebenfalls eine Straße nach Schall von Bell benannt. In Köln, wo er mehrere Jahre zur Schule ging, gibt es im Stadtteil Lindenthal ebenfalls eine Schallstraße.<ref>Konrad Adenauer und Volker Gröbe: ''Straßen und Plätze in Lindenthal'', J.P. Bachem, Köln 1992, ISBN 3-7616-1018-1, S. 142f.</ref>

== Ausstellungen, Archive, Gedenken ==
Zahlreiche Archivalien, vor allem Schriften und Karten aus Schalls Hand, finden sich in Rom in der [[Vatikanische Apostolische Bibliothek|Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana]] und im [[Palastmuseum Peking]] innerhalb der [[Verbotene Stadt|Verbotenen Stadt]]. Bestände dazu haben auch Bibliotheken und Archive in Köln und in Bonn, etwa die Abteilung für Rheinische Landesgeschichte am Institut für Geschichtswissenschaft der [[Universität Bonn]].

In Köln und in Neuss gab es 1992 zu Schalls 400. Geburtstag Ausstellungen, in Sankt Augustin bei Bonn einen wissenschaftlichen Kongress mit internationaler Beteiligung. In Lüftelberg wurde zu seinem 420. Geburtstag am 1. Mai 2012 durch Ansprachen und Szenen aus seinem Leben an Schall erinnert. Referate zu ihm bot die von der Bonner Gesellschaft für China-Studien und vom Ostasien-Institut Bonn Anfang Mai 2012 in Bonn arrangierte Veranstaltungsreihe „Europa trifft China“.

Das Hörfunkprogramm WDR 5 brachte am 1. Mai 2017 zu Schall von Bells 425. Geburtstag einen Beitrag in der Reihe „Zeitzeichen“.<ref>https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/audio/zeitzeichen/audio-johann-adam-schall-von-bell-astronom-geburtstag--100.html</ref> Auch der Deutschlandfunk erinnerte aus diesem Anlass an ihn.<ref>https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/425-geburtstag-von-johann-adam-schall-von-bell-ein-jesuit.732.de.html?dram:article_id=384990</ref>

Vom 16. Juni 2019 an ist im [[Altendorf (Meckenheim)#Burg Altendorf|Herrenhaus Burg Altendorf]] in [[Altendorf (Meckenheim)|Meckenheim-Altendorf]] (Rheinland) eine Sonderausstellung zu Schall von Bell zu sehen.<ref>http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/region/vorgebirge-voreifel/meckenheim/Meckenheimer-Kulturtage-starten-ab-Samstag-article4116547.html</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.stadtmuseum-meckenheim.de/ |titel=Museumsverein Meckenheim |abruf=2019-06-19}}</ref>

Ende Juni 2019 wurde in fünf Aufführungen Kurt Faßbenders Mysterienspiel "Adam Schall von Bell" vom ''Theaterverein Lüfthildis Mysterienspiele'' in der Lüftelberger St. Petrus-Kirche gezeigt.<ref>https://www.rheinische-anzeigenblaetter.de/mein-blatt/blickpunkt-meckenheim/meckenheim/lueftelberger-adel-in-china-luefthildis-theaterfestspiele-ueber-adam-schall-von-bell-32793248</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://mysterienspiele.de/?cat=3 |titel=Festpielwoche: Adam Schall von Bell |abruf=2019-07-06}}</ref>

== Gesellschaften ==
[[Essen]] ist Sitz der Johann Adam Schall von Bell Gesellschaft Ruhrgebiet zur Förderung der Deutsch-Chinesischen Beziehungen e.V. Sie bietet vor allem im Raum Essen und Düsseldorf Vorträge, Seminare und Tagungen. In [[Aachen]] gibt es eine Adam-Schall-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Deutsch-Chinesischen Beziehungen e. V., die ebenfalls Veranstaltungen zu entsprechenden Themen im Programm hat.

== Briefmarken ==

1992 erschien zu Schalls 400. Geburtstag eine Sondermarke der Deutschen Bundespost im Wert von 1,40 DM, in [[Republik China (Taiwan)|Taiwan]] erschien ebenfalls eine Sondermarke zum selben Anlass und im selben Jahr, jedoch mit anderem [[Nennwert]] und anderem Motiv.

== Filme ==
Am 12. Mai 2008 brachte das ZDF unter dem Titel „Mission Verbotene Stadt“ eine ausführliche Dokumentation zu Schalls Wirken in China.

Am 28. Juli 2018 zeigte arte den zweiteiligen Film „Die Jesuiten und die chinesische Astronomie“, eine französisch-chinesische Produktion<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=https://www.arte.tv/de/videos/053439-001-A/die-jesuiten-und-die-chinesische-astronomie-1-2 |wayback=20180729043717 |text=Archivierte Kopie |archiv-bot=2019-05-26 14:46:49 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>. Schall von Bells Arbeit spielt dabei eine wichtige Rolle.

Am 17. Mai 2019 strahlte ORF 2 den Film "Im Reich der Zeit. Chinas Kaiser und die Sterne" aus, in dem es auch um die Arbeiten Schall von Bells am chinesischen Hof ging.<ref>https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20190516_OTS0159/im-reich-der-zeit-chinas-kaiser-und-die-sterne-am-17-mai-in-universum-history</ref>

== Werke ==
* ''Historica narratio de initio et progressu missionis Societatis Jesu apud Chinenses, ac praesertim in regia Pequinensi.'' Wien 1665.
* ''Historia relatio de ortu et progressu fidei orthodoxae in regno Chinensi per missionarios Societatis Jesu ab anno 1581 usque ad annum 1661.'' Regensburg 1671.

== Literatur ==
;Sachliteratur
* {{ADB|30|556|557|''Schall von Bell, Adam''|[[Siegmund Günther]]|ADB:Schall von Bell, Adam}}
* {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629105001/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s1/schall_v_b.shtml |autor=Claudia von Collani|artikel=SCHALL, Johann Adam S. von Bell|band=8|spalten=1575-1582}}
* [[Martin Gimm]]: ''Leben und Wirken von P. Adam Schall v. Bell – chronologische Übersicht zu seinem zeitlichen Umfeld.'' In: Deutsche China Gesellschaft Mitteilungsblatt 2008, Heft 2, S. 24–44.
* Werner Neite (Hrsg.): ''Johann Adam Schall von Bell, SJ, 1591-1666. Ein Kölner Astronom am chinesischen Hof.'' Diözesanbibliothek, Köln 1992 (Ausstellungskatalog).
* [[Eckart Roloff]]: ''Johann Adam Schall von Bell: Ein Kölner Missionar unterwegs in riskanter Mission für Kalender und Kanonen, Sonne und Mond''. In: Eckart Roloff: ''Göttliche Geistesblitze. Pfarrer und Priester als Erfinder und Entdecker.'' Verlag Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-527-32578-8, S. 93–114 (mit Hinweisen auf Erinnerungsstätten, Archive, Verbände u. ä.). 2. aktualisierte Ausgabe 2012 (Paperback) ISBN 978-3-527-32864-2.
* Manfred Spata: ''Wurde Adam Schall von Bell (1592–1666) in Glatz geboren?'' In: Archiv für schlesische Kirchengeschichte, Band 70, Aschendorff Verlag, Karlstadt (Main) 2012, S. 285–293, mit 3 Abb.
* Ernst Stürmer: ''Meister himmlischer Geheimnisse – Adam Schall, Ratgeber und Freund des Kaisers von China''. Verlag St. Gabriel, Mödling 1980, ISBN 3-85264-143-8.
* Ernst Stürmer: ''Mit Fernrohr und Bibel zum Drachenthron. Adam Schall S.J. (1592-1666): Astronom, Freund und Ratgeber des Kaisers von China''. Verlag tredition, Hamburg 2013.
* [[Alfons Väth]]: ''Johann Adam Schall von Bell, SJ. Missionar in China, kaiserlicher Astronom und Ratgeber am Hofe von Peking 1592–1666''. (Überarbeitung) Steyler Verlag, Nettetal 1991, ISBN 3-8050-0287-4.
* [[Martin Gimm]], ''Der Fall Prinz Rong im Prozeß gegen den Jesuitenpater Adam Schall in den Jahren 1664/65 in China'', Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-447-10985-7.
* {{NDB|22|551|552|''Schall von Bell, Johann Adam''|[[Hartmut Walravens]]|118606387}}

;Belletristik
* [[Uli Franz]] und Atandra Köster: ''Im Schatten des Himmels. Roman''. dtv premium, München 2004, ISBN 3-423-20739-6.
* [[Wilhelm Hünermann]]: ''Der Mandarin des Himmels. Das Leben des Kölner Astronomen P. Johann Adam Schall am Kaiserhof zu Peking.'' Theodor Oppermann, Hannover 1954.

;Comic
* 1993 gab die Kölner Bank von 1867 als Nr. 6 der Reihe „Cöln Comic“ das 24-seitige Heft „Johann Adam Schall von Bell. Mandarin vun China“ heraus. Die Farbzeichnungen stammen von Martin Muster, die Texte (auf kölsch) von Gérard Schmidt.

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Johann Adam Schall von Bell}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118606387}}
* {{VD17|004292022}}
* {{CE|http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13520a.htm|Johann Adam Schall von Bell|Autor=Joseph Brucker|Band=13}}
* {{Webarchiv | url=http://form.nlc.gov.cn/sino/show.php?id=100 | wayback=20100725152725 | text=Chinesische Nationalbibliothek (chinesisch)}}
* [http://www.schall-von-bell.de/ J. A. Schall von Bell Gesellschaft Ruhrgebiet]
* [http://www.adamschall.de/ Adam-Schall Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Chinesische Zusammenarbeit e.V.]
* [http://kathenzyklo.bplaced.net/artikel.php?artikel=accommodationsstreit Wetzer und Welte's Kirchenlexikon 1881-1903, Artikel :Accommodationsstreit; Aufruf 20. Januar 2012]
* [http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0008/bsb00081353/images Feng tian chi yu. Titulus honorificus: Ehrenurkunde des Shunzhi-Kaisers an Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Cod.sin. 112)]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=118606387|LCCN=n/85/57302|VIAF=64800026}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Schall von Bell, Adam}}
[[Kategorie:Missionar (China)]]
[[Kategorie:Jesuit]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Astronom (17. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1592]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1666]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Schall von Bell, Adam
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=湯若望 (chinesisch); Schall von Bell, Adam Johann
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Missionar vom Orden der Jesuiten
|GEBURTSDATUM=1. Mai 1592
|GEBURTSORT=unsicher: [[Lüftelberg]], Deutschland
|STERBEDATUM=15. August 1666
|STERBEORT=[[Peking]], China
}}

John Chu

2015-08-23T20:18:21Z

Litalex: adding chinese name

{{Infobox writer
| name = Chu, John
| occupation = Author, Engineer
| notableworks = ''[[The Water That Falls on You from Nowhere]]'' (2013)
| website = {{URL|http://www.johnchu.net}}
| awards = Hugo
}}

'''John Chu''' ({{lang-zh|朱中宜}}) is an American [[science fiction]] writer. In 2014, he won the [[Hugo Award]] for [[Hugo Award for Best Short Story|Best Short Story]] with the story ''[[The Water That Falls on You from Nowhere]]''.<ref name=hugo2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2014-hugo-awards/|title=2014 Hugo Awards|accessdate=8 September 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.johnchu.net/ Official site]
*[http://www.tor.com/bios/authors/john-chu/ Author profile], Tor.com, September 2014

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Chu, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American writer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chu, John}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hugo Award winning writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Liu Cixin

2014-08-10T13:09:12Z

Litalex: /* Bibliography */ adding content

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Liu Cixin
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = [[Henan]], China
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Science fiction]] writer
| nationality =
| period = 1999-present
| genre =
| notableworks =
| influences = [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
| influenced =
| website =
}}

'''Liu Cixin''' ({{zh|t=劉慈欣|s=刘慈欣|}}; born 1963) is the most prolific and popular science fiction writer in the People's Republic of China.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-12/17/content_11715438.htm What lies beyond] By Chitralekha Basu and Guo Shuhan, China Daily</ref> Liu is an eight-time winner of the Galaxy Award for science-fiction writing and an awardee of the Nebula Award ({{zh|s= 星云奖 |p=xingyun jiang}}),<ref>[http://www.gov.cn/english/2010-08/09/content_1674007.htm Awards for Chinese-language science fictions announced]</ref> Prior to his success as a writer, he worked as an engineer in a power plant in [[Yangquan]], Shanxi.

Liu Cixin created new themes in [[Science fiction in China|Chinese science fiction writing]],<ref>Liu Cixin and Neo-classical Science Fiction by YAN Wu, XIAO Qing-fang, Journal of Hunan University of Science and Engineering，2006-02</ref> and his writing is mainly focused on China's role in a future world.<ref>[http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/onlinemagazine/2010may/wuyan.html Science Fiction in China] by Wu Yan with Janice Bogstad & Wang Pengfei</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''The Era of Supernova'' (超新星纪元, 1999)
*''The Rural Teacher'' (乡村教师, 2001)
*''Ball Lightning'' (球状闪电, 2004)
*''The Wandering Earth''
*''Of Ants and Dinosaurs''
*''The Longest Fall''
*"[[Three Body (science fiction)|Three Body]]" trilogy
**''Three Body'', published in English by Tor Books in 2014 as ''The Three-Body Problem'' (三体, 2007)
**''Dark Forest'' (黑暗森林, 2008)
**''Dead End'' (死神永生, 2010)

==Awards==
*Chinese Galaxy Award for science-fiction writing.
*World Chinese Science Fiction Association's Nebula Award for best writer.<ref>http://www.gov.cn/english/2010-08/09/content_1674007.htm</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://blog.sina.com.cn/lcx Liu Cixin's blog]
* [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/liu_cixin Entry in Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]
* {{isfdb name}}
* [http://paper-republic.org/ericabrahamsen/ball-lightning-extract/ Ball Lightning Extract]: Free English translation of the first three chapters ''Ball Lightning''

{{Authority control|VIAF=78192675|LCCN=n/2005/083742}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Liu, Cixin
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Big Liu(Chinese: 大刘)
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1961
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Henan]], China
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Cixin}}
[[Category:Chinese science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Kinky Boots – Man(n) trägt Stiefel

2010-09-24T04:18:11Z

Litalex: Adding category :Category:Films based on actual events (using HotCat)

{{Infobox film
| name = Kinky Boots
| image = Kinky boots.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = A long thigh-high red boot, fills the foreground on the left, three people stand in the distance on the back right
| director = [[Julian Jarrold]]
| producer = Suzanne Mackie <br />[[Nick Barton]] <br />Peter Ettedgui <br />Mairi Brett
| writer = [[Geoff Deane]] <br />[[Tim Firth]]
| starring = [[Joel Edgerton]] <br />[[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] <br/>[[Sarah-Jane Potts]] <br />[[Nick Frost]]
| music = Adrian Johnston
| cinematography = Eigil Bryld
| editing = Emma E. Hickox
| studio = [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
| distributor = [[Touchstone Pictures]]<br>[[Miramax Films]]
| released = {{Start date|2005|10|07}} <small>(United Kingdom)</small> <br />April 14, 2006 <small>(United States)</small>
| runtime = 107 minutes<ref name="mojo" />
| country = United Kingdom <br /> United States
| language = English
| budget = 
| gross = $9,941,428<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Kinky Boots''''' is a 2005 [[Golden Globe Award]]-nominated [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British]]-[[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[comedy film]] written by [[Geoff Deane]] and [[Tim Firth]], about a traditional [[Northampton]] [[shoemaker]], based in [[Earls Barton]], who turns to producing [[Sexual fetishism|fetish]]ism footwear in order to save the failing family business and the jobs of his workers. The film is based on the story of Divine<ref>Divine is a trademark of W.J. Brooks Ltd, a real factory of boots and shoes http://www.shop.edirectory.co.uk/divine/pages/editorial.asp?artid=296&cid=926</ref>, which was featured in an episode of the [[BBC]] [[Television documentary|documentary series]] ''[[Trouble at the Top]]''.

== Plot ==
Charlie Price ([[Joel Edgerton]]) is trying to save the family business and travels to London to get ideas. In a chance encounter he meets sassy [[drag queen]] performer Lola ([[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]), the alter ego of Simon, and sees the possible market of shoes for male transvestites. With the styling eye of Lola, Charlie leads the traditional shoe factory to design and produce numerous shoes for the catwalk in [[Milan, Italy]].

== Cast ==
* [[Joel Edgerton]] as Charlie Price
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Lola
* [[Sarah-Jane Potts]] as Lauren
* [[Nick Frost]] as Don
* [[Linda Bassett]] as Mel
* [[Jemima Rooper]] as Nicola
* [[Robert Pugh]] as Harold Price
* [[Stephen Marcus]] as Big Mike
* [[Mona Hammond]] as Pat

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Anchors|Critics}}
The film received average to poor reviews on release, with critics decrying the "formulaic britcom plot." Top critics selected by Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a combined rating of 50% based on 32 reviews.<ref name="tomatoes-cream">{{cite web
| title = Kinky Boots Movie Reviews, Pictures
| url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kinky_boots/?critic=creamcrop
| work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
| publisher = [[Flixster]]
| accessdate = 2009-10-18
}}
</ref>

It has since become something of a cult classic with reviews by audiences being far more generous.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

=== Box office ===
The film earned a total of $9,941,428 internationally.<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|kinkyboots|Kinky Boots (2006) }}</ref>

== Musical ==
A [[Broadway theater|Broadway musical]] version of the film is in development, with producers Daryl Roth and Hal Luftig helming the project.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119294.html
| last = Jones
| first = Kenneth
| title = Kinky Boots, the Musical, Walking Toward Broadway
| publisher = [[Playbill]]
| date = 2008-07-08
| accessdate = 2008-07-10
}}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cross-dressing in film and television]]
* [[Transvestism]]
* [[Fetishism]]

== References ==
{{Anchors|Notes|References}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
Tim Firth wrote the screenplay for Kinky Boots http://www.timfirth.com
* [http://www.thefilmfactory.co.uk/kinkyboots/index_flash.html Official site]
* [http://video.movies.go.com/kinkyboots/ Official DVD site]
* {{imdb title|0434124|Kinky Boots}}
* [http://www.edirectory.co.uk/divine/ Official ''Divine'' site], the shop on which the story is based (contains nudity)
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/content/articles/2005/10/04/kb_fact_fiction_feature.shtml The differences from the film and real-life]

{{Julian Jarrold}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinky Boots (Film)}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s comedy films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:British LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:British comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Julian Jarrold]]
[[Category:Miramax films]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films based on actual events]]

[[fr:Kinky Boots]]
[[it:Kinky Boots - Decisamente diversi]]
[[ja:キンキーブーツ]]
[[ru:Чумовые боты]]
[[sv:Kinky Boots]]

Kinky Boots – Man(n) trägt Stiefel

2010-09-24T04:17:44Z

Litalex: Adding category :Category:Films set in England (using HotCat)

{{Infobox film
| name = Kinky Boots
| image = Kinky boots.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = A long thigh-high red boot, fills the foreground on the left, three people stand in the distance on the back right
| director = [[Julian Jarrold]]
| producer = Suzanne Mackie <br />[[Nick Barton]] <br />Peter Ettedgui <br />Mairi Brett
| writer = [[Geoff Deane]] <br />[[Tim Firth]]
| starring = [[Joel Edgerton]] <br />[[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] <br/>[[Sarah-Jane Potts]] <br />[[Nick Frost]]
| music = Adrian Johnston
| cinematography = Eigil Bryld
| editing = Emma E. Hickox
| studio = [[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
| distributor = [[Touchstone Pictures]]<br>[[Miramax Films]]
| released = {{Start date|2005|10|07}} <small>(United Kingdom)</small> <br />April 14, 2006 <small>(United States)</small>
| runtime = 107 minutes<ref name="mojo" />
| country = United Kingdom <br /> United States
| language = English
| budget = 
| gross = $9,941,428<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Kinky Boots''''' is a 2005 [[Golden Globe Award]]-nominated [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British]]-[[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[comedy film]] written by [[Geoff Deane]] and [[Tim Firth]], about a traditional [[Northampton]] [[shoemaker]], based in [[Earls Barton]], who turns to producing [[Sexual fetishism|fetish]]ism footwear in order to save the failing family business and the jobs of his workers. The film is based on the story of Divine<ref>Divine is a trademark of W.J. Brooks Ltd, a real factory of boots and shoes http://www.shop.edirectory.co.uk/divine/pages/editorial.asp?artid=296&cid=926</ref>, which was featured in an episode of the [[BBC]] [[Television documentary|documentary series]] ''[[Trouble at the Top]]''.

== Plot ==
Charlie Price ([[Joel Edgerton]]) is trying to save the family business and travels to London to get ideas. In a chance encounter he meets sassy [[drag queen]] performer Lola ([[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]), the alter ego of Simon, and sees the possible market of shoes for male transvestites. With the styling eye of Lola, Charlie leads the traditional shoe factory to design and produce numerous shoes for the catwalk in [[Milan, Italy]].

== Cast ==
* [[Joel Edgerton]] as Charlie Price
* [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Lola
* [[Sarah-Jane Potts]] as Lauren
* [[Nick Frost]] as Don
* [[Linda Bassett]] as Mel
* [[Jemima Rooper]] as Nicola
* [[Robert Pugh]] as Harold Price
* [[Stephen Marcus]] as Big Mike
* [[Mona Hammond]] as Pat

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Anchors|Critics}}
The film received average to poor reviews on release, with critics decrying the "formulaic britcom plot." Top critics selected by Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a combined rating of 50% based on 32 reviews.<ref name="tomatoes-cream">{{cite web
| title = Kinky Boots Movie Reviews, Pictures
| url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kinky_boots/?critic=creamcrop
| work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
| publisher = [[Flixster]]
| accessdate = 2009-10-18
}}
</ref>

It has since become something of a cult classic with reviews by audiences being far more generous.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

=== Box office ===
The film earned a total of $9,941,428 internationally.<ref name="mojo">{{mojo title|kinkyboots|Kinky Boots (2006) }}</ref>

== Musical ==
A [[Broadway theater|Broadway musical]] version of the film is in development, with producers Daryl Roth and Hal Luftig helming the project.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119294.html
| last = Jones
| first = Kenneth
| title = Kinky Boots, the Musical, Walking Toward Broadway
| publisher = [[Playbill]]
| date = 2008-07-08
| accessdate = 2008-07-10
}}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cross-dressing in film and television]]
* [[Transvestism]]
* [[Fetishism]]

== References ==
{{Anchors|Notes|References}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
Tim Firth wrote the screenplay for Kinky Boots http://www.timfirth.com
* [http://www.thefilmfactory.co.uk/kinkyboots/index_flash.html Official site]
* [http://video.movies.go.com/kinkyboots/ Official DVD site]
* {{imdb title|0434124|Kinky Boots}}
* [http://www.edirectory.co.uk/divine/ Official ''Divine'' site], the shop on which the story is based (contains nudity)
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/content/articles/2005/10/04/kb_fact_fiction_feature.shtml The differences from the film and real-life]

{{Julian Jarrold}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinky Boots (Film)}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s comedy films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:British LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:British comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Julian Jarrold]]
[[Category:Miramax films]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]

[[fr:Kinky Boots]]
[[it:Kinky Boots - Decisamente diversi]]
[[ja:キンキーブーツ]]
[[ru:Чумовые боты]]
[[sv:Kinky Boots]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2010-09-05T01:52:26Z

Litalex: fixing a typo

{{About||the 1997 film|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels song|Seven Years in Tibet (song)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| title_orig = Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama
| image = [[File:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg]]
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = Various
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet''''' ({{lang-de|Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama}}) is an [[autobiographical]] travel book written by [[Austria|Austrian]] mountaineer and former [[Nazi]] [[SS]] Officer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer, and his companion [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then travelled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

==Response==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the Dalai Lama is present, which praises the book: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book. The [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|first]] was a 1956, 76-minute documentary directed by [[Hans Nieter]]. The documentary includes film taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet, and Harrer himself reconstructed various scenes from his adventures. The second, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'', released in 1997, was directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starred [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]].

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]''.

==See also==
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, My Life Before, During and After'' (2007), Heinrich Harrer's full autobiography published in English

==External links==
*[http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet] Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)

{{travel-book-stub}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]
[[Category:Austrian books]]

[[bo:ལོ་བདུན་རིང་གི་བོད།]]
[[cs:Sedm let v Tibetu]]
[[et:Seitse aastat Tiibetis]]
[[fr:Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet]]
[[ko:티베트에서의 7년]]
[[it:Sette anni nel Tibet]]
[[nl:Zeven jaar in Tibet]]
[[pl:Siedem lat w Tybecie]]
[[pt:Sete Anos no Tibete]]
[[ru:Семь лет в Тибете (книга)]]
[[zh:西藏七年 (书籍)]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2010-09-05T01:50:38Z

Litalex: adding info

{{About||the 1997 film|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels song|Seven Years in Tibet (song)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| orig_title = Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama
| image = [[File:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg]]
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = Various
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet''''' ({{lang-de|''Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama''}}) is an autobiographical travel book written by [[Austria|Austrian]] mountaineer and former [[Nazi]] [[SS]] Officer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer, and his companion [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then travelled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

==Response==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the Dalai Lama is present, which praises the book: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book. The [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|first]] was a 1956, 76-minute documentary directed by [[Hans Nieter]]. The documentary includes film taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet, and Harrer himself reconstructed various scenes from his adventures. The second, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'', released in 1997, was directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starred [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]].

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]''.

==See also==
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, My Life Before, During and After'' (2007), Heinrich Harrer's full autobiography published in English

==External links==
*[http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet] Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)

{{travel-book-stub}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]
[[Category:Austrian books]]

[[bo:ལོ་བདུན་རིང་གི་བོད།]]
[[cs:Sedm let v Tibetu]]
[[et:Seitse aastat Tiibetis]]
[[fr:Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet]]
[[ko:티베트에서의 7년]]
[[it:Sette anni nel Tibet]]
[[nl:Zeven jaar in Tibet]]
[[pl:Siedem lat w Tybecie]]
[[pt:Sete Anos no Tibete]]
[[ru:Семь лет в Тибете (книга)]]
[[zh:西藏七年 (书籍)]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2010-09-05T01:41:44Z

Litalex: Adding category :Category:Austrian books (using HotCat)

{{About||the 1997 film|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels song|Seven Years in Tibet (song)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| image = [[File:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg]]
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = Various
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet''''' is an autobiographical travel book written by [[Austria|Austrian]] mountaineer and former [[Nazi]] [[SS]] Officer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer, and his companion [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then travelled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

==Response==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the Dalai Lama is present, which praises the book: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book. The [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|first]] was a 1956, 76-minute documentary directed by [[Hans Nieter]]. The documentary includes film taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet, and Harrer himself reconstructed various scenes from his adventures. The second, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'', released in 1997, was directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starred [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]].

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]''.

==See also==
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, My Life Before, During and After'' (2007), Heinrich Harrer's full autobiography published in English

==External links==
*[http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet] Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)

{{travel-book-stub}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]
[[Category:Austrian books]]

[[bo:ལོ་བདུན་རིང་གི་བོད།]]
[[cs:Sedm let v Tibetu]]
[[et:Seitse aastat Tiibetis]]
[[fr:Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet]]
[[ko:티베트에서의 7년]]
[[it:Sette anni nel Tibet]]
[[nl:Zeven jaar in Tibet]]
[[pl:Siedem lat w Tybecie]]
[[pt:Sete Anos no Tibete]]
[[ru:Семь лет в Тибете (книга)]]
[[zh:西藏七年 (书籍)]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2010-09-05T01:18:41Z

Litalex: fixing the chinese link

{{About||the 1997 film|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels song|Seven Years in Tibet (song)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| image = [[File:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg]]
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = Various
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet''''' is an autobiographical travel book written by [[Austria|Austrian]] mountaineer and former [[Nazi]] [[SS]] Officer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer, and his companion [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then travelled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

==Response==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the Dalai Lama is present, which praises the book: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book. The [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|first]] was a 1956, 76-minute documentary directed by [[Hans Nieter]]. The documentary includes film taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet, and Harrer himself reconstructed various scenes from his adventures. The second, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'', released in 1997, was directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starred [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]].

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]''.

==See also==
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, My Life Before, During and After'' (2007), Heinrich Harrer's full autobiography published in English

==External links==
*[http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet] Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)

{{travel-book-stub}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]

[[bo:ལོ་བདུན་རིང་གི་བོད།]]
[[cs:Sedm let v Tibetu]]
[[et:Seitse aastat Tiibetis]]
[[fr:Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet]]
[[ko:티베트에서의 7년]]
[[it:Sette anni nel Tibet]]
[[nl:Zeven jaar in Tibet]]
[[pl:Siedem lat w Tybecie]]
[[pt:Sete Anos no Tibete]]
[[ru:Семь лет в Тибете (книга)]]
[[zh:西藏七年 (书籍)]]

Engel in Amerika

2010-07-01T17:47:44Z

Litalex: fixing the chinese link; sorry I only know English

{{Infobox Film|
DT= Engel in Amerika |
OT= Angels in America |
PL= [[USA]] |
PJ= [[2003]] |
LEN= (6 Episoden mit) 352 |
EA= |
OS= [[Englische Sprache|englisch]] |
AF= 16 |
REG= [[Mike Nichols]] |
DRB= [[Tony Kushner]] |
PRO= [[Celia D. Costas]] |
MUSIK= [[Thomas Newman]] |
KAMERA= [[Stephen Goldblatt]] |
SCHNITT= [[John Bloom]], [[Antonia Van Drimmelen]] |
DS=
* [[Al Pacino]]: [[Roy Marcus Cohn]]
* [[Meryl Streep]]: Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz/Hannah Porter Pitt/[[Ethel Rosenberg|Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg]]/The Angel of Australia
* [[Emma Thompson]]: The Angel of America/Nurse Emily/Homeless Woman
* [[Mary-Louise Parker]]: Harper Amaty Pitt
* [[Jeffrey Wright]]: Norman „Belize“ Arriaga/Mr. Lies/The Angel of Antarctica
* [[James Cromwell]]: Henry
* [[Patrick Wilson]]: Joseph Porter „Joe“ Pitt
* [[Justin Kirk]]: Prior Walter/The Man in the Park
}}

'''Angels in America''' ist eine 2003 unter der Regie des Oscar-Preisträgers [[Mike Nichols]] entstandene Fernseh-[[Miniserie]]. Der deutsche Filmtitel lautete sinngemäß ''Engel in Amerika''. Die Filmreihe basiert auf einem vielfach ausgezeichneten [[Theaterstück]] von [[Tony Kushner]], der auch die Drehbücher schrieb. Dieser erhielt für sein umstrittenes Werk unter anderem den [[Pulitzer-Preis]] und den [[Tony Award]] für das beste Theaterstück.

== Handlung ==

Die Geschichte zieht eine bitter-ironische Bilanz der [[USA|US]]-Gesellschaft in den 1980er-Jahren. Hauptthemen sind dabei die [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]]-Ära und das Aufkommen von [[Aids|AIDS]].

Die Handlung verläuft hauptsächlich in drei verschiedenen Handlungssträngen. Zum einen ist da Prior Walter. Er ist an AIDS erkrankt, sein Freund Louis verlässt ihn, weil er mit der Situation nicht fertig wird. Als nächstes wäre da Anwalt Joe Pitt, welcher zwar mit Harper verheiratet ist, aber heimlich seine schwulen Bekanntschaften sucht. Der dritte Handlungsstrang konzentriert sich auf den Topanwalt [[Roy Cohn]], einer Personifikation des korrupten Rechtssystems der USA. Er ist ebenfalls mit der Immunschwächekrankheit infiziert.

In diesen einzelnen Geschichten tauchen noch viele weitere Personen auf, so beispielsweise die Mutter von Pitt, welche ihr Haus in Salt Lake City verkauft und nach New York reist, als sie von der [[Homosexualität]] ihres Sohnes erfährt. Und dann wäre da noch Belize, Krankenpfleger von Roy Cohn und bester Freund von Prior. Nicht zu vergessen sind die Engel, die immer wieder auftauchen.

In der Verknüpfung der einzelnen Handlungsstränge rechnen Stück und Film mit religiösem Fanatismus, der aufkommenden Aids-Hysterie, Diskriminierungen verschiedenster Arten und überhaupt zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltensmustern ab.

== Kritiken (TV-Serie) ==
:{{Zitat|[Ein] Meilenstein in der Geschichte der [[Fernsehen|Fernseh]]-[[Kunst]] (doch, das gibt es!) […] Wir blicken nicht nur auf Menschen in sehr konkreten Lebens- und Leidenszuständen, wir sehen auch […] ganz direkt […] auf den inneren Zustand einer Nation. […Das Drama] entfaltet dabei vielleicht ein wenig zu viel Trauer und etwas zu wenig Zorn.|[[Georg Seeßlen]]|[[epd Film]] <ref>{{internetquelle
|autor=[[Georg Seeßlen]]
|url=http://www.filmzentrale.com/rezis/engelinamerikags.htm
|titel=Engel in Amerika
|werk=[[epd Film]]
|zugriff=2008-07-26
|kommentar=bei Filmzentrale
}}</ref>}}

:{{Zitat|Kushners Brillanz lässt sich kaum leugnen. […] Nichols' Version hat die Botschaft nicht verwässert, aber sie alleine im Wohnzimmer auf dem Fernseher anzuschauen, reduziert das Ganze auf die Summe seiner Teile. Was fehlt, ist das Gemeinschaftsgefühl des Theaters. Um aus dem Film das meiste herauszuholen, sollte man ihn mit Freunden anschauen. ‚Angels in America‘ verlangt nach Zelebrierung.|Nancy Franklin|[[The New Yorker]] <ref>{{internetquelle
|autor=Nancy Franklin
|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/12/08/031208crte_television?currentPage=1
|sprache=englisch
|titel=America, Lost and Found
|werk=[[The New Yorker]]
|datum=2003-12-08
|zugriff=2008-07-26
|zitat=[…] Kushner’s brilliance isn’t easily denied. […] Nichols’s version hasn’t watered down the message, but watching it on TV alone in your living room reduces the work to the sum of its parts. What’s missing is the sense of community that you experience in a theatre. To get the most out of the film, watch it with friends; “Angels in America” calls for celebration.
}}</ref>}}

== Auszeichnungen (TV-Serie) ==

'''Screen Actors Guild Awards 2004'''
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Meryl Streep]]
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Al Pacino]]
''weitere Nominierungen:''
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Mary-Louise Parker]]
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Emma Thompson]]
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Justin Kirk]]
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries: [[Jeffrey Wright]]

'''[[Golden Globe|Golden Globes 2004]]'''
* Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
* Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television: Al Pacino
* Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television: Jeffrey Wright
* Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television: Meryl Streep
* Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television: Mary-Louise Parker
''weitere Nominierungen:''
* Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television: [[Ben Shenkman]]
* Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television: [[Patrick Wilson]]

'''[[Emmy|Emmy Awards 2004]]'''
* Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
* Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie: Al Pacino
* Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie: Meryl Streep
* Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie: Jeffrey Wright
* Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie: Mary-Louise Parker
* Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
* Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie
* Outstanding Miniseries
* Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Non-Prosthetic)
''weitere Nominierungen:''
* Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
* Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie: Emma Thompson
* Outstanding Main Title Design
* Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
* Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie: Ben Shenkman
* Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie: Justin Kirk
* Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie: Patrick Wilson

== Literatur ==

* Deborah R. Geis, Steven F. Kruger: ''Approaching the Millennium. Essays on Angels in America.'' University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1997
* Lasse Kekki: ''From Gay to Queer. Gay Male Identity in Selected Fiction by David Leavitt and in Tony Kushner's Play "Angels in America I-II".'' Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2003
* Ingar Solty: ''Tony Kushners amerikanischer Engel der Geschichte.'' In: ''Das Argument'' 265, 48. Jg., 2/2006, S. 209-225 [http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/hm/pdf/2006confpapers/papers/Solty.pdf]

== Weblinks ==

* {{IMDb Titel|tt0318997|Angels in America}}
* [http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/ Offizielle Homepage bei HBO]
* [http://www.dirkjung.de/phpwcms/index.php?id=34,334,0,0,1,0 Filmkritik zur deutschen TV-Ausstrahlung Pfingsten 2005 in der ARD]
* [http://mercury.soas.ac.uk/hm/pdf/2006confpapers/papers/Solty.pdf deutschsprachige Filmanalyse] (PDF-Datei; 260 kB)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Filmtitel 2003]]
[[Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film]]
[[Kategorie:Miniserie]]
[[Kategorie:Homosexualität im Film]]

[[cs:Andělé v Americe (minisérie)]]
[[el:Ο Θεός ξέχασε τον Παράδεισο]]
[[en:Angels in America (TV miniseries)]]
[[es:Angels in America]]
[[et:Ameerika inglid]]
[[fi:Angels in America]]
[[fr:Angels in America]]
[[it:Angels in America]]
[[ja:エンジェルス・イン・アメリカ]]
[[pl:Anioły w Ameryce]]
[[pt:Angels in America]]
[[ru:Ангелы в Америке]]
[[sh:Angels in America (miniserija)]]
[[tr:Angels in America (oyun)]]
[[zh:天使在美國 (連續短劇)]]

René Princeteau

2010-04-26T09:00:35Z

Litalex: adding the link to the french wiki page

[[Datei:Lautrec Princeteau.jpg|thumb|upright|Der Maler René Princeteau in seinem Atelier, Gemälde von Toulouse-Lautrec]]
'''René Pierre Charles Marie Princeteau''' (* [[18. Juli]] [[1843]] in [[Libourne]]; † Juli [[1914]] in [[Fronsac (Gironde)|Fronsac]]) war ein französischer Tiermaler und Bildhauer und einer der ersten Lehrer [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec|Toulouse-Lautrecs]].

Princeteau stammte aus einer angesehenen bürgerlichen Familie. Wie seine Schwester Thérèse war er taubstumm.<ref>http://www.pau.fr/magazine/portraits/20080214_143204, abgerufen am 6. April 2009</ref> Er begann seine Ausbildung zum Maler und Bildhauer unter [[Dominique Maggesi]] in [[Bordeaux]] und wechselte 1865 nach [[Paris]] an die École impériale des Beaux-Arts. Sein Lehrer war nun [[Augustin Dumont]]. In der Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 233 richtete er sich sein eigenes Atelier ein. Ab 1868 stellte er regelmäßig und sehr erfolgreich im [[Salon de Paris|Salon]] aus. Befreundet war er etwa mit den Berufskollegen [[John Lewis Brown]] und [[Jean Louis Fourain]].

Zu seinem bisherigen Repertoire, das zunächst von seiner klassischen Ausbildung geprägt war und sich dann auf Tierdarstellungen konzentrierte, kamen nach seiner Teilnahme am 1870er Krieg militärische Motive, so z. B. das Gemälde ''Patrouille de Uhlans surprise dans une embuscade de francs-tireurs'', das er 1872 im Salon präsentierte.

Ab 1880 zog sich Princeteau immer mehr auf seinen Landsitz in Fronsac zurück. Er stellte noch bis 1904 seine Werke weiterhin im Salon aus und malte bis an sein Lebensende.

Mehrere Werke Princeteaus sind im Besitz des Boston Harbor Museums.<ref>http://www.bostonharbormuseum.org/galleries/qRene%2BPrinceteau.html, abgerufen am 6. April 2009</ref>

== Princeteau und Toulouse-Lautrec ==
[[Datei:Princeteau Lautrec 19 1883.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Princeteaus Bildnis des 19jährigen Toulouse-Lautrec]]
Princeteau war auch mit Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henris Vater, befreundet. So kam es zum ersten Kunstunterricht für Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.
Zu den Hauptmotiven des passionierten Reiters gehörten Pferde. Unter anderem ist ein Bild Princeteaus überliefert, das Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec zu Pferd zwischen seinem Vater und dem Künstler selbst zeigt. Ein weiteres Werk Princeteaus stellt Toulouse-Lautrec im Alter von 19 Jahren zu Fuß dar.

1881 malte Toulouse-Lautrec seinerseits seinen Lehrer. Das Ölbild zeigt Princeteau in seinem Atelier vor der Staffelei.

== Ausstellungen ==
Im Jahr 2001 waren Werke Princeteaus in der Berliner Hermès-Boutique zu sehen.<ref>http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article493728/Kunstwerke_sind_in_Hermes_Boutique_zu_bewundern.html, abgerufen am 6. April 2009</ref>
Vom 15. Juni 2007 bis zum 31. Januar 2010 stellt das Musée des Beaux-Arts et d' Archéologie in Libourne Werke Princeteaus aus.<ref>http://www.zikg.eu/cgi-bin/gucha_de.pl, abgerufen am 6. April 2009</ref> Die Schwerpunkte dieser Ausstellung wechseln etwa im Vierteljahrestakt.

== Sonstiges ==
Das Collège René Princeteau in Libourne ist nach dem Maler benannt.

<gallery>
Datei:Princeteau Reiter.jpg
Datei:Princeteau Wildschweinjagd.jpg
Datei:Princeteau Jagdszene.jpg
Datei:Princeteau Tandem.gif
</gallery>

== Literatur ==
* ''René Princeteau. Dessins inédits. L'Éloquence de la Main''. Somogy 2001, ISBN 2-850-56490-7

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.pau.fr/magazine/portraits/20080214_143204 Biographie]
* [http://www.ville-libourne.fr/culture/musees/dossiers/retrospective-princeteau/biographie/index.html Biographie]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Normdaten|PND=119293129}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Princeteau, Rene}}
[[Kategorie:Französischer Maler]]
[[Kategorie:Französischer Bildhauer]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1843]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1914]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Princeteau, René
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Princeteau, René Pierre Charles Marie
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=französischer Maler
|GEBURTSDATUM=18. Juli 1843
|GEBURTSORT=[[Libourne]]
|STERBEDATUM=Juli 1914
|STERBEORT=[[Fronsac (Gironde)]]
}}

[[fr:René Princeteau]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2010-02-22T16:54:08Z

Litalex:

{{otheruses4||the 1997 film|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|the David Bowie and Reeves Gabrels song|Seven Years in Tibet (song)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| image = [[Image:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg]]
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = Various
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet''''' is an autobiographical travel book written by [[Austria|Austrian]] mountaineer and former [[Nazi]] [[SS]] Officer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer, and his companion Peter Aufschnaiter, from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then travelled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

==Response==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the Dalai Lama is present, which praises the book: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book. The [[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|first]] was a 1956, 76-minute documentary directed by [[Hans Nieter]]. The documentary includes film taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet, and Harrer himself reconstructed various scenes from his adventures. The second, ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'', released in 1997, was directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starred [[Brad Pitt]] and [[David Thewlis]].

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]''.

==See also==
*''Beyond Seven Years in Tibet, My Life Before, During and After'' (2007), Heinrich Harrer's full autobiography published in English

==External links==
*[http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 Seven Years in Tibet] Book Review at The Open Critic (1956)

{{travel-book-stub}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]

[[bo:ལོ་བདུན་རིང་གི་བོད།]]
[[cs:Sedm let v Tibetu]]
[[et:Seitse aastat Tiibetis]]
[[fr:Sept ans d'aventures au Tibet]]
[[ko:티베트에서의 7년]]
[[it:Sette anni nel Tibet]]
[[nl:Zeven jaar in Tibet]]
[[pl:Siedem lat w Tybecie]]
[[zh:西藏七年 (小说)]]

Schule in öffentlicher Trägerschaft

2010-02-19T21:21:30Z

Litalex:

[[Datei:Osterholzschule.jpg|thumb|200px|Eine öffentliche Schule in Deutschland]]
Eine '''öffentliche Schule''' ist eine Schule, die in der [[Schulträger|Trägerschaft]] der [[Öffentliche Hand|öffentlichen Hand]] ist. Im Gegensatz zu einer [[Privatschule]] wird sie komplett vom Staat geleitet und meistens aus [[Steuer]]mitteln finanziert. In den meisten Ländern ist sie überkonfessionell und dient staatlichen Zielen, wie beispielsweise Erziehung zur [[Toleranz]]. Aus diesen Gründen bevorzugen manche [[Christlicher Fundamentalismus|christliche]] und [[islamischer Fundamentalismus|islamische Fundamentalisten]] entweder religiöse Schulen oder [[Hausunterricht]], wo die [[Wertvorstellung]]en der [[Elternschaft|Eltern]] (die nicht notwendigerweise die des [[Staat]]es sind) besser vermittelt werden können. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil von öffentlichen Schulen ist, dass sie kostenlos oder für wenig Geld jedem zugänglich sind, eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die [[Schulpflicht]].


== Lateinamerika ==
In Ländern wie [[Brasilien]] und [[Mexiko]] wird der Begriff „öffentliche Schulen“ (''escuelas públicas'' auf [[Spanische Sprache|spanisch]], ''escolas públicas'' auf [[Portugiesische Sprache|portugiesisch]]) für Bildungseinrichtungen angewandt, die sich im Besitz von Bundes-, Landes- oder Kommunalregierungen befinden, und die kein Schulgeld erheben. Solche Schulen gibt es auf allen Bildungsebenen, vom Anfang bis zur Ebene der Hochschulen und Universitäten.

== Europa (zumindest Vereinigtes Königreich) ==

=== England, Wales, & Nordirland ===

In diesen Ländern werden öffentliche Schulen nicht als "public school" sondern als "state school" bzw. "county school" bezeichnet, da mit ersterem Begriff eine bestimmte Art exklusiver Privatschule verstanden wird.


=== Schottland ===

Anders als im Rest des Vereinigten Königreichs, wo öffentliche Schulen als "state schools" bekannt sind, wird der Begriff "public school" in Schottland manchmal für öffentliche Schulen verwandt, ist aber somit zweideutig. Der Grund, weshalb die Terminologie in Schottland vom Rest des Königreichs abweicht, ist auf die sehr frühe Einführung von universelle Bildung im Auftrag des Staats zurückzuführen. Schon in dieser frühen Zeit wurde der Begriff "public" Namensbestandteil mancher Schulnamen. Aufgrund der Zugehörigkeit von Schottland zum Vereinigten Königreich wird der Begriff "state school" aber parallel angewandt, wenn es um eine einheitliche Sprachverwendung geht. Gleichzeitig gibt es einige bekannte Schulen in privater Trägerschaft, die ebenfalls als "public school" bekannt sind. Diese bieten Qualifikationen an, die in anderen Teilen des Königreichs häufiger anzutreffen sind, wie z.B. die [[A-level]]s, neben dem in Schottland üblichen System der [[Scottish Qualifications Authority]].


== Südafrika ==
In [[Südafrika]] werden zwei Kategorien von Schulen durch das South African Schools Act of 1996 anerkannt: öffentliche und unabhängige. Unabhängige Schulen sind [[Privatschule]]n. Manche Privatschulen haben niedrige Schulgelder und werden vom Staat subventioniert, andere -- mit höheren Schulgeldern -- erhalten keine staatliche Subventionen. Öffentliche Schulen sind alle in staatliche Trägerschaft, auch die so genannten „Section 21 Schools“ (früher als „Model C“ oder „semi-private“ Schulen bekannt), die ein eigenes Aufsichtsgremium mit einem begrenzten Grad an finanzieller Selbstverwaltung haben, da sie dennoch dem Staat gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig sind und eigentumsrechtlich auch diesem gehören.

[[Kategorie:Schultyp|Offentliche Schule]]

[[en:Public school (government funded)]]
[[ja:公立学校]]
[[nl:Openbaar onderwijs]]
[[no:Offentlig skole]]
[[pl:Szkoła publiczna]]
[[simple:Public school]]
[[sq:Shkolla publike]]
[[zh:官立學校]]

Terry Bisson

2009-11-02T20:22:17Z

Litalex:

'''Terry Ballantine Bisson''' (born [[February 12]], [[1942]], [[Owensboro, Kentucky|Owensboro]], [[Kentucky]]) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author best known for his [[short story|short stories]]. Several of his works, including "[[Bears Discover Fire]]", have won top awards in the science fiction community, such as the [[Hugo award|Hugo]] and the [[Nebula award|Nebula]].

Bisson graduated from the [[University of Louisville]] in 1964. As of 2005, he lives in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]].

In the 1960s, early in his career, Bisson collaborated on several comic book stories with [[Clark Dimond]], and he edited [[Major Publications]]' black-and-white [[horror fiction|horror]]-comics [[magazine]] ''[[Web of Horror]]'', leaving before the fourth issue. Artist [[Bernie Wrightson]], with whom he worked, recalled [http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/04wrightson.html], "That was done by a guy named [[Richard Sproul]] out in [[Long Island]]. His company ... put out ''[[Cracked]]'' magazine.... A fellow named '''Terry Bisson''' tracked down me, [[Mike Kaluta]] and [[Jeff Jones (artist)|Jeff Jones]] and presented us with a proposal to do this black-and-white horror magazine in competition with ''Creepy''... Bisson (who was writing blurb copy for [[Romance novel|romance]] magazines when I first met him) left after the third issue under very mysterious circumstances — and the running of the whole magazine, for some reason, fell into [writer-artist] [[Bruce Jones (comics)|Bruce Jones]]' and my laps (and I can't remember if Terry said, 'Here, you guys take over the editorial', or if we volunteered)".

In 1996, he wrote two three-part [[comic book]] adaptations of ''[[Nine Princes in Amber]]'' and ''[[The Guns of Avalon]]'', the first two books in [[Roger Zelazny]]'s "[[The Chronicles of Amber|Amber]]" series. A year later, Bisson also finished the writing of ''[[Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman]]'' sequel to the classic ''[[A Canticle for Leibowitz]]''.

A distinctive characteristic of many of Bisson's short stories is that they consist ''only'' of dialogue, with a total absence of bridging text such as "he said". The reader is encouraged to visualize the characters, the setting and situation without the aid of any descriptive narration. A notable example of Bisson's "dialogue only" technique is his 1991 story "[[They're Made Out of Meat]]". This story consists entirely of a discussion between two alien intelligences discussing whether it would be wise to grant the human race membership in some sort of galactic federation. The aliens (whose physiologies are never disclosed) ultimately decide that humans, being entirely organic creatures, are simply too disgusting to be accepted. Shortly after its original publication, this story was reprinted in the "Readings" section of ''[[Harper's]]'' magazine: an extremely rare honor for a science-fiction story.

==Works==
*[[Fire on the Mountain (1988 novel)|''Fire on the Mountain'']] (Avon, 1988)
*"[[Bears Discover Fire]]", 1990
*''Voyage to the Red Planet'' (Morrow, 1990)
*"[[They're Made Out of Meat]]", 1991
*''Pirates of the Universe'' (Tor, 1996)
*"[[Macs (short story)|macs]]", 1997
*''The Pickup Artist'' (Tor, 2001)

==References==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/ Terry Bisson official site]
*[http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/misc/tb.htm Infinity Plus: Bisson profile] (with link to short story "England Underway")
*[http://www.michaelswanwick.com/nonfic/bisson.html 1996 Philcon program book: Bisson profile]
*[http://www.locusmag.com/2000/Issues/09/Bisson.html ''Locus'' (Sept. 2000): Bisson article]
*[http://www.iblist.com/author5800.htm Internet Book List: Bisson profile]
*{{isfdb name|name=Terry Bisson|id=Terry_Bisson}}

==External links==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/meat.html THEY'RE MADE OUT OF MEAT] a Nebula nominee by Terry Bisson. From OMNI, April 1991

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisson, Terry}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Writers from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:People from Owensboro, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Louisville alumni]]

[[fr:Terry Bisson]]
[[it:Terry Bisson]]
[[he:טרי ביסון]]
[[nl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ja:テリー・ビッスン]]
[[pl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ru:Биссон, Терри]]

Terry Bisson

2009-11-02T20:20:44Z

Litalex: /* Works */

'''Terry Ballantine Bisson''' (born [[February 12]], [[1942]], [[Owensboro, Kentucky|Owensboro]], [[Kentucky]]) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author best known for his [[short story|short stories]]. Several of his works, such as "[[Bears Discover Fire]]", have won awards in the science fiction community, including the [[Hugo award|Hugo]] and [[Nebula award|Nebula]] awards.

Bisson graduated from the [[University of Louisville]] in 1964. As of 2005, he lives in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]].

In the 1960s, early in his career, Bisson collaborated on several comic book stories with [[Clark Dimond]], and he edited [[Major Publications]]' black-and-white [[horror fiction|horror]]-comics [[magazine]] ''[[Web of Horror]]'', leaving before the fourth issue. Artist [[Bernie Wrightson]], with whom he worked, recalled [http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/04wrightson.html], "That was done by a guy named [[Richard Sproul]] out in [[Long Island]]. His company ... put out ''[[Cracked]]'' magazine.... A fellow named '''Terry Bisson''' tracked down me, [[Mike Kaluta]] and [[Jeff Jones (artist)|Jeff Jones]] and presented us with a proposal to do this black-and-white horror magazine in competition with ''Creepy''... Bisson (who was writing blurb copy for [[Romance novel|romance]] magazines when I first met him) left after the third issue under very mysterious circumstances — and the running of the whole magazine, for some reason, fell into [writer-artist] [[Bruce Jones (comics)|Bruce Jones]]' and my laps (and I can't remember if Terry said, 'Here, you guys take over the editorial', or if we volunteered)".

In 1996, he wrote two three-part [[comic book]] adaptations of ''[[Nine Princes in Amber]]'' and ''[[The Guns of Avalon]]'', the first two books in [[Roger Zelazny]]'s "[[The Chronicles of Amber|Amber]]" series. A year later, Bisson also finished the writing of ''[[Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman]]'' sequel to the classic ''[[A Canticle for Leibowitz]]''.

A distinctive characteristic of many of Bisson's short stories is that they consist ''only'' of dialogue, with a total absence of bridging text such as "he said". The reader is encouraged to visualize the characters, the setting and situation without the aid of any descriptive narration. A notable example of Bisson's "dialogue only" technique is his 1991 story "[[They're Made Out of Meat]]". This story consists entirely of a discussion between two alien intelligences discussing whether it would be wise to grant the human race membership in some sort of galactic federation. The aliens (whose physiologies are never disclosed) ultimately decide that humans, being entirely organic creatures, are simply too disgusting to be accepted. Shortly after its original publication, this story was reprinted in the "Readings" section of ''[[Harper's]]'' magazine: an extremely rare honor for a science-fiction story.

==Works==
*[[Fire on the Mountain (1988 novel)|''Fire on the Mountain'']] (Avon, 1988)
*"[[Bears Discover Fire]]", 1990
*''Voyage to the Red Planet'' (Morrow, 1990)
*"[[They're Made Out of Meat]]", 1991
*''Pirates of the Universe'' (Tor, 1996)
*"[[Macs (short story)|macs]]", 1997
*''The Pickup Artist'' (Tor, 2001)

==References==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/ Terry Bisson official site]
*[http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/misc/tb.htm Infinity Plus: Bisson profile] (with link to short story "England Underway")
*[http://www.michaelswanwick.com/nonfic/bisson.html 1996 Philcon program book: Bisson profile]
*[http://www.locusmag.com/2000/Issues/09/Bisson.html ''Locus'' (Sept. 2000): Bisson article]
*[http://www.iblist.com/author5800.htm Internet Book List: Bisson profile]
*{{isfdb name|name=Terry Bisson|id=Terry_Bisson}}

==External links==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/meat.html THEY'RE MADE OUT OF MEAT] a Nebula nominee by Terry Bisson. From OMNI, April 1991

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisson, Terry}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Writers from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:People from Owensboro, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Louisville alumni]]

[[fr:Terry Bisson]]
[[it:Terry Bisson]]
[[he:טרי ביסון]]
[[nl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ja:テリー・ビッスン]]
[[pl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ru:Биссон, Терри]]

Terry Bisson

2009-11-02T20:18:22Z

Litalex:

'''Terry Ballantine Bisson''' (born [[February 12]], [[1942]], [[Owensboro, Kentucky|Owensboro]], [[Kentucky]]) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author best known for his [[short story|short stories]]. Several of his works, such as "[[Bears Discover Fire]]", have won awards in the science fiction community, including the [[Hugo award|Hugo]] and [[Nebula award|Nebula]] awards.

Bisson graduated from the [[University of Louisville]] in 1964. As of 2005, he lives in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]].

In the 1960s, early in his career, Bisson collaborated on several comic book stories with [[Clark Dimond]], and he edited [[Major Publications]]' black-and-white [[horror fiction|horror]]-comics [[magazine]] ''[[Web of Horror]]'', leaving before the fourth issue. Artist [[Bernie Wrightson]], with whom he worked, recalled [http://twomorrows.com/comicbookartist/articles/04wrightson.html], "That was done by a guy named [[Richard Sproul]] out in [[Long Island]]. His company ... put out ''[[Cracked]]'' magazine.... A fellow named '''Terry Bisson''' tracked down me, [[Mike Kaluta]] and [[Jeff Jones (artist)|Jeff Jones]] and presented us with a proposal to do this black-and-white horror magazine in competition with ''Creepy''... Bisson (who was writing blurb copy for [[Romance novel|romance]] magazines when I first met him) left after the third issue under very mysterious circumstances — and the running of the whole magazine, for some reason, fell into [writer-artist] [[Bruce Jones (comics)|Bruce Jones]]' and my laps (and I can't remember if Terry said, 'Here, you guys take over the editorial', or if we volunteered)".

In 1996, he wrote two three-part [[comic book]] adaptations of ''[[Nine Princes in Amber]]'' and ''[[The Guns of Avalon]]'', the first two books in [[Roger Zelazny]]'s "[[The Chronicles of Amber|Amber]]" series. A year later, Bisson also finished the writing of ''[[Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman]]'' sequel to the classic ''[[A Canticle for Leibowitz]]''.

A distinctive characteristic of many of Bisson's short stories is that they consist ''only'' of dialogue, with a total absence of bridging text such as "he said". The reader is encouraged to visualize the characters, the setting and situation without the aid of any descriptive narration. A notable example of Bisson's "dialogue only" technique is his 1991 story "[[They're Made Out of Meat]]". This story consists entirely of a discussion between two alien intelligences discussing whether it would be wise to grant the human race membership in some sort of galactic federation. The aliens (whose physiologies are never disclosed) ultimately decide that humans, being entirely organic creatures, are simply too disgusting to be accepted. Shortly after its original publication, this story was reprinted in the "Readings" section of ''[[Harper's]]'' magazine: an extremely rare honor for a science-fiction story.

==Works==
*[[Fire on the Mountain (1988 novel)|''Fire on the Mountain'']] (Avon, 1988)
*"[[Bears Discover Fire]]", 1990
*''Voyage to the Red Planet'' (Morrow, 1990)
*"[[They're Made Out of Meat]]", 1991
*''Pirates of the Universe'' (Tor, 1996)
*''The Pickup Artist'' (Tor, 2001)

==References==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/ Terry Bisson official site]
*[http://www.infinityplus.co.uk/misc/tb.htm Infinity Plus: Bisson profile] (with link to short story "England Underway")
*[http://www.michaelswanwick.com/nonfic/bisson.html 1996 Philcon program book: Bisson profile]
*[http://www.locusmag.com/2000/Issues/09/Bisson.html ''Locus'' (Sept. 2000): Bisson article]
*[http://www.iblist.com/author5800.htm Internet Book List: Bisson profile]
*{{isfdb name|name=Terry Bisson|id=Terry_Bisson}}

==External links==
*[http://www.terrybisson.com/meat.html THEY'RE MADE OUT OF MEAT] a Nebula nominee by Terry Bisson. From OMNI, April 1991

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisson, Terry}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winning authors]]
[[Category:Writers from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:People from Owensboro, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Louisville alumni]]

[[fr:Terry Bisson]]
[[it:Terry Bisson]]
[[he:טרי ביסון]]
[[nl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ja:テリー・ビッスン]]
[[pl:Terry Bisson]]
[[ru:Биссон, Терри]]

1Q84

2009-09-07T13:21:41Z

Litalex: spelling and wikification

{{Infobox Book | 
| name = ''1Q84''
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:1Q84bookcover.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = Cover of Book 1
| author = [[Haruki Murakami]]
| cover_artist =
| language = Japanese
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[Shinchosha]]
| release_date = [[May 29]], {{ylt|2009}}
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[After Dark (novel)|After Dark]]
| followed_by =
}}

'''1Q84<ichi-kew<ref> "kew" like the English word "kew" appears on the cover of a couple of books not "kyu," causing some confusion among English speaking audiences, however, the Japanese page for this article clearly notes that this "kew" has the same pronunciation as the English word "cue".]</ref>-hachi-yon>''' is a 2009 [[novel]] by [[Haruki Murakami]], published in two volumes in Japan. It quickly became a sensation and a best-seller, selling out the first printing within the first day of release, and eventually selling about a million copies within one month. To date, no English translation has been announced. <ref>http://blogs.reuters.com/japan/2009/06/15/murakamis-1q84-grips-japan/</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1Q84: Haruki Murakami's New Novel Sells Out Before it Arrives | NowPublic News Coverage |url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/1q84-haruki-murakamis-new-novel-sells-out-it-arrives|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5iSbcv46A|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref>

Prior to the ''1Q84'''s publication, the author stated that he would not reveal anything about the book, following criticism that leaks had diminished his previous book's novelty. ''1Q84'' was noted for heavy advance orders despite this secrecy.

Some critics believe ''1Q84'''s title is a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s classic ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', as the Japanese word for the number nine is pronounced "kyū". One professor believes that the title is a reference to [[Lu Xun]]'s novella ''[[The True Story of Ah Q]]''. <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/may/29/murakami-iq84-novel-published "Haruki Murakami fans snap up latest novel 1Q84 after five-year wait" www.guardian.co.uk]</ref><ref>[http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4102041/]Japanese only. Accessed 2009-06-13. [http://www.webcitation.org/5hYhDOFWM Archived] 2009-06-15.</ref>

Such speculation aside, 1Q84 is an intentional authorial reference to Orwell's novel, as well as being the name given by Aomame, one of the two protagonists, to the year 1984 which she is experiencing—a year out of time, separated mysteriously (à la Murakami) from the "actual" 1984. It has nothing to do with intelligence quotients or Ah Q. <ref>IQ84, Shinchosha, Vol. 1, p. 202</ref>

''1Q84'' is described as a "complex and surreal narrative" which "shifts back and forth between tales of two characters, a man and a woman, who are searching for each other." The themes consist of murder, history, cult religion, violence, family ties and love.<ref>{{cite web|title= "Secrets surround 1st Murakami novel in 5 years" www.cbc.ca|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/story/2009/05/29/murakami-novel.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5hDNO43sn|archivedate=2009-06-01|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haruki Murakami}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1q84}}
[[Category:Japanese science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Haruki Murakami]]

{{sf-novel-stub}}

[[ceb:1Q84]]
[[ko:1Q84]]
[[ja:1Q84]]
[[ru:1Q84]]

Emily Hahn

2009-07-31T15:09:50Z

Litalex: /* China and Hong Kong */

'''Emily Hahn''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|項美麗}}, [[January 14]], [[1905]] - [[February 18]], [[1997]]) was an [[United States|American]] journalist and author. Called "a forgotten American literary treasure" by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, she was the author of 52 books and more than 180 articles and stories. Her writings in the 20th century played a significant role in opening up the [[Far east]] to the west.

== Early life ==
One of six children of a dry goods salesman and a [[free-thinking]] mother, Emily Hahn was born in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] [[Missouri]] on [[January 14]] [[1905]]. Nicknamed "Mickey", she moved with her family to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] when she was 15. In her memoir ''No Hurry to Get Home'', she describes how being prevented from taking a chemistry class in which she was interested caused her to switch her course of study from English to Engineering at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]. In 1926 she was the first women to receive a degree there in Mining Engineering—despite the coolness of the administration and most of her male classmates. It was a testament to her intelligence and persistence that her lab partner grudgingly admitted, "you ain't so dumb!"

After graduation she worked briefly for an engineering company in Illinois, before traveling {{convert|2400|mi|km}} across the [[United States]] by car with a female friend, both disguised as men, and then working as a "[[Fred Harvey Company|Harvey Girl]]" tour guide in [[New Mexico]]. Later she traveled to the [[Belgian Congo]], where she worked for the [[Red Cross]], and lived with a [[pygmy]] tribe for two years, before crossing [[Central Africa]] alone on foot.

Her first book, ''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of [[Seduction]]--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930), was a tongue-in-cheek exploration of how men court women.

== China and Hong Kong ==
Her years in [[Shanghai]], [[China]] (from 1935 to the [[Japanese invasion of Hong Kong]] in 1941) were the most tumultuous of her life. There she became involved with prominent Shanghai figures, such as the wealthy [[Sir Victor Sassoon]], and was in the habit of taking her pet [[gibbon]], Mr. Mills, with her to dinner parties, dressed in a diaper and a minute dinner jacket.

Supporting herself as a writer for ''The New Yorker'', she lived in an apartment in Shanghai's red light district, and became romantically involved with the Chinese poet and publisher Sinmay Zau ({{zh-tp|t=[[:zh:邵洵美|邵洵美]]|p=[[Shao Xunmei]]}}). He gave her the ''entrée'' that enabled her to write a biography of the famous [[Soong sisters]], one of whom was married to [[Sun Yat-sen]] and another to [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Hahn frequently visited Sinmay's house, which was highly unconventional for a Western woman in the 1930s. The [[Treaty of the Bogue]] was in full effect, and Shanghai was a city divided by Chinese and Westerners at the time. Sinmay introduced her to the practice of smoking [[opium]], to which she became [[addiction|addicted]]. She later wrote, "Though I had always wanted to be an opium addict, I can't claim that as the reason I went to China."

After moving to Hong Kong, she began an affair with [[C. R. Boxer|Charles Boxer]]<ref>[http://asjapan.org/Memorial_Wall/boxer.htm asjapan.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.plumsite.com/crboxer/ plumsite]</ref>, the local head of British [[MI6|army intelligence]]. According to a December 1944 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] article, Hahn "decided that she needed the steadying influence of a baby, but doubted if she could have one. 'Nonsense!' said the unhappily-married Major Charles Boxer, 'I'll let you have one!' Carola Militia Boxer was born in Hong Kong on October 17, 1941".

When the Japanese marched into Hong Kong a few weeks later Boxer was imprisoned in a [[prisoner of war|POW]] camp, and Hahn was brought in for questioning. "Why?" screamed the Japanese Chief of Gendarmes, "why ... you have baby with Major Boxer?" "Because I'm a bad girl," she quipped. Fortunately for her, the Japanese respected Boxer's record of wily diplomacy. 

As Hahn recounted in her book ''China to Me'' (1944), she was forced to give Japanese officials English lessons in return for food, and once slapped the Japanese Chief of Intelligence in the face. He came back to see her the day before she was repatriated in 1943 and slapped her back. 

''China to Me'' was an instant hit with the public. According to [[Roger Angell]] of ''The New Yorker'', Hahn "was, in truth, something rare: a woman deeply, almost domestically, at home in the world. Driven by curiosity and energy, she went there and did that, and then wrote about it without fuss."<ref>{{cite book|last=Angell|first=Roger|title=Let Me Finish|isbn=9780151013500|publisher=Harcourt|year=2006|page=242}}</ref>

==England, and return to the US==
In 1945 she married Boxer who, during the time he was interned by the Japanese, had been reported by American news media to have been beheaded; their reunion—whose love story had been reported faithfully in Hahn's published letters—made headlines throughout the United States. They settled in [[Dorset]], England at "Conygar", the {{convert|48|acre|m2|sing=on}} estate Boxer had inherited, and in 1948 had a second daughter, [[Amanda Boxer]] (now a stage and television actress in [[London]]).

Finding family life too constraining, however, in 1950 Hahn took an apartment in [[New York City]], and visited her husband and children from time to time in England. She continued to write articles for ''The New Yorker'', as well as biographies of [[Aphra Behn]], [[James Brooke]], [[Fanny Burney]], [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[D. H. Lawrence]] and [[Mabel Dodge Luhan]]. According to biographer Ken Cuthbertson, while her books were favorably reviewed, "her versatility, which enabled her to write authoritatively on almost any subject, befuddled her publishers who seemed at a loss as to how to promote or market an Emily Hahn book. She did not fit into any of the usual categories" because she "moved effortlessly ... from genre to genre."

In 1978 she published ''Looking Who's Talking'', which dealt with the controversial subject of animal-human communication (her personal favorite among her non-fiction books); she wrote her last book ''Eve and the Apes'' in 1988 when she was in her eighties.

Hahn reportedly went into her office at ''The New Yorker'' daily, until just a few months before she died on [[February 18]] [[1997]] at the age of 92, following complications from surgery for a shattered [[femur]].

"Chances are, your grandmother didn't smoke cigars and let you hold wild role-playing parties in her apartment", said her granddaughter Alfia Vecchio Wallace in her affectionate eulogy of Hahn. "Chances are that she didn't teach you [[Swahili]] obscenities. Chances are that when she took you to the zoo, she didn't start whooping passionately at the top her lungs as you passed the [[gibbon]] cage. Sadly for you ... your grandmother was not Emily Hahn."

In 1998, Canadian author Ken Cuthbertson published the biography ''Nobody Said Not to Go: The Life, Loves, and Adventures of Emily Hahn''. "Nobody said not to go" was one of her characteristic phrases.

In 2005 ''Xiang Meili'' (the name given to Hahn by Sinmay) was published in China. It looks back at the life and loves of Hahn in the Shanghai of the 1930s.

==Bibliography==
*''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of Seduction--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930)
*''Beginner's Luck'' (1931)
*''Congo Solo: Misadventures Two Degree North'' (1933)
*''With Naked Foot (1934)''
*''Affair'' (1935)
*''Steps of the Sun'' (1940)
*''The Soong Sisters'' (1941, 1970)
*''Mr. Pan'' (1942)
*''China to Me: A Partial Autobiography'' (1944, 1975, 1988)
*''Hong Kong Holiday'' (1946)
*''China: A to Z'' (1946)
*''The Picture Story of China'' (1946)
*''Raffles of Singapore'' (1946)
*''Miss Jill'' (1947) also as ''House in Shanghai'' (1958)
*''England to Me'' (1949)
*''A Degree of Prudery: A Biography of Fanny Burney'' (1950)
*''Purple Passage: A Novel About a Lady Both Famous and Fantastic'' (1950) (published in the UK as ''Aphra Behn'' (1951))
*''Francie'' (1951)
*''Love Conquers Nothing: A Glandular History of Civilization'' (1952)
*''Francie Again'' (1953)
*''Mary, Queen of Scots'' (1953)
*''James Brooke of Sarawak: A Biography of Sir James Brooke'' (1953)
*''Meet the British'' (with Charles Roetter and Harford Thomas) (1953)
*''The First Book of India'' (1955)
*''Chiang Kai-shek: An Unauthorized Biography'' (1955)
*''Francie Comes Home'' (1956)
*''Spousery'' (1956)
*''Diamond: The Spectacular Story of the Earth's Greatest Treasure and Man's Greatest Greed'' (1956)
*''Leonardo da Vinci'' (1956)
*''Kissing Cousins'' (1958)
*''The Tiger House Party: The Last Days of the Maharajas'' (1959)
*''Aboab: First Rabbi of the Americas'' (1959)
*''Around the World With Nellie Bly'' (1959)
*''June Finds a Way'' (1960)
*''China Only Yesterday, 1850-1950: A Century of Change'' (1963)
*''Indo'' (1963)
*''Africa to Me'' (1964)
*''Romantic Rebels: An Informal History of Bohemianism in America'' (1967)
*''Animal Gardens'' (1967)
*''The Cooking of China'' (1968)
*''Recipes: Chinese Cooking'' (1968)
*''Times and Places'' (1970, reissued as ''No Hurry to Get Home'' 2000)
*''Breath of God: A Book About Angels, Demons, Familiars, Elementals and Spirits'' (1971)
*''Fractured Emerald: Ireland'' (1971)
*''On the Side of the Apes: A New look at the Primates, the Men Who Study Them and What They Have Learned'' (1971)
*''Once Upon A Pedestal'' (1974)
*''Lorenzo: D. H. Lawrence and the Women Who Loved Him'' (1975)
*''Mabel: A Biography of Mabel Dodge Luhan'' (1977)
*''Look Who's Talking! New Discoveries in Animal Communications'' (1978)
*''Love of Gold'' (1980)
*''The Islands: America's Imperial Adventures in the Philippines'' (1981)
*''Eve and the Apes'' (1988)

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Emily}}
[[Category:American travel writers]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American biographers]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin-Madison alumni]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[fi:Emily Hahn]]

Emily Hahn

2009-07-30T20:00:34Z

Litalex: /* China and Hong Kong */

'''Emily Hahn''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|項美麗}}, [[January 14]], [[1905]] - [[February 18]], [[1997]]) was an [[United States|American]] journalist and author. Called "a forgotten American literary treasure" by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, she was the author of 52 books and more than 180 articles and stories. Her writings in the 20th century played a significant role in opening up the [[Far east]] to the west.

== Early life ==
One of six children of a dry goods salesman and a [[free-thinking]] mother, Emily Hahn was born in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] [[Missouri]] on [[January 14]] [[1905]]. Nicknamed "Mickey", she moved with her family to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] when she was 15. In her memoir ''No Hurry to Get Home'', she describes how being prevented from taking a chemistry class in which she was interested caused her to switch her course of study from English to Engineering at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]. In 1926 she was the first women to receive a degree there in Mining Engineering—despite the coolness of the administration and most of her male classmates. It was a testament to her intelligence and persistence that her lab partner grudgingly admitted, "you ain't so dumb!"

After graduation she worked briefly for an engineering company in Illinois, before traveling {{convert|2400|mi|km}} across the [[United States]] by car with a female friend, both disguised as men, and then working as a "[[Fred Harvey Company|Harvey Girl]]" tour guide in [[New Mexico]]. Later she traveled to the [[Belgian Congo]], where she worked for the [[Red Cross]], and lived with a [[pygmy]] tribe for two years, before crossing [[Central Africa]] alone on foot.

Her first book, ''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of [[Seduction]]--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930), was a tongue-in-cheek exploration of how men court women.

== China and Hong Kong ==
Her years in [[Shanghai]], [[China]] (from 1935 to the [[Japanese invasion of Hong Kong]] in 1941) were the most tumultuous of her life. There she became involved with prominent Shanghai figures, such as the wealthy [[Sir Victor Sassoon]], and was in the habit of taking her pet [[gibbon]], Mr. Mills, with her to dinner parties, dressed in a diaper and a minute dinner jacket.

Supporting herself as a writer for ''The New Yorker'', she lived in an apartment in Shanghai's red light district, and became romantically involved with the Chinese poet and publisher Sinmay Zau ({{zh-tp|t=[[:zh:邵洵美|邵洵美]]|p=[[Shao Xunmei]]}}). He gave her the ''entrée'' that enabled her to write a biography of the famous [[Soong sisters]], one of whom was married to [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Hahn frequently visited Sinmay's house, which was highly unconventional for a Western woman in the 1930s. The [[Treaty of the Bogue]] was in full effect, and Shanghai was a city divided by Chinese and Westerners at the time. Sinmay introduced her to the practice of smoking [[opium]], to which she became [[addiction|addicted]]. She later wrote, "Though I had always wanted to be an opium addict, I can't claim that as the reason I went to China."

After moving to Hong Kong, she began an affair with [[C. R. Boxer|Charles Boxer]]<ref>[http://asjapan.org/Memorial_Wall/boxer.htm asjapan.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.plumsite.com/crboxer/ plumsite]</ref>, the local head of British [[MI6|army intelligence]]. According to a December 1944 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] article, Hahn "decided that she needed the steadying influence of a baby, but doubted if she could have one. 'Nonsense!' said the unhappily-married Major Charles Boxer, 'I'll let you have one!' Carola Militia Boxer was born in Hong Kong on October 17, 1941".

When the Japanese marched into Hong Kong a few weeks later Boxer was imprisoned in a [[prisoner of war|POW]] camp, and Hahn was brought in for questioning. "Why?" screamed the Japanese Chief of Gendarmes, "why ... you have baby with Major Boxer?" "Because I'm a bad girl," she quipped. Fortunately for her, the Japanese respected Boxer's record of wily diplomacy. 

As Hahn recounted in her book ''China to Me'' (1944), she was forced to give Japanese officials English lessons in return for food, and once slapped the Japanese Chief of Intelligence in the face. He came back to see her the day before she was repatriated in 1943 and slapped her back. 

''China to Me'' was an instant hit with the public. According to [[Roger Angell]] of ''The New Yorker'', Hahn "was, in truth, something rare: a woman deeply, almost domestically, at home in the world. Driven by curiosity and energy, she went there and did that, and then wrote about it without fuss."<ref>{{cite book|last=Angell|first=Roger|title=Let Me Finish|isbn=9780151013500|publisher=Harcourt|year=2006|page=242}}</ref>

==England, and return to the US==
In 1945 she married Boxer who, during the time he was interned by the Japanese, had been reported by American news media to have been beheaded; their reunion—whose love story had been reported faithfully in Hahn's published letters—made headlines throughout the United States. They settled in [[Dorset]], England at "Conygar", the {{convert|48|acre|m2|sing=on}} estate Boxer had inherited, and in 1948 had a second daughter, [[Amanda Boxer]] (now a stage and television actress in [[London]]).

Finding family life too constraining, however, in 1950 Hahn took an apartment in [[New York City]], and visited her husband and children from time to time in England. She continued to write articles for ''The New Yorker'', as well as biographies of [[Aphra Behn]], [[James Brooke]], [[Fanny Burney]], [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[D. H. Lawrence]] and [[Mabel Dodge Luhan]]. According to biographer Ken Cuthbertson, while her books were favorably reviewed, "her versatility, which enabled her to write authoritatively on almost any subject, befuddled her publishers who seemed at a loss as to how to promote or market an Emily Hahn book. She did not fit into any of the usual categories" because she "moved effortlessly ... from genre to genre."

In 1978 she published ''Looking Who's Talking'', which dealt with the controversial subject of animal-human communication (her personal favorite among her non-fiction books); she wrote her last book ''Eve and the Apes'' in 1988 when she was in her eighties.

Hahn reportedly went into her office at ''The New Yorker'' daily, until just a few months before she died on [[February 18]] [[1997]] at the age of 92, following complications from surgery for a shattered [[femur]].

"Chances are, your grandmother didn't smoke cigars and let you hold wild role-playing parties in her apartment", said her granddaughter Alfia Vecchio Wallace in her affectionate eulogy of Hahn. "Chances are that she didn't teach you [[Swahili]] obscenities. Chances are that when she took you to the zoo, she didn't start whooping passionately at the top her lungs as you passed the [[gibbon]] cage. Sadly for you ... your grandmother was not Emily Hahn."

In 1998, Canadian author Ken Cuthbertson published the biography ''Nobody Said Not to Go: The Life, Loves, and Adventures of Emily Hahn''. "Nobody said not to go" was one of her characteristic phrases.

In 2005 ''Xiang Meili'' (the name given to Hahn by Sinmay) was published in China. It looks back at the life and loves of Hahn in the Shanghai of the 1930s.

==Bibliography==
*''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of Seduction--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930)
*''Beginner's Luck'' (1931)
*''Congo Solo: Misadventures Two Degree North'' (1933)
*''With Naked Foot (1934)''
*''Affair'' (1935)
*''Steps of the Sun'' (1940)
*''The Soong Sisters'' (1941, 1970)
*''Mr. Pan'' (1942)
*''China to Me: A Partial Autobiography'' (1944, 1975, 1988)
*''Hong Kong Holiday'' (1946)
*''China: A to Z'' (1946)
*''The Picture Story of China'' (1946)
*''Raffles of Singapore'' (1946)
*''Miss Jill'' (1947) also as ''House in Shanghai'' (1958)
*''England to Me'' (1949)
*''A Degree of Prudery: A Biography of Fanny Burney'' (1950)
*''Purple Passage: A Novel About a Lady Both Famous and Fantastic'' (1950) (published in the UK as ''Aphra Behn'' (1951))
*''Francie'' (1951)
*''Love Conquers Nothing: A Glandular History of Civilization'' (1952)
*''Francie Again'' (1953)
*''Mary, Queen of Scots'' (1953)
*''James Brooke of Sarawak: A Biography of Sir James Brooke'' (1953)
*''Meet the British'' (with Charles Roetter and Harford Thomas) (1953)
*''The First Book of India'' (1955)
*''Chiang Kai-shek: An Unauthorized Biography'' (1955)
*''Francie Comes Home'' (1956)
*''Spousery'' (1956)
*''Diamond: The Spectacular Story of the Earth's Greatest Treasure and Man's Greatest Greed'' (1956)
*''Leonardo da Vinci'' (1956)
*''Kissing Cousins'' (1958)
*''The Tiger House Party: The Last Days of the Maharajas'' (1959)
*''Aboab: First Rabbi of the Americas'' (1959)
*''Around the World With Nellie Bly'' (1959)
*''June Finds a Way'' (1960)
*''China Only Yesterday, 1850-1950: A Century of Change'' (1963)
*''Indo'' (1963)
*''Africa to Me'' (1964)
*''Romantic Rebels: An Informal History of Bohemianism in America'' (1967)
*''Animal Gardens'' (1967)
*''The Cooking of China'' (1968)
*''Recipes: Chinese Cooking'' (1968)
*''Times and Places'' (1970, reissued as ''No Hurry to Get Home'' 2000)
*''Breath of God: A Book About Angels, Demons, Familiars, Elementals and Spirits'' (1971)
*''Fractured Emerald: Ireland'' (1971)
*''On the Side of the Apes: A New look at the Primates, the Men Who Study Them and What They Have Learned'' (1971)
*''Once Upon A Pedestal'' (1974)
*''Lorenzo: D. H. Lawrence and the Women Who Loved Him'' (1975)
*''Mabel: A Biography of Mabel Dodge Luhan'' (1977)
*''Look Who's Talking! New Discoveries in Animal Communications'' (1978)
*''Love of Gold'' (1980)
*''The Islands: America's Imperial Adventures in the Philippines'' (1981)
*''Eve and the Apes'' (1988)

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Emily}}
[[Category:American travel writers]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American biographers]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin-Madison alumni]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[fi:Emily Hahn]]

Emily Hahn

2009-07-30T19:51:25Z

Litalex: /* China and Hong Kong */

'''Emily Hahn''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|項美麗}}, [[January 14]], [[1905]] - [[February 18]], [[1997]]) was an [[United States|American]] journalist and author. Called "a forgotten American literary treasure" by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine, she was the author of 52 books and more than 180 articles and stories. Her writings in the 20th century played a significant role in opening up the [[Far east]] to the west.

== Early life ==
One of six children of a dry goods salesman and a [[free-thinking]] mother, Emily Hahn was born in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] [[Missouri]] on [[January 14]] [[1905]]. Nicknamed "Mickey", she moved with her family to [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] when she was 15. In her memoir ''No Hurry to Get Home'', she describes how being prevented from taking a chemistry class in which she was interested caused her to switch her course of study from English to Engineering at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]. In 1926 she was the first women to receive a degree there in Mining Engineering—despite the coolness of the administration and most of her male classmates. It was a testament to her intelligence and persistence that her lab partner grudgingly admitted, "you ain't so dumb!"

After graduation she worked briefly for an engineering company in Illinois, before traveling {{convert|2400|mi|km}} across the [[United States]] by car with a female friend, both disguised as men, and then working as a "[[Fred Harvey Company|Harvey Girl]]" tour guide in [[New Mexico]]. Later she traveled to the [[Belgian Congo]], where she worked for the [[Red Cross]], and lived with a [[pygmy]] tribe for two years, before crossing [[Central Africa]] alone on foot.

Her first book, ''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of [[Seduction]]--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930), was a tongue-in-cheek exploration of how men court women.

== China and Hong Kong ==
Her years in [[Shanghai]], [[China]] (from 1935 to the [[Japanese invasion of Hong Kong]] in 1941) were the most tumultuous of her life. There she became involved with prominent Shanghai figures, such as the wealthy [[Sir Victor Sassoon]], and was in the habit of taking her pet [[gibbon]], Mr. Mills, with her to dinner parties, dressed in a diaper and a minute dinner jacket.

Supporting herself as a writer for ''The New Yorker'', she lived in an apartment in Shanghai's red light district, and became romantically involved with the Chinese poet and publisher [[Sinmay Zau]] ({{zh-tp|t=[[:zh:邵洵美|邵洵美]]|p=Shao Xunmei}}). He gave her the ''entrée'' that enabled her to write a biography of the famous [[Soong sisters]], one of whom was married to [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Hahn frequently visited Sinmay's house, which was highly unconventional for a Western woman in the 1930s. The [[Treaty of the Bogue]] was in full effect, and Shanghai was a city divided by Chinese and Westerners at the time. Sinmay introduced her to the practice of smoking [[opium]], to which she became [[addiction|addicted]]. She later wrote, "Though I had always wanted to be an opium addict, I can't claim that as the reason I went to China."

After moving to Hong Kong, she began an affair with [[C. R. Boxer|Charles Boxer]]<ref>[http://asjapan.org/Memorial_Wall/boxer.htm asjapan.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.plumsite.com/crboxer/ plumsite]</ref>, the local head of British [[MI6|army intelligence]]. According to a December 1944 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] article, Hahn "decided that she needed the steadying influence of a baby, but doubted if she could have one. 'Nonsense!' said the unhappily-married Major Charles Boxer, 'I'll let you have one!' Carola Militia Boxer was born in Hong Kong on October 17, 1941".

When the Japanese marched into Hong Kong a few weeks later Boxer was imprisoned in a [[prisoner of war|POW]] camp, and Hahn was brought in for questioning. "Why?" screamed the Japanese Chief of Gendarmes, "why ... you have baby with Major Boxer?" "Because I'm a bad girl," she quipped. Fortunately for her, the Japanese respected Boxer's record of wily diplomacy. 

As Hahn recounted in her book ''China to Me'' (1944), she was forced to give Japanese officials English lessons in return for food, and once slapped the Japanese Chief of Intelligence in the face. He came back to see her the day before she was repatriated in 1943 and slapped her back. 

''China to Me'' was an instant hit with the public. According to [[Roger Angell]] of ''The New Yorker'', Hahn "was, in truth, something rare: a woman deeply, almost domestically, at home in the world. Driven by curiosity and energy, she went there and did that, and then wrote about it without fuss."<ref>{{cite book|last=Angell|first=Roger|title=Let Me Finish|isbn=9780151013500|publisher=Harcourt|year=2006|page=242}}</ref>

==England, and return to the US==
In 1945 she married Boxer who, during the time he was interned by the Japanese, had been reported by American news media to have been beheaded; their reunion—whose love story had been reported faithfully in Hahn's published letters—made headlines throughout the United States. They settled in [[Dorset]], England at "Conygar", the {{convert|48|acre|m2|sing=on}} estate Boxer had inherited, and in 1948 had a second daughter, [[Amanda Boxer]] (now a stage and television actress in [[London]]).

Finding family life too constraining, however, in 1950 Hahn took an apartment in [[New York City]], and visited her husband and children from time to time in England. She continued to write articles for ''The New Yorker'', as well as biographies of [[Aphra Behn]], [[James Brooke]], [[Fanny Burney]], [[Chiang Kai-Shek]], [[D. H. Lawrence]] and [[Mabel Dodge Luhan]]. According to biographer Ken Cuthbertson, while her books were favorably reviewed, "her versatility, which enabled her to write authoritatively on almost any subject, befuddled her publishers who seemed at a loss as to how to promote or market an Emily Hahn book. She did not fit into any of the usual categories" because she "moved effortlessly ... from genre to genre."

In 1978 she published ''Looking Who's Talking'', which dealt with the controversial subject of animal-human communication (her personal favorite among her non-fiction books); she wrote her last book ''Eve and the Apes'' in 1988 when she was in her eighties.

Hahn reportedly went into her office at ''The New Yorker'' daily, until just a few months before she died on [[February 18]] [[1997]] at the age of 92, following complications from surgery for a shattered [[femur]].

"Chances are, your grandmother didn't smoke cigars and let you hold wild role-playing parties in her apartment", said her granddaughter Alfia Vecchio Wallace in her affectionate eulogy of Hahn. "Chances are that she didn't teach you [[Swahili]] obscenities. Chances are that when she took you to the zoo, she didn't start whooping passionately at the top her lungs as you passed the [[gibbon]] cage. Sadly for you ... your grandmother was not Emily Hahn."

In 1998, Canadian author Ken Cuthbertson published the biography ''Nobody Said Not to Go: The Life, Loves, and Adventures of Emily Hahn''. "Nobody said not to go" was one of her characteristic phrases.

In 2005 ''Xiang Meili'' (the name given to Hahn by Sinmay) was published in China. It looks back at the life and loves of Hahn in the Shanghai of the 1930s.

==Bibliography==
*''Seductio ad Absurdum: The Principles and Practices of Seduction--A Beginner's Handbook'' (1930)
*''Beginner's Luck'' (1931)
*''Congo Solo: Misadventures Two Degree North'' (1933)
*''With Naked Foot (1934)''
*''Affair'' (1935)
*''Steps of the Sun'' (1940)
*''The Soong Sisters'' (1941, 1970)
*''Mr. Pan'' (1942)
*''China to Me: A Partial Autobiography'' (1944, 1975, 1988)
*''Hong Kong Holiday'' (1946)
*''China: A to Z'' (1946)
*''The Picture Story of China'' (1946)
*''Raffles of Singapore'' (1946)
*''Miss Jill'' (1947) also as ''House in Shanghai'' (1958)
*''England to Me'' (1949)
*''A Degree of Prudery: A Biography of Fanny Burney'' (1950)
*''Purple Passage: A Novel About a Lady Both Famous and Fantastic'' (1950) (published in the UK as ''Aphra Behn'' (1951))
*''Francie'' (1951)
*''Love Conquers Nothing: A Glandular History of Civilization'' (1952)
*''Francie Again'' (1953)
*''Mary, Queen of Scots'' (1953)
*''James Brooke of Sarawak: A Biography of Sir James Brooke'' (1953)
*''Meet the British'' (with Charles Roetter and Harford Thomas) (1953)
*''The First Book of India'' (1955)
*''Chiang Kai-shek: An Unauthorized Biography'' (1955)
*''Francie Comes Home'' (1956)
*''Spousery'' (1956)
*''Diamond: The Spectacular Story of the Earth's Greatest Treasure and Man's Greatest Greed'' (1956)
*''Leonardo da Vinci'' (1956)
*''Kissing Cousins'' (1958)
*''The Tiger House Party: The Last Days of the Maharajas'' (1959)
*''Aboab: First Rabbi of the Americas'' (1959)
*''Around the World With Nellie Bly'' (1959)
*''June Finds a Way'' (1960)
*''China Only Yesterday, 1850-1950: A Century of Change'' (1963)
*''Indo'' (1963)
*''Africa to Me'' (1964)
*''Romantic Rebels: An Informal History of Bohemianism in America'' (1967)
*''Animal Gardens'' (1967)
*''The Cooking of China'' (1968)
*''Recipes: Chinese Cooking'' (1968)
*''Times and Places'' (1970, reissued as ''No Hurry to Get Home'' 2000)
*''Breath of God: A Book About Angels, Demons, Familiars, Elementals and Spirits'' (1971)
*''Fractured Emerald: Ireland'' (1971)
*''On the Side of the Apes: A New look at the Primates, the Men Who Study Them and What They Have Learned'' (1971)
*''Once Upon A Pedestal'' (1974)
*''Lorenzo: D. H. Lawrence and the Women Who Loved Him'' (1975)
*''Mabel: A Biography of Mabel Dodge Luhan'' (1977)
*''Look Who's Talking! New Discoveries in Animal Communications'' (1978)
*''Love of Gold'' (1980)
*''The Islands: America's Imperial Adventures in the Philippines'' (1981)
*''Eve and the Apes'' (1988)

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Emily}}
[[Category:American travel writers]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American biographers]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin-Madison alumni]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[fi:Emily Hahn]]