Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kompromiss von Atlanta

2013-01-29T01:47:59Z

Lissoy:

The '''Atlanta compromise''' was an agreement struck in 1895 between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders. The agreement was that Southern blacks would work meekly and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law; blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities.<ref>Lewis (2009), pp 180–181.</ref><ref>Croce, pp 1–3.</ref>

The compromise was announced at the [[Atlanta Exposition Speech]]. The primary architect of the compromise, on behalf of the African-Americans, was [[Booker T. Washington]], president of the [[Tuskegee Institute]]. Supporters of Washington and the Atlanta compromise were termed the "Tuskegee Machine."

The agreement was never written down. Essential elements of the agreement were that blacks would not ask for the right to vote, they would not retalliate against racist behavior, they would tolerate segregation and discrimination, that they would receive free basic education, education would be limited to vocational or industrial training (for instance as teachers or nurses), liberal arts education would be prohibited (for instance, college education in the classics, humanities, art, or literature).{{Citation needed|reason=This is not obvious, andcannot be found on a simple Google search.|date=May 2012}}

After the turn of the 19th to 20th century, other black leaders, most notably [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and [[William Monroe Trotter]]{{spaced ndash}} (a group Du Bois would call ''The Talented Tenth''), took issue with the compromise, instead believing that African-Americans should engage in a struggle for civil rights. W. E. B. Du Bois coined the term "Atlanta Compromise" to denote the agreement. The term "accommodationism" is also used to denote the essence of the Atlanta compromise.

After Washington's death in 1915, supporters of the Atlanta compromise gradually shifted their support to civil rights activism, until the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|modern Civil rights movement]] commenced in the 1950s.

==See also==
*[[American Negro Academy]]
*[[NAACP]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Croce, Paul (2001), "Accommodation versus Struggle", in ''W. E. B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia'', Gerald Horne and Mary Young (Eds.), Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-29665-9.
*Harlan, Louis R. (1986), ''Booker T. Washington: the wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915'', Oxford University Press, pp. 71–120.
*Harlan, Louis R. (2006), "A Black Leader in the Age of Jim Crow", in ''The racial politics of Booker T. Washington'', Donald Cunnigen, Rutledge M. Dennis, Myrtle Gonza Glascoe (Eds.), Emerald Group Publishing, p 26.
* Lewis, David Levering, (2009), ''W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography'', Henry Holt and Co. Single volume edition, updated, of his 1994 and 2001 works. ISBN 978-0-8050-8769-7.
* Logan, Rayford Whittingham, ''The betrayal of the Negro, from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson'', Da Capo Press, 1997, pp 275–313.
*Jailene Gaspar is Pinoy

[[Category:African-American history]]
[[Category:History of Atlanta, Georgia]]
[[Category:History of racial segregation in the United States]]
[[Category:History of African-American civil rights|*1896]]
[[Category:Defunct American political movements]]
[[Category:Civil rights movement]]
[[Category:1895 in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

Kompromiss von Atlanta

2013-01-29T01:39:43Z

Lissoy: /* See also */

The '''Atlanta compromise''' was an agreement struck in 1895 between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders. The agreement was that Southern blacks would work weekly and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law; blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities.<ref>Lewis (2009), pp 180–181.</ref><ref>Croce, pp 1–3.</ref>

The compromise was announced at the [[Atlanta Exposition Speech]]. The primary architect of the compromise, on behalf of the African-Americans, was [[Booker T. Washington]], president of the [[Tuskegee Institute]]. Supporters of Washington and the Atlanta compromise were termed the "Tuskegee Machine."

The agreement was never written down. Essential elements of the agreement were that blacks would not ask for the right to vote, they would not retalliate against racist behavior, they would tolerate segregation and discrimination, that they would receive free basic education, education would be limited to vocational or industrial training (for instance as teachers or nurses), liberal arts education would be prohibited (for instance, college education in the classics, humanities, art, or literature).{{Citation needed|reason=This is not obvious, andcannot be found on a simple Google search.|date=May 2012}}

After the turn of the 19th to 20th century, other black leaders, most notably [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] and [[William Monroe Trotter]]{{spaced ndash}} (a group Du Bois would call ''The Talented Tenth''), took issue with the compromise, instead believing that African-Americans should engage in a struggle for civil rights. W. E. B. Du Bois coined the term "Atlanta Compromise" to denote the agreement. The term "accommodationism" is also used to denote the essence of the Atlanta compromise.

After Washington's death in 1915, supporters of the Atlanta compromise gradually shifted their support to civil rights activism, until the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|modern Civil rights movement]] commenced in the 1950s.

==See also==
*[[American Negro Academy]]
*[[NAACP]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Croce, Paul (2001), "Accommodation versus Struggle", in ''W. E. B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia'', Gerald Horne and Mary Young (Eds.), Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-29665-9.
*Harlan, Louis R. (1986), ''Booker T. Washington: the wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915'', Oxford University Press, pp. 71–120.
*Harlan, Louis R. (2006), "A Black Leader in the Age of Jim Crow", in ''The racial politics of Booker T. Washington'', Donald Cunnigen, Rutledge M. Dennis, Myrtle Gonza Glascoe (Eds.), Emerald Group Publishing, p 26.
* Lewis, David Levering, (2009), ''W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography'', Henry Holt and Co. Single volume edition, updated, of his 1994 and 2001 works. ISBN 978-0-8050-8769-7.
* Logan, Rayford Whittingham, ''The betrayal of the Negro, from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson'', Da Capo Press, 1997, pp 275–313.
*Jailene Gaspar is Pinoy

[[Category:African-American history]]
[[Category:History of Atlanta, Georgia]]
[[Category:History of racial segregation in the United States]]
[[Category:History of African-American civil rights|*1896]]
[[Category:Defunct American political movements]]
[[Category:Civil rights movement]]
[[Category:1895 in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

J. R. Rotem

2008-09-07T19:00:08Z

Lissoy: disambig "Auburn"

{{Infobox musical artist
|Name = J.R. Rotem
|Img = JR Rotem LF.JPG
|Background = non_performing_personnel
|Birth_name = Jonathan Reuven Rotem
|Born = 1975
|Origin = [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]]
|Instrument = [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]], [[Sampler (musical instrument)|Sampler]]
|Genre = [[Reggae music|Reggae]], [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[R&B]]
|Occupation = [[record producer]]
|Years_active =
|Label = Beluga Heights
|Associated_acts = [[Britney Spears]], [[Evan "Kidd" Bogart]], [[Fabolous]], [[Ashley Tisdale]], [[Sean Kingston]], Zach Katz, [[Lindsay Lohan]]
|URL = [http://www.jonathanrotem.com Official website]
}}

'''Jonathan Reuven Rotem''' (born [[1975]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=2736|title=Interview J.R. Rotem: Pimpin' Ain't Easy, blender.com|date=2007-07|publisher=Blender|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> is a Jewish [[United States|American]] [[record producer]]. He wanted to be a musician and started playing the piano at the age of 2. Jonathan's parents quickly saw that he was talented and supported him in his dream of becoming a musician. He played [[classical music]] until junior high school when he became fascinated by [[hip hop music]].

He has produced tracks for artists such as [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[Paris Hilton]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Rihanna]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[LeToya]], [[Mýa]], [[T.I.]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Ashley Tisdale]], [[Chamillionare]], and [[Lindsay Lohan]] among others. He has also sold a single beat, thump, to [[Dr. Dre]]. He currently resides in [[Los Angeles]] where he creates most of his music.

In 2006, Rotem started his own record label, Beluga Heights, along with manager [[Zach Katz]], inking a joint deal with [[Epic Records|Epic]] and [[Koch Records|Koch]]. [[Sean Kingston]], a young Miami-based rapper, was their first signing. Rotem and Katz also started a publishing company under the Beluga Heights umbrella, signing "SOS" co-writer [[Evan "Kidd" Bogart]] and UK artist writer [[Lolene]]. Beluga Heights' newest signee is 18-year old R&B singer [[Auburn (singer)|Auburn]] from [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], [[Minnesota]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.djbooth.net/index/news/entry/twin-cities-rb-singer-auburn-inks-deal-0121081/|title=Twin Cities’ R&B singer Auburn Inks Deal With JR Rotem’s Beluga Heights via Epic/Koch|date=2008-01-22|publisher=DJBooth.net|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{Inappropriate tone|date=July 2008}}
As a youngster, J.R.'s parents insisted that his musical interest be honed in a strict, disciplined way. {{Fact|date=July 2008}} This meant hours of private piano sessions daily where he developed a passion for classical music. On the contemporary front, he found artists like [[The Beatles]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and [[Abba]] inspiring, but at a very young age, when he first heard [[Run DMC|Run DMC's]] ''[[Raising Hell]]'' album, he became mesmerized by hip hop. While he loved what he heard musically, he wasn't interested in becoming a hip hop musician himself at that point.

After graduating from [[Campolindo High School]] in [[Moraga, California]], J.R. entered the [[Berklee College of Music]] in [[Boston]] where he majored in piano performance with aspirations of scoring films professionally. However, it was only the release of two seminal CDs - Dr. Dre's "The Chronic" and Snoop Dogg's "Doggystyle" - that unleashed J.R.'s inspiration to undertake music production.

As an accomplished and well-versed [[jazz]] pianist, J.R. instantly recognized the jazz influences of the samples used in these two hip hop masterpieces, but did not instantly recognize the samples themselves because he was never exposed to the music of [[Funkadelic]], Parliament, [[James Brown]] and other 70's Rock/Soul pioneers whose music was now weaving and growing into the evolving and flowing soundtrack of hip hop.

However, he did instantly recognize that the music made people feel jazzy and react with happiness. In fact, J.R. analogizes the cross over of hip hop to the mainstream in the same way jazz must have felt to the earlier generation of mainstream youths: "I started using the hyper-hot hip hop beats of the day in my jazz setz and bought some studio equipment to beat with." With his passion for hip hop and a new home studio, J.R. instantly combined the discipline honed from years of formal study into beating on a full-time basis.

==Producer==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2008}}
J.R.'s first big break came when a [[CD]] of his beats landed in the hands of veteran Bay Area producers who planned on using J.R.'s talents for an upcoming [[En Vogue]] album. Eventually though, the CD ended up with producer [[Dwayne Wiggins]] of [[Tony, Toni, Tone]] fame who thought the beats better suited Beyonce and eventually, Destiny's Child. The song "Fancy" made it on to the ''Survivor'' CD and a second track, "My Song", eventually ended up on a special issue Destiny's Child CD entitled ''Love Destiny''. J.R.'s second break came when Dr. Dre heard one of the songs J.R. had produced.

In the year that followed, J.R. produced cuts on over 2 records for A-listers such as [[Teairra Mari]], [[50 Cent]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Rihanna]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Christina Milian]], [[Mobb Deep]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[Mýa]], [[Young Buck]], [[Fabolous]], [[Busta Rhymes]], [[Trick Daddy]], [[Talib Kweli]], [[Lil' Flip]], [[Ashley Tisdale]], [[Jesse McCartney]], [[Paula DeAnda]] to name a few.

Throughout 2007, Rotem has been spotted with pop superstar [[Britney Spears]]. Spears and Rotem first met while Rotem was producing for Spears' husband at the time, [[Kevin Federline]]. Rotem went on to produce several tracks for Spears but they didn't make the final cut for her new album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''. Only "Everybody" was used as a bonus track on [[iTunes]] and the Japanese edition of the disc.

He is currently working on [[Lindsay Lohan]]'s third studio album to be released in mid 2008. JR has been seen a couple of times with Lindsay out and about in a Los Angeles recording studio in December 2007.

===Towards Fame===
JR Rotem formed his label [[Beluga Heights]]. He signed Sean Kingston to his label. He executive produced Sean Kingston's self-titled debut album. His first three singles became hits, leading Sean Kingston & JR Rotem to fame. JR Rotem produced Baby Bash's "What is It", Rick Ross's "The Boss", Plies's "Bust It Baby Pt 2", & Bun B's "That's Gangsta". His signature production style is at the beginning of a song, a low voice says "J-J-J-J-JR".

==Discography==
[[50 Cent]] - ''[[The Massacre]]''
* 17. "Position of Power"
* 20. "So Amazing" (featuring [[Olivia (singer)|Olivia]])
[[Ashley Tisdale]] - ''[[Headstrong (album)|Headstrong]]''
* 03. [[He Said She Said (song)|"He Said She Said"]]
[[Auburn (singer)|Auburn]] - ''Unknown album''
*00. "Superman"
[[Baby Bash]] - ''[[Cyclone (Baby Bash album)|Cyclone]]''
* 03. "Supa Chic" (Feat. [[Paula DeAnda]])
* 05. "[[What Is It]]" (Feat. Sean Kingston)
[[Blake Lewis]] - ''[[A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream)]]''
* 10. "What'cha Got 2 Lose?"
[[BooSkills]] - ''Best of Both Worlds''
* 00. "Untitled"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.myspace.com/subliminaltactrecordings|title=BooSkills Biography, booskills.com|date=2008-05|publisher=MySpace|accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref>
[[Bow Wow]] - ''[[Pedigree (Bow Wow album)|Pedigree]]''
* 00. "Don't Play" (featuring [[Ashley Tisdale]])
[[Britney Spears]] - ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''
* 14. "Everybody" (bonus track on [[iTunes]] & Japanese edition of the disc)
[[The Cheetah Girls (recording artists)|The Cheetah Girls]] - ''[[TCG (album)|TCG]]''
* 01. "Fuego"
* 07. "Do No Wrong"
* 10. "Who We Are"
[[Bun B]] - ''[[II Trill]]
* 01. "That's Gangsta" (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
[[Chamillionaire]] - ''[[Ultimate Victory]]''
* 02. "[[Hip Hop Police]]" (featuring [[Slick Rick]])
* 05. "[[Industry Groupie]]"
[[Clyde Carson]] - ''[[Theatre Music]]
* 00. "Doin That" (featuring Sean kingston)
* 00. "One Night" (featuring Avant)
* 00. "In Da Club" (featuring Sean Kingston & The Game)
[[D12]] - ''[[D12 World]]''
* 20. "Good Die Young" (Keyboards by JR)
[[D12]] - [[Shark Tale|''Shark Tale'' Soundtrack]]
* 05. "Lies & Rumors" (Keyboards by JR)
[[Destiny's Child]] - ''[[Survivor (album)|Survivor]]''
* 05. "Fancy"
[[Destiny's Child]] - ''[[Love: Destiny]]
* 01. "My Song"
[[Donna Summer]] - ''[[Crayons (album)|Crayons]]
* 02. "Mr. Music"
* 04. "The Queen Is Back"
[[Dr. Dre]] - ''[[Detox (Dr. Dre album)|Detox]]''
* 00. "Untitled"
Ebony Eyez - ''[[7 Day Cycle]]''
* 02. "Heart of a Soldier"
[[Fabolous]] - ''[[Real Talk]]''
* 09. "Can You Hear Me"
* 18. "Po Po" (featuring [[Nate Dogg]] & Paul Cain)
[[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
* 00. "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]] (Remix)" (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
[[Flo Rida]] - ''[[Mail on Sunday (album)|Mail on Sunday]]''
* 04. "Roll" (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
* 07. "Ms. Hangover"
[[Freeway (rapper)|Freeway]] - ''[[Free at Last (Freeway album)|Free at Last]]''
* 06. "Take It to the Top"
[[Girlicious]] - ''[[Girlicious (album)|Girlicious]]''
* 10. "Still In Love" (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
[[Gorilla Zoe]] - ''[[Don't Feed the Animals]]''
* 00. "On Tha Corner (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
Holly Rae - ''[[Debut Album]]''
* 01. "Off The Meter" (featuring [[Sean Kingston]])
[[Jada (singing group)| Jada]] - [[Bring It On: In It To Win It (soundtrack)|''Bring It On: In It To Win It'']]
*00. "I'm That Chick"
James Fauntleroy - ''Unknown Album''
*00. "Strength"
[[Jason Derulo]] - ''Unknown Album''
*00. "Teacher"
[[Jennifer Lopez]] - ''[[Brave (Jennifer Lopez album)|Brave]]''
* 01. "Stay Together"
[[Jesse McCartney]] - ''[[Departure (Jesse McCartney album)|Departure]]''
*07. "My Baby"
[[Jessi Malay]]
* 00. "Gimme" (featuring [[Lil Scrappy]])
[[Jin (rapper)|Jin]] - ''[[The Rest Is History]]''
* 10. "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"
* 14. "C'mon"
[[Jojo (singer)|Jojo]]- ''[[The High Road]]''
* 04. The High Road
[[Keke Palmer]] - ''[[So Uncool]]''
* 07. "Footwurkin'"
[[Kevin Federline]] - ''[[Playing with Fire (Kevin Federline album)|Playing with Fire]]''
* 03. "America's Most Hated"
* 05. "Lose Control"
* 06. "Dance With a Pimp"
[[Kevin Michael]] - ''[[Kevin Michael (album)|Kevin Michael]]''
* 09. "Weekend Jumpoff"
[[Leona Lewis]] - ''[[Spirit (Leona Lewis album)|Spirit]]''
* 04. "[[Better in Time]]"
[[LeToya Luckett]] - ''[[LeToya (album)|LeToya]]''
* 08. "All Eyes on Me" (featuring [[Paul Wall]])
Lil Eazy - ''[[Waist Deep (soundtrack)]]''
*03. "This Ain't a Game" (featuring [[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony]])
[[Lil Flip]] - ''[[Undaground Legend]]''
* 04. "I Shoulda Listened" (featuring [[Seville]])
[[Lil Kim]] - ''[[The Naked Truth (Lil' Kim album)|The Naked Truth]]''
* 06. "Whoa"
* 21. "Last Day"
[[Lil Scrappy]] - ''[[Bred 2 Die Born 2 Live]]''
* 09. "[[Livin' in the Projects]]"
[[LL Cool J]] - ''[[Exit 13]]''
* 12. "I Fall in Love"
[[M. Pokora]] - ''[[MP3 (M. Pokora album)|MP3]]''
* 05. "Treason"
Maino
* 00. "All I Need" '''(Featuring [[Trey Songz]])
* 00. "Rumors"
* 00. "My Hood"
Mann
* 00. "Ghetto Girl" '''(featuring Sean Kingston)'''
[[Mario (singer)|Mario]] - ''Upcoming''
* 00. "Hello"
[[Mobb Deep]] - ''[[Blood Money (Mobb Deep album)|Blood Money]]''
* 13. "In Love With the Moula"
[[Mýa]] - ''[[Liberation (Mýa album)|Liberation]]''
* 02. "Walka Not a Talka" '''(featuring [[Snoop Dogg]])
* 11. "All in the Name of Love"
* 00. "How We Carry"
[[Natasha Bedingfield]] - ''[[Pocketful of Sunshine]]''
* 05. "Piece of Your Heart"
[[Nicole Scherzinger]] - ''[[Her Name Is Nicole]]''
* 00. "[[Baby Love (Nicole Scherzinger song)|Baby Love]]" (Remix)
[[Obie Trice]] - '''[[Second Round's on Me]]'''
* 13. "Ghetto" '''(featuring [[Trey Songz]])
* 15. "Mama" '''(featuring Trey Songz)
* 16. "24s"
* 18. "Obie Story"
[[Olivia (singer)|Olivia]]
* 00. "My Daddy"
* 00. "Best Friend (Remix)" (featuring 50 Cent)
[[Paris Hilton]] - ''[[Paris (Paris Hilton album)|Paris]]''
* 04. "I Want You"
[[Plies (rapper)|Plies]] - ''[[The Real Testament]]''
* 05. "1 Mo Time"
* 06. "I am the Club"
* 09. "Friday"
[[Plies (rapper)|Plies]] - ''[[Definition of Real]]''
* 11. "Bust It Baby Pt. 2"
[[Prima J]] - ''[[Inside Out (Prima J album)|Inside Out]]''
* 08. "Boom"
Qwote - ''Don't Wanna Fight''
* 01. "808" '''(featuring [[Plies]])
[[Randy Jackson]] - ''[[Randy Jackson's Music Club, Vol. 1]]''
* 05. "Who's Gonna Love You Now" - Preformed by Kelli Love
[[Rick Ross (rapper)|Rick Ross]] - ''[[Port of Miami (album)|Port of Miami]]''
* 02. "Push It"
[[Rick Ross (rapper)|Rick Ross]] - ''[[Trilla]]''
* 00. "[[The Boss (Rick Ross song)|The Boss]]" (featuring [[T-Pain]])
[[Rihanna]] - ''[[A Girl like Me (Rihanna album)|A Girl like Me]]''
* 01. "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"
[[Rihanna]] - ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]''
* 02. "Push Up on Me"
[[Sarah Connor]] - ''[[Sexy as Hell]]''
* 10. "Fall Apart"
[[Sean Kingston]] - ''[[Sean Kingston (album)|Sean Kingston]]''
* 01. "Intro"
* 02. "Kingston"
* 03. "[[Take You There (Sean Kingston song)|Take You There]]"
* 04. "[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
* 05. "[[Me Love]]"
* 06. "Dry Your Eyes"
* 07. "Got No Shorty"
* 08. "I Can Feel It"
* 09. "There's Nothing"
* 10. "Drummer Boy"
* 11. "Your Sister"
* 12. "That Ain't Right"
* 13. "Change"
* 14. "Colors" (featuring [[Rick Ross]] & [[The Game]])
[[Snoop Dogg]] - ''[[R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece]]''
* 02. "Bang Out"
[[Stat Quo]] - ''Statlanta''
* 00. "Untitled"
[[Slim Thug]] - ''Boss of All Bosses (album)|Boss of All Bosses''
* 00. "Untitled"
[[Talib Kweli]] - ''[[The Beautiful Struggle]]''
* 09. "Work It Out"
[[T.I.]] - [[Paper Trail]]
* 00. "Cry" (featuring [[Mary J. Blige]])
* 00. "Let My Beat Pound"
[[Trey Songz]] - ''[[I Gotta Make It]]''
* 12. "Just Wanna Cut"
[[The D.E.Y.]] - ''The DEY Has Come EP''
* 00. "[[Give You the World]]"
[[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] - ''[[Doctor's Advocate]]''
* 11. "Doctor's Advocate" (featuring [[Busta Rhymes]])
* 13. "California Vacation" (featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] and [[Xzibit]])
[[The Game (rapper)|The Game]] - ''[[L.A.X.]]''
* 02. "L.A.X Files"
* 03. "State of Emergency" (featuring [[Ice Cube (rapper)|Ice Cube]])
* 11. "Gentleman's Affair" (featuring [[Ne-Yo]])
[[Tony Yayo]] - ''[[Thoughts of a Predicate Felon]]''
* 08. "We Don't Give a Fuck"
[[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] - ''[[Here I Stand (Usher album)|Here I Stand]]''
* 19. "Will Work for Love"
[[Young Buck]] - ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (soundtrack)|Get Rich or Die Tryin' soundtrack]]''
* 08. "Don't Need No Help" (Co-produced song with [[Hi-Tek]])
[[Young Buck]] - ''[[Straight Outta Cashville]]''
* 04. "Look at Me Now" (Keyboards by J.R.)
[[Young Jeezy]] - ''[[The Recession]]''
* 20. "Done It All" (Bonus Track)
[[Xzibit]] - ''[[Weapons of Mass Destruction (album)|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]''
* 10. "Ride or Dye" (co-produced by J.R.)
* 11. "Crazy Hoe" (additional keyboards by J.R.)
[[Rohff]] - ''[[La Fierté Des Nôtres]]''
*01. "La Fierte Des Notres"
*05. "Ca Fait Plaisir"
*08. "Pétrole"
*13. "Charisme"
*Cd2 - 03. "Bling Bling"
*Cd2 - 04. "Apparences Trompeuses"
[[Vanessa Hudgens]] - ''[[Identified]]''
*06. Sneakernight

===Singles Produced by J.R. Rotem===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Year
! width="210" rowspan="2"|Song
! width="180" rowspan="2"|Artist
! colspan="5"|Chart Position
|-
! width="36"|[[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
! width="36"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]
! width="36"|[[Media Control Charts|GER]]
! width="36"|[[ARIA Chart|AUS]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006
| "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"
| [[Rihanna]]
| align="center"|1
| align="center"|2
| align="center"|2
| align="center"|1
|-
| "[[Whoa (song)|Whoa]]"
| [[Lil Kim]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Push It(Rick Ross song)|Push It]]"
| [[Rick Ross]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2007
| "[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
| [[Sean Kingston]]
| align="center"|1
| align="center"|1
| align="center"|10
| align="center"|1
|-
| "[[Me Love]]"
| [[Sean Kingston]]
| align="center"|14
| align="center"|32
| align="center"|48
| align="center"|11
|-
| "[[Hip Hop Police]]"
| [[Chamillionaire]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|50
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[He Said She Said (song)|He Said She Said]]"
| [[Ashley Tisdale]]
| align="center"|58
| align="center"|198
| align="center"|17
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Livin' in the Projects]]"
| [[Lil Scrappy]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Baby Love (Nicole Scherzinger song)|Baby Love]]"
| [[Nicole Scherzinger]]
| align="center"|108
| align="center"|14
| align="center"|5
| align="center"|15
|-
| "[[Take You There (Sean Kingston song)|Take You There]]"
| [[Sean Kingston]]
| align="center"|7
| align="center"|47
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|34
|-
|rowspan="11"| 2008
| "[[What Is It]]"
| [[Baby Bash]]
| align="center"|57
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[I Am the Club]]"
| [[Plies]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Give You the World]]"
| [[The D.E.Y.]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[The Boss (Rick Ross song)|The Boss]]"
| [[Rick Ross]]
| align="center"|17
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Bust It Baby|Bust It Baby Pt. 2]]"
| [[Plies]]
| align="center"|7
| align="center"|93<ref>{{cite journal
|title = The Official UK Singles Chart for the week ending 23 August 2008
|journal = [[ChartsPlus]]
|issue = 365
|pages= 1-4
|accessdate = 2008-08-21
|publisher = IQ Ware Ltd
|location = Milton Keynes}}</ref>
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[That's Gangsta]]"
| [[Bun B]]
| align="center"|122
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Ghetto Girl]]"
| [[Mann]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Superman]]"
| [[Auburn (singer)|Auburn]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Better in Time]]"
| [[Leona Lewis]]
| align="center"|38
| align="center"|2
| align="center"|2
| align="center"|6
|-
| "[[Sneakernight]]"
| [[Vanessa Hudgens]]
| align="center"|88
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|-
| "[[Strength]]"
| [[James Fauntleroy]]
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
| align="center"|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jonathanrotem.com Official website]
*{{MySpace|jonathanrotem}}
*[http://www.djbooth.net/index/interviews/entry/jonathan-jr-rotem-interview/ The DJBooth: Jonathan 'JR' Rotem Interview] (Mar '07)
*[http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/12133 SOHH June 2007 Feature]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotem, J. R.}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American record producers]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music alumni]]
[[Category:People from Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Hip hop record producers]]
[[Category:Jewish hip hop musicians]]

[[es:J. R. Rotem]]
[[fr:Jonathan "JR" Rotem]]
[[nl:J. R. Rotem]]

It Is Well with My Soul

2008-06-27T01:24:29Z

Lissoy:

<div style="float:right; clear:right; border:1px solid gray; padding:1em 1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; text-align:left; background:lightyellow">
'''It Is Well With My Soul''' 

When peace like a river, attendeth my way, 
When sorrows like sea billows roll; 
Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to say, 
It is well, it is well, with my soul. 

''Refrain:'' 
It is well, with my soul, 
It is well, with my soul, 
It is well, it is well, with my soul. 

Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come, 
Let this blest assurance control, 
That Christ has regarded my helpless estate, 
And hath shed His own blood for my soul. 

My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought! 
My sin, not in part but the whole, 
Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more, 
Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul! 

And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight, 
The clouds be rolled back as a scroll; 
The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend, 
Even so, it is well with my soul. 

''Horatio Spafford''
</div>

'''It Is Well with My Soul''' is a very influential [[hymn]] penned by hymnist [[Horatio Spafford]] and composed by [[Philip Bliss]].

This hymn was written after several traumatic events in Spafford’s life. The first was the death of his only son in 1871, shortly followed by [[1871 Great Chicago Fire|the great Chicago Fire]] which ruined him financially (he had been a successful lawyer). Then in 1873, he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the ''S.S. Ville Du Havre'', but sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business. While crossing the Atlantic, the ship sank rapidly after a collision with another ship, and all four of Spafford's daughters died. His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram, "Saved alone." Shortly afterwards, as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife, he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died.

The Spaffords later had three more children, one of whom (a son) died in infancy. In 1881 the Spaffords, including baby Bertha and newborn Grace, set sail for Palestine. The Spaffords moved to Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony; its mission was to serve the poor. The colony later became the subject of the Nobel prize winning ''Jerusalem'', by Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf.

==See also==
* [[American Colony]] for a summary of the biography of Bertha Spafford Vester, who spent her entire adult life concentrating on relief and charitable work in Jerusalem.

==Trivia==
* The hymn is one of the main melodies in the song "[[Flight of Valor]]" composed by [[James Swearingen]] for the victims of [[United Airlines Flight 93]].
* [[Christian metal|Christian metalcore]] band [[Haste the Day]] takes its name from the opening line of the last verse.
* Shane & Shane recently recorded this song live on the the album "How Great is our God."
* [[Peace Like a River]], a novel by [[Leif Enger]], is named after this hymn.
* The concert band piece "On a Hymnsong of Philip Bliss," composed by [[David Holsinger]], is based on the melody of this hymn.
* The hymn was covered by the [[South Africa]]n group [[Mahotella Queens]] for their 2007 release, ''[[Siyadumisa (Songs of Praise)]]''.
* Fever Drum and Bugle Corps uses the hymn as their corps song.
* Christian band Jars of Clay recorded this song on their album "Redemption Songs".

==References==
* [http://spaffordhymn.com SpaffordHymn.com] : The original Hymn manuscript penned by Horatio Spafford
* [http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps064.shtml History of Spafford]
* [http://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/i/t/i/itiswell.htm Hymn Lyrics]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXQMM_ZvGW8 It Is Well (trumpet performance by Xavier Castellà)]
* McCann, Forrest M. (1997). ''Hymns & History: An Annotated Survey of Sources''. [[Abilene, Texas|Abilene]], [[TX|Texas]]: [http://www.acu.edu/campusoffices/acupress ACU Press]. Pp. 327-328, 520, 597. [ISBN 0-89112-058-0]

[[Category:Christian hymns]]

[[nl:It Is Well with My Soul]]
[[simple:It Is Well with My Soul]]

DeMarcus Ware

2008-03-28T21:47:00Z

Lissoy: removed nonsense

{{Infobox NFLactive
|image=Replace this image male.svg  |
|currentteam=Dallas Cowboys
|currentnumber=94
|currentpositionplain=[[Linebacker|Outside linebacker]]
|birthdate={{birth date and age|1982|7|31}}
|birthplace=Auburn, Alabama
|heightft=6
|heightin=4
|weight=257
|debutyear=2005
|debutteam=Dallas Cowboys
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 2x [[Pro Bowl]] selection ([[2007 Pro Bowl|2006]], [[2008 Pro Bowl|2007]])
* 2x [[All-Pro]] selection ([[2006 All-Pro Team|2006]], [[2007 All-Pro Team|2007]])
* 2007 Co-[[Thanksgiving_Classic#Game MVPs|'''All Iron Award''']] Winner
|college=[[Troy University|Troy]]
|draftyear=2005
|draftround=1
|draftpick=11
|pastteams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Dallas Cowboys]] (2005-present)
|statweek=17
|statseason=2007
|statlabel1=[[Tackle (football move)|Tackles]]
|statvalue1=213
|statlabel2=[[Quarterback sack|Sacks]]
|statvalue2=33.5
|statlabel3=[[Interception (American football)|Interceptions]]
|statvalue3=1
|nfl=WAR350675
}}
'''DeMarcus Ware''' (born [[July 31]], [[1982]] in [[Auburn, Alabama]]) is an [[American football]] [[linebacker]] for the [[Dallas Cowboys]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]]. He was [[NFL draft|drafted]] with the 11th overall pick in the [[2005 NFL Draft]] out of [[Troy University]].

==Early years==
Ware attended [[Auburn High School]] (Auburn, Alabama) and was a letterman in football, basketball, baseball, and track. He played basketball for Coach Frank Tolbert, a strong disciplinarian. In football, as a senior, he won All-Area honors, was named the team Most Valuable Wide Receiver, team Most Valuable Linebacker, and the team Most Valuable Leadership honors. He finished his impressive senior season with 7 sacks, and 55 total tackles (40 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles. Fellow Troy alum and current [[New York Giants]] defensive end [[Osi Umenyiora]] attended Auburn High School, as well as current [[Washington Redskins]] [[linebacker]] [[Marcus Washington]]. Ware, along with fellow pro-mates, annually attend a celebrity basketball game held at his High School. The event was started by Marcus Washington, but has since grown into a very successful event that is greatly anticipated each year.

==College career==
Ware attended [[Troy University]] and was a two time All-[[Sun Belt Conference]] selection. As a senior he was the League's Defensive Player of the Year, and was a finalist for the [[Hendricks Award]]. He finished his [[college football|college]] career with 27.5 sacks, 195 tackles (57 for losses), 74 quarterback hurries, 10 forced fumbles, 4 fumble recoveries, and 1 interception. His 27.5 sacks rank second in school history for sacks in a career behind [[Charles Pickett]], and his 57 tackles for losses rank first in school history.

==NFL career==
===2005 NFL Draft===
In the [[2005 NFL Draft]], Ware was drafted 11th overall by the Dallas Cowboys.

:
{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="10" align="center" | ''Pre-draft measureables''
|-
!Wt
![[40 yard dash|40y]]
![[20 yard shuttle|20ss]]
![[3 cone drill|3-cone]]
![[Vertical jump|Vert]]
![[Bench Press|BP]]
![[Wonderlic]]
|-
| ALIGN="center" |251 lb*
| ALIGN="center" |4.56s*
| ALIGN="center" |4.07s*
| ALIGN="center" |6.83s*
| ALIGN="center" |38 1/2"*
| ALIGN="center" |27*<ref>[http://www.packers.com/news/stories/2005/04/11/2/ Packers.com » News » Stories » April 11, 2005: Gil Brandt's NFL Draft Analysis By Position: Defensive Ends]</ref>
| ALIGN="center" |20*<ref>[http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/profile.php?pyid=55196 DeMarcus Ware, OLB, Troy - 2005 NFL Draft Scout Profile, Powered by The SportsXchange]</ref>
|}(''* represents [[NFL Combine]]'')

===Dallas Cowboys===
The Cowboys planned for Ware to be their weakside outside [[linebacker]]. This move would help head coach [[Bill Parcells]] complete the switch from a 4-3 base defense to a 3-4 base defense (see [[American football strategy]]). In his rookie year (2005-06 season), he finished with 58 total tackles, 14 Tackles for losses, 8 sacks, and 3 forced fumbles.

In his rookie season, Ware recorded 3 sacks and 3 forced fumbles in a single game against the [[Carolina Panthers]]. Similarly, in 2006 against the [[Detroit Lions]], Ware recorded 3 sacks, a forced fumble, and wasn't credited for a much deserving additional half sack. Ware ended the regular season with a team high 11.5 sacks with 71 tackles, a fumble recovery and interception, both returned for a touchdown, along with his first [[Pro Bowl]] nomination and his first All-Pro nomination. Ware has had a career-year in the 2007-2008 season. Coach Wade Phillips has even gone so far to call him the best outside linebacker in the league. Ware became only the second Cowboy to record 14 or more sacks in a season. As expected, Ware made his second straight Pro Bowl along with 12 other teammates. He was also selected to the All-Pro team for the second straight year along with teammates [[Terrell Owens]] and [[Jason Witten]]. Ware and his mother have appeared in Chunky Soup Commercials with LaDanian Tomlinson, Johnathan Vilma, Matt Hasselback and other prominent young players with their mothers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.demarcusware94.com DeMarcus Ware's Official Website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/demarcusware DeMarcus Ware's Official MySpace]

{{Refimprove|article|date=November 2006}}

{{2005 NFL Draft}}

{{2007 Pro Bowl NFC starters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ware, Demarcus}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football defensive ends]]
[[Category:American football linebackers]]
[[Category:Troy Trojans football players]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys players]]
[[Category:National Conference Pro Bowl players]]
[[Category:People from Auburn, Alabama]]
[[Category:Auburn High School people]]

Boston Latin School

2008-02-14T04:11:19Z

Lissoy: link to oldest school list

{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = Boston Latin School
| native_name =
| logo = [[Image:Boston Latin School logo.png|162px]]
| motto = Sumus Primi
| established = [[April 23]], [[1635]]
| type = [[Public school|Public]] [[Exam School]]
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender = [[Coeducational]]
| affiliations =
| affiliation = [[Boston Public Schools]]
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| principal =
| asst principal =
| vice principal =
| campus director =
| headmaster =
| dean =
| rector =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| head_label = Head Master
| head = Lynne Mooney-Teta
| faculty = 139
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| enrolment =
| students = 2383
| grades_label =
| grades = 7–12
| address = 78 Avenue Louis Pasteur
| city = [[Boston]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| province =
| country = [[USA]]
| district =
| oversight_label =
| oversight =
| accreditation = [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges|NEASC]]
| campus = [[Urban]]
| colors = [[Purple]] and [[White]] {{color box|purple}} {{color box|white}}
| colours =
| athletics =
| mascot = Wolfie<ref>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Caldwell |title=Thanksgiving Day Games: Old Rivalries, Then the Turkey |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/11/10/travel/escapes/10ahead.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=2006-11-10 |accessdate=2008-01-12 }}</ref>
| emblem =
| yearbook = ''Liber Actorum''
| newspaper = ''The Argo''
| free_label_1 = Head Master Emeritus
| free_1 = Cornelia Kelley-LaCambria
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| testname =
| testaverage =
| National_ranking =
| website =
| nickname = Wolfpack
| footnotes =
| picture =
| image_caption =
| picture2 =
| image_caption2 =
| rival = [[English High School of Boston|Boston English]]
}}
The '''Boston Latin School''' is a [[public education|public]] [[Magnet school|exam school]] founded on [[April 23]] [[1635]], in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], making it the [[List of the oldest public high schools in the United States|oldest public school]] in [[United States|America]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm
|title="History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America"
|work=BLS Web Site
|accessdate=2007-06-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015836/Boston-Latin-School
|title="Boston Latin School"
|work=Encyclopædia Britannica Online
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cityofboston.gov/freedomtrail/firstpublic.asp
|title="First Public School Site and Ben Franklin Statue"
|work=City of Boston web site
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title="Boston Latin School"
|url=http://www.nndb.com/edu/712/000068508/
|work=NNDB}}</ref>
The Public Latin School was a bastion for educating the sons of the [[Boston Brahmin]] elite, enabling the school to claim many influential Bostonians as alumni. Its curriculum follows that of the [[18th century]] Latin-school movement, which holds the [[Classics]] to be the basis of an educated mind. Four years of Latin are mandatory for all pupils that enter the school in 7th grade, three years for those who enter in 9th. In 2007 the school was named one of the top twenty high-schools in the United States by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.usnews.com/sections/education/high-schools
|title="Best High Schools 2008"
|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]
|date=[[November 29]], [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2007/11/29/the-first-class-state.html
|title="The First-Class State—Two examples of how Massachusetts gets it right"
|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]
|date=[[November 29]], [[2007]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:blsoldclass2.jpg|right|thumb|220px|BLS ca. 1935, and a view of a classroom]]
The school's first class was in single figures, but it now has 2,400 pupils drawn from all parts of Boston. It has produced four [[Harvard University|Harvard]] presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the [[Declaration of Independence]]. [[William Lloyd Garrison]], [[Benjamin Franklin]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Benjamin Franklin
|url=http://www.exodusbooks.com/Author.asp?aut=F&author=Franklin%2C+Benjamin&authorID=781&count=0&list=6
|work=Exodus Provisions
}}</ref> and [[Louis Farrakhan]]<ref>{{cite web
|author=John B. Judis
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E4DC1531F93BA2575BC0A960958260
|title="Maximum Leader"
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=[[August 18]], [[1996]]
|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref>
are its most famous [[dropout]]s.

The school was modeled after [[Boston Grammar School]] in Lincolnshire, UK, from where many of Boston's original settlers derived. Current students assert with pride that [[Harvard College]], founded a year later in [[1636]], was created for Boston Latin's first graduates. Whether or not that is true, Boston Latin had been a top feeder school for Harvard, and has consistently sent large numbers of students to Harvard, recently averaging about twenty-five students per year. More than 99% of Boston Latin's approximately 300 annual graduates are accepted by at least one four-year college.

Latin School admitted only male students and teachers from its founding in 1635. For the better part of its history female students attended [[Boston Latin Academy|Girls' Latin School]]. In 1967 Boston Latin school appointed Marie Frisardi Cleary<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407EFDB123BF93AA25756C0A963948260
|author= Marie Frisardi Cleary
|title="The Halls of Boston Latin School"
|date= [[May 19]], [[1985]]
|work=[[New York Times]]}} Letter to the editor.</ref>
and Juanita Ponte<ref>{{cite news
|first=Amanda
|last=Bergeron
|title=Juanita Ponte, 62; taught at Boston Latin
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2007/07/21/juanita_ponte_62_taught_at_boston_latin/
|work=[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]
|date=[[July 21]], [[2007]]
|accessdate=2007-07-21 }}</ref>
as the first two women in its academic faculty. In 1972 Boston Latin admitted its first [[co-educational]] class.

Cornelia Kelley, the school's first female Headmaster, served from 1998 to her retirement in 2007,<ref>{{cite news |first=Tracy |last=Jan |title=Boston Latin headmaster to retire |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2007/02/boston_latin_he.html |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2007-2-14 |accessdate=2007-12-31 }}</ref> after which Lynne Mooney-Teta was selected to become the school's 28th Headmaster. Mooney-Teta is a 1986 graduate of Boston Latin, and was formerly an Assistant Head Master at the school.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/weather/articles/2007/06/26/mayor_issues_heat_alert_for_residents/
|title="Assistant head is named to Latin's top job"
|work=[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]
|date=[[June 26]], [[2007]]
|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>

==Academics==
[[Image:Latin Public School.jpg|thumb|Main entrance]]
Boston Latin's motto is ''Sumus Primi'', Latin for ''we are the first''. This is meant as a [[double entendre]], referring both to the school's date of founding and its academic stature. Boston Latin has a history of pursuing the same standards as elite [[New England]] [[University-preparatory school|prep school]]s while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a [[public school]]. Academically, the school regularly outperforms public schools in rich Boston suburbs, particularly as measured by the yearly [[MCAS]] assessment required of all [[Massachusetts]] [[public schools]]. In 2006, [[Brooklyn Latin School]] was founded in New York City, explicitly modeled on Boston Latin, borrowing much from its curriculum and traditions.<ref>{{cite news
|first= Tracy
|last= Jan
|title= Growing a Boston Latin in Brooklyn
|url= http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/04/growing_a_boston_latin_in_brooklyn/
|work=Boston Globe
|date=[[March 4]], [[2006]]
|accessdate=2007-08-31
}}</ref>

===Admissions===
Admission is determined by a combination of a student's score on the [[Independent School Entrance Examination]] (ISEE) and recent grades, and is limited to residents of Boston proper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.org/doc_content/ISEE%20QUESTIONS.pdf |title=Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about Entrance to Boston Latin School |accessdate=2007-12-31 |format=PDF }}</ref> Although Boston Latin runs from the 7th through the 12th grade, it only admits students into the 7th and 9th grades. Consequently the higher grades have fewer students than the lower grades, as a relatively large number of students transfer out. The school has historically been described as having a sink-or-swim environment, but in recent years there have been notable efforts to create a more supportive atmosphere.

Because it is a high-performing and well-regarded school in a city school system that is among the worst in the state, Boston Latin is usually at the center of controversy concerning its admissions process. Admissions are very competitive, and it is not uncommon for fewer than 20% of applicants to be admitted. Before the [[1997]] school year, Boston Latin set aside a 35% [[Racial quota|quota]] of places in its incoming class for under-represented minorities. The school was forced to drop this policy after a series of lawsuits involving non-minority girls who were not admitted despite ranking higher than admitted minorities.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/csteep/CTESTWEB/blatin/latin.html
|title="The Boston Latin Case"
|work=Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation, and Educational Policy
|accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref>
Boston Latin subsequently defeated a legal effort to do away with its admissions process entirely and conduct admissions by blind lottery. Since 1997, the percentage of under-represented minorities at Boston Latin has fallen from 35% to under 19% in 2005, despite efforts by Boston Latin, the [[Boston Public Schools]], and the Boston Latin School Association to recruit more minority applicants and retain more minority students. Because many of its minority students attend Boston Public Schools whereas a substantial number of its white students come from [[parochial schools]] or [[private schools]], some advocate instituting a quota for the number of students that must be admitted from Boston's public middle schools.

===Curriculum===
[[Declamation]] is the most time-honored of the school's traditions. Pupils in classes VI to III, or from 7th to 10th grade, are required to give an oration in their English class three times during the year. There is also Public Declamation, where pupils from all grades, or classes, are welcomed to try out for the chance to declaim a memorized piece in front of an assembly. During Public Declamation, declaimers are scored on aspects such as "Memorization" "Presentation", and "Voice and Delivery", and those who score well in three of the first four public declamations are given the chance to declaim in front of alumni judges for awards in "Prize Declamation".

In addition to the well-known and time-honored tradition of declamation in English classes, recently the Modern Languages department instituted an annual "World Language Declamation" competition. Once a year, during National Foreign Language Week (usually the first week of March)<ref>http://www.jc.edu/users/stevenso/FLAND/flwk.html</ref>, students from classes V through I (or grades 8 through 12) perform orations in languages other than English. Most students choose to declaim in the modern language they are studying, though some choose Latin, Greek, or their native tongue. Judges are brought in from various institutions around the city, and mark the students in similar categories to those used in Public Declamation. Entrants are categorized by level, rather than language, such that all students declaiming at the first-year level of various languages are competing against each other, all students at the second-year level compete against each other, and so on. Students who regularly perform exceptionally well at World Language Declamation are honored at Prize Night with the Celia Gordon Malkiel Prize<ref>http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:ldJas23gaGEJ:www.bls.org/doc_content/PrizeSchol.pdf+celia+gordon+malkiel&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&client=firefox-a</ref>.

In a move that was controversial among some alumni, the school decided in 2001 to decrease the requirement for students' Latin instruction by one year, starting with the class of 2006.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vaishnav |title=Boston Latin Eases Language Requirement |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2001-4-13 |accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> The mandatory minimum period of Latin instruction was decreased for students admitted for 7th grade from five years to four years, and for students admitted for 9th grade from four years to three years. This decision was made by the head of the school's Latin department, in recognition of the fact that the requirement was hampering students' ability to take enough courses in important modern subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science and modern languages. However, students still retain the ability to study Latin through their sixth year, and many do so, partly in order to maximize the number of AP courses in which they are enrolled.

In a [[1789]] [[Codicil (will)|codicil]] to his will, Benjamin Franklin established a legacy to fund the Franklin Medals, which are awarded to the school's top-ranking pupils at graduation. The second most prestigious awards, the Dixwell Prizes, are given to pupils excelling in Latin or Greek.

==Publications==
There are currently two main publications of the Boston Latin School: ''The Register'' is the school's literary magazine, and ''The Argo'' the school newspaper. [[George Santayana]] founded ''The Register'' in 1881 to serve as the school newspaper. Over the years, however, it evolved into a purely literary magazine, publishing prose and poetry written by members of the student body, as well as artwork. There are generally two editors-in-chief, and it is published twice per year. ''The Argo'', the school's newspaper, is far younger, having been founded after it was clear that the ''Register'' had become a purely literary magazine. As of the 2006–2007 school year, it is published seven times a year. Both the ''Register'' and the ''Argo'' are entirely student-produced, and both have won awards from the New England Scholastic Press Association. <ref>{{cite web
|title="Publications—Argo"
|url=http://bls.org/library/cfml/l3tmpl_archive.cfm?ArchiveID=36
|work=BLS Web Site
|accessdate=2007-06-01
}} Includes scans of first ''Argo'' edition, 1969.
</ref>

The Boston Latin ''Lampoon'', a humor magazine, was published only sporadically, and has not appeared since 2005. A science publication, ''The Catapulta'', was published four times since the Spring of the 2004-2005 school year, and a new edition is planned.

In the 2003–2004 school year, a publication entitled "Plebeians Speak" appeared once. The anonymous pamphlet featured articles that might have been censored from ''The Argo'' for being controversial or inflammatory. Its title referred to its editorial belief that students (and in some cases, teachers) were considered common, insignificant folk by the administration.

==Athletics==
[[Image:BLS_Wolfpack.png|thumb|A wolf's paw is the logo for Boston Latin's athletic teams]]
Boston Latin's teams are known as the Boston Latin Wolfpack; their colors are purple and white.
Boston Latin has played rival [[English High School of Boston|Boston English]] in [[American Football|Football]] every [[Thanksgiving]] since 1887,<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last= Werchadlo |title=It's still defined by Latin and English |url=http://www.boston.com/sports/schools/football/articles/2005/11/24/its_still_defined_by_latin_and_english/?page=full |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2005-11-24 |accessdate=2008-01-29 }}</ref> the [[English/Latin Rivalry|oldest continuous high school rivalry]] in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Dwayne |last= Dahlbeck |title=Latin's first conquest comes at last |url=http://www.boston.com/sports/schools/football/articles/2007/11/23/latins_first_conquest_comes_at_last/ |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2007-11-27 |accessdate=2008-01-29 }}</ref>
Historically, Boston Latin's hockey and volleyball teams, both boys' and girls', have been very good; for the most part, however, titles have been few and far between since the school left the Boston Public Schools league in Division V which it had dominated. Boston Latin now competes in Division II Dual County League against suburban schools with better facilities and greater funding. In 1995, the girls' soccer team won their first game after 11 years of losses.The girl's hockey team won the Division 1 State Championship in 2001 and has won the Dual County League for the past 9 years. In 2001 Boston Latin Girls Tennis won their first ever Division I State Championship. They continued to dominate for the next two years and became the first team to go three seasons undefeated; gaining two more State Championships in both 2002 and 2003.
In 2005 Boston Latin Boys Hockey won the schools first ever boys ice hockey Division II State Championship. Boston Latin defeated the two time defending state champion [[Saugus High School (Massachusetts)| Saugus]] in overtime. This feat was remarkable considering Boston Latin was the first ever exam entrance school to win the State Championship.

Boston Latin School is the only school in the Division II Dual County League that does not charge an Athletics Fee to students who wish to participate, and only has a budget of around two hundred thousand dollars per year, which is about half of what the other Division II DCL schools usually boast. Athletics are funded by the Boston Latin School Alumnae Association, the Boston Latin School Varsity Club, and about half of the funding comes from the Boston Public Schools.

==Extracurricular activities==

===Boston Latin Mock Trial Team===
Boston Latin has participated in the the Mock Trial program sponsored by the Massachusetts Bar Association since the programs' founding in 1987. The team has since won the State Championship twice: the first in 1987 and then again in 2006. BLS went on to rank 24th in the Nationals at Oklahoma City in 2006. The team receives a mock case each year and prepares drafts of openings, directs, crosses and closings for both prosecution and defense. They then compete at regionals in order to advance to the Championship series. In 2006, the team advanced and won the State Championship with the help of three lawyer coaches who were all alumni of BLS: Lauren McDonough, Milo Tumposky and Sean Cronin.

===BLSTV===
The internal television station of Boston Latin School is [http://www.blstv.com BLSTV]; it has been broadcasting since 2003. Every day BLSTV broadcasts the daily bulletin to all of BLS. All of the broadcasters are students, in either their Junior or Senior years. BLSTV also appears at most school events, filming and archiving all of their footage. Many of the producers of BLSTV who have graduated have moved on to college, where they are studying to become film and television producers.

===Boston Latin Theatre Company===
Boston Latin School's Theatre Company produces three to four plays per academic year, including a spring musical. Traditionally, the school also showcases a one-act play in the [[Massachusetts High School Drama Guild]] Festival—the MHSDG productions are entirely student-directed. The 2007 entry, Jordan Harrison's ''Kid Simple: A Radio Play in the Flesh'', advanced to the semi-final level of the festival, while in 2004, the student director was awarded for Excellence in Directing, for Jon Klein's ''Dimly Perceived Threats to the System''. Other BLS entries in the MHSDG Festival include Tristine Skyler's ''The Moonlight Room'' (2006), Craig Lucas' ''Reckless'' (2005), A.R. Gurney's ''The Dining Room'' (2003), Jean-Claude van Itallie's ''T.V.'' (2002) and ''Interview'' (2001), [[Elaine May]]'s ''Adaptation'' (2000), [[Steve Martin]]'s ''WASP'' (1999), Peter Shaffer's ''Black Comedy'' (1998), and ''The Romancers'' (1997). In Winter 2008, the Boston Latin Theatre Company will produce ''Tilt Angel'', which will also be the school's submission for the 2008 MHSDG Festival. In Spring 2008, the company will produce ''[[The Secret Garden (musical)|The Secret Garden]]''.

===Musical arts===
Boston Latin School also has an extensive music program. Introductory, Junior, and Senior Concert Bands, Concert Choirs, and String Orchestras are elective classes (although these grades do not contribute to GPA). After-school musical ensembles include the [[a cappella]] Wolftones and Wolfettes, Football Pep Band, Show Choir, Chamber Choir, Gospel Choir, Big Band, Junior Big Band, Flute Ensemble, and the Honors Orchestra, among others. There are also fully academic music classes (for which grades ''are'' factored into the GPA), such as Introduction to [[Music Theory]], and a very rigorous [[Advanced Placement Program|Advanced Placement]] Music Theory class.

Each year, all of the musical groups display their talents at Boston Latin School's Holiday Concerts and Music Nights. The former is two nights in mid-December and the latter two nights in Spring, where students perform several selections of music that they have been working on for those who wish to attend.

Musical groups from Boston Latin School also perform at the Massachusetts Instrumental & Choral Conductors Association festival in April. In 2006, the Boston Latin School Senior String Orchestra received a gold medal for the second year in a row while the Senior Concert Band and Concert Choir received bronze medals. In 2007, the Senior Strings received a gold medal while the Wind Ensemble received a silver medal. The Boston Latin Big Band has made it to the [[International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE)|International Association for Jazz Education]] State Finals six years in a row and has placed as high as second in the [[Berklee College of Music]] High School Jazz Festival. In 2007, the Big Band won a gold medal at the IAJE state finals.

===Visual arts===

The Boston Latin School visual arts program, while not as extensively funded as the music program, still commands a viable part of the workload. Seventh and eighth grade students are expected to take regular basic art classes, meant as introductions to the visual arts. Older students then have the option of taking an elective arts course, including a regular foundations class and a rigorous two year [[Advanced Placement Program|Advanced Placement]] course designed to prepare students for art college and build portfolios.

The Boston Latin School visual arts program boasts three large 2D art studios, a firing [[kiln]], a computer lab, and a photography lab (although no photography classes are currently available). The program is staffed by two teachers, Mr. Stephen Harris and Mr. Carlos Byron, with additional pottery classes taught after school from alumna Kaitlyn Jolly. The art program hosts an Arts Night, similar to the Music Nights, which is dedicated to the work of students in the Advanced Placement program.

===Junior Classical League===
Since 2000, Boston Latin School has been an active participant on the local, state and national levels of the [[National Junior Classical League]], formed in 1936, fostering a tradition of deeper academic study of the classics, along with creative expression through visual and creative arts. Boston Latin School hosts a [[certamen]] scrimmage (much like a quiz bowl competition) each year in late November or early December, and sends delegates to the State Convention in April, and often the National Convention, which takes places in July or August. In the past years, Boston Latin School's JCL chapter has grown substantially since its founding; Boston Latin School often contributes dedicated certamen players to represent Massachusetts on a national level in certamen.

Recently, the Boston Latin School JCL sent eight delegates to the MassJCL State Convention, held at Barnstable High School. There, the advanced certamen team won 1st place, and the intermediate certamen team won 2nd place. Olivia Schwob won 1st place overall in Art, and Jacob Meister won 1st place overall in Academics; he was elected as MassJCL's 2nd Vice President for the 2007-2008 school year. On a more recent note, the Boston Latin School JCL attended the National Junior Classical League Convention, held in Knoxville, Tennessee, from July 24th to July 29th, 2007. Two Latin School delegates, Olivia Schwob and Jacob Meister, placed 10th and 3rd respectively in overall individual achievement; Olivia Schwob won 5th overall in Art, and Jacob Meister won 3rd place in Academics and creative contests.

===Extracurricular Activities===
There are also many other extra-curricular activities, such as Wolfpack Volunteers, Youth Climate Action Network, Clay Club, Dungeons & Dragons Club, the Gay/Straight Alliance, a Robotics team, many cultural clubs, a ski club and more.

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em;"
|-
! style="background-color: #C9F; font-weight:normal;" |
'''List of Extracurricular Activities at Boston Latin School'''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" |

African Cultural Society,
Amnesty International,
Anime Culture Club,
Aporia Philosophy Club,
Argo (School Newspaper),
Art Club,
Asian Sisters Participating in Reaching Excellence (A.S.P.I.R.E.),
Asian Students in Action (A.S.I.A.),
Ballroom Dancing,
Bible Club,
BLSTV,
Blue Line Club,
Business Society,
Cape Verdian Club,
Caribbean Club,
Catapulta (science publication),
Chess Club,
Child Corps,
Chinese Arts and Crafts,
Chinese Culture and Language Society,
CineMasters,
Classical International Films and Trivia,
Computer Construction and Repair,
Computer Society,
Cooks Who Care,
Cultural Orientation Dance,
Dance Dance Revolution,
Debate Team,
Environmental Club,
Fashion Talent Club,
Fencing Club,
Film Appreciation Society,
French Club,
Gaming, Etc.,
Gay/Straight Alliance,
German Club,
Greek Cultural Society,
Haitian Studies Club,
Hope Through Crafts,
International Performing Arts,
Irish Historical Society,
Italian Club,
Jewish Cultural,
Junior Classical League,
Key Club,
Learntoquestion.com,
''Liber actorum'' (year book),
Mahjong Club,
Martial Arts Club,
MassPep,
Mathcounts,
Mock Trial Team,
Model United Nations,
NSb1 Junior Chapter,
Nu-Trons,
Outdoor Club,
Photography Club,
Photoshop Club,
Piano Players Society,
Premedical Society,
Project Book-Net, Inc.,
Recycling Committee,
Red Cross,
''Register'' (The school literary magazine),
Roots and Shoots,
Russian Culture Club,
Spanish Club,
Supporting Aids Victims Everywhere (S.A.V.E.),
Science Olympiad,
Society, Earth, Animals, Life (SEAL) ,
Ski Club,
Songwriters Club,
Speech Team,
Spoken Word**,
STAND,
Strategy Games,
Student Council,
Table Tennis Society,
Talented and Gifted Hispanic Program (T.A.G.)***,
Theatre Company,
Think Tank of Geopolitics,
Ultimate Frisbee Club,
Vietnamese Student Society,
Walt Disney Club,
Ward Society,
Witeout Project,
Wolfpack Productions,
Wolfpack Volunteers,
Writer's Block,
Writing Club,
Yellow Submarine Improv Troupe,
Young Conservative Leaders of America,
Young Leaders of Color,
Youth Action,
Yu-Gi-Oh Club.

|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''''
|}

== Popular references ==
* In Season 1, Episode 18 of ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'', [[Rob Lowe]]'s character, [[Sam Seaborn]] mentioned Boston Latin School in a discussion of public school reform and school vouchers. He said, “Boston Latin, the oldest public school in America, is still the best secondary school in New England.” [[Mallory O'Brien]] replies "Great, but they're not all Boston Latin and [[Bronx High School of Science|Bronx Science]], Sam."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://communicationsoffice.tripod.com/1-18.txt
| title = West Wing Transcript Archive
| accessdate = 2007-12-22
}}</ref>
* On January 8, 2002, President [[George W. Bush]] visited Boston Latin School after signing the [[No Child Left Behind Act]] earlier that day.<ref>{{cite web
|title="President Bush Speaks in Boston"
|date=2002-01-08
|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/08/se.05.html
|work=CNN.com
}}</ref>
*In Season 1, Episode 12 of ''[[Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip]]'', [[Matthew Perry (actor)|Matthew Perry]]'s character [[Matt Albie]] mentioned that his nephew had a 3.8 GPA at Boston Latin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blsa.org/newsletter_feb07.htm |title=The February 2007 eNewsletter of the Boston Latin School Association |accessdate=2008-01-01 |format= |work=blsa.org }}</ref> While this was portrayed as a top-notch GPA, the school's use of above-4.0 [[GPA|grade point averages]] for its many honors and [[advanced placement|AP]] classes would actually put such a student in the second quarter of his class, and such a student would be unlikely to be a Merit Scholar, as the show claims.

==Alumni==
{{main|List of Boston Latin School alumni}}
Boston Latin has graduated notable Americans in the fields of politics (both local and national), religion, science, journalism, philosophy, and music. Of the 56 men who signed the [[Declaration of Independence]], five were educated at Latin: Adams, Franklin, Hancock, Hooper, and Paine.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ronaldo |last=Rauseo-Ricupero |title=Bush Comes To Boston After Education Victory |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=161263 |work=[[Harvard Crimson]] |date=2002-01-09 |accessdate=2007-12-31 }}</ref> Graduates and students fought in the [[Revolutionary War]], [[American Civil War]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and the [[Vietnam War]], and plaques and statues in the school building honor those who died.

===Hall of Fame===
The Hall of Fame, known casually as "The Wall," refers to the space just below the ceiling in the school's auditorium, where the last names of famous alumni are painted. These names include [[Samuel Adams|Adams]], [[Leonard Bernstein|Bernstein]], [[John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald|Fitzgerald]], [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], [[John Hancock|Hancock]], [[William Hooper|Hooper]], [[Joseph Kennedy|Kennedy]], [[Cotton Mather|Mather]], [[Robert Treat Paine|Paine]], [[Josiah Quincy II|Quincy]], [[George Santayana|Santayana]], [[John Winthrop (1714-1779)|Winthrop]], and many others. The most recent name, [[Wade H. McCree]] Jr., was added to the [[frieze]] in 1999, and the selection of the name involved a conscious effort to choose a graduate of color.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Hill |title=To Place a Black Man in Latin's Pantheon: An Alumnus Quietly Raised to the Star-Studded Frieze |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2000-11-12 |accessdate=2007-12-31 }}</ref> There are no names of female graduates, mostly because females have attended the school for just 34 years and the honor is only bestowed [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]]. Currently there is only space for one more name, and the Head Master enjoys telling incoming students that if they work hard enough, one of their names might end up on "The Wall" some day.

Hall of Fame Alumni can be viewed here: [http://bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_hall_of_fame.cfm Boston Latin School's Hall of Fame]

===Alumni Association===
Boston Latin has benefited enormously from the efforts of the Boston Latin School Association (BLSA), a private charity dedicated to fostering involvement by and donations from the school's substantial alumni base. The BLSA recently completed its major ''Pons Privatus'' (Private Bridge) fund-raising campaign, which raised nearly $37 million in donations from alumni and an additional $20 million in planned gift intentions. At the time, it was the largest fundraising effort in the history of public secondary education. This endowment is mostly supplementary, on top of the roughly $10 million per year in untaxed operating grants the school receives from the [[Boston Public Schools]], which covers most teacher salaries and maintenance. The school also received a $34.6 million multiyear grant in the late 1990s for a major expansion project.<ref>[http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/FY06Budget.pdf Boston Public Schools 2006 Budget]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==
*[[Boston Latin Academy]]
*[[John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science]]
*[[Roxbury Latin School]]

==External links==
*[http://bls.org/ Boston Latin School official website]
*[http://blsa.org/ Boston Latin School Association]
*[http://boston.k12.ma.us/schools/RC612.pdf Boston Public Schools' Profile PDF for the Boston Latin School]
*[http://boston.k12.ma.us/bps/alumni_latin.asp Boston Public Schools' list of notable graduates of the Boston Latin School]
*[http://www.blsarts.org/ Boston Latin School Arts Website]
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03429528 Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, Established in 1635: With an Historical Sketch], Henry Fitch Jenks (1886)

{{Geolinks-US-buildingscale|42.338017|-71.102016}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1630s]]
[[Category:High schools in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1635 establishments]]

[[fr:Boston Latin School]]
[[sv:Boston Latin School]]

Robertsdale (Alabama)

2007-07-17T18:16:43Z

Lissoy:

{{Infobox City
|official_name = Robertsdale, Alabama
|nickname = The Hub of Baldwin County
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Rdale_seal2.gif
|image_map = Baldwin_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Robertsdale_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Alabama|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Alabama]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Charles H. Murphy
|established_title = [[Municipal incorporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = [[1921]]
|area_magnitude =
|TotalArea_sq_mi = 5.5
|area_total = 14.1
|LandArea_sq_mi = 5.5
|area_land = 14.1
|WaterArea_sq_mi = 0
|area_water = 0
|UrbanArea_sq_mi =
|area_urban =
|MetroArea_sq_mi =
|area_metro =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_note =
|population_total = 3782
|population_metro =
|population_urban =
|population_density = 267.4
|population_density_mi2 =
|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|website = http://www.robertsdale.org
|footnotes =
}}

'''Robertsdale''' is a city in [[Baldwin County, Alabama|Baldwin County]], [[Alabama]], [[United States]]. At the [[United States Census 2000|2000 census]] the population was 3,782.

== Nearby Towns ==
1. [[Silverhill, Alabama]]
2. [[Summerdale, Alabama]]
3. [[Loxley, Alabama]]
4. [[Foley, Alabama]]
5. [[Elberta, Alabama]]
6. [[Fairhope, Alabama]]
7. [[Daphne, Alabama]]
8. [[Point Clear, Alabama]]
[[Image:Rdale_welcomesign2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Robertsdale Welcome Sign]]

==History==
The Southern Plantation Corporation of Chicago, Illinois founded Robertsdale in 1905. The city's present location was chosen largely due to the fertile farmland and the fact that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad line had just recently made extensions to Foley, Alabama. The town was named after one of the officials of the Corporation, Dr. B.F. Roberts, and was incorporated in 1921.

==Geography==
Robertsdale is located at 30°33'16.034" North, 87°42'20.038" West (30.554454, -87.705566){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 14.1 [[km²]] (5.5 [[square mile|mi²]]), all land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 3,782 people, 1,444 households, and 1,054 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 267.4/km² (692.6/mi²). There were 1,573 housing units at an average density of 111.2/km² (288.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.26% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 3.31% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.71% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.24% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.42% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.06% from two or more races. 1.93% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 1,444 households out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city the population was spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,194, and the median income for a family was $39,138. Males had a median income of $30,788 versus $19,852 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,510. About 9.8% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Education ==
Robertsdale is a part of the [[Baldwin County Public Schools]] system.

Three elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school serve Robertsdale. A magnet high school is also located in Robertsdale.

=== Local Schools ===
==== Public ====
* Robertsdale High School (9-12)
* South Baldwin Center for Technology (11-12)
* Central Baldwin Middle School (6-8)
* Elsanor Elementary School (K-6)
* Robertsdale Elementary School (K-6)
* Rosinton Elementary School (K-6)
==== Private ====
* Central Christian School (K-12)
* Faith Presbyterian Christian School (K-12)
* St. Patrick Catholic School (K-8)

==External links==
*[http://www.robertsdale.org City of Robertsdale Official Website]
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|30.554454|-87.705566}}

{{Alabama}}

[[Category:Cities in Alabama]]
[[Category:Baldwin County, Alabama]]

[[io:Robertsdale, Alabama]]
[[lmo:Robertsdale, Alabama]]
[[vo:Robertsdale]]

DeMarcus Ware

2007-07-09T20:02:37Z

Lissoy: added cat

{{NFL player
|Image=
|Color=silver
|fontcolor=#000080
|DateOfBirth={{birth date and age|1982|7|31}}
|Birthplace={{flagicon|USA}} [[Auburn, Alabama]]
|College=[[Troy University|Troy]]
|Position=[[Linebacker]]
|DraftedYear=2005
|DraftedRound=1/ Pick 11
|ProBowls=[[2007 Pro Bowl|2007]]
|years=2005-''present''
|teams=[[Dallas Cowboys]]
|NFL=423138}}'''Demarcus Ware''' (born [[July 31]], [[1982]] in [[Auburn, Alabama]]) is an [[American football]] [[linebacker]] for the [[Dallas Cowboys]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]]. He was selected with the 11th overall pick in the [[2005 NFL Draft]] out of [[Troy University|Troy State University]].

==High school career==
Ware attended [[Auburn High School]] (Auburn, Alabama) and was a letterman in football, basketball, baseball, and track. He played basketball for Coach Frank Tolbert, a strong disciplinarian. In football, as a senior, he won All-Area honors, was named the team Most Valuable Wide Receiver, team Most Valuable Linebacker, and the team Most Valuable Leadership honors. He finished his impressive senior season with 7 sacks, and 55 total tackles (40 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles. Fellow Troy alum and current [[New York Giants]] defensive end [[Osi Umenyiora]] attended Auburn High School, as well as current [[Washington Redskins]] [[linebacker]] [[Marcus Washington]]. Ware, along with fellow pro-mates, annually attend a celebrity basketball game held at his High School. The event was started by Marcus Washington, but has since grown into a very successful event that is greatly anticipated each year.

==College career==
Ware attended [[Troy State University]] and was a two time All-Sun Belt Conference selection. As a senior he was the League's Defensive Player of the Year, and was a finalist for the [[Hendricks Award]]. He finished his college career with 27.5 sacks, 195 tackles (57 for losses), 74 quarterback hurries, 10 forced fumbles, 4 fumble recoveries, and 1 interception. His 27.5 sacks rank second in school history for sacks in a career behind [[Charles Pickett]], and his 57 tackles for losses rank first in school history.

==Pro career==
In the [[2005 NFL Draft]], Ware was drafted 11th overall by the Dallas Cowboys, whom would use Ware to be their weakside outside [[linebacker]]. This move would help head coach [[Bill Parcells]] complete the switch from a 4-3 base defense to a 3-4 base defense (see [[American football strategy]]). In his rookie year (2005-06 season), he finished with 58 total tackles, 14 Tackles for losses, 8 sacks, and 3 forced fumbles.

In his rookie season, Ware recorded 3 sacks and 3 forced fumbles in a single game against the Carolina Panthers. Similarly, in 2006 against the Detroit Lions, Ware recorded 3 sacks a forced fumble, and wasn't credited for a much deserving additional half sack. Ware ended the regular season with a team high 11.5 sacks with 71 tackles, a fumble recovery and interception, both returned for a touchdown, along with his first [[Pro Bowl]] nomination.

== Trivia ==
*The senior prom for Auburn High School was held the same day of the 2005 NFL draft in which Ware was taken. Ware can be seen posing with his sister-in-law, Jalisa Smith, and her prom date, Dennareo Gilmore.
*Nicknamed "The Warewolf"

==External links==
* [http://www.demarcusware94.com DeMarcus Ware's Official Website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/demarcusware DeMarcus Ware's Official MySpace]

{{unreferenced|article|date=November 2006}}
[[Category:1982 births|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Living people|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:American football defensive ends|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:American football outside linebackers|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Troy Trojans football players|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys players|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:National Conference Pro Bowl players|Ware, Damarcus]]
[[Category:People from Auburn, Alabama|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Auburn High School people|Ware, Demarcus]]

Howell Heflin

2007-04-22T23:20:01Z

Lissoy: rearranged succession box

{{Infobox Senator | name=Howell Thomas Heflin
| nationality=american
| image name=Howell Heflin.jpg
| jr/sr and state=Senator, [[Alabama]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| term=[[January]] [[1979]]–[[January]] [[1997]]
| preceded=[[John J. Sparkman]]
| succeeded=[[Jeff Sessions]]
| date of birth=[[June 19]], [[1921]]
| place of birth= [[Poulan, Georgia]]
| dead=
| date of death=[[March 29]], [[2005]]
| place of death=[[Sheffield, Alabama]]
| spouse=
| religion=[[Methodist]]
}}
'''Howell Thomas Heflin''' ([[June 19]], [[1921]] – [[March 29]], [[2005]]) was a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Alabama]], and a member of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]].

Although born in [[Poulan, Georgia]], Heflin was the nephew of prominent Alabama politician [[James Thomas Heflin]]. Following graduation from high school, Heflin attended [[Birmingham-Southern College]] (graduated [[1942]]) and the [[University of Alabama]] Law School (graduated [[1948]]). During this time he also served as a [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] officer in [[World War II]] and was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for combat, seeing action on [[Bougainville campaign (1944-45)|Bougainville]] and [[Battle of Guam|Guam]].

He became a law professor, and then became the Chief Justice of the [[Alabama Supreme Court]] from [[1971]] to [[1977]].

In [[1978]], Heflin was elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[United States Senate]] to succeed [[John Sparkman]]. He remained in the Senate, where he rose to become Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics|Select Committee on Ethics]], until [[January 3]], [[1997]]. While on the Ethics Committee, he led the prosecution against fellow Senator [[Howard Cannon]] (D-NV) for violations of Senate rules.

His stances on cultural issues most often reflected the region he was from. He strongly opposed legal [[abortion]] and all [[gun control]] laws. Heflin supported prayer in public schools and opposed extending federal laws against discrimination to homosexuals. He voted in favor of the [[Gulf War]] and against limiting spending on defense. With [[Fritz Hollings]] from [[South Carolina]], he was one of only two Democrats in the Senate to vote against the [[Family and Medical Leave Act]]. He occasionally voted with Republicans on taxes. On other economic issues he was more in sync with the populist wing of his party. He voted against the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), and lawsuit reform measures. He strongly supported affirmative action laws. He memorably voted against the nomination of [[Clarence Thomas]] to the Supreme Court, complaining of his lack of experience and interest.

During his tenure, Heflin was considered to have bi-partisan support if he was nominated for a vacancy on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]]. Nevertheless, Heflin did not wish to serve on the highest court in the United States.

The [[University of Alabama School of Law]] has honored Heflin with the "Howell Heflin Conference Room" in the Bounds Law Library.

==External links==
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/868/000022802/ Howell Heflin profile, NNDB]
*{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-22|url=http://www.thewalkingdead.org/biographiesmission.html
|title=Interview With a Senator and a Marine
|author=Maj Fred H. Allison, USMC
|work=Marines and Corpsmen who served with the 1st Battalion 9th Marines}}
*{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-22
|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000445
|title=Heflin, Howell Thomas (1921 - 2005)
|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
title=[[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Alabama]] |
before=[[J. Ed Livingston]] |
years=1971–1977 |
after=[[C.C. Torbert, Jr.]]
}}
{{U.S. Senator box| before=[[John J. Sparkman]]| state=Alabama| class=2| years=1979–1997| after=[[Jeff Sessions]]| alongside=[[Donald W. Stewart]], [[Jeremiah Denton]], [[Richard Shelby]]}}

{{end box}}

{{AlabamaChiefJustices}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:1921 births|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:2005 deaths|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Birmingham-Southern College people|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Lambda Chi Alpha brothers|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps officers]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Alabama|Heflin, Howell]]

[[pl:Howell Heflin]]

Howell Heflin

2007-04-22T21:27:25Z

Lissoy: added template

{{Infobox Senator | name=Howell Thomas Heflin
| nationality=american
| image name=Howell Heflin.jpg
| jr/sr and state=Senator, [[Alabama]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| term=[[January]] [[1979]]–[[January]] [[1997]]
| preceded=[[John J. Sparkman]]
| succeeded=[[Jeff Sessions]]
| date of birth=[[June 19]], [[1921]]
| place of birth= [[Poulan, Georgia]]
| dead=
| date of death=[[March 29]], [[2005]]
| place of death=[[Sheffield, Alabama]]
| spouse=
| religion=[[Methodist]]
}}
'''Howell Thomas Heflin''' ([[June 19]], [[1921]] – [[March 29]], [[2005]]) was a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Alabama]], and a member of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]].

Although born in [[Poulan, Georgia]], Heflin was the nephew of prominent Alabama politician [[James Thomas Heflin]]. Following graduation from high school, Heflin attended [[Birmingham-Southern College]] (graduated [[1942]]) and the [[University of Alabama]] Law School (graduated [[1948]]). During this time he also served as a [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] officer in [[World War II]] and was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for combat, seeing action on [[Bougainville campaign (1944-45)|Bougainville]] and [[Battle of Guam|Guam]].

He became a law professor, and then became the Chief Justice of the [[Alabama Supreme Court]] from [[1971]] to [[1977]].

In [[1978]], Heflin was elected as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to the [[United States Senate]] to succeed [[John Sparkman]]. He remained in the Senate, where he rose to become Chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics|Select Committee on Ethics]], until [[January 3]], [[1997]]. While on the Ethics Committee, he led the prosecution against fellow Senator [[Howard Cannon]] (D-NV) for violations of Senate rules.

His stances on cultural issues most often reflected the region he was from. He strongly opposed legal [[abortion]] and all [[gun control]] laws. Heflin supported prayer in public schools and opposed extending federal laws against discrimination to homosexuals. He voted in favor of the [[Gulf War]] and against limiting spending on defense. With [[Fritz Hollings]] from [[South Carolina]], he was one of only two Democrats in the Senate to vote against the [[Family and Medical Leave Act]]. He occasionally voted with Republicans on taxes. On other economic issues he was more in sync with the populist wing of his party. He voted against the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), and lawsuit reform measures. He strongly supported affirmative action laws. He memorably voted against the nomination of [[Clarence Thomas]] to the Supreme Court, complaining of his lack of experience and interest.

During his tenure, Heflin was considered to have bi-partisan support if he was nominated for a vacancy on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] by President [[Ronald Reagan]]. Nevertheless, Heflin did not wish to serve on the highest court in the United States.

The [[University of Alabama School of Law]] has honored Heflin with the "Howell Heflin Conference Room" in the Bounds Law Library.

==External links==
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/868/000022802/ Howell Heflin profile, NNDB]
*{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-22|url=http://www.thewalkingdead.org/biographiesmission.html
|title=Interview With a Senator and a Marine
|author=Maj Fred H. Allison, USMC
|work=Marines and Corpsmen who served with the 1st Battalion 9th Marines}}
*{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-22
|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000445
|title=Heflin, Howell Thomas (1921 - 2005)
|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress}}

{{start box}}
{{U.S. Senator box| before=[[John J. Sparkman]]| state=Alabama| class=2| years=1979–1997| after=[[Jeff Sessions]]| alongside=[[Donald W. Stewart]], [[Jeremiah Denton]], [[Richard Shelby]]}}
{{succession box |
title=[[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Alabama]] |
before=[[J. Ed Livingston]] |
years=1971–1977 |
after=[[C.C. Torbert, Jr.]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{AlabamaChiefJustices}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:1921 births|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:2005 deaths|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Birmingham-Southern College people|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Lambda Chi Alpha brothers|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)|Heflin, Howell]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps officers]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Alabama|Heflin, Howell]]

[[pl:Howell Heflin]]

DeMarcus Ware

2006-01-03T00:03:38Z

Lissoy:

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em;"
| colspan="2" |
[[Image:Warewolf.jpg|166px|center|]]
|}

'''Demarcus Ware''' (born [[July 31]], [[1982]] in [[Auburn, Alabama]]) is an [[American football]] [[defensive end]]/[[linebacker]] for the [[Dallas Cowboys]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]]. He was selected with the 11th overall pick in the [[2005 NFL Draft]] out of [[Troy University]].

==High School Career==
At [[Auburn High School]] in Auburn, Alabama, Demarcus Ware won all-area honors as a senior, after garnering 7 sacks, and 55 total tackles (40 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles). He also won the Most Valuable Wide Receiver, Most Valuable Linebacker, and the Most Valuable Leadership honors from his team, and also participated in baseball, basketball, and track. Fellow Troy alum and current [[New York Giants]] defensive end [[Osi Umenyiora]] attended Auburn High School, as well as current [[Washington Redskins]] [[linebacker]] [[Marcus Washington]].

==College Career==
Ware attended Troy State University where he was a two time All-Sun Belt Conference selection, and as a senior was the League's Defensive Player of the Year, and was a finalist for the [[Hendricks Award]]. He finished his college career with 27.5 sacks,195 tackles(57 for losses), 74 quarterback hurries, 10 forced fumbles, 4 fumble recoveries, and 1 interception. His 27.5 sacks rank second in school history for sacks in a career behind [[Charles Pickett]], and his 57 tackles for losses rank first in school history.

{{Amfootbio-stub}}
[[Category:1982 births|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:American football defensive linemen|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Troy Trojans football players|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys players|Ware, Demarcus]]
[[Category:People from Alabama|Ware, Demarcus]]

Vertrag von Cusseta

2005-09-30T03:49:28Z

Lissoy: Article write.

[[Image:Alabama_tribal_land_map_1830.png|250px|thumb|right|Creek land ceded by the Treaty of Cusseta is shaded in blue.]]The '''Treaty of Cusseta''' was a [[treaty]] between the government of the [[United States]] and the [[Creek (people)|Creek Nation]] signed [[March 24]], [[1832]]. The treaty ceded all Creek claims east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the United States.

== Treaty Origins ==

The Treaty of Cusseta was one of several with the "[[Five Civilized Tribes]]", facilitated by the [[Indian Removal Act]], that led to the [[Indian removal|deportation]] of native peoples in the [[Southern United States|South]] to the [[Indian Territory|west]]. Between [[1814]] and [[1830]], Creek lands had been gradually ceded to the United States through treaties such as the [[Treaty of Fort Jackson]] and the [[Treaty of Washington (1826)]] until Creek territory was constrained to a strip in east central [[Alabama]] along the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] border.

Although treaty stipulations prohibited settlement of Creek lands, squatters moving into the territory were common and caused significant friction with tribe members. Tensions eventually resulted in a party of Creek warriors attacking and burning the town of [[Roanoke, Georgia]]. In response, federal officials met with Creek leaders in the Creek village of Cusseta (Kasihta) on the [[Chattahoochee River]] in Georgia. (Cusseta was sited on the current location of Lawson Air Field in [[Fort Benning]].) Using the powers authorized under the [[Indian Removal Act]], the Creeks were compelled to agree to federal terms as outlined in the Treaty of Cusseta. The treaty was later signed in [[Washington, D.C.]].

== Treaty Terms ==

The Treaty of Cusseta required that the Creek nation relinquish all claims to land east of the [[Mississippi River]], including the territory in [[Alabama]]. In return, individual Creeks were to be granted land claims in the former Creek territory. Each of the ninety Creek chiefs was to receive one section (1 mi², 2.6 km²) of land and each Creek family was to receive one half-section (0.5 mi², 1.3 km²) of land of their choosing. Despite the grant of land, the treaty made clear the desire of the United States to remove as many Creeks as possible to the west in the least amount of time, and the United States agreed to pay expenses for Creek emigrants for the first year after being deported. The treaty also called for the United States to make payments to the Creek nation of approximately $350,000 and provide 20 square miles (51 km²) of land to be sold to support Creek orphans.

== Aftermath ==

Once the treaty went into effect, many of the new Creek landowners, not being aware of the value of land, were quickly taken advantage of by settlers who often purchased the treaty-promised land for a pittance. Those Creeks who managed to keep legal title to their lands were soon overwhelmed by squatters, who state and federal officials generally refused to evict. When individual Creeks attempted to enforce their property rights against squatters themselves, they were often retaliated against by the local militia. By [[1835]], the situation became intractable and open conflict broke out once again between Creeks and settlers. The United States government responded by deporting most of the remaining Creeks to the [[Indian Territory]].

== See Also ==
* [[Treaty of Fort Jackson]]
* [[Treaty of Washington (1826)]]
* [[Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]]
* [[Treaty of New Echota]]

== References ==

* Martin, Joel W. (1991). ''Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees' Struggle for a New World''. Boston, Beacon Press. ISBN 0-807054-03-8
* Nunn, Alexander (Ed.) (1983). ''Lee County and Her Forebears''. Montgomery, Ala., Herff Jones. LCCCN 83-081693
* ''[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cre0341.htm Treaty with the Creeks, 1832]''. Retreived September 29, 2005.
* Wright, John Peavy (1969). Glimpses into the past from my Grandfather's Trunk. Alexander City, Ala., Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. LCCCN 74-101331