Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Hari Singh

2013-02-23T14:32:07Z

Linguisticgeek: Reverted edits by 223.29.198.119 (talk) to last version by Ekabhishek

{{otheruses|}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| title = Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
| more =
| image = Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 1925–1961
| predecessor = Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
| suc-type =
| spouse = Tara Devi
| children =
| full Title =
| full name =
| house = [[Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| father = Amar Singh
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}
[[Image:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|right|thumb|Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, Mr. Hari Singh (1895-1961)]]

[[Maharaja]] '''Hari Singh''' (born 21 September 1895 in [[Jammu]]; died 26 April 1961 in [[Bombay]], [[India]]) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]].

He was married four times. With his fourth wife, Maharani Tara Devi (1910–1967), he had one son, [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]].

==Early life==
Hari Singh was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, [[Jammu]], the only surviving son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh (14 January 1864-26 March 1909), the younger son of General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Ranbir Singh]] and the brother of Lieutenant-General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]], the then [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Education and preparation for the throne==
In 1903, Hari Singh served as a [[Page of Honour]] to [[Lord Curzon]] at the grand [[Delhi Durbar]]. At the age of 13, Hari Singh was dispatched to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]]. A year later in 1909, when his father died, the British took a personal interest in his education and appointed Major H.K. Brar as his guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun for military training, imbibing its British upper-crust atmosphere and polishing his English to a high gloss, and by the age of 20 he had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.

He was a victim of a [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html blackmailing plot] in Paris during his education trip to Europe.

== Reign ==
{{npov|date=October 2011}}
[[File:The last Maharaja of Kashmir.jpg|thumb|The last Maharaja of Kashmir]]
Following the death of his uncle, Sir Pratap Singh, in 1925, Sir Hari Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Singh was hostile towards the [[Indian National Congress]], in part because of the close friendship between Kashmiri political activist and socialist [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Nehru]]. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their [[two-nation theory]]. During the [[Second World War]], from 1944-1946 Sir Hari Singh was a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]].

In 1947, after [[India]] gained independence from British rule, Jammu and Kashmir had the option to join either India or Pakistan or to remain independent. He originally maneuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. There was a widespread belief that rulers of the princely states, in deciding to accede to India or Pakistan, should respect the wishes of the population, but few rulers took any steps to consult on such decisions. Jammu and Kashmir was a Muslim majority state, and a mutiny of Muslim regiments in Gilgit followed in October 1947. Hari Singh appealed to [[India]] for help.<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten]</ref> India refused to come to his aid unless he acceded to India.<ref>[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/jammu_kashmir.pdf Jammu and Kashmir: A Backgrounder]{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>

Hari Singh signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on October 26, 1947, acceding the whole of his princely state (including [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]], [[Northern Areas]], [[Ladakh]], [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] and [[Aksai Chin]]) to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>Justice A. S. Anand, ''The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir'' (5th edition, 2006), [http://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C&pg=PA67 page 67]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf Kashmir, Research Paper 04/28 by Paul Bowers, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.], page 46, 2004-03-30</ref> These events triggered the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]].

Pressure from [[Nehru]] and [[Sardar Patel]] eventually compelled Hari Singh to appoint his son and heir, Karan Singh, as Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, although he remained titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished. Hari Singh retired to Bombay (Mumbai), where he died on 26 April 1961 of a heart attack, aged 65. His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') in 1952 and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of the State]] in 1964.

He spent his final days in Kashmir at the [[Hari Niwas Palace]] in Jammu, before shifting to Bombay (now Mumbai) where he died in 1961. <ref>{{cite news |title= J&K power defaulters cocking a snook at CM|url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/123006-jak-power-defaulters-cocking-a-snook-at-cm.html |publisher=Daily Pioneer |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=Feb 16, 2013}}</ref>
===Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh===
[[Image:Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh on the cover of the Civil List.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of the Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh as printed on the Civil List of his government]]
The British Crown is at the top, representing Emperor of India, whose Resident was posted in Kashmir. An unidentified object{{fact|date=October 2011}} is below the crown. Two soldiers are holding two flags. An image of the sun is between them, as the Rajput clan to which Hari Singh belonged claimed to have descended from the sun. The sword crossing the two flags may{{fact|date=October 2011}} signify that the state was conquered by force of arms. The inscription at the bottom needs to be deciphered.{{fact|date=October 2011}}

==Family==
Singh married four times in all:

# Dharampur Rani Sri Lal Kunverba Sahiba; married at [[Rajkot]] 7 May 1913, died during pregnancy in 1915. No issue.
# [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] Rani Sahiba; married at Chamba 8 November 1915, died 31 January 1920. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji Sahiba (1910-19?); married at Dharampur 30 April 1923. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Tara Devi Sahiba of Kangra,(1910–1967); married 1928, separated 1950, one son:

*[[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince), i.e., heir-apparent [[Karan Singh]] (9 March 1931-)

==Titles==
[[Image:Titles of Maharaja Hari singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh.jpg|left|thumb|Titles of Maharaga Hari Singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh on the first page of his Civil List of 1945]]
[[Image:Civillistwiki.jpg|left|thumb|Title page of Civi List(List of civil officers of Hari Singh) 1945 .Interesting for two reasons. (a) Has seal of Maharaja Hari singh at Bottom.(b) On page 30 serial No:5 shows that Molvi Abdul Rahim one of the leaders of the 1931 agitation was appointed as a judge by the Maharaja in 1934.This proves that the agitation was for democratic reforms and not directed against the Maharaja]]
*1895-1916: [[Sri]] Hari Singh
*1916-1918: [[Raja]] Sri Hari Singh
*1918-1922: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] Raja Sri [[Sir]] Hari Singh, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
*1922-1925: Captain Raja Sri Sir Hari Singh, KCIE, [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]]
*1925-1926: Captain [[His Highness]] Shriman Rajrajeshwar [[Maharajadhiraj]] Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], KCIE, KCVO
*1926-1929: [[Colonel]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, KCIE, KCVO
*1929-1933: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCIE]], KCVO
*1933-1935: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCSI]], GCIE, KCVO
*1935-1941: [[Major-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO
*1941-1946: [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO.
*1946-1961: Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, [[GCVO]]

==Honours==
<center>
(ribbon bar, as it would look today; incomplete)

[[File:Ord.Stella.India.jpg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Royal Victorian Order ribbon sm.jpg|100px]]
[[File:India_Service_Medal_BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[Image:Africa Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Med.DelhiDurbar1903.png|100px]]
[[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.png|100px]]

[[Image:GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.png|100px]]
[[Image:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Indian Independence Medal 1947.png|100px]]
[[File:Cavaliere di Gran Croce OCI Kingdom BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|100px]]
</center>

*Delhi Durbar Medal-1903
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1911
*Prince of Wales Visit Medal-1922
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1929 (KCIE-1918)
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]-1930
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1933
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*Hon. [[LL.D]] from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]-1938
*Grand Officer of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]-1938
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[Africa Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*India Service Medal-1945
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO)-1946 (KCVO-1922)
*Indian Independence Medal-1947
{{-}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]
* [[The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html Hari Singh Blackmail case]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh (Son of Maharajah Hari Singh) from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* {{cite web|url=http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm |title=Salutations to Guruji Golwalkar - IV|author=V Sundaram|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081204190403/http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm|archivedate=Dec 4 2008}} The role of Shri Guruji Golwalkar (Sarsanghchalak of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] - RSS)

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir|Dogra Dynasty]]||23 September 1895||26 April 1961}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]](as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1925-1952}}
{{s-aft|after=Monarchy abolished 1952; succeeded by Karan Singh as ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State)}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1952-1961|reason=[[Republic of India|Monarchy abolished in 1952]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Karan Singh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=37725585}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Singh, Hari
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hari}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]

[[cs:Hari Singh]]
[[es:Hari Singh]]
[[it:Hari Singh]]
[[nl:Hari Singh]]
[[pa:ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ]]
[[pl:Hari Singh]]

Hari Singh

2012-04-20T05:29:20Z

Linguisticgeek: /* External links */ commons

{{otheruses|}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| title = Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
| more =
| image = Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 1925–1961
| predecessor =Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
| suc-type =
| spouse = Tara Devi
|children =
| full Title =
| full name =
| house = [[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir
| father = Amar Singh]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature = ‎
}}

[[Image:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, Mr. Hari Singh (1895-1961)]]
[[Image:Titles of Maharaja Hari singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh.jpg|right|thumb|Titles of Maharaga Hari Singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh on the first page of his Civil List of 1945]]

Maharaja '''Hari Singh''' (23 September 1895, [[Jammu]]–26 April 1961, [[Bombay]]) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]].

He was married four times. With his fourth wife, Maharani Tara Devi (1910–1967), he had one son, [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]].

==Early life==
Hari Singh was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, [[Jammu]], the only surviving son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh (14 January 1864-26 March 1909), the younger son of General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Ranbir Singh]] and the brother of Lieutenant-General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Pratap Singh]], the then [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Education and preparation for the throne==
In 1903, Hari Singh served as a [[Page of Honour]] to [[Lord Curzon]] at the grand [[Delhi Durbar]]. At the age of 13, Hari Singh was dispatched to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]]. A year later in 1909, when his father died, the British took a personal interest in his education and appointed Major H.K. Brar as his guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun for military training, imbibing its British upper-crust atmosphere and polishing his English to a high gloss, and by the age of 20 he had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.

He was a victim of [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html blackmailing plot] in Paris during his education trip to Europe.

== Reign ==
{{npov|date=October 2011}}
[[Image:Civillistwiki.jpg|thumb|Title page of Civi List(List of civil officers of Hari Singh) 1945 .Interesting for two reasons. (a) Has seal of Maharaja Hari singh at Bottom.(b) On page 30 serial No:5 shows that Molvi Abdul Rahim one of the leaders of the 1931 agitation was appointed as a judge by the Maharaja in 1934.This proves that the agitation was for democratic reforms and not directed against the Maharaja|right]]
Following the death of his uncle, Sir Pratap Singh, in 1925, Sir Hari Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Singh was hostile towards the [[Indian National Congress]], in part because of the close friendship between Kashmiri political activist and socialist [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Nehru]]. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their [[two-nation theory]]. During the [[Second World War]], from 1944-1946 Sir Hari Singh was a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]].

In 1947, after [[India]] gained independence from British rule, Jammu and Kashmir had the option to join either India or Pakistan or to remain independent. He originally maneuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. There was a widespread belief that rulers of the princely states, in deciding to accede to India or Pakistan, should respect the wishes of the population, but few rulers took any steps to consult on such decisions. Jammu and Kashmir was a Muslim majority state, and a mutiny of Muslim regiments in Gilgit followed in October 1947. Hari Singh appealed to [[India]] for help.<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten]</ref> India refused to come to his aid unless he acceded to India.<ref>[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/jammu_kashmir.pdf Jammu and Kashmir: A Backgrounder]{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>

[[File:The last Maharaja of Kashmir.jpg|thumb|left|The last Maharaja of Kashmir]]
Hari Singh signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on October 26, 1947, acceding the whole of his princely state (including [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]], [[Northern Areas]], [[Ladakh]], [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] and [[Aksai Chin]]) to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>Justice A. S. Anand, ''The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir'' (5th edition, 2006), [http://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C&pg=PA67 page 67]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf Kashmir, Research Paper 04/28 by Paul Bowers, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.], page 46, 2004-03-30</ref> These events triggered the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]].

Pressure from [[Nehru]] and [[Sardar Patel]] eventually compelled Hari Singh to appoint his son and heir, Karan Singh, as Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, although he remained titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished. Hari Singh retired to Bombay (Mumbai), where he died on 26 April 1961 of a heart attack, aged 65. His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') in 1952 and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of the State]] in 1964.

===Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh===
Detail of the Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh as printed on the Civil List of his government is reproduced below:
[[Image:Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh on the cover of the Civil List.jpg|right|thumb|center]]

The British Crown is at the top, representing Emperor of India, whose Resident was posted in Kashmir. An unidentified object{{fact|date=October 2011}} is below the crown. Two soldiers are holding two flags. An image of the sun is between them, as the Rajput clan to which Hari Singh belonged claimed to have descended from the sun. The sword crossing the two flags may{{fact|date=October 2011}} signify that the state was conquered by force of arms. The inscription at the bottom needs to be deciphered.{{fact|date=October 2011}}

==Family==
Singh married four times in all:

# Dharampur Rani Sri Lal Kunverba Sahiba; married at [[Rajkot]] 7 May 1913, died during pregnancy in 1915. No issue.
# [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] Rani Sahiba; married at Chamba 8 November 1915, died 31 January 1920. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji Sahiba (1910-19?); married at Dharampur 30 April 1923. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Tara Devi Sahiba of Kangra,(1910–1967); married 1928, separated 1950, one son:
# [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince), i.e., heir-apparent [[Karan Singh]] (9 March 1931-)

==Titles==
*1895-1916: [[Sri]] Hari Singh
*1916-1918: [[Raja]] Sri Hari Singh
*1918-1922: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] Raja Sri [[Sir]] Hari Singh, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
*1922-1925: Captain Raja Sri Sir Hari Singh, KCIE, [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]]
*1925-1926: Captain [[His Highness]] Shriman Rajrajeshwar [[Maharajadhiraj]] Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], KCIE, KCVO
*1926-1929: [[Colonel]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, KCIE, KCVO
*1929-1933: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCIE]], KCVO
*1933-1935: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCSI]], GCIE, KCVO
*1935-1941: [[Major-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO
*1941-1946: [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO.
*1946-1961: Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, [[GCVO]]

==Honours==
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1903
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1911
*Prince of Wales Visit Medal-1922
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1929 (KCIE-1918)
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]-1930
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1933
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*Hon. [[LL.D]] from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]-1938
*Grand Officer of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]-1938
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[Africa Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*India Service Medal-1945
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO)-1946 (KCVO-1922)
*Indian Independence Medal-1947

==See also==

* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]
* [[The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html Hari Singh Blackmail case]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh (Son of Maharajah Hari Singh) from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [Ref.: http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm The role of Shri Guruji Golwalkar (Sir Sanghachalak of the Rashtreeya Swayamsevak Sangh - R S S)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir|Dogra Dynasty]]||23 September 1895||26 April 1961}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]](as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1925-1952}}
{{s-aft|after=Monarchy abolished 1952; succeeded by Karan Singh as ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State)}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1952-1961|reason=[[Republic of India|Monarchy abolished in 1952]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Karan Singh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Singh, Hari
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hari}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]

[[cs:Hari Singh]]
[[es:Hari Singh]]
[[it:Hari Singh]]
[[nl:Hari Singh]]
[[pa:ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ]]
[[pl:Hari Singh]]

Hari Singh

2012-04-19T18:23:13Z

Linguisticgeek: infobox

{{otheruses|}}
{{Infobox Monarch
| title = Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
| more =
| image = Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 1925–1961
| predecessor =Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
| suc-type =
| spouse = Tara Devi
|children =
| full Title =
| full name =
| house = [[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir
| father = Amar Singh]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature = ‎
}}

[[Image:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1920.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, Mr. Hari Singh (1895-1961)]]
[[Image:Titles of Maharaja Hari singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh.jpg|right|thumb|Titles of Maharaga Hari Singh and Yuvraj Karan Singh on the first page of his Civil List of 1945]]

Maharaja '''Hari Singh''' (23 September 1895, [[Jammu]]–26 April 1961, [[Bombay]]) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]].

He was married four times. With his fourth wife, Maharani Tara Devi (1910–1967), he had one son, [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]].

==Early life==
Hari Singh was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, [[Jammu]], the only surviving son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh (14 January 1864-26 March 1909), the younger son of General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Ranbir Singh]] and the brother of Lieutenant-General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Pratap Singh]], the then [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Education and preparation for the throne==
In 1903, Hari Singh served as a [[Page of Honour]] to [[Lord Curzon]] at the grand [[Delhi Durbar]]. At the age of 13, Hari Singh was dispatched to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]]. A year later in 1909, when his father died, the British took a personal interest in his education and appointed Major H.K. Brar as his guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun for military training, imbibing its British upper-crust atmosphere and polishing his English to a high gloss, and by the age of 20 he had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Jammu and Kashmir state forces.

He was a victim of [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html blackmailing plot] in Paris during his education trip to Europe.

== Reign ==
{{npov|date=October 2011}}
[[Image:Civillistwiki.jpg|thumb|Title page of Civi List(List of civil officers of Hari Singh) 1945 .Interesting for two reasons. (a) Has seal of Maharaja Hari singh at Bottom.(b) On page 30 serial No:5 shows that Molvi Abdul Rahim one of the leaders of the 1931 agitation was appointed as a judge by the Maharaja in 1934.This proves that the agitation was for democratic reforms and not directed against the Maharaja|right]]
Following the death of his uncle, Sir Pratap Singh, in 1925, Sir Hari Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Singh was hostile towards the [[Indian National Congress]], in part because of the close friendship between Kashmiri political activist and socialist [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Nehru]]. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their [[two-nation theory]]. During the [[Second World War]], from 1944-1946 Sir Hari Singh was a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]].

In 1947, after [[India]] gained independence from British rule, Jammu and Kashmir had the option to join either India or Pakistan or to remain independent. He originally maneuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. There was a widespread belief that rulers of the princely states, in deciding to accede to India or Pakistan, should respect the wishes of the population, but few rulers took any steps to consult on such decisions. Jammu and Kashmir was a Muslim majority state, and a mutiny of Muslim regiments in Gilgit followed in October 1947. Hari Singh appealed to [[India]] for help.<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten]</ref> India refused to come to his aid unless he acceded to India.<ref>[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/jammu_kashmir.pdf Jammu and Kashmir: A Backgrounder]{{Dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref>

[[File:The last Maharaja of Kashmir.jpg|thumb|left|The last Maharaja of Kashmir]]
Hari Singh signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on October 26, 1947, acceding the whole of his princely state (including [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]], [[Northern Areas]], [[Ladakh]], [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] and [[Aksai Chin]]) to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>Justice A. S. Anand, ''The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir'' (5th edition, 2006), [http://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C&pg=PA67 page 67]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf Kashmir, Research Paper 04/28 by Paul Bowers, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.], page 46, 2004-03-30</ref> These events triggered the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]].

Pressure from [[Nehru]] and [[Sardar Patel]] eventually compelled Hari Singh to appoint his son and heir, Karan Singh, as Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, although he remained titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished. Hari Singh retired to Bombay (Mumbai), where he died on 26 April 1961 of a heart attack, aged 65. His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') in 1952 and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of the State]] in 1964.

===Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh===
Detail of the Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh as printed on the Civil List of his government is reproduced below:
[[Image:Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh on the cover of the Civil List.jpg|right|thumb|center]]

The British Crown is at the top, representing Emperor of India, whose Resident was posted in Kashmir. An unidentified object{{fact|date=October 2011}} is below the crown. Two soldiers are holding two flags. An image of the sun is between them, as the Rajput clan to which Hari Singh belonged claimed to have descended from the sun. The sword crossing the two flags may{{fact|date=October 2011}} signify that the state was conquered by force of arms. The inscription at the bottom needs to be deciphered.{{fact|date=October 2011}}

==Family==
Singh married four times in all:

# Dharampur Rani Sri Lal Kunverba Sahiba; married at [[Rajkot]] 7 May 1913, died during pregnancy in 1915. No issue.
# [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] Rani Sahiba; married at Chamba 8 November 1915, died 31 January 1920. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji Sahiba (1910-19?); married at Dharampur 30 April 1923. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Tara Devi Sahiba of Kangra,(1910–1967); married 1928, separated 1950, one son:
# [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince), i.e., heir-apparent [[Karan Singh]] (9 March 1931-)

==Titles==
*1895-1916: [[Sri]] Hari Singh
*1916-1918: [[Raja]] Sri Hari Singh
*1918-1922: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] Raja Sri [[Sir]] Hari Singh, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
*1922-1925: Captain Raja Sri Sir Hari Singh, KCIE, [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]]
*1925-1926: Captain [[His Highness]] Shriman Rajrajeshwar [[Maharajadhiraj]] Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], KCIE, KCVO
*1926-1929: [[Colonel]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, KCIE, KCVO
*1929-1933: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCIE]], KCVO
*1933-1935: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCSI]], GCIE, KCVO
*1935-1941: [[Major-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO
*1941-1946: [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO.
*1946-1961: Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, [[GCVO]]

==Honours==
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1903
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1911
*Prince of Wales Visit Medal-1922
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1929 (KCIE-1918)
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]-1930
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1933
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*Hon. [[LL.D]] from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]-1938
*Grand Officer of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]-1938
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[Africa Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*India Service Medal-1945
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO)-1946 (KCVO-1922)
*Indian Independence Medal-1947

==See also==

* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]
* [[The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,728195,00.html Hari Singh Blackmail case]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh (Son of Maharajah Hari Singh) from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [Ref.: http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm The role of Shri Guruji Golwalkar (Sir Sanghachalak of the Rashtreeya Swayamsevak Sangh - R S S)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir|Dogra Dynasty]]||23 September 1895||26 April 1961}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]](as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1925-1952}}
{{s-aft|after=Monarchy abolished 1952; succeeded by Karan Singh as ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State)}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1952-1961|reason=[[Republic of India|Monarchy abolished in 1952]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Karan Singh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Singh, Hari
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1961
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hari}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]

[[cs:Hari Singh]]
[[es:Hari Singh]]
[[it:Hari Singh]]
[[nl:Hari Singh]]
[[pa:ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਹਰੀ ਸਿੰਘ]]
[[pl:Hari Singh]]

John John Florence

2012-04-10T08:43:07Z

Linguisticgeek: Reverted edits by 82.151.40.223 (talk) to last version by Yobot

{{Infobox person
| name = John John florence
| birth_name = John John Florence
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[U.S.A]]
| residence = [[Hale'iwa, Hawai'i]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| other_names = Jon Jon, Two John
| known_for = [[Surfing]]
| occupation = [[Surfing|Surfer]]
| height = 6'0"
| weight = {{convert|168|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}
| parents = John (father) & Alexandra (mother)
| relatives = Nathan, Ivan (brothers); Tyler Florence (half-brother)
}}
'''JJ Florence''' (born 18 October 1992, [[Honolulu, Hawaii]])<ref name=SPTimes>{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Schreiber |title=Sports: Up Close: John John Florence |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/12/02/Sports/Up_Close__John_John_F.shtml |work=Sports Up Close |publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=2 December 2005 |accessdate=2007-09-20 }}</ref><ref name=Stellar>{{cite web |title= Stellar Profile: John John Florence |url=http://www.stellarmag.com/featureProfiles/surfing_john_john_florence |accessdate=2007-09-20 }}</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[surfing|surfer]].

== Life ==
Florence, the oldest of three children, grew up in [[Hale'iwa, Hawai'i|Hale'iwa]], in an ocean-side house at the [[Banzai Pipeline]]. He resides with his mother, Alexandra, and his two younger brothers Nathan and Ivan.<ref name=Lat34>{{cite web |title= John John Florence - Surf - Lat34.com |url=http://www.lat34.com/surf/jon_jon_florence |accessdate=2007-11-19 }}</ref> He was introduced to surfing by Alexandra, who is a surfer herself.<ref name=SPTimes /><ref name=Outside>{{cite web |url=http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/water-activities/surfing/Over-His-Head.html |title=John John Florence - Outside Online |accessdate=2007-11-19 }}</ref> Florence claims he rode a surf board at the age of six months, wearing a life vest on his father John's board;<ref name=SPTimes /> he was riding on his own by the age of five.

== Fame ==
Florence became well known in the winter of late 2005 and early 2006 when he became the youngest ever surfer to compete in the [[Vans Triple Crown of Surfing]].<ref name=Stellar /> He had previously won five amateur awards, the 2003 1st NSSA Nationals Open Mini Grom, the 2005 1st NSSA Nationals Open Boy's, the 2005 NSSA Open Boys and the Explorer Menehune Champion.<ref name=SPTimes /> He did not pass the first round, but he did score higher than [[Shane Dorian]], a professional surfer twenty years Florence's senior.<ref name=Stellar /> Afterwards, Florence said he was "pretty scared" but that he was "happy with how [he] did".<ref>{{cite news |title=Thirteen-Year-Old John John Florence Tackles Huge Haleiwa At Op Pro Haleiwa. - SURF Magazine |url=http://www.transworldsurf.com/surf/news/article/0,,1131781,00.html |publisher=Transworld Surf |date=17 November 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-19 }}</ref>

Surfer [[Kelly Slater]] has said of Florence "John John's going to know the waves on North Shore like no one we've ever seen before."<ref name=SPTimes /> Singer [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]], who grew up in the same town as Florence, said he is "a little unprecedented".<ref name=Lat34 />

Florence's [[signature move]] is getting shacked at pipe, and his worst injury was a broken [[ankle]] after doing a floater in [[Mexico]]. He also enjoys [[skateboarding]], [[snowboarding]] and [[drawing]].<ref name=SPTimes /> In order to stay healthy, Florence only eats natural food, and his favorites are [[salad]] and [[seafood]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

John John won the Vans World Cup of Surfing on December 2, 2011. He is the youngest contestant to have won this prestigious honor. He is well-known among surfers and Oahu residents and now he is starting to shine to the rest of the world.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Florence, John John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 18 October 1992
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], [[U.S.A]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Florence, John John}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hawaii]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American surfers]]

Basketballschiedsrichter

2012-03-02T14:27:48Z

Linguisticgeek: Reverted edits by 82.2.164.89 (talk) to last version by Ankit Maity

{{refimprove|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:Basketball official.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[college basketball]] official from a 2008 game between [[Division II (NCAA)|Division II]] teams [[Lake Superior State University]] and [[Northern Michigan University]]]]
In [[basketball]], an '''official''' is a person who has the responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game. The title of official also applies to the [[Basketball statistics|scorers]] and [[timekeepers]], as well as other personnel that have an active task in maintaining the game. Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to officiate, due to the speed of play and instantaneous judgement required{{cn|date=December 2011}}.

Officials are usually referred to as '''referees''', however generally there is one lead referee and one or two '''umpires''', depending on whether there is a two or three person crew. In the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], the lead official is called the '''crew chief''' and the other two officials are "referees".<ref>[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009-2010)] Rule 2, Section I, a. Retrieved July 26, 2010</ref> In [[International Basketball Federation|FIBA]]-sanctioned play, two-man crews consist of a referee and an umpire, and three-man crews contain a referee and two umpires. Regardless, both classes of officials have equal rights to control almost all aspects of the game. In most cases, the lead official (In FIBA, the referee) performs the [[jump ball]] to begin the contest, though [[NFHS]] and NCAA recently has allowed the referee to designate which official (referee or umpire) shall perform the [[jump ball]].

==Equipment==

In American [[high school]] and [[college basketball]], the officials generally wear black and white striped shirts with black side panels(as pictured above), black pants and black shoes. Some state high school association allow officials to wear grey shirts with black pin strips instead of the black and white striped shirts. [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] officials wear gray shirts with black slacks and black shoes. The NBA shirt is grey with black colored shoulders and sleeves, and the NBA logo above the breast. The [[WNBA]] referee shirt is similar to the NBA referee shirt, except that its shoulder and sleeve colors are orange and the WNBA logo takes the place of the NBA logo. FIBA officials wear a grey (torso) and black (sleeves) official referee shirt, black trousers, black socks and black shoes. Officials in competitions organized by [[ULEB]]—the [[Euroleague]] and [[ULEB Eurocup|Eurocup]]—wear an orange referee shirt. Officials in the [[Israel Basketball Association]] generally wear the [[Euroleague]]'s orange uniform shirt, but on occasion, don a royal blue referee shirt for contests between two Israeli teams. Most officials' slacks are currently belt-less, while most officials' shirts are collar-less, V-neck shirts.

All officials wear a [[whistle]] that is utilized to stop play as a result of a foul or a violation on the court. In all instances of officiating, hand signals are utilized to indicate the nature of the infraction or to administer the game.

In higher levels of college and professional ball, all officials wear a timing device on the belt-line called PTS (Precision Timing System). The device is used by on court officials to start and stop the game clock in a timely manner, rather than waiting for the scoreboard operator (Time keeper) to do so.

== Positions and responsibilities==
[[File:Basketball official positions.svg|thumb|right|A diagram of the relative positions of basketball officials in "three-person" mechanics. The lead official (L) is normally along the baseline of the court. The trail official (T) takes up a position approximately level with the top of the three-point line. The center official (C) stands across the court near the free throw line.]]
The officials must ensure that the game runs smoothly, and this encompasses a variety of different responsibilities, from calling the game to player and spectator management. They also carry a duty of care to the players they officiate and to ensure that the court and all equipment used is in a safe and usable condition. Should there be an issue that inhibits the safe playing of the game, then it is the job of the officials to rectify the problem. Quite often, the job of an official surpasses that of the game at hand, as they must overcome unforeseen situations that may or may not have an influence on the game.

There are two standard methods for officiating a basketball game, either "two-person" or "three-person" mechanics depending on how many officials are available to work the game.
In "two-person" mechanics, each official works either the '''lead''' or the '''trail''' position. The lead position is normally along the baseline of the court, with the trail position having its starting point at the free throw line extended on the left side of the court facing the basket. Officials do change position a lot during the game to cover the area in the best possible way. As the game transitions from one end of the court to the other, the lead becomes the trail and vice versa. Between the two positions, each is responsible for a specific part of the court as well as two each of the side, base or back court lines. Officials change position after certain calls (mostly when the lead official calls a defensive foul). This allows officials to alternate between positions to increase the speed of play; one official will approach the bench whilst another, usually the closest to the bench at that time, will move to occupy his position. This also prevents one official from always working one particular team's basket throughout the course of the game.

In "three-person" mechanics, the court is further divided among three officials, with the lead (baseline) official determining the position of the other two officials. Normally, the lead official will move to the side of the court in which the ball is located (strong side), particularly if there is a "post-up" player in that position. The official that is on the same sideline as the lead official then takes up a position approximately level with the top of the three-point line and becomes the "trail" official, while the third official will stand across the court near the [[free throw]] line in what is called the '''centre''' position. This creates a [[triangle]] coverage of the court. Often, the lead will switch sides of the baseline during a play, requiring the trail to move down to be level with the free-throw line and become the new centre, while the centre will move up and become the trail . As the ball moves to the other end of the court in transition, the lead will become the trail, the trail will become the lead, and the centre official will remain in the centre (unless the new "lead" moves across the baseline to cover the strong side, in which case the centre official and trail would then switch positions.)

== Difficulty ==

Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to officiate. Usually basketball officials have only a brief moment to determine if an infraction has occurred, due to the speed of play of the game and the officials proximity to the action. Especially difficult is the "charge/block" call as to which player is responsible for contact.

Despite the misconception that basketball is a non-contact sport, officials often let a large amount of marginal or incidental contact pass uncalled. An official must always be wary of not just what is happening around the ball, but the roughness of play going on around the whole court, adding to the job of the official.

Further complicating the job of an official is the proximity to the crowds. Unlike football or baseball, the crowd is nearly always located within a few feet of the official, as are coaches and other players on the bench. To combat this, officials are able to remove fans from the arena with an ejection.

== Duties ==
=== Administrative ===

Officials are responsible for a number of administrative actions. These include the [[shot clock]], the game clock, the score, the safety of players on the court and any possible elimination of players, which can occur for a variety of reasons. For instance, if a player meets the limit of the fouls (if they foul an opponent, or violate the rules five or six times, depending on the association (5 in FIBA, 6 in NBA)), the player is disqualified, however is not asked to leave the arena, however should a player be given a disqualifing foul he/ she will be asked to leave the arena.

=== Violations ===

When a violation occurs the action is immediately stopped. These include [[Traveling (basketball)|traveling]], [[Double dribble|illegal dribbles]], out-of-bounds, and other violations. The official is required to blow the whistle and immediately stop play and award the ball over to the opposing team.

===Fouls===
A foul normally occurs when a player physically impedes the action of a player of the opposing team. Examples include blocking, hand-checking, illegal use of the hands and pushing is one of the more discretionary calls. A player may legally gain possession of a rebound over an opponent, provided they do not physically displace them. The proper foul, if one occurs in this situation, is normally a "push foul" for displacing the other rebounder.

If for some reason a player or team member (or in rare cases a spectator) behaves with disorderly or offensive conduct, officials often charge a [[technical foul]] or unsportsmanlike foul against that person. If a player or team member displays further inappropriate behavior, officials may eject the person from the court. This adds to the stress load of the official; these types of fouls often aggravate players and spectators, often resulting in rough play, leading to more technical fouls and/or ejections{{cn|date=December 2011}}. Coaches, particularly in higher levels of basketball, will sometimes intentionally behave inappropriately in order to receive a technical foul, with the aim of "firing-up" players and spectators{{cn|date=December 2011}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{basketball}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Official (Basketball)}}
[[Category:Sports officiating]]
[[Category:Basketball referees|*]]
[[Category:Basketball personnel]]

[[fr:Arbitre (basket-ball)]]
[[it:Arbitro (pallacanestro)]]
[[sv:Basketdomare]]
[[tr:Hakem_(basketbol)]]

John La Farge (Künstler)

2012-02-28T20:12:17Z

Linguisticgeek: Reverted edits by 108.67.185.212 (talk) to last version by Wiki13

{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = #6495ED
| name = John LaFarge
| image = LaFarge1902.jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| caption = John La Farge, 1902
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1835|3|31|}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1910|11|14|1835|3|31|}}
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| field = [[Painting]], [[Stained glass]] art, [[Decorator]], [[Writer]]
| training = [[Mount St. Mary's University]]
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
[[Image:John LaFarge, Angel of Help (North Easton, MA).JPG|thumb|right|Angel of Help, 1886.]]
[[Image:4523 figures of wisdom-small.jpg|thumb|right|''Figure of Wisdom'']]
[[Image:John LaFarge - Angel at the Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|''Angel at the Tomb'', [[Thomas Crane Public Library (Quincy, Massachusetts)]].]]
'''John La Farge''' (March 31, 1835 – November 14, 1910) was an [[United States|American]] painter, muralist, [[stained glass]] window maker, decorator, and writer.

==Biography==
LaFarge was born in [[New York City]] to wealthy French parents and was raised bilingually.<ref name="Columbus Museum of Art p. 26">{{citation |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=Norma J. |title=The American Collections |publisher=[[Columbus Museum of Art]] |year=1988 |isbn=0-8109-1811-0 |page=26}}.</ref> His interest in art began during his studies at [[Mount St. Mary's University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmitsburg.net/archive_list/articles/ce/mount/2003/painting_exhibit.htm|title=Works by Mount Saint Mary's Alumnus to be Featured in Exhibit|publisher=emmitsburg.net|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> and St. John's College (now [[Fordham University]]). He initially intended to study law.

This changed after his first visit to [[Paris]], [[France]] in 1856.<ref name="Columbus Museum of Art p. 26" /> Stimulated by the arts in the city, he studied with [[Thomas Couture]] and became acquainted with notable literary people. LaFarge subsequently studied with the painter [[William Morris Hunt]] in Newport.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=iFf6cB3HGgcC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=%22william+morris+hunt%22+boston+grandson+painter&source=web&ots=LSPW_bt3bt&sig=P4JpdhOt74xzgqnmgOF17WpyqCk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result ''American Paintings and Sculpture at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute,'' by Margaret C. Conrads, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Hudson Hills, 1990, ISBN 1555950507]</ref><ref> The only full-length formal portrait painted by LaFarge was that of Richard Howland Hunt, the young son of the architect [[Richard Morris Hunt]] and nephew of the painter William Morris Hunt.[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1594620]</ref> Even LaFarge's earliest drawings and landscapes done in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], show marked originality, especially in the handling of color values. He was a pioneer in the study of [[Japan]]ese art, which influence is seen in his work.

Between 1859 and 1870, he illustrated [[Alfred Tennyson|Tennyson]]'s ''[[Enoch Arden]]'' and [[Robert Browning]]'s ''[[Men and Women (poetry collection)|Men and Women]]''. Breadth of observation and structural conception, and a vivid imagination and sense of color are shown by his mural decorations.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} His first work in mural painting was done in [[Trinity Church, Boston]], in 1873. Then followed his decorations in the [[Church of the Ascension (New York)|Church of the Ascension]] (the large altarpiece) and [[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)]], [[New York]]. For the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] at St. Paul, he executed at age 71 four great lunettes representing the history of law. He created a similar series based on the theme of Justice for the State Supreme Court building at [[Baltimore, Maryland]].

During his life, LaFarge maintained a studio at 51 West 10th Street in [[Greenwich Village]], which is now part of the site of [[Eugene Lang College]].<ref>Kenneth T. Jackson: ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'': The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 650.</ref> LaFarge painted extensively, recording his extensive travels in Asia and the South Pacific. He visited Japan in 1886, and the [[South Seas]] in 1890 and 1891, in particular spending time and absorbing the culture of [[Tahiti]].<ref name="Columbus Museum of Art p. 26" /> [[Henry Adams]] accompanied him on these trips as a travel companion.<ref name="Columbus Museum of Art p. 26" />

Enjoying an extraordinary knowledge of languages (ancient and modern), literature, and art, by his cultured personality and reflective conversation, he influenced many other people. Though naturally a questioner, he venerated the traditions of religious art, and preserved his [[Catholic]] faith and reverence.

On his death in 1910, John LaFarge was interred in the [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]].

==Stained glass==

La Farge experimented with color problems, especially in the medium of stained glass. He rivaled the beauty of medieval windows and added new resources by inventing opalescent glass and by his original methods of superimposing and welding his materials.

Among his many stained glass works are windows at:
* [[Trinity Church, Boston]] (1877–78)
* [[Biltmore Estate]] in [[Asheville, NC]] (1881)
* [[Church of St. Joseph of Arimathea]] in [[Greenburgh, New York]] (1883)
* [[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]], [[Columbia University]], NYC (1888–99)
* [[First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia]] (1891)
* [[Trinity Episcopal Church]] in [[Buffalo, NY]] (1886–89)
* [[All Saints Episcopal Church (Briarcliff Manor, New York)|All Saints Episcopal Church]], [[Briarcliff Manor, New York]] (1889)
* Edwin Booth as Hamlet, at [[The Church of the Transfiguration]] in New York City (1898)
* [[Mount Vernon Church, Boston]], 1890s<ref>Julie L. Sloan and James L. Yarnall. "Art of an Opaline Mind: The Stained Glass of John La Farge," ''American Art Journal,'' Vol. 24, No. 1/2 (1992)</ref>

==Marriage and children==
He married on October 15, 1860 at Newport, Rhode Island, Margaret Mason Perry, who was born on February 26, 1839 in Newport, Rhode Island, and died on May 2, 1925.

Her father was Christopher Grant Perry, the son of Commodore [[Oliver Hazard Perry]] and Elizabeth Champlin Mason. He was a descendant of Gov. [[Thomas Prence]] (1599 - March 29, 1673) a co-founder of [[Eastham, Massachusetts]], a political leader in both the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies, and governor of Plymouth (1634, 1638, and 1657–1673); and Elder [[William Brewster (pilgrim)]], (c. 1567 - April 10, 1644), the Pilgrim leader and spiritual elder of the [[Plymouth Colony]] and a passenger on the [[Mayflower]].

Her mother was Frances Sergeant, who was the daughter of Chief Justice [[Thomas Sergeant]] and Sarah Bache, the daughter of [[Sarah Franklin Bache]] and [[Richard Bache]]. She was a great-granddaughter of [[Benjamin Franklin]], one of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] and [[Deborah Read]].

His eldest son, Christopher Grant LaFarge, was a partner in the New York-based architectural firm of [[Heins & LaFarge]]. He designed projects in [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts style]], notably the original Byzantine [[Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York|Cathedral of St. John the Divine]], the Yale undergraduate society [[St. Anthony Hall]] (extant 1893-1913) pictured at,<ref>[http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/01_03/popup/landmarks/22.html Yale's Lost Landmarks] at www.yalealumnimagazine.com</ref> and the original Astor Court buildings of the [[Bronx Zoo]].

His son Oliver Hazard Perry LaFarge I became an architect and real estate developer. Part of his career in real estate was in a Seattle partnership with [[Marshall Latham Bond]], Bond & LaFarge. He designed the Perry Building, still standing in the city. Later in life O.H.P. LaFarge designed buildings for General Motors.

[[John LaFarge, Jr.|John LaFarge, Jr., S.J.]], became a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Catholic priest|priest]] and a strong supporter of anti-racist policies.

==Legacy and honors==
* He received the Cross of the [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]] from the [[France|French]] Government.
* He was elected president of [[National Society of Mural Painters]] from 1899 through 1904, and was a member of the principal artistic societies of the United States.
* In 1904, he was one of the first seven artists chosen for membership in the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].

==Veneration==
LaFarge is honored together with [[Ralph Adams Cram]] and [[Richard Upjohn]] with a [[feast day]] on the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)|liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA)]] on December 16.

==Selection of LaFarge's writings==
* ''The American Art of Glass'' (a pamphlet)
* ''Considerations on Painting'' (New York, 1895)
* ''An Artist's Letters from Japan'' (New York, 1897)
* ''The Great Masters'' (New York)
* ''Hokusai: a talk about Japanese painting'' (New York, 1897)
* ''The Higher Life in Art'' (New York, 1908)
* ''One Hundred Great Masterpieces''
* ''The Christian Story in Art''
* ''Letters from the South Seas'' (unpublished)
* ''Correspondence'' (unpublished)

==See also==
{{Portal|Saints}}

==Notes and references==

{{Reflist}}

*Adams, Foster, La Farge, Weinberg, Wren and Yarnell, ''John La Farge'', [[Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)]], NY, NY 1987
*[[Royal Cortissoz|Cortissoz, Royal]], ''John La Farge: A Memoir and a Study'', [[Houghton Mifflin Company]], Boston 1911
* Forbes, David W., "Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941", Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 201-220.
*Gaede, Robert and Robert Kalin, ''Guide to Cleveland Architecture'', Cleveland Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, Cleveland OH 1991
*Kowski, Goldman et al., ''Buffalo Architecture:A Guide'', [[The MIT Press]], Cambridge MA 1981
* {{cite journal |last=Mather, Jr. |first=Frank Jewett |authorlink=Frank Jewett Mather |coauthors= |year=1911 |month=April |title=John La Farge - An Appreciation |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |issue= |pages=14085–14100 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14085|accessdate=2009-07-10 }}
*Waern, Cecilia, ''John La Farge: Artist and Writer'', Seeley and Co. Limited, London 1896

==External links==
*[http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=384 LaFarge Gallery at MuseumSyndicate]
* {{gutenberg author|id=John_La_Farge_(1835-1910)|name=John La Farge}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:John LaFarge, Agathon to Erosanthe.jpg|''Agathon to Erosanthe, Votive Wreath'', 1861
File:John LaFarge, Portrait of Henry James.jpg|''Portrait of the Novelist Henry James'', 1862
File:Wreath of Flowers.JPG|''Wreath of Flowers'', 1866, [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]]
File:John LaFarge, Paradise Valley.jpg|''Paradise Valley'', 1866-8
File:The Golden Age - John La Farge.JPG|''The Golden Age'', 1878, [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]]
File:John LaFarge, Portrait of Faase the Taupo.jpg|''Portrait of Faase, the Taupo of the Fagaloa Bay, Samoa'', 1881
File:John LaFarge, The Great Statue of Amida Buddha at Kamakura.jpg|''The Great Statue of Amida Buddha at Kamakura'', 1886
File:John LaFarge (1835-1910) - 'Kilauea, Looking at Cone of Crater, watercolor, 1890.jpg|''Kilauea, Looking at Cone of Crater'', 1890, [[Honolulu Academy of Arts]]
File:John LaFarge, La Farge John Girls Carrying A Canoe Vaiala In Samoa.jpg|''Girls Carrying a Canoe, Vaiala in Samoa'', 1891
File:John LaFarge - Young Girls Preparing Kava Outside of the Hut Whose Posts Are Decorated wih Flowers.jpg|''Young Girls Preparing Kava Outside of the Hut whose Posts are Decorated with Flowers'', 1891
File:John LaFarge - View in Ceylon near Dambula Looking over Rice Fields.jpg|''View in Ceylon, near Dambula''
File:Brooklyn Museum - Diadem Mountain at Sunset, Tahiti - John La Farge - overall.jpg|''Diadem Mountain at Sunset, Tahiti'' - [[Brooklyn Museum]]
</gallery>

{{Catholic}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lafarge, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 31, 1835
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| DATE OF DEATH = November 14, 1910
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lafarge, John}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:American painters]]
[[Category:American muralists]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Faculty of Art Students League of New York]]
[[Category:Fordham University alumni]]
[[Category:American stained glass artists and manufacturers]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:American saints]]
[[Category:American people of French descent]]
[[Category:Artists from New York City]]

[[es:John LaFarge]]
[[fr:John LaFarge]]
[[pl:John LaFarge]]
[[pt:John LaFarge]]

Reshma Shetty

2010-12-01T12:21:54Z

Linguisticgeek: Reverted edits by 66.108.104.141 (talk) to last version by 75.176.113.167

{{Infobox actor
| name = Reshma Shetty
| image =
| caption = Reshma Shetty at the premiere of Discovery Channel's Life
| birth_name = Reshma Shetty
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|2|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manchester, United Kingdom|Manchester]], [[UK]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Reshma Shetty''' (born November 2, 1977) is a British-born American actress of Indian descent.

==Education==
Shetty was born to [[Bunt_(community)|Bunt]] [[India]]n parents and was raised in [[England]] and [[Richmond, Virginia]].<ref name="canada.com">[http://www.canada.com/cityguides/toronto/story.html?id=f2786304-e83e-4373-9610-472964c2b38d&k=75238 Reshma Shetty's Bollywood musical adventure]</ref> She originally studied [[pre-med]] at [[James Madison University]], but success in vocal competitions prompted her to switch majors and graduate with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[opera|opera performance]].<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Souri
| first = Ranjit
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Desis On Cable: Reshma Shetty and Danny Pudi
| work = India Currents
| publisher =
| date = November 9, 2009
| url = http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=23821dac0d05b3f450fba42258a3e12c
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = December 25, 2009 }}</ref> Shetty received her [[Master of Music]] in [[performance]] from the [[University of Kentucky]] before moving onto the [[University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music|Cincinnati Conservatory of Music]], where she earned her artist diploma in opera in 2005.<ref name="canada.com"/><ref name="royal pains bio">[http://www.usanetwork.com/series/royalpains/theshow/characterprofiles/divya/bio.html# Royal Pains Cast Bio: Reshma Shetty]</ref>

==Career==
Shetty was the female lead in a touring company of the musical ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'' in 2006. Shetty also acted in the [[off-Broadway]] play ''[[Rafta Rafta]]''.<ref name="royal pains bio" /> Shetty is currently a cast member on the American television program ''[[Royal Pains]]'' (airing on [[USA Network]]) portraying a Physician Assistant (PA) named [[Characters in Royal Pains|Divya Katdare]].<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/all-royalpains-shetty-int,0,4052015.story?page=6&track=rss-topicgallery Royal Pains Q&A: Reshma Shetty]</ref> <ref>[http://bollywood.buzzine.com/2010/06/interview-reshma-shetty/ Interview with Reshma Shetty] in ''Buzzine Magazine'' </ref>

She is also a regular guest-panelist on the [[Fox News Channel]] satire show ''[[Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld]]''.

Reshma Shetty is also the face of [[Dove (brand)|Dove]] moisturizer bar in India.

==Personal Life==
Shetty currently resides in [[New York City]] where they shoot parts of her show in as well. Reshma has one younger sister, [[Rashna Shetty]]. Shetty is currently engaged to a fellow actor who starred with her in the broadway production, [[Bombay Dreams]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Steam (film)|Steam]]'' || Niala ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[30 Rock]]'' || Party Attendant || Ep: [[Secrets and Lies (30 Rock)|Secrets and Lies]]
|-
| 2009-Present|| ''[[Royal Pains]]'' || Divya Katdare || Main Cast
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=2439805|name=Reshma Shetty}}
*[http://www.wickedinfo.com/comedians/interview-with-royal-pain%27s-reshma-shetty/ Interview at WickedInfo.com]
*[http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=23821dac0d05b3f450fba42258a3e12c "Desis on Cable: Reshma Shetty and Danny Pudi": Interview in ''India Currents'' magazine by Ranjit Souri, November 2009]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Shetty, Reshma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 2, 1977
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Manchester, United Kingdom|Manchester]], [[UK]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Reshma}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:James Madison University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kentucky alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]

{{actor-stub}}

Benutzerin:Kritzolina/Kamala Surayya

2010-08-30T11:53:58Z

Linguisticgeek: Removed :Category:Malayalam shortstory writers (using HotCat)

{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Kamala Suraiyya (formerly known as Kamala Das)
| image =
| pseudonym = Madhavikkutty|
| birthdate = {{birth date|1934|03|31}}
| birthplace = [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[short story writer]]
| nationality = Indian
| deathdate = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2009|05|31|1934|03|31}}
| deathplace = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[Short story]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| spouse = Madhava Das
| awards = [[Ezhuthachchan Puraskaram]], [[Vayalar Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Asan World Prize]], [[Asian Poetry Prize]], [[Kent Award]]
| website =
}}
'''Kamala Suraiyya''' ([[Malayalam]]: കമലാ സുരയ്യ) a.k.a. '''Madhavikutty''' ([[Malayalam]]: മാധവിക്കുട്ടി) (31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009) was an [[India]]n writer who wrote in [[English (language)|English]] and [[Malayalam]], her native language. Her popularity in [[Kerala]] is based chiefly on her short stories and autobiography.

She openly and honestly discussed and wrote about the sexual desires of Indian women, which made her an [[Iconoclasm|iconoclast]] of her generation.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jul/19inter.htm Interview with Rediff]</ref> On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news
|publisher = The Hindu
|title = PM mourns Kamala Das's death, praises her sensitive poems
|url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200905312123.htm
|date = 31 May 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kamala Das was born in [[Punnayurkulam]], [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], on March 31, 1934, to V. M. Nair, a former managing [[editing|editor]] of the widely-circulated Malayalam daily ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', and [[Balamani Amma|Nalappatt Balamani Amma]], a renowned [[Malayali]] poetess.

She spent her childhood between [[Calcutta]], where her father was employed as a senior officer in the Walford Transport Company that sold [[Bentley]] and [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls Royce]] automobiles, and the Nalappatt ancestral home in [[Punnayurkulam]]. 

Like her mother, Kamala Das also excelled in writing. Her love of poetry began at an early age through the influence of her great uncle, [[Nalappatt Narayana Menon]], a prominent writer. However, she did not start writing professionally until she got married and became a mother.

==Career==
Kamala wished to begin writing, her husband supported her decision to augment the family's income. She would often wait until nightfall after her family had gone to sleep and would write until morning: ''"There was only the kitchen table where I would cut vegetables, and after all the plates and things were cleared, I would sit there and start typing"''. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} This rigorous schedule took its toll upon her health.

She was noted for her many Malayalam short stories as well as many poems written in English. Das was also a [[syndicated columnist]]. She once claimed that
''"poetry does not sell in this country [India]"'', but her forthright columns, which sounded off on everything from women's issues and child care to politics, were popular.

===Writing===
====English====
Das' first book, ''Summer In Calcutta'' was a promising start. She wrote chiefly of love, its betrayal, and the consequent anguish. Ms. Das abandoned the certainties offered by an archaic, and somewhat sterile, aestheticism for an independence of mind and body at a time when Indian women poets were still expected to write about fantasies of eternal, bloodless, unrequited love. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

At the age of 42, she published her autobiography, ''My Story'', which was later translated into many foreign languages. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

====Malayalam====
Kamala Das wrote about a range of topics, often disparate, from the story of poor old servant about the sexual disposition of upper middle class women living near a metropolitan city or in the middle of the ghetto. Some of her better-known stories include ''Pakshiyude Manam'',
''Neypayasam'', ''Thanuppu'', and ''Chandana Marangal''.
She wrote a few novels , among which ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'', which was received favourably by the reading public as well as the critics, stands out.

She travelled extensively to read poetry to Germany's [[University of Duisburg-Essen]], [[University of Bonn]] and [[University of Duisburg]] universities, Adelaide Writer's Festival , [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], [[University of Kingston]], [[Jamaica]], [[Singapore]], and South Bank Festival (London), [[Concordia University (Montreal)|Concordia University]] (Montreal, Canada), etc. Her works are available in French, Spanish, Russian, German and Japanese.

She has also held positions as Vice chairperson in [[Kerala Sahitya Academy]], chairperson in Kerala forestry Board, President of the Kerala Children's Film Society, editor of [[Poet (magazine)|''Poet'' magazine]]<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/31270799.cms Love and longing]</ref> and Poetry editor of [[Illustrated Weekly of India]].

==Conversion to Islam==
She was born in a conservative Hindu [[Nair]] (Nallappattu) family having Royal anscestry,{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} she embraced Islam in 1999 at the age of 65 and assumed the name Kamala Suraiyya. Her conversion was somewhat controversial, among social and literary circles. Later, she said it was not worth it to change one's religion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suresh |last=Kohli |coauthors= |title=Still a rebel writer |work= |page= |date=August 13, 2006 |accessdate=June 23, 2009 |quote="I fell in love with a Muslim after my husband's death. He was kind and generous in the beginning. But I now feel one shouldn't change one's religion. It is not worth it." |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/13/stories/2006081300080500.htm}}</ref>

==Politics==
Though never politically active before, she launched a national political party, '''Lok Seva Party''', aiming asylum to orphaned mothers and promotion of secularism. In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/news535736.html ''Zee News'' article ("Noted writer Kamala Das Suraiya passes away"]</ref>

==Personal life==
Her eldest son, [[M D Nalapat]], is married to a princess from the [[Travancore]] Royal House. He holds the [[UNESCO]] Peace Chair and Professor of [[geopolitics]] at the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]. He was formerly a resident editor of
the ''[[Times of India]]''.

On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in [[Pune]]. Her body was flown to her home state of Kerala. She was buried at the [[Palayam / Cantonment|Palayam]] Juma Masjid at [[Thiruvanathapuram]] with full state honour.<ref>{{cite news
|publisher = The Hindu
|title = Kerala pays tributes to Kamala Surayya
|url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906011831.htm
|date = 1 June 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|publisher = The Hindu
|title = Tributes showered on Kamala Suraiya
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/02/stories/2009060253900400.htm
|date = 2 June 2009
|accessdate = 04-06-2009
}}</ref>

==Awards and other recognitions==
Kamala Das has received many awards for her literary contribution, including:

*Asian Poetry Prize
*Kent Award for English Writing from Asian Countries
*Asan World Prize
*Ezhuthachan Award
*[[Sahitya Academy Award]]
*[[Vayalar Award]]
*[[Kerala Sahitya Academy Award]]
*[[Muttathu Varkey#Muttathu Varkey Awards|Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm Literary Awards - official website of Onformation and Public Relation Department]</ref>

==Bibliography==
===English===
* 1964: The Sirens (Asian Poetry Prize winner)
* 1965: Summer in Calcutta (poetry; Kent's Award winner)
* 1967: The Descendants (poetry)
* 1973: The Old Playhouse and Other Poems (poetry)
* 1976: My Story (autobiography)
* 1977: Alphabet of Lust (novel)
* 1985: The Anamalai Poems (poetry)
* 1992: Padmavati the Harlot and Other Stories (collection of short stories)
* 1996: Only the Soul Knows How to Sing (poetry)
* 2001: Yaa Allah (collection of poems)

===Malayalam===
* 1964: ''Pakshiyude Manam'' (short stories)
* 1966: ''Naricheerukal Parakkumbol'' (short stories)
* 1968: ''Thanuppu'' (short story, Sahitya Academi award)
* 1987: ''Balyakala Smaranakal'' (Childhood Memories)
* 1989: ''Varshangalkku Mumbu'' (Years Before)
* 1990: ''Palayan'' (novel)
* 1991: ''Neypayasam'' (short story)
* 1992: ''Dayarikkurippukal'' (novel)
* 1994: ''Neermathalam Pootha Kalam'' (novel, [[Vayalar Award]])
* 1996: ''Chekkerunna Pakshikal'' (short stories)
* 1998: ''Nashtapetta Neelambari'' (short stories)
* 2005: ''Chandana Marangal'' (Novel)
* 2005: ''Madhavikkuttiyude Unmakkadhakal'' (short stories)2x
* 2005: ''Vandikkalakal'' (novel)

==References==
{{reflist}} 8. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/6643/kamala-ignited-soul.html The Ignited Soul by Shreekumar Varma]

==External links==
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16varsha.htm Varsha Bhosle on Kamala Das' conversion to Islam]
*[http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/writings/other/kamala.htm "From Kamala Das to Dashi: Doing the right thing for wrong reasons?" by Dr Mohammad Omar Farooq]
*[http://www.littlemag.com/family/kamala.html Translation of ''Neypayasam'']
*[http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Das.html Eroticism and feminism in Das' writings]
*[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/06/stories/1306078m.htm The histrionics of Kamala Das]
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200906021241.htm Funeral]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/5446382/Kamala-Suraiyya.html Kamala Suraiyya] - Daily Telegraph obituary

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surayya, Kamala}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam novelists]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:English-language poets from India]]

[[ml:കമല സുറയ്യ]]
[[nl:Kamala Das]]
[[pl:Kamala Das Suraiya]]
[[ta:கமலா தாஸ்]]
[[ur:کملا_داس_ثریا]]

Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed

2010-08-07T09:31:18Z

Linguisticgeek: Adding category :Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan (using HotCat)

'''Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed''', [[Commander of the British Empire|CBE]] [[Deputy Lieutenant|DL]], is currently the Chairman of Alpha Hospital Group, as well as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the London International Hospital. Prior to this, he was the Executive Director & Chief Executive Officer of the [[Cromwell Hospital]] in [[London]]. He hails from [[Lucknow]], [[India]].

He chairs the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council. He is a Board member of the British Muslim Research Centre, and also the Ethnic Minorities Foundation. He is an Executive member of the Maimonides Foundation and a Trustee of [[The Little Foundation]]. Dr Hameed supports various charities and was awarded the Sternberg Award for 2005 for his contribution to further Christian - Muslim - Jewish Relations. He has received several national and international honours from various countries including the [[United Kingdom]]. He is a Governor of International Students House; President of [[The Little Foundation]]; Chairman of [[The Woolf Institute of Abrahamic Faiths]], and is Chairman of the [[Friends of the British Library]].

He is involved with interreligious matters and lectures on this subject.

He was appointed by Her Majesty the Queen as the first Asian High Sheriff of Greater London for the year 2006-2007. This office is 1,000 years old and is the second oldest office in the country after the monarchy.

In February 2007, it was announced by the [[House of Lords Appointments Commission]] that he will be made a [[life peer]] and will sit as a [[Crossbencher]]. The peerage was gazetted on 27 March 2007 as Baron Hameed, of [[Hampstead]] in the [[London Borough of Camden]].
He was also named British Asian of the year 2007.

He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], "third in hierarchy of civilian awards" by the [[Government of India]] in 2009. He was the chief guest at Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas 2010 held in [[New Delhi]].

==References==
*{{cite news|url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/lords/story/0,,2013978,00.html|title=The Guardian | location=London | date=15 February 2007 | accessdate=7 May 2010}}
*{{cite web|url=http://biographies.parliament.uk/parliament/default.asp?id=60127|title=Official parliament.uk biography}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)|Hameed, Khalid]]
[[Category:Living people|Hameed, Khalid]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Hameed, Khalid]]
[[Category:People's peers|Hameed, Khalid]]
[[Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London|Hameed, Khalid]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan]]

Hari Singh

2010-05-21T05:21:27Z

Linguisticgeek: Adding category :Category:Indian Hindus (using HotCat)

{{otheruses|}}

[[Image:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895-1961)]]
Maharaja '''Hari Singh''' (23 September 1895, [[Jammu]]–26 April 1961, [[Mumbai]]) was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]].

He married Maharani Tara Devi (1910-1967), his fourth wife as his first three wives had died young, and had one son, [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]].

==Early life==
Hari Singh was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, [[Jammu]], the only surviving son of General Raja Sir Amar Singh (14 January 1864-26 March 1909), the younger son of General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Ranbir Singh]] and the brother of Lieutenant-General Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir [[Pratap Singh]], the then [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Education and preparation for the throne==
In 1903, Hari Singh served as a [[Page of Honour]] to [[Lord Curzon]] at the grand [[Delhi Durbar]]. At the age of 13, Hari Singh was dispatched to [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]]. A year later in 1909, when his father died, the British took a personal interest in his education and appointed Major H.K. Brar as his guardian. After Mayo College the ruler-in-waiting went to the Imperial Cadet Corps at Dehra Dun for military training, imbibing its British upper-crust atmosphere and polishing his English to a high gloss, and by the age of 20 he had been appointed commander-in-chief of the Jammu and Kashmri state forces.

==Singh's reign==
Following the death of his uncle, Sir Pratap Singh, in 1925, Sir Hari Singh ascended the throne of Jammu and Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

Singh was hostile towards the [[Indian National Congress]], in part because of the close friendship between Kashmiri political activist and socialist [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[Nehru]]. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their [[two-nation theory]]. During the [[Second World War]], from 1944-1946 Sir Hari Singh was a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]].

In 1947 [[India]] gained independence from British rule. Kashmir had the option to join either India or Pakistan. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] . However, following an invasion by Pakistani Armed Forces in October 1947, Singh appealed to [[India]] for help.<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten]</ref> India refused to come to his aid unless he acceded to India.<ref>[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/jammu_kashmir.pdf Jammu and Kashmir: A Backgrounder]</ref> He then signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]] on October 26, 1947 acceding the Jammu and Kashmir princely state (including [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]], [[Northern Areas]], [[Ladakh]], [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] and [[Aksai Chin]]) to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>Justice A. S. Anand, ''The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir'' (5th edition, 2006), [http://books.google.com/books?id=wSXRUwNnMB0C&pg=PA67 page 67]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf Kashmir, Research Paper 04/28 by Paul Bowers, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.], page 46, 2004-03-30</ref>. These events triggered the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]].

In 1951 Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir. Singh retreated to Jammu and eventually left the state, dying on 26 April 1961 at [[Bombay]] after a reign of 35 years, aged 66.

His son [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was elected 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]] of the State in 1964, His Highness Dr. Karan Singh is the present [[Titular ruler|titular]] Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.

==Family==
Singh married four times in all:

# [[Dharampur]] [[Rani]] [[Sri]] Lal Kunverba Sahiba; married at [[Rajkot]] 7 May 1913, died during pregnancy in 1915. No issue.
# [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] [[Rani]] Sahiba; married at Chamba 8 November 1915, died 31 January 1920. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Dhanvant Kunveri Baiji Sahiba (1910-19?); married at Dharampur 30 April 1923. No issue.
# [[Maharani]] Tara Devi Sahiba of Kangra,(1910-1967); married 1928, separated 1950, one son:
#* [[Yuvraj]] (Crown Prince), i.e., heir-apparent [[Karan Singh]] (9 March 1931-)

==Titles==
*1895-1916: [[Sri]] Hari Singh
*1916-1918: [[Raja]] Sri Hari Singh
*1918-1922: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] Raja Sri [[Sir]] Hari Singh, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
*1922-1925: Captain Raja Sri Sir Hari Singh, KCIE, [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]]
*1925-1926: Captain [[His Highness]] Shriman Rajrajeshwar [[Maharajadhiraj]] Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], KCIE, KCVO
*1926-1929: [[Colonel]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, KCIE, KCVO
*1929-1933: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCIE]], KCVO
*1933-1935: Colonel His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, [[GCSI]], GCIE, KCVO
*1935-1941: [[Major-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO
*1941-1946: [[Lieutenant-General]] His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, KCVO
*1946-1961: Lieutenant-General His Highness Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Hari Singh Indar Mahindar Bahadur, Sipar-i-Sultanat, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, GCSI, GCIE, [[GCVO]]

==Honours==
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1903
*Delhi Durbar Medal-1911
*Prince of Wales Visit Medal-1922
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1929 (KCIE-1918)
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]-1930
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1933
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*Hon. [[LL.D]] from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]]-1938
*Grand Officer of the [[Legion d'Honneur]]-1938
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[Africa Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*India Service Medal-1945
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO)-1946 (KCVO-1922)
*Indian Independence Medal-1947

==See also==

* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]
* [[The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh (Son of Maharajah Hari Singh) from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]
* [Ref.: http://newstodaynet.com/2006sud/06jan/1201ss1.htm The role of Shri Guruji Golwalkar (Sir Sanghachalak of the Rashtreeya Swayamsevak Sangh - R S S)]

{{start}}
{{s-hou|[[The Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir|Dogra Dynasty]]||30 September 1895||26 April 1961}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]](as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1925-1949}}
{{s-aft|after=Monarchy abolished 1949; succeeded by [[Republic of India]]}}
{{s-pre|}}
{{s-bef|before=None}}
{{s-tul|title=[[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=1949-1961|reason=[[Republic of India|Monarchy abolished in 1949]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Karan Singh]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hari}}
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

[[cs:Hari Singh]]
[[es:Hari Singh]]
[[it:Hari Singh]]
[[nl:Hari Singh]]
[[pl:Hari Singh]]

Reshma Shetty

2009-10-09T07:01:57Z

Linguisticgeek: Quick-adding category Tulu people (using HotCat)

{{Infobox Actor
| name = Reshma Shetty
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birthdate =
| birthplace =
| deathdate = 
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Reshma Shetty''' (born November 2, 1977) is an actress of [[Asian Indian]] descent who was raised in England and [[Richmond, Virginia]] in the United States.<ref name="canada.com">[http://www.canada.com/cityguides/toronto/story.html?id=f2786304-e83e-4373-9610-472964c2b38d&k=75238 Reshma Shetty's Bollywood musical adventure]</ref>

==Education==
Shetty originally studied pre-med in college, but success in vocal competitions prompted her to switch majors. Shetty received a Masters in Music Performance from the University of Kentucky, then graduated as an opera student from the [[University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music|Cincinnati Conservatory of Music]] in 2005. <ref name="canada.com"/><ref>[http://www.usanetwork.com/series/royalpains/theshow/characterprofiles/divya/bio.html# Royal Pains Cast Bio: Reshma Shetty]</ref>

==Career==
Shetty was the female lead in a touring company of the musical ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'' in 2006. Shetty also acted in the [[off-Broadway]] play ''[[Rafta Rafta]]''.<ref>[http://www.usanetwork.com/series/royalpains/theshow/characterprofiles/divya/bio.html# Royal Pains Cast Bio: Reshma Shetty]</ref> Shetty is currently a cast member on the American television program ''[[Royal Pains]]'' (airing on [[USA Network]]) portraying the character [[Characters in Royal Pains|Divya Katdare]].<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/all-royalpains-shetty-int,0,4052015.story?page=6&track=rss-topicgallery Royal Pains Q&A: Reshma Shetty]</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year || Title || Role || Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Steam (film)|Steam]]'' || Niala ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[30 Rock]]'' || Party Attendant || Ep: [[Secrets and Lies (30 Rock)|Secrets and Lies]]
|-
| 2009-present || ''[[Royal Pains]]'' || Divya Katdare || Main cast
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=2439805|name=Reshma Shetty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Reshma}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Americans of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]

{{actor-stub}}