https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Lexicon Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de] 2025-06-04T04:18:31Z Benutzerbeiträge MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vorlage:Wahldiagramm/Partei/UK&diff=215073578 Vorlage:Wahldiagramm/Partei/UK 2021-08-26T15:28:58Z <p>Lexicon: Correcting Scottish party colours</p> <hr /> <div>{{Vorlage:Wahldiagramm/Partei/Doku/UK}}<br /> <br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch: {{{1|}}}<br /> |SNP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=fef8c2|dunkel=fdf38e|link=[[Scottish National Party|SNP]]}}<br /> |Lab|LAB|Labour = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=ec9194|dunkel=DC241f|link=[[Labour Party|Labour]]}}<br /> |SLP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=ff5481|dunkel=e4003b|link=[[Scottish Labour Party|SLP]]}}<br /> |WLP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=ec9194|dunkel=DC241f|link=[[Welsh Labour Party|WLP]]}}<br /> |Con|CON|Tories = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=96c1e1|dunkel=0087DC|link=[[Conservative Party|Tories]]}}<br /> |SCP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=96c1e1|dunkel=0087DC|link=[[Scottish Conservative Party|SCP]]}}<br /> |WCP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=96c1e1|dunkel=0087DC|link=[[Welsh Conservative Party|WCP]]}}<br /> |LibDem|LIBDEM|LibDems = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=fcdca1|dunkel=FAA61A|link=[[Liberal Democrats|LibDem]]}}<br /> |SLD = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=fcdca1|dunkel=FDBB30|link=[[Scottish Liberal Democrats|SLD]]}}<br /> |WLD = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=fcdca1|dunkel=FDBB30|link=[[Welsh Liberal Democrats|WLD]]}}<br /> |Liberals|LIBS|Liberals = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=fcdca1|dunkel=FAA61A|link=[[Liberal Party|Liberals]]}}<br /> |SGP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=23ff72|dunkel=00b140|link=[[Scottish Green Party|SGP]]}}<br /> |GPNI ={{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=cce0a2|dunkel=99CC33|link=[[Green Party in Northern Ireland|GPNI]]}}<br /> |SSP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=ffcccc|dunkel=ff0000|link=[[Scottish Socialist Party|SSP]]}}<br /> |SSCUP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=e7f5ff|dunkel=87ceff|link=[[Scottish Senior Citizen Unity Party|SSCUP]]}}<br /> |UKIP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=b593bb|dunkel=70147A|link=[[UK Independence Party|UKIP]]}}<br /> |BNP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=cccce8|dunkel=00008B|link=[[British National Party|BNP]]}}<br /> |GPEW|Green|Grüne = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=cce0a2|dunkel=99CC33|link=[[Green Party of England and Wales|Greens]]}}<br /> |WGP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=cce0a2|dunkel=6AB023|link=[[Wales Green Party|WGP]]}}<br /> |RP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=dcb8b8|dunkel=881111|link=[[Referendum Party|RP]]}}<br /> |DUP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=CC927B|dunkel=CC3300|link=[[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]]}}<br /> |SF = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=4DCB89|dunkel=008800|link=[[Sinn Féin|SF]]}}<br /> |SUP|UP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=96c1e1|dunkel=0087DC|link=[[Unionist Party (Schottland)|UP]]}} &lt;!-- dieslben Farben wie die Tories --&gt;<br /> |Plaid|PC = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=86c0a2|dunkel=008142|link=[[Plaid Cymru|Plaid]]}}<br /> |SDLP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=33F588|dunkel=2EA839|link=[[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]]}}<br /> |Resp = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=FFC553|dunkel=FF6600|link=[[Respect – The Unity Coalition|Resp]]}}<br /> |Alliance = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=FFF191|dunkel=FFCC00|link=[[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland|Alliance]]}}<br /> |UUP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=99CCFF|dunkel=9999FF|link=[[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]]}}<br /> |PUP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=257FB4|dunkel=251A5F|link=[[Progressive Unionist Party|PUP]]}}<br /> |UKUP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=1C95F9|dunkel=1C06D0|link=[[UK Unionist Party|UKUP]]}}<br /> |Union = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=97a8cd|dunkel=2536FF|link=[[Unionismus (Irland)|Union]]}}<br /> |TUV = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=8fcad9|dunkel=0095b6|link=[[Traditional Unionist Voice|TUV]]}}<br /> |PBPA = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=e0b7b3|dunkel=960f00|link=[[People Before Profit Alliance|PBPA]]}}<br /> |PBP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=e0b7b3|dunkel=E91D50|link=[[People Before Profit Alliance|PBP]]}}<br /> |YP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=e7f5ff|dunkel=00AEEF|link=[[Yorkshire Party|YP]]}}<br /> |Brexit = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=bdd8e6|dunkel=12b6cf|link=[[Reform UK|Brexit]]}}<br /> |Reform = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=bdd8e6|dunkel=12b6cf|link=[[Reform UK|Reform]]}}<br /> |TIG = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=cccccc|dunkel=000000|link=[[Change UK – The Independent Group|TIG]]}}<br /> |AWP = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=f5b6c9|dunkel=E4194C|link=[[Animal Welfare Party|AWP]]}}<br /> |Abolish = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=e0b7b3|dunkel=990000|link=[[Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party|Abolish]]}}<br /> |Propel = {{#switch: {{{2|}}}|hell=4DCB89|dunkel=0b8e36|link=[[Propel (Partei)|Propel]]}}<br /> |#default={{{1|}}}&lt;span style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;[[Vorlage:Wahldiagramm/Wartung/Kürzel|&lt;nowiki /&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> [[Kategorie:Vorlage:Metadaten Partei|Vereinigtes Konigreich]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Vorlage:Untervorlage]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Vorlage:Vereinigtes Königreich]]</div> Lexicon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schottisches_Parlament&diff=215055645 Schottisches Parlament 2021-08-26T00:07:24Z <p>Lexicon: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt das ''Scots Pairlament'', für das ''Pairlament o Scotland'' siehe [[Parliament of Scotland]].}}<br /> {{Infobox Parlament<br /> |Überschrift = The Scottish Parliament&lt;br /&gt;''Schottisches Parlament''<br /> |Logo = Scottish Parliament Logo.svg<br /> |LogoBeschreibung = <br /> |Foto = Edinburgh Scottish Parliament01 2006-04-29.jpg<br /> |FotoBeschreibung = <br /> |Sitz = [[Holyrood]], [[Edinburgh]]<br /> |Legislaturperiode = 5 Jahre<br /> |Erste Sitzung = <br /> |Abgeordnetenanzahl = 129<br /> |Letzte Wahl = [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2021|6. Mai 2021]]<br /> |Nächste Wahl = <br /> |Vorsitz = Presiding Officer&lt;br /&gt;[[Alison Johnstone]] ([[Scottish Green Party|Green]])<br /> |GrafikSitzverteilung = [[Datei:Scottish-parliament.svg|350px|'''Zusammensetzung des Schottischen Parlaments''']]<br /> |Sitzverteilung =<br /> '''Regierung (64)'''<br /> {{Farblegende|#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SNP|dunkel|UK}}|[[Scottish National Party|SNP]] 64}}<br /> '''Opposition (64)'''<br /> {{Farblegende|#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SCP|dunkel|UK}}|[[Scottish Conservative Party|Tories]] 31}}<br /> {{Farblegende|#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SLP|dunkel|UK}}|[[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]] 22}}<br /> {{Farblegende|#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SGP|dunkel|UK}}|[[Scottish Green Party|Green]] 7}}<br /> {{Farblegende|#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SLD|dunkel|UK}}|[[Scottish Liberal Democrats|LibDems]] 4}}<br /> '''Presiding Officer (1)'''<br /> {{Farblegende|#000000|[[Alison Johnstone|1]]}}<br /> |Webseite = [https://www.parliament.scot/index.aspx www.parliament.scot]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Das '''schottische Parlament''' ([[Englische Sprache|englisch]] ''The Scottish Parliament;'' [[schottisch-gälisch]] ''Pàrlamaid na h-Alba'' – ''Parlament Schottlands''; [[Scots]] ''The Scots Pairlament'') übernimmt die Aufgaben der [[Schottland|schottischen]] [[Legislative]].<br /> <br /> Das ursprüngliche ''[[Parliament of Scotland|Parlament von Schottland]]'' (englisch ''Parliament of Scotland'') wurde 1707 im Rahmen des [[Act of Union 1707|Act of Union]] mit dem englischen Parlament zum [[Britisches Parlament|britischen Parlament]] zusammengelegt. Bereits beim [[Referendum in Schottland 1979]] war eine knappe Mehrheit für eine Einrichtung erreicht worden. Erst 1998 wurde aber nach einem [[Referendum in Schottland 1997|zweiten Referendum]] durch den [[Scotland Act 1998|Scotland Act]] die Grundlage für ein teilweise [[Devolution (Vereinigtes Königreich)|eigenständiges]] schottisches Parlament getroffen. Das neu gewählte Parlament konstituierte sich erstmals am 12. Mai 1999. Die Befugnisse des Parlaments wurden seitdem unter anderem durch die Scotland Acts von 2012 und 2016 mehrfach verändert.<br /> <br /> == Befugnisse ==<br /> Das schottische Parlament hat die Entscheidungsgewalt in den Bereichen, die ihm vom britischen Parlament übertragen wurden, darunter Bildung, Gesundheit, Landwirtschaft und Justiz. Hier kann das Parlament Gesetze erlassen und hat einen begrenzten Spielraum bei der Festlegung von Steuersätzen. Außerdem ist die schottische Exekutive dem Parlament gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig.<br /> Andere Aufgaben wie der komplette Bereich der Außenpolitik werden weiterhin vom britischen Parlament wahrgenommen.<br /> <br /> == Wahlsystem ==<br /> Das Wahlalter liegt seit 2015 bei 16 Jahren.&lt;ref&gt;{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-33173488 |titel=Cut in Scottish voting age passed unanimously |datum=2015-06-18 |zugriff=2016-05-02 |sprache=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Die schottischen Parlamentswahlen waren die ersten im Vereinigten Königreich, bei denen die Sitze nach dem [[Verhältniswahl]]recht vergeben wurden. Vergleichbar mit dem deutschen Wahlsystem hat jeder Wähler zwei Stimmen. Die verteilt er auf einen Direktkandidaten in seinem Wahlkreis und eine Partei. Von den 129 Sitzen werden 73 nach dem [[Mehrheitswahlrecht]] an den Sieger eines Wahlkreises vergeben. Die restlichen 56 werden über das Verhältniswahlrecht aus den acht verschiedenen Wahlregionen bestimmt. Jede Region entsendet dabei sieben Abgeordnete von den Regionallisten der angetretenen Parteien. Kommt es durch dieses System zu [[Überhangmandat]]en, so wird die Sitzanzahl anderer Parteien in der Region gekürzt, um die Anzahl der Abgeordneten konstant zu halten.<br /> <br /> Die acht Wahlregionen sind:<br /> <br /> * [[Central Scotland]]<br /> * [[Glasgow (Wahlregion)|Glasgow]]<br /> * [[Highlands and Islands (Wahlregion)|Highlands and Islands]]<br /> * [[Lothian (Wahlregion)|Lothian]]<br /> * [[Mid Scotland and Fife]]<br /> * [[North East Scotland]]<br /> * [[South Scotland]]<br /> * [[West Scotland]]<br /> <br /> Es gibt 131 Sitze im Plenarsaal. Von den insgesamt 131 Sitzen sind 129 von den gewählten Abgeordneten des Parlaments besetzt, und zwei sind Sitze für die schottischen Justizbeamten, den [[Lord Advocate]] und den [[Solicitor General for Scotland]], die keine gewählten Mitglieder des Parlaments, sondern Mitglieder der [[Schottische Regierung|schottischen Regierung]] sind. Daher können die Justizbeamten an den Plenarsitzungen des Parlaments teilnehmen und sprechen, jedoch nicht abstimmen.<br /> <br /> Alle Abgeordneten wählen einen Presiding Officer, vergleichbar mit dem deutschen [[Bundestagspräsident]]en. Seit Mai 2021 bekleidet [[Alison Johnstone]] diesen Posten.<br /> [[Datei:Flags at the entrance to the Scottish Parliament (Source).webm|alternativtext=Schottisches Parlament|mini|Schottisches Parlament]]<br /> Außerdem wählt das Parlament den [[First Minister (Schottland)|First Minister]], Kopf der [[Exekutive]] und von seiner Aufgabe den deutschen [[Ministerpräsident]]en sehr ähnlich. First Minister ist seit November 2014 [[Nicola Sturgeon]]. Obwohl es nach der Verfassung die Aufgabe des Parlaments ist, die weiteren Minister zu bestimmen, ist es in der Realität so, dass sie vom First Minister ausgewählt werden.<br /> <br /> == Parlamentsgebäude ==<br /> Seit September 2004 ist der Sitz des Parlaments im neuen Parlamentsgebäude in Holyrood, einem Stadtteil von [[Edinburgh]], direkt gegenüber von [[Holyrood Palace]], der offiziellen Residenz der Königin in Schottland. Der Entwurf stammt vom [[Katalonien|katalanischen]] Architekten [[Enric Miralles]]. Es wird durch sein markantes Dach in Form eines umgedrehten Schiffes geprägt. Eröffnet wurde es am 9. Oktober 2004 von Königin [[Elisabeth II.]]<br /> <br /> In der Zeit vor der Fertigstellung tagte das Parlament in der ''General Assembly Hall'' der [[Church of Scotland]] in Edinburgh. Offizielle Medientermine wurden meist im benachbarten Hof der zur [[Universität Edinburgh]] gehörenden Theologieschule abgehalten. Heute werden solche Veranstaltungen im Gartenbereich des neuen Parlamentsgebäudes abgehalten. Es wird behauptet, dies sei der Ort, an dem sich die echte Politik abspiele.<br /> <br /> {{Panorama|Scottish Parliament01 2005-11-13.jpg|600|Innenansicht des schottischen Parlaments}}<br /> <br /> Mitte Oktober 2005 gewann der Parlamentsneubau den ''Stirling Prize'', den renommierten Architekturpreis des ''Royal Institute of British Architects''. Dieser jährlich verliehene Preis gilt als die höchste Auszeichnung für zeitgenössische britische Architektur.<br /> <br /> == Geschichte ==<br /> Bis zum [[Act of Union 1707]] war das schottische Parlament mit Sitz in [[Parliament House (Edinburgh)]] die Legislative des unabhängigen Staates Schottland, dessen Monarch seit 1603 auch [[Geschichte Schottlands#Personalunion, schottische Revolution und Bürgerkrieg (1603–1660)|König Englands]] war. In den Verhandlungen zur Vereinigung mit England wollten die Schotten die Einrichtung eines schottischen Regionalparlaments durchsetzen. Die Engländer lehnten dies jedoch ab. In den nächsten 300 Jahren blieb Schottland ohne eigenes Parlament, obwohl zahlreiche Vorschläge für ein Regionalparlament gemacht wurden.<br /> <br /> Seit den späten 1960ern kam es zu einem erneuten Aufflammen des schottischen Nationalgefühls. Ausgelöst wurde dies durch [[Erdöl|Ölfunde]] in der [[Nordsee]]. Schottische Nationalisten waren der Ansicht, dass Schottland nicht im ausreichenden Maße von den Ölgeldern profitieren würde.<br /> <br /> 1979 wurde im [[Referendum in Schottland 1979|devolution referendum in Scotland]] über die Errichtung eines Regionalparlaments abgestimmt. Zwar stimmte eine knappe Mehrheit der Wahlteilnehmer für das Referendum, die erforderliche Anzahl von Ja-Stimmen von 40 % aller Wahlberechtigten wurde aber verfehlt. Daher scheiterte das Referendum, was von Anhängern mit der Kampagne ''Scotland said “yes”'' kritisiert wurde.<br /> <br /> [[Datei:The Queen at the Scottish Parliament.jpg|mini|Parlamentseröffnung 2011 in Anwesenheit Elisabeths II.]]<br /> In den 1980er und 1990er Jahren stieg der Wunsch nach einer teilweisen Unabhängigkeit unter den [[Conservative Party|konservativen]] Regierungen von [[Margaret Thatcher]] und [[John Major]] weiter an. Dies lässt sich durch die geringe Anzahl an schottischen Abgeordneten in der konservativen Partei und den damit verbundenen schwachen Einfluss auf die Regierung erklären. 1997 gewann die [[Labour Party]] mit [[Tony Blair]] die Wahl. Da Labour die Dezentralisierung unterstützte, wurde im September 1997 ein Referendum abgehalten, das eine breite Mehrheit für ein Regionalparlament brachte. Nach der Wahl vom 6. Mai 1999 fand am 12. Mai 1999 die konstituierende Plenarsitzung statt; nach der Eidesleistung aller Abgeordneter machte [[Winnie Ewing]] (''[[Highlands and Islands]]'', [[Scottish National Party]]), der als lebensältestem Mitglied des Parlaments die Sitzungsleitung vor der Wahl des ''Presiding Officers'' oblag, folgende Bemerkung:<br /> <br /> {{Zitat<br /> |Text=The Scottish Parliament, which adjourned<br /> on 25 March 1707, is hereby reconvened.<br /> |Autor=Winnie Ewing<br /> |Quelle=Official Report<br /> |Übersetzung=Das schottische Parlament, das sich am 25. März 1707 vertagte, ist hiermit wieder zusammengetreten.<br /> |ref=&lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.scot/api/sitecore/CustomMedia/OfficialReport?meetingId=4160&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Dem neuen Parlament wurden vom britischen Parlament am 1. Juli 1999 seine neuen Rechte übertragen. Bei der Eröffnung sang Sheena Wellington [[Robert Burns]] ''[[A Man’s a Man for A’ That]],'' was in Deutschland als [[Trotz alledem]] übersetzt und bekannt wurde. Der anwesenden Königin [[Elisabeth II.]] wurde die [[Schottische Kronjuwelen|Schottische Königskrone]] vorausgetragen, was seither bei den Parlamentseröffnungen zu Beginn jeder Legislaturperiode geschieht.<br /> <br /> Die Parlamentswahl 2015 wurde mit dem [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]] vom Mai 2015 auf Mai 2016 verschoben, da die britische Regierung für das britische Unterhaus eine fünfjährige Legislaturperiode eingeführt hatte und dadurch die [[Britische Unterhauswahlen 2015|britischen Unterhauswahlen 2015]] stattfanden.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/may/12/fixed-five-year-parliamentary-term ''Fixed five-year parliamentary term will tie both leaders’ hands''] In: ''[[The Guardian]]'' vom 13. Mai 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bisherige Wahlen ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Partei !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 1999|1999]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2003|2003]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2007|2007]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2011|2011]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2016|2016]] !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Parlamentswahl in Schottland 2021|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SNP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish National Party]] || 27,3 % || {{0}}35 || 20,9 % || {{0}}27 || 31,0 % || {{0}}47 || 44,0 % || {{0}}69 || 41,7 % || {{0}}63 || 40,3 % || {{0}}64<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|Tories|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Conservative Party|Scottish Conservative &amp; Unionist Party]] || 15,4 % || {{0}}18 || 15,5 % || {{0}}18 || 13,9 % || {{0}}17 || 12,4 % || {{0}}15 || 22,9 % || {{0}}31 || 23,5 % || {{0}}31<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|Labour|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Labour Party]] || 33,6 % || {{0}}56 || 29,3 % || {{0}}50 || 29,2 % || {{0}}46 || 26,3 % || {{0}}37 || 19,1 % || {{0}}24 || 17,9 % || {{0}}22<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background: #{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SGP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Green Party]] || {{0}}3,6 % || {{0|00}}1 || {{0}}6,9 % || {{0|00}}7 || {{0}}4,0 % || {{0|00}}2 || {{0}}4,4 % || {{0|00}}2 || {{0}}6,6 % || {{0|00}}6 || {{0}}8,1 % || {{0|00}}8<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|LibDem|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]] || 12,4 % || {{0}}17 || 11,8 % || {{0}}17 || 11,3 % || {{0}}16 || {{0}}5,2 % || {{0|00}}5 || {{0}}5,2 % || {{0|00}}5 || {{0}}5,1 % || {{0|00}}4<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#005EB8;&quot;|<br /> | [[Alba Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,7 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#2C5781;&quot;|<br /> | [[All For Unity]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,9 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#309;&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Family Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,6 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#008080;&quot;|<br /> | [[Independent Green Voice]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,4 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#1E8EFE;&quot;|<br /> | [[Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,3 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#CC1280;&quot;|<br /> | [[Freedom Alliance]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,2 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|Reform|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Reform UK]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,2 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#F0DC83&quot; |<br /> | [[Scottish Libertarian Party|Libertarian]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,2 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|UKIP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[UK Independence Party|UKIP]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,4 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,9 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}2,0 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#a22f32;&quot; |<br /> | [[Solidarity – Scotland's Socialist Movement|Solidarity]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,5 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,6 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#9966CC;&quot; |<br /> | [[Scottish Christian Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,3 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,8 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,5 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SSP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Socialist Party]] || {{0}}2,0 % || {{0|00}}1 || {{0}}6,7 % || {{0|00}}6 || {{0}}0,6 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,4 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SSCUP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[Scottish Senior Citizen Unity Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,5 % || {{0|00}}1 || {{0}}1,9 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,7 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#EE1C25;&quot; |<br /> | [[Socialist Labour Party (1996)|Socialist Labour Party]] || {{0}}2,4 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,7 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,9 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|BNP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | [[British National Party]] || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,2 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,8 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|Sonst.|dunkel|UK}};&quot;|<br /> | Unabhängige || || {{0|00}}1 || || {{0|00}}3 || || {{0|00}}1 || || {{0|00}}1 || ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#000000&quot;|<br /> | Andere || {{0}}3,3 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}6,2 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}3,0 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}2,1 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}1,3 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| – || {{0}}0,3 % ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| –<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''Gesamt''' || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|– ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 129 || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|– ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 129 || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|– ||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 129 || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|–||style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 129 || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|– || 129 || style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|– || 129<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Sitzverteilung seit 1999 ==<br /> &lt;timeline&gt;<br /> # Farben definieren<br /> Colors=<br /> id:SNP value:rgb(1,0.97,0.53) legend:Scottish_National_Party<br /> id:SGP value:rgb(0.38,0.64,0.22) legend:Scottish_Green_Party<br /> id:SLP value:rgb(0.89,0,0.23) legend:Scottish_Labour_Party<br /> id:SLD value:rgb(0.98,0.65,0.10) legend:Scottish_Liberal_Democrats<br /> id:SCP value:rgb(0,0.53,0.86) legend:Scottish_Conservative_Party<br /> id:SSP value:rgb(1,0,0) legend:Scottish_Socialist_Party<br /> id:SSCUP value:rgb(0.8,0.4,0.8) legend:Scottish_Senior_Citizen_Unity_Party<br /> id:Unabh. value:rgb(0.86,0.86,0.86) legend:Unabhängige<br /> id:grau value:gray(0.8)<br /> <br /> # Balken gestalten<br /> <br /> ImageSize = width:900 height:300 # * Größe des Gesamtbildes<br /> PlotArea = left:80 right:10 top:30 bottom:140 # * Plotfläche für Timeline durch Ränder definiert<br /> Legend = columns:4 left:30 top:100 columnwidth:200<br /> Period = from:0 till:129 # von .. bis ..<br /> <br /> TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal # Zeitachse horizontal<br /> Alignbars = late<br /> ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:0 # Grobskalierung 10<br /> ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:0 gridcolor:grau<br /> <br /> BarData = # Wahljahre <br /> bar: 1999 text:&quot;1999&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 text:&quot;2003&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 text:&quot;2007&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 text:&quot;2011&quot;<br /> bar: 2016 text:&quot;2016&quot;<br /> bar: 2021 text:&quot;2021&quot;<br /> <br /> PlotData = # Daten für die Einzelbalken<br /> shift:(-3,-4) fontsize:M textcolor:white width:18<br /> <br /> bar: 1999 from:0 till:35 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;35&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:35 till:36 color:SGP text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:36 till:37 color:SSP text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:37 till:38 color:Unabh. text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:38 till:55 color:SLD text:&quot;17&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:55 till:111 color:SLP text:&quot;56&quot;<br /> bar: 1999 from:111 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;18&quot;<br /> <br /> bar: 2003 from:0 till:27 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;27&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:27 till:34 color:SGP text:&quot;7&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:34 till:40 color:SSP text:&quot;6&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:40 till:41 color:SSCUP text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:41 till:44 color:Unabh. text:&quot;3&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:44 till:61 color:SLD text:&quot;17&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:61 till:111 color:SLP text:&quot;50&quot;<br /> bar: 2003 from:111 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;18&quot;<br /> <br /> bar: 2007 from:0 till:47 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;47&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 from:47 till:49 color:SGP text:&quot;2&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 from:49 till:50 color:Unabh. text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 from:50 till:66 color:SLD text:&quot;16&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 from:66 till:112 color:SLP text:&quot;46&quot;<br /> bar: 2007 from:112 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;17&quot;<br /> <br /> bar: 2011 from:0 till:69 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;69&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 from:69 till:71 color:SGP text:&quot;2&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 from:71 till:72 color:Unabh. text:&quot;1&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 from:72 till:77 color:SLD text:&quot;5&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 from:77 till:114 color:SLP text:&quot;37&quot;<br /> bar: 2011 from:114 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;15&quot;<br /> <br /> bar: 2016 from:0 till:63 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;63&quot;<br /> bar: 2016 from:63 till:69 color:SGP text:&quot;6&quot;<br /> bar: 2016 from:69 till:74 color:SLD text:&quot;5&quot;<br /> bar: 2016 from:74 till:98 color:SLP text:&quot;24&quot;<br /> bar: 2016 from:98 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;31&quot;<br /> <br /> bar: 2021 from:0 till:64 color:SNP textcolor:black text:&quot;64&quot;<br /> bar: 2021 from:64 till:72 color:SGP text:&quot;8&quot;<br /> bar: 2021 from:72 till:76 color:SLD text:&quot;4&quot;<br /> bar: 2021 from:76 till:98 color:SLP text:&quot;22&quot;<br /> bar: 2021 from:98 till:129 color:SCP text:&quot;31&quot;<br /> &lt;/timeline&gt;<br /> == Presiding Officer ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Bild !! Amtszeit (Beginn) !! Amtszeit (Ende) !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Partei vor der Amtszeit&lt;br/&gt;(unparteiisch während der Amtszeit)<br /> |-<br /> | [[David Steel]] || [[Datei:Official portrait of The Lord Steel of Aikwood.jpg|60px]] || 12. Mai 1999 || 7. Mai 2003 || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SLD|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| ||[[Scottish Liberal Democrats]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[George Reid (Politiker, 1939)|George Reid]] || [[Datei:George reid msp.jpg|60px]] || 7. Mai 2003 || 14. Mai 2007 || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SNP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| || [[Scottish National Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alex Fergusson (Politiker)|Alex Fergusson]] || [[Datei:AlexFergussonMSP20110511.jpg|60px]] || 14. Mai 2007 || 11. Mai 2011 || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SCP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| || [[Scottish Conservative Party|Scottish Conservative &amp; Unionist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tricia Marwick]] || [[Datei:TriciaMarwickMSP20110517.jpg|60px]] || 11. Mai 2011 || 12. Mai 2016 || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SNP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| || [[Scottish National Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kenneth Macintosh|Ken Macintosh]] || [[Datei:KenMacintoshMSP.jpg|60px]] || 12. Mai 2016 || 13. Mai 2021 || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SLP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| || [[Scottish Labour Party]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Alison Johnstone]] || [[Datei:Alison Johnstone MSP.jpg|60px]] || 13. Mai 2021 || || style=&quot;background:#{{Wahldiagramm/Partei|SGP|dunkel|UK}};&quot;| ||[[Scottish Green Party]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> {{Commonscat|Scottish Parliament|Schottisches Parlament}}<br /> * [https://www.parliament.scot/index.aspx Offizielle Website] (englisch)<br /> * [https://www.parliament.scot/help/48472.aspx Kurze deutschsprachige Selbstdarstellung]<br /> <br /> == Einzelnachweise ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Navigationsleiste Legislative im Vereinigten Königreich}}<br /> <br /> {{Normdaten|TYP=k|GND=14522-1|VIAF=143660875}}<br /> <br /> [[Kategorie:Parlament (Europa)|Schottland]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Schottisches Parlament| ]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Parlament nach Landesteil (Vereinigtes Königreich)]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Parlamentsgebäude]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Bauwerk in Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Prämiertes Bauwerk in Schottland]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Prämiertes Bauwerk (Stirling-Preis)]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Sitzungsort eines Parlaments]]<br /> [[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video]]</div> Lexicon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Mummy&diff=201853527 Manchester Mummy 2009-10-31T17:13:51Z <p>Lexicon: spelling</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Manchester Natural History Museum.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Black and white drawing of a large three-storey building fronted by a four-column portico. A man on a light-coloured horse is riding down the wide empty street in front of the building.|The Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society ''c''.&amp;nbsp;1850, in which Hannah Beswick's mummified body was displayed]]<br /> '''Hannah Beswick''' (1688 &amp;ndash; February 1758), of Birchin Bower, [[Hollinwood, Greater Manchester|Hollinwood]], [[Oldham]], England, was a wealthy woman who had a pathological fear of [[premature burial]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hough|Randles|1993|p=42.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following her death in 1758 her body was [[embalming|embalmed]] and kept above ground, to be periodically checked for signs of life.&lt;ref name=ClendeningP325&gt;{{Harvnb|Clendening|2005|p=325.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The method of embalming was not recorded, but it probably involved replacing the blood with a mixture of [[turpentine]] and [[vermilion]]. The body was then put in an old clock case and stored in the house of Beswick's family physician, [[Charles White (physician)|Dr Charles White]]. Beswick's apparently eccentric will made her a local celebrity, and visitors were allowed to view her at White's house.<br /> <br /> Beswick's mummified body was eventually bequeathed to the [[Manchester Museum|Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society]], where she was put on display and acquired the sobriquet of the '''Manchester Mummy''', or the '''Mummy of Birchin Bower'''. The museum's collection was later transferred to [[Manchester University]], when it was decided, with the permission of the [[Bishop of Manchester]], that Beswick should finally be buried. The ceremony took place at [[Harpurhey]] Cemetery on 22&amp;nbsp;July 1868, over 110&amp;nbsp;years after her death; the grave is unmarked.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{see|Premature burial}}<br /> [[Image:Wiertz burial.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A wooden coffin in a stone vault being opened by a shrouded figure inside.|[[Antoine Wiertz|Antoine Wiertz's]] ''L'Inhumation précipitée'' (The premature burial), 1854]]<br /> The mid-18th century saw an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bondeson|2001|p=77.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet, or even into the [[rectum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bondeson|2001|pp=56,&amp;nbsp;71.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing in 1895, the physician J. C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700&amp;nbsp;people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although others estimated the figure to be closer to 800.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bondeson|2001|p=239.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hannah Beswick was born in 1688, and inherited considerable wealth from her father, John Beswick of [[Failsworth]].&lt;ref name=DobsonP432&gt;{{Harvnb|Dobson|1953|p=432.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some years before her own death, one of Hannah's brothers, John, had shown signs of life just as his coffin lid had been about to be closed. A mourner noticed that John's eyelids appeared to be flickering, and on examination the family physician, [[Charles White (surgeon)|Dr Charles White]], confirmed that he was still alive. John regained consciousness a few days later, and lived for many more years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hyde|O'Rourke|Portland|2004|p=43.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jessie Dobson, Recorder of the Museum of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], has said that there appear to be many &quot;inaccuracies and contradictions&quot; in accounts of the events following Beswick's death in 1758. Many suggest that she left £25,000 (equivalent to about £{{formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|25000|1758|r=-6}}|0}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} to White, a pioneer of [[obstetrics]] and one of the founders of the [[Manchester Royal Infirmary]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CooperP87&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Cooper|2007|p=87.}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the condition that her body was kept above ground, and that periodically she was to be checked for signs of life.&lt;ref name=ClendeningP325 /&gt; Beswick's [[will (law)|will]] however, dated 25&amp;nbsp;July 1757 (less than a year before her death), states only that White was to receive £100 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|100|1757|r=-3}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} and that £400 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|400|1757|r=-3}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} was to be allocated for funeral expenses. Some accounts have suggested that White was an [[executor]] of Beswick's will, and that he received the £400 himself, from which he was permitted to keep any surplus after the funeral expenses had been paid. Having Beswick embalmed therefore allowed him to keep the whole amount. Alternatively it has been suggested that White was considerably in debt to Beswick, a debt that would have to be repaid after the funeral, which was avoided by her embalming. However Beswick's will names Mary Graeme and Esther Robinson as her executors, not White.&lt;ref name=DobsonP432 /&gt; In 1866, more than 100&amp;nbsp;years after her death, the details of Beswick's will were still being disputed.&lt;ref name=PortlandP86&gt;{{Harvnb|Portland|2002|p=86.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Embalming==<br /> There is no mention in Beswick's 1757 will of her desire to be [[embalming|embalmed]]. It has been suggested that White had been asked to keep Beswick above ground only until it became obvious that she was actually dead, but that he was unable to resist the temptation to add a mummy to his collection of &quot;wet and dry&quot; exhibits, and so made the decision to embalm her.&lt;ref name=PortlandP86 /&gt; White had developed a particular interest in anatomy while studying medicine in London and was building up a collection of &quot;curiosities&quot;, which by the time of his death included the skeleton of Thomas Higgins, a [[highwayman]] and sheep-stealer hanged for burglary, as well as Hannah Beswick's mummy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dobson|1953|p=433.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The embalming process White used is unrecorded, but probably began by injecting the [[vein]]s and [[arteries]] with a mixture of [[turpentine]] and [[vermilion]]. The [[Viscus|organs]] would then have been removed from the chest and abdomen and placed in water, to clean them and to reduce their bulk. As much blood as possible would then have been squeezed out of the corpse, and the whole body washed with alcohol. The next stage would have been to replace the organs and to repeat the injection of turpentine and vermilion. The body cavities would then have been filled with a mixture of [[camphor]], [[nitre]] and [[resin]], before the body was sewn up and all openings filled with camphor. The final stage, after thoroughly washing the body, was to pack it in a box containing [[plaster of paris]], to absorb any moisture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dobson|1953|pp=434–435.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Display==<br /> Beswick's mummified body was initially kept at [[Ancoats]] Hall, the home of another Beswick family member, but it was soon moved to a room in Dr White's home in [[Sale, Greater Manchester|Sale]], where it was stored in an old clock case. <br /> Beswick's apparently eccentric will made her a celebrity; the author [[Thomas de Quincey]] was one of those who went to view her at White's house.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bondeson|2001|p=87.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following White's death in 1813, Beswick's body was bequeathed to a Dr Ollier, on whose death in 1828 it was donated to the [[Manchester Museum|Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Portland|2002|p=85.}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she became known as the Manchester Mummy, or the Mummy of Birchin Bower.&lt;ref name=&quot;CooperP87&quot; /&gt; She was displayed in the museum's entrance hall,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bondeson|1997|p=102.}}&lt;/ref&gt; next to a [[Chinchorro mummies|Peruvian]] and an Egyptian [[mummy]], and her relatives were allowed free access to visit her as they wished.&lt;ref name=Hyde44&gt;{{Harvnb|Hyde|O'Rourke|Portland|2004|p=44.}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was described by a visitor in 1844 as &quot;one of the most remarkable objects in the museum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kohl|1884|p=130.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;cold dark shadow of her mummy hung over Manchester in the middle of the eighteenth century&quot;, according to writer [[Edith Sitwell]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sitwell|1933|p=22.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are no pictures of Hannah Beswick. One of the few contemporary accounts of her is provided by Philip Wentworth, a local historian:<br /> {{quote|The body was well preserved but the face was shrivelled and black. The legs and trunks were tightly bound in a strong cloth such as is used for bed ticks [a stiff kind of mattress cover material] and the body, which was that of a little old woman, was in a glass coffin-shaped case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Portland|2002|p=87.}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Shortly after the museum's transfer to [[Manchester University]] in 1867 it was decided that as Beswick was &quot;irrevocably and unmistakably dead&quot;, the time had come for her to be buried.&lt;ref name=&quot;CooperP88&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Cooper|2007|p=88.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1837 though, UK law had required that a medical examiner issue a [[death certificate|certificate of death]] before a burial could take place; as Beswick had died in 1758 an appeal had to be made to the Secretary of State, who issued an order for her burial.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |publisher=Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society |title=Memoirs and Proceedings |year=1913 |volume=58 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/memoirsproceedin58manc |accessdate=27&amp;nbsp;March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the permission of the [[Bishop of Manchester]], Hannah Beswick was interred in an unmarked grave in [[Harpurhey]] Cemetery on 22&amp;nbsp;July 1868, more than 110&amp;nbsp;years after her death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Portland|2002|pp=82&amp;ndash;83.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Treasure and apparitions==<br /> <br /> [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]] entered Manchester at the head of his invading army in 1745, causing Beswick some apprehension over the safety of her money, which she therefore decided to bury. Shortly before her death she promised to show her relatives where the treasure was hidden, but she did not survive long enough to do so. Her home, Birchin Bower, was converted into workers' tenements following her death. Several of those living there claimed to have seen a figure dressed in a black silk gown and a white cap, and described it as Hannah Beswick. After gliding across the house's parlour, the apparition would vanish at one particular flagstone. It is claimed that while digging to fit a new loom, a weaver living there discovered Beswick's hoard of gold, hidden underneath that same flagstone. Oliphant's, a Manchester gold dealer, paid the weaver £3&amp;nbsp;10[[Shilling|s]] for each gold piece, the equivalent of almost £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|3.5|1758|r=-1}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}.{{Inflation-fn|UK}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hyde|O'Rourke|Portland|2004|pp=43&amp;ndash;44.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Birchin Bower was eventually demolished to make way for a [[Ferranti]] factory, but sightings of the apparition were still reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hough|Randles|1993|p=43.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ;Notes<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ;Bibliography<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Bondeson |first=Jan |title=A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities |publisher=I. B. Taurus |year=1997 |isbn= 1-86064-228-4}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Bondeson |first=Jan |title=Buried Alive: the Terrifying History of our Most Primal Fear |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |year=2001 |isbn= 0-393-04906-X}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Clendening |first=Logan |title=The Romance of Medicine: Behind the Doctor |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |isbn= 1-4191-5172-X}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Cooper |first=Glynis |title=Manchester's Suburbs |publisher=The Breedon Books Publishing Company |year=2007 |isbn= 978-1-85983-592-0}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Dobson |first=Jessie |title=Some Eighteenth Century Experiments in Embalming |year=1953 |publisher=Oxford University Press |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |volume=8 |pages=431–441 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/VIII.October.431 |pmid=13109185}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Hough |first=Peter |last2=Randles |first2=Jenny |title=Mysteries of the Mersey Valley |publisher=Sigma Leisure |year=1993 |isbn= 1-85058-355-2}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Hyde |first=Matthew |last2=O'Rourke |first2=Aidan |last3=Portland |first3=Peter |title=Around the M60: Manchester's Orbital Motorway |publisher=AMCD (Publishers) Limited |year=2004 |isbn= 1-897762-30-5}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Kohl |first=Johann Georg |title=England, Wales and Scotland |year=1844 |publisher=Chapman and Hall}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Portland |first=Peter |title=Around Haunted Manchester |publisher=AMCD (Publishers) Limited |year=2002 |isbn= 1-897762-25-9}}<br /> *{{citation |last=Sitwell |first=Edith |title=The English Eccentrics |publisher=Faber &amp; Faber |year=1933 |location=London}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{featured article}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mummies]]<br /> [[Category:University of Manchester]]<br /> [[Category:People from Oldham]]<br /> [[Category:1758 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:1688 births]]<br /> <br /> [[es:Momia de Manchester]]</div> Lexicon