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Johannes Sigfred Andersen

2010-01-29T17:55:58Z

Leonard^Bloom: two columns

{{Infobox military person
| name = Johannes Sigfred Andersen
| image =
| caption =
| born = {{Birth date|1898|07|09|df=yes}}
| died = {{Death date and age|1970|07|29|1898|07|09|df=yes}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial = [[Horten]], Norway
| placeofbirth = [[Oslo|Kristiania]], Norway
| placeofdeath =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = "Gulosten" ({{lang-en|"The Yellow Cheese"}})
| allegiance = [[Norway]]
| branch = [[Norwegian resistance movement]] [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] [[Royal Norwegian Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1940-1945
| rank =
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]]
| commands =
| battles =
[[Operation Bittern]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| relations = Lovise Kristine Klausen (wife) (1916-1931) Ruth Johanne Andersen (wife) (1939-1944) Hertha Bergstrøm (wife) (post-war)
| laterwork = Sailor Mason's assistant Smuggler Burglar Factory owner
}}

'''Johannes Sigfred Andersen''' (9 July 1898 – 29 July 1970<ref name=nbl>{{cite encyclopedia|year=|title=Johannes Andersen |encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Bjørn |last=Bjørnsen |authorlink=Bjørn Bjørnsen|editor=[[Knut Helle|Helle, Knut]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Johannes_Andersen/utdypning|language=Norwegian|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=dis>Accessed from the [http://www.disnorge.no/gravminner/vis.php?mode=x grave-site registry] of the Genealogy Society of Norway (DIS), select "Id" from the drop-down menu labelled "Find" and enter "1821499".</ref>) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]] resistance fighter during the [[World War II|Second World War]], being a member of the [[Norwegian Independent Company 1]] (NOR.I.C.1) for some time. He was nicknamed "Gulosten"; 'The Yellow Cheese'.<ref name=nkl>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringdal |first=Nils Johan |authorlink=Nils Johan Ringdal |editor=[[Hans Fredrik Dahl|Dahl, Hans Fredrik]] |encyclopedia=[[Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45]] |title=Andersen, Johannes |page=22 |url=http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/a/a2.html#andersen-johannes |accessdate=28 November 2008 |edition= |year=1995 |publisher=Cappelen |volume= |location=Oslo |isbn=82-02-14138-9 |language=Norwegian}}</ref> He also used the surname '''Ostein''' during the war.<ref name=SOE>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=HS9/31|title=Piece details HS 9/31—Closed SOE personnel files—including Johannes Sigfred Andersen - born 09.07.1898|work=The Catalogue|publisher=[[The National Archives]]|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Andersen was a controversial character, both because of his pre-war life as a famous career criminal and because of a series of incidents that occurred during the war years. Following the end of the war, Andersen started a wood furniture business. He was supported financially by King [[Haakon VII of Norway]], whose friendship he had gained during the war. Andersen was accused of crimes repeatedly after the war, and on one occasion convicted.

==Early life==
Andersen was born on 9 July 1898<ref name=SOE /> in [[Oslo|Kristiania]] (now Oslo), and had a difficult childhood, spending the latter part of it at an [[orphanage]].<ref name=nkl/> He was the son of construction worker Ole Andersen and Josefine Hansen. Soon after Johannes was born Norway entered a period of economic difficulties, with little construction work available. This led to his father having to change jobs from [[Masonry|mason]] to milk man. Johannes' mother became obsessed with religion.<ref name=nbl/>

===Institutionalization===
At age 10 Johannes was declared a [[Ward (law)|ward of court]] and sent to the school institution ''Toftes gave'' on the island [[Helgøya, Hedmark|Helgøya]] in the lake [[Mjøsa]]. While at the strict institution Johannes received parcels from home, with yellow cheese. The cheese was needed because of the meagre rations given the boys at ''Toftes gave''. The parcels with yellow cheese led to Johannes being given the nick name "Gulosten" ({{lang-en|"The Yellow Cheese"}}) by the other boys at the institution, a name that stuck with him for the rest of his life.<ref name=nbl/> After four years on Helgøya he was transferred to [[Bastøy Prison|Bastøy school home for maladjusted boys]], an equally harsh institution. When 29 boys rebelled at Bastøy in 1915, police officers and the [[Norwegian Armed Forces]] were employed to crush the riot, and the leaders taken away in handcuffs. <ref name=nbl/> Physical punishment was common at Bastøy, including being locked away in a dark cellar, a punishment Johannes had to endure.<ref name=rett>{{cite book |title=Med rett til å drepe |edition=2nd, revised |last=Ulateig |first=Egil |authorlink=Egil Ulateig |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher=[[Tiden Norsk Forlag]] |location=Oslo |isbn=82-10-04165-7 |page=16 |pages= |url= |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref> When Johannes was 15 his mother died, and he was not informed until several days after her funeral.<ref name=rett/> This led to him making suicide threats, and going amok at the warden's office, for which he was punished with a stay in the dark cell.<ref name=rett/><ref name=nbl/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Borreminne|url=http://borreminne.hive.no/aargangene/1996/08-bastoey.htm |title=Bastøy skolehjem |author=Bugge, Svein |date=1996|volume=12|publisher=[[Vestfold University College]] |accessdate=15 January 2010 |language=Norwegian}}</ref>

Andersen went to sea at age 15, and later found work as a mason's assistant. On 7 November 1916 he married Lovise Kristine Klausen, and soon had children and an apartment. When Norway's financial situation again turned for the worse after the upturn of the [[World War I|First World War]], no-one would hire a man with an institutional background, and he was out of work. According to Andersen it was this that led him to begin his criminal career. His first marriage was dissolved in 1931.<ref name=nbl/>

==Criminal career==
Norway's [[prohibition]] from 1916 onwards opened up possibilities for a lucrative criminal career, and Andersen joined up in 1921 with old friends from his days at ''Toftes gave'' in grand-scale smuggling operations. Using ingenious methods for hiding the spirits they smuggled alcohol into Norway by sea. In his smuggling years Andersen cooperated with future award-winning author [[Arthur Omre]], serving as both crew and skipper on Omre's boats before getting his own smuggling vessel. Eventually his cover was blown and he had to flee to [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] a wanted man in Norway. While in Germany he worked for one of the biggest suppliers of spirits for the illegal Norwegian market.<ref name=nbl/> In 1925 Norway requested that Germany hand him over, and he was arrested and deported under police escort back to Norway on the steamship ''Kong Ring''. When the ship entered the [[Oslofjord]], Andersen escaped by jumping overboard. For several months he was on the run before being recaptured. In the years that followed he was in and out of prison repeatedly. He gained considerable renown for his elegantly executed burglaries, being labelled by the media "gentleman-forbryter i Grünerløkka-utgave" ({{lang-en|gentleman criminal, [[Grünerløkka]] edition}}). He was also well-known for his [[safe-cracking]] skills.<ref name=fjoertoft34>{{cite book |title=Oppgjøret som ikke tok slutt |last=Fjørtoft |first=Kjell |authorlink=Kjell Fjørtoft |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher=[[Gyldendal Norsk Forlag]] |location= |isbn=82-05-24493-6 |page=34 |pages= |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/4aae72ad924f4cb567cd4b59ed15aca8#&struct=DIV34 |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Andersen once more tried to evade justice when he fled a crowded court room in [[Drammen]] in 1929, jumping out a window as the sentence was being proclaimed. When he was recaptured he was boarding a cargo ship bound for [[Canada]].<ref name=nbl/> His criminal escapades made Andersen a national celebrity in pre-war Norway, and his nick name "Gulosten" a household name.<ref name=Ulateig17>Ulateig 1996: 17</ref> In the period 1919 to 1937 he was sentenced to prison terms nine times,<ref name=fjoertoft34/> spending a total of around seven years behind bars.<ref name=Ulateig17/> By the mid-1930s Andersen attempted to end his criminal career, getting engaged and starting a furniture repair business. He remarried on 18 March 1939,<ref name=nbl/> wedding Ruth Johanne (born 1905),<ref name=nkl/> [[Married and maiden names|née]] Nilsen.<ref name=vf>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ording |first=Arne|authorlink=Arne Ording |coauthors=Høibo, Gudrun Johnson; Garder, Johan|title=Andersen, Ruth Johanne |encyclopedia=[[Våre falne 1939-1945]] |publisher=Grøndahl|location=Oslo|date=1949|volume=1|page=125|url=http://da2.uib.no/cgi-win/WebBok.exe?slag=lesside&bokid=vaarefalne1&sideid=125&innhaldid=3&storleik= |accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref> They had one son.<ref name=Ulateig26>Ulateig 1996: 26</ref> In 1935 Andersen had attempted to get a children's book published, but had been turned down over a number of "brutal scenes, unsuited for youths" in the book. The nature scenes in the book were however commended by the reviewer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ingen vei hjem - Arthur Omre - en biografi |last=Søbye |first=Espen |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=[[Aschehoug]] |location=Oslo |isbn=82-03-26054-3(ib.) |page=169 |pages= |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/46ed6add67901434a8148962e677a12f#&struct=DIV166 |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref> After yet another spell in prison Andersen was released on 9 April 1940, the day Germany invaded Norway.<ref name=Ulateig17/>

==Second World War==
===Early resistance work===
The [[Operation Weserübung|German invasion of Norway]] in 1940, led to Andersen's life once more taking a turn into illegal activities. His furniture work shop was used as a weapons depot by the [[Norwegian resistance movement]], and he took part in looting German military stores. He was first arrested by the Germans after he had responded to rumours that he was a Nazi by writing the Norwegian national socialist party [[Nasjonal Samling]]'s official publication ''[[Fritt Folk]]'' and stating that "Although I have done many wrong things in my life, a Nazi I am not. Yours sincerely Johs. S. Andersen".<ref group="quote">{{lang-no|Vel har jeg gjort mye galt i min tid, men nazist er jeg ikke. Ærbødigst Johs. S. Andersen}} Ulateig 1996: 18</ref> The letter was published unedited by the newspaper, although Andersen was later arrested by the occupying authorities and sentenced to one year in prison, after spending half a year in detention. Using techniques he had learned during his earlier criminal career Andersen managed to be transferred to prison hospital during his time in detention. While there he acquired false x-ray images and tuberculosis germs to fake illnesses in other captured resistance men who were on their way to interrogation. He also infected a German interrogator with [[malaria]] by contaminating his [[insulin]].<ref name=nbl/><ref>{{cite news|title="Gulosten" er blitt litterær suksess|last=Christensen|first=Dag|date=26 October 1968|work=Verdens Gang|language=Norwegian}}</ref> During nights he would sneak out of the hospital and operate in Oslo, amongst other activities breaking into Nasjonal Samling offices and stealing documents, copying them and having them shipped to the United Kingdom together with evidence of torture in Nazi-run prisons. He served the last part of his sentence in [[Fuhlsbüttel]] near [[Hamburg]], Germany.<ref name=nbl/><ref name=Ulateig19>Ulateig 1996: 19</ref> His wife was also active in resistance work, dealing with propaganda and espionage.<ref name=vf/> Author [[Egil Ulateig]] doubts the veracity of Andersen's prison exploits, which are based mostly on Andersen's own testimony.<ref name=Ulateig19/>

===Assassin, SOE agent and naval rating===
After his return to Norway in 1942 the Norwegian resistance ordered Andersen to carry out an assassination of well-known informer Raymond Colberg<ref>Fjørtoft 1997: 38</ref> and then make good his escape to Sweden. Colberg had been active in the Sandefjord area, uncovering an illegal radio transmitter. This led to the arrest of eight resistance members in March 1941,<ref name=dagtid>{{cite news |title=Ulateigs likvidasjonar |author=[[Tore Pryser|Pryser, Tore]] |newspaper=[[Dag og Tid]] |date=12 December 1996 |url=http://www.dagogtid.no/arkiv/1996/50/bokm3.html |accessdate=16 January 2009 |language=Norwegian }}</ref> three of whom were executed (Øivind Ask, Andreas Bertnes and Johan Midttun were shot 4 December 1941).<ref name=saether>{{cite book |title=XU i hemmeleg teneste 1940-1945 |first=Einar |last=Sæther |first2=Svein |last2=Sæther |page=294 |edition=2 |publisher=Samlaget |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=2007 |origyear=1995 |isbn=978-82-521-6998-0}}</ref><ref name=lund>{{cite book |title=Dødsdømt |first=Gabriel |last=Lund |page=212 |publisher=Ernst G. Mortensen |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=1954 }}</ref> Andersen carried out the assassination of the [[Abwehr]] agent together with his wife and two acquaintances ,<ref name=nbl/> kidnapping him and killing him at the animal hospital ''Chevals kjeller''.<ref>Fjørtoft 1997: 32-34</ref> According to Ruth Andersen's later interrogation records the killing was carried out by crucifying him with four knives and crushing his bones with iron pipes, then dismembering the body, putting it in a container for animal carcasses and dumping it in the river [[Akerselva]]. The confession may have been made under torture, and included no reference to the bullets holes found on Colberg's corpse when it was recovered.<ref>Fjørtoft 1997: 33</ref><ref name=Ulateig21>Ulateig 1996: 21</ref> According to historian and leader of [[Norway's Resistance Museum]], [[Arnfinn Moland]], the claims of Colberg having been tortured and mutilated are fabrications. Moland cites autopsy reports and German archives to back up his claims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sannheten på bordet? |author=[[Arnfinn Moland|Moland, Arnfinn]] |newspaper=[[Dagsavisen]] |date=29 October 2009 |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/meninger/article448671.ece |accessdate=16 January 2010 |language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref name=moland-colberg>{{cite book |title=Over grensen? |first=Arnfinn |last=Moland |pages=102-104 |chapter=Hjemmefrontens likvidasjoner. 1942 – de første tilfeller. Colberg, Raymond – mars 1942 |publisher=Orion |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=1999 | isbn=82-458-0337-5}}</ref> Colberg's body was discovered by a Norwegian civilian on 15 June 1942 with two [[7.62 mm caliber|7,62 mm]] calibre bullet holes in the head,<ref name=Ulateig19/> and was identified through Colberg's dental records.<ref>Ulateig 1996: 20</ref> The killing were, according to Ulateig, also motivated by Andersen's personal feelings towards Colberg,<ref name=Ulateig19/> a claim that is refuted by history professor [[Tore Pryser]].<ref name=dagtid/>

Anderson then fled to Sweden, and travelled on to the United Kingdom, where he was recruited by Professor [[Leif Tronstad]] for work with the British Special Operations Executive.<ref name=nbl/> In the United Kingdom Andersen suggested a series of further assassinations in Oslo, naming targets and describing plans for how to carry out the killings.<ref name=Ulateig23>Ulateig 1996: 23</ref> The British saw great potential as an agent in a man with Andersen's background. Andersen and his group was parachuted from a [[Handley Page Halifax|Halifax bomber]] into Sandungen in [[Nordmarka]], near Oslo,<ref name=Ulateig23/> and spent a month training Norwegian [[Milorg]] resistance people in weapons handling. They were originally intended to carry out assassinations of leading Norwegian Nazis and informers as part of [[Operation Bittern]], first and foremost police minister and ''Germanske SS Norge'' leader [[Jonas Lie (government minister)|Jonas Lie]], but this was refused by the local resistance leaders because of fears of reprisals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bomb Gestapo-hovedkvarteret! |last=Guhnfeldt |first=Cato |authorlink=Cato Guhnfeldt |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Wings |location= |isbn=82-992194-3-4(ib.) |page=121 |pages= |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/bfd98f8c426ccd139784abffc0136254#&struct=DIV122 |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Marka og krigen - Oslomarka 1940-1945 |last=Christensen |first=Trygve |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |publisher=T. Christensen |location= |isbn=82-992916-0-7(ib.) |page= |pages=27-28 |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/555616288841f9811778d7f37ceceab9#&struct=DIV30 |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref> Andersen had suggested killing the top-ranking Norwegian Nazi leader, and the SOE approved. According to a plan formulated by the SOE Andersen was to don a light suit, enter Lie's office in broad daylight, shoot the police minister in head with a [[Colt's Manufacturing Company|Colt]] pistol, change to a dark suit hidden underneath the light one, and disappear in the confusion. Andersen commented on the SOE plan: "Lie might survive this assassination attempt, but I won't."<ref group="quote">{{lang-no|Dette attentatforsøket vil muligens Lie overleve, men ikke jeg.}} Ulateig 1996: 24</ref> Andersen instead wanted to kill Lie on his way from the office to his home.<ref>Ulateig 1996: 25</ref> The Bittern operation was severely criticized by the Norwegian Home Forces in a letter to the Norwegian exile government in London.<ref name=riste>{{cite book |title=London-regjeringa |first=Olav |last=Riste |authorlink=Olav Riste |volume=2 |page=33 |chapter=Aksjonar eller beredskap |publisher=Samlaget |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=1979 |isbn=82-521-0954-3}}</ref><ref name=gjelsvik>{{cite book |title=Hjemmefronten |first=Tore |last=Gjelsvik |authorlink=Tore Gjelsvik |page=97 |publisher=Cappelen |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=1977 |isbn=82-02-03900-2 }}</ref><ref name=moland-bittern>{{cite book |title=Over grensen? |first=Arnfinn |last=Moland |pages=60-64 |chapter=Bittern-ekspedisjonen |publisher=Orion |language=Norwegian |location=Oslo |year=1999 | isbn=82-458-0337-5}}</ref>

Andersen returned to the United Kingdom via Sweden, after episodes of unruly behaviour in Oslo.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rapport om mitt arbeid under okkupasjonen |last=Hauge |first=Jens Chr. |authorlink=Jens Christian Hauge |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=[[Gyldendal Norsk Forlag]] |location=Oslo |isbn=82-05-23200-8(ib.) |page=32 |pages= |url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/8f0d25ed3e8470aac1e6bc6c728e9c28#&struct=DIV34 |accessdate= |language=Norwegian}}</ref> In the United Kingdom he had a personal [[Audience (meeting)|audience]] with King [[Haakon VII of Norway]].<ref name=nbl/> During the audience Andersen and the King lunched at the Norwegian Club in London, and Andersen entertained the exiled monarch with stories. The King promised to take care of Andersen once the war was over.<ref name=Ulateig27>Ulateig 1996: 27</ref> Andersen then joined the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] and served on a [[Motor Torpedo Boat]] (MTB) for the duration of the war. The MTB on which Andersen served repeatedly attacked shipping off the Norwegian coast.<ref name=nbl/>

Many resistance people in Norway had been shocked when they found out that Andersen had been allowed to serve in NOR.I.C.1. Leading saboteur [[Max Manus]] wrote shortly after the war in his book ''Det vil helst gå godt'': "It was one hell of a risk to send a man with Gulosten's reputation and history out on secret military missions. It would have been a great embarrassment if ''Fritt Folk'' had been able to publish that Gulosten made a career in King Håkon's armed forces".<ref group="quote">{{lang-no|Det var en jevli risk å sende en mann med Gulostens rykte og fortid på hemmelig militært oppdrag. Det ville blitt en meget pinlig historie om Fritt Folk hadde kunne publisere at Gulosten hadde laget karriere i Kong Håkons væpnede styrker.}} Ulateig 1996: 25. {{cite book|title=Det vil helst gå godt |first=Max |last=Manus |year=1945 |page=192 |location=Oslo}}</ref>

==Post-war life==
===PoW killing controversy===
When Andersen returned to Norway after the German surrender in 1945, he discovered that his wife had been arrested by the Germans on 9 May 1944. Ruth Andersen had been taken to [[Møllergata 19]], tortured during her captivity and been executed at [[Grini concentration camp]] by ''Sonderkommando Hans'' on 21 July 1944 together with five others. They had then been buried in a [[mass grave]]. Her body was exhumed and identified on 25 May 1945.<ref name=Ulateig28>Ulateig 1996: 28</ref><ref name=grinifangene-ra>{{cite encyclopedia |title=11616. Andersen, Ruth| encyclopedia=Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene |language=Norwegian |editor=Giertsen, Børre R. | page=412 |year=1946 |language=Norwegian|publisher=Cappelen |location=Oslo}}</ref><ref name=hf>{{cite book |title=Hjemmefront |series=Norge i krig |volume=6 |first=Ivar |last=Kraglund |first2=Arnfinn |last2=Moland |page=113 |chapter=Mordene ble hemmeligholdt |editor=Skodvin, Magne |year=1987 |publisher=Aschehoug |location=Oslo |language=Norwegian |isbn=82-03-11421-0 }}</ref> On 3 July 1945 Andersen killed two German prisoners of war with his [[Thompson submachine gun]]. Andersen had broken into German barracks in [[Vadheim]] in [[Sogn]] during a drinking binge, killing the German soldiers Herbert Neumann and Hermann Beckmann. He later claimed to have acted in rage over his wife's death.<ref name=Ulateig2829>Ulateig 1996: 28-29</ref> The Norwegian court system started working on Andersen's case, eventually reaching judge advocate [[Ivar Follestad]]. Andersen was defended by [[Reidar Skau]], who was made supreme court justice in 1945. Follestad deemed it necessary to prosecute Andersen, but wanted to pardon him after the verdict. After spending more than a year in the civilian and military court systems Andersen's murder case reached the top levels of the Royal Norwegian Navy, and on 5 August 1946 it was decided to take the case to the [[Gulating Court of Appeal|Gulating Military Court of Appeal]]. Three months later Follestad made a decision of non-indictment, despite there being evidence to convict Andersen. In January 1947 the general jurisdiction chief, [[Thore Horve]], also declared for a decision of non-indictment. Follestad and Horve were supported in this by [[Minister of Defence (Norway)|Minister of Defence]] [[Jens Christian Hauge]], and the decision was made final by royal resolution on 25 April 1947.<ref name=Ulateig2829/> This led to protests from amongst others leading Norwegian psychiatrist [[Johan Scharffenberg]].<ref name=nbl/><ref name=nkl/><ref name=Ulateig21/><ref name=vf/><ref name=Ulateig29>Ulateig 1996: 29</ref>

===Later life===
In the post-war years Andersen started the wood product factory ''Apenes Trevarefabrikk'' in [[Horten]], and ran it for 15 years. On several occasions he was accused of crimes, but was most often acquitted in court.<ref name=nbl/> In 1955 he was however convicted and sentenced to 36 days in prison for selling 30 bottles of [[denatured alcohol]], alcohol that was supposed to have been used at his factory.<ref>Ulateig 1996: 30</ref> King Haakon VII personally helped him with money and credit,<ref name=nbl/> remaining Andersen's friend and patron the rest of the king's life.<ref>Ulateig 1996: 31</ref>

In his later years Andersen became involved in speaking about children's rights and correctional institutions. He called the institutions for maladjusted youths "schools for criminals", and said that the loss and suffering of institutionalization naturally lead youths to crime, using his own life as an example.<ref name=nbl/> To explain his views on incarceration and of society's response to institutionalized children and ex-convicts Andersen said: "You are to be punished for having been punished."<ref group="quote">{{lang-no|Man skal straffes for å ha vært straffet.}} Ulateig 1996: 15</ref> Johannes "The Yellow Cheese" Andersen died on 29 July 1970, aged 72. He was buried in Horten.<ref name=dis/>

In late 1968 the book ''En mann kalt Gulosten'' was released, written by [[Bjørn Bjørnsen]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Underernærte gutter levde på gul ost|date=1 November 1968|work=Verdens Gang|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Already before the book was released, [[film rights]] for the story were bought by the company Teamfilm. Teamfilm employee [[Knut Bohwim]] stated that the book contained enough material for three motion pictures, but that they would concentrate the story into one film at best.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boken om "Gulosten" kan bli tre filmer|date=26 September 1968|work=Verdens Gang|language=Norwegian}}</ref>

After the war he married Hertha Bergstrøm.<ref name=Ulateig29/>

==Biographies==
* {{cite book |title=Vi kommer oss. Av Gulostens memoarer |last=Andersen |first=Johannes S. |coauthors= |year=1946 |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}} (autobiography)
* {{cite book |title=En mann kalt Gulosten |last=Bjørnsen |first=Bjørn |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1968 |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}

==References and notes==
;References
{{Reflist|2}}

;Notes
<references group="quote" />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andersen, Johannes S.}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassins]]
[[Category:Burglars]]
[[Category:Escapees from Norwegian detention]]
[[Category:Furniture makers]]
[[Category:Norwegian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Norwegian military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian sailors]]
[[Category:People from Oslo]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Germany]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Norway]]
[[Category:Smugglers]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]

[[no:Johannes S. Andersen]]

Józef Struś

2010-01-26T17:23:36Z

Leonard^Bloom: /* See also */ *

'''Josephus Struthius''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: Józef Struś; 1510 in [[Poznań]] – between 27 July 1568 and 26 January 1569 in Poznań) was a Polish professor of [[medicine]] in [[Padua]] (1535–1537) and personal doctor of [[Polish king]]s. He also served as mayor of Poznań in 1557–1558 and 1558–1559.

His conceptual approach to measurement of the pulse is regarded as pioneering and revolutionary.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=d9e0Lpt6U0MC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=%22measurement+of+the+pulse%22+polish&source=bl&ots=3UfyciOnpX&sig=gI28hKyzpNWYL_nUR0o6gmA5nEQ&hl=en&ei=ZO4wSpHoO5iZjAfsoP25Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 ''Blood pressure measurement: an illustrated history''] Nassim H. Naqvi, M. Donald Blaufox. Informa Health Care, 1998. p. 20</ref><ref>[http://rosemelnickmuseum.wordpress.com/tag/anesthesia/ ''Physical vs. technological diagnosis''] The Rose Melnick Medical Museum, April 10, 2009</ref> In ''Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V.'' (1555) he described five types of [[pulse]]s, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. It contains probably the earliest graphic presentation of the pulse. This was one of books used by [[William Harvey]] in his works.

[[Robert Burton]] wrote of Josephus Struthius in ''[[The Anatomy of Melancholy]]'': "Josephus Struthis,
that Polonian, in the fifth book, _cap. 17._ of his Doctrine of Pulses, holds that [...] passions of the mind may be discovered by the pulse."

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Michał Boym]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ptkardio.pl/pl/archiwum/105.html Biography on the website of Polish Cardiological Society (in Polish)]
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/sozialgeschichte-medizin/propst/doc/biograph.html#struthius Short biography (in German)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Struthius, Josephus}}
[[Category:1510 births]]
[[Category:1560s deaths]]
[[Category:People from Poznań]]
[[Category:Polish physicians]]

{{Poland-scientist-stub}}

[[pl:Józef Struś]]

Karl-Alexander-Insel

2009-12-23T20:33:36Z

Leonard^Bloom: /* References */

[[Image:Kara sea ZFJKA.PNG|thumb|Location of Karl Alexander Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago]]
'''Karl Alexander Island''' ({{lang-ru|Остров Карла-Александра}}), also known as '''Zemlya Karla-Alexandra''' (Земля Карла Александра), is an island in [[Franz Josef Land]], [[Russia]]. Its latitude is 81° 28' N and its longitude 57° 50' E

Karl Alexander Island's length is 29 km and its maximum width is 18 km. Its area is 329 km², but very little of it is ice-free. The highest point on the island is 365 m.

This island is part of the [[Zichy Land|Zemlya Zichy]] subgroup of the Franz Joseph Archipelago. It is separated from [[Rainer Island]] in the east by a 2.5 km narrow sound and from [[Jackson Island]] in the South by a 6 km wide sound.

Karl Alexander Island was named by the [[Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition]] after one of the noblemen that financed the venture, [[Austro-Hungarian]] aristocrat Alfred Wilhelm Karl Alexander Graf von Salm-Hoogstraeten (born 25 May 1851 in Münster, died 17 January 1919 in Vienna).

This island should not be confused with [[Alexandra Land]], also in the Franz Josef archipelago.

==Adjacent islands==
*Off Karl Alexander Island's northwestern point lie the '''Chichagov Islands''' (Острова чичагова; Ostrova Chichagova). These islands were named after Arctic explorer [[Pavel Vasilievich Chichagov]] (1767-1848), the son of Admiral Vasili Yakovlevich Chichagov of the [[Russian Navy]].
*To the west of Karl Alexander Island's souththwestern point lie the '''Pontremoli Islands''' (Острова Понтремоли; Ostrova Pontremoli), at lat 81° 24' N; long 56° 27' E. They are named after [[Pontremoli]], a town in [[Tuscany]].

There are four small islets off Karl Alexander Island's northeastern shores:
* The largest one is called '''Torupa Island''' (Остров Торупа; Ostrov Torup), located at lat 81° 31' N; long 58° 27' E . It is named after [[Thorup|Torup]], a town in [[Scandinavia]].
*'''Ostrov Solov'yëva''' is located at lat 81° 31' N; long 58° 23' E.
* Northeast of Torup Island lies smaller '''Coburg Island''' (Остров Кобург; Ostrov Koburg), at lat 81° 52' N; long 58° 14' E. This island is named after the [[Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] dynasty. [[Princess Stéphanie of Belgium]], the wife of [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria]] (after whom [[Rudolf Island]] was named) belonged to this dynasty.
* '''Ostrov Khouena''' (Остров Хоуэна), is located at lat 81° 49' N; long 58° 32' E. This island was named after [[Russian Army]] Captain (and later painter) [[Otto Howen]] (1774 - 1848).

==References==
{{no citations}}
*[http://worldmaps.web.infoseek.co.jp/russia_guide.htm]
*[http://islands.unep.ch/CEO.htm]
*Salm: [http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/salm.html genealogy and princely family branches] & [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gomes/Europese%20adel/publicaties/Adel2/gp7060.htm Alfred Wilhelm Karl Alexander Graf von Salm-Hoogstraeten]
*Otto Howen: [http://balat.kikirpa.be/DPB/FR/FMPro?-db=Dictionnaire.fp5&-lay=web&-format=Detail_notice.htm&ID_dpb=2931&-find]

{{Franz Josef Land}}

{{coord|81.37|N|57.34|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of Franz Josef Land]]

{{ArkhangelskOblast-geo-stub}}

[[nn:Karl-Aleksander-øya]]

Tsvi C. Nussbaum

2009-12-12T08:22:03Z

Leonard^Bloom: wording

{{BLP unsourced|date=January 2008}}
[[Image:Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 06b.jpg|thumb|Jews being arrested in the Warsaw Ghetto. The little boy may be Tsvi Nussbaum.]]
'''Tsvi C. Nussbaum''' (born 1935) is a [[holocaust]] survivor, known as possibly being the boy in a famous [[photograph]] of the [[Warsaw Ghetto]].

==Early life==
Nussbaum's parents immigrated to [[Palestine (mandate)|Palestine]] in 1935. However, they found life too difficult there, and so returned in 1939 to [[Sandomierz]] in Poland. Nussbaum's mother and father were murdered before the [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] of the region were sent to various German [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Tsvi's brother disappeared, never to be seen again. Shortly thereafter Tsvi and his aunt moved to [[Warsaw]] and, posing as [[gentile]]s, lived there for over a year. When caught, they were deported to the concentration camp at [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]].

==Survival==
After 1945, Tsvi moved to Palestine. After living in Israel for eight years, he moved to the [[United States]]. Initially, he did not speak [[English language|English]]; but having a talent for science, he later studied medicine and became an [[otolaryngology|otolaryngologist]] in [[New York City]].

==Identity dispute==
Two considerations count against Nussbaum being the boy in the photograph. First, Nussbaum was arrested at the [[Hotel Polski]], not in the ghetto as is pictured. Further, he was arrested on [[July 13]], [[1943]], several months after the ghetto had been destroyed and the report, where the picture is to be found, delivered to [[Heinrich Himmler]].

==See also==
* [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]]

==Further reading==
*Richard Raskin. ''A Child at Gunpoint. A Case Study in the Life of a Photo''. Aarhus University Press, 2004. ISBN 87-7934-099-7
* Frédéric Rousseau. ''L'Enfant juif de Varsovie. Histoire d'une photographie'' Le Seuil, 2009

==External links==
* [http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1802823921/info Yahoo! Movies]
* [http://www.auschwitz.dk/Star/Nussbaum.htm Auschwitz.dk] on Nußbaum
* [http://www.auschwitz.dk/story/id2.htm Auschwitz.dk]
* [http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust2.htm Auschwitz.dk] on the Holocaust
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stroop_Report The Stroop Report]on Wikimedia Commons
http://www.auschwitz.dk/Star/Nussbaum.htm

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nussbaum, Tsvi C.}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Otolaryngologists]]
[[Category:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors]]

Fight for This Love

2009-09-07T22:54:11Z

Leonard^Bloom: fix date parameter

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Fight for this Love
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Cheryl Cole]]
| Album = [[Three Words]]
| B-side =
| Released = 7 September 2009
| Format = [[CD single]], [[music download|digital download]]
| Recorded = 2009
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length =
| Label = [[Fascination Records|Fascination]]
| Writer = Steve Kipner, Andre Merritt, Wayne Wilkins<ref name="Fight">{{ cite web | url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=362841276&search_in=i&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=20&start=1 | title=Fight For This Love | work= | publisher=[[ASCAP]] | accessdate=2009-09-04 }}</ref>
| Producer =
| Chronology = [[Cheryl Cole]] singles
| Last single = "[[Heartbreaker (will.i.am song)|Heartbreaker]]" (2008)
| This single = "'''Fight For This Love'''" ([[2009]])
}}

"'''Fight for this Love'''" is a song performed by [[United Kingdom|British]] [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Cheryl Cole]] who is best known as a member of British [[girlgroup]] [[Girls Aloud]] and for being a judge on talent contest [[The X Factor]]. The song written by [[Steve Kipner]], Andre Merritt and [[Wayne Wilkins]] and is to be release as the first single from her debut solo studio album ''[[Three Words]]'' in October 2009.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://twitter.com/ahj/status/3741569874 | title=Cheryl's song is called 'Fight for this Love' | work= | publisher=[[Twitter]] | accessdate=2009-09-04 }}</ref><ref name="Fight"/>

==Background and release==
"Fight for this Love" was Cole's first entirely solo release outside of pop group [[Girls Aloud]], following an appearance on [[will.i.am]]'s "[[Heartbreaker (will.i.am song)|Heartbreaker]]" in 2008. The world radio premiere was 7 September 2009 on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s ''[[The Chris Moyles Show]]''.<ref name="Radio">{{ cite web | url=http://twitter.com/ahj/status/3734442176 | title=Just heard Cheryl Cole's new song! Oh my god I love it. We have the first play on Monday at 8am. | work= | publisher=[[Twitter]] | accessdate=2009-09-04 }}</ref>

==Release history==
{|class=wikitable
!Region
!Date
!Format
!Label
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[United Kingdom]]
|September 7, 2009
|Radio Premiere (BBC Radio 1)
|rowspan="3"| [[Fascination Records|Fascination]]
|-
| October 18, 2009{{fact|date=September, 2009}}
| Digital download
|-
| October 19, 2009<ref>[http://girlsaloudblog.com/2009/09/listen-to-cheryl-cole-fight-for-this-love/ Fight for this Love physical release date]</ref>
| CD single
|}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

[[Category:2009 singles]]
[[Category:2009 songs]]
[[Category:Cheryl Cole songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]

CORALIE-Spektrograph

2009-08-28T05:26:08Z

Leonard^Bloom: Removed category Extrasolar planets (using HotCat)

The '''CORALIE spectrograph''' is an [[Echelle grating|echelle]] type [[spectrograph]] used for astronomy. This instrument used with a [[telescope]] to measure [[star]] [[spectra]] for the [[Doppler effect]] to detect the presence of [[extrasolar planets]] by the [[radial velocity method]]. This instrument was installed on the 1.2m Euler Swiss Telescope at the [[ESO]] [[La Silla Observatory]] in [[Chile]] for the [http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/coralie.html Southern Sky extrasolar Planet search Programme].<ref name="CORALIE-I">{{cite journal
| title=The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. I. A planet orbiting the star Gliese 86
| author=Queloz ''et al.''
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| volume=354
| pages= 99-102
| year=2000
| url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000A%26A...354...99Q
}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The resolution of CORALIE is fixed at R = 50,000 with a 3 pixel sampling. The detector CCD is 2k X 2k with a 15 micrometer pixel size.

==Planets discovered by CORALIE==
Five planetary object have been discovered using CORALIE along with several confirmations of discoveries by other programs.
{| class="toccolours sortable" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 align=center style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; margin-left: 0; margin-right: auto;"
|- bgcolor="#a0b0ff"
! [[Planet]]
! Date announced
|-
| [[Gliese 86 b]] || 24 November 1998<ref name="CORALIE-I"/>
|-
| [[HD 75289b]] || 1999<ref name="CORALIE-II">{{cite journal
| title=The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets II. The short-period planetary companions to HD 75289 and HD 130322
| author=Udry et al.
| url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2000A&A...356..590U
| year=2000
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| volume=356
| pages=590-598}}</ref>
|-
| [[HD 130322 b]] || 1999<ref name="CORALIE-II"/>
|-
| [[HD 192263b]] || 1999<ref name="CORALIE-XI">{{ cite journal
| title=The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets XI. The return of the giant planet orbiting HD192263
| author=Santos ''et al.''
| year=2003
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| volume=406
| pages=373-381
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030776
}}</ref><ref <ref name="CORALIE-III">{{ cite journal
| title= The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets III. A giant planet in orbit around HD 192263
| author= Santos ''et al.''
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| year=2000
| volume=356
| pages= 599-602}}</ref>
|-
| [[GJ 3021b]] || 2000<ref name=CORALIE-V">{{cite journal
| title=The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets V: 3 new extrasolar planets
| author=Naef ''et al.''
| year=2001
| journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| volume=375
| pages=205-218
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010841}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[ELODIE spectrograph]] was a similar device used for the [http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/elodie.html Northern Extrasolar Planet Search]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~udry/planet/planet.html The Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Programmes]

[[Category:Spectrometers]]
[[Category:Astronomical instruments]]
[[Category:Telescope instruments]]
[[Category:Exoplanetology]]

{{observatory-stub}}

CORALIE-Spektrograph

2009-08-28T05:25:41Z

Leonard^Bloom: Quick-adding category Exoplanetology (using HotCat)

SOPHIE-Spektrograph

2009-08-28T05:24:32Z

Leonard^Bloom: Removed category Extrasolar planets (using HotCat)

The '''SOPHIE''' ('''S'''pectrographe pour l’'''O'''bservation des '''Ph'''énomènes des '''I'''ntérieurs stellaires et des '''E'''xoplanètes) '''échelle spectrograph''' is a high-resolution [[echelle grating|echelle]] [[spectrograph]] installed on the 1.93m [[reflector telescope]] at the [[Haute-Provence Observatory]] located in south-eastern [[France]]. The purpose of this instrument is [[asteroseismology]]<ref>{{ cite journal
| title=Asteroseismology of Procyon with SOPHIE
| author=Mosser ''et al.''
| url=http://fr.arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0712/0712.1368v1.pdf
| journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]
| year=2008
| volume=478
| pages= 197-202
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078337
}}</ref> and [[extrasolar planet]] detection by the [[radial velocity method]]. It builds upon and replaces the older [[ELODIE spectrograph]]. This instrument was made available for use by the general astronomical community October 2006.<ref name="SOPHIE">{{cite journal | title=The SOPHIE spectrograph: design and technical key-points for high throughput and high stability
| url=http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/docs/SOPHIE_SPIE_Conf.pdf
| author=''Perruchot et al.''
| journal=Proceedings of the [[SPIE]]
| volume=7014
| year=2008
| doi=10.1117/12.787379}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The [[electromagnetic spectrum]] [[wavelength]] range is from 387.2 to 694.3 nanometers. The spectrograph is fed from the [[Cassegrain]] [[focus]] through either one of two separate [[optical fiber]] sets, yielding two different spectral resolutions (HE and HR modes). The instrument is entirely computer-controlled. A standard data reduction pipeline automatically processes the data upon every [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] readout cycle.

''HR mode'' is the high resolution mode. This mode incorporates a 40 micron exit slit to achieve high [[spectral resolution]] of R = 75000.

''HE mode'' is the high efficiency mode. This mode is used when a higher throughput is desired particularly in the case of faint objects [[spectral resolution]] is set to R = 40000.

The R2 [[Echelle grating|échelle]] [[diffraction grating]] has 52.65 grooves per millimeter and was manufactured by [http://gratings.newport.com/information/about.asp Richardson Grating Laboratories]. It is [[Blazed grating|blazed]] at 65° its size is 20.4 cm x 40.8 cm. It is mounted in a fixed configuration. The [[spectrum]] is projected onto the [http://www.e2v.com/home/ E2V Technologies] type 44-82 [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] detector of 4096 x 2048 [[pixels]] kept at a constant temperature of –100°C. This grating yields 41 [[spectral orders]], of which 39 are currently extracted, to obtain wavelengths between 387.2 nm and 694.3 nm.<ref name="SOPHIE"/>

==Performance==
A S/N (per pixel) of 27 (in V) was reached in 90 min for a [[apparent magnitude|V]]=14.5 object in ''HE mode''. The stability of radial velocity measurements in ''HR mode'' is 3-4 m/s over several months. The short term stability has been measured to be 1.3 m/s.<ref name="SOPHIE"/>

==See also==
* [[ELODIE spectrograph]]
* [[CORALIE spectrograph]]
* [[HARPS spectrograph]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.obs-hp.fr/guide/sophie/sophie-info.html SOPHIE Home Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:SOPHIE echelle spectrograph}}
[[Category:Spectrometers]]
[[Category:Astronomical instruments]]
[[Category:Exoplanetology]]

SOPHIE-Spektrograph

2009-08-28T05:24:19Z

Leonard^Bloom: Quick-adding category Exoplanetology (using HotCat)

Coltishall

2009-08-12T18:23:20Z

Leonard^Bloom: Quick-adding category Eco-towns (using HotCat)

{{infobox UK place
| country = England
| latitude = 52.7281
| longitude = 1.36189
| os_grid_reference = TG271197
| official_name = Coltishall
| population = 1405
| area_total_km2 = 7.27
| static_image =
| static_image_caption =
| shire_district = [[Broadland]]
| shire_county = [[Norfolk]]
| region = East of England
| civil_parish = Coltishall
| constituency_westminster =
| postcode_district = NR12
| postcode_area = NR
| post_town = NORWICH
| dial_code =
| london_distance =
}}

'''Coltishall''' is a [[village]] (population 1405<ref>Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council, 2001. "[http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/ncc017867.xls Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes]."</ref>) on the [[River Bure]], west of [[Wroxham]], in [[England|English]] county of [[Norfolk]]<ref>Ordnance Survey (2005). ''OS Explorer Map OL40 - The Broads''. ISBN 0-319-23769-9.</ref>, within [[The Broads|Norfolk Broads]].

Coltishall was a place of note even when the [[Domesday Book]] was compiled. For 250 years it was a centre of the malting industry. Many Norfolk [[Norfolk wherry|wherries]] (trading ships) were built here.

At one time, it was possible to navigate the River Bure all the way to [[Aylsham]], but now the limit of navigation for powered craft is just south of Coltishall.

The nearby [[RAF Coltishall]] played an important role during [[World War II]], and afterwards, but was finally closed in December 2006 to be converted into a prison.

Horstead [[watermill]] on the Coltishall-Horstead river border was one of the most photographed mills in the county until it [[Fire|burned down]] in 1963.

[[Image:Staithe.jpg|thumb|right|180px|The Staithe]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Watermills/horstead.html Horstead watermill history]

{{Civil Parishes of Broadland}}

[[Category:Broadland]]
[[Category:Villages in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Eco-towns]]

{{Norfolk-geo-stub}}

[[no:Coltishall]]

Bruce Castle

2009-07-02T02:39:36Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 189.73.86.115 to last revision by Bongwarrior (HG)

[[File:Bruce castle 1.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Bruce Castle's south facade]]
'''Bruce Castle''' (formerly the Lordship House) is a [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] 16th-century<ref>Sources differ as to the date of construction; some date the current building to the 15th century, but most agree that the house dates from the 16th century, although there is no consensus as to the exact date.</ref> [[manor house]] in [[Lordship Lane (Haringey)|Lordship Lane]], [[Tottenham]], [[London]]. It is named after the [[House of Bruce]] who formerly owned the land on which it is built. Believed to lie on the site of an earlier building, about which little is known, the current house is one of the oldest surviving English [[brick]] houses. It was remodelled in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.

The house has been home to [[William Compton (courtier)|Sir William Compton]], [[Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset|Richard Sackville]], the [[Baron Coleraine#Barons Coleraine, First Creation (1625)|Barons Coleraine]] and [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Sir Rowland Hill]], among others. After serving as a school during the 19th century, when a large extension was built to the west, it was converted into a museum exploring the history of the areas which constitute the present [[London Borough of Haringey]] and the history of the [[Royal Mail|postal service]]. The building also houses the archives of the London Borough of Haringey. Since 1892 the grounds have been a public park, Tottenham's oldest.

==Origins of the name==
[[Image:Lordship House, Tottenham 1619.jpg|right|thumb|The earliest known depiction of the house; detail of the 1619 [[:Image:1619 Tottenham map (full).jpg|Earl of Dorset's Survey of Tottenham]]. The Norman [[Tottenham#Sites or buildings of historical interest|All Hallows Church]] and priory, then as now the oldest surviving buildings in the area, are also shown.<ref>As with most other English maps of the period, the map is aligned south-north (i.e. "upside down" when compared to modern maps). The alignment of streets in the area is preserved today; the road running east-west is the present day Lordship Lane, and the road running north-south past the church is the present day Church Lane; [[Bruce Grove]] does not yet exist, but its eventual route can be seen in the field boundaries running diagonally immediately south of the castle. The large field opposite the house (marked "Lease") is the northeast corner of the water-meadow which became [[Broadwater Farm]]. The fields to the east of Church Lane are the present Bruce Castle Park, while those to the west surrounding the church now form part of [[Tottenham#Sites or buildings of historical interest|Tottenham Cemetery]].</ref>]]

The name ''Bruce Castle'' is derived from the [[House of Bruce]], who had historically owned a third of the [[manorialism|manor]] of Tottenham. However, there was no castle in the area, and it is unlikely that the family lived nearby.<ref name="Pegram2">Pegram 1987, p. 2</ref> Upon his accession to [[King of Scots|the Scottish throne]] in 1306, [[Robert I of Scotland]] forfeited his lands in England, including the Bruce holdings in Tottenham,<ref name="Pegram2" /> ending the connection between the Bruce family and the area. The former Bruce land in Tottenham was granted to [[Richard Spigurnell]] and [[Thomas Hethe]].<ref name="Lysons">{{citation|last=Lysons|first=Daniel|date=1795|journal=The Environs of London|location=London|volume=3|pages=517–557|title=Tottenham|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45450|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>

The three parts of the manor of Tottenham were united in the early 15th century under the Gedeney family and have remained united since.<ref name="Lysons" /> In all early records, the building is referred to as the ''Lordship House''. The name ''Bruce Castle'' first appears to have been adopted by [[Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine]] (1635–1708),<ref name="Pegram2" /> although Daniel Lysons speculates in ''The Environs of London'' (1795) that the usage of the name dates to the late 13th century.<ref name="Lysons"/>

==Architecture==
[[Image:Tottenham,Bruce Castle, Tower.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The round tower]]
A detached, cylindrical [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]] tower stands immediately to the southeast of the house, and is generally considered to be the earliest part of the building;<ref name="Pegram3">Pegram 1987, p. 3</ref> however, Lysons believes it to have been a later addition.<ref name="Lysons" /> The tower is built of local red brick, and is {{convert|21|ft|m}} tall, with walls {{convert|3|ft|m}} thick. The purpose of the tower is unknown, but speculation suggests it might have been a [[dovecote]].<ref name="Pegram3" /> In 2006, excavations revealed that the tower continues for some distance below the current ground level.<ref name="2006dig">{{citation|url=http://www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk/English/ComLearn/ComExcav/BruceCastle.htm|title=Bruce Castle Park community excavation, 2006 |date=2006|publisher=Museum of London|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>

Sources disagree on the house's initial construction date, and no records survive of its construction. There is some archaeological evidence dating parts of the building to the 15th century;<ref name="Pegram3" /> Robinson's 1840 ''History and Antiquities of the Parish of Tottenham'' suggests a date of about 1514,<ref name="robinson">Robinson 1840, p. 216</ref> although the Royal Commission on Historic Monuments attributes it to the late 16th century. [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] speculates that the front may have formed part of a [[courtyard house]] of which the remainder has disappeared.<ref name="Pevsner584">Cherry and Pevsner 1998, p. 584</ref>

The principal facade of the Grade I mansion has been substantially remodelled over time. The house is constructed of red brick with [[ashlar]] [[Quoin (architecture)|quoin]]ing and the principal facade, terminated by symmetrical matching bays, has tall paned windows. The house and detached tower are among the earliest uses of brick as the principal building material for an English house.<ref name="Pevsner11">Cherry and Pevsner 1998, p. 11</ref>

[[Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine]] (1635–1708) oversaw a substantial remodelling of the house in 1684, and much of the existing south facade dates from that time. The end bays were heightened, and the central porch was rebuilt with stone quoins and [[pilasters]], a [[Baluster|balustraded]] top and a small tower and [[cupola]].<ref name="Pevsner584" /> A plan from 1684 shows the hall in the centre of the house, with service rooms to the west and the main parlour to the east. On the first floor, the dining room was over the hall, the main bedchamber over the kitchen, and a lady's chamber over the porch.<ref name="Pevsner584" />

In the early 18th century [[Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine]] (1694–1749) oversaw a remodelling of the north of the house, in which an extra range of rooms was added to the north and a large crest of the Coleraine arms added to the pediment of the north facade.<ref name="Pevsner584" /> In the late 18th century under the ownership of [[James Townsend]], the narrow east facade of the house was remodelled into an entrance front, and given the appearance of a typical [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] house. At the same time, the gabled attics on the south front were removed, giving the southern elevation of the house its current appearance.<ref name="Pevsner584" /> An inventory of the house made in 1789 in preparation for its sale listed a hall, saloon, drawing room, dining room and breakfast parlour on the ground floor, with a library and billiard room on the first floor.<ref name="Pevsner584" />

In the early 19th century the west wing of the house was demolished, leaving it with the asymmetrical appearance that it retains today.<ref name="Pegram9">Pegram 1987, p. 9</ref> The house was converted into a school, and in 1870 a three-story extension was built in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style to the northwest of the house.<ref name="Pevsner584" />

The 2006 excavations by the [[Museum of London]] uncovered the chalk foundations of an earlier building on the site, of which nothing is currently known.<ref name="2006dig" /> [[Pipe Rolls|Court rolls]] of 1742 refer to the repair of a [[drawbridge]], implying that the building then had a [[moat]].<ref name="Pegram3" /> A 1911 archaeological journal made passing reference to "the recent levelling of the moat".<ref>{{citation|last=Page|first=William|year=1911|title=Ancient Earthworks|journal=A History of the County of Middlesex|volume=2|pages=1–14|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22152|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
{{-}} 

==Early residents==
It is generally believed that the first owner of the house was [[William Compton (courtier)|Sir William Compton]], [[Groom of the Stool]] to [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and one of the most prominent courtiers of the period, who acquired the manor of Tottenham in 1514.<ref name="Pegram3" /> However, there is no recorded evidence of Compton's living in the house, and there is some evidence that the current building dates to a later period.<ref name="Pegram3" />

The earliest known reference to the building dates from 1516, when Henry VIII met his sister [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret, Queen of Scots]], at "Maister Compton's House beside Tottenham".<ref name="robinson" /> The Comptons owned the building throughout the 16th century, but few records of the family or the building survive from the period.<ref name="Pegram4">Pegram 1987, p. 4</ref>

[[Image:Richard Sackville Earl of Dorset.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Richard Sackville, by [[William Larkin]].<ref>An added inscription on this painting misidentifies the sitter as [[Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset|Edward Sackville]], Richard's younger brother, later 4th Earl of Dorset. See Karen Hearn, ed. ''Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630.'' New York: Rizzoli, 1995. ISBN 0-8478-1940-X, pp. 198–199</ref> Sackville's large debts led to the sale of the house to [[Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine|Hugh Hare]].]]
In the early 17th century the house was owned by [[Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset]] and [[Lady Anne Clifford]]. Sackville ran up high debts through gambling and extravagant spending; the house (then still called "The Lordship House") was leased to [[Sir Thomas Peniston|Thomas Peniston]]. Peniston's wife, Martha, daughter of [[Sir Thomas Temple, 1st Baronet, of Stowe|Sir Thomas Temple]] was said to be the Earl of Dorset's mistress.<ref>Clifford 1990, p. 83</ref> The house was later sold to wealthy [[Norfolk]] landowner [[Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine|Hugh Hare]].<ref name="Pegram5">Pegram 1987, p. 5</ref>

==17th century: the Hare family==
===Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine===
Hugh Hare (1606–1667) had inherited a large amount of money from his great-uncle [[Nicholas Hare|Sir Nicholas Hare]], [[Master of the Rolls]]. On the death of his father, his mother had remarried [[Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester]], allowing the young Hugh Hare to rise rapidly in [[Noble court|Court]] and social circles. He married Montagu's daughter by his first marriage and purchased the manor of Tottenham, including the Lordship House, in 1625, and was ennobled as [[Baron Coleraine]] shortly thereafter.<ref name="Pegram5" />

Being closely associated with the court of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], Hare's fortunes went into decline during the [[English Civil War]]. His [[Longford Castle|castle at Longford]] and his house in [[Totteridge]] were seized by Parliamentary forces, and returned upon the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] in a severe state of disrepair.<ref name="Pegram5" /> Records of Tottenham from the period are now lost, and the ownership of and condition of the Lordship House during the [[Commonwealth of England]] are unknown.<ref name="Pegram5" /> Hugh Hare died at his home in Totteridge in 1667, having choked to death on a bone eating [[Domestic turkey|turkey]] whilst laughing and drinking,<ref name="Pegram5" /> and was succeeded by his son [[Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine]].

===Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine===
Henry Hare (1635–1708) settled at the Lordship House, renaming it Bruce Castle in honour of the area's historic connection with the [[House of Bruce]].<ref name="Pegram2" /> Hare was a noted historian and author of the first history of Tottenham. He grew up at the Hare family house at Totteridge, and it is not known when he moved to Tottenham. At the time of the birth of his first child, Hugh, in 1668, the family were still living in Totteridge, while by the time of the death of his first wife Constantia, in 1680, the family were living in Bruce Castle. According to Hare, Constantia was buried in [[Tottenham#Sites or buildings of historical interest|All Hallows Church]] in Tottenham. However, the [[parish register]] for the period is complete and makes no mention of her death or burial.<ref name="Pegram6">Pegram 1987, p. 6</ref>

[[File:Early facade of Bruce Castle.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Bruce Castle in the late 17th century, following Hare's alterations]]
Following the death of Constantia, Hare married Sarah Alston. They had been engaged in 1661, but she had instead married [[John Seymour, 4th Duke of Somerset]]. There is evidence that during Sarah's marriage to Seymour and Hare's marriage to Constantia, a close relationship was sustained between them.<ref name="Pegram7">Pegram 1987, p. 7</ref>

The house was substantially remodelled in 1684, following Henry Hare's marriage to the dowager Duchess of Somerset, and much of the existing south facade dates from this time.<ref name="Pevsner584" /> The facade's dominating feature is a central tower with a [[Belvedere (structure)|belvedere]], a [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] of the English [[Renaissance]] of the late 16th/early 17th centuries (the Compton family's [[Warwickshire]] home [[Castle Ashby]] was also given Renaissance features during the 17th century). [[Hatfield House]], also close to London, had a similar central tower constructed in 1611, as does [[Blickling Hall]] in Norfolk, built circa 1616. However, in resemblance the house appears to favour the style of [[Burton Agnes Hall]] constructed between 1601 and 1610.

====The Ghostly Lady of Bruce Castle====
Although sources such as Pegram speculate that Constantia committed suicide in the face of a continued relationship between Hare and the Duchess of Somerset,<ref name="Pegram7" /> little is known about her life and the circumstances of her early death, and her [[ghost]] reputedly haunts the castle.<ref name="Underwood">Underwood 1992, pp. 46–147</ref> [[Image:Bruce Castle Park.JPG|thumb|right|The grounds of Bruce Castle, now a public park]]

The earliest recorded reference to the ghost appeared in 1858 – almost two hundred years after her death – in the ''Tottenham & Edmonton Advertiser''.
{{quote|A lady of our acquaintance was introduced at a party to an Indian Officer who, hearing that she came from Tottenham, eagerly asked if she had seen the Ghostly Lady of Bruce Castle. Some years before he had been told the following story by a brother officer when encamped on a march in India. One of the Lords Coleraine had married a beautiful lady and while she was yet in her youth had been seized with a violent hatred against her – whether from jealousy or not is not known. He first confined her to the upper part of the house and subsequently still more closely to the little rooms of the clock turret. These rooms looked on the balconies: the lady one night succeeded in forcing her way out and flung herself with child in arms from the parapet. The wild despairing shriek aroused the household only to find her and her infant in death's clutches below. Every year as the fearful night comes round (it is in November) the wild form can be seen as she stood on the fatal parapet, and her despairing cry is heard floating away on the autumnal blast.<ref name="Pegram6" /><ref>{{citation|title=The Ghostly Lady of Bruce Castle|journal=Tottenham & Edmonton Advertiser|issue=March 1858}}</ref>}}
The legend has now been largely forgotten, and there have been no reported sightings of the ghost in recent times.<ref name="Underwood" />

==Residents in the 18th century==
[[Image:Bruce Castle north elevation.JPG|left|thumb|North elevation, showing the Coleraine crest on the north pediment]]
Sarah Hare died in 1692 and was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]],<ref name="Pegram7" /> and Hare in 1708, to be succeeded by his grandson [[Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine]]. Henry Hare was a leading [[antiquary]], residing only briefly at Bruce Castle between lengthy tours of Europe.

The house was remodelled again under the 3rd Baron Coleraine's ownership. An extra range of rooms was added to the north, and the pediment of the north front ornamented with a large crest of the Coleraine arms.<ref name="Pevsner584" />

Hare's marriage was not consummated, and following an affair with a French woman, Rosa du Plessis, du Plessis bore him his only child, a daughter named Henrietta Rosa Peregrina, born in France in 1745.<ref name="Pegram8">Pegram 1987, p. 8</ref> Hare died in 1749 leaving his estates to the four-year-old Henrietta, but her claim was rejected due to her French nationality. After many years of legal challenges, the estates, including Bruce Castle, were granted to her husband [[James Townsend]], who she had married at age 18.<ref name="Pegram8" />

[[File:Bruce Castle east side.JPG|right|thumb|James Townsend remodelled the east facade to have the appearance of a typical Georgian house.]]
James Townsend was a leading citizen of the day. He served as a [[magistrate]], was [[Member of Parliament]] for [[West Looe (UK Parliament constituency)|West Looe]], and in 1772 became [[Lord Mayor of the City of London|Lord Mayor of London]], whilst Henrietta was a prominent artist, many of whose [[engraving]]s of 18th century Tottenham survive in the Bruce Castle Museum.<ref name="Pegram8" />

After 1764, under the ownership of James Townsend, the house was remodelled again. The narrow east front was remodelled into an entrance front, and given the appearance of a typical [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] house, while the gabled attics on the south front were removed, giving the south facade the appearance it has today.<ref name="Pevsner584" />

James and Henrietta Townsend's son, Henry Hare Townsend, showed little interest in the area or in the traditional role of the [[Lord of the Manor]]. After leasing the house to a succession of tenants, the house and grounds were sold in 1792 to Thomas Smith of [[Gray's Inn]] as a country residence.<ref name="Pegram8" />

==John Eardley Wilmot==
[[John Wilmot (MP)|John Eardley Wilmot]] (c. 1749 – 23 June 1815) was Member of Parliament for [[Tiverton (UK Parliament constituency)|Tiverton]] (1776–1784) and [[Coventry (UK Parliament constituency)|Coventry]] (1784–1796), and in 1783 led the Parliamentary Commission investigating the events that had led to the [[American Revolution]]. He also led the processing of compensation claims, and the supply of basic housing and provisions, for the 60,000 [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] refugees who arrived in England in the aftermath of the independence of the [[United States]].<ref name="Pegram9" />

Following the beginning of the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, a second wave of refugees arrived in England. Although the British government on this occasion did not offer organised relief to refugees, Wilmot, in association with [[William Wilberforce]], [[Edmund Burke]] and [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham]], founded "Wilmot's Committee", which raised funds to provide accommodation and food, and found employment for refugees from France, large numbers of whom settled in the Tottenham area.<ref name="Pegram9" />

In 1804, Wilmot retired from public life and moved to Bruce Castle to write his memoirs of the American Revolution, and his role in the investigations of its causes and consequences. They were published shortly before his death in 1815.<ref name="Pegram9" />

After Wilmot's death London merchant John Ede purchased the house and its grounds, and demolished the building's west wing.<ref name="Pegram9" /> It was never rebuilt, resulting in the current skewed shape of the building. In 1827, Ede sold the house and grounds to [[Worcestershire]] educationalist [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Rowland Hill]], for use as a school.

==The Hill School==
[[Image:Rowland Hill - Project Gutenberg etext 13103.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Sir Rowland Hill]]
Hill and his brothers had taken over the management of their father's school in [[Birmingham]] in 1819, which moved to Bruce Castle in 1827 with Rowland Hill as Headmaster. The school was run along [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] lines inspired by Hill's friends [[Thomas Paine]], [[Richard Price]] and [[Joseph Priestley]];<ref>{{citation|title=Joseph Priestley and his Influence on Education in Birmingham |publisher=[http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=4276 Revolutionary Players of Industry and Innovation] |last=Dick |first=Malcolm |year=2004 |url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/content/files/88/83/366.doc |format = {{DOClink|65 KB}} |accessdate = 2009-03-16}}</ref> all teaching was on the principle that the role of the teacher is to instill the desire to learn, not to impart facts, corporal punishment was abolished and alleged transgressions were tried by a court of pupils, while the school taught a radical (for the time) curriculum including foreign languages, science and engineering.<ref name="Pegram10">Pegram 1987, p. 10</ref><ref>A printing press designed by Rowland Hill and built by pupils of the school is on display at London's [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]]. At this time, school curricula were almost always restricted to the classics; for a school to include engineering in the curriculum was almost unique.</ref> Amongst other pupils, the school taught the sons of many London-based diplomats, particularly from the newly independent nations of [[South America]], and the sons of computing pioneer [[Charles Babbage]].<ref name="Pegram10" />

In 1839 Rowland Hill, who had written an influential proposal on postal reform, was appointed as head of the [[General Post Office]] (where he introduced the world's first [[postage stamp]]s), leaving the school in the hands of his younger brother Arthur Hill.<ref name="Pegram10" /> Arthur retired in 1868, leaving the school in the hands of his son [[George Birkbeck Norman Hill|Birkbeck Hill]].

[[Image:Bruce Castle extension.JPG|left|thumb|upright|19th-century extension to house the school]]
During the period of the School's operation, the character of the area had changed beyond recognition. Historically, Tottenham had consisted of four villages on [[Ermine Street]] (later the [[A10 road (England)|A10 road]]), surrounded by marshland and farmland.<ref name="Middx">{{citation| title =Tottenham Growth after 1850 | journal =A History of the County of Middlesex | volume =5 | pages =317–324 | publisher =Victoria County History | date =1976 | url =http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26986 | accessdate =2007-06-06 }}</ref> The construction of the [[Northern and Eastern Railway]] in 1840, with stations at [[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale]] and [[Northumberland Park railway station|Marsh Lane]] (later Northumberland Park), made commuting from Tottenham to central London feasible for the first time (albeit by a circuitous eight-mile route via [[Stratford, London|Stratford]], more than double the distance of the direct road route), as well as providing direct connections to the [[Port of London]].<ref>Lake 1945, pp. 12–13</ref> In 1872 the [[Great Eastern Railway]] opened a direct line from [[Enfield Town railway station|Enfield]] to [[Liverpool Street station]],<ref>Lake 1945, p. 22</ref> including a station at [[Bruce Grove railway station|Bruce Grove]], close to Bruce Castle;<ref>Connor 2004, § 54</ref> the railway provided subsidised workmen's fares to allow poor commuters to live in Tottenham and commute to work in central London.<ref>Olsen 1976, p. 290</ref> As a major rail hub, Tottenham grew into a significant residential and industrial area; by the end of the 19th century, the only remaining undeveloped areas were the grounds of Bruce Castle itself, and the waterlogged floodplains of the [[River Lee (England)|River Lee]] at [[Tottenham Marshes]] and of the [[River Moselle (London)|River Moselle]] at [[Broadwater Farm]].<ref name="Middx" />

[[Image:Bruce Castle extension entrance.JPG|thumb|upright|Rear entrance to the extension. The inscription over the doorway reads: "Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap".]]
In 1877 Birkbeck Hill retired from the post of headmaster, ending his family's association with the school. The school closed in 1891, and [[Municipal Borough of Tottenham|Tottenham Council]] purchased the house and grounds. The grounds of the house were opened to the public as Bruce Castle Park in June 1892,<ref name="Pevsner57">Cherry and Pevsner 1998, p. 57</ref> the first public park in Tottenham.<ref name="homepage">{{citation|url=http://www.haringey.gov.uk/leisure/brucecastlemuseum.htm#about|title=Bruce Castle Museum|publisher=London Borough of Haringey|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> The house opened to the public as Bruce Castle Museum in 1906.<ref name="Pegram11">Pegram 1987, p. 11</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/X20L/Boroughs/haringey.htm|title=Haringey|publisher=Museum of London|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>

===Heraud's ''Tottenham''===
Bruce Castle was among the buildings mentioned in [[John Abraham Heraud]]'s 1820 [[Spenserian stanza|Spenserian epic]], ''Tottenham'', a [[Romantic poetry|romantic]] depiction of the life of Robert the Bruce:<ref name="Hidden">{{citation|url=http://www.hidden-london.com/brucegrove.html|title=Haringey|publisher=Hidden London|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
{{quote|Lovely is moonlight to the poet's eye, 
That in a tide of beauty bathes the skies, 
Filling the balmy air with purity, 
Silent and lone, and on the greensward dies— 
But when on ye her heavenly slumber lies, 
TOWERS OF BRUS! 'tis more than lovely then.— 
For such sublime associations rise, 
That to young fancy's visionary ken, 
'Tis like a maniac's dream — fitful and still again.<ref>{{citation|url=http://198.82.142.160/spenser/TextRecord.php?action=GET&textsid=39266|title=Tottenham: A Poem|last=Heraud|first=John Abraham|year=1820|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>}}

==Present day==
[[Image:Bruce Castle postboxes.JPG|right|thumb|Historic postboxes on display]]
Bruce Castle is now a museum, holding the archives of the [[London Borough of Haringey]], and housing a permanent exhibition on the past, present and future of Haringey and its predecessor boroughs, and temporary displays on the history of the area.<ref name="homepage"/> Other exhibits include an exhibition on Rowland Hill and postal history,<ref name="Hidden" /> a significant collection of early photography, a collection of historic manorial documents and court rolls related to the area,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.haringey.gov.uk/index/news_and_events/latest_news/deed_tottenham.htm|title=New Bruce Castle document sheds light on Tottenham history|date=2007-08-31|publisher=London Borough of Haringey|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> and one of the few copies available for public reading of the ''Spurs Opus'', the complete history of [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/09/26/haringey_spurs_opus_feature.shtml|title=Spurs well and truly books, Bruce Castle Museum|last=Fontaine|first=Valley|date=2008-09-26|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> In 1949, the building was [[Listed building|Grade I listed]];<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=201424|title=Images of England: Bruce Castle|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-03-23}}</ref> the round tower was separately Grade I listed at the same time,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=201423|title=Images of England: Tower to the Southwest of Bruce Castle|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-03-23}}</ref> and the 17th-century southern and western boundary walls of the park were [[Listed building|Grade II listed]] in 1974.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=201422|title=Images of England: Southern boundary wall to Bruce Castle Park|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=201328|title=Images of England: Wall along western boundary to grounds of Bruce Castle|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref> In 1969 the castle additionally became home to the regimental museum of the [[Middlesex Regiment]];<ref>{{citation|date=1976|title=Tottenham: Manors|journal=A History of the County of Middlesex|publisher=Victoria County History|volume=5|pages=324–330|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=26987|accessdate=2009-03-23}}</ref> whose collection was subsequently transferred to the [[National Army Museum]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.armymuseums.org.uk/museums/0000000069-Middlesex-Regiment-Collection.htm|title=Middlesex Regiment Collection|publisher=Army Museums Ogilby Trust|accessdate=2009-04-21}}</ref>

In July 2006 a major community archaeological dig was organised in the grounds by the [[Museum of London]] Archaeological Archive and Research Centre, as part of the centenary celebrations of the opening of Bruce Castle Museum,<ref name="2006dig" /> in which large numbers of local youths took part.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.molg.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/10A84A59-BDCA-410A-9227-B24A71AD1BC3/0/MoLAccounts07.pdf|title=Financial statement, year ending 31 March 2007|date=2007-10-04|publisher=Museum of London|format=PDF|page=17|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/english/aboutus/newsroom/archived06/brucecastle.htm|title=Locals invited to muck in at Bruce Castle |date=2006-07-03|publisher=Museum of London|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> As well as large quantities of discarded everyday objects, the chalk foundations of what appears to be an earlier house on the site were discovered.<ref name="2006dig" />
 

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Cherry|first=Bridget|coauthors=Pevsner, Nikolaus|title=The Buildings of England|publisher=Penguin|location=London|date=1998|volume=London 4: North|isbn=0-14-071049-3|oclc=40453938}}
*{{citation|last=Clifford|first=Anne|title=The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford|publisher=Alan Sutton|location=Stroud|year=1990|isbn=0 862995 60 4|oclc=59978239}}
*{{citation | last =Connor | first =Jim | title =Branch Lines to Enfield Town and Palace Gates | publisher =Middleton Press | date =2004 | location =Midhurst | url =http://www.middletonpress.co.uk/index.php | isbn =1-904474-32-2}}
*{{citation|last=Lake|first=G.H.|title=The Railways of Tottenham|publisher=Greenlake Publications Ltd|location=London|year=1945|isbn=1-899890-26-2}}
*{{citation|last=Olsen|first=Donald J|title=The Growth of Victorian London|publisher=Batsford|location=London|date=1976|isbn=0713432292|oclc=185749148}}
*{{citation |last=Pegram |first=Jean |title=From Manor House... to Museum |publisher=Hornsey Historical Society |location=London |series=Haringey History Bulletin |volume=28 |year=1987 |isbn=0-903481-05-7}}
*{{citation|last=Robinson|first=William|title=History and Antiquities of the Parish of Tottenham|location=London|year=1840|edition=2|oclc=78467199}}
*{{citation|title=The A-Z of British Ghosts |last=Underwood |first= Peter|year=1992 |publisher=Chancellor Press |location=London |isbn=1-85152-194-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.haringey.gov.uk/leisure/brucecastlemuseum.htm Bruce Castle Museum]

{{commonscat}}
{{London museums}}
{{LB Haringey}}

{{featured article}}

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[[Category:Art museums and galleries in London]]
[[Category:Houses in London]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Haringey]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in London]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:History of Haringey]]

[[bg:Брус (замък)]]

Bruce Castle

2009-07-02T02:39:36Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 189.73.86.115 to last revision by Bongwarrior (HG)

Bruce Castle

2009-07-02T02:39:36Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 189.73.86.115 to last revision by Bongwarrior (HG)

Warren Adler

2009-07-02T01:08:50Z

Leonard^Bloom: Tagging :Image:Warrenadler.jpeg which is up for deletion per CSD (TW)

[[Image:warrenadler.jpeg|right|{{deletable image-caption|1=Thursday, 9 July 2009}}]]

'''Warren Adler''' (born [[December 16]], [[1927]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]) is a world renowned [[United States|American]] [[novelist]] and playwright with books translated into more than twenty-five languages. .

Adler graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School and [[New York University]], where he majored in English literature following which he worked for a [[New York City]] newspaper. He went on to a successful career in business, acquiring four radio stations and a television station. However, writing [[fiction]] was an interest he began to pursue as a career with the publication of his first novel in 1974. Since then, he has written another twenty-four novels including ''[[The War of The Roses]]'' and ''[[Random Hearts (novel)|Random Hearts]]'' both of which were made in [[motion picture]]s. Adler has also written five[[short story]] collections that were made into films. His ''[[The Sunset Gang]]'' became an [[American Playhouse]] three-hour television production in 1991 and in 2002, a pilot was produced based on ''[[The Fiona FitzGerald Mysteries]]''.

Warren Adler is noted for his efforts to encourage new authors. He is the founder of the [[Jackson Hole Writers Conference]] in [[Jackson Hole, Wyoming]] and his website is lauded for its information for aspiring authors.

Warren is a pioneer in electronic publishing and has acquired his complete backlist and converted this entire library to digital publishing formats. As a novelist, Mr. Adler's themes deal primarily with intimate human relationships—the mysterious nature of love and attraction, the fragile relationships between husbands and wives and parents and children, the corrupting power of money, the aging process and how families cling together when challenged by the outside world. Readers and reviewers have cited his books for their insight and wisdom in presenting and deciphering the complexities of contemporary life. All of Warren's books are available in E-Book format.

His movies include the world-wide hits "The War of the Roses" with Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner, "Random Hearts" with Harrison Ford and Kirstin Scott-Thomas and "The Sunset Gang:" a much acclaimed three hour mini-series on Public Television. He has sold or optioned twelve books to the movie including Private Lies which fetched more than 1.2 million, one of the highest prices ever for a novel. The picture was never made.

Warren also has a [http://warrenadler.blogspot.com/ blog]
which he updates frequently and blogs about items from politics to literature to pop culture and the movies.

In 2006, Warren began [http://www.warrenadler.com/contest09.shtml/ The Warren Adler Short Story Contest] which is fast becoming the most prestigious online short story contest thanks to the extraordinary literary quality of the submissions. A new contest has begun and submissions will be accepted from April 13, 2009-July 13, 2009.

Warren can be found on the numerous social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter (warrenadler), Gather, Eons, and MySpace. Warren enjoys interacting with his fans worldwide and the many budding writers out there.

== Works ==
=== Novels ===
* ''[[The Children of the Roses]]''
* ''[[Cult (novel)|Cult]]''
* ''[[Mourning Glory]]''
* ''[[Random Hearts (novel)|Random Hearts]]''
* ''[[Trans-Siberian Express (novel)|Trans-Siberian Express]]''
* ''[[The Casanova Embrace]]''
* ''Blood Ties''
* ''[[Natural Enemies]]''
* ''[[Banquet Before Dawn]]''
* ''[[The Housewife Blues]]''
* ''[[Madeline's Miracles]]''
* ''[[We Are Holding the President Hostage]]''
* ''[[Private Lies (novel)|Private Lies]]''
* ''[[Twilight Child]]''
* ''[[The Henderson Equation]]''
* ''[[Undertow (novel)|Undertow]]''
* ''[[The War of The Roses]]''

=== Short stories ===

* ''[[The Sunset Gang]]''
* ''[[Never Too Late for Love]]''
* ''[[Jackson Hole, Uneasy Eden]]''
* ''[[The Washington Dossier Stories]]''

=== The Fiona FitzGerald Mysteries ===

* ''[[American Quartet (novel)|American Quartet]]''
* ''[[American Sextet]]''
* ''[[Immaculate Deception (novel)|Immaculate Deception]]''
* ''[[Senator Love]]''
* ''[[The Witch of Watergate]]''
* ''[[The Ties That Bind (Adler novel)|The Ties That Bind]]''
* ''[[Death of a Washington Madame]]''

== References ==
* [http://www.warrenadler.com/ Warren Adler official site]
* [http://www.writerswrite.com/journal/aug01/adler.htm Writers Write (Aug. 2001): "A Conversation With Warren Adler", by Claire E. White]
== External links ==
* {{iblist name|id=11658|name=Warren Adler}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adler, Warren}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from New York]]
[[Category:Writers from Wyoming]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[da:Warren Adler]]

Sherburne F. Cook

2009-06-28T20:34:03Z

Leonard^Bloom: moved refs above ext.lkin

{{Infobox Person
| name = Sherburne Friend Cook
| image =
| caption = No known images available.
| quotation =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|11|7|1896|12|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Monterey, California|Monterey Peninsula]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| education = [[Harvard University]]
| occupation = [[Physiologist]], [[Professor]] at [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Sherburne Friend Cook''' was a physiologist by training, and served as professor and chairman of the department of physiology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He was also a noted pioneer in population studies of the native peoples of [[Native Americans in the United States|North America]] and [[Mesoamerica]] and in field methods and [[quantitative analysis]] in [[archaeology]].

Cook studied at [[Harvard University]] and served in France during [[World War I]]. He completed his Ph.D. thesis, ''The Toxicity of the Heavy Metals in Relation to Respiration'', in 1925. He taught physiology at Berkeley from 1928 until his retirement in 1966.

Cook repeatedly returned to the problems of estimating the [[pre-Columbian]] populations of [[Population of Native California|California]], [[Central Mexico|Mexico]], and other regions, and of tracing the rate and reasons for their subsequent decline. He often arrived at higher figures for pre-contact populations than had previous scholars, and his work has not escaped criticism within this controversial field (e.g., Mathes 2005).

==Selected Publications==
* ''The Extent and Significance of Disease among the Indians of Baja California''. 1935. Ibero-Americana No. 12. University of California, Berkeley.
* ''The Population of Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century''. 1948. Ibero-Americana No. 31. University of California, Berkeley.
* (with Woodrow Borah) ''Essays in Population History''. 1971-1979. 3 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley.
* ''The Conflict between the California Indians and White Civilization''. 1976. University of California Press, Berkeley. (Reprinting six studies originally published in Ibero-Americana, 1940-1943)
* ''The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970''. 1976. University of California Press, Berkeley.

== Honors ==
* [[List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1938|Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1938]]

==References==
* Brooks, Sheilagh T. 1976. "Tribute to Sherburne Friend , 1896-1974". ''Journal of California Anthropology'' 3:3-12.
* Mathes, W. Michael. 2005. "Reflections and Considerations Regarding Baja California Demography Before and During the Mission Period". In ''Archaeology without Limits: Papers in Honor of Clement W. Meighan'', edited by Brian D. Dillon and Matthew A. Boxt, pp. 205-212. Labyrinthos, Lancaster, California.

== External links ==
* [http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0021.html "Tribute to Sherburne Friend , 1896-1974"]; includes "Anthropological Bibliography of Sherburne Friend Cook" excerpted from a more extensive bibliography in the original publication.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, Sherburne Friend}}
[[Category:Historians of Native Americans]]
[[Category:American ethnologists]]
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:California scholars]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]

Magical Negro

2009-06-08T02:16:57Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 76.10.155.27 to last revision by Ghostexorcist (HG)

The '''magical negro''' (sometimes called the '''mystical negro''' or '''magic negro''') is a supporting, often mystical [[stock character]] in fiction who, by use of special insight or powers, helps the [[White people|white]] [[protagonist]] get out of trouble. The word ''[[negro]]'', now considered by many as archaic and offensive, is used intentionally to suggest that the archetype is a racist throwback, an update of the "[[Sambo (racial term)|Sambo]]" and "[[Noble savage|savage other]]" stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Race, Sex, and Suspicion: The Myth of the Black Male |first= D. Marvin | last = Jones |pages= 35 |location = [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn.]]| publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2005 |isbn = 0275974626 | oclc = 56095393}}</ref> [[Spike Lee]] popularized the term, deriding the [[archetype]] of the "super-duper magical negro" in 2001 while discussing films with students at [[Washington State University]] and at [[Yale University]].<ref name="strangehorizons">{{cite news |url= http://www.strangehorizons.com/2004/20041025/kinga.shtml |title= Stephen King's Super-Duper Magical Negroes |first= Nnedi | last = Okorafor-Mbachu | authorlink = Nnedi Okorafor-Mbachu| work = Strange Horizons |date= [[2004-10-25]] | accessdate = 2006-12-03 }}</ref><ref name="SpikeLee">{{cite news | url = http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v29.n21/story3.html | title = Director Spike Lee slams 'same old' black stereotypes in today's films | first = Susan | last = Gonzalez | work = Yale Bulletin & Calendar | publisher =[[Yale University]] | date = [[2001-03-02]] | accessdate = 2008-12-29 }}</ref>

The magical negro is a subset of the more generic '''numinous negro''', a term coined by [[Richard Brookhiser]] in [[National Review]]<ref name="NuminousNegro">{{cite news | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_16_53/ai_76915717 | title = The Numinous Negro - His importance in our lives; why he is fading | publisher =[[National Review]] | date = [[2001-08-20]]}}></ref>. The latter term refers to saintly, respected or heroic black protagonists or mentors.

==The magical negro in fiction==
The magical negro is typically but not always "in some way outwardly or inwardly disabled, either by discrimination, disability or social constraint," often a janitor or prisoner.<ref name="Hicks">{{cite journal|first=Heather J. |last = Hicks | journal = Camera Obscura | title= Hoodoo Economics: White Men's Work and Black Men's Magic in Contemporary American Film |publisher=Camera Obscura |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=2003-09-01 |pages= 27–55 |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24435280_ITM |accessdate=2007-02-03 | doi= 10.1215/02705346-18-2_53-27}}</ref> He has no past; he simply appears one day to help the [[White people|white]] protagonist.<ref name="ejumpcut">{{cite journal | url= http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc45.2002/colombe/ |title= White Hollywood's new Black boogeyman |first= Audrey | last = Colombe | issue = 45 | work = Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media | month = October | year = 2002 | accessdate = 2006-12-03 }}</ref> He sometimes fits the black stereotype, "prone to criminality and laziness."<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Patterns of Politics, Praxis, and Culture | first = Georgia Anne | last = Persons |pages= 137 | location = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2005 |isbn = 141280468X | oclc = 56510401 }}</ref> To counterbalance this, he has some sort of magical power, "rather vaguely defined but not the sort of thing one typically encounters."<ref name="ejumpcut" /> He is patient and wise, often dispensing various words of wisdom, and is "closer to the earth."<ref name="strangehorizons" />

The magical negro serves as a plot device to help the protagonist get out of trouble, typically through helping the white character recognize his own faults and overcome them.<ref name="strangehorizons" /> Although he has magical powers, his "magic is ostensibly directed toward helping and enlightening a white male character."<ref name="Hicks" /> It is this feature of the magical negro that some people find most troubling. Although from a certain perspective the character may seem to be showing blacks in a positive light, he is still ultimately subordinate to whites. He is also regarded as an exception, allowing white America to "like individual black people but not black culture."<ref>{{cite book|title=Black Magic: White Hollywood and African American Culture | first = Krin | last = Gabbard |pages=173 | location = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | publisher=Rutgers University Press |year= 2004|isbn = 081353383X | oclc = 53215708}}</ref>

To save the white protagonist, however, he would do anything, including sacrificing himself, as [[Sidney Poitier]] portrays in ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'', the prototypical magical Negro movie.<ref name="strangehorizons" /> Note that Poitier's character is also saved by the white protagonist, as the two help each other throughout the film.

The magical negro is a recurring theme in [[Chinese literature]] from the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907 AD).<ref name=snow>Snow, Philip. ''The Star Raft: China's Encounter With Africa''. Cornell Univ. Press, 1989 (ISBN 0801495830)</ref> Known as "Kun-lun" (崑崙, an ancient Chinese term that denoted all dark-skinned races), these African slaves were portrayed as having supernatural strength and the power to invade people's dreams to reveal great knowledge. One tale known as the ''[[Kunlun Nu|Kun-lun slave]]'' mentions a slave leaping over high walls while laden with the weight of two people in order to rescue his master's lover.<ref>Liu, James J.Y. ''The Chinese Knight Errant''. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-2264-8688-5)</ref> Other tales mention them swimming to the bottom of raging rivers to retrieve heavenly treasures for their lord. The color of their skin was believed to be a medicinal balm that could be wiped off and used to cure a person's illness.<ref name=snow/>

===Examples===

{{Prose|date=December 2008}}
[[Image:Uncle Remus crop, 1881.jpg|thumb|right|[[Uncle Remus]] in ''Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings: The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation'', 1881]]

Examples of magical negroes as published by social commentators include:

*[[Uncle Remus]] ([[James Baskett]]) in the film ''[[Song of the South]]'' (1946) <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.patrickkillough.com/ethics/brer_rabbit.html |title=BRER RABBIT SEZ, SEZEE: THE WISDOM OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS |first=Patrick |last=Killough |date=1997-12-09 |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>
*Noah Cullen ([[Sidney Poitier]]) in the film ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958)<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**Also Poitier in ''[[To Sir, With Love]]'', ''[[Lilies of the Field]]'' and ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'', the last "particularly striking in this regard, as it posits [[miscegenation]] without evoking sex. (Talk about magic!)" Quote from Ehrenstein.<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times]By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>
*The magical negro is a recurring archetype [[Stephen King]]'s [[novel]]s as well as some adaptations of his work:
**Dick Hallorann in ''[[The Shining (novel)|The Shining]]'' (1977), and in both the [[The Shining (film)|1980 film adaptation]] ([[Scatman Crothers]]) and the [[The Shining (mini-series)|1997 TV miniseries]] ([[Melvin Van Peebles]])<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**Mother Abagail in ''[[The Stand]]'' (1978), and the [[The Stand (TV miniseries)|1994 TV adaptation]] ([[Ruby Dee]])<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**John Coffey in ''[[The Green Mile (book)|The Green Mile]]'' (1996), and the [[The Green Mile (film)|1999 film adaptation]] ([[Michael Clarke Duncan]])<ref name="strangehorizons" /><ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Moses the Clock Man ([[Bill Cobbs]]) in the film ''[[The Hudsucker Proxy]]'' (1994) <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.fortheretarded.com/?p=37 |title=Exposing Hollywood's Fascination with the Magic Negro |first=Noel |last=Wood |date=2002-10-29 |accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>
*Cash ([[Don Cheadle]]) in the film ''[[The Family Man]]'' (2000)<ref name="SpikeLee" /><ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Bagger Vance ([[Will Smith]]) in the film ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (2000)<ref name="strangehorizons" /><ref name="SpikeLee" /><ref name="ejumpcut" /><ref>{{cite news||title=That Old Black Magic |date= [[2000-05-27]] | first = Christopher John | last = Farley | authorlink = Christopher John Farley |work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998604,00.html |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref>
*Gloria Dump ([[Cicely Tyson]]) in the film ''[[Because of Winn-Dixie (film)|Because of Winn-Dixie]]'' (2005)<ref name='charlotteObs'>{{cite news | first=Gary | last=Thompson | coauthors= | title='Winn-Dixie' Gets No Place Fast | date=2005-02-18 | publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Holdings LLC]] | url =http://ae.charlotte.com/entertainment/ui/charlotte/movie.html;jsessionid=2738A0AB6137F17664C1590346E175C7.prodapp14_ae_02?id=241836&reviewId=17357 | work =[[The Philadelphia Daily News]] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-21 | language = }}</ref>

*God ([[Morgan Freeman]]) in the films ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' and ''[[Evan Almighty]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= Just Say Noah |date= [[2007-06-22]] |first= David |last= Plotz |work= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url= http://www.slate.com/id/2168886/ |accessdate= 2007-06-22}}</ref>
* Eddie "Scrap Iron" Dupris (Morgan Freeman) in ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/03/24/AR2005032400739.html
|title=Oscar's 'Ray' Of Hope
|author=Eugene Robinson
|publisher=The Washington Post Company
|accessdate=2008-07-27}}</ref>
** Also Freeman in ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'', ''[[Seven]]'' "and the seemingly endless series of films in which he plays ersatz paterfamilias to a white woman bedeviled by a serial killer. But at least he survives, unlike Crothers ...." Quote from Ehrenstein.<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times] By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>
*[[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] ([[Laurence Fishburne]]) in ''[[Matrix series|The Matrix]]''.<ref name="ejumpcut" />
*[[The Oracle (The Matrix)|Oracle]] ([[Gloria Foster]]/[[Mary Alice]]) in ''[[Matrix series|The Matrix]]''.<ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Lamont ([[Guy Torry]]) in the film ''[[American History X]]''.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/americanhistoryxhunter.htm "'History X': Hate With a Passion"], By Stephen Hunter, Washington Post Staff Writer. October 30, 1998</ref>
*The "Blind Seer" (Lee Weaver) and Tommy Johnson ([[Chris Thomas King]]) in ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cinethetic Racism: White Redemption and Black
Stereotypes in “Magical Negro” Films|author=Matthew W. Hughey|year=2009|journal=Social Problems|url=http://people.virginia.edu/~mwh5h/MN.pdf|accessdate=3009-02-7}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=March 2009}}



==Uses outside of fiction==
Examples of the use of the term ''magical negro'' as published by commentators in non-fictional contexts include:
*[[Barack Obama]], winner of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]].<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times]</ref> Usage of the title [http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,3391015.story "Obama the 'Magic Negro'"] by [[David Ehrenstein]] for a [[Los Angeles Times]] piece later inspired the satirical song "[[Barack the Magic Negro]]," written by parodist [[Paul Shanklin]] and broadcast on [[Rush Limbaugh]]'s [[The Rush Limbaugh Show|radio show]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/us/politics/28rnc.html?hp|title=G.O.P. Receives Obama Parody to Mixed Reviews|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-12-28|last=DeParle|first=Jason}}</ref> It received new attention in late 2008 when it was included on a CD sent by [[Chip Saltsman]], running for chair of the [[Republican National Committee]], to members of the committee.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1208/16919.html "'Magic Negro' flap might help Saltsman"] by Andy Barr, politico.com, 12/30/08 Retrieved 1-2-09. </ref>
*[[David Hampton]], [[con artist]]. Hampton in real life posed as the son of [[Sidney Poitier]], which story then inspired [[John Guare]]'s ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)]]'' and ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|(film)]]''. <ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times] By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>

==See also==
*[[Noble savage]]
*[[Xenocentrism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/magic_negro/ |title= "magic Negro" definition from Double Tongued Dictionary |accessdate=2007-10-04}}

[[Category:Fictional African-Americans]]
[[Category:Stock characters]]

Richard Bauckham

2009-06-04T02:21:06Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 65.118.138.127 to last revision by Oliverkeenan (HG)

'''Richard Bauckham''' (born [[September 22]], [[1946]]) has published widely in [[theology]], [[historical theology]] and [[New Testament]]. He is currently working on [[New Testament]] [[Christology]] and the [[Gospel of John]].

== Career ==
M.A., Ph.D. [[Cambridge]]; F.B.A.; F.R.S.E.;
Professor of New Testament Studies and Bishop Wardlaw Professor, [[University of St Andrews]]
He retired in 2007 in order to concentrate on writing and research.

== Teaching Areas ==
[[New Testament]] [[theology]] and [[history]]; [[Catholic epistles]]; [[early Judaism]]; [[Bible]] and contemporary issues.

== See also ==
* [http://www.theopedia.com/Richard_Bauckham Richard Bauckham] (Theopedia)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauckham, Richard}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British academics]]

{{UK-academic-bio-stub}}
{{theologian-stub}}

George Gipps

2008-09-10T02:49:14Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 59.101.98.113 to last version by Jason Recliner, Esq. (HG)

{{Infobox Governor
| image = George Gipps.jpg|
| honorific-prefix = Sir 
| name = George Gipps
| honorific-suffix =
| order = 10th
| office = Governor of New South Wales
| term_start = [[5 October]] [[1837]]
| term_end = [[August 2]] [[1846]]
| lieutenant =
| monarch =
| premier =
| predecessor = [[Richard Bourke|Major-General Sir Richard Bourke]]
| successor = [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy]]
| birth_date = [[1791]]
| birth_place = [[Ringwold]], [[Kent]], [[England]],
| death_date = [[28 February]] [[1847]]
| death_place = [[Canterbury]]
| nationality = {{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[United Kingdom|British]]
| spouse = Elizabeth Ramsay
| relations =
| children = Reginald Ramsay Gipps
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[The King's School, Canterbury]] and the [[Royal Military Academy]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir George Gipps''' ([[1791]] – [[28 February]] [[1847]]) was Governor of the [[colony]] of [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], for eight years, between [[1838]] and [[1846]]. His governorship was during a period of great change for New South Wales and Australia, as well as for [[New Zealand]], which was administered as part of New South Wales for much of this period. Settlers at the time were not happy with his move towards responsible government, although contemporaries at the [[Colonial Office]] found him to be an able administrator.

== Early career ==
Gipps was born in [[1791]] at [[Ringwold]], [[Kent]], [[England]], and was the son of the Rev. George Gipps. He was educated at [[The King's School, Canterbury]], and at the [[Royal Military Academy]], [[Woolwich]]. In 1809 he joined the [[Royal Engineers]] and served in the [[Peninsular War]] as well as elsewhere in Europe (although he missed the [[Battle of Waterloo]] due to his posting in [[Ostend]], [[Belgium]] where he was preparing fortifications). In 1824 he joined the Colonial Service and served in the [[West Indies]]. He married Elizabeth Ramsay, the daughter of Major-General George Ramsay, in 1830. He and his wife had a son, Reginald Ramsay Gipps, who later became a general in the [[British Army]]. In 1834, Gipps became Private Secretary to the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]]; and, a year later, he was sent to [[Canada]] as a Commissioner, together with the [[Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford|Earl of Gosford]] and [[Sir Charles Grey]], to examine grievances there. He was knighted, promoted to the rank of [[major]], and returned to England in April 1837. He was appointed [[Governor of New South Wales]] on [[5 October]] [[1837]], and arrived at [[Sydney]] on [[23 February]] [[1838]].

== Governor of New South Wales ==
This was a transition time for the settlement of Australia, with moves to bring settlers under the umbrella of responsible government, and associated limitations on land [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]]. Gipps was greatly concerned about educational provision in the colony, as well as the implications of the end of [[penal transportation|transportation]].

===Education in the Colony===
In 1844, less than half of the children in the Colony received any form of education, whether public or private. There was great controversy on whether to continue to subsidise denominational schools, which gave rise to educational sectarianism and was fairly inefficient, or to promote national schools, fully funded by the government. The major objections to any alternative schemes came from the [[Church of England]] and the matter was unresolved before he left.

===Land management===
One of Gipps' major tasks was to try and keep settler squatters within "boundaries of location" defined previously. A part of his stance, other than that of official policy, derived from the manner in which the settlers treated [[Indigenous Australians|Aborigines]] as their lands constantly spread out. Examples of this were the [[Myall and Waterloo Creek Massacres]], where in 1838, 100 – 300 Aboriginal people were massacred on two separate occasions by squatters. This horrified Governor Gipps, and seven men were hanged for their part in the Myall Creek massacre.

As a partial result of this, and his inability to suppress vigilantism against Aborigines, in April 1844 Gipps issued regulations which required a licence fee of £10 a year from graziers, limited the area of most stations to 20 square miles, and specified that no single licence covered a station capable of depasturing more than 500 head of cattle and 7000 sheep. This brought a storm of protests from the squatters and led to the foundation of the [[Pastoral Association of New South Wales]], the resulting controversy continued until his departure.

Further difficulties in administering further-flung settlements continued because of the huge distances involved, difficult travel, and the lack of willingness of possible representatives to spend some time in Sydney for these purposes.

===First Governor of New Zealand===
In 1839, Gipps had his commission altered by [[Letters Patent]] and was reappointed as Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the territory of New South Wales, the new boundaries of which included any land that might be acquired in sovereignty in New Zealand. [[William Hobson]] was also appointed Deputy Governor in 1839, and set sail for New Zealand in January 1840. Sydney merchants had been engaging in great speculation in [[Māori]] lands. As a result, the day after Hobson's departure, Gipps proclaimed that no title to land henceforth purchased in New Zealand would be recognised unless derived from a Crown grant. This is undoubtedly the origin of a similar provision in Article Two of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]], as part of Hobson's remit for "securing British sovereignty over New Zealand by the negotiation of a Treaty between Māori and the Crown".

Until permanent arrangements could be put in place, the New South Wales Legislative Council enacted all applicable New Zealand law, and the New South Wales Land Regulations were also extended to New Zealand. Small grants were also provided, and Gipps provided an advisor and a small military detachment to take control in the possible event of Hobson's incapacity. Most of the day-to-day administration was carried out by Hobson, while Gipps retained control only of matters to do with the Imperial Prerogative. This arrangement ended in May 1841, when New Zealand became a [[Crown Colony]] in its own right.

===Colonial financial difficulties===
Transportation ended in 1843, much to the chagrin of the big landowners, who thus lost a large source of cheap labour. Gipps was largely in favour of free immigration financed by the government, but he also consented to a continuation of the [[bounty system]]. There was also a three-year drought, which resulted in a dearth of work for assisted settlers. Land values fell, leading to further vilification of his governorship by large landowners and other interested parties.

==Return to England==
While being extremely conscientious and fair-dealing in his governorship, Gipps' health was broken down by overwork and the constant invective from the settlers. His appointment had been extended for another two years after the original six, due to the high regard the Colonial Office held him in. Gipps did not wait for his successor, [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy]], to arrive, departing Sydney in July 1846. He arrived in England in the November, and died at [[Canterbury]] of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on [[28 February]] [[1847]].

==Legacy==
[[Gippsland]] was named in Gipps' honour by his close friend the explorer [[Paweł Edmund Strzelecki]].

==See also==
* [[Governors of New South Wales]]
* [[Governor-General of New Zealand]]
* [[William Hobson]]
* [[Gippsland]]

==External links==
*{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=George |Last=Gipps|Link=http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogG.html#gipps1}}
* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/G/GippsSirGeorge/GippsSirGeorge/en Encyclopaedia of New Zealand entry]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9939&pt=George%20Gipps Image of George Gipps and his monument in Canterbury Cathedral]
* [http://search.arrow.edu.au/main/results?subject=Gipps%2C+George+Sir%2C+1791-1847 Every Inch a Governor]
{{start box}}{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=[[Governor of New South Wales]] | before=[[Richard Bourke]] | after=[[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Sir Charles FitzRoy]] | years=1838 – 1846}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gipps, George}}
[[Category:Governors of New South Wales]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:People from Kent]]
[[Category:People from Sydney]]
[[Category:Deaths by myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:1791 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]

[[fr:George Gipps]]
[[mi:George Gipps]]
[[ja:ジョージ・ギプス]]

Kakazai

2008-08-27T20:35:19Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 86.143.162.55 (HG)

[[Image:Kakazaifoeipage555.gif|thumb|right|150px|Read Family Tree of Kakazai Pathan Tribe on Page 555 from "Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India" - Published 1907 :: Courtesy: The British Library ::]]

[[Image:Mamudandmahsudkhel.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Daulat Khel, Maghdud Khel, Mahsud Khel and Mahmud Khel, Sub-divisions of Kakazai Pathan Tribe :: Courtesy: The British Library ::]]

The '''Kakazai''' (see spelling variants below) are a [[Pashtun]] (aka Pathan) tribe originally from the [[Laghman province]] of [[Afghanistan]].

They came to [[South Asia]] during Afghan invasions such as those of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], settling in various regions.

A major Kakazai group from [[Gurdaspur]], East [[Punjab region|Punjab]] settled in twelve villages, including Babal Chak, Faizullah Chak, Sut Kohiah (Satkoha), and Wazir Chak, near [[Dhariwal]] [http://www.mypind.com/vlgurd.htm]. At the partition of India in August [[1947]], having been initially told they (being Muslim) would be in [[Pakistan]], they were caught up in the ensuing violence and the survivors displaced when their area became part of [[India]].

Today, the majority of the Kakazai reside in Pakistan and Afghanistan, in the areas of [http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/pakistan/map/p6052616/kakazai.html ''Dara Kakazai'' (Valley of Watlai)], [[Bajaur Agency]], [[Lahore]], [[Sialkot]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Quetta]], [[Karachi]], [[Kashmir]], [[Jhelum District|Jehlum]], [[Bhalwal]], [[Sargodha]], [[Chakwal]], [[Isa Khel]], [[Musa Khel]], and [[Kakazai (place)|Kakazai]] ([[Pishin District|Pishin]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]]). Consequently, they do not exclusively speak [[Pushtu language|Pashto]], but may speak other languages indigenous to Pakistan such as [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Siraiki language|Siraiki]], and [[Balochi language|Balochi]].

"Malik" is a common given name or surname among Kakazai Pashtuns.

Notable Kakazai Pashtuns include [[Nawab Bahadur Yar Jang]], [[Abdullah Malik]] and the historian [[Khan Roshan Khan]].

The name "Kakazai" means "offspring/children/sons of little/younger boy" (in Pashto, ''Kakay'' or ''Kaka'' = ''younger/little boy'', ''Zai'' = ''offspring/children/sons of'', a root also used in [[Yousafzai]]). Spelling variants include: Kakezai, Kakay Zai, Kakayzai, Kakeyzai, Kaka Zai and Kakkayzai.

==Sub-divisions of Kakazai Pashtun Tribe==

{|
|
*[[Daulat Khel]]
*[[Khulozai]]
|
*[[Maghdud Khel]]
*[[Mahsud Khel]]
|
*[[Umar Khel]]
*[[Yusaf Khel]]
|
|}

==References==

*''"A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India"'' published by The General Staff Army Headquarter, Calcutta, India - (Originally Published 1910) :: ''Kakazai / Kakayzai'' Pathan Tribe is mentioned on Page 22 (under ‘K’ - ''Kakazai''), Page 12 (under ‘D’ - ''[[Daulat Khel]]'' - A sub-division of Kakazai Pathans), Page 26 (under 'K' - ''[[Khulozai]]'' - A sub-division of Kakazai Pathans), Page 29 (under ‘M’ - ''[[Maghdud Khel]]'', ''[[Mahsud Khel]]'' and ''[[Mahmud Khel]]'' - sub-divisions of Kakazai Pathans), Page 47 (under 'U' - ''[[Umar Khel]]'' - A sub-division of Kakazai Pathans) and Page 50 (under 'Y' - ''[[Yusaf Khel]]'' - A sub-division of Kakazai Pathans) ::

*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Frontier%20and%20Overseas%20Expeditions%20from%20India%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts%20AND%20collection%3Amillionbooks ''"Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India"''] Volume One published by Government Mono Type Press, Simla, India - (Originally Published 1907) :: ''Kakazai / Kakayzai'' Pathan Tribe is mentioned between Page 515 - 555 - You can read these volumes online, thanks to Internet Archives though their market value is around $11000 ::

*''"Tazkara"'' (also called ''"Tazkira-e-pathan"''), Khan Roshan Khan, pp 176-181 (in Urdu).

*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/43961546@N00/63104563/ ''"Tareekh-e-Kakazai"''] (a.k.a. ''"Hidayat Afghani - Tareekh-e-Kakazai [[Tarkani]]"'' (Originally Published May, 1933)

*[http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes/trees/qaisabdulrashid.shtml Family Tree of Qais Abdul Rashid :: Spelled as ''Kaka Zai'' under the offsprings of ''Kharashboon'' (Khair ud Din) ::]

*[http://www.khyber.org/culture/names/boynames.shtml Pashto names for boys]

*[http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/pakistan/map/p6052616/kakazai.html ''Dara Kakazai'' (Valley of [[Watelai]]), Federally Administered Tribal Area in NWFP province, Pakistan ::]

*[http://www.cyberistan.org/misub28294445.pdf Muslims in the Indian subcontinent 617-1290 C.E.] (PDF format)

*[http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2002_01-03/chester_partition/chester_partition.html The 1947 Partition: drawing the Indo-Pakistani boundary]

*[http://zararshaheedtrust.org/incident/inside/zarar.html Lieutenant Zarar Ahmad] Account of 1947 events in Gurdaspur

*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/43961546@N00/30687265/ Kakezai/Kakazai Afghan/Pathan Tribe, ''Tazkara'' by Khan Roshan Khan] online scans of Urdu text

==Famous Kakazai of Pakistan==

*Ghulam Mohammad (Governor General)
*Mr. Abdul Rahman Malik (Co-founder of the first Muslim-owned bank, Australasia Bank, within the present day Pakistan in 1942)
*AVM Anwar Mehmood Khan [EX DG CAA]
*Dr. Nizam Uddin (1876 - 1951, Lt. Dr. British India Army, Chief Medical Officer University of Peshawer)
*Masood Nabi Noor (Home Secretary, West Pakistan)
*General Khalid Mehmood Arif (VCOAS)
*Mr. Rahat Nasim Malik (Regional Commissioner Income Tax (Central Region) - Retd.
*Dr. Nazir Ahmed (First head of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission)
*Mr. Zahoor Uddin Malik (Architect & Civil Engineer from Queen University Belfast in 1932, Founder Member PECHS, Garison Engineer British Army WW2)
*Mr. Munir Ahmed Khan (Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, 1972-1991)
*Col. Mujeeb-Ul-Haq (AFIC , Pioneer Cardiologist)
*Abdul Qadir (Governor State Bank, Finance Minister)
*Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad (Chairman Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, 1991-2001)
*Mr. Anjum Zia (Model Town Lahore) Commonly known as Tony
*Lt. Gen. Ahmad Shamim Khan (Commander 5 Corp)
*Khan Inamullah Khan Vice Chancellor (UET - Lahore)
*Haji Ghulam Ahmad Bilour (Ex-Minister Railways) (MNA)
*Rear Admiral Akbar Hussain (Navy)
*Sheikh Khurshid Ahmad (Federal Law Minister, Ayub Khan Cabinet)
*Vice Chancellor Ahmad Hassan (UET - Lahore)
*Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Malik - Pride of Performance - (Pioneer of Punjabi Language & Literature)
*Wg. Cdr. Amanullah Khan (Ph.D. Psychologist as well Pakistan's Only/First Ph.D. Speech-Language Pathologist)
*Barristar Ijaz Hussain Batalvi (Law)[http://www.ijazbatalvi.com]
*Sheikh Abdul Rauf (Auditor-General of Pakistan, Finance Secretary)
*Shaikh [[Mohammad Nissar]] (Founding Member of Pakistan Cricket Board, First Pakistani cricketer, Pro-Pakistan leader)
*[[Dr. Shahid Masood]] (TV Personality/Journalist, Head Of ARY One World Channel, Currently with GEO TV and anchorman of "Meray Mutabiq")
*Fahad Zafar [(Columnist The Post)]
*Naeem Ahmed Khan [(adovocate)Balochistan provincial minister for law(1997)provincial minister for planning,development & finance (1999-2002)]
*Engr Zafar Iqbal Malik (Member Punjab Assembly 1997, Sohdra, Wazirabad, Gujranwala)
*Mr Asif Aziz Malik (Co-Founder of Islam Channel, Senior Partner at Vi Consulting);
*Justice (Retd.)Sardar Muhammad Iqbal Khan, First Federal Ombudsman of Pakistan; (formerly, Chief Justice of Lahore High Court)
*[[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]] (b.1951); (Religious scholar, exegete, and educationist.
*Ms. Shukria Khanum (First Woman Pilot given CPL in 1961)
*Mr. Noor-ul-hassan (Famous TV Host)
*Mr. Muhammed Aslam Khan (Vice Chancellor , Punjab University Lahore)
*Mr. Muhammed Ikram (Film Producer)
*Khan Safdar Ali Khan (First General Secretary Red Cross Pakistan 1948-1965)
*Dr.[[Intisar-ul-Haque]] (Rtd. Chairman Department of Philosophy Peshawar University)
*Mr. Abdul Islam Malik (Co-Founder SKGTC)
*Mr. Soofi Sadiq Hasan Khan (Environmentalist, Lecturer and Prominent Leader of FATA)
*Painda Armoghan Malik (Principal Govt. Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Secretary General, Pakistan Gymnastic Federation, International Judge for Acrobatics and Gymnastics)
*Dr Danishwar Malik (Prosecutor General of Pakistan)
*Muttaqi A. Malik (Psychologist, Professor at the University of Lahore)
*Prof. Zia-ur-rehman Agha (Head of English Department F.C college)
*Muhammad Ali Tahir (Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan / CRO-Lahore)
*Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yaqub Khan (Pioneer radiologist who opened first radiology department in country, Mayo Hospital, Lahore)
*Zahoor-ul-Haq (Senator in 1974 and President of Pakistan Hockey Team)
*Aman Malik (Co-Founder [http://www.kakazai.org North American KakeZai Association ])
*Tarique Malik (Co-Founder [http://www.kakazai.org North American KakeZai Association ])
*Khan Bahadur Malik Bashir Ahmad Khan, Under Secretary Baluchistan 1948
*Prof.Liaquat Ali Khan ([http://washburnlaw.edu/faculty/khan-ali.php Law Professor at Washburn University School of Law], Topeka, Kansas, USA)(originally from Sialkot)
*Prof. Liaquat Zia Khan ( A Prominent educationist/ Principal Govt Jinnah Islamia College, Sialkot)
*Yawar Zia Khan ( Additional Secretary/Federal Ministry of Finance)\
*Mr.Shahid Hamid ( Ex-Governor of Punjab / A Renowned Bureaucrat)
*Mr.Zahid Hamid ( Ex-Minister / A Renowned Bureaucrat)
*Sheikh Ahmed Hassan (Secretary of Irrigagion, Pakistan; Vice Chancellor of University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore)
*Mr. M.H. Khan (Secretary of Irrigation, Pakistan)
*Dr. Mohammad Din (Chief Medical Officer - Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur)
*Mahmood Ahmad Malik (Member Income tax tribunal, Commissioner income tax Islamabad zone)
*Malik Muhammad Iqbal (Ex member of Pakistan Bar Council, worker of Pakistan movement, gold medallist, reknowned advocate)
*Masud Malik (Reknowned advocate, Ex president of Sargodha Bar Association, Ex president of Rotary Club, Sargodha)
*Major General Iftikhar Ahmad Malik
*Brigadier Inam-Ul-Haq (Retired)
*Najm-Ul-Haq (Retired Engineer President Pakistan Rotary Club)

==External links==

*[http://www.kakazai.com Kakazai.com] weblog on Kakazai topics by Ali Khan

[[Category:Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]

Sean Williams (Basketballspieler)

2008-07-25T20:13:02Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 71.127.192.10 to last version by 75.149.137.46 (HG)

{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
{{Infobox NBA Player
| name = Sean Williams
| caption =
| image =
| position = [[power forward (basketball)|Forward]]/[[Center (basketball)|Center]]
| nickname = Area 51, [[SWAT]], Elastic Man, Mirage
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 10
| weight_lb = 235
| league = [[NBA]]
| team = [[New Jersey Nets]]
| number = 51
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|9|13}}
| birth_place = [[Houston, Texas]]
| college = [[Boston College]]
| highschool = [[Mansfield High School|Mansfield]]
| draft = 1st round, 17th overall
| draft_year = 2007
| draft_team = [[New Jersey Nets]]
| career_start = 2007
| awards =
}}

{{otheruses4|the basketball player born in 1986|the basketball player born in 1988 also named Sean Williams|Sean Williams (Syracuse)}}

'''Sean Williams''' (born [[September 13]] [[1986]], in [[Houston, Texas]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[basketball]] player for the [[NBA]]'s [[New Jersey Nets]]. He is a 6'10" [[power forward (basketball)|forward]]/[[Center (basketball)|center]] and a highly athletic shot blocker.

== College career ==
Williams was dismissed from the [[Boston College]] basketball team during his junior year, after having been suspended twice during his 3-year college basketball career. While suspended from Boston College for one semester during his sophomore year, Williams took classes at the [[University of Houston]]. Williams established himself as the nation's top college shot blocker by breaking his own record when he blocked 75 shots in only 15 games during the 2006-2007 season.

==NBA career==
Williams was selected 17th overall in the [[2007 NBA Draft]] by the [[New Jersey Nets]] on June 28, 2007. This native of Houston, Texas did not play organized basketball until he was 15 years old. He became a local standout in community leagues and eventually began playing basketball for Mansfield High School in Mansfield, Texas. As a member of the Boston College basketball team, Williams began his career as a standout in the [[paint]]. He functioned as an intimidating shot-blocking force for his team and created a campus reputation as Shot Blocker Extraordinaire. Basketball games were dubbed as the Sean Williams Block Party.

Stymied by his personal indiscretions, Williams never played an entire season for Boston College. Despite the penalty of several games per season, Williams still reigned as a leading shot blocker in the Big East and ACC respectively during each of his Boston College seasons.

Nets coach [[Lawrence Frank]] nicknamed Williams "Le Freak Elastique".<ref>[http://blog.nj.com/netsblast/2007/11/unhappy_cappy.html Unhappy Cappy - NJ.com]</ref> Other nicknames given to him by teammates and fans alike include Area 51, SWAT, and Mirage.

== Personal information ==
Sean Williams grew up in suburban Arlington, Texas with his mother and stepfather, Audrey and Lawrence Garrett and his two siblings: Myles and Brea Garrett. His father, Roland Williams,lives in Houston, Texas. With the support of his parents, Williams was able to excel in both athletics and academics. He successfully scored over 800 the first time he took the SAT. In his Junior year, he scored 1280/1600 on his SAT. After being dismissed from the Boston College basketball team his junior year, Williams remained at school to finish out the academic year before returning home to Houston to prepare for the NBA draft.

As a rookie, Williams was expected to compete with [[Josh Boone]] and [[Jason Collins]] for playing time off the bench or even for a starting spot. However, due to injuries and consecutive impressive performances against the [[New Orleans Hornets]] and [[Boston Celtics]] he was inserted into the starting lineup against the [[Orlando Magic]] on [[November 16]], [[2007]]. Shortly after [[Nenad Krstic]] return from injury, Sean was placed back on the bench to bring energy to the team and a nice inside presence.

== NBA career statistics ==

{{NBA player statistics legend}}

==== Regular season ====

{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| align="left" | [[2007–08 NBA season|2007–08]]
| align="left" | [[New Jersey Nets|New Jersey]]
| 73 || 29 || 17.5 || .538 || .000 || .609 || 4.4 || .4 || .4 || 1.5 || 5.6
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 73 || 29 || 17.5 || .538 || .000 || .609 || 4.4 || .4 || .4 || 1.4 || 5.6
{{end box}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{NBA-profile|sean_williams|Sean Williams}}
*[http://bceagles.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/williams_sean00.html Sean Williams' page at Boston College]

{{New Jersey Nets current roster}}
{{2007 NBA Draft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Sean}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:African American sportspeople]]
[[Category:American basketball players]]
[[Category:Boston College Eagles men's basketball players]]
[[Category:New Jersey Nets draft picks]]
[[Category:New Jersey Nets players]]
[[Category:People from Houston, Texas]]
[[Category:Centers (basketball)]]
[[Category:Power forwards (basketball)]]

[[es:Sean Williams]]
[[ja:ショーン・ウィリアムス (バスケットボール選手)]]
[[zh:西恩·威廉姆斯 (新泽西网队)]]

Was ist Wahrheit?

2008-07-20T00:58:10Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 96.28.194.21 to last version by 12.76.154.139 (using Huggle)

'''John chapter 18, verse 38''' of the [[Gospel of John]], is often referred to as "jesting [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]]" or "''Truth? What is truth?''". In it, Pontius Pilate questions [[Jesus]]' claim that he is "witness to the truth" (John 18:37). He then proclaims to the masses that he does not consider Jesus guilty of any crime.

==Text==

{|
![[Greek language|Greek]] !! [[King James Bible]] !! [[Contemporary English Version]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| {{polytonic|λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια; καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν πάλιν ἐξῆλθε πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Ἐγὼ οὐδεμίαν αἰτίαν εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ.}}
|| Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.
|| Pilate asked Jesus, "What is truth?"

Pilate went back out and said, "I don't find this man guilty of anything!
|}

==Analysis and commentary==

[[Image:P52 verso.jpg|right|thumb|180px|[[Rylands Library Papyrus P52|P52]], an ancient papyrus inscribed with John 18:37-38]]This verse establishes the legal and moral [[innocence]] of Jesus before his [[crucifixion]]. The innocence of Jesus is important in the Gospel of John, as the author demonstrates Jesus to be a [[sacrifice]].

In the Gospel of John, Jesus' death is portrayed as a parallel to the sacrifice of the [[Passover]] [[Sacrificial lamb|lamb]]. According to the author, Jesus is crucified on the Day of Preparation before the night of Passover. This makes his death analogous with the death of the lamb. The bleeding of Jesus when his side is stabbed (John 19:34) can be seen as a parallel to the smearing of blood on the door before the first Passover. (This stands in contrast to the other Gospels, which depict the [[Last Supper]] as the Passover meal and in which Jesus dies on the day after Passover.)

Note that Jesus, although he does not respond to Pilates question (perhaps because Pilate "went out again" before giving him a chance to) believes he knows the answer. During his prayer in [[Gethsemane]], Jesus tells [[God the Father|God]], "Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth." (John 17:17)

==Allusions==

This verse has been widely quoted and alluded to in [[culture]] and [[literature]], particularly in that of [[philosophy|philosophical]] nature. While Pilate's question -- whether intended philosophically or jestfully -- is by no means the first incident of someone questioning the nature of truth, it has been drawn upon many times as a significant occurrence thereof.

[[Francis Bacon]] uses this musing to open his essay "Of Truth", saying that Pilate "would not stay for an answer". He uses this to introduce his theme of truth as an affirmation of [[faith]].

In ''[[The Antichrist (book)|The Antichrist]]'', [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] calls upon Pilate's quip. He uses it, however, as evidence of Pilate's character, saying that he is "a solitary figure worthy of honor" and that the question "What is truth" is "the only saying that has any value" in the [[New Testament]].

In the [[rock opera]] [[Jesus Christ Superstar]], Pilate's philosophical question is compounded upon. He questions Jesus' conviction by asking him, "What is truth? it's just unchanging law. We both have truths; are mine the same as yours?"

''Jesting Pilate an Intellectual Holiday'' is the title of a book by [[Aldous Huxley]].

==See also==
* [[Truth]]
* [[Truth (religious)]]

==External links==
*[http://fly.hiwaay.net/~paul/bacon/essays/truth.html Of truth], part of [[Francis Bacon]]'s Essays.
*[http://kron02.chch.ox.ac.uk/stccurc/say/defend_15.htm ''Staying to tell the truth''], part 15 essay by St. Columba's Oxford and Cumnor [[United Reformed Church]]es.

[[Category:New Testament verses]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Leonard^Bloom

2008-07-19T21:14:48Z

Leonard^Bloom: link

Ich reagiere nicht hier, traurig. Versuch [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Leonard%5EBloom hier]

Benutzer:Leonard^Bloom

2008-07-19T21:13:29Z

Leonard^Bloom: page create

Hallo. Traurig, wenn mein Deutsch nicht groß ist, bin ich [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Leonard%5EBloom hier] aktiver.

Rettungsboje

2008-07-19T21:11:53Z

Leonard^Bloom: link correction

[[Bild:rettungsboje.jpg|thumb|Eine Rettungsboje]]
Die '''Rettungsboje''' (auch: Baywatch-Boje, engl. Rescue Can) ist ein Hilfsmittel bei der [[Wasserrettung]], ähnlich dem [[Gurtretter]]. Sie eignet sich gut für Einsätze unter schwierigen Bedingungen, zum Beispiel bei starkem Seegang, langen Schwimmstrecken oder starker Strömung.
Die Rettungsboje besteht aus einem Brust-Schulter-Gurt, der über eine Leine mit der eigentlichen Boje, einem Auftriebskörper aus Kunststoff mit Haltegriffen, verbunden ist. Die Auftriebswirkung gibt dem Retter bei den oben genannten schwierigen Bedingungen zusätzliche Sicherheit.

== Anwendung ==
[[Bild:RingRescueBuoy.jpg|thumb|Rettungsboje, die in [[Toronto]] verwendet wird ]]
Bei einem schwimmerischen Einsatz schwimmt der [[Rettungsschwimmer]] zum Verunfallten. Dabei zieht er die Boje hinter sich her. Ist er beim Verunfallten angekommen, reicht er ihm die Boje aus sicherer Entfernung, falls er noch bei Bewusstsein ist. Höchste Vorsicht ist geboten, um eine [[Umklammerung]] durch den Verunfallten zu vermeiden. Hat der Rettungsschwimmer den Verunfallten gesichert, zieht er diesen zurück zum [[Ufer]].

=== Schleppen von bewusstlosen Personen ===
Der Rettungsschwimmer fasst den Verunfallten ähnlich wie im [[Rettungsschwimmen#Schleppen|Achselschleppgriff]].
Die Boje schwimmt dabei über der Brust des Verunfallten und wird vom Retter mit beiden Händen gehalten. So kann der Verunfallte sicher zum Ufer transportiert werden.

=== Schleppen von Personen mit Bewusstsein ===
Der Verunfallte kann sich an der Boje festhalten und lässt sich entweder hinter dem Retter zum Ufer ziehen, oder wird im [[Rettungsschwimmen#Fesselschleppgriffe|Seemannsschleppgriff]] gezogen. Die Hand, die unter den Oberarmen des Verunfallten durchgeschoben ist, hält die Rettungsboje fest. Somit kann der Retter mit einer Hand schwimmen und mir der anderen die Haltung des Verunfallten sichern. Außerdem ist durch diesen Schwimmstil eine ständige Kontrolle der [[Vitalfunktionen]] des Verunfallten gewährleistet.

=== Anwendung als Werkzeug und zur Selbstverteidigung ===
Die Boje kann in entsprechenden Situationen dank ihrer hohen Stabilität als Stoß- und Schlagwerkzeug und zur Selbstverteidigung eingesetzt werden. Denkbar ist es zum Beispiel, die Scheibe eines Unfallautos einzuschlagen. Sollte der Rettungsschwimmer beispielsweise randalierende Personen beruhigen wollen und diese attackieren ihn, kann die Rettungsboje zur Abwehr der bewaffneten Angreifer genutzt werden.

=== Boje als Signalmittel ===
An einem belebten Strand können Handzeichen oder Rufe schnell untergehen oder übersehen werden. Die Boje, die meist in grellem Rot ausgeliefert wird, eignet sich in solchen Umgebungen bestens, um durch abgesprochene Bewegungen Gefahrensituationen oder Entwarnungen zu signalisieren. Weiter kann sie beim Wassereinsatz als Orientierungshilfe für weitere Einsatzkräfte genutzt werden, um zu zeigen, an welchem Ort der Rettungsschwimmer abgetaucht ist.

=== Eigenrettung ===
Sollte der Rettungsschwimmer in eine Situation geraten, in der er längere Zeit im Wasser verbringen muss, kann er sich an der Boje festhalten, um nicht übermäßig viel Kraft verschwenden zu müssen.

== Vorteile ==
* hohe Eigensicherung des Retters
* einfach zu handhaben
* leichte Pflege
* schnell einsatzbereit
* mehrere Verunglückte können sich an der Boje festhalten

== Nachteile ==
* viel Übung erforderlich
* nicht ohnmachtssicher

[[Kategorie:Wasserrettungsmittel]]

Rettungsboje

2008-07-19T21:11:17Z

Leonard^Bloom: +bild

[[Bild:rettungsboje.jpg|thumb|Eine Rettungsboje]]
Die '''Rettungsboje''' (auch: Baywatch-Boje, engl. Rescue Can) ist ein Hilfsmittel bei der [[Wasserrettung]], ähnlich dem [[Gurtretter]]. Sie eignet sich gut für Einsätze unter schwierigen Bedingungen, zum Beispiel bei starkem Seegang, langen Schwimmstrecken oder starker Strömung.
Die Rettungsboje besteht aus einem Brust-Schulter-Gurt, der über eine Leine mit der eigentlichen Boje, einem Auftriebskörper aus Kunststoff mit Haltegriffen, verbunden ist. Die Auftriebswirkung gibt dem Retter bei den oben genannten schwierigen Bedingungen zusätzliche Sicherheit.

== Anwendung ==
[[Bild:RingRescueBuoy.jpg|thumb|Rettungsboje, die in [[Toronto, Canada|Toronto]] verwendet wird ]]
Bei einem schwimmerischen Einsatz schwimmt der [[Rettungsschwimmer]] zum Verunfallten. Dabei zieht er die Boje hinter sich her. Ist er beim Verunfallten angekommen, reicht er ihm die Boje aus sicherer Entfernung, falls er noch bei Bewusstsein ist. Höchste Vorsicht ist geboten, um eine [[Umklammerung]] durch den Verunfallten zu vermeiden. Hat der Rettungsschwimmer den Verunfallten gesichert, zieht er diesen zurück zum [[Ufer]].

=== Schleppen von bewusstlosen Personen ===
Der Rettungsschwimmer fasst den Verunfallten ähnlich wie im [[Rettungsschwimmen#Schleppen|Achselschleppgriff]].
Die Boje schwimmt dabei über der Brust des Verunfallten und wird vom Retter mit beiden Händen gehalten. So kann der Verunfallte sicher zum Ufer transportiert werden.

=== Schleppen von Personen mit Bewusstsein ===
Der Verunfallte kann sich an der Boje festhalten und lässt sich entweder hinter dem Retter zum Ufer ziehen, oder wird im [[Rettungsschwimmen#Fesselschleppgriffe|Seemannsschleppgriff]] gezogen. Die Hand, die unter den Oberarmen des Verunfallten durchgeschoben ist, hält die Rettungsboje fest. Somit kann der Retter mit einer Hand schwimmen und mir der anderen die Haltung des Verunfallten sichern. Außerdem ist durch diesen Schwimmstil eine ständige Kontrolle der [[Vitalfunktionen]] des Verunfallten gewährleistet.

=== Anwendung als Werkzeug und zur Selbstverteidigung ===
Die Boje kann in entsprechenden Situationen dank ihrer hohen Stabilität als Stoß- und Schlagwerkzeug und zur Selbstverteidigung eingesetzt werden. Denkbar ist es zum Beispiel, die Scheibe eines Unfallautos einzuschlagen. Sollte der Rettungsschwimmer beispielsweise randalierende Personen beruhigen wollen und diese attackieren ihn, kann die Rettungsboje zur Abwehr der bewaffneten Angreifer genutzt werden.

=== Boje als Signalmittel ===
An einem belebten Strand können Handzeichen oder Rufe schnell untergehen oder übersehen werden. Die Boje, die meist in grellem Rot ausgeliefert wird, eignet sich in solchen Umgebungen bestens, um durch abgesprochene Bewegungen Gefahrensituationen oder Entwarnungen zu signalisieren. Weiter kann sie beim Wassereinsatz als Orientierungshilfe für weitere Einsatzkräfte genutzt werden, um zu zeigen, an welchem Ort der Rettungsschwimmer abgetaucht ist.

=== Eigenrettung ===
Sollte der Rettungsschwimmer in eine Situation geraten, in der er längere Zeit im Wasser verbringen muss, kann er sich an der Boje festhalten, um nicht übermäßig viel Kraft verschwenden zu müssen.

== Vorteile ==
* hohe Eigensicherung des Retters
* einfach zu handhaben
* leichte Pflege
* schnell einsatzbereit
* mehrere Verunglückte können sich an der Boje festhalten

== Nachteile ==
* viel Übung erforderlich
* nicht ohnmachtssicher

[[Kategorie:Wasserrettungsmittel]]

Homosexualität in Peru

2008-07-19T03:36:54Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 201.234.63.52 to last version by Victor12 (using Huggle)

Homosexual acts among consenting adults are legal.<ref>[http://www.ilga.info/Information/Legal_survey/americas/peru.htm] Retrieved on [[August 23]], [[2007]].</ref> An exception is made for all military and police personnel, who can be punished with between 60 days to 20 years imprisonment or discharge from the forces.<ref>[http://www.ilga.info/Information/Legal_survey/americas/peru.htm] Retrieved on [[August 23]], [[2007]].</ref> Homosexuality can also be used as grounds for separation or divorce. Laws meant to protect "public morals" are often used against lesbians and gays.<ref>[http://www.ilga.info/Information/Legal_survey/americas/peru.htm] Retrieved on [[August 23]], [[2007]].</ref> Society's attitude towards homosexuals is generally hostile and is heavily influenced by the Catholic Church. In the 1980s the founding of the organisation ''Movimiento Homosexual de Lima'' (MHOL) managed to bring about at least a slight change in the way the media treated homosexuality.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mhol.org.pe/ Movimiento Homosexual de Lima (MHOL)] - Gay and lesbian group established in 1982

{{South America in topic|LGBT rights in}}

{{Peru-stub}}
{{LGBT-stub}}

[[Category:Human rights in Peru]]
[[Category:LGBT rights by country|Peru]]

[[es:Homosexualidad en el Perú]]

Adela Pankhurst

2008-07-14T02:42:42Z

Leonard^Bloom: caption

[[Image:Pankhurst-adela.jpg|thumb|right|Adela Pankhurst pre-[[1921]]]]
'''Adela Pankhurst Walsh''' (1885-1961) was a British-Australian [[suffragette]], political organizer, and co-founder of both the [[Communist Party of Australia]] and the [[Australia First Movement]].

Adela was born on [[19th June]] [[1885]] in [[Manchester]], [[UK]], into a politicized family: her father, [[Richard Pankhurst]] was a [[socialist]] and candidate for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], and her mother [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] and sisters [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Sylvia]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] were leaders of the British suffragist movement. Adela attended the all-woman [[Studley College|Studley Horticultural College]] in Warwickshire, and [[Manchester High School for Girls]]. As a teenager, Adela became involved in the militant [[Women's Social and Political Union]] founded by her mother and sisters.

Following estrangement from her family, Adela emigrated to [[Australia]] in [[1914]]. She was recruited during [[World War I]] as an organiser for the [[Women's Peace Army]] in [[Melbourne]] by [[Vida Goldstein]]. Pankhurst wrote a book called ''Put Up the Sword'' and addressed public meetings on her opposition to the war and conscription. She married Tom Walsh of the [[Federated Seamen’s Union of Australasia]] in [[1917]]. In [[1920]], Pankhurst became a founding member of the [[Communist Party of Australia]], from which she was later expelled.

She became disillusioned with communism and founded the anti-communist Australian Women's Guild of Empire in 1928. In [[1941]] Adela became one of the founding members of the [[right wing]] and nationalistic [[Australia First Movement]]. She visited Japan in [[1939]] and was arrested and interned in 1942 for her advocacy of peace with [[Japan]].

== References ==

* ''The Wayward Suffragette 1885-1961'' by Verna Coleman. Melbourne University Press, 1996
* Joy Damousi, "The Enthusiasms of Adela Pankhurst Walsh", ''Australian Historical Studies'', April 1993, pp.442-436
* Anne Summers, "The Unwritten History of Adela Pankhurst Walsh", in Elizabeth Windschuttle (editor), ''Women, Class and History'', Fontana / Collins, 1980, pp.388-402

== External Links ==

* [http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0097b.htm Biographical summary] at the National Foundation for Australian Women
* [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120729b.htm A more detailed biography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pankhurst, Adela}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Pankhurst, Adela
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[1851]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[United Kingdom]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[1961]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Australia]]
}}

[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian feminists]]
[[Category:Australian communists]]

[[fr:Adela Pankhurst]]

Adela Pankhurst

2008-07-14T02:40:54Z

Leonard^Bloom: typos, frame image

[[Image:Pankhurst-adela.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Adela Pankhurst Walsh''' (1885-1961) was a British-Australian [[suffragette]], political organizer, and co-founder of both the [[Communist Party of Australia]] and the [[Australia First Movement]].

Adela was born on [[19th June]] [[1885]] in [[Manchester]], [[UK]], into a politicized family: her father, [[Richard Pankhurst]] was a [[socialist]] and candidate for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], and her mother [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] and sisters [[Sylvia Pankhurst|Sylvia]] and [[Christabel Pankhurst|Christabel]] were leaders of the British suffragist movement. Adela attended the all-woman [[Studley College|Studley Horticultural College]] in Warwickshire, and [[Manchester High School for Girls]]. As a teenager, Adela became involved in the militant [[Women's Social and Political Union]] founded by her mother and sisters.

Following estrangement from her family, Adela emigrated to [[Australia]] in [[1914]]. She was recruited during [[World War I]] as an organiser for the [[Women's Peace Army]] in [[Melbourne]] by [[Vida Goldstein]]. Pankhurst wrote a book called ''Put Up the Sword'' and addressed public meetings on her opposition to the war and conscription. She married Tom Walsh of the [[Federated Seamen’s Union of Australasia]] in [[1917]]. In [[1920]], Pankhurst became a founding member of the [[Communist Party of Australia]], from which she was later expelled.

She became disillusioned with communism and founded the anti-communist Australian Women's Guild of Empire in 1928. In [[1941]] Adela became one of the founding members of the [[right wing]] and nationalistic [[Australia First Movement]]. She visited Japan in [[1939]] and was arrested and interned in 1942 for her advocacy of peace with [[Japan]].

== References ==

* ''The Wayward Suffragette 1885-1961'' by Verna Coleman. Melbourne University Press, 1996
* Joy Damousi, "The Enthusiasms of Adela Pankhurst Walsh", ''Australian Historical Studies'', April 1993, pp.442-436
* Anne Summers, "The Unwritten History of Adela Pankhurst Walsh", in Elizabeth Windschuttle (editor), ''Women, Class and History'', Fontana / Collins, 1980, pp.388-402

== External Links ==

* [http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0097b.htm Biographical summary] at the National Foundation for Australian Women
* [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A120729b.htm A more detailed biography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pankhurst, Adela}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Pankhurst, Adela
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[1851]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[United Kingdom]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[1961]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Australia]]
}}

[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian feminists]]
[[Category:Australian communists]]

[[fr:Adela Pankhurst]]

Ohio State Buckeyes (Footballteam)

2008-07-08T03:25:12Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 72.201.139.66 to last version by Leonard^Bloom (using Huggle)

{{refimprove|date=June 2008}}
{{current sport-related|image=AmericanFootball current event.svg|mini=1|2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|second=For the 2007 season|2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team}}
{{NCAAFootballSchool
| CurrentSeason = 2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
| TeamName = Ohio State Buckeyes football
| Image = Ohio State buckeyes logo.png|150px‎
| ImageSize = 150px
| HeadCoachDisplay = Jim Tressel
| HeadCoachLink = Jim Tressel
| HeadCoachYear = 7th
| HCWins = 73
| HCLosses = 16
| HCTies =
| Stadium = Ohio Stadium
| StadiumBuilt = 1922
| StadCapacity = 102,329
| StadSurface = FieldTurf
| Location = Columbus, Ohio
| ConferenceDisplay= Big Ten
| ConferenceLink = Big Ten Conference
| ConfDivision =
| FirstYear = 1890
| AthlDirectorDisp = Gene Smith
| AthlDirectorLink = Gene Smith (athletic director)
| Radio = Ohio State Football Radio Network
| Announcers = [[Paul Keels]] (Play By Play) [[Jim Lachey]] (Color) [[Marty Bannister]] (Sideline)
| WebsiteName = OhioStateBuckeyes.com
| WebsiteURL = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/
| ATWins = 798
| ATLosses = 303
| ATTies = 53
| ATPercentage = .714
| BowlWins = 18
| BowlLosses = 21
| BowlTies =
| NatlTitles = 7
| ConfTitles = 32
| Heismans = 7
| AllAmericans = 175
| Color1 = Scarlet
| Color1Hex = FF2400
| Color2 = Gray
| Color2Hex = 999999
| FightSong = [[Across the Field]] and [[Buckeye Battle Cry]]
| MascotDisplay = Brutus Buckeye
| MascotLink = Brutus Buckeye
| MarchingBand = [[TBDBITL]]
| PagFreeLabel =
| PagFreeValue =
| PagFreeLabel = Rivals
| PagFreeValue = [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]] (traditional) [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] (designated by Big Ten)
}}

The '''[[Ohio State Buckeyes]] football team''' is an intercollegiate [[Varsity team|varsity sports]] team of [[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]]. The team is a member of the [[Big Ten Conference]] of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]], playing at the Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|Division I-A]]) level. The team nickname is derived from the [[Floral emblem|state tree]] of [[Ohio]]. The Buckeyes have played their home games in [[Ohio Stadium]] since 1922.

In their 118-year-history, the Buckeyes have been consensus [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|Division IA National Champions]] five times, and claim a total of 7 national championships. During the 2008 season it is more than likely that the team will achieve their 800th win, becoming the fifth team to reach the mark.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/misc/div_ia_wins.php | title= Division I-A All-Time Wins | accessdate= 2008-05-31}}</ref> [[Jim Tressel]] has been the Buckeyes head coach since 2001.

==Home Venues==
[[Recreation Park (Columbus)]] (1890-1897)

[[Ohio Field]] (1898-1921)

[[Ohio Stadium]] (1922-present)

==History==
{{main|History of Ohio State Buckeyes football}}

==National Championships==
{| border= "0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%"
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Year
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Coach
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Selector
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Record
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Big Ten Record
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Bowl
|-align="center"
| 1942 || [[Paul Brown]] || AP || 9-1 || 6-1 || -
|-align="center"
| 1954 || [[Woody Hayes]] || [[FWAA]], [[UPI]], [[AP]] || 10-0 || 7-0 || Win [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1957 || Woody Hayes || FWAA, UPI, AP ||9-1 ||6-1 || Win [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1961 || Woody Hayes || AP, [[NFF]], UPI, FWAA||8-0-1|| 6-0 || -
|-align="center"
| 1968 || Woody Hayes || AP, UPI FWAA||10-0 || 7-0 || Win [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 1970 ||Woody Hayes || AP, NFF, UPI, FWAA||9-1 ||6-1|| Lost [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| 2002 || [[Jim Tressel]] || [[BCS]], AP, USA Today/ESPN ||14-0|| 8-0||Win [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''Consensus national championships'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''7'''
|}

==Big Ten Champions==
Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1912, before they were a idependent school. Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 32 times

{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Year
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Coach
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Record
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Big Ten Record
|- align="center"
| 1916 || [[John Wilce]] || 7-0 || 4-0
|- align="center"
| 1917 || John Wilce || 8-0-1 || 4-0
|- align="center"
| 1920 || John WIlce || 7-1 || 5-0
|- align="center"
| 1935 || [[Francis Schmidt]] || 7-1 || 5-0
|- align="center"
| 1939 || Francis Schmidt || 6-2 || 5-1
|- align="center"
| 1942 || [[Paul Brown]] || 9-1 || 5-1
|- align="center"
| 1944 || [[Carroll Widdoes]] ||9-0 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1949 || [[Wes Fesler]] || 7-1-2 ||4-1
|- align="center"
| 1954 || [[Woody Hayes]] || 10-0 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1955 || Woody Hayes || 7-2 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1957 || Woody Hayes || 9-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1961 || Woody Hayes || 8-0-1 || 6-0
|- align="center"
| 1968 || Woody Hayes || 10-0 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1969 || Woody Hayes || 8-1 || 6-1
|- align="center"
| 1970 || Woody Hayes || 9-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1972 || Woody Hayes || 9-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1973 || Woody Hayes || 10-0-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 1974 || Woody Hayes || 10-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1975 || Woody Hayes || 11-1 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 1976 || Woody Hayes || 9-2-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1977 || Woody Hayes || 9-3 || 6-2
|- align="center"
| 1979 || [[Earle Bruce]] || 11-1 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 1981 || Earle Bruce || 9-3 || 6-2
|- align="center"
| 1984 || Earle Bruce || 9-3 || 7-2
|- align="center"
| 1986 || Earle Bruce || 10-3 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1993 || [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || 10-1 || 6-1
|- align="center"
| 1996 || John Cooper || 11-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 1998 || John Cooper || 11-1 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2002 || [[Jim Tressel]] || 14-0 || 8-0
|- align="center"
| 2005 || Jim Tressel || 10-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| 2006 || Jim Tressel || 12-1 || 7-0
|- align="center"
| 2007 || Jim Tressel || 11-2 || 7-1
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''Big Ten Champions'''
| colspan=1 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''32'''
|}
|}

==Heisman Trophy==
Ohio State has won seven heisman which is in a three way tie for first with Notre Dame and USC.

{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Name
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Year
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Poss.
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Class
!bgcolor="#FF24000"| Points
|- align="center"
| [[Les Horvath]] || 1944 || QB/RB || SR. || 412
|- align="center"
| [[Vic Janowicz]] || 1950 || RB || JR. || 633
|- align="center"
| [[Howard Cassady]] || 1955 || RB || SR. || 2219
|- align="center"
| [[Archie Griffin]] || 1974 || RB || JR. || 1920
|- align="center"
| Archie Griffin || 1975 || RB || SR. || 1800
|- align="center"
| [[Eddie George]] || 1995 || RB || SR. || 1995
|- align="center"
| [[Troy Smith]] || 2006 || QB || SR. || 2540
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''Hesiman Trophy Winners'''
| colspan=2 bgcolor="#C0C0C0"| '''7'''
|}
|}

==1890-1933: Beginnings==
In the spring of 1890 George Cole, an undergraduate, persuaded Alexander S. Lilley to coach a football team at the Ohio State University. The Buckeyes first game, played on [[May 3]], [[1890]], at [[Delaware, Ohio]], against [[Ohio Wesleyan University]], was a victory.<ref>
{{cite book
| author=Jack Park
| chapter=
| title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| id= ISBN 1-58261-006-1
| year=2002| pages=p.10}}</ref>

In the fall, life for many in Columbus revolves around Ohio State University football, from the first kickoff in September to the last play in November. OSU's first home game took place at 2:30 p.m. on November 1, 1890. The Ohio State University played the [[The College of Wooster|University of Wooster]] on this site, which was then called Recreation Park. Just east of historic German Village, the park occupied the north side of Schiller (now Whittier) between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place. The weather was perfect, and the crowd reportedly including a number of women, who cheered loudly. Nonetheless, OSU lost to Wooster, 64-0. Wooster, physically fit for the game, showed OSU that training is critical to winning. The tradition of training continues. Today, on football Saturdays in Ohio Stadium on Woody Hayes Drive, the sound of an O.S.U. game can be heard around the world.”</blockquote>

Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins, 39 losses, and 2 ties. The first game against Michigan, in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], was a 34-0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1-7-1 record.

In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300//pdf/fb/m-footbl-records2.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 | title= OSU Record Book (Part 2) | accessdate=2007-11-26 |format= |work= }} ]</ref> In 1901, however, [[Center (American football)|center]] John Segrist was fatally injured in a game and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question. Although the school's athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned.<ref>Park, p.28</ref> In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the [[Big Ten Conference|Western Conference]], making football as part of a new Department of Athletics, and hiring [[Lynn St. John|Lynn W. St. John]] to be [[athletic director]].

Ohio State's team came into national prominence in 1916 with the play of [[Chic Harley|Charles W. "Chic" Harley]], its first "triple threat" (runner, passer, and kicker). 1909 saw the tenth Buckeye loss to Michigan. Harley's popularity at Ohio State resulted in the construction of [[Ohio Stadium]], a new, larger facility that opened in [[1922]].<ref name="ohstad"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://football.ballparks.com/NCAA/Big10/OhioState/index.htm| title = The Ohio Stadium Story| format = | work = | publisher = Football Ballparks| accessdate = 9 Aug| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> Prior to this construction, games were played at [[Ohio Field]]. Criticism of Wilce, particularly from "downtown coaches", led him to resign after the 1928 season, and was the first major negative influence of boosters and fans on the football program<ref>Park, p.112-115</ref>

===1934-1978 Big-time football===
In hiring [[Francis Schmidt]] in March 1934 to coach its football team, Ohio State moved its program to a "big-time" level of competition. Schmidt was a well-established coach and an acknowledged offensive innovator. His offensive schemes were a "wide-open" style called "razzle-dazzle" and led him to be the first Buckeye football coach granted a multi-year contract. Schmidt's first four seasons saw victories over archrival Michigan, all by shut-out. The 1935 squad went 7-1, its sole loss was to [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], 18-13, in the first contest between the programs. However Schmidt's remaining seasons were less successful, except in 1939 when the Buckeyes won the Big Ten championship, and his popularity faded for a number of reasons.<ref>Park, p.166.</ref> On [[December 17]], [[1940]], he resigned.

Ohio State hired the coach of [[Massillon Washington High School]] football team, [[Paul Brown]], to succeed Schmidt. Brown's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship. Brown immediately changed Ohio State's style of offense, planned and organized his program in great detail, and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly-structured practices. In 1942, Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service at the start of [[World War II]], and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship. Brown
accepted a commission in the [[United States Navy]] in [[1944]] and directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence. The 1944 team fielded 31 [[First year|freshmen]] but went undefeated and untied, including a victory over Paul Brown's Great Lakes Navy team. Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind [[United States Military Academy#Sports|Army]] and [[Les Horvath]] became the first Buckeye to be awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]]. Also prominent on the 1942-44 teams was the first Buckeye [[African American]] star, [[Bill Willis]].

Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war, going into professional football instead. Widdoes, despite having the highest two-year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach, asked to return to an assistant's position. [[Paul Bixler]], an assistant, replaced Widdoes and endured a mediocre 4-3-2 season. Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a "graveyard of coaches" became commonplace, a reputation that lingered for decades.<ref name="SIbix"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/ncaa/specials/preview/2006/teams/ten/ohiost.html| title = 2006 Team previews- Ohio State| format = | work = | publisher = SI.com| accessdate = 20 Aug| accessyear = 2006}}</ref>

[[Wes Fesler]] became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history. Ohio State improved greatly in 1948, winning 6 and losing 3, then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore [[Vic Janowicz]]. Ohio State received the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] invitation, where they came from behind to defeat [[California Golden Bears|California]]. In 1950 Fesler, rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics, returned to coach the Buckeyes, who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll. However the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a [[blizzard]], a game that came to be known as the "[[Snow Bowl]]". Two weeks later, citing concerns about his health and family, Fesler resigned.

[[Woody Hayes|Wayne Woodrow Hayes]] beat out Paul Brown,<ref>Park, p.275</ref> among others, to be named head coach on [[February 18]], [[1951]]. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952 the team improved to 6-3, and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes.

In 1954 the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten. Hayes, however, had the talents of [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]], and a historic goal-line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season. Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship (his first and the team's second). In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten, set an attendance record, and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18 years, while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan (the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year), leading to characterization of Hayes' style of offensive play as "three yards and a cloud of dust".

In a [[1955]] article in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Hayes admitted making small personal loans to financially-needy players.<ref name="sishaplen"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html| title = #11—Iowa at Ohio State—November 11, 1957| format = | work = | publisher = The Buckeye 50 Yard Line| accessdate = 2 Oct | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] rules, and the faculty council, followed by the Big Ten and NCAA, conducted lengthy investigations. Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth "Tug" Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year's probation in 1956. In 1957 Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship, win the Rose Bowl over [[University of Oregon|Oregon]], and share a national championship title with [[Auburn University|Auburn]], for which Hayes was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]].

In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]] but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a "football school" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate.<ref>Park, pp. 340 and 342.</ref> Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd, and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953.

Main Article:[[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team]]

In 1968 Ohio State defeated the number one-ranked [[Purdue Boilermakers]] and continued to an undefeated season including a 50-14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the [[USC Trojans]] that resulted in the national championship. The Class of 1970 became known as the "super sophomores" in 1968, and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the bitterest loss in Buckeye history. The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan. The Buckeyes were 17-point favorites but directed by first-year coach [[Bo Schembechler]], Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24-12 upset.

The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as "The Ten Year War," in which the rivalry, which pitted some of OSU’s and UM’s strongest teams ever, rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary.<ref name="maisel"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1667333| title = UM-OSU more than just a game| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 13 Oct| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war, in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years, while Michigan won the final three.

[[Archie Griffin]] came to Ohio State in 1972, set a new Buckeye single-game rushing record and led the team in rushing for the season. The following season Hayes installed an [[I formation]] attack with Griffin at tailback and the Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and equally impenetrable defense, the only blemish on their record a 10-10 tie with Michigan. The falloff in success of Hayes' last three years was not great but resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods, particularly his on-the-field fits of temper. His downfall was sudden and shocking when at the 1978 [[Gator Bowl]], Hayes took a swing at a [[Clemson Tigers|Clemson]] [[nose guard]] in frustration after an interception. Hayes was fired after the game.

===1979-present===
Hayes was replaced by a former protegé, [[Earle Bruce]], who inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback [[Art Schlichter]] and returned to the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, but Bruce was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]]. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a "new era".<ref name="earle"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946372-1,00.html| title = Making 'Em Forget Woody| format = | work = | publisher = Time Magazine| accessdate = 11 Dec| accessyear = 2006}}</ref>

1980, however, saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce, when Ohio State finished with a 9-3 record. This was the first of six consecutive years at 9-3. While each of these seasons, and a 10-3 season that followed them, culminated in a bowl game, Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era.

In 1986 Bruce received a 3-year contract, the first for the modern program, but the team opened with two losses for the first time in over 90 years. The Buckeyes then won nine in a row before losing to Michigan in a close game. After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the [[University of Arizona]] but was persuaded to stay at his [[alma mater]] by Athletic Director Rick Bay. Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All-American wide receiver [[Cris Carter]] was dropped from the team for signing with an agent. Heading into the Michigan game at the end of the season Ohio State was in the midst of a three game conference losing streak.

[[Image:Ohio stadium rotunda.jpg|250px|thumb|rigth|<center>The rotunda at night]]

On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President [[Edward Jennings]] fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Jennings aggravated the situation by refusing to provide a reason for the dismissal,<ref>Park, pp. 537-538</ref> but the Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan after the entire team wore [[headband]]s bearing the word "EARLE".

[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] was hired as head coach with a winning record at both [[University of Tulsa|Tulsa]] and [[Arizona State University]] that stood out among his credentials, as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl. Cooper's thirteen years as the Buckeye's head coach are largely remembered for a litany of negative statistics associated with him: a notorious 2-10-1 record against Michigan, a 3-9 record in bowl games, a five year losing streak to Illinois, a 63-14 loss to Penn State, and a 28-24 loss to unranked Michigan State when the Buckeyes were the top-ranked team in the nation and en route to a national championship. However, his tenure also included many positives: back-to-back victories over Notre Dame, two second-ranked finishes in the polls, and three Big Ten championships (albeit shared). Cooper also recruited fifteen players who were first-round draft picks in the [[National Football League]].<ref name="coopbio"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/cooper_john01.html| title = John Cooper Profile| format = | work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 19 Dec| accessyear = 2006}}</ref>

In January 2001, The Ohio State University dismissed Cooper for a "deteriorating climate." A loss in the 2000 [[Outback Bowl]] was a factor in his subsequent firing, as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game. Other contributing factors included his record against Michigan (which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing), his perceived inability to win "big games", the lack of a national championship, the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni, the poor bowl game record, and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E5DB103BF930A35752C0A9679C8B63 |title=COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Cooper Fired at Ohio State |accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref>

Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel. With four NCAA [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I-AA]] National Championships at [[Youngstown State University|Youngstown State]] Tressel, formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce, was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions. Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level, most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm. On the day of his hiring, Jim Tressel, speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game, made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November.<ref name="310days"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.michigandaily.com/news/2001/07/23/Sports/Tressel.Eyes.Finally.Bucking.The.Wolverines-1408404.shtml | title = Tressel Eyes Finally Bucking the Wolverines| format = | work = | publisher = The Michigan Daily| accessdate = 11 Dec| accessyear = 2006}}</ref>

[[Image:2006-09 Austin Texas 091.jpg|thumb|200px|<center>Troy Smith in 2006]]Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7-5, but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor. While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|National Championship]].<ref name="surprised"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.covers.com/articles/articles.aspx?theArt=99132&tid=30| title = BCS National Title Game Bowl preview| format = | work = | publisher = Covers.com| accessdate = 13 Jan | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author=Paul Keels
| chapter= Chapter 1 Expectations
| title=Paul Keels Tales from the Buckeyes' Championship Season
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| id= ISBN 1-58261-539-X
| year=2003| pages=P.6}}</ref> Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as "Tresselball",<ref name="tresselball"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1662661| title = Tresselball just keeps winning| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 19 Dec| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> and disparaged by detractors as "the Luckeyes".<ref name="luckeyes"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8169824_ITM| title = Ohio State must shake Luckeyes image| format = | work = | publisher = Akron Beacon-Journal| accessdate = 19 Dec| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> One of the most notable examples occurred against Purdue on [[November 9]], when quarterback [[Craig Krenzel]] threw a 4th down touchdown pass to [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] late in the game to win, on a play that has gone down in Buckeye lore as "[[Holy Buckeye]]". <s>([http://www.buckeyecommentary.com/multimedia/videos/files/page7-1023-pop.html Buckeye Commentary - Holy Buckeye])</s>

==Coaching staff==
Since [[January 18]], [[2001]], the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes has been '''[[Jim Tressel]]'''. He heads a staff of approximately eighty:
*ten assistant coaches,
*a [[Weight training|strength and conditioning]] staff of three,
*a program operations and support staff of eleven (including two part-time coaches),
*a [[sports medicine]] staff of eleven team [[physician]]s and seven consultants,
*twenty-five [[athletic trainer]]s,
*six equipment managers, and
*approximately ten to twelve student managers.

{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background: red"
|align=center|'''Name'''||align=center|'''Position'''||'''Year''' ||'''Former OSU positions held'''||align=center|'''Alma mater'''
|-
|[[Jim Tressel]]|| Head Coach ||2001 ||[[Quarterback]]s 1983-85, [[Running back]]s 1984-85|| [[Baldwin-Wallace College]] 1975
|-
|[[Jim Bollman]]|| [[Offensive coordinator]]-Offensive Line ||2001|| ||[[Ohio University]] 1977
|-
|[[Joe Daniels (football)|Joe Daniels]]|| Passing Game Coordinator ||2004 ||Quarterbacks 2002; Wide Receivers 2002-2003|| [[Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania]] 1964
|-
|[[Darrell Hazell]]|| Assistant Head Coach-[[Wide receiver]]s|| 2004|| ||[[Muskingum College]] 1986
|-
||[[John Peterson (football)|John Peterson]]|| [[Tight end]]s/[[Recruitment|Recruiting]] Coordinator ||2004|| ||[[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]] 1991
|-
|[[Dick Tressel]]|| [[Running back]]s||2004 ||Associate Director of Football Operations 2001-2003|| [[Baldwin-Wallace College]] 1970
|-
|[[Jim Heacock]]|| [[Defensive coordinator]]-Defensive Line||2005 ||[[Defensive tackle]]s 1996-1999, Defensive line 2000||[[Muskingum College]] 1970
|-
|[[Luke Fickell]]||Co-Defensive Coordinator-[[Linebacker]]s ||2005 ||[[American football positions#Special teams|Special teams]] 2002-2003, Linebackers 2004|| [[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]] 1997
|-
|[[Taver Johnson]]|| Corner Backs ||2007|| ||[[Wittenberg University]] 1993
|-
|[[Paul Haynes (Football Coach)|Paul Haynes]]|| Safeties ||2005|| ||[[Kent State University]] 1993
|-
|[[Eric Lichter]]|| Director of Football Performance ||2006||||[[Weber State University]] 1997
|-
|[[Joe Rudolph]]|| Strength Coordinator ||2006|| ||[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] 1995
|-
|[[Butch Reynolds]]|| Speed Coordinator||2005|| ||[[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]] 1991
|-
|[[Bob Tucker (football)|Bob Tucker]]||Director of Football Operations||2001|| ||[[The College of Wooster]] 1965
|-
|[[Stan Jefferson]]||Associate Director of Football Operations||2004|| ||[[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]] 1974
|-
|}

==Buckeye football traditions==
Ohio State football is rich in traditions, and Coach Tressel has since his hiring made upholding tradition a cornerstone of his program.<ref>Park, p.1</ref> The following are football traditions in chronogical order of longevity:
* '''Senior tackle'''
Begun in 1913 by head coach [[John Wilce]], seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season, either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a [[bowl game]], and hit the [[Glossary of American football#B|blocking sled]] a final time.<ref>{{cite book| author=Todd Lamb, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2002|pages=42-43}}</ref>
* '''[[Illibuck]]'''
The winner of the Ohio State-[[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]] game has been awarded the [[Illibuck]] trophy since 1925.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref>. Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle, now it is made out of wood.
* '''Gold pants'''
A [[gold]] miniature [[Charm bracelet|charm]] depicting a pair of football pants is given to all players and coaches following a victory over the Michigan Wolverines. The tradition began as the result of a comment to reporters by newly-hired head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] on [[March 2]], [[1934]]: "How about Michigan? They put their pants on one leg at a time, the same as we do!" The first gold pants, which were a creation of Simon Lazarus (president of the [[Lazarus (department store)|Lazarus]] chain of department stores) and Herbert Levy,<ref>Snook, "Charlie Ream 1934-1937", p.3</ref> were awarded that year for a 34-0 drubbing of the Wolverines.<ref>Park, p.141</ref>
* '''Captain's Breakfast'''
1934 also saw the first gathering of former team [[Captain (sports)|captains]] for breakfast on the Sunday following the [[Homecoming]] game. The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the [[Scioto Country Club]] to honor them, and continues to welcome new captains and award them [[mug]]s bearing their names and season.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref><ref>Park, p.145</ref>
* '''Buckeye Grove'''
Begun in 1934, each player who wins "first-team [[All-America]]" honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove, now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower. Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game. All 125 Buckeye All-Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored.
* '''Michigan Week'''
Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams. The week prior to "The Game", known as Michigan Week, is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events, such as rallies, [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] games, and [[Blood donation|blood drives]];<ref name="offlscumwk"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiounion.osu.edu/bmw/| title = Beat Michigan Week| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University Union| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio. In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week, since 1990 on the Thursday night before "The Game" students have participated in the "Mirror Lake jump", an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake, a pond between Pomerene Hall and [[Ohio State University#Campus|The Oval]], in which masses of students jump into the water.<ref name="mirlakjmp"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bright.net/~beeryde/ref/osuhistory/mirrorlake2.htm| title = How the Mirror Lake Jump Came to Be| format = | work = | publisher = The Lantern 17 Nov 2005| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
* '''[[Block O]]'''
Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the "Official Cheering Section" of the Buckeyes. ''"Known for spreading spirit, starting cheers and performing card stunts, Block 'O' was founded...by Clancy Isaac[[Image:BlockO.JPG|thumb|150px|BLock O in a game in the south stands]]"''.<ref name="osufbtrad"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/trads/osu-m-footbl-trad.html| title = Football Traditions| format = | work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 27 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> They occupy Section 39A in the South [[grandstand]] of [[Ohio Stadium]], next to the band.<ref name="blocko"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://blocko.org.ohio-state.edu/| title = Block "O"| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref><ref name="tressblocko"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp| title = Tradition-Block O| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
* '''Victory Bell'''
The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a tradition that began after the Bucks beat [[California Golden Bears|California]] [[October 2]], [[1954]]. Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away "on a calm day." Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium, the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943, 1944 and 1945, and weighs 2,420 pounds.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref>
* '''[[Brutus Buckeye]]'''
Beginning in 1965, Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live [[mascot]] of the Buckeyes. In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States.
* '''''Hang on Sloopy'''''
First played at the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]] game of [[October 9]], [[1965]], the [[Rock music|rock]] song ''[[Hang on Sloopy]]'' is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter, with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the [[refrain]]s. The song is also played to encourage the team's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game. This is also played at the end of the third quarter at Cleveland Browns games.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref>
* '''Buckeye leaves'''
Since 1968 the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]] depicting a [[Aesculus glabra|buckeye leaf]], awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref>
* '''Tunnel of Pride'''
The Tunnel of Pride began with the 1994 Michigan game when all former players who were in attendance formed a tunnel through which the team ran to take the field, and Ohio State beat its rival that day, 22-6. [[Rex Kern]], quarterback of the [[Rose Bowl (game)|1968 National Championship]] team, and then Director of Athletics [[Andy Geiger]] together used the concept as a means of connecting current Buckeyes with those who played before them. The Tunnel of Pride was next formed for the [[1995]] [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] game, which the Buckeyes also won. In each home game against Michigan since, the tradition has been repeated.<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.42</ref><ref name="tunpride"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp| title = Tunnel of Pride| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
* '''''Carmen Ohio'''''
Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001, at the conclusion of all home games the coaches, players and cheerleaders gather in the south [[end zone]] next to the marching band to sing the university's alma mater, ''[[Carmen Ohio]]''.<ref name="carmenotrad"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp| title = Tradition-Carmen Ohio| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 Jul | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>
* '''The Hive and pre-game circle'''
Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State. Prior to its warmup routine before every football game, the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner, linked arm-in-arm in a group known as "The Hive". After warmups the team returns to the locker room, and when it next appears, runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach, who exhorts the team into a frenzy in which they pummel each other with fists.<ref name="hive"> {{cite web | last = Porentas| first = John| coauthors = | year = | url = http://the-ozone.net/football/2007/MSU/hiveandcircle.htm| title = Roots of Tressel Traditions May be Lost, but the Traditions Carry on at OSU | format = | work = | publisher = The O-Zone | accessdate = 17 Oct | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>
* '''Mirror Lake'''
Before the Ohio State/Michigan game at the end of the season, OSU students typically jump into [[Mirror Lake (Ohio)|Mirror Lake]], located on campus, the Thursday night before the game. The tradition is thought to bring good luck to the football team the following gameday.<ref>[http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2005/11/17/Campus/How-The.Mirror.Lake.Jump.Came.To.Be-1108362.shtml The Lantern article on the Mirror Lake jump.]</ref>

===Marching Band===
{{main|The Ohio State University Marching Band}}
[[Image:ScriptOhio.jpg|thumb|200px|<center>Famous Script Ohio]]The Marching Band, known as "The Best Damn Band In The Land" or by the acronym '''TBDBITL'''<ref>[http://www.tbdbitl.com/ TBDBITL Alumni Club], accessed [[January 22]], [[2008]].</ref> is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football.<ref>{{cite book| author=Leeann Parker, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2001|pages=45}}</ref> Home games are preceded by three much-anticipated traditions, and a fourth, "dotting the 'i'" of [[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]], enjoys a reputation all its own:<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.43</ref>
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Skull Session|Skull Session]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Ramp entrance|Ramp entrance]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#The Back Bend|The Back Bend]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]]

==Rivalries==
{{main|Michigan-Ohio State rivalry}}
{{main|Illibuck}}
While its rivalry with the University of Michigan is its most renowned and intense, Ohio State has two other series marked by their longevity, both [[Big Ten Conference]] rivals, those of [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]] and [[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]]. The series versus Indiana began as a non-conference matchup, with Indiana going undefeated at 4-0-1. In conference, however, the Buckeyes (despite losing the opening conference game) are 65-8-4 through the 2006 season, the most wins against any opponent. Illinois also began with non-conference games (0-1-1) but became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year. (That record was tied by Michigan in 2007.) Through 2006 Ohio State's record against the Illini is 60-29-4. In 2007, Ohio State was given their first defeat of the season by the Illini.

[[Image:Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png|thumb|300px|<center>An early Ohio State-Michigan game]] When Penn State was added to the conference football play in 1993, every member was given two designated rivals, teams to be played every year, with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals. For geographic convenience, the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State's new designated rival in addition to Michigan, and Illinois was set to be paired with in-state rival [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]] and neighboring Indiana, and in doing so undermined Ohio State's historical rivalry with Illinois.

==All-time records==
===All-time coaching records===
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="background: red"
| '''Head Coach''' || '''Period''' || '''W-L-T Record''' || '''Win %''' || '''[[Big Ten Conference football champions|Big10]]''' || '''[[NCAA Division I-A national football championship#By year|N/C]]''' ||'''[[Michigan-Ohio State Rivalry#Results|vs Michigan]]'''
|-
| [[Alexander S. Lilley]] || align=center|1890-1891 || align=center|3-5 || align=center|37.5 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Frederick B. "Jack" Ryder]]|| 1892-95/1898 || align=center|22-22-2 || align=center|50.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[Charles A. Hickey]]|| align=center|1896 || align=center|5-5-1¹ || align=center|50.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|n/a
|-
| [[David Edwards (coach)|David F. Edwards]]|| align=center|1897 || align=center|1-7-1 || align=center|16.7 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John B. Eckstorm]]|| align=center|1899-1901 || align=center|22-4-3 || align=center|84.7 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1-1
|-
| [[Perry Hale]]|| align=center|1902-1903 || align=center|14-5-2 || align=center|71.4 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-2
|-
| [[Edwin Sweetland|Edwin R. Sweetland]]|| align=center|1904-1905 || align=center|14-7-2 || align=center|65.2 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-2
|-
| [[Albert E. Herrnstein]]|| align=center|1906-1909 || align=center|28-10-1 || align=center|73.1 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-4
|-
| [[Howard Jones (football coach)|Howard H. Jones]]|| align=center|1910 || align=center|6-1-3 || align=center|75.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-0-1
|-
| [[Harry Vaughn]]|| align=center|1911 || align=center|5-3-2 || align=center|60.0 || align=center|n/a || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John Richards (coach)|John R. Richards]]|| align=center|1912 || align=center|6-3 || align=center|66.7 || || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[John Wilce|John W. Wilce]]|| align=center|1913-1928 || align=center|78-33-9 || align=center|68.8 || align=center|3 || || align=center|4-7
|-
| [[Sam Willaman]]|| align=center|1929-1933 || align=center|26-10-5 || align=center|69.5 || || || align=center|2-3
|-
| [[Francis Schmidt|Francis A. Schmidt]]|| align=center|1934-1940 || align=center|39-16-1 || align=center|70.5 || align=center|2 || || align=center|4-3
|-
| [[Paul Brown|Paul E. Brown]] ||align=center|1941-1943 || align=center|18-8-1 || align=center|68.5 || align=center|1 || align=center| 1 || align=center|1-1-1
|-
| [[Carroll Widdoes|Carroll C. Widdoes]] || align=center|1944-1945 || align=center|16-2 || align=center|88.9 || align=center|1 || || align=center|1-1
|-
| [[Paul Bixler]] || align=center| 1946 || align=center|4-3-2 || align=center|55.6 || || || align=center|0-1
|-
| [[Wes Fesler|Wesley E. Fesler]] || align=center|1947-1950 || align=center|21-13-3 || align=center|60.8 ||align=center|1 || || align=center|0-3-1
|-
| [[Woody Hayes|W.W. "Woody" Hayes]] || align=center|1951-1978 || align=center|205–61-10 || align=center|76.1 || align=center|13 || align=center| 5² || align=center|16-11-1
|-
| [[Earle Bruce]] || align=center|1979-1987 || align=center|81-26-1 || align=center|75.5 || align=center|4 || || align=center|5-4
|-
| [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || align=center|1988-2000 || align=center|111-43-4 || align=center|71.5 || align=center|3 || || align=center|2-10-1
|-
| [[Jim Tressel|James P. Tressel]] || align=center|2001-Current || align=center|73-16 || align=center|82.0 || align=center|4 || align=center|1 || align=center|6-1
|-
| '''TOTALS''' || align=center|'''1890-Current''' || align=center|'''798-303-53''' || align=center|'''71.4''' || align=center|'''32''' || align=center|'''7''' ||align=center|41-57-6
|}
'''All totals per OSU Athletics'''

:¹ Hickey was hired part-way into the season and a student coached the team several games.
:² 1961 and 1970 national title recognized by OSU Athletics

===All-time Bowl Games===
2007/08 BCS Championship— Louisiana State University 38, Ohio State 24

2006/07 BCS Championship— Florida 41, Ohio State 14 (final #2 ranking)

2005/06 Fiesta— Ohio State 34, Notre Dame 20 (final #4 ranking)

2004/05 Alamo— Ohio State 33, Oklahoma State 7

2003/04 Fiesta— Ohio State 35, Kansas State 28 (final #4 ranking)

2002/03 Fiesta— Ohio State 31, Miami (FL) 24 (2OT) (National Champions)

2001/02 Outback— South Carolina 31, Ohio State 28

2000/01 Outback— South Carolina 24, Ohio State 7

1998/99 Sugar— Ohio State 24, Texas A&M 14 (final #2 ranking)

1997/98 Sugar— Florida State 31, Ohio State 14

1996/97 Rose— Ohio State 20, Arizona State 17 (final #2 ranking)

1995/96 Citrus— Tennessee 20, Ohio State 14

1994/95 Citrus— Alabama 24, Ohio State 17

1993/94 Holiday— Ohio State 28, Brigham Young 21

1992/93 Citrus— Georgia 21, Ohio State 14

1991/92 Hall of Fame— Syracuse 24, Ohio State 17

1990/91 Liberty— Air Force 23, Ohio State 11

1989/90 Hall of Fame— Auburn 31, Ohio State 14

1986/87 Cotton— Ohio State 28, Texas A&M 12

1985/86 Citrus— Ohio State 10, Brigham Young 7

1984/85 Rose— Southern California 20, Ohio State 17

1983/84 Fiesta— Ohio State 28, Pittsburgh 23

1982/83 Holiday— Ohio State 47, Brigham Young 17

1981/82 Liberty— Ohio State 31, Navy 28

1980/81 Fiesta— Penn State 31, Ohio State 19

1979/80 Rose— Southern California 17, Ohio State 16

1978/79 Gator— Clemson 17, Ohio State 15

1977/78 Sugar— Alabama 35, Ohio State 6

1976/77 Orange— Ohio State 27, Colorado 10

1975/76 Rose— UCLA 23, Ohio State 10

1974/75 Rose— Southern California 18, Ohio State 17

1973/74 Rose— Ohio State 42, Southern California 21

1972/73 Rose— Southern California 42, Ohio State 17

1970/71 Rose— Stanford 27, Ohio State 17

1968/69 Rose— Ohio State 27, Southern California 16

1957/58 Rose— Ohio State 10, Oregon 7

1954/55 Rose— Ohio State 20, Southern California 7

1949/50 Rose— Ohio State 17, California 14

1920/21 Rose— California 28, Ohio State 0

{{Ohio State bowl games}}

===All-time Big Ten records===
Source: Ohio State Athletics football page

Over the years, Ohio State has either won outright or shared 32 Big Ten titles. The championship in 2007 was OSU's fourth under Jim Tressel, the last two being outright. The Buckeyes also shared the title in 2005 (7-1 Big Ten) and in 2002, notching a perfect 8-0 record. With a 7-1 league record during the 2007 season, Ohio State owns an all-time Big Ten record of 443-188-28 in 94 seasons of league competition.

{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background: red"
|align=center|'''Opponent'''||align=center|'''W-L-T record'''
|-
|[[Chicago Maroons|Chicago]]|| align=center|10-2-2
|-
|[[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]] ||align=center|60-30-4
|-
|[[Indiana Hoosiers|Indiana]] ||align=center|65-12-5
|-
|[[Iowa Hawkeyes|Iowa]]|| align=center|44-14-3
|-
|[[Michigan Wolverines|Michigan]] ||align=center|41-57-6
|-
|[[Michigan State Spartans|Michigan State]] ||align=center|26-12-0
|-
|[[Minnesota Golden Gophers|Minnesota]]|| align=center|40-7-0
|-
|[[Northwestern Wildcats|Northwestern]] ||align=center|58-14-1
|-
|[[Penn State Nittany Lions|Penn State]] ||align=center|12-11-0
|-
|[[Purdue Boilermakers|Purdue]] ||align=center|36-12-2
|-
|[[Wisconsin Badgers|Wisconsin]] ||align=center|51-17-5
|-
|'''TOTAL''' ||align=center|'''443-188-28'''
|}

==Individual awards and achievements==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;" width="250px"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:red" | '''Retired football jerseys'''<ref> ''OSF Gameday 2002'' p.61</ref>
|-
| '''Number'''|| '''Player'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<hr>
|-
| align=center|'''45''' || [[Archie Griffin]]
|-
| align=center|'''31''' || [[Vic Janowicz]]
|-
| align=center|'''40''' || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]]
|-
| align=center|'''22''' || [[Les Horvath]]
|-
| align=center|'''27''' || [[Eddie George]]
|-
| align=center|'''47''' || [[Chic Harley|Charles "Chic" Harley]]
|-
| align=center|'''99''' || [[Bill Willis]]
|}

Through the 2006 season Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program. Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards, with the next closest being 26 (Oklahoma). Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once. Of the five awards created prior to 1980 (Heisman, Lombardi, Maxwell, Outland, and Walter Camp), Ohio State has received the most with 25 (Notre Dame follows with 23).

==List Of All-Americans==
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300//pdf/fb/m-footbl-all-american.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 |title=Ohio State First-Team All-Americans |accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref>

===1910s===
*1914: Boyd Cherry (E)
*1916: [[Chic Harley]] (B), Robert Karch (T)
*1917: Charles Bolen (E), Harold Courtney (E), Chic Harley (B), Kelley VanDyne (C)
*1918: Clarence MacDonald (E)
*1919: Chic Harley (B), [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]] (B)

===1920s===
*1920: Iolas Huffman (G), Gaylord Stinchcomb (B)
*1921: Iolas Huffman (G), Cyril Myers (E)
*1923: Harry Workman (QB)
*1924: [[Cookie Cunningham|Harold Cunningham]] (E)
*1925: Edwin Hess (G)
*1926: Edwin Hess (G), [[Marty Karow]] (HB), Leo Raskowski (T)
*1927: Leo Raskowski (T)
*1928: [[Wes Fesler]] (E)
*1929: Wes Fesler (E)

===1930s===
*1930: Wes Fesler (E), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1931: Carl Cramer (QB), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1932: Joseph Gailus (G), [[Sid Gillman]] (E), Lew Hinchman (HB), Ted Rosequist (T)
*1933: Joseph Gailus (G)
*1934: Regis Monahan (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1935: [[Gomer Jones]] (C), Merle Wendt (E)
*1936: Charles Hamrick (T), Inwood Smith (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1937: Carl Kaplanoff (T), Jim McDonald (QB), Ralph Wolf (C), [[Gust Zarnas]] (G)
*1939: Vic Marino (G), Esco Sarkkinen (E), [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] (HB)

===1940s===
*1940: Don Scott (HB)
*1942: [[Robert Shaw]] (E), [[Charles Csuri]] (T), [[Lin Houston]] (G), Paul Sarringhaus (HB), Gene Fekete (E)
*1943: [[Bill Willis]] (T)
*1944: Jack Dugger (E), Bill Willis (T), William Hackett (G), [[Les Horvath]] (QB/HB)
*1945: [[Warren Amling]] (G), [[Ollie Cline]] (FB), Russell Thomas (T)
*1946: Warren Amling (G), Cecil Souders (E)

===1950s===
*1950: Robert Momsen (T), Robert McMullogh (C), [[Vic Janowicz]] (HB)
*1952: Mike Takacs (G)
*1954: Dean Dugger (E), [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady|Howard Cassady]] (HB), Jim Reichenbach (G)
*1955: [[# Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] (G), Howard Cassady (HB)
*1956: Jim Parker (G)
*1957: [[Aurealius Thomas]] (G)
*1958: [[Jim Houston]] (E), [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]] (T), Bob White (E)
*1959: Jim Houston (E)

===1960s===
*1960: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] (FB)
*1961: Bob Ferguson (FB)
*1964: Jim Davis (T), Ike Kelley (LB), Arnie Chonko (DB)
*1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] (G), Ike Kelley (LB)
*1966: Ray Pryor (C)
*1968: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (OT), [[Rufus Mayes]] (OT)
*1969: [[Jim Stillwagon]] (G), [[Rex Kern]] (QB), [[Jim Otis]] (FB), [[Ted Provost]] (CB), [[Jack Tatum]] (CB)

===1970s===
*1970: Jan White (TE), Jim Stillwagon (MG), [[John Brockington]] (FB), Jack Tatum (CB), [[Mike Sensibaugh]] (S), Tim Anderson (CB)
*1971: [[Tom DeLeone]] (C)
*1972: [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] (OT), [[Randy Gradishar]] (LB)
*1973: John Hicks (OT), Randy Gradishar (LB), [[Archie Griffin]] (TB)
*1974: Van Ness DeCree (DE), Kurt Schumacher (OT), Pete Cusick (DT), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Neal Colzie]] (CB), [[Tom Skladany]] (P)
*1975: Ted Smith (OG), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Tim Fox]] (S), Tom Sklandany (P)
*1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] (DE), [[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] (OT), Tom Sklandany (P)
*1977: Chris Ward (OT), Aaron Brown (NG), [[Tom Cousineau]] (LB), Ray Griffin (S)
*1978: Tom Cousineau (LB)
*1979: Ken Fritz (OG), [[Art Schlichter]] (QB)

===1980s===
*1982: Marcus Marek (LB)
*1984: [[Jim Lachey]] (OG), [[Keith Byars]] (TB)
*1985: [[Pepper Johnson]] (LB)
*1986: [[Cris Carter]] (SE), [[Chris Spielman]] (LB)
*1987: Chris Spielman (LB), [[Tom Tupa]] (P)
*1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] (C)

===1990s===
*1991: [[Steve Tovar]] (LB)
*1992: Steve Tovar (LB)
*1993: [[Korey Stringer]] (OT), [[Dan Wilkinson]] (DT)
*1994: Korey Stringer (OT)
*1995: [[Eddie George]] (TB), [[Terry Glenn]] (FL), [[Orlando Pace]] (OT), [[Mike Vrabel]] (DE)
*1996: Orlando Pace (OT), [[Shawn Springs]] (CB), Mike Vrabel (DE)
*1997: [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] (LB), [[Rob Murphy (football player)|Rob Murphy]] (OG), [[Antoine Winfield]] (CB)
*1998: [[David Boston]] (SE), [[Damon Moore]] (SS), Rob Murphy (CB), Antoine Winfield (CB)
*1999: [[Na'il Diggs]] (LB)

===2000s===
*2000: [[Mike Doss]] (SS)
*2001: [[LeCharles Bentley]] (C), Mike Doss (SS)
*2002: Mike Doss (SS), [[Andy Groom]] (P), [[Mike Nugent]] (PK), [[Matt Wilhelm]] (LB)
*2003: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] (SS)
*2004: Mike Nugent (PK), [[A. J. Hawk]] (LB)
*2005: A. J. Hawk (LB)
*2006: [[Troy Smith]] (QB), [[James Laurinaitis]] (LB), [[Quinn Pitcock]] (DL)
*2007: James Laurinaitis (LB), [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (RB)

===Heisman Trophy===
Ohio State players have won the [[Heisman Trophy]] seven times. '''Archie Griffin''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* [[Les Horvath]] 1944
* [[Vic Janowicz]] 1950
* [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] 1955
* [[Archie Griffin]] 1974, 1975
* [[Eddie George]] 1995
* [[Troy Smith]] 2006

===Lombardi Award===
Ohio State players have won the [[Lombardi Award]] six times. '''Orlando Pace''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1970
* [[John Hicks]] 1973
* [[Chris Spielman]] 1987
* [[Orlando Pace]] 1995, 1996
* [[A. J. Hawk]] 2005

===Maxwell Award===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Maxwell Award]]:
* Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1955
* [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] 1961
* Archie Griffin 1975
* Eddie George 1995

===Outland Trophy===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Outland Trophy]]:
* [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1956
* [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1970
* [[John Hicks]] 1973
* Orlando Pace 1996

===Walter Camp Award===
Three Ohio State players have won the [[Walter Camp Award]]:
* Archie Griffin 1974, 1975
* Eddie George 1995
* Troy Smith 2006

===Other Awards===
* Eddie George received the '''[[Doak Walker Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Terry Glenn]] received the '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 1997
* [[Antoine Winfield]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 1998
* [[LeCharles Bentley]] received the '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' in 2001
* [[B. J. Sander]] received the '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' in 2003
* [[Mike Nugent]] received the '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' in 2004
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]]''' in 2006
* Troy Smith received the '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' in 2006
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 2007

===Season MVP===
Voted by players at the end of the season.

* 1930: Wes Fesler - [[End (American football)|end]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1931: [[Robert Haubrich]] - [[Offensive tackle|tackle]]
* 1932: [[Lew Hinchman]] - [[halfback (American football)|halfback]]
* 1933: [[Mickey Vuchinich]] - [[fullback (American football)|fullback]]
* 1934: [[Gomer Jones]] - [[Center (American football)|center]]
* 1935: Gomer Jones - center
* 1936: Ralph Wolf - center
* 1937: Ralph Wolf - center
* 1938: [[Jim Langhurst]] - fullback
* 1939: [[Steve Andrako]] - center
* 1940: Claude White - center
* 1941: [[Jack Graf]] - fullback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1942: [[Charles Csuri|Chuck Csuri]] - [[Offensive tackle|tackle]]
* 1943: [[Gordon Appleby]] - center
* 1944: Les Horvath - [[quarterback]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1945: [[Ollie Cline]] - fullback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1946: [[Cecil Souders]] - [[End (American football)|end]]
* 1947: [[Dave Templeton]] - [[Guard (American football)|guard]]
* 1948: [[Joe Whisler]] - fullback
* 1949: [[Jack Lininger]] - center
* 1950: Vic Janowicz - halfback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1951: Vic Janowicz - halfback
* 1952: [[Fred Bruney]] - halfback
* 1953: [[George Jacoby]] - tackle
* 1954: Howard "Hopalong" Cassady - halfback
* 1955: Howard "Hopalong" Cassady - halfback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] - guard
* 1957: [[Bill Jobko]] - guard
* 1958: [[Jim Houston]] - end
* 1959: Jim Houston - end
* 1960: [[Tom Matte]] - quarterback
* 1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] - fullback
* 1962: [[Billy Armstrong]] - center
* 1963: [[Matt Snell]] - fullback
* 1964: [[Ed Orazen]] - [[defensive lineman]]
* 1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] - [[Guard (American football)|offensive guard]]
* 1966: [[Ray Pryor]] - center
* 1967: [[Dirk Worden]] - [[linebacker]]
* 1968: [[Mark Stier]] - linebacker
* 1969: [[Jim Otis]] - fullback
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]] - defensive lineman
* 1971: [[Tom DeLeone]]- center
* 1972: [[George Hasenohrl]] - defensive lineman
* 1973: Archie Griffin - [[running back]] - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1974: Archie Griffin - tailback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1975: [[Cornelius Greene]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] - [[defensive end]]
* 1977: [[Dave Adkins]] - linebacker
* 1978: [[Tom Cousineau]] - linebacker
* 1979: [[Jim Laughlin]] - linebacker
* 1980: [[Calvin Murray]] - tailback
* 1981: [[Art Schlichter]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1982: [[Tim Spencer]] - [[running back]]
* 1983: [[John Frank]] - [[tight end]]
* 1984: [[Keith Byars]] - running back - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1985: [[Jim Karsatos]] - quarterback
* 1986: [[Cris Carter]] - [[wide receiver]]
* 1987: [[Chris Spielman]] - linebacker
* 1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] - center
* 1989: [[Derek Isaman]] - linebacker
* 1990: [[Jeff Graham]] - wide receiver
* 1991: [[Carlos Snow]] - tailback
* 1992: [[Kirk Herbstreit]] - quarterback
* 1993: [[Raymont Harris]] - tailback
* 1994: [[Korey Stringer]] - [[offensive tackle]]
* 1995: Eddie George - tailback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1996: Orlando Pace - offensive tackle - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1997: [[Antoine Winfield]] - [[defensive back]]
* 1998: [[Joe Germaine]] - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] - defensive back
* 2000: [[Derek Combs]] - tailback
* 2001: [[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] - tailback
* 2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] - quarterback / [[Chris Gamble]] - wide receiver/defensive back
* 2003: [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] - wide receiver
* 2004: [[Mike Nugent]] - [[placekicker]]
* 2005: A. J. Hawk - linebacker
* 2006: Troy Smith - quarterback - also [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]]
* 2007: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris "Beanie" Wells]] - tailback

===All-Century Team===
{{seealso|Ohio State Football All-Century Team}}

===Ohio State's All-Time Team===
Chosen in 2001 by Athlon Sports. [http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4227/ohio-state-all-time-team]
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Offense''' 
'''WR''' [[Paul Warfield]] 1961-63 
'''WR''' [[Cris Carter]] 1984-86 
'''WR''' [[Terry Glenn]] 1993-95 
'''WR''' [[David Boston]] 1996-98 
'''TE''' [[John Frank]] 1980-83 
'''OL''' [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1954-56 
'''OL''' [[Korey Stringer]] 1992-94 
'''OL''' [[Gomer Jones]] 1934-35 
'''OL''' [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] 1970, 72-73 
'''OL''' Orlando Pace 1994-96 
'''QB''' [[Rex Kern]] 1967-1970 
'''RB''' Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1952-55 
'''RB''' Archie Griffin 1972-75 
'''RB''' Eddie George 1992-95 
'''K''' [[Vlade Janakievski]] 1977-80 
{{col-2}}
'''Defense''' 
'''DL''' Wes Fesler 1928-30 
'''DL''' Bill Willis 1942-44 
'''DL''' [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1968-70 
'''DL''' [[Dan Wilkinson]] 1992-93 
'''DL''' [[Mike Vrabel]] 1993-96 
'''LB''' [[Tom Cousineau]] 1975-78 
'''LB''' [[Chris Spielman]] 1984-87 
'''LB''' [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] 1996-98 
'''LB''' [[Marcus Marek]] 1979-82 
'''LB''' [[Steve Tovar]] 1989-92 
'''DB''' Vic Janowicz 1949-51 
'''DB''' [[Jack Tatum]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Mike Sensibaugh]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Neal Colzie]] 1972-74 
'''DB''' [[Antoine Winfield]] 1995-98 
'''P''' [[Tom Tupa]] 1984-87 
{{col-end}}

===NCAA Coach of the Year===
Three Ohio State head coaches have received the '''[[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award]]''' as NCAA Coach of the Year a total of five times:
* [[Woody Hayes]] 1957, 1968, 1975
* [[Earle Bruce]] 1979
* [[Jim Tressel]] 2002
In addition, two coaches were voted "National Coach of the Year" before the inception of the Bryant Award. [[Carroll Widdoes]], acting head coach after [[Paul Brown]] had entered the [[United States Navy]], was voted the honor in 1944. Brown himself was voted the honor in 1942 for winning the [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|National Championship]] but declined in favor of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]'s [[William Alexander (coach)|Bill Alexander]].

===All-American and All-Conference honors===
Through 2006 128 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. 234 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 15 have won the [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football]], the Big Ten's [[Most Valuable Player]] award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The [[Athletic director|Athletic Directors]] of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George '''Big Ten-[[Jesse Owens]]''' '''Athlete of the Year''' for 1996.

On [[November 22]], [[2006]], ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All-Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season, and seven were named to both. [[Troy Smith]] was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year. Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors.

==Academic awards and achievements==
===Rhodes Scholarship===
On [[December 6]], [[1985]], [[Mike Lanese]] was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to [[University of Oxford]].

===College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-Americans===

'''Academic All-American Hall of Fame'''
*Class of 1992 [[Randy Gradishar]]
'''Academic All-Americans'''

''Academic All-American Player of the Year''
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''Academic All-Americans'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Player !! Position
|-
||1952 ||[[John Borton]] || Quarterback
|-
|1954 ||[[Dick Hilinski]] || Tackle
|-
|1958 ||[[Bob White]] || Fullback
|-
|1961 ||[[Tom Perdue]] || End
|-
|1965 ||[[Bill Ridder]] || Middle guard
|-
|1966 ||[[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] || Offensive tackle
|-
|1967 ||Dave Foley ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1968 ||Dave Foley ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1968 ||[[Mark Stier]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1969 ||[[Bill Urbanik]] ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1971 ||Rick Simon ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1973 ||[[Randy Gradishar]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1974 ||[[Brian Baschnagel]] ||Running back
|-
|1975 ||Brian Baschnagel ||Running back
|-
|1976 ||[[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] ||Fullback
|-
|1976 ||[[Bill Lukens]] ||Offensive guard
|-
|1977 ||[[Jeff Logan]] ||Running back
|-
|1980 ||[[Marcus Marek]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1980 ||[[John Weisensell]]¹ ||Offensive guard
|-
|1982 ||Joe Smith ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1982 ||[[John Frank]] ||Tight end
|-
|1983 ||John Frank ||Tight end
|-
|1983 ||[[Dave Crecelius]]¹|| Defensive tackle
|-
|1984 ||Dave Crecelius ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1984 ||[[Mike Lanese]] ||Wide receiver
|-
|1984 ||[[Anthony Tiuliani]]¹ ||Defensive tackle
|-
|1985 ||Mike Lanese ||Wide receiver
|-
|1987 ||[[Joe Staysniak]]¹ ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1989 ||Joe Staysniak ||Offensive tackle
|-
|1990 ||Greg Smith¹ ||Defensive line
|-
|1992 ||[[Len Hartman]] ||Offensive guard
|-
|1992 ||Greg Smith ||Defensive line
|-
|1995 ||[[Greg Bellisari]] ||Linebacker
|-
|1996 ||Greg Bellisari ||Linebacker
|-
|1998 ||[[Jerry Rudzinski]]¹ ||Linebacker
|-
|1999 ||[[Ahmed Plummer]] ||Cornerback
|-
|2002 ||[[Craig Krenzel]]¹ ||Quarterback
|-
|2003 ||Craig Krenzel ||Quarterback
|}
¹2nd team award

===National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame===

'''[[Draddy Trophy|Vincent dePaul Draddy Trophy]]''' ("Academic Heisman")
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''National Scholar-Athlete Awards'''

Ohio State's eighteen NFF Scholar-Athlete Awards rank second only to [[University of Nebraska system|Nebraska]]'s twenty among all college football programs.
*1965 [[Willard Sander]]
*1968 [[David Foley]]
*1970 [[Rex Kern]]
*1973 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*1975 [[Brian Baschnagel]]
*1979 [[Jim Laughlin]]
*1982 Joe Smith
*1983 [[John Frank]]
*1984 [[Dave Crecelius]]
*1985 [[Mike Lanese]]
*1989 [[Joe Staysniak]]
*1990 [[Greg Frey]]
*1992 Greg Smith
*1994 [[Joey Galloway]]
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*1996 [[Greg Bellisari]]
*1999 [[Ahmed Plummer]]

==Individual school records==

{{seealso|Ohio State Buckeyes football yearly statistical leaders}}

===Rushing records===
* Most rushing attempts, career: 924, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most rushing attempts, season: 336, [[Keith Byars]] (1984)
* Most rushing attempts, game: 44, [[Champ Henson]] ([[November 18]], [[1972]] at [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]])
* Most rushing yards, career: 5,589, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most rushing yards, season: 1,927, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most rushing yards, game: 314, [[Eddie George]] ([[November 11]], [[1995]] vs. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]])
* Most rushing yards against Michigan, game: 222, [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] ([[November 17]], [[2007]])
* Most rushing touchdowns, career: 56, [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (1973-76)
* Most rushing touchdowns, season: 25, Pete Johnson (1975)
* Most rushing touchdowns, game: 5, Pete Johnson ([[September 27]], [[1975]] vs. [[North Carolina Tar Heels football|North Carolina]]) and Keith Byars ([[October 13]],[[1984]] vs. Illinois)
* Longest run from scrimmage: 89 yards, Gene Fekete ([[November 7]], [[1942]] vs. [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, career: 34, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972-75)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, season: 12, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, career: 5 [[Eddie George]] (1992-95)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, season: 3, [[Eddie George]] (1995)

===Passing records===
* Most passing attempts, career: 934, [[Art Schlichter]] (1978-81)
* Most passing attempts, season: 384, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing attempts, game: 52, Art Schlichter ([[October 3]], [[1981]] vs. [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]])
* Most passing completions, career: 498, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most passing completions, season: 230, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing completions, game: 31, Art Schlichter ([[October 3]], [[1981]] vs. Florida State) and Joe Germaine ([[October 31]], [[1998]] at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most passing yards, career: 7,547, Art Schlichter (1978-81)
* Most passing yards, season: 3,330, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing yards, game: 458, Art Schlichter ([[October 3]], [[1981]] vs. Florida State)
* Most passing touchdowns, career: 57, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most passing touchdowns, season: 30, [[Troy Smith]] (2006)
* Most passing touchdowns, game: 5, John Borton ([[October 18]],[[1952]] vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and twice by [[Bobby Hoying]] ([[October 22]],[[1994]] vs. [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue]] and [[September 23]],[[1995]] at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
*Longest pass completion: 86 yards, Art Schlichter to Calvin Murray ([[September 22]], [[1979]] vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, career: 16, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992-95)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, season: 11, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1995) and Joe Germaine (1998)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, career: 8, [[Joe Germaine]] (1996-98)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, season: 7, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)

===Receiving records===
* Most receptions, career: 191, [[David Boston]] (1996-98)
* Most receptions, season: 85, David Boston (1998)
* Most receptions, game: 14, David Boston ([[October 11]], [[1997]] at [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]])
* Most receiving yards, career: 2,898, [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] (2000-03)
* Most receiving yards, season: 1,435, David Boston (1998)
* Most receiving yards, game: 253, [[Terry Glenn]] ([[September 23]],[[1995]] at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most touchdown receptions, career: 34, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most touchdown receptions, season: 17, Terry Glenn (1995)
* Most touchdown receptions, game: 4, Bob Grimes ([[October 18]],[[1952]] vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and Terry Glenn ([[September 23]],[[1995]] at Pittsburgh)
* Longest pass reception: 86 yards, Calvin Murray from Art Schlichter ([[September 22]], [[1979]] vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, career: 14, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, season: 9, David Boston (1998)

===Kickoff return records===
* Most kickoff returns, career: 72, Maurice Hall (2001-04)
* Most kickoff returns, season: 31, Ken-Yon Rambo (1999)
* Most kickoff returns, game: 7, [[Vince Workman]] ([[November 7]], [[1987]] at [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]])
* Most kickoff return yards, career: 1,642, Maurice Hall (2001-04)
* Most kickoff return yards, season: 653, Ken-Yon Rambo (1999)
* Most kickoff return yards, game: 213, [[Carlos Snow]] ([[September 17]], [[1988]] at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most kickoff return touchdowns, career: 2, Dean Sensanbaugher (1943-47) and Lenny Willis (1974)
* Longest kickoff return: 103 yards, Dean Sensanbaugher ([[October 9]], [[1943]] at Great Lakes)

===Punt return records===
* Most punt returns, career: 98, [[David Boston]] (1996-98)
* Most punt returns, season: 47, David Boston (1997) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt returns, game: 9, Tom Campana ([[October 16]], [[1971]] at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most punt return yards, career: 959, David Boston (1996-98)
* Most punt return yards, season: 679, [[Neal Colzie]] (1973) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt return yards, game: 170, Neal Colzie ([[November 10]], [[1973]] vs. [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State]])
* Most punt return touchdowns, career: 6, [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] (2004-06) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Longest punt return: 90 yards, Brian Hartline ([[October 13]], [[2007]] vs. [[Kent State Golden Flashes|Kent State]])

==Buckeyes in the NFL==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: larger;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:red" align=center|Buckeyes in the NFL
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:red" align=center|NFL Draft selections
|-
! Total selected:
| align=center|329
|-
! First picks in draft:
| align=center|3
|-
! 1st Round:
| align=center|68
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:red" align=center| NFL achievements
|-
! Total Players:
| align=center|308
|-
! In the [[Super Bowl]]:
| align=center|54
|-
! [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]rs:
| align=center|6
|-
|}
52 former Ohio State players are currently active on rosters of [[National Football League]] teams: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]], [[Tim Anderson (defensive tackle)|Tim Anderson]], [[Rodney Bailey]], [[LeCharles Bentley]], [[David Boston]], [[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]], [[Drew Carter]], [[Adrien Clarke]], [[Nate Clements]], [[Na'il Diggs]], [[Mike Doss]], [[Simon Fraser (American football)|Simon Fraser]], [[Joey Galloway]], [[Chris Gamble]],[[Ted Ginn, Jr.]], [[Terry Glenn]], [[Marcus Green]], [[Andy Groom]], [[Anthony Gonzalez]],[[Roy Hall]], [[Ben Hartsock]], [[A. J. Hawk]], [[Santonio Holmes]], [[Kevin Houser]], [[Josh Huston]], [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]], [[Mike Kudla]], [[Nick Mangold]], [[Donnie Nickey]], [[Mike Nugent]], [[Shane Olivea]], [[Orlando Pace]], [[Kenny Peterson]], [[Ryan Pickett]], [[Quinn Pitcock]], [[Antonio Pittman]], [[Robert Reynolds (American football)|Robert Reynolds]], [[Nate Salley]], [[Darnell Sanders]], [[Anthony Schlegel]], [[Darrion Scott]], [[Rob Sims]], [[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]], [[Troy Smith]], [[Shawn Springs]], [[Alex Stepanovich]], [[Mike Vrabel]], [[Tyson Walter]], [[Donte Whitner]], [[Matt Wilhelm]], [[Dan Wilkinson]], [[Antoine Winfield]], and [[Ashton Youboty]].

Former notable NFL players who played at Ohio State include: [[Lou Groza]], [[Dante Lavelli]], [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]], [[Bill Willis]], [[Cris Carter]], [[Paul Warfield]], [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]], [[Jim Houston]], [[Jack Tatum]], [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Dick Schafrath]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[Korey Stringer]], [[Raymont Harris]], and [[Eddie George]]. Groza, Lavelli, Parker, Warfield, and Willis have been inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]].

In the [[2004 NFL Draft]], 14 Buckeyes were drafted, a record number for any school in a single draft.

===Ohio State Players Selected In 2007 and 2008 NFL Draft===
With two first-round selections in 2007, the Buckeyes have the second most first-round selections all-time in the history of the NFL draft, one less than USC (67).<ref name="2007nfl"> {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/043007aaa.html| title = Eight Buckeyes in NFL Draft| format = | work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 1 May | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The Buckeyes had another first round selection in 2008.

::::::'''2007 NFL draft selections'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round !! Pick # !! Team !! Player !!
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|32 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Anthony Gonzalez]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|18 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Quinn Pitcock]] || Defensive end
|-
| 4 || align=center|107 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Antonio Pittman]] || Running Back
|-
| 5 || align=center|138 || [[Oakland Raiders]] || [[Jay Richardson]] || Defensive tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|169 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] || [[Roy Hall]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|174 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback
|-
| 6 || align=center|198 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] || [[Doug Datish]] || Center
|}

::::::'''2008 NFL draft selections'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round !! Pick # !! Team !! Player !!
|-
| 1 || align=center|6 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Vernon Gholston]] || Defenseive Line
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|247 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Kirk Barton]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* [http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/SportSelect.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17300&KEY=&SPID=10408&SPSID=87743 Official site Ohio State Football]
*[http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/trads/osu-m-footbl-trad.html Ohio State Football Traditions]
*{{cite book
| author=Jack Park
| chapter=
| title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| id= ISBN 1-58261-006-1
| year=2002| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Jim Tressel
| chapter=
| title=What It Means To Be A Buckeye
| editor=Jeff Snook
| publisher=Triumph Books
| id= ISBN 1-57243-602-6
| year=2003| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Greenberg, S.; Ratermann, D.
| chapter=
| title=I Remember Woody
| editor=
| publisher=Triumph Books
| id= ISBN 1-57243-674-3
| year=2004| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Robert Vare
| chapter=
| title=Buckeye: A Study of Coach Woody Hayes and the Ohio State Football Machine
| editor=
| publisher=Harper's Magazine Press
| id= ISBN 0-06-129150-1
| year=1974| pages=}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/ Official Site]

{{BuckeyesFootballTeams}}
{{BuckeyesCoach}}
{{BuckeyeRetired}}
{{BuckeyeTailback}}
{{Ohio State University}}
{{Big Ten football}}
{{BCSChamps}}

[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football|*]]

Ohio State Buckeyes (Footballteam)

2008-07-08T03:24:48Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 72.201.139.66 to last version by Bcspro (using Huggle)

Unabhängigkeitserklärung von Mecklenburg

2008-07-06T00:42:29Z

Leonard^Bloom: typos, word choice

The '''Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence ''' is said to be the first Declaration of Independence made in America during the American Revolution; it was a supposedly written at [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], by the Committee of citizens of [[Mecklenburg County, North Carolina|Mecklenburg County]] on [[May 20]] [[1775]].<ref>Proclamations and resolutions, such as the [[Fincastle Resolutions]] in the [[Colony and Dominion of Virginia|Colony of Virginia]], by local groups throughout the [[American Colonies]] during [[1774]] and [[1775]] were common.</ref> No original text exists and no reference to it can be found in extant newspapers from 1775. Suspicious phrases in the document, such as "the rights of man," echo documents from the French Revolution and were not common in 1775. The earliest copy (1819) was said to be created from memory. There is no conclusive evidence to confirm the original document's existence.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=JHQBAAAAMAAJ</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=I213GQAACAAJ</ref><ref>http://www.newrivernotes.com/nc/meckdec1.htm</ref>[[Image:Flag of North Carolina.svg|thumb|300px|right|'''Current North Carolina Flag''' bearing the date of the Mecklenburg Declaration]]

The early government of North Carolina was persuaded that the Mecklenburg Declaration was authentic, and hence, they maintained that North Carolinians were the first Americans to declare independence from Britain. As a result, both the seal and the North Carolina flag to this day bears the date of their "declaration of independence," May 20, 1775. The Mecklenburg Declaration story was printed in elementary school textbooks and some North Carolinians still believe it. Coins have been minted which celebrate the Mecklenburg Declaration. Every year on May 20, “Meck Dec Day,” a celebration occurs in North Carolina.<ref>http://www.may20thsociety.org/index.cfm</ref> U.S. Presidents Taft, Wilson, Eisenhower and Ford each traveled to Mecklenburg to participate in the celebration.

[[May 20]] was the day after news arrived in North Carolina of the [[Battle of Lexington and Concord|battle of Lexington]]. There is prima facie evidence that the citizens of Mecklenburg did in fact adopt, on [[May 31]], [[1775]], strong anti-British resolutions, known as the [[Charlottetown Resolves]] declaring the [[Continental Congress]] in Philadelphia the only legitimate government in America.

==Text==

Text presented as the "Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence" by the ''Raleigh Register'' on [[April 30]] [[1819]]:
<blockquote>
:1. Resolved, That whosoever directly or indirectly abetted, or in any way, form, or manner, countenanced the uncharted and dangerous invasion of our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to this County, to America, and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man.

:2. Resolved, That we the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby dissolve the political bands which have connected us to the Mother Country, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British Crown, and abjure all political connection, contract, or association, with that Nation, who have wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties and inhumanly shed the innocent blood of American patriots at Lexington.

:3. Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent people, are, and of right ought to be, a sovereign and self-governing Association, under the control of no power other than that of our God and the General Government of the Congress; to the maintenance of which independence, we solemnly pledge to each other, our mutual cooperation, our lives, our fortunes, and our most sacred honor.

:4. Resolved, That as we now acknowledge the existence and control of no law or legal officer, civil or military, within this County, we do hereby ordain and adopt, as a rule of life, all, each and every of our former laws - where, nevertheless, the Crown of Great Britain never can be considered as holding rights, privileges, immunities, or authority therein.

:5. Resolved, That it is also further decreed, that all, each and every military officer in this County, is hereby reinstated to his former command and authority, he acting conformably to these regulations, and that every member present of this delegation shall henceforth be a civil officer, viz. a Justice of the Peace, in the character of a 'Committee-man,' to issue process, hear and determine all matters of controversy, according to said adopted laws, and to preserve peace, and union, and harmony, in said County, and to use every exertion to spread the love of country and fire of freedom throughout America, until a more general and organized government be established in this province.
</blockquote>

==History and Controversy==

On [[April 30]], [[1819]], the ''[[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] Register'' published the Mecklenburg Declaration, said to have been adopted by the Mecklenburg Committee. The document was allegedly based in part on general recollections of those resolutions over 40 years earlier. Some of its phrases are very similar to parts of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] (which was signed one year later in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]), raising questions as to whether one document may have been based in part on the other, that would have been authored fifteen months earlier. When John Adams was provided with a copy of the ''Register'', he quickly transmitted a copy to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson’s reaction was not what Adams expected. Adams probably hoped that Jefferson may have recognized the document and even admitted that he used it as a precedent. Instead, Jefferson said that he had never seen it before. In fact, Jefferson went further; he said that he did not believe that the document is authentic. Jefferson told Adams that he was "an unbeliever in this apocryphal gospel."<ref>The correspondence between Adams and Jefferson pertaining to the Mecklenburg Declaration can be found at http://books.google.com/books?id=w8olAAAAMAAJ&printsec=toc#PPA11,M1</ref>

But besides Jefferson, few doubted the authenticity of the document until the 1850s. Since Peter Force included the document in his ''American Archives'', early nineteenth century historians generally regarded the document as genuine. Bancroft, Hodge, Joseph Jones, William H. Foote, and Thomas Smyth<ref>Thomas Smyth, “The True Origin and Source of the Mecklenburg and National Declaration of Independence,” ''Works of the Rev. Thomas Smyth'', Vol. 3, 411-432.</ref> all wrote about the Mecklenburg Declaration with the assumption it was unassailable.

==The Charlottetown Resolves==

In 1847, a similar authentic document, the [[Charlottetown Resolves]], was found in a South Carolina newspaper that had been produced in Charlotte, NC, in May, 1775. But this was not the text of the ''Mecklenburg Declaration'' that had appeared in the ''Raleigh Register'' in 1819. Many began to suspect that the latter document was a distortion of the authentic one. The [[Charlottetown Resolves]] were passed on May 31, 1775, not May 20, and they did not contain the language that was parallel to Jefferson’s Declaration of 1776. Nearby [[Tryon County, North Carolina]] adopted a similar declaration known as the [[Tryon Resolves]] on [[August 14]] [[1775]] that is also known to be authentic.

==Perpetual Battles Over the Mecklenburg Declaration==

Reminiscent of the [[Sally Hemings]] debates that have persisted to the present, the discovery of the [[Charlottetown Resolves]] led historians to clash persistently on the matter of the authenticity of the Mecklenburg Declaration. In the May 1853 issue of the ''North Carolina University Magazine'' Dr. Charles Phillips wrote an article entitled “May, 1775,” in which he laid out strong evidence that a Declaration of Independence could not possibly have been made in Mecklenburg on the twentieth of May, 1775. James C. Welling piggybacked on Phillips’ views in 1874 in the ''North American Review''. Phillips’ and Welling’s arguments, while powerful, did not deter the faithful among the Mecklenburg believers. Around 1875, which was the centennial of the Mecklenburg Declaration, believers again went to presses with their argument. Shortly thereafter, at the time of the U.S. centennial, William Pratt Breed published ''Presbyterians and the Revolution'', in which he endorsed the authenticity of the May 20 Declaration. George Graham went on the defensive in 1898 in his ''Why North Carolinians Believe in the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of May twentieth, 1775''.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=I213GQAACAAJ</ref>

In 1906, William Henry Hoyt took Jefferson and Phillips’ arguments and gave them complete scholarly expression. His book was titled, ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence: A Study of Evidence Showing that the Alleged Early Declaration of Independence by Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, on May twentieth, 1775, is Spurious''.<ref>William Henry Hoyt. ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence: A Study of Evidence Showing that the Alleged Early Declaration of Independence...is Spurious'' (1907) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02327534&id=JHQBAAAAMAAJ&dq=mecklenburg+declaration online edition]</ref> Many historians have regarded Hoyt’s work as the conclusive refutation of the myth. But it also had a galvanizing effect on the supporters. Adelaide Fries found a document written in 1783 which stated that the Mecklenburgers declared independence in May 1775.<ref>Adelaide Fries, ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence as Mentioned in the Records of Wachovia'' (1907) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oFhKAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage online edition]</ref> James H. Moore followed in 1908 with ''Defence of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence''. More importantly, in 1912 Dr. Archibald Henderson published “The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence” in the ''Journal of American History''.<ref>[http://www.newrivernotes.com/nc/meckdec1.htm The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence by Archibald Henderson, Ph.D]</ref> Henderson continued to work on the question throughout his life, and in 1955 published what he believed to be a persuasive affirmative case that takes into consideration all of the concerns of the skeptics. Henderson’s work has been regarded by the believers as the most conclusive and scholarly presentation on their side. It was supplemented five years later by V.V. McKnitt, ''Chain of Error and the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence''.<ref>[http://www.cmstory.org/meckdec/chainOfError.htm Celebrating the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence - Chain of Error]</ref>

==The Current Status of the Question==

At present, professional historians tend to agree with Jefferson and Hoyt’s assessment of the document, but some scholars who have examined all the evidence believe that the matter is still an open question. Dan L. Morrill, author of ''A History of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County'' has conducted a thorough investigation of the debate. Morrill sympathizes with Chalmers Davidson’s view that, “The evidence is as good that it did happen as that it didn’t happen,” Morrill writes, “Let’s make one thing clear. One cannot demonstrate conclusively that the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence is a fake. The dramatic events of May nineteenth and May twentieth could have happened. Ultimately, it is a matter of faith, not proof. You believe it or you don’t believe it.” Professor William S. Powell, in his standard history ''North Carolina: A History'' (New York: Norton, 1977) does not mention it at all; Professor H.G. Jones, in his ''North Carolina Illustrated'' (Chapel Hill: University of N.C. Press, 1983), pointedly places ironic quotation marks around the name of the declaration. The ''Harvard Guide to American History'' (1954) lists the Mecklenburg Declaration under the heading of "spurious declarations." [[Allan Nevins]] says "Legends often become a point of faith. At one time the State of North Carolina made it compulsory for the public schools to teach that Mecklenburg County had adopted a Declaration of Independence on
May 20, 1775--to teach what had been clearly demonstrated an untruth."<ref>Nevins, ''Gateway to History'' (1938), 119.</ref> R. D. W. Connor asserts, that "North Carolina's Priority in the Demand for Independence rested upon the [[Halifax Resolves]] rather than either of the Mecklenburg papers."

==The Case for the Mecklenburg Declaration==

The principal basis upon which skeptics base their argument is the fact that no original copy of the MecDec has been discovered.

Despite the fact that no original copy has ever been discovered, there exists some circumstantial evidence that the citizens of Mecklenburg County adopted the MecDec at the Convention of May 20th.

Specifically:
*In 1830 - 31, the Legislature of North Carolina appointed a special commission to settle the controversy “once and for all.” That commission reviewed existing records, interviewed eye witnesses and survivors and published a report, under the auspices of Governor Montfort Stokes by authorization of the North Carolina legislature, that contained fourteen affidavits (including one from James Jack) and various certificates vouching for the authenticity of the MecDec.
*The second piece of evidence are the numerous deeds for real property executed after 1775. Prior to the revolution, deeds were generally dated as “in the reign of King George III.” After May 20th, numerous deeds are dated with reference to May 20th. Some examples include deeds “made this 13th day of February, 1779, and in the fourth year of our independence” or “made this 28th day of January in the fifth year of our independence.” All these deeds date “independence” in Mecklenburg County from 1775 – not 1776. However, it could be argued that this dating comes primarily from the fact that the first bloodshed in the war of Independence took place in 1775 with the battles of Lexington and Concord.
*Among the surviving records of John McKnitt Alexander are his written records of the May 20th Convention that record in detail the events of the Convention and the text of the MecDec. These survive and are in the Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. They leave a specific written record in rough draft format and some text of the MecDec and the events during the Convention of May 20th.
*Skeptics long pointed to a lack of contemporaneous written evidence of the MecDec. However, in 1903 researchers discovered journals of the Moravians from Salem North Carolina, in which merchant Traugott Bagge wrote: “I cannot leave unmentioned at the end of the 1775th year that already in the summer of that year, that is May, June, or July, the County of Mecklenburg in North Carolina declared itself free and independent of England, and made such arrangements for the administration of the laws among themselves, as later the Continental Congress made for all. This Congress, however, considered the proceedings premature.” Bagge's annals (thought to be written in 1783) were the first contemporaneous evidence of the MecDec and corroborate the widely held account in all major respects. Also note that Bagge records that Mecklenburg County "declared itself free and independent."<ref>Adelaide Fries, ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence as Mentioned in the Records of Wachovia'' (1907) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oFhKAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage online edition]</ref> Therefore, he must have been speaking of the MecDec, not simply the Charlottetown Resolves.
*Among the citizens of Mecklenburg County at the time, of course, there was no controversy at all and they considered MecDec a fact. One citizen, Adam Brevard, composed a poem in 1775 entitled “The Mecklenburg Censor” which includes the lines: “When Mecklenburg’s fantastic rabble/Renowned for censure, scold and gabble/In Charlotte met in giddy counsel/To lay the constitutions’ ground-sill…Their Independence did declare.” Why would this poem have been written if there were no MecDec?
*Similarly, one school boy, James Wallis, in 1809 made the following pronouncements at his graduation: “On May 19, 1775, a day sacredly exulting to all Mecklenburg bosoms … [a Convention] solemnly entered into and published a full and determined Declaration of Independence, renouncing forever all allegiance, dependencies or connection with Great Britain – dissolved and judicial and military establishments from the British crown…May we ever act worthy of such predecessors.” Where did the young James get these facts if they were not common knowledge?
*Captain Jack's ride to Philadelphia is corroborated by British records. In Governor Martin’s letter to Dartmouth he noted, “A copy of the Resolves, I am informed, were sent off express to the Congress in Philadelphia as soon as they were passed in Committee.” Why would Captain Jack have ridden to Philadelphia to meet with the North Carolina delegates if there were no MecDec?
*Finally, the British officials themselves make note of the rebellious Mecklenburgers. Royal Governor Martin records his dismay at “the treasonable proceedings” of “the people of Mecklenburg.” English advisers believed “His Excellency should take every lawful measure in his power to suppress the unnatural rebellion now fomenting in Mecklenburgh.”What were the British referring to if not the May 20th Convention?

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Richard M. Current, "That Other Declaration: May 20, 1775-May 20, 1975", ''North Carolina Historical review'' 54 (1977): 169-91.
* Adelaide Fries, ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence as Mentioned in the Records of Wachovia'' (1907) [http://books.google.com/books?id=oFhKAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage online edition]
* George W. Graham, ''The Mecklenburg declaration of independence, May 20, 1775, and lives of its signers'' (1905) [http://books.google.com/books?id=QSdp4scHnZEC online edition]
* George W. Graham, ''Why North Carolinians Believe in the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of May twentieth, 1775'' (1895).
* William Graham, "The Declaration of Independence by the people of Mecklenburg County" [http://books.google.com/books?id=bllKAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA3,M1 online edition]
* William Henry Hoyt. ''The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence: A Study of Evidence Showing that the Alleged Early Declaration of Independence...is Spurious'' (1907) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02327534&id=JHQBAAAAMAAJ&dq=mecklenburg+declaration online edition]
* Victor C. King, ''Lives and Times of the 27 Signers of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of May 20, 1775'' (1956).
* V.V. McKnitt, ''Chain of Error and the Mecklenburg Declarations of Independence'' [http://www.cmstory.org/meckdec/chainOfError.htm online]
* Dan Morrill, Independence and Revolution [http://danandmary.com/historyofcharlottechap2replace.htm online edition]
* A. S. Salley, Jr, "The Mecklenburg Declaration: The Present Status of the Question" ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 13, No. 1 (Oct., 1907), pp. 16-43.
* James C. Welling, “The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence,” ''The North American Review'' 118, Issue 243 (April 1874).

==External links==
*[http://www.may20thsociety.org/index.cfm May 20th Society - Celebrating the Spirit of Mecklenburg]
*[http://www.cmstory.org/meckdec/images/pdf/ncSketch01.pdf The First Declaration of Independence]
*[http://hometown.aol.com/mcknit1775/declar/1775.htm F W Thornton article]
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1775mecklenberg.html Modern History Sourcebook - Mecklenburg Declaration]
*[http://www.meckdec.org/ MeckDec.org]

{{American Revolution origins}}
{{Charlotte, North Carolina}}

[[Category:Declarations of independence]]
[[Category:North Carolina in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Documents of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:History of Charlotte, North Carolina]]
[[Category:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies]]

Halo 4

2008-07-04T03:26:13Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 76.28.99.176 to last version by 71.225.85.57 (using Huggle)

#REDIRECT [[Halo Wars]]

Trace Cyrus

2008-07-04T03:20:26Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 24.205.244.205 to last version by Leonard^Bloom (using Huggle)

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Trace Cyrus
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1989|02|24}}
| Instrument = [[singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]]
| Genre = [[synth-pop]]
| Occupation = [[Singer]]
| Years_active = 2006—present
| Associated_acts = [[Metro Station (band)|Metro Station]], [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Billy Ray Cyrus]]
| Label = [[Columbia Records]]
| Origin = [[United States]]
| URL = {{MySpace|tracecyrus}}
}}
'''Trace Cyrus''' (born [[February 24]] [[1989]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[musician]] who is a [[guitarist]] and [[singer|vocalist]] in the band [[Metro Station (band)|Metro Station]], and owns a clothing company called From Backseats to Bedrooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodgrind.com/trace-cyrus-making-a-name-for-himself/|title=Trace Cyrus Making a Name for Himself|date=2008-04-27|publisher=Hollywood Grind|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cyrus is the half-brother of [[Miley Cyrus]], the star of the [[Disney Channel]] original television series ''[[Hannah Montana]]'', as they share the same mother, Leticia "Tish" Finley Cyrus. His biological father is Baxter Neal Helson,<ref name="AboutLeticiaBillyRay">{{cite web|url=http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/p/billyraycyrus.htm|title=Leticia Finley and Billy Ray Cyrus Marriage Profile|last=Stritof|first=Sheri & Bob|work=About.com|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> but he has been adopted by [[Billy Ray Cyrus]],<ref name="LATimes02152008">{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/15/entertainment/et-metro15|title=Another Cyrus, another career |last=Brown|first=August|date=2008-02-15|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Growing up as a boy, he spent the summers of his youth on tour with Billy Ray. In an interview with [[MTV]], he discussed recording with Miley "Actually, I'm going to sing on one of the tracks on her next album. I can't say much about it right now, but we will be collaborating."<ref name="MTV06112008">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589157/20080611/metro_station.jhtml|title=Metro Station's Trace Cyrus Isn't Standing In The Shadow Of Half-Sister Miley|last=Harris|first=Chris|coauthors=Christina Garibaldi|date=2008-06-11|work=[[MTV]]|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Trace prides himself with his many tattoos on his arms and chest. Additionally he has the words "STAY GOLD" tattooed on his knuckles.<ref name="LATimes02152008" /> He has [["angel bites"]], along with other [[piercings]]. Cyrus worked at a shopping mall in [[Burbank, California]] before dropping out of high school at [[La Cañada High School]].<ref name="LATimes02152008" />

==Music==
{{Main|Metro Station (band)}}
Cyrus is a guitarist and vocalist in the synth-pop band, Metro Station.<ref name="LATimes02152008" /> He started the band with [[Mason Musso]] in early 2006 when their mothers set them up to do a jam together,<ref name="LATimes02152008" /> since Musso's brother [[Mitchel Musso|Mitchel]] is a ''Hannah Montana'' cast member.<ref name="LATimes02152008" /> [[Columbia Records]] signed the band after an intern at the record label saw their [[MySpace]] page.<ref name="MTV06112008" /> He appeared with Musso on MTV's [[Total Request Live]] on [[June 9]] [[2008]]. They will be co-starring on the Soundtrack of Your Life Tour, along with [[Boys Like Girls]], [[Good Charlotte]], and [[The Maine]] throughout the summer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{MySpace|tracecyrus}}
*{{MySpace|FROMBACKSEATSTOBEDROOMS|From Backseats to Bedrooms}}

{{lifetime|1989|LIVING|Cyrus, Trace}}
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:California musicians]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:People from Burbank, California]]

Trace Cyrus

2008-07-04T03:18:54Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 24.205.244.205 to last version by XLinkBot (using Huggle)

Don’t Stop the Music (Rihanna-Lied)

2008-07-04T01:33:47Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 201.124.50.46 to last version by Seraphim Whipp (using Huggle)

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Don't Stop the Music
| Cover = Don't Stop the Music Single.PNG
| Artist = [[Rihanna]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| B-side =
| Released = {{Start date|2007|09|7}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Format = [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]], [[techno music|techno]]
| Length = 4:27 (Album Version) 3:40 (Radio Edit) 3:42 (Video Edit)
| Label = SRP, [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]
| Writer = T. Dabney/MS Eriksen/TE Hermansen/M. Jackson
| Producer = [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]]
| Certification = Platinum ([[IFPI]] Belgium, [[ARIA]], [[RIAA]])
| Last single = "[[Hate That I Love You]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Don't Stop the Music'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Take a Bow (Rihanna song)|Take a Bow]]" (2008)
| Misc =

}}

"'''Don't Stop the Music'''" is a song by [[Barbados|Bajan]] [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Rihanna]] from her third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]''. It was the third single from the album in most of Europe, the second single in Germany and Spain and the fourth single in the rest of the world. On [[December 6]], [[2007]], "Don't Stop the Music" received a Grammy nomination in the category of "Best Dance Recording" at the [[50th Grammy Awards]]. Rihanna performed this song, along with "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]", at the 50th Grammy Awards. The single also made Australian [[ARIA]] Chart history when it became the first single to top the charts solely on download sales.

The single "[[Hate That I Love You]]" was the third single in the [[United Kingdom]] and the Republic of Ireland. "Don't Stop the Music" was released as the fourth single, opposite to the rest of Europe and Australia.

==Music and structure==
"Don't Stop the Music" is a moderately fast dance [[Groove (music)|groove]] composed in the key of [[F-sharp minor]].<ref name="SheetMusic">[http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/scorch.asp?ppn=SC0046698 Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music Sheet Music (Print Instantly)]</ref> The [[tempo]] is set in [[common time]].<ref name="SheetMusic"/> The song samples [[Michael Jackson]]'s 1983 single "[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]", which in turn derived from the [[Manu Dibango]] 1972 single "[[Soul Makossa]]", hence the "Mama say mama sa ma-makossa" that is interpolated in the [[bridge (music)|bridge]] of the song. Jackson's trademark yells can be heard during the chorus and bridge.

==Chart performance==
"Don't Stop the Music" has achieved considerable success in several [[Europe|European]] countries. It reached a peak of number-one in [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]] (where it was Rihanna's first number one single), [[Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]] and also reached number-one on the Euro Billboard Chart, which is a composite of the different European markets. In [[Italy]], it is Rihanna's highest charting song to date, having reached number-two. It had also reached number-nine in [[Ireland]], before its official release in February 2008. It was a massive hit in [[Spain]] where it reached number-one in [[Spain]]'s top 40 (Los 40) and enjoyed heavy club and radio play. In addition, it has been successful in [[Canada]], where it has reached number-two on the [[Canadian Hot 100]], becoming her second top five single from ''Good Girl Gone Bad'', while in [[Greece]] it peaked at number-three in Greek [[IFPI]] Singles Chart and it is her most successful single to date.

Although at the time it had not been released as a promotional single in the U.S., it did reach number one on the U.S. Dance Club Play chart. Several weeks after its peak atop the Billboard Dance Airplay chart, the single began to see a resurgence on radio, particularly on [[Top 40]] stations. This lead to the song debuting at number eight on Billboard's [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart. The following week, the song jumped fourteen spots to officially debut on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart, despite the fact that a single release in the U.S. for the song had still not yet been announced.
Furthermore, the song's fast-rising airplay has propelled its popularity, leading to a surge of digital downloads on iTunes from the digital album. Total downloads to date on Billboard's charts for "Don't Stop The Music" stand at 1.7 million. The song, which entered the iTunes Top 100 Songs chart at number ninety-five on [[December 7]], [[2007]] has climbed to number two as of [[January 21]] [[2008]]. This digital component has further helped the song on the Hot 100, where it has so far reached number three, becoming her seventh top ten and fourth top five single in the United States. The song was finally officially released in the U.S. on [[January 15]] [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16691]. FMQB.com. Retrieved [[January 5]] [[2008]].</ref>

On [[30 December]] [[2007]], the song entered the UK Singles Chart based upon digital sales alone and has peaked at number four. The single's popularity in the UK has exceeded that of the third ''Good Girl Gone Bad'' single "Hate That I Love You", which only managed a peak of number fifteen upon its physical release. "Don't Stop the Music" was officially released in the [[UK]] on [[February 4]] [[2008]] It spend 8 weeks inside the [[UK]] Top 10. The single has sold over 150,000 copies in Germany and has been certified gold. On [[January 27]], [[2008]] it was added to [[Australian]] radio playlists. It had an early entry peaking number fifty-three.

On [[February 11]], "Don't Stop the Music" became the highest peaking digital single on the [[ARIA Singles Chart]], soaring 7-2 with a massive boost in downloads, despite the fact that the single was not released until the end of February there. On [[February 18]], the song reached number one, becoming the first number one song in ARIA Singles Chart history based on digital downloads alone, and her third Australian number one along with "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]" and "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]". It is widely believed the song's chart success in Australia (it held the pole position for four non-consecutive weeks, dethroning [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]" twice and was certified Platinum) was due to its use on the high-rating local version of [[So You Think You Can Dance]] and its popularity in clubs.
"Don't Stop the Music" had similarly charted highly in the [[UK Singles Chart]] and [[Irish Singles Chart]] prior to its physical release.

"Don't Stop the Music" became Rihanna's first number-one song on the [[Latin America Top 40]] Airplay Chart, and her second top-two song, after "Umbrella" which peaked at number-two for 10 consecutive weeks. The song is also the first English song to reach the top position since "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]] in May 2007. Rihanna has also the distinction of being the fourth international artist to reach the top position, after [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[James Blunt]] and Beyoncé. In [[Mexico]], Rihanna scored her second top ten hit and first number-one single, it also became the first non-Spanish number-one hit in over a year.<ref>[http://toplatino.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=822 Rihanna's Number one in Mexico]</ref>

The song is her second most successful single off of the ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' album, with less sales and radio airplay only to the lead single "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]". However, the song has received over 13 million more views than "Umbrella" on [[YouTube]], with over 50 million views, as of [[April 23]], [[2008]]. "Don´t Stop The Music" is so far Rihanna's second most successful single, just behind "Umbrella". It sold 7,495,000 units and peaked at number one on the United World Chart for four weeks, when it was succeeded by Leona Lewis's "Bleeding Love", which sold 162,680 units. The song also hit number one on the ARIA charts, was knocked off on March 23, 2008 by Flo Rida's "Low". It was the opening song on [[Idol Gives Back]] on April 9, 2008, sung by the remaining contestants of ''[[American Idol]]'' as past ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' finalists performed various dance routines.

==Music video==
[[Image:Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music.ogg|200px|left|thumb|A sample of Rihanna's music video.]]
The [[music video]] for "Don't Stop the Music" was premiered on [[BET]]'s ''[[106 & Park]]'' on [[July 20]] [[2007]]. The video was filmed the day after the "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" video in [[Prague]]. The video reached #2 on [[MTV]]'s [[TRL]] and #1 on [[Yahoo!]] music Top 100 videos.

The video opens with Rihanna and two of her friends coming out of a taxi, and they walk into a candy store telling a boy who resembles Michael Jackson (possibly a reference to the song's sample) to be quiet. They sneak into the back of the candy store where there is a disco going on. The verse begins with Rihanna singing in the bathroom while checking herself out and putting on makeup. After this she walks out of the bathroom and walks into the club where everyone is dancing, and the chorus begins. The second verse just shows Rihanna singing on a table in the club, singing around her friends and her dancing in the club. The video ends with Rihanna dancing, singing and on a table. Nolan Padilla from the [[Jennifer Lopez]] reality television show [[DanceLife]] also appears. The video was choreographed by [[Tina Landon]].

The soundtrack to the video is an otherwise unreleased edit which also features an alternate vocal take of the final, partially acapella "Please don't stop the music..."

As of [[July 1]], [[2008]], the music video for "Don't Stop the Music" has been viewed over 60 million times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], making it Rihanna's most viewed video on the site, as well as the site's fourth most viewed music video of all time .

==Release history==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region
! Date
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Germany]]
| rowspan="1" |[[September 7]], [[2007]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[France]]
| rowspan="2" |[[October 27]], [[2007]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Chile]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Europe]]
| rowspan="1" |[[November 30]], [[2007]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United States]]
| rowspan="2" | [[January 15]], [[2008]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Spain]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="1" |[[February 4]], [[2008]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Australia]]
| rowspan="1" |[[February 23]], [[2008]]
|}

==Track listing and formats==

;Germany and UK 2-Track:
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Album Version)
# "Don't Stop the Music" ([[Wideboys|The Wideboys]] Club Mix)

;EU and Australian Maxi:
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Album Version)
# "Don't Stop the Music" (The Wideboys Club Mix)
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Instrumental)
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Video)

;Promotional Only 1-Track:
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Radio Edit) - 3:40
# "Don't Stop the Music" (Video Version) - 3:39

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007/2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref name="ARIA">[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50 Top 50 Singles Chart]. ''ariacharts.com.au''. Retrieved [[January 27]] [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music - austriancharts.at]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart<ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/song/27547 "Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music worldwide chart positions and trajectories"]. ''aCharts.us''. Retrieved [[December 28]] [[2007]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazil Hot 100<ref>[http://brazilhot100.com.br/ Brazilian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|2
|-
|Croatian Singles Chart<ref>[http://ehot50.blog.hr/ Croatian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40<ref>[http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s dutchcharts.nl - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Chile|Chilean Singles Chart]] <ref>[http://top100chile.blogspot.com/ Chilean Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Colombia Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/colombia/index.htm Colombia Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[European Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' European Hot 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s finnishcharts.com - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s lescharts.com - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s lescharts.com - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s Italiancharts.com]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|[[México Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/mexico/index.htm Mexican Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[New Zealand]] [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/song/27547 "Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music worldwide chart positions and trajectories"]. ''aCharts.us''. Retrieved [[December 28]] [[2007]].</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Top 20<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s norwegiancharts.com - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|Peru Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.americatop100.com/peru/index.htm?f=9 Peru Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|39
|-
|align="left"|Poland Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s swedishcharts.com - Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna&titel=Don%27t+Stop+The+Music&cat=s Rihanna - Don't Stop The Music - swisscharts.com]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkey Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkey Top 20 Chart] Retrieved [[May 6]] [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[U.S. Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[U.S. Pop 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=345&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Bubbling+Under+R%26amp%3BB%2FHip-Hop+Singles&ci=3091597&cdi=9669819&cid=02%2F16%2F2008 Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles]</ref>
|align="center"|74
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|1

{{col-end}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Keri Hilson]]
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[October 6]], [[2007]] - [[October 13]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Gimme More]]" by [[Britney Spears]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Hamma!" by [[Culcha Candela]]
| title = [[German Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[October 6]], [[2007]] - [[October 13]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Junge]]" by [[Die Ärzte]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[1973 (song)|1973]]" by [[James Blunt]]
| title = [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]] [[List of Austrian number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[October 10]], [[2007]] - [[November 9]], [[2007]]
| after = "Du hast den schönsten Arsch der Welt" by Alex C. featuring Y-ass
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Elle" by Mélissa M
| title = [[SNEP|French Singles Chart]] [[SNEP number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[October 27]], [[2007]] - [[November 3]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Quelque part]]" by [[Sheryfa Luna]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "1973" by James Blunt
| title = [[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]] [[List of Swiss number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[October 28]], [[2007]] - [[November 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[No One (Alicia Keys song)|No One]]" by [[Alicia Keys]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "No One" by Alicia Keys
| title = Swiss Singles Chart number-one single (second run)
| years = [[November 18]], [[2007]] - [[December 2]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[OneRepublic]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Kom dans met mij" by Laura Lynn & Frans Bauer
| title = [[Ultratop 50|Belgian Flemish Ultratop 50]] [[Ultratop 50 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = [[December 15]], [[2007]] - [[9 February]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[Bleeding Love]]" by [[Leona Lewis]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Garçon (song)|Garçon]]" by Koxie
| title = Belgian Walloon Ultratop 40 [[Ultratop 40 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = [[December 22]], [[2007]] - [[9 February]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[New Soul]]" by [[Yael Naim]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[No One]] by [[Alicia Keys]]
| title = European Union 200 Tracks number-one single
| years = [[February 3]], [[2008]] - [[February 24]], 2008
| after = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[OneRepublic]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Estrella Polar" by [[Pereza]] "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Los 40|Spain Los 40 Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[February 16]], [[2008]] - [[February 30]], [[2008]] [[March 22]], [[2008]] - [[March 29]], [[2008]]
| after = "Cuando me vaya" by Melocos "[[Rehab (Amy Winehouse song)|Rehab]]" by [[Amy Winehouse]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Bleeding Love]]" by [[Leona Lewis]]
| title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]]
| years = [[February 18]], [[2008]] - [[February 25]], [[2008]]
| after = "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Me Enamora]]" by [[Juanes]]
| title = [[Latin America Top 40]] [[Top Latino number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]
| years = [[February 24]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[Gotas de Agua Dulce]]" by Juanes
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Apologize (song)|Apologize]]" by [[Timbaland]] presents [[OneRepublic]]
| title = United World Chart [[Number-one hits of 2008 (World)|number one single]]
| years = [[March 1]] [[2008]] - [[March 22]] [[2008]]
| after = "[[Bleeding Love]]" by [[Leona Lewis]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis
| title = Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]] (second run)
| years = [[March 3]], [[2008]] - [[March 24]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[Low (Flo Rida song)|Low]]" by [[Flo Rida]] featuring [[T-Pain]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Cat And Mouse" by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
| title = Philippines Hot 100 number-one single
| years = [[February 23]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[With You (Chris Brown song)|With You]]" by [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Piece of Me]]" by [[Britney Spears]]
| title = Brazilian Hot 100 number-one single
| years = [[April 6]], [[2008]] - [[April 26]], [[2008]]
| after = [[Touch My Body]] by [[Mariah Carey]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cada Que...]]" by [[Belanova]]
| title = [[México Top 100]] Singles Chart
| years = [[April 20]], [[2008]]
| after = "[[Rehab (song)|Gotas de Agua Dulce]]" by [[Juanes]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rihanna}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Belgium]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in France]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Mexico]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Spain]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Stargate]]
[[Category:Songs that sample previously recorded songs]]
[[Category:Techno dance songs]]

[[es:Don't Stop the Music]]
[[fr:Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna)]]
[[it:Don't Stop the Music]]
[[nl:Don't Stop The Music]]
[[pl:Don't Stop the Music]]
[[pt:Don't Stop the Music]]
[[simple:Don't Stop The Music]]
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Digitale Rechte

2008-07-02T01:42:26Z

Leonard^Bloom: lnk syntax correction

The term "Digital Rights" is indicative of the freedom of individuals to perform actions involving the use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. The term is particularly related to a set of actions which would normally be permitted in accordance with the [[rights]] of individuals as they exist in any other aspect of life, but which have been impacted by a change to digital technology.

In [[2005]], the United Kingdom's [[Open Rights Group]] published a [http://www.flickr.com/photos/suw/43991064/ mind-map diagram] documenting the range of organizations and people active in the cause of preserving digital rights. The diagram related groups, individuals, and websites to interest areas.

==External rights==
*[http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ A page on the importance and meaning of digital rights, hosted by Electronic Privacy Information Center (E.P.I.C.)]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4225938.stm A news article about a digital rights group in the U.K.]

{{poli-stub}}

[[it:Diritti digitali]]

Digitale Rechte

2008-07-02T01:42:02Z

Leonard^Bloom: formatting

The term "Digital Rights" is indicative of the freedom of individuals to perform actions involving the use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. The term is particularly related to a set of actions which would normally be permitted in accordance with the [[rights]] of individuals as they exist in any other aspect of life, but which have been impacted by a change to digital technology.

In [[2005]], the United Kingdom's [[Open Rights Group]] published a [http://www.flickr.com/photos/suw/43991064/ mind-map diagram] documenting the range of organizations and people active in the cause of preserving digital rights. The diagram related groups, individuals, and websites to interest areas.

==External rights==
*[http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ A page on the importance and meaning of digital rights, hosted by Electronic Privacy Information Center (E.P.I.C.)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4225938.stm A news article about a digital rights group in the U.K.]

{{poli-stub}}

[[it:Diritti digitali]]

Digitale Rechte

2008-07-02T01:41:35Z

Leonard^Bloom: two ext.lins

The term "Digital Rights" is indicative of the freedom of individuals to perform actions involving the use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. The term is particularly related to a set of actions which would normally be permitted in accordance with the [[rights]] of individuals as they exist in any other aspect of life, but which have been impacted by a change to digital technology.

In [[2005]], the United Kingdom's [[Open Rights Group]] published a [http://www.flickr.com/photos/suw/43991064/ mind-map diagram] documenting the range of organizations and people active in the cause of preserving digital rights. The diagram related groups, individuals, and websites to interest areas.

==External rights==
*[http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ A page on the importance and meaning of digital rights, hosted by Electronic Privacy Information Center (E.P.I.C.)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4225938.stm A news article about a digital rights group in the U.K.]
{{poli-stub}}

[[it:Diritti digitali]]

White House Rose Garden

2008-06-24T03:52:03Z

Leonard^Bloom: Reverted edits by 74.36.94.42 to last version by Angr (using Huggle)

[[Image:p040306pm-0003-398v.jpg|thumb|250px| Catherine crabapple trees in bloom, bordered by tulips, primrose and grape hyacinth. The West Colonnade, designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Thomas Jefferson, can be seen in the background.]]
The '''White House Rose Garden''' is a [[garden]] bordering the [[Oval Office]] and the [[West Wing]] of the [[White House]]. The garden is approximately 125 feet long and 60 feet wide (38 meters by 18 meters). The garden balances the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] on the east side of the [[White House Complex]].

==Design and horticulture==
The first rose garden was established in [[1913]] by [[Ellen Louise Wilson]], wife of [[Woodrow Wilson]], on the site of a previous colonial garden. In 1961, during the [[John F. Kennedy]] administration, the garden was redesigned by [[Rachel Lambert Mellon]]. Mellon created a space with a more defined central lawn, bordered by flower beds planted in a French style, but largely using American botanical specimens. The present garden follows a layout established by Mellon. Each flower bed is planted with a series of 'Katherine' crabapples and Littleleaf lindens bordered by a low diamond shaped hedges of thyme. The outer edge of the flower bed facing the central lawn are edged with boxwood. The four corners of the garden are punctuated by Magnolia soulangeana, these specimens were found growing along the Tidal Basin by Mellon. Roses, are the primary flowering plants in the garden and include large numbers of "Queen Elizabeth" grandiflora roses, and the tea roses "Pascale," "Pat Nixon," and "King's Ransom." A shrub rose, "Nevada Rose" adds a cool note of white. Many seasonal flowers are interspersed to add nearly year round color. Spring blooming bulbs planted in the rose garden include jonquil, daffodil, fritillaria, grape hyacinth, tulips, chinodoxa and squill. Summer blooming annuals change yearly. In the fall chrystanthemum and flowering kale bring color until early winter.
[[Image:RoseGardenSpring.jpg|thumb|250px|The Rose Garden looking west towards the Oval Office.]]
[[Image:wh_rose_garden.jpg|thumb|250px|A Rose Garden ceremony honoring the National Teacher of the Year Jason Kamras, April 20, 2005.]]

==Official and informal use==
Beginning with the establishment of the garden in the early twentieth century the Rose Garden has been used for events. President Wilson met there with the press for informal questions. President Hoover began a tradition of welcoming and being photographed with prominent citizens there. Calvin Coolidge used the garden for making public announcements about policy and staffing decisions. President John F. Kennedy welcomed [[Project Mercury]] astronauts in the garden. Many presidential [[news conference]]s take place in the garden, as well as occasional White House dinners and ceremonies. The marriage of President [[Richard Nixon]]'s daughter [[Tricia Nixon Cox|Tricia]] to [[Edward F. Cox]] took place in the Rose Garden in [[1971]]. In recent years joint news conference with the president and a visiting head of state take place in the Rose Garden. Presidents frequently host American olympic and major league athletes in the Rose Garden after winning in their respective sport. [[George W. Bush]] welcomed the [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[Carolina Hurricanes]] to the Rose Garden after they won it in 2006.

The phrase "Rose Garden strategy" (such as a re-election strategy) refers to staying inside or on the grounds of the White House as opposed to traveling throughout the country. For example, [[Jimmy Carter]]'s initial efforts to end the [[Iran hostage crisis]] ([[1979]]-[[1981]]) were a Rose Garden strategy because he mostly held discussions with his close advisers in the White House. On July 25, 1994 a declaration of peace between Israel and Jordan was signed in the Rose Garden.

==References and further reading==
*''The White House: An Historic Guide.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.
*Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. ''Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration.'' Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
*Clinton, Hillary Rodham. ''An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History.'' Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85799-5.
*Garrett, Wendell. ''Our Changing White House.'' Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 1-55553-222-5.
*McEwan, Barbara. "White House Landscapes." Walker and Company: 1992. ISBN 0-8027-1192-8.
*Mellon, Rachel Lambert. ''The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden.'' Great American Editions Ltd.: 1973.
*Seale, William. ''The President's House.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1.
*Seale, William. ''The White House Garden.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1996. ISBN 0-912308-69-9.

==External links==
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/grounds/garden/ History of the White House Gardens and Grounds]
*[http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/grounds/rose-garden.htm Additional pictures of the Rose Garden at the White House Museum]

[[Category:Gardens in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:White House|Rose Garden]]
[[Category:White House Grounds|Rose Garden]]

[[fr:Roseraie de la Maison Blanche]]
[[he:גן הוורדים של הבית הלבן]]