Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Felsen von Gibraltar

2007-01-24T21:12:14Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs: Revert to revision 101806461 dated 2007-01-19 16:23:12 by Proski using popups

[[Image:Gib_bay.jpg|frame|right|250px]]

The '''Rock of Gibraltar''', sometimes called the '''Pillar of Hercules''', is located in [[Gibraltar]], off the southwestern tip of [[Europe]] on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. It is 426 meters (1,396 feet) high.

== Geology ==

The Rock of Gibraltar is a [[monolith]]ic [[Jurassic]] [[limestone]] [[promontory]]. 36 08'43"N 05 20'35"W The geological formation was created when the African [[plate tectonics|tectonic]] plate collided tightly with Europe about 55 million years ago. The Mediterranean became a lake that, in the course of time, dried up during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]]. About five million years ago the [[Atlantic Ocean]] broke through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], and the resultant flooding created the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

== Fortification ==

The inside of the Rock is criss-crossed by a great and complex system of underground fortifications, known as the Great Siege Tunnels. This network of tunnels was begun by the British in 1782, during the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]] by the Spanish. After the Siege, the fortifications were rebuilt. In the [[1800s]], the walls were lined with Portland stone which gave them their present white appearance. When [[World War II]] broke out in [[1939]], the civilian population was evacuated to the [[United Kingdom]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Madeira]] so that Gibraltar could be fortified against the possibility of a German attack. By [[1942]] there were over 30,000 British soldiers, sailors, and airmen on the Rock. The tunnel system was expanded and the Rock became a keystone in the defense of shipping routes to the Mediterranean.
[[Image:GibraltarStatue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Rock of Gibraltar from ground level]]

== Invincibility ==

On many occasions over the centuries Gibraltar has proved impervious to attack. Despite long sieges it seemed that there was nothing that could destroy the Rock or its people. This history has inspired the [[simile]] "solid as the Rock of Gibraltar", which is used to describe a person or situation that cannot be overcome and does not fail. The motto of the '''Royal Gibraltar Regiment''', ''Nulli Expugnabilis Hosti'', reflects this famous invincibility; it is [[Latin]] for "Conquerable by No Enemy".

[[Category:Gibraltar]]
[[is:Gíbraltarhöfði]]
[[pl:Skała Gibraltarska]]
[[vi:Núi Gibraltar]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-19T20:04:34Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs:

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Notes==
<references/>

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-19T20:04:06Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs: Revert to revision 101849892 dated 2007-01-19 20:02:49 by 207.236.219.129 using popups

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after the colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an ancient rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cite>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

==Under French rule==

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Assalin is a dick]].

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

==Notes==
<references/>

* [[Black Canadian]]
* [[Marie-Joseph Angélique]]
* [[Slavery]]
* [[Underground Railroad]]
* [[History of Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]
[[Category:Economic history of Canada]]
[[Category:Legal history of Canada]]

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-19T20:01:05Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs:

Sklaverei in Kanada

2007-01-19T20:00:40Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs: Revert to revision 101849350 dated 2007-01-19 20:00:05 by 207.236.219.129 using popups

'''Slavery in Canada''' was first practised by some [[First Nations|aboriginal nations]], who routinely captured slaves from neighbouring tribes as part of their accepted laws of war. However, [[chattel slavery]] (where slaves were the private property of their owners and their children were born into slavery as well) started with the European settlements, appearing soon after
e colonies were founded in the early 1600s. Most of their [[slavery|slave]]s were used as domestic house servants, although some performed agricultural labour. Some of the slaves held by Europeans in Canada were of African descent, while others were aboriginal (typically called "panis.")

The citizens of [[New France]] received slaves as gifts from their allies among native peoples. Many of these slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the [[Fox tribe|Fox nation]], a tribe that was an anciNIC is extremely gay
ent rival of the [[Miami tribe|Miami People]] and their [[Algonquian]] allies.<NIC is extremely gay
ref>Brett Rushforth, [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/63.1/rushforth.html "Slavery, the Fox Wars, and the Limits of Alliance,"] <cit
e>William and Mary Quarterly</cite> 63 (January 2005), No.1, para. 32. Rushforth confuses the two Vincennes explorers. François-Marie was 12 years old during the First Fox War.</ref>

Curtis sucks
Alex sucks
Lucas sucks
Everett sucks
Nic sucks :P
Kyle sucks

The first recorded slave purchase occurred in [[New France]] in the region known today as [[Quebec]] in 1628. The purchase was of a young boy from [[Madagascar]], who was given the name [[Olivier Le Jeune]].

By the early 1700s, [[Africa|Africans]] began arriving in greater numbers to New France, mainly as slaves of the French aristocracy. When the [[Great Britain|British]] took over in 1759, there were more than 1,000 slaves living in Quebec.

NIC is extremely gay

Wabar

2007-01-19T00:31:25Z

LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs: Revert to revision 101562825 dated 2007-01-18 14:48:36 by Grammarmonger using popups

{{unreferenced|date=June 2006}}
The '''Wabar craters''' are meteorite craters found by accident by an explorer searching for the legendary city of [[Ubar]].

The vast desert wasteland of southern [[Saudi Arabia]] known as the "[[Empty Quarter]]", or "[[Rub' al Khali]]" in Arabic, is one of the most desolate places on Earth. In 1932, a British explorer, [[Harry St. John Philby|Harry St. John "Abdullah" Philby]], father of Communist spy [[Kim Philby]], was hunting for a city named "[[Ubar]]", that the [[Qur'an]] claimed had been destroyed by God for defying the Prophet [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]].

Philby mistranslated the name of the city as "Wabar", which in a way was fortunate because he found something else that deserved a different name. After a month's journey through the wastes that was so harsh that even some of the camels died, Philby found a patch of ground about a half a square kilometer in size, littered with chunks of white [[sandstone]], black [[glass]], and chunks of [[iron-nickel meteorite]]. There were two large circular depressions partially filled with sand.

He brought back one of the chunks of iron. Analysis showed it to be about 90% iron and 5% nickel, with the rest consisting of various elements, including copper, cobalt, and 0.006%—an unusually high concentration—of [[iridium]]. This so-called sidereal element implied that the "Wabar" site was a [[meteorite]] impact area.

Later research located the town of Ubar elsewhere, but Philby's Wabar site remained intriguing. In 1994, the [[Zahid Tractor Corporation]], a Saudi dealer of the "[[Hummer]]" off-road vehicle, decided to stage a publicity stunt of the vehicle by driving several of them across the Empty Quarter in the dead of summer. Few ever went deep into the Empty Quarter even in the winter and came back alive.

A [[U.S. Geological Survey]] scientist, [[Jeffrey C. Wynn]], was invited to come along. Zahid sponsored a total of three trips into the Empty Quarter in 1994 and 1995, and Wynn went on all of them. Even with modern technology, the trip was a difficult one. Not only were conditions harsh, reaching 61°C (142°F) in May 1994, but the Wabar site was tricky to find, as it sits in the midst of an enormous dune field that has no fixed landmarks.

The Wabar site covers about 500 by 1,000 meters, and the most recent mapping shows three prominent, roughly circular craters. Two were reported by Philby, and measure 116 and 64 meters wide. The third was discovered by Wynn on the 2nd Zahid expedition and is 11 meters wide. They are all underlain by a hemispherical rim of "insta-Rock," so called because it was created from local sand by the impact shock wave, and all three are nearly full of sand.

The surface of the area partly consisted of "Insta-Rock" or "[[impactite]]," a bleached-white, coarsely-laminar sandstone-look-alike, and was littered with black glass [[slag]] and pellets. The impactite featured a form of shocked [[quartz]] known as "[[coesite]]," and is thus clearly the product of an impact event. The impact did not penetrate to [[bedrock]] but was confined to local sand, making it particularly valuable as a research site.

The presence of iron fragments at the site also pointed to a meteorite impact, as there are no iron deposits in the region. The iron was in the form of buried fist-sized cracked balls and smooth, sand-blasted fragments found on the surface. The largest fragment was recovered in a 1965 visit to Wabar and weighs 2.2 tonnes. It is known as the "Camel's Hump" and is on display at the [[King Saud University]] in [[Riyadh]].

The sand was turned into black glass near the craters, and pellets of the glass are scattered all over the area, decreasing in size with distance from the craters due to wind-sorting. The glass is about 90% local sand and 10% meteoritic iron and nickel.

The layout of the impact area suggests that the body fell at a shallow angle, and was moving at typical meteorite entry speeds of 40,000 to 60,000 km/h. Its total mass was more than 3,500 tonnes. The shallow angle presented the body with more air resistance than it would have encountered at a steeper angle, and it broke up in the air into at least four pieces before impact. The biggest piece struck with an explosion roughly equivalent to the atom bomb that leveled [[Hiroshima]].

[[Fission track dating|Fission-track]] analysis of glass fragments by Storzer suggested the Wabar impact took place thousands of years ago, but the fact that the craters have been filled-in considerably since Philby visited them suggests their origin is much more recent. Thermoluminescence dating by Prescott, Robinson, E. Shoemaker, C. Shoemaker, and Wynn (JGR, 2004) suggest the impact site is no more than 260 years old. Arab reports of a fireball passing over [[Riyadh]], variously reported as occurring in 1863 or 1891, indicate the impact may have occurred very recently. Fragments scattered from the path of this fireball match samples found at the Wabar site.

[[Category:Craters of Saudi Arabia]]