Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Joel McKinnon Miller

2017-10-03T08:01:27Z

Larrymcp: /* Life and career */ Fix punctuation

{{BLP sources|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Joel McKinnon Miller
| birth_place = [[Rockford, Minnesota]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{bya|1951}}
| occupation = Actor
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], California, U.S.
| years_active = 1991–present
| spouse = Tammy McKinnon
| children = 2
| other_names = Joel McKinnon, Joel Miller
}}

'''Joel McKinnon Miller''' (born 1951), sometimes credited as '''Joel McKinnon''', is an American film and television actor who has been living in [[Los Angeles]] since 1991. He is well-known for the [[role (performing arts)|roles]] of Don Embry on ''[[Big Love]]'' and Detective Norman
Scully on ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]''.

==Life and career==
Miller, a native of [[Rockford, Minnesota]], took opera singing lessons as a youth and later attended the [[University of Minnesota Duluth]] where he studied theatre. He dropped out in 1980, a few credits short of graduating, but returned to his alma mater to finish his degree in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opera and Television: The Making of a Star|url=https://bridge.wp.d.umn.edu/2014/02/alum-miller/|website=Bridge|publisher=University of Minnesota Duluth|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref>

Prior to ''Big Love'' his main role on television was as Lyle Nubbin in three episodes of ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]''. Since 1991 he has also appeared in episodes of several American television series, including ''[[Cold Case (TV series)|Cold Case]]'', ''[[Murphy Brown]]'', ''[[The Commish]]'', ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]'', ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'', ''[[The X Files]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'', ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]'', ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'', ''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'', ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'', ''[[Boston Legal]]'', ''[[The Closer]]'', and ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' (in which he portrayed George, the custodian, in the episode ''[[List of Everybody Loves Raymond episodes#Season 9: 2004–2005|The Faux Pas]]'').<ref>[http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html Profile], tv.com; accessed August 11, 2014.</ref><ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|571930|Joel McKinnon Miller}}</ref>

His biggest role in a film is in the 2003 award-winning [[television film]] ''Secret Santa''. He also played supporting characters in ''[[The Truman Show]]'', ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'', ''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' and ''[[Men in Black II]]'', and supplied the voice of Bromley in the [[animated feature]] ''[[The Swan Princess]]''. Miller currently appears as a cast member on ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'' as Detective Norman Scully.<ref name="imdb"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013–present || ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]'' || [[List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters#Norman "Norm" Scully|Norman Scully]] || Main Cast; 80 Episodes
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[American Horror Story: Asylum]]'' || Det. Connors || 3 Episodes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Super 8 (film)| Super 8]]'' || Sal Kaznyk||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The New Adventures of Old Christine]]'' || Officer Dutton || 1 Episode
|-
| 2006–2011 || ''[[Big Love]]'' || Don Embry || 46 Episodes
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''[[Las Vegas (TV series)|Las Vegas]]'' || Lyle Nubbin || 3 Episodes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' || George || 1 Episode
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Cold Case]]'' || Brad Atwater || 1 Episode
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Friday After Next]]'' || Officer Hole || Movie
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Jennie Project]]'' || Frank || TV Movie
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Nikki (TV series)|Nikki]]'' || Mr Higgins || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[The Family Man]]'' || Tommy ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Spin City]]'' || George || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Miracle in Lane 2]]'' || Bill || TV Movie
|-
| 2000 || ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || Mr. Emerson || 1 Episode
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]'' || Officer Carl || 1 Episode
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'' || Warrior Alien ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' || Gary Sharps || 1 Episode
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The Thirteenth Year]]'' || Hal || TV Movie
|-
| 1999 || ''[[The X-Files]]'' || Deputy Greer || Episode: "[[Agua Mala]]"
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Rugrats]]'' || Dummi Bear || Voice Only, 1 Episode
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Maggie (1998 TV series)|Maggie]]'' || Mr. Dawson || 1 Episode
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Rat Pack]]'' || G-Man #1 || TV Movie
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Truman Show]]'' || Garage Attendant ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Blackout Effect]]'' || Brian Mack || TV Movie
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Dharma & Greg]]'' || Hooper || 1 Episode
|-
| 1997 || ''[[The Maker (film)|The Maker]]'' || Customs Officer ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Dead Men Can't Dance'' || Bearclaw ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Crisis Center]]'' || Bob || 1 Episode
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Prison of Secrets]]'' || Dennis || TV Movie
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Star Trek: Klingon]]'' || || Video Game
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Boston Common]]'' || Manager || Episode: "Everybody's Stalking"
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]'' || Rat Man || 1 Episode
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]'' || Bert Walker || 1 Episode
|-
| 1996 || ''[[The Home Court]]'' || Cousin Roy || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Courthouse]]'' || Officer Lucas || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Picket Fences]]'' || Painter || 1 Episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The Commish]]'' || Michael Muldoon || 2 Episodes
|-
| 1995 || ''The Rockford Files: A Blessing in Disguise'' || Mackie || TV Movie
|-
| 1994 || ''[[The Swan Princess]]'' || Bromley || Voice Only
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Hardball (1994 TV series)|Hardball]]'' || Fan #1 || 1 Episode
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Wagons East]]'' || Zack Ferguson ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dream Lover]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dream On (TV series)|Dream On]]'' || Dick Hermann || 1 Episode
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Mother of the Bride (1993 film)|Mother of the Bride]]'' || Photographer || TV Movie
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Forever Young (1992 film)|Forever Young]]'' || Man At Picnic || Debut Film
|-
| 1992 || ''[[The Powers That Be (TV series)|The Powers That Be]]'' || Telephone Repair Guy || 1 Episode
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Murphy Brown]]'' || Joe Smith || 1 Episode
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|571930|Joel McKinnon Miller}}
* [http://www.tv.com/joel-mckinnon/person/350141/appearances.html Joel McKinnon (Miller) as noted at TV.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:McKinnon Miller, Joel}}
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Duluth, Minnesota]]
[[Category:People from Rockford, Minnesota]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota Duluth alumni]]

{{US-screen-actor-stub}}

John List (Massenmörder)

2014-09-21T07:32:02Z

Larrymcp: /* Relocation, arrest, and trial */ Fix link

{{About|the mass murderer|the economist of the University of Chicago|John A. List}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = John List
| image = Small ListMug.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mugshot of John List, c.2005
| birthname = John Emil List
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|09|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bay City, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|03|21|1925|09|17|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Trenton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_cause = Complications of [[pneumonia]]
| nationality = American
| other_names = Robert Peter "Bob" Clark
| occupation = Accountant
| religion = [[Lutheran]]
| criminal_charge = Five counts of [[first degree murder]]
| penalty = Five consecutive life terms
| conviction_status = Deceased
| spouse = {{marriage|Helen List|1952|1971|reason=died}} {{marriage|Delores Miller Clark|1985|1989|reason=divorced}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
* Patricia List
* John List, Jr.
* Frederick List
}}
| parents = John Frederick List (1859–1944) Alma List (1887–1971)
| time_at_large = 17 years, 6 months, 23 days
| date = November 9, 1971
| country = United States
| locations = [[Westfield, New Jersey]]
| targets = {{Plainlist|
* Alma List
* Helen List
* Patricia List
* John List, Jr.
* Frederick List
}}
| fatalities = 5
| weapons = {{Plainlist|
* [[9mm|9 mm]] [[Steyr 1912|Steyr handgun]],
* [[.22 LR|.22 caliber]] [[revolver]]
}}
| apprehended = June 1, 1989
| imprisoned = May 1, 1990
}}

'''John Emil List''' (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008), sometimes labeled the '''Bogeyman of Westfield''',<ref>Di Ionno, M (March 25, 2008). The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end. [http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html ''Star Ledger'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> was a convicted multiple [[murder]]er and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971 he killed his wife, mother, and three children in their home at 431 Hillside Avenue in [[Westfield, New Jersey]], and then disappeared. He had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone noticed that anything was amiss. A fugitive from justice for nearly 18 years who assumed a new identity and remarried, List was finally apprehended on June 1, 1989 after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''. List was found guilty of [[first degree murder]] and sentenced in 1990 to five consecutive terms of [[life imprisonment]]. He died in prison in 2008.

==Personal background==
Born in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], [[Michigan]], List was the only child of [[German American]] parents, John Frederick List (1859–1944) and Alma Maria Barbara Florence List (1887–1971). He was a devout [[Lutheran]] and taught [[Sunday school]]. He served in the [[U.S. Army]] during [[World War II]] and later was given an [[ROTC]] commission as a [[Second Lieutenant]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryzuk|first=Mary S.|year=1990|title=Thou Shalt Not Kill|publisher=Popular Library|isbn=0-445-21043-5|page=101}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where he earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[business administration]] and a [[master's degree]] in [[accounting]]. List met his wife, Helen, in 1951, and they married shortly thereafter.

==Murders==
On November 9, 1971 List methodically killed his entire family: his wife, Helen, 45; his mother, Alma, 84; and his children — Patricia, 16, John, Jr., 15, and Frederick, 13. The murder weapons were his own [[9mm]] [[Steyr 1912]] [[Semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic handgun]]<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 117.</ref> and his father's [[Colt guns|Colt]] [[.22 caliber]] [[revolver]].<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 285.</ref> He first shot his wife in the back of the head and his mother above the left eye while his children were at school. When Patricia and Frederick came home they were each shot in the back of the head. After making himself lunch, List drove to his bank to close his own and his mother's bank accounts, and then to his elder son's school to watch him play in a [[soccer]] game. After driving John, Jr. home he shot him repeatedly in the chest and face.<ref name = "ramsland"/><ref name="NYT20081228">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/magazine/28List-t.html |title=Wanted: A Killer Disappears Into Another Life |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=December 28, 2008 | first=Elizabeth | last=McCracken | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

List placed the bodies of his wife and children on sleeping bags in the ballroom of their 19-room [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] home. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic. In a five-page letter to his pastor, found on the desk in his study, he wrote that he saw too much evil in the world, and he had ended the lives of his family members to save their souls. He then cleaned up the various crime scenes, turned on all the lights, tuned the radio to a religious station, and departed.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

The murders were not discovered for nearly a month, due in part to the family's reclusiveness and refusal to socialize, and in part to notes sent by List to the children's schools and part-time jobs stating that the family would be in [[North Carolina]] for several weeks, staying with Helen's mother. He also stopped the family's milk, mail and newspaper deliveries.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Finally, neighbors noticed that lights inside the mansion — which had been illuminated day and night for weeks, with no apparent activity within — were burning out one by one, and called police.<ref>Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html Crime Library]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

The case became the second most notorious crime in New Jersey history, after the kidnapping and murder of the [[Lindbergh Baby]]. A nationwide manhunt was launched. The family car was found parked at [[Kennedy Airport]], but there was no evidence that List had boarded a flight.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Police investigated hundreds of leads without results.<ref>''Notorious'', television series, Episode: "To Save Their Souls", 2005</ref> Alma was flown to [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]] and interred at the Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery. Helen and her three children were buried at [[Fairview Cemetery (Westfield, New Jersey)|Fairview Cemetery]] in Westfield.<ref name = "ramsland">Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/11.html Crime Library archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

On May 21, 1989 List's case was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]'', which at the time had been on the air less than a year.<ref>Notorious AMW Fugitive John List Dead at 82 (24 March 2008). [http://www.amw.com/features/feature_story_detail.cfm?id=2613 amw.com archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> The presentation included an [[Age progression|age-progressed]] clay [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] sculpted by [[forensic]] artist [[Frank Bender]], which turned out to bear a close resemblance to List's actual appearance.<ref>Fox, M (30 July 2011): Frank Bender, ‘Recomposer’ of Faces of the Dead, Dies at 70. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bender.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ''New York Times'' archive]. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</ref> List was located and arrested less than two weeks after the episode was broadcast.

==Relocation, arrest, and trial==

List settled in [[Denver, Colorado]] in early 1972 and resumed working as an accountant under the name Robert Peter "Bob" Clark. He later said that he chose the name because it had belonged to one of his college classmates, although the real Bob Clark claimed that he had never known List.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6}}</ref> In the early 1980s he moved to [[Midlothian, Virginia]], and in 1985 married divorcee Delores Miller.

On June 1, 1989 he was arrested at a [[Richmond, Virginia]] accounting firm after a neighbor viewed the ''America's Most Wanted'' broadcast, recognized the profile, and alerted authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/richmond/about-us/history-1/history |title=FBI Richmond Division History |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Ryzuk, pp.396-399</ref> He was [[extradition|extradited]] to [[Union County, New Jersey]] in late 1989. He continued to stand by his alias for several months; but finally, faced with irrefutable evidence — including the matching of his [[fingerprint]]s with List's military records, and with evidence found at the crime scene — he confessed his true identity on February 16, 1990.<ref>Ryzuk, p.452</ref>

At trial, List testified that he was faced with grave financial difficulties in 1971. He had lost his job as an accountant, and hid his unemployment from his family by sitting at the local bus station each day. He owed $11,000 on his mortgage and was skimming from his mother's bank accounts.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> He was also dealing with his wife's [[syphilis#tertiary|tertiary syphilis]], contracted from her first husband and concealed from List for 18 years, which had "transformed her from an attractive young woman to an unkempt and paranoid recluse," according to testimony.<ref>[http://www.goleader.com/list/ The List Murders Stun Westfield In 1971] By Kathy Halverson, February 17, 2001 For The Westfield Leader and The Times. Accessed June 28, 2007</ref><ref name="NYT19900407">{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1630F934A35757C0A966958260 |title=Slaying Suspect Saw 2 Choices, Doctor Testifies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=April 7, 1990 | first=Joseph F. | last=Sullivan | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

A court-appointed psychiatrist testified that List suffered from [[obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]], and that List saw only two solutions to his situation: accept [[Social programs in the United States#Welfare|welfare]], or kill his family and send their souls to [[Heaven]].<ref name="NYT19900407"/> Welfare was an unacceptable option, he reasoned, because it would expose the family to ridicule and violate his [[Authoritarian_personality|authoritarian]] father's teachings regarding the care and protection of family members.<ref name="NYT19900407"/>

On April 12, 1990, List was convicted of five counts of [[first degree murder]].<ref name = "LA Times"/> At his sentencing hearing he denied direct responsibility for his actions: "I feel that because of my mental state at the time, I was unaccountable for what happened. I ask all affected by this for their forgiveness, understanding and prayer."<ref>Associated Press (May 20, 1990). Judge Sentences Family Killer to Life in Prison. [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-02/news/mn-174_1_life-sentences ''Los Angeles Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> The judge was unpersuaded: "John Emil List is without remorse and without honor," he said. "After 18 years, five months and 22 days, it is now time for the voices of Helen, Alma, Patricia, Frederick and John F. List to rise from the grave." He imposed a sentence of five terms of [[life imprisonment]], to be served consecutively — the maximum penalty.<ref name = "LA Times">Killer of Family Gets 5 Life Terms : Court: Judge sentences accountant who murdered his mother, wife and children 18 years ago to the maximum sentence. (AP, May 11, 1990). [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-01/news/mn-423_1_maximum-sentence Los Angeles ''Times'' archive]. Retrieved September 9, 2014.</ref>

List filed an appeal of his convictions on grounds that his judgment had been impaired by [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] due to military service in [[World War II]] and [[Korean War|Korea]]. He also contended that the letter he left behind at the crime scene — essentially his confession — was a confidential communication to his pastor, and therefore inadmissible as evidence. Both arguments were unsuccessful.<ref>Stout, D (March 25, 2008). John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html ''NY Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

List later expressed a degree of remorse for his crimes: "I wish I had never done what I did," he said. "I've regretted my action and prayed for forgiveness ever since."<ref>List and Goodrich (2006): ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story'', p. 80.</ref> When asked by [[Connie Chung]] in 2002 why he had not taken his own life, he said he believed that [[suicide]] would have barred him from Heaven, where he hoped to be reunited with his family.<ref name="NYT_19830325"/>

==Death==
List died from complications of [[pneumonia]] at age 82 on March 21, 2008, while in prison custody at a [[Trenton, New Jersey]] hospital.<ref name="NYT_19830325">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html?em&ex=1206590400&en=54ef92d43724f8e2&ei=5087%0A |title=John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=March 25, 2008 | first=David | last=Stout | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> In reporting his death the [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] ''[[Star-Ledger]]'' referred to him as "the bogeyman of Westfield".<ref>[http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html "The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end" by Mark Di Ionno, The Star Ledger]</ref> His body was not immediately claimed,<ref name="BayCity">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/Article_View.cfm?ArticleID=2465&NewspaperID=0 |title=Killer John List's Body Lies Unclaimed in New Jersey Morgue |publisher=mybaycity.com |date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> though he was later buried next to his mother at Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery in [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]].<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=25511539 John Emil List (1925-2008) - Find a Grave]</ref>

==Home arson==
The List home was destroyed by [[arson]] ten months after the murders, a crime which remains unsolved. Destroyed along with the home was the ballroom's [[stained glass]] skylight, rumored to be a signed [[Louis Comfort Tiffany|Tiffany]] original worth over $100,000.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

==In popular culture==
* In 2008 [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]], the host of ''America's Most Wanted'', donated Bender’s bust of List to a forensic science exhibit at the privately owned [[National Museum of Crime & Punishment]] in [[Washington, DC]].
* The 1987 film ''[[The Stepfather (1987 film)|The Stepfather]]'' and the [[The Stepfather (2009 film)|2009 remake]] were loosely based on the List case.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Desmond|title=How Profitable Sequels Succeed: They Just Bring 'em Back Alive|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-03/entertainment/26158069_1_stepfather-mortal-coil-predator-ii|accessdate=19 April 2013|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=December 3, 1989}}</ref>
* [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]] portrayed List in the 1993 film ''[[Judgment Day: The John List Story]]''.
* List's crimes and disappearance were an inspiration for the character of [[Keyser Söze]] in the 1995 film ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''.<ref name="DVDcom">''The Usual Suspects'' DVD commentary featuring [[Bryan Singer]] and [[Christopher McQuarrie]], [2000]. Retrieved 27 September 2002</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Books==
* ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'' Timothy B. Benford and James P. Johnson, iUniverse, 332 pp., ISBN 0-595-00720-1
* ''Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders'' Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6
* ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story '' John E. List and Austin Goodrich, iUniverse, Inc., 130pp., ISBN 0-595-39536-8
* ''Thou Shalt Not Kill'' Mary S. Ryzuk, Warner Books, 509pp., ISBN 0-445-21043-5

==External links==
{{Portal|New Jersey|Biography|Crime}}
* [http://www.goleader.com/list/ Newspaper articles on John List]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html John List, famous murder - The Crime Library]
* {{Find a Grave|25511539|name=John Emil List}}
* {{IMDb title|0401220|American Justice Episode #169: To Save Their Souls}}
{{Stepfather series}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=23760246}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = List, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = List, John Emil
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American mass murderer
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 17, 1925
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bay City, Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH = March 21, 2008
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Trenton, New Jersey]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List, John}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American accountants]]
[[Category:American Lutherans]]
[[Category:America's Most Wanted]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Burials in Michigan]]
[[Category:Criminals from Michigan]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Familicides]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Matricides]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New Jersey]]
[[Category:People extradited within the United States]]
[[Category:People from Bay City, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Westfield, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People with personality disorders]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in New Jersey detention]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]

John List (Massenmörder)

2014-09-21T07:26:56Z

Larrymcp: Death in prison

{{About|the mass murderer|the economist of the University of Chicago|John A. List}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = John List
| image = Small ListMug.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mugshot of John List, c.2005
| birthname = John Emil List
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|09|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bay City, Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|03|21|1925|09|17|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Trenton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_cause = Complications of [[pneumonia]]
| nationality = American
| other_names = Robert Peter "Bob" Clark
| occupation = Accountant
| religion = [[Lutheran]]
| criminal_charge = Five counts of [[first degree murder]]
| penalty = Five consecutive life terms
| conviction_status = Deceased
| spouse = {{marriage|Helen List|1952|1971|reason=died}} {{marriage|Delores Miller Clark|1985|1989|reason=divorced}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
* Patricia List
* John List, Jr.
* Frederick List
}}
| parents = John Frederick List (1859–1944) Alma List (1887–1971)
| time_at_large = 17 years, 6 months, 23 days
| date = November 9, 1971
| country = United States
| locations = [[Westfield, New Jersey]]
| targets = {{Plainlist|
* Alma List
* Helen List
* Patricia List
* John List, Jr.
* Frederick List
}}
| fatalities = 5
| weapons = {{Plainlist|
* [[9mm|9 mm]] [[Steyr 1912|Steyr handgun]],
* [[.22 LR|.22 caliber]] [[revolver]]
}}
| apprehended = June 1, 1989
| imprisoned = May 1, 1990
}}

'''John Emil List''' (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008), sometimes labeled the '''Bogeyman of Westfield''',<ref>Di Ionno, M (March 25, 2008). The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end. [http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html ''Star Ledger'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> was a convicted multiple [[murder]]er and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971 he killed his wife, mother, and three children in their home at 431 Hillside Avenue in [[Westfield, New Jersey]], and then disappeared. He had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone noticed that anything was amiss. A fugitive from justice for nearly 18 years who assumed a new identity and remarried, List was finally apprehended on June 1, 1989 after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''. List was found guilty of [[first degree murder]] and sentenced in 1990 to five consecutive terms of [[life imprisonment]]. He died in prison in 2008.

==Personal background==
Born in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], [[Michigan]], List was the only child of [[German American]] parents, John Frederick List (1859–1944) and Alma Maria Barbara Florence List (1887–1971). He was a devout [[Lutheran]] and taught [[Sunday school]]. He served in the [[U.S. Army]] during [[World War II]] and later was given an [[ROTC]] commission as a [[Second Lieutenant]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryzuk|first=Mary S.|year=1990|title=Thou Shalt Not Kill|publisher=Popular Library|isbn=0-445-21043-5|page=101}}</ref> He attended the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where he earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[business administration]] and a [[master's degree]] in [[accounting]]. List met his wife, Helen, in 1951, and they married shortly thereafter.

==Murders==
On November 9, 1971 List methodically killed his entire family: his wife, Helen, 45; his mother, Alma, 84; and his children — Patricia, 16, John, Jr., 15, and Frederick, 13. The murder weapons were his own [[9mm]] [[Steyr 1912]] [[Semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic handgun]]<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 117.</ref> and his father's [[Colt guns|Colt]] [[.22 caliber]] [[revolver]].<ref>Benford TB and Johnson JP (2000): ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'', p. 285.</ref> He first shot his wife in the back of the head and his mother above the left eye while his children were at school. When Patricia and Frederick came home they were each shot in the back of the head. After making himself lunch, List drove to his bank to close his own and his mother's bank accounts, and then to his elder son's school to watch him play in a [[soccer]] game. After driving John, Jr. home he shot him repeatedly in the chest and face.<ref name = "ramsland"/><ref name="NYT20081228">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/magazine/28List-t.html |title=Wanted: A Killer Disappears Into Another Life |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=December 28, 2008 | first=Elizabeth | last=McCracken | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

List placed the bodies of his wife and children on sleeping bags in the ballroom of their 19-room [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] home. He left his mother's body in her apartment in the attic. In a five-page letter to his pastor, found on the desk in his study, he wrote that he saw too much evil in the world, and he had ended the lives of his family members to save their souls. He then cleaned up the various crime scenes, turned on all the lights, tuned the radio to a religious station, and departed.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

The murders were not discovered for nearly a month, due in part to the family's reclusiveness and refusal to socialize, and in part to notes sent by List to the children's schools and part-time jobs stating that the family would be in [[North Carolina]] for several weeks, staying with Helen's mother. He also stopped the family's milk, mail and newspaper deliveries.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Finally, neighbors noticed that lights inside the mansion — which had been illuminated day and night for weeks, with no apparent activity within — were burning out one by one, and called police.<ref>Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html Crime Library]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

The case became the second most notorious crime in New Jersey history, after the kidnapping and murder of the [[Lindbergh Baby]]. A nationwide manhunt was launched. The family car was found parked at [[Kennedy Airport]], but there was no evidence that List had boarded a flight.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> Police investigated hundreds of leads without results.<ref>''Notorious'', television series, Episode: "To Save Their Souls", 2005</ref> Alma was flown to [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]] and interred at the Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery. Helen and her three children were buried at [[Fairview Cemetery (Westfield, New Jersey)|Fairview Cemetery]] in Westfield.<ref name = "ramsland">Ramsland, K: John List. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/list/11.html Crime Library archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref>

On May 21, 1989 List's case was broadcast on the television program ''[[America's Most Wanted]]'', which at the time had been on the air less than a year.<ref>Notorious AMW Fugitive John List Dead at 82 (24 March 2008). [http://www.amw.com/features/feature_story_detail.cfm?id=2613 amw.com archive]. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</ref> The presentation included an [[Age progression|age-progressed]] clay [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] sculpted by [[forensic]] artist [[Frank Bender]], which turned out to bear a close resemblance to List's actual appearance.<ref>Fox, M (30 July 2011): Frank Bender, ‘Recomposer’ of Faces of the Dead, Dies at 70. [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bender.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ''New York Times'' archive]. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</ref> List was located and arrested less than two weeks after the episode was broadcast.

==Relocation, arrest, and trial==

List settled in [[Denver, Colorado]] in early 1972 and resumed working as an accountant under the name Robert Peter "Bob" Clark. He later said that he chose the name because it had belonged to one of his college classmates, although the real Bob Clark claimed that he had never known List.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6}}</ref> In the early 1980s he moved to [[Midlothian, Virginia]], and in 1985 married divorcee Delores Miller.

On June 1, 1989 he was arrested at a [[Richmond, Virginia]] accounting firm after a neighbor viewed the ''America's Most Wanted'' broadcast, recognized the profile, and alerted authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/richmond/about-us/history-1/history |title=FBI Richmond Division History |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Ryzuk, pp.396-399</ref> He was [[extradition|extradited]] to [[Union County, New Jersey]] in late 1989. He continued to stand by his alias for several months; but finally, faced with irrefutable evidence — including the matching of his [[fingerprint]]s with List's military records, and with evidence found at the crime scene — he confessed his true identity on February 16, 1990.<ref>Ryzuk, p.452</ref>

At trial, List testified that he was faced with grave financial difficulties in 1971. He had lost his job as an accountant, and hid his unemployment from his family by sitting at the local bus station each day. He owed $11,000 on his mortgage and was skimming from his mother's bank accounts.<ref name="NYT20081228"/> He was also dealing with his wife's [[syphilis#tertiary|tertiary syphilis]], contracted from her first husband and concealed from List for 18 years, which had "transformed her from an attractive young woman to an unkempt and paranoid recluse," according to testimony.<ref>[http://www.goleader.com/list/ The List Murders Stun Westfield In 1971] By Kathy Halverson, February 17, 2001 For The Westfield Leader and The Times. Accessed June 28, 2007</ref><ref name="NYT19900407">{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DE1630F934A35757C0A966958260 |title=Slaying Suspect Saw 2 Choices, Doctor Testifies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=April 7, 1990 | first=Joseph F. | last=Sullivan | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

A court-appointed psychiatrist testified that List suffered from [[obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]], and that List saw only two solutions to his situation: accept [[Social programs in the United States#Welfare|welfare]], or kill his family and send their souls to [[Heaven]].<ref name="NYT19900407"/> Welfare was an unacceptable option, he reasoned, because it would expose the family to ridicule and violate his [[authoritarian]] father's teachings regarding the care and protection of family members.<ref name="NYT19900407"/>

On April 12, 1990, List was convicted of five counts of [[first degree murder]].<ref name = "LA Times"/> At his sentencing hearing he denied direct responsibility for his actions: "I feel that because of my mental state at the time, I was unaccountable for what happened. I ask all affected by this for their forgiveness, understanding and prayer."<ref>Associated Press (May 20, 1990). Judge Sentences Family Killer to Life in Prison. [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-02/news/mn-174_1_life-sentences ''Los Angeles Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> The judge was unpersuaded: "John Emil List is without remorse and without honor," he said. "After 18 years, five months and 22 days, it is now time for the voices of Helen, Alma, Patricia, Frederick and John F. List to rise from the grave." He imposed a sentence of five terms of [[life imprisonment]], to be served consecutively — the maximum penalty.<ref name = "LA Times">Killer of Family Gets 5 Life Terms : Court: Judge sentences accountant who murdered his mother, wife and children 18 years ago to the maximum sentence. (AP, May 11, 1990). [http://articles.latimes.com/1990-05-01/news/mn-423_1_maximum-sentence Los Angeles ''Times'' archive]. Retrieved September 9, 2014.</ref>

List filed an appeal of his convictions on grounds that his judgment had been impaired by [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] due to military service in [[World War II]] and [[Korean War|Korea]]. He also contended that the letter he left behind at the crime scene — essentially his confession — was a confidential communication to his pastor, and therefore inadmissible as evidence. Both arguments were unsuccessful.<ref>Stout, D (March 25, 2008). John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies. [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html ''NY Times'' archive]. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref>

List later expressed a degree of remorse for his crimes: "I wish I had never done what I did," he said. "I've regretted my action and prayed for forgiveness ever since."<ref>List and Goodrich (2006): ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story'', p. 80.</ref> When asked by [[Connie Chung]] in 2002 why he had not taken his own life, he said he believed that [[suicide]] would have barred him from Heaven, where he hoped to be reunited with his family.<ref name="NYT_19830325"/>

==Death==
List died from complications of [[pneumonia]] at age 82 on March 21, 2008, while in prison custody at a [[Trenton, New Jersey]] hospital.<ref name="NYT_19830325">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/nyregion/25list1.html?em&ex=1206590400&en=54ef92d43724f8e2&ei=5087%0A |title=John E. List, 82, Killer of 5 Family Members, Dies |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=March 25, 2008 | first=David | last=Stout | accessdate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> In reporting his death the [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] ''[[Star-Ledger]]'' referred to him as "the bogeyman of Westfield".<ref>[http://blog.nj.com/njv_mark_diionno/2008/03/the_bogeyman_of_westfield_a_gh.html "The bogeyman of Westfield, a ghost story that won't end" by Mark Di Ionno, The Star Ledger]</ref> His body was not immediately claimed,<ref name="BayCity">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/Article_View.cfm?ArticleID=2465&NewspaperID=0 |title=Killer John List's Body Lies Unclaimed in New Jersey Morgue |publisher=mybaycity.com |date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> though he was later buried next to his mother at Saint Lorenz Lutheran Cemetery in [[Frankenmuth, Michigan]].<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=25511539 John Emil List (1925-2008) - Find a Grave]</ref>

==Home arson==
The List home was destroyed by [[arson]] ten months after the murders, a crime which remains unsolved. Destroyed along with the home was the ballroom's [[stained glass]] skylight, rumored to be a signed [[Louis Comfort Tiffany|Tiffany]] original worth over $100,000.<ref name="NYT20081228"/>

==In popular culture==
* In 2008 [[John Walsh (television host)|John Walsh]], the host of ''America's Most Wanted'', donated Bender’s bust of List to a forensic science exhibit at the privately owned [[National Museum of Crime & Punishment]] in [[Washington, DC]].
* The 1987 film ''[[The Stepfather (1987 film)|The Stepfather]]'' and the [[The Stepfather (2009 film)|2009 remake]] were loosely based on the List case.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Desmond|title=How Profitable Sequels Succeed: They Just Bring 'em Back Alive|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-12-03/entertainment/26158069_1_stepfather-mortal-coil-predator-ii|accessdate=19 April 2013|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=December 3, 1989}}</ref>
* [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]] portrayed List in the 1993 film ''[[Judgment Day: The John List Story]]''.
* List's crimes and disappearance were an inspiration for the character of [[Keyser Söze]] in the 1995 film ''[[The Usual Suspects]]''.<ref name="DVDcom">''The Usual Suspects'' DVD commentary featuring [[Bryan Singer]] and [[Christopher McQuarrie]], [2000]. Retrieved 27 September 2002</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Books==
* ''Righteous Carnage: The List Murders'' Timothy B. Benford and James P. Johnson, iUniverse, 332 pp., ISBN 0-595-00720-1
* ''Death Sentence: The Inside Story of the John List Murders'' Joe Sharkey, Signet, 305 pp., ISBN 0-451-16947-6
* ''Collateral Damage: The John List Story '' John E. List and Austin Goodrich, iUniverse, Inc., 130pp., ISBN 0-595-39536-8
* ''Thou Shalt Not Kill'' Mary S. Ryzuk, Warner Books, 509pp., ISBN 0-445-21043-5

==External links==
{{Portal|New Jersey|Biography|Crime}}
* [http://www.goleader.com/list/ Newspaper articles on John List]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/family/list/1.html John List, famous murder - The Crime Library]
* {{Find a Grave|25511539|name=John Emil List}}
* {{IMDb title|0401220|American Justice Episode #169: To Save Their Souls}}
{{Stepfather series}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=23760246}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = List, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = List, John Emil
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American mass murderer
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 17, 1925
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bay City, Michigan]]
| DATE OF DEATH = March 21, 2008
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Trenton, New Jersey]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List, John}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American accountants]]
[[Category:American Lutherans]]
[[Category:America's Most Wanted]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Burials in Michigan]]
[[Category:Criminals from Michigan]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Familicides]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Matricides]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New Jersey]]
[[Category:People extradited within the United States]]
[[Category:People from Bay City, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Westfield, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People with personality disorders]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in New Jersey detention]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]

Oleg Jegorowitsch Nikolajenko

2014-03-11T05:29:08Z

Larrymcp: /* Arrest and legal proceedings */ Fix typos

{{Infobox person
| name = Oleg Nikolaenko
| image = Oleg Nikolaenko USMS mug shot.jpg
| caption = Photo by [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|07|17}}
| birth_place = [[Soviet Union]]
| birth_name = Олег Егорович Николаенко
| height =
| weight =
| citizenship = [[Russia]]
| residence = [[Vidnoye]], [[Moscow Oblast]], [[Russia]]
| other_names = "Docent" "King of Spam"
| criminal_charge = Violation of the [[CAN-SPAM Act of 2003]]
| criminal_status = Pled guilty and sentenced to time served plus three years probation
| parents =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Oleg Yegorovich Nikolaenko''' ({{lang-rus|Олег Егорович Николаенко}}; born July 17, 1987) is a [[Russians|Russian national]] who has been charged in a [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal court]] with violating the [[CAN-SPAM Act of 2003]]. Federal investigators believe his activities may have been responsible for as much as one third of the world's [[spam (electronic)|electronic spam]].<ref name="MJS-20101203-spam">{{cite news|last=Vielmetti|first=Bruce|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/111169714.html|title=Milwaukee FBI agent trips up Russian 'king of spam'|newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=December 3, 2010|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref>

==Background==
Oleg Nikolaenko, a resident of [[Vidnoye, Moscow Oblast]], [[Russia]],<ref name="WSJ-20101203-arraigned">{{cite news|last=Barrett|first=Joe|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704377004575651232273336218.html|title=Accused Spam King to Be Arraigned|newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=December 3, 2010|accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref> was identified as the "King of Spam" by the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].<ref name="CNN-20101203-third">{{cite news|last=Simon|first=Mallory|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/03/man-allegedly-responsible-for-a-third-of-your-spam-e-mail-to-be-arraigned/|title=Man allegedly responsible for a third of your spam e-mail to be arraigned|publisher=CNN|date=December 3, 2010|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref> He is suspected of running the "[[Mega-D botnet|Mega-D]]" [[botnet]] to create a "zombie network" of as many as 500,000 infected computers.<ref name="Register-20101201-pursue">{{cite news|last=Leyden|first=John|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/12/01/mega_d_botnet_suspect_named/|title=Feds pursue Russian, 23, behind ⅓ of ALL WORLD SPAM|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 1, 2010|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref> Investigators stated that his operation was responsible for producing up to 10 billion unsolicited e-mails per day,<ref name="MJS-20101203-spam" /> accounting for about 32% of all [[spam (electronic)|spam]]. The messages allegedly promoted counterfeit versions of [[Rolex]] watches, [[herbal supplement]]s and prescription drugs such as [[Viagra]].<ref name="WSJ-20101203-arraigned" /> In October 2008, the U.S. [[Federal Trade Commission]] moved to freeze the assets of individuals involved with the Mega-D botnet, though Nikolaenko's identity was not yet known at the time.<ref name="NYTimes-20101014-ring">{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Brad|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/15/technology/internet/15spam.html?ex=1381809600&en=6c3fc6aa91109527&ei=5124|title=Authorities Shut Down Spam Ring|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=October 14, 2008|accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref>

===Investigation===
[[File:SEMA 2009 Kia Motors.jpg|thumb|Nikolaenko had been in the United States to attend the 2009 [[SEMA]] auto show at the Las Vegas Convention Center]]
The FBI got a break in the case in August 2009, when Jody M. Smith pleaded guilty in [[Missouri]] to selling counterfeit Rolex watches and began cooperating with investigators.<ref name="WSJ-20101203-arraigned" /> Federal agents used [[grand jury]] [[subpoena]]s to trace financial payments of $459,000 from convicted [[New Zealand]] spammer [[Lance Atkinson]] to Nikolaenko, who had been using the alias of "Docent". [[Google]] provided the FBI with Nikolaenko's e-mail records. Investigators subpoenaed his travel records from the [[U.S. State Department]], which indicated that he had visited [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], and Las Vegas over the course of two trips in 2009.<ref name="SmokingGun-20101130-targets">{{cite news|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/fbi-targets-young-russian-spam-kingpin|title=FBI Targets Young Russian Spam Kingpin|newspaper=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=November 30, 2010|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref> However, the [[Constitution of Russia]] specifically prohibits the [[extradition]] of its citizens.<ref name="Register-20101201-pursue" />

In November 2009, [[FireEye]], a [[computer security]] firm, was able to shut down servers in the United States under the control of the Mega-D botnet. Nikolaenko, who had been in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]] to attend the 2009 [[SEMA]] [[auto show]], was forced to return to Russia two days early to undo the damage to Mega-D's functionality.<ref name="ArsTechnica-20101203-nabbed">{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Nate|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/12/how-the-fbi-nabbed-a-russian-spam-king-in-las-vegas.ars|title=How the FBI nabbed a Russian spam king in Las Vegas|publisher=Ars Technica|date=December 3, 2010|accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref> By the end of 2009, Nikolaenko was able to restore capacity to generate 17% of worldwide spam.<ref name="InformationWeek-20101202-mastermind">{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Mathew J.|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/management/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=228500163&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All|title=FBI Busts Alleged Mega D Botnet Mastermind|journal=[[Information Week]]|date=December 2, 2010|accessdate=December 5, 2010}}</ref>

===Arrest and legal proceedings===
[[File:Bellagio outside.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas, where Nikolaenko was arrested in 2010.]]
Nikolaenko returned to Las Vegas to attend the 2010 [[SEMA#SEMA Show|SEMA Show]] and was apprehended by federal agents at the [[Bellagio Hotel]] on November 4. He was found with two passports and $4,000 cash. Nikolaenko was transported to face charges in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], where an undercover agent ordered Viagra from an alleged [[e-mail spam]] and instead received herbal pills.<ref name="WSJ-20101203-pleads">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703989004575653071895859614.html|title=Russian Man Pleads Not Guilty in Spam Case|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 3, 2010|accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref>

Nikolaenko was indicted on November 16 at the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin|U.S. District Court of Eastern Wisconsin]] and faced up to five years in prison.<ref name="MJS-20101203-spam" /> He was accused of deliberately falsifying the header information of commercial e-mails and sending over 2,500 spam e-mails per day, both in violation of the [[CAN-SPAM Act of 2003]].<ref name="WSJ-20101203-pleads" /> He was extradited to Wisconsin and assigned a case #: 2:10-cr-00246-CNC-1 in the Eastern District of Wisconsin. Nikolaenko pleaded not guilty and retained defense attorney Christopher Van Wagner, who stated: "We're prepared to present a rigorous defense."<ref name="MJS-20101203-spam" /> Wagner requested that Nikolaenko be released on bail as his wife and daughter were planning to travel from [[Moscow]] to the United States to attend the trial. However, bail was denied by U.S. Magistrate Judge Patricia Gorence.<ref name="WSJ-20101203-pleads" /> On December 21, 2010, Federal prosecutors turned over 4,600 of 6,000 pages of documents to Nikolaenko's attorney for pre-trial [[discovery (law)|discovery]].<ref name="MJS-20101222-pages">{{cite news|last=Vielmetti|first=Bruce|url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/112266989.html|title=Prosecutors hand over 6,000 pages in Spam King case|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|date=December 22, 2010|accessdate=December 23, 2010}}</ref> Information was redacted for the protection of witnesses. The trial was scheduled to begin by February 11, 2011, but later was adjourned.<ref name="WSJ-20101203-pleads" /> Nikolaenko later fired Wagner and retained criminal defense attorney Arkady Bukh who stated that "the previous motions by Nikolaenko's lawyers had been ruled by the judge in favor of the prosecution". <ref>Russian "King of Spam" has a new lawyer, Press Release. June 2011. Bukh Law Firm, PC - 14 Wall St, New York NY 10005 - (212) 729-1632. [http://www.nyccriminallawyer.com NYC Criminal Lawyer]</ref>

In June 2012, Nikolaenko agreed to a plea deal. On February 27, 2013, he was sentenced to time served plus three years of probation.<ref>http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/195458101.html</ref>

The [[M86 Security]] company stated that spam output from Nikolaenko's Mega-D botnet fell below 5% of the worldwide total by December 2010.<ref name="InformationWeek-20101202-mastermind" /> Spam e-mail traffic dropped sharply worldwide during the 2010 holiday period while Nikolaenko was detained, though Paul Wood of computer security firm [[Symantec]] attributed the downturn to the disruption of various other botnets, including [[Rustock botnet|Rustok]], [[Lethic botnet|Lethic]] and [[Xarvester]].<ref name="ITPP-20110106">{{cite news|last=Jani|first=David|url=http://www.itproportal.com/2011/01/06/global-spam-levels-sharply-drop-over-christmas/|title=Global Spam Levels Sharply Drop Over Christmas|publisher=IT Pro Portal|date=January 6, 2011|accessdate=January 27, 2011}}</ref> According to information technology experts, Mega-D is no longer considered a very large network, though it may have been the largest designed specifically for spam.<ref name="RIAN-20100412">{{cite news|last=Шадрин|first=Иван|url=http://www.rian.ru/technology/20101204/304218773.html|title=Mega-D: не крупнейшая и не последняя сеть 'зомби-компьютеров'|trans_title=Mega-D: not the biggest nor the last network of 'zombie computers'|agency=[[RIA Novosti]]|language=Russian|date=April 12, 2010|accessdate=December 6, 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal box|Biography|internet}}

*[[Sanford Wallace]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/fbi/fbi-arrests-russiam-spammer Oleg Nikolaenko] at [[The Smoking Gun]]
*[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&FirstName=Oleg&MiddleName=Y&LastName=Nikolaenko Oleg Y. Nikolaenko] at [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]
*[http://www.cis.uab.edu/forensics/blog/Nikolaenko.Complaint.pdf United States of America v. Oleg Y. Nikolaenko] – [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin|U.S. District Court of Eastern Wisconsin]] (November 3, 2010)
*[http://i.cdn.turner.com/dr/teg/tsg/release/sites/default/files/assets/olegnindict.pdf Indictment: United States of America v. Oleg Y. Nikolaenko] – U.S. District Court of Eastern Wisconsin (November 16, 2010)

{{Persondata
| NAME = Nikolaenko, Oleg
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = "Docent", "King of Spam"
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Russian national who is charged in U.S. federal court of operating the [[Mega-D botnet]] in violation of the [[CAN-SPAM Act of 2003]].
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 17, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Soviet Union]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikolaeko, Oleg}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Email spammers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vidnoye]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Russian people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:People extradited within the United States]]

Natriumthiopental

2011-02-08T15:19:30Z

Larrymcp: /* Truth serum */ Clarify phrasing

{{drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 402785204
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-[5-ethyl-4,6-dioxo-5-(pentan-2-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl]sulfanide sodium
| image = tiopental.png
| alt = 1:1 mixture (racemate)
| width = 113
| image2 = Sodium-thiopental-3D-vdW-2.png
| StdUNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 49Y44QZL70
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 738
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| smiles = [Na+].O=C1NC(=S)/N=C(/[O-])C1(C(C)CCC)CC
| InChI = 1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
| InChIKey = AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| CAS_number = 71-73-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_supplemental = (sodium salt) 76-75-5 (free acid) 
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2272257
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AF03
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N05|CA19}}
| PubChem = 3000714
| DrugBank = DB00599
| KEGG = D00714
| C = 11 | H = 17 | N = 2 | Na = 1 | O = 2 | S = 1
| molecular_weight = 264.32 g/mol
| bioavailability =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 5.5<ref>{{cite journal |author=Russo H, Brès J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B |title=Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. |volume=49 |issue=1-2 |pages=127–37 |year=1995 |pmid=8751034 |doi= 10.1007/BF00192371|url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>-26 hours<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ |title=Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=474–80 |year=1981 |month=June |pmid=7235275 |doi= 10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006|url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>
| excretion =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_US = Schedule III
| routes_of_administration = Oral, intravenous
}}
'''Sodium thiopental''', better known as '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''Trapanal''' (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anaesthetic]]. Thiopental is a core medicine in the [[World Health Organization]]'s "[[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.<ref name="essentialWHO">{{cite web
| year = March 2005
| url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/a87017_eng.pdf
| title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
| format = PDF
| publisher = World Health Organization
| accessdate = 2006-03-12
}}</ref>


==Barbiturates==
{{Main|Barbiturate}}
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the [[GABA A receptor|GABAA receptor]] in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates, [[benzodiazepine]]s, and [[alcohol]] all bind to the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates that act on the barbiturate binding site of the GABAA receptor directly gate the chloride ion channel of the GABAA receptor, whereas benzodiazepines acting on the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor increase the opening frequency of the chloride ion channel. This explains why overdoses of barbiturates may be lethal whereas overdoses of benzodiazepines alone are typically not lethal. Another explanation is that barbiturates can activate GABA receptors in the absence of the GABA molecule, whereas benzodiazepines need GABA to be present to have an effect: this may explain the more widespread effects of barbiturates in the central nervous system. Barbiturates have [[anesthetic]], [[sedative]], [[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]] and [[hypnotic]] properties. Barbiturates do not have [[analgesic]] effects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm |title=Anesthesia and Analgesia |accessdate=2007-08-05 |publisher=[[University of Virginia School of Medicine]]}}</ref>

Further, barbiturates are relatively "promiscuous" (i.e. non-selective) compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, of which the GABAA receptor channel is only one of several representatives. This superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal nACHR channel, the 5HT3R channel, the GlyR channel and others. Surprisingly, while GABAA receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anaesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nACHR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anaesthetic concentrations of both thiopental and pentobarbital.<ref name="Weber_nAChR_anaesthetics">{{cite journal | last1 = Weber | first1 = M | last2 = Motin | first2 = L | last3 = Gaul | first3 = S | last4 = Beker | first4 = F | last5 = Fink | first5 = RH | last6 = Adams | first6 = DJ | year = 2005 | month = January | title = Intravenous anaesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents and Ca2+ transients in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons. | journal = [[British Journal of Pharmacology]] | volume = 144 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–107 | pmid = 15644873 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705942 | pmc = 1575970}}</ref> Such findings implicate (non-GABA-ergic) ligand-gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR channel, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates.<ref name="Franks_Lieb_general_anaesthetics">{{cite journal | last1 = Franks | first1 = NP | last2 = Lieb | first2 = WR | date = 23 November 1998 | title = Which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia? | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 100–101 | pages = 1–8 | pmid = 10049127 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00158-1}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Anesthesia===
Thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia|general anesthesia]]. Its use in the United States and elsewhere has been largely replaced with that of [[propofol]]. Following [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciousness within 30–45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5–10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciousness returns.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}

A normal dose of thiopental (usually 4–6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery ([[caesarian section]]) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her [[uterus]] remains conscious. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}

Thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays [[Zero order kinetics|zero-order elimination kinetics]], leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhaled anesthetic]] (gas) agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5–26 hour [[Biological half-life|half-life]], consciousness would take a long time to return.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ |title=Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=474–80 |year=1981 |pmid=7235275 |doi=10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006}}</ref>

In [[veterinary medicine]], thiopental is used to induce [[Veterinary anesthesia|anesthesia in animals]]. Since thiopental is redistributed to fat, certain breeds of dogs – primarily the [[sight hounds]] – can have prolonged recoveries from thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Thiopental is always administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating; severe [[tissue necrosis]] and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein.

===Medically induced coma===
In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental was historically used to induce medical [[coma]]s. It has now been superseded by drugs such as [[propofol]].

Thiopental has a long Context Sensitive Half Time (CSHT), meaning infusions saturate peripheral compartments (fat, muscle etc.). When the infusion is stopped, the drug redistributes from the peripheral tissues back into the blood, prolonging the effect.

Thiopental also exhibits [[Rate_law#Zero-order_reactions|zero order kinetics]] at higher doses. The rate of elimination becomes constant.

Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites, which in turn decreases swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, ''et al.'' |title=[Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Neurocirugia (Astur) |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–12; discussion 12–3 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15756405 |doi= |url=http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> in reducing intracranial pressure.

===Euthanasia===
Thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of [[euthanasia]]. The [[Belgium|Belgian]]s and the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] have created a protocol that recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by [[pancuronium bromide]].<ref name=euthanasics>{{cite web |url=http://wweek.com/html/euthanasics.html |title=Administration and Compounding of Euthanasic Agents |accessdate=2008-07-18 |author=Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Pharmacy |publisher=[[The Hague]] |year=1994}}</ref>

Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia and therefore can be safely recommended. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular muscle relaxant is given, such as 20 mg [[pancuronium dibromide]] (Pavulon) or 20 mg [[vecuronium bromide]] (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for [[pancuronium]] dibromide (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.<ref name=euthanasics />

===Lethal injection===
{{details|Lethal injection}}

Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in 34 states of the [[United States|U.S.]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A very large dose is given, placing the subject into a rapidly induced coma. Executions using the three-drug combination are usually effective in approximately 10 minutes, but have been known to take several times this amount of time. The use of thiopental alone is hypothesized to cause death in approximately 45 minutes.<ref name="Biros">{{cite web
| year = December 2001
| url = http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9CF8Q2G6&show_article=1&catnum=0
| title = Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection
| publisher = AP
| accessdate = 2009-12-08
}} </ref> The use of sodium thiopental has been the cause of current Supreme Court challenges to the lethal injection protocol, after a study in the medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'', where autopsy studies on executed inmates revealed that there was not a high enough concentration of thiopental in their blood to have caused unconsciousness.

On December 8, 2009, the State of Ohio became the first to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for its capital execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a recent execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins. [[Kenneth Biros]] was executed using the single-drug method. The execution took 43 minutes and was concluded at 11:47 a.m., including approximately 30 minutes to complete the process of inserting the needle, and about 10 minutes between administering the single dose and the pronouncement of death.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/09/24/crimesider/entry5334823.shtml | title = Kenneth Biros Execution: Ohio Man First to Die Under 1-Drug Thiopental Sodium Method | first = Edecio | last = Martinez | date = 8 December 2009 | work = [[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h18cDX6PuFXpdEc3JIHpQRFMapvAD9CF8BL00 | title = Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection | date = 9 December 2009 | agency = [[Associated Press]] | publisher = [[Google]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mEkZTdUI | archivedate = 23 December 2009}}</ref> Ohio executed a second man using sodium thiopental on January 7, 2010. [[Vernon Smith (murderer)|Vernon Smith]] was pronounced dead 8 minutes after the time of injection.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/jan/07/ohio-executes-man-second-use-1-drug-method/ | title = Ohio executes man in second use of 1-drug method | publisher = [[Chattanooga Times Free Press]] | first = Julie Carr | last = Smyth | agency = [[Associated Press]] | date = 7 January 2010}}</ref> A third man was executed using the single-drug method on April 20, 2010. [[Daryl Durr]] was pronounced dead at 10:36 am.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/04/20/ohio.execution/index.html?hpt=Sbin | title = Ohio executes murderer of teen | work = [[CNN.com]] | date = 20 April 2010 }}</ref> Most recently, [[William Garner]] was executed in Ohio with sodium thiopental. <ref> {{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/07/13/ohio.execution/index.html?iref=NS1 | title = Man convicted of murdering 5 children executed in Ohio | work = [[CNN.com]] | date = 13 July 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Washington (U.S. state)|state of Washington]] is now the second state in the U.S. to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for death penalty executions. On September 10, 2010, [[Cal Coburn Brown]] was executed. His was the first execution in the state to use a single dose, single drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug.<ref> {{cite news | url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2012856652_execution10m.html | title = Killer on death row 16-1/2 years is executed | work = [[The Seattle Times]] | date = 10 September 2010 | first=Jennifer | last=Sullivan}}</ref>

Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in California, a company spokesman for [[Hospira]], the sole American manufacturer of the drug, expressed strong reservations about the use of thiopental in the lethal injection procedure. "Hospira manufactures this product because it improves or saves lives, and the company markets it solely for use as indicated on the product labeling. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment, and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure." <ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/29/us/29execute.html | title = Judges Question California's Motivation on Execution | first = Jesse | last = McKinley | date = 28 September 2010 | work = [[New York Times]]}}</ref> On January 21, 2011, the company announced that it would stop production of sodium thiopental from its plant in Italy because it could not guarantee Italian authorities that the drug would not be used in executions. Italy was the only viable place where the company could produce sodium thiopental, leaving the United States without a supplier. <ref> {{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/21/drug-maker-discontinues-key-death-penalty-drug/#ixzz1BhqUFIxP | title=U.S. Drug Maker Discontinues Key Death Penalty Drug | publisher=Fox News | date=21 January 2011}}</ref>

===Truth serum===
Thiopental (Pentothal) is still used in some places as a [[truth drug|truth serum]] to weaken the resolve of the subject and make him more compliant to pressure.<ref name="SMH_truth_serum">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Truth serum used on 'serial child killers'|date=January 12, 2007|agency=Reuters}}</ref> The barbiturates as a class decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Some psychiatrists hypothesize that because lying is more complex than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to the uncovering of the truth. The drug tends to make subjects chatty and cooperative with interrogators; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is dubious.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anne Bannon; Stevens, Serita Deborah |title=The Howdunit Book of Poisons (Howdunit) |publisher=Writers Digest Books |location=Cincinnati |year=2007 |isbn=1-58297-456-X}}</ref>

===Psychiatry===
Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with [[phobia]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/137/12/1580 | title = Behavioral desensitization of phobic anxiety using thiopental sodium | first = T. | last = Pearlman | journal = [[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | year = 1980 | issue = 137 | pages = 1580–1582 | pmid = 6108082 | volume = 137}}</ref> and to "facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863001,00.html | title = Drugged Future? | date = February 24, 1958 | work = [[TIME]]}}</ref> One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] Professor Jan Bastiaans, who used this procedure to help release trauma in victims of the [[Nazi]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n1/08118sne.html | title = The LSD Therapy Career of Jan Bastiaans, M.D. | first = Stephen | last = Snelders | journal = Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies | publisher = [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | year = 1998 | pages = 18–20}}</ref>

==Metabolism==
As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of STP is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolised in the liver. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to [[pentobarbital]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE |title=Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=343–57 |year=1955 |month=July |pmid=13243246 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13243246 |accessdate=2008-07-18}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, ''et al.'' |title=[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry] |language=French |journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. III, Sci. Vie |volume=303 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |year=1986 |pmid=3093002 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>

==Dosage==
The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopental is from 3 to 7 mg/kg; however, there are many factors that can alter this. Premedication with sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] or [[clonidine]] will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are: [[hypovolemia]], burns, [[azotemia]], [[hepatic failure]], [[hypoproteinemia]], etc.

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anesthesia|anesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]], and [[nausea]]. Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and/or taste sensation, sometimes described as being similar to rotting onions, or to garlic. The hangover from the side effects may last up to 36 hours.

Although individual [[molecules]] of thiopental contain one [[sulfur]] atom, it is not a [[sulfonamide (chemistry)|sulfonamide]], and does not show allergic reactions of sulfa/sulpha drugs.

==Contraindications==
Thiopental should not be given in case of [[liver disease]], [[Addison's disease]], [[myxedema]], severe [[heart disease]], severe [[hypotension]], a severe [[breathing disorder]], or a history of [[porphyria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-thiopental/article_em.htm|title=Pentothal (thiopental)|date=April 12, 2009|publisher=eMedicineHealth}}</ref>

Co-administration of [[pentoxifylline]] and thiopental causes death by acute [[pulmonary oedema]] in rats. This pulmonary oedema was not mediated by [[cardiac failure]] or by [[pulmonary hypertension]] but was due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pereda J, Gómez-Cambronero L, Alberola A, ''et al.'' |title=Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats |journal=Br. J. Pharmacol. |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=450–5 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16953192 |pmc=1978439 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706871 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and Donalee L. Tabern, working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. Ralph M. Waters<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/AHA/Calendar/March.html | title = This Month in Anesthesia History: March | publisher = Anesthesia History Association}}</ref> in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steinhaus|first=John E|url=http://www.asahq.org/~/media/For%20Members/Publications/Periodicals/ASA%20Newsletter/NL%20Archives/2001/09%20Sept%2001.ashx|title=The Investigator and His 'Uncompromising Scientific Honesty'|publisher=American Society of Anesthesiologists|journal=ASA NEWSLETTER|month=September|year=2001|volume=65|issue=9|pages=7–9}}</ref> Three months later,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aana.com/Resources.aspx?id=1811|title=From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia|first=John S.|last=Lundy|year=1966|journal=Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists|publisher=American Association of Nurse Anesthetists|volume=24|issue=2|pages=95–102}}</ref> Dr. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.aana.com/Resources.aspx?id=1730|title=History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist|last=Thatcher|first=Virginia S.|year=1953|publisher=J.B. Lippincott|chapter=Chapter 7: Illegal or Legal?|chapterurl=http://www.aana.com/uploadedFiles/Resources/Archives_-_Library/Historical_Resources/Thatcher/0008CHP7.PDF}}</ref> Abbott continued to make the drug until 2004, when it spun off its hospital-products division as Hospira.

Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after the substance's discovery, were due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. Evidence has become available through freedom of information legislation and has been reviewed in the "British Journal of Anaesthesia".<ref name="pmid7547061">{{cite journal |author=Bennetts FE |title=Thiopentone anaesthesia at Pearl Harbor |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=366–8 |year=1995 |month=September |pmid=7547061 |doi= |url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7547061 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> Thiopental anaesthesia was in its early days, but nevertheless only 13 of 344 wounded admitted to the [[Tripler Army Medical Center|Tripler Army Hospital]] did not survive.

Thiopental is still rarely used as a [[recreational drug]], usually stolen from veterinarians or other legitimate users of the drug; however, more common sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] are usually preferred as recreational drugs, and abuse of thiopental tends to be uncommon and opportunistic.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]

{{Barbiturates}}
{{General anesthetics}}
{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodium Thiopental}}

[[Category:General anesthetics]]
[[Category:Lethal injection components]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]
[[Category:Thiobarbiturates]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]


[[ar:بنتوثال الصوديوم]]
[[ca:Thiopental]]
[[cs:Thiopental sodný]]
[[de:Thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopentato de sodio]]
[[eo:Tiopentalo]]
[[fr:Thiopental]]
[[it:Tiopental sodico]]
[[hu:Tiopentál-nátrium]]
[[nl:Natriumthiopental]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]
[[no:Tiopental]]
[[pl:Tiopental]]
[[pt:Tiopental]]
[[ru:Тиопентал натрия]]
[[fi:Tiopentaali]]
[[sv:Tiopental]]
[[tr:Pentotal]]
[[ur:تھایوپینٹال سوڈیئم]]
[[zh:硫噴妥鈉]]

Natriumthiopental

2011-02-08T15:16:26Z

Larrymcp: /* Lethal injection */ Fix grammar

{{drugbox | Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 402785204
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-[5-ethyl-4,6-dioxo-5-(pentan-2-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl]sulfanide sodium
| image = tiopental.png
| alt = 1:1 mixture (racemate)
| width = 113
| image2 = Sodium-thiopental-3D-vdW-2.png
| StdUNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}= {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 49Y44QZL70
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 738
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| smiles = [Na+].O=C1NC(=S)/N=C(/[O-])C1(C(C)CCC)CC
| InChI = 1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
| InChIKey = AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| CAS_number = 71-73-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_supplemental = (sodium salt) 76-75-5 (free acid) 
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2272257
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AF03
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N05|CA19}}
| PubChem = 3000714
| DrugBank = DB00599
| KEGG = D00714
| C = 11 | H = 17 | N = 2 | Na = 1 | O = 2 | S = 1
| molecular_weight = 264.32 g/mol
| bioavailability =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 5.5<ref>{{cite journal |author=Russo H, Brès J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B |title=Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. |volume=49 |issue=1-2 |pages=127–37 |year=1995 |pmid=8751034 |doi= 10.1007/BF00192371|url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>-26 hours<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ |title=Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=474–80 |year=1981 |month=June |pmid=7235275 |doi= 10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006|url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>
| excretion =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_US = Schedule III
| routes_of_administration = Oral, intravenous
}}
'''Sodium thiopental''', better known as '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''Trapanal''' (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anaesthetic]]. Thiopental is a core medicine in the [[World Health Organization]]'s "[[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|Essential Drugs List]]", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system.<ref name="essentialWHO">{{cite web
| year = March 2005
| url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/a87017_eng.pdf
| title = WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
| format = PDF
| publisher = World Health Organization
| accessdate = 2006-03-12
}}</ref>


==Barbiturates==
{{Main|Barbiturate}}
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the [[GABA A receptor|GABAA receptor]] in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAA receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates, [[benzodiazepine]]s, and [[alcohol]] all bind to the GABAA receptor. Barbiturates that act on the barbiturate binding site of the GABAA receptor directly gate the chloride ion channel of the GABAA receptor, whereas benzodiazepines acting on the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor increase the opening frequency of the chloride ion channel. This explains why overdoses of barbiturates may be lethal whereas overdoses of benzodiazepines alone are typically not lethal. Another explanation is that barbiturates can activate GABA receptors in the absence of the GABA molecule, whereas benzodiazepines need GABA to be present to have an effect: this may explain the more widespread effects of barbiturates in the central nervous system. Barbiturates have [[anesthetic]], [[sedative]], [[anxiolytic]], [[anticonvulsant]] and [[hypnotic]] properties. Barbiturates do not have [[analgesic]] effects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm |title=Anesthesia and Analgesia |accessdate=2007-08-05 |publisher=[[University of Virginia School of Medicine]]}}</ref>

Further, barbiturates are relatively "promiscuous" (i.e. non-selective) compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, of which the GABAA receptor channel is only one of several representatives. This superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal nACHR channel, the 5HT3R channel, the GlyR channel and others. Surprisingly, while GABAA receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anaesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nACHR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anaesthetic concentrations of both thiopental and pentobarbital.<ref name="Weber_nAChR_anaesthetics">{{cite journal | last1 = Weber | first1 = M | last2 = Motin | first2 = L | last3 = Gaul | first3 = S | last4 = Beker | first4 = F | last5 = Fink | first5 = RH | last6 = Adams | first6 = DJ | year = 2005 | month = January | title = Intravenous anaesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents and Ca2+ transients in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons. | journal = [[British Journal of Pharmacology]] | volume = 144 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–107 | pmid = 15644873 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705942 | pmc = 1575970}}</ref> Such findings implicate (non-GABA-ergic) ligand-gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR channel, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates.<ref name="Franks_Lieb_general_anaesthetics">{{cite journal | last1 = Franks | first1 = NP | last2 = Lieb | first2 = WR | date = 23 November 1998 | title = Which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia? | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 100–101 | pages = 1–8 | pmid = 10049127 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00158-1}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Anesthesia===
Thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia|general anesthesia]]. Its use in the United States and elsewhere has been largely replaced with that of [[propofol]]. Following [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Injection (medicine)|injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciousness within 30–45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5–10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciousness returns.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}

A normal dose of thiopental (usually 4–6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery ([[caesarian section]]) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her [[uterus]] remains conscious. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}

Thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays [[Zero order kinetics|zero-order elimination kinetics]], leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an [[Inhalational anaesthetic|inhaled anesthetic]] (gas) agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5–26 hour [[Biological half-life|half-life]], consciousness would take a long time to return.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ |title=Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=474–80 |year=1981 |pmid=7235275 |doi=10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006}}</ref>

In [[veterinary medicine]], thiopental is used to induce [[Veterinary anesthesia|anesthesia in animals]]. Since thiopental is redistributed to fat, certain breeds of dogs – primarily the [[sight hounds]] – can have prolonged recoveries from thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Thiopental is always administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating; severe [[tissue necrosis]] and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein.

===Medically induced coma===
In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental was historically used to induce medical [[coma]]s. It has now been superseded by drugs such as [[propofol]].

Thiopental has a long Context Sensitive Half Time (CSHT), meaning infusions saturate peripheral compartments (fat, muscle etc.). When the infusion is stopped, the drug redistributes from the peripheral tissues back into the blood, prolonging the effect.

Thiopental also exhibits [[Rate_law#Zero-order_reactions|zero order kinetics]] at higher doses. The rate of elimination becomes constant.

Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity and therefore decrease the production of osmotically active metabolites, which in turn decreases swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, ''et al.'' |title=[Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Neurocirugia (Astur) |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=5–12; discussion 12–3 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15756405 |doi= |url=http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> in reducing intracranial pressure.

===Euthanasia===
Thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of [[euthanasia]]. The [[Belgium|Belgian]]s and the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] have created a protocol that recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by [[pancuronium bromide]].<ref name=euthanasics>{{cite web |url=http://wweek.com/html/euthanasics.html |title=Administration and Compounding of Euthanasic Agents |accessdate=2008-07-18 |author=Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Pharmacy |publisher=[[The Hague]] |year=1994}}</ref>

Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia and therefore can be safely recommended. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular muscle relaxant is given, such as 20 mg [[pancuronium dibromide]] (Pavulon) or 20 mg [[vecuronium bromide]] (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for [[pancuronium]] dibromide (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.<ref name=euthanasics />

===Lethal injection===
{{details|Lethal injection}}

Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in 34 states of the [[United States|U.S.]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A very large dose is given, placing the subject into a rapidly induced coma. Executions using the three-drug combination are usually effective in approximately 10 minutes, but have been known to take several times this amount of time. The use of thiopental alone is hypothesized to cause death in approximately 45 minutes.<ref name="Biros">{{cite web
| year = December 2001
| url = http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D9CF8Q2G6&show_article=1&catnum=0
| title = Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection
| publisher = AP
| accessdate = 2009-12-08
}} </ref> The use of sodium thiopental has been the cause of current Supreme Court challenges to the lethal injection protocol, after a study in the medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'', where autopsy studies on executed inmates revealed that there was not a high enough concentration of thiopental in their blood to have caused unconsciousness.

On December 8, 2009, the State of Ohio became the first to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for its capital execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a recent execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins. [[Kenneth Biros]] was executed using the single-drug method. The execution took 43 minutes and was concluded at 11:47 a.m., including approximately 30 minutes to complete the process of inserting the needle, and about 10 minutes between administering the single dose and the pronouncement of death.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/09/24/crimesider/entry5334823.shtml | title = Kenneth Biros Execution: Ohio Man First to Die Under 1-Drug Thiopental Sodium Method | first = Edecio | last = Martinez | date = 8 December 2009 | work = [[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h18cDX6PuFXpdEc3JIHpQRFMapvAD9CF8BL00 | title = Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection | date = 9 December 2009 | agency = [[Associated Press]] | publisher = [[Google]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5mEkZTdUI | archivedate = 23 December 2009}}</ref> Ohio executed a second man using sodium thiopental on January 7, 2010. [[Vernon Smith (murderer)|Vernon Smith]] was pronounced dead 8 minutes after the time of injection.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2010/jan/07/ohio-executes-man-second-use-1-drug-method/ | title = Ohio executes man in second use of 1-drug method | publisher = [[Chattanooga Times Free Press]] | first = Julie Carr | last = Smyth | agency = [[Associated Press]] | date = 7 January 2010}}</ref> A third man was executed using the single-drug method on April 20, 2010. [[Daryl Durr]] was pronounced dead at 10:36 am.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/04/20/ohio.execution/index.html?hpt=Sbin | title = Ohio executes murderer of teen | work = [[CNN.com]] | date = 20 April 2010 }}</ref> Most recently, [[William Garner]] was executed in Ohio with sodium thiopental. <ref> {{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/07/13/ohio.execution/index.html?iref=NS1 | title = Man convicted of murdering 5 children executed in Ohio | work = [[CNN.com]] | date = 13 July 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Washington (U.S. state)|state of Washington]] is now the second state in the U.S. to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for death penalty executions. On September 10, 2010, [[Cal Coburn Brown]] was executed. His was the first execution in the state to use a single dose, single drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug.<ref> {{cite news | url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2012856652_execution10m.html | title = Killer on death row 16-1/2 years is executed | work = [[The Seattle Times]] | date = 10 September 2010 | first=Jennifer | last=Sullivan}}</ref>

Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in California, a company spokesman for [[Hospira]], the sole American manufacturer of the drug, expressed strong reservations about the use of thiopental in the lethal injection procedure. "Hospira manufactures this product because it improves or saves lives, and the company markets it solely for use as indicated on the product labeling. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment, and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure." <ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/29/us/29execute.html | title = Judges Question California's Motivation on Execution | first = Jesse | last = McKinley | date = 28 September 2010 | work = [[New York Times]]}}</ref> On January 21, 2011, the company announced that it would stop production of sodium thiopental from its plant in Italy because it could not guarantee Italian authorities that the drug would not be used in executions. Italy was the only viable place where the company could produce sodium thiopental, leaving the United States without a supplier. <ref> {{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/01/21/drug-maker-discontinues-key-death-penalty-drug/#ixzz1BhqUFIxP | title=U.S. Drug Maker Discontinues Key Death Penalty Drug | publisher=Fox News | date=21 January 2011}}</ref>

===Truth serum===
Thiopental (Pentothal) is still used in some places as a [[truth drug|truth serum]] to weaken the resolve of the subject and make him more compliant to pressure.<ref name="SMH_truth_serum">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Truth serum used on 'serial child killers'|date=January 12, 2007|agency=Reuters}}</ref> The barbiturates as a class decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Some psychiatrists hypothesize that because lying is more complex than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to the uncovering of the truth. However, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is dubious; the drug tends to make subjects chatty and cooperative with interrogators.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anne Bannon; Stevens, Serita Deborah |title=The Howdunit Book of Poisons (Howdunit) |publisher=Writers Digest Books |location=Cincinnati |year=2007 |isbn=1-58297-456-X}}</ref>

===Psychiatry===
Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with [[phobia]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/137/12/1580 | title = Behavioral desensitization of phobic anxiety using thiopental sodium | first = T. | last = Pearlman | journal = [[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | year = 1980 | issue = 137 | pages = 1580–1582 | pmid = 6108082 | volume = 137}}</ref> and to "facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863001,00.html | title = Drugged Future? | date = February 24, 1958 | work = [[TIME]]}}</ref> One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] Professor Jan Bastiaans, who used this procedure to help release trauma in victims of the [[Nazi]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n1/08118sne.html | title = The LSD Therapy Career of Jan Bastiaans, M.D. | first = Stephen | last = Snelders | journal = Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies | publisher = [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | year = 1998 | pages = 18–20}}</ref>

==Metabolism==
As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of STP is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation towards muscle and fat tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolised in the liver. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to [[pentobarbital]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE |title=Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite |journal=J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=343–57 |year=1955 |month=July |pmid=13243246 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13243246 |accessdate=2008-07-18}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, ''et al.'' |title=[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry] |language=French |journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. III, Sci. Vie |volume=303 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |year=1986 |pmid=3093002 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>

==Dosage==
The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopental is from 3 to 7 mg/kg; however, there are many factors that can alter this. Premedication with sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] or [[clonidine]] will reduce requirements, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are: [[hypovolemia]], burns, [[azotemia]], [[hepatic failure]], [[hypoproteinemia]], etc.

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anesthesia|anesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only suitably trained medical personnel should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]], and [[nausea]]. Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and/or taste sensation, sometimes described as being similar to rotting onions, or to garlic. The hangover from the side effects may last up to 36 hours.

Although individual [[molecules]] of thiopental contain one [[sulfur]] atom, it is not a [[sulfonamide (chemistry)|sulfonamide]], and does not show allergic reactions of sulfa/sulpha drugs.

==Contraindications==
Thiopental should not be given in case of [[liver disease]], [[Addison's disease]], [[myxedema]], severe [[heart disease]], severe [[hypotension]], a severe [[breathing disorder]], or a history of [[porphyria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-thiopental/article_em.htm|title=Pentothal (thiopental)|date=April 12, 2009|publisher=eMedicineHealth}}</ref>

Co-administration of [[pentoxifylline]] and thiopental causes death by acute [[pulmonary oedema]] in rats. This pulmonary oedema was not mediated by [[cardiac failure]] or by [[pulmonary hypertension]] but was due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pereda J, Gómez-Cambronero L, Alberola A, ''et al.'' |title=Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats |journal=Br. J. Pharmacol. |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=450–5 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16953192 |pmc=1978439 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706871 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref>

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and Donalee L. Tabern, working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. Ralph M. Waters<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/AHA/Calendar/March.html | title = This Month in Anesthesia History: March | publisher = Anesthesia History Association}}</ref> in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steinhaus|first=John E|url=http://www.asahq.org/~/media/For%20Members/Publications/Periodicals/ASA%20Newsletter/NL%20Archives/2001/09%20Sept%2001.ashx|title=The Investigator and His 'Uncompromising Scientific Honesty'|publisher=American Society of Anesthesiologists|journal=ASA NEWSLETTER|month=September|year=2001|volume=65|issue=9|pages=7–9}}</ref> Three months later,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aana.com/Resources.aspx?id=1811|title=From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia|first=John S.|last=Lundy|year=1966|journal=Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists|publisher=American Association of Nurse Anesthetists|volume=24|issue=2|pages=95–102}}</ref> Dr. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.aana.com/Resources.aspx?id=1730|title=History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist|last=Thatcher|first=Virginia S.|year=1953|publisher=J.B. Lippincott|chapter=Chapter 7: Illegal or Legal?|chapterurl=http://www.aana.com/uploadedFiles/Resources/Archives_-_Library/Historical_Resources/Thatcher/0008CHP7.PDF}}</ref> Abbott continued to make the drug until 2004, when it spun off its hospital-products division as Hospira.

Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after the substance's discovery, were due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. Evidence has become available through freedom of information legislation and has been reviewed in the "British Journal of Anaesthesia".<ref name="pmid7547061">{{cite journal |author=Bennetts FE |title=Thiopentone anaesthesia at Pearl Harbor |journal=Br J Anaesth |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=366–8 |year=1995 |month=September |pmid=7547061 |doi= |url=http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7547061 |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> Thiopental anaesthesia was in its early days, but nevertheless only 13 of 344 wounded admitted to the [[Tripler Army Medical Center|Tripler Army Hospital]] did not survive.

Thiopental is still rarely used as a [[recreational drug]], usually stolen from veterinarians or other legitimate users of the drug; however, more common sedatives such as [[benzodiazepines]] are usually preferred as recreational drugs, and abuse of thiopental tends to be uncommon and opportunistic.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]

{{Barbiturates}}
{{General anesthetics}}
{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodium Thiopental}}

[[Category:General anesthetics]]
[[Category:Lethal injection components]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]
[[Category:Thiobarbiturates]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]


[[ar:بنتوثال الصوديوم]]
[[ca:Thiopental]]
[[cs:Thiopental sodný]]
[[de:Thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopentato de sodio]]
[[eo:Tiopentalo]]
[[fr:Thiopental]]
[[it:Tiopental sodico]]
[[hu:Tiopentál-nátrium]]
[[nl:Natriumthiopental]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]
[[no:Tiopental]]
[[pl:Tiopental]]
[[pt:Tiopental]]
[[ru:Тиопентал натрия]]
[[fi:Tiopentaali]]
[[sv:Tiopental]]
[[tr:Pentotal]]
[[ur:تھایوپینٹال سوڈیئم]]
[[zh:硫噴妥鈉]]

Tear down this wall!

2010-10-21T13:25:59Z

Larrymcp: /* Response and legacy */ Fix punctuation

[[File:ReaganBerlinWall.jpg|300px|thumb|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] speaking in front of the [[Brandenburg Gate]] at the [[Berlin Wall]].]]
"'''Tear down this wall!'''" was the challenge from United States [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to destroy the [[Berlin Wall]].

In a speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of [[Berlin]],<ref name="USATODAY">{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-12-reagan-speech_N.htm |title=Reagan's 'tear down this wall' speech turns 20 - USATODAY.com |accessdate=2008-02-19 |work=USA Today | date=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref name="raze"/> by the [[Berlin Wall]] on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev, then the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] of the [[Soviet Union]], to tear it down as a symbol of Reagan's desire for increasing freedom in the [[Eastern Bloc]].

==Background==
Built in 1961, the Berlin Wall became known as a symbol of communism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8|title=What the Berlin Wall still stands for|date=November 8, 1999 |accessdate=2008-02-18|work=CNN Interactive}}</ref> In the 1963 "[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]" speech, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] stated the support of the United States for [[democratic]] [[West Germany]] shortly after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-supported [[Communist state]] of [[East Germany]] erected the Berlin Wall as a barrier to prevent movement from East to West.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=atb023b11&templatename=/article/article.html|title=John Fitzgerald Kennedy|date=2006|accessdate=2008-02-16|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc.}}</ref>

President Reagan's 1987 visit was his second within five years. It came at a time of heightened East-West tensions, caused in particular by the debate over the stationing of short range American missiles in Europe and the United States' record peacetime defense buildup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wam.umd.edu/~jklumpp/comm461/cold.html|title=The Cold War|accessdate=2008-02-08|publisher=Workstations at Maryland}}</ref> Reagan was scheduled to attend the 1987 [[G7|G-7 summit meeting]] in [[Venice, Italy|Venice]], Italy, and later made a brief stop in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/opinion/10mann.html?pagewanted=print|title=Tear Down That Myth|date=June 10, 2007|accessdate=2008-02-09|work=The New York Times|author=Mann, James}}</ref>

The Brandenburg Gate site was chosen to highlight the President's conviction that [[Western world|Western]] [[democracy]] offered the best hope to open the Berlin Wall.<ref name="raze">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DC1F30F930A25755C0A961948260|title=Raze Berlin Wall, Reagan Urges Soviet|author=Boyd, Gerald M|date=June 13, 1987|accessdate=2008-02-09|work=The New York Times}}</ref> His speech focused on a series of political initiatives to achieve this end. The famous "tear down this wall" phrase was intended as the logical conclusion of the President's proposals. As the speech was being drafted, inclusion of the words became a source of considerable controversy within the Reagan administration. Several senior staffers and aides advised against the phrase, saying anything which might cause further East-West tensions or potential embarrassment to Gorbachev, with whom President Reagan had built a good relationship, should be omitted. American officials in [[West Germany]] and presidential [[speechwriter]]s, including [[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Peter Robinson]], thought otherwise. Robinson traveled to West Germany to inspect potential speech venues, and gained an overall sense that the majority of West Berliners opposed the wall. Despite getting little support for suggesting Reagan demand the wall's removal, Robinson included the phrase in the speech text. On May 18, 1987, President Reagan met with his speechwriters and responded to the speech by saying, "I thought it was a good, solid draft." [[White House Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] [[Howard Baker]] objected, saying it sounded "extreme" and "unpresidential," and Deputy [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Colin Powell]] agreed. Nevertheless, Reagan liked the passage, saying, "I think we'll leave it in."<ref name= "Seizing the Moment">{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070610/18speeches.htm|last=Walsh|first=Kenneth T|year=2007|month=June|title=Seizing the Moment|work=U.S. News & World Report|pages=39–41|accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref>

==The speech==
[[File:Berlin-Memorial to the Victims of the Wall-1982.jpg|right|thumb|260px|''“The wall will fall. Beliefs become reality.”'']]
{{Listen
|filename = Reagan Brandenburg Gate speech.ogg
|title = ''Tear down this wall''
|description = Complete speech by [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], June 12, 1987
|format = [[Ogg]]}}
Arriving in Berlin on June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], where they viewed the wall from a balcony.<ref name="Germany">{{cite web|url=http://www.germany.info/relaunch/politics/new/pol_Reagan_Berlin_Anniv_2007.htm|title=Ronald Reagan's Famous "Tear Down This Wall" Speech Turns 20|accessdate=2008-02-09|publisher=German Embassy, Washington, DC}}</ref> Reagan then made his speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]] at 2 PM, in front of two panes of [[bulletproof glass]] protecting him from potential snipers in East Berlin.<ref name="raze"/> About 45,000 people were in attendance; among the spectators were West German president [[Richard von Weizsäcker]], Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], and West Berlin mayor [[Eberhard Diepgen]].<ref name="Germany"/> That afternoon, Reagan said,

{{cquote|We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek [[peace]], if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and [[eastern Europe]], if you seek [[liberalization]], come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!<ref name="text"/>}}

Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, "As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner, 'This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality.' Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom."<ref name="text">{{cite web|url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/wall.asp|title=Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate|accessdate=2008-02-09|publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071230173013/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/wall.asp |archivedate = December 30, 2007}}</ref>

(The words President Reagan saw on the Berlin Wall were later claimed to have been spray painted on the Berlin Wall by an American. On October 10, 1986, William Ozkaptan spray painted the words "The wall will fall. Beliefs become reality. W.Oz 10/10/86".<ref>The Capital Newspaper, Annapolis, Maryland, USA, 14 June 1987 Edition, Front Page</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2009}})

Another highlight of the speech was Reagan's call to end the [[arms race]] with his reference to the Soviets' [[RSD-10 Pioneer|SS-20]] [[nuclear weapons]], and possibility of "not merely of limiting the growth of arms, but of eliminating, for the first time, an entire class of nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth."<ref name="raze"/>

==Response and legacy==
[[File:Berlin Wall at the Reagan Library.jpg|thumb|right|A large piece of the [[Berlin Wall]] located at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] in [[Simi Valley, CA]]]]
At the time, the speech received "relatively little coverage from the media."<ref name="TIME">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1631828,00.html |title=20 Years After "Tear Down This Wall" - TIME |accessdate=2008-02-19 |work=Time | date=2007-06-11 | first=Romesh | last=Ratnesar}}</ref> Communists were also unimpressed by the speech,<ref name="USATODAY"/> and the Soviet press agency [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|Tass]] accused Reagan as giving an "openly provocative, war-mongering speech."<ref name="raze"/>

Twenty-nine months later, on 9 November 1989, after intense East German protest, East Germany finally [[Fall of the Berlin Wall|opened the Berlin Wall]]. By the end of the year, official operations to dismantle the wall began. With the collapse of the Communist governments of Eastern Europe and, eventually, [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|the Soviet Union itself]], the tearing down of the wall epitomized the collapse for history. In September 1990, Reagan, no longer President, returned to Berlin, where he personally took a few symbolic hammer swings at a remnant of the Berlin Wall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DA163CF935A2575AC0A966958260&|title=Reagan Hailed for Taking the Evil Out Of The Empire |work=The New York Times|date=September 16, 1990 |accessdate=2008-02-10 |author=Douglas, Carlyle C}}</ref>

Former West German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] said he would never forget standing near Reagan when he challenged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. "He was a stroke of luck for the world, especially for Europe."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-06-07-reagan-world_x.htm|title=Reagan remembered worldwide for his role in ending Cold War division|work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 7, 2004 |author=Jason Keyser}}</ref> Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in [[Cold War]] history.<ref name= "Seizing the Moment"/>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Robinson, Peter]]. ''It's My Party: A Republican's Messy Love Affair with the GOP''. (2000), hardcover, Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-52665-7
*[[John Kornblum|Ambassador John C. Kornblum]]: "Reagan's Brandenburg Concerto", [[The American Interest]], May-June 2007
*Ratnesar, Romesh. "Tear Down This Wall: A City, a President, and the Speech that Ended the Cold War" (2009)

==External links==
{{wikisourcepar|Ronald Reagan's Berlin Wall Speech}}
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganbrandenburggate.htm Full text and audio MP3 of the speech]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDFX-dNtsM Full video] of President Reagan delivering the speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], courtesy of the Reagan Foundation.

{{Fall of Communism}}
{{Ronald Reagan}}
{{Berlin Wall}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tear Down This Wall}}
[[Category:1987 in Germany]]
[[Category:1987 in politics]]
[[Category:1987 works]]
[[Category:Berlin Wall]]
[[Category:Cold War speeches]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Political slogans]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:Germany – Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union – United States relations]]
[[Category:Allied occupation of Germany]]
[[Category:History of Berlin]]
[[Category:West Germany]]
[[Category:Germany – United States relations]]
[[Category:Speeches by Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:1987 in international relations]]

{{good article}}

[[da:Tear down this wall]]
[[es:Tear down this wall]]
[[ja:ベルリンの壁崩壊]]
[[no:Tear down this wall]]
[[pt:Tear down this wall]]
[[ro:Dărâmați acest zid]]
[[ru:Снесите эту стену]]
[[fi:Purkakaa tämä muuri!]]
[[sv:Riv denna mur]]
[[vi:Hãy phá đổ bức tường này]]
[[zh:推倒這堵牆]]

Federal Correctional Complex, Butner

2010-05-27T04:51:06Z

Larrymcp: /* Inmates */ Fix formatting

'''Federal Correctional Complex, Butner''' is a [[List of U.S. federal prisons|U.S. federal prison]] complex located in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Durham County, North Carolina|Durham County]] and in unincorporated [[Granville County, North Carolina|Granville County]] in [[North Carolina]], [[United States]], about {{convert|45|mi|km|0}} northwest of [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]], [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090714/ap_on_re_us/us_madoff_behind_bars | title = Madoff starts 150-year sentence at NC prison | publisher = Yahoo News | accessdate = 2009-07-14}}{{Dead link|date=January 2010}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:FCIButnerMedium.jpg|thumb|FCI Butner Medium, a facility in the complex]]
The complex consists of several facilities:<ref name="bopgov" />

*'''FMC Butner''', a Federal Medical Center housing male inmates of all security levels
*'''FCI Butner Medium''', a medium-security Federal Correctional Institution
*'''FCI Butner Medium II''', a medium-security Federal Correctional Institution
*'''FCI Butner Low''', a low-security Federal Correctional Institution

Butner has the largest medical/psychological complex in the entire federal prison system. Butner is the home to one of the top two{{Clarify|date=October 2009}} Drug Abuse Programs; the other is in Lexington, Kentucky.<ref name="bopgov">{{cite web | url = http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/bux/index.jsp | title = Federal Bureau of Prisons data | publisher = www.bop.gov | accessdate = 2008-06-11}}</ref>

Inmates are fed at a cost of about $2.70 a day for three meals.<ref name="WSJ"/> They have access to "a handful" of cable channels such as the [[Discovery Channel]] in common areas.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124787545319460821.html |title=Little Sympathy for Madoff in New Hometown |date=July 18, 2009|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2009-08-07}}</ref>

==Inmates==
Notable inmates include:

FCI Butner Low
*[[John Rigas]], 53983-054, former CEO of [[Adelphia Communications Corporation]] convicted of bank, wire, and securities fraud. Rigas was accused of looting the corporation by concealing $2.3 billion in liabilities from corporate investors and of using corporation funds as personal funds.<ref name="NYTmadoff"/><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=John&Middle=&LastName=Rigas&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=52&y=13 John J. Rigas]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>
* Thomas G. Manuel, #32566-018, former Chair of the St. Johns County, Florida Board of County Commissioners, who pled guilty to bribery in 2010.

FCI Butner Medium
*[[Bernard Madoff]], 61727-054, former financier sentenced to 150 years for perpetrating a $65 billion [[Ponzi scheme]].<ref name="wsj_madoff">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124752771713635527.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Madoff Is Moved to A Prison in Butner, N.C.|last=Bray|first=Chad|date=2009-07-14|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref><ref name="NYTmadoff">{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/business/15madoff.html | title = Madoff Arrives at Federal Prison in North Carolina | publisher = ''New York Times'' | accessdate = 2009-07-16 | first=Zachery | last=Kouwe | date=2009-07-15}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Bernard&Middle=&LastName=Madoff&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=35&y=10 Bernard Madoff]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>
*[[Carmine Persico]], 74666-158, boss of the [[Colombo crime family]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nysun.com/new-york/gorgeous-is-sitting-pretty/13706/ | title = 'Gorgeous' Is Sitting Pretty| publisher = ''The New York Sun'' | accessdate = 2009-07-16}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Carmine&Middle=&LastName=Persico&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=57&y=3 Carmine Persico]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>
*[[Jonathan Pollard]], 09185-016, civilian [[United States Navy]] [[intelligence analyst]] convicted of [[Espionage|spying]] for [[Israel]].<ref name="BIpollard">{{cite web | url = http://www.businessinsider.com/madoffs-butner-prison-is-the-crown-jewel-of-federal-prison-system-2009-7 | title = Madoff's Butner Prison Is The "Crown Jewel" Of Federal Prison System | publisher = ''Business Insider'' | accessdate = 2009-07-16}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Jonathan&Middle=&LastName=Pollard&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=98&y=8 Jonathan Pollard]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>

FMC Butner
*[[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], 34892-054, [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] nicknamed "The Blind Sheik"; masterminded [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]].<ref name="NYTmadoff"/><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Omar&Middle=&LastName=Rahman&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=31&y=11 Omar Ahmad Rahman]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>
*[[United States Capitol shooting incident (1998)|Russell Eugene Weston, Jr]], 22372-016, murdered Detective [[John Gibson (police officer)|John Gibson]] and Officer [[Jacob Chestnut]] after entering the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F07E5DE153BF930A3575BC0A9649C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fC%2fChestnut%2c%20Jacob%20J%2e | title = Judge Rules Capitol Gunman Can Be Forced to Take Medicine | publisher = Newyorktimes.com | accessdate = 2008-06-11 | date=2002-08-03}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Russell&Middle=&LastName=Weston&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=44&y=10 Russell Eugene Weston Jr]." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>

Past notable inmates within the complex have included:
* [[Jim Bakker]], [[televangelist]] imprisoned for [[accounting fraud]].<ref name="BIpollard"/>
* [[John Hinckley, Jr.]], attempted assassin of President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name="BIpollard"/>
* [[Richard J. Schneiderhan]], former [[Massachusetts State Police]] [[Lieutenant]] convicted of [[obstruction of justice]] stemming from his relationship with the [[Winter Hill Gang]].<ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/869709151.html?dids=869709151:869709151&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+2005&author=HOWIE+CARR&pub=Boston+Herald&desc=Murderous+thug+Flemmi%27s+friends+worth+Zip&pqatl=google Murderous thug Flemmi's friends worth Zip], ''Boston Herald'', July 20, 2005</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|North Carolina}}
*[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/bux/index.jsp Official profile] from the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]

{{Coord|36.13944|N|78.80442|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Federal Correctional Institutions in the United States]]
[[Category:Granville County, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Prisons in North Carolina]]

{{prison-stub}}

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-12-24T03:27:24Z

Larrymcp: /* Background */ Clean up phrasing, Background section

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Party in the U.S.A.
| Cover = Party_in_the_USA_Cover.jpg
| Cover size =
| Border =
| Alt =
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Miley Cyrus]]
| Album = [[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]
| A-side =
| B-side =
| Released = {{startdate|2009|8|11}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Format = [[Music download|Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2009; 3180 Media Group ([[Savannah, Georgia]])<ref name="linernotes">''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'' liner notes.</ref>
| Genre = [[Synthpop]]
| Length = 3:22
| Label = [[Hollywood Records]]
| Writer = [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], Claude Kelly, Jessica Cornish
| Producer = Lukasz Gottwald
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[The Climb (song)| The Climb]]" (2009)
| This single = "'''Party in the U.S.A.'''" (2009)
| Next single = "[[When I Look at You]]"
| Misc = {{Audiosample|Upper caption=Audio sample|Audio file=Miley Cyrus - Party In The USA.ogg}}
}}

"'''Party In The U.S.A.'''" (or "'''Party In The UK'''" as said in her tour) is a pop song performed by American recording artist [[Miley Cyrus]]. The song was written by [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], Claude Kelly and Jessica Cornish, and produced by Gottwald. Released as the [[lead single]] from Cyrus' second extended play ''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'', it served as promotion for her [[Wal-Mart]] clothing line with [[Max Azria]]. The song was scheduled to be released to mainstream radio on August 3, 2009, but the release date was changed to July 29 following an unauthorized leak on the Internet. "Party in the U.S.A." is a mid-tempo song and has prominent [[pop rock]] characteristics. The song's lyrics evoke Cyrus' move from [[Nashville, Tennessee]] to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].

The song garnered commercial success for Cyrus in several nations, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. In the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], the song reached its highest international peak at number two due to strong digital sales that placed it at number one on [[Hot Digital Songs]]. The song became her best charting single, first number one on Hot Digital Songs and [[Hollywood Records]]' fastest selling song. The song reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 chart on October 30th, 2009. The song has stayed in the top ten of the Hot 100 for 14 weeks beating out [[The Climb]]'s eight weeks.

A ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''-inspired music video, directed by [[Chris Applebaum]], to "Party in the U.S.A." was released on September 23. Cyrus promoted the song by performing it at several venues, including on her first international concert tour, [[Wonder World Tour]].

== Background ==
The song was written by experienced American [[pop rock]] producer, songwriter and musician [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]] in collaboration with Claude Kelly and Jessica Cornish. Cyrus recorded "Party in the U.S.A." at 3180 Media Group, located in [[Savannah, Georgia]], when living in Georgia due to filming ''[[The Last Song (film)|The Last Song]]''.<ref name="linernotes">''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'' liner notes.</ref> Vocal editing was done by Emily Wright, instrumental work and production by Gottwald and background vocals by the writers in addition to Douglas Wright. The mixing by [[Serban Ghenea]] was set in MixStar Studios in [[Virginia Beach]].<ref name="linernotes"/>

"Party in the U.S.A." is a [[pop music|pop]] song that uses synthesizers. Among the influences in the song include [[reggae|reggae-pop]],<ref name="billreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/new-releases/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-u-s-a-1004005901.story|title=Miley Cyrus, "Party in the U.S.A."|date=August 24, 2009|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|accessdate=August 25, 2009|last=Menachem|first=Michael}}</ref> [[hip-hop]] and [[R&B]].<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20301980,00.html|first=Mikael|last=Wood|accessdate=September 3, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|title=The Time of Our Lives (2009)}}</ref> According to [[About.com]], the song is a "mid-tempo reflective song," though the ''[[New York Post]]'' considers it is more up-tempo.<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref>
Like Cyrus' first single "[[See You Again]]," the song has a moderate synth-dance-rock [[Groove (music)|groove]] and it is composed in the key of [[F-sharp major]] with a [[tempo]] of 96 [[beats per minute]].<ref name="SheetMusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0076962|title=Digital sheet music - Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|accessdate=2009-09-16|work=Musicnotes|publisher=[[Alfred Publishing]]}}</ref> The lyrics discuss Cyrus' move from [[Nashville, Tennessee]] to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] and the struggles that came along with it. At first the song's protagonist feels nervous in Los Angeles, but then she hears familiar songs by [[Jay-Z]] and [[Britney Spears]] and feels more at home.<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref><ref name="nypost">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nypost.com/popwrap/archives/2009/07/miley_cyrus_party_in_the_usa.html|title=Listen to Miley Cyrus' Leaked Single|date=July 30, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=[[The New York Post]]|author=Brockington, Ryan}}</ref> Cyrus has stated that she truly likes songs from Spears and considers Spears as one of her idols,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618447/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus On Britney Spears: 'I'm Proud Of Her'|publisher=TV News|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 17, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn & Carroll, Larry}}</ref> but that she has never heard a Jay-Z song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/miley-cyrus-ive-never-heard-a-jay-z-song-1970241|title=Miley Cyrus: "I've Never Heard a Jay-Z Song"}}</ref>

Cyrus states that the single is an "All-American song."<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617968/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus Spoofs Her Tennessee Roots In Teen Choice Awards Performance|publisher=MTV News|author=Carroll, Larry|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> When performing the song live, she changed the lyrics at certain shows on her tour, replacing the word "Nashville" with other cities such as Miami or Atlanta. She has also replaced "Jay-Z" with [[Michael Jackson|Michael]].

== Critical reception ==
[[File:Miley Cyrus - Wonder World Tour - Party in the U.S.A. 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cyrus singing "Party in the U.S.A." on the [[Wonder World Tour]]. -- September 14, 2009; [[Portland, Oregon]].]]
The song garnered mainly positive reviews from critics. Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] called it a "lyrically engaging song" and noted that "One of the unique aspects of Miley Cyrus' performance style among current pop artists is that she retains a country edge to her voice when she is performing straightforward pop songs."<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref> Heather Phares of [[Allmusic]] criticized the song, naming it "frothy" and saying it "borders on shrill."<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kvfyxz9aldse~T1|title=allmusic {{{The Time of Our Lives [Walmart Exclusive > Review}}|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=September 16, 2009|first=Heather|last=Phares}}</ref> However, Phares noted it, along with "The Time of Our Lives" and "Before the Storm," pleases [[Hannah Montana (character)|Hannah Montana]] fans.<ref name="allmusic" />

Michael Menachem of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' claimed that "producer Gottwald injects the song with an energy recalling [[Robyn]] and early [[Gwen Stefani]]. After successfully tackling dance and country formats and delivering one of the year's strongest ballads ('[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]'), Cyrus continues to show off her impressive range."<ref name="billreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/new-releases/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-u-s-a-1004005901.story|title=Miley Cyrus, "Party in the U.S.A."|date=August 24, 2009|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|accessdate=August 25, 2009|last=Menachem|first=Michael}}</ref>
Mikael Wood of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' stated that "Party in the U.S.A." is a "bouncy Dr. Luke jam that finds Hannah Montana lost (and loving it) in [[Hollywood]]."<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20301980,00.html|first=Mikael|last=Wood|accessdate=September 3, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|title=The Time of Our Lives (2009)}}</ref> Ryan Brockington of the ''[[New York Post]]'' said, "The song is a little more mainstream pop than her previous efforts, and I gotta say, I don't hate it."<ref name="nypost">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nypost.com/popwrap/archives/2009/07/miley_cyrus_party_in_the_usa.html|title=Listen to Miley Cyrus' Leaked Single|date=July 30, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=[[The New York Post]]|author=Brockington, Ryan}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
"Party in the U.S.A." became Cyrus' best charting effort to date on the ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and her fifth U.S. airplay hit. In the first two weeks of its commercial release to mainstream radio, 78 stations added the song to their playlist thus making it the most added song for those weeks.<ref name=adds>{{cite web|url=http://mediabasetracker.media.officelive.com/pop09.aspx|title=2009 Pop Archive, Top Adds:|accessdate=August 4, 2009|date=August 2, 2009|publisher=MediabaseTracker}}.</ref> This led to the song's first appearance on U.S. airplay charts, debuting at 43 in the [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart and later peaking at number 13<ref name="acharts">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/song/48767|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A. - Music Charts|publisher=aCharts.us|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> and at 40 on [[Pop Songs]]<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/miley-cyrus-pole-dance-at-teen-choice-awards-1004002733.story|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dance At Teen Choice Awards Sparks Controversy|publisher=''Billboard''|author=Herrera, Monica|date=August 12, 2009|location=[[New York City]]|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' issue dated August 22, 2009. The week after, issue dated August 29, the song ended the [[Black Eyed Peas]]' 19-week hold at no. 1 when it debuted on [[Hot Digital Songs]] with over 226,000 paid downloads, making Cyrus' first number one on the digital sales chart.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/41000/week-ending-aug-16-2009-king-of-country-boots-king-of-pop/|title=Week Ending Aug. 16, 2009: King Of Country Boots King Of Pop|date=August 19, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo Music]]|author=Grein, Paul}}.</ref> The song has become her third song to sell over 2,000,000 digital downloads, following [[See You Again]] and [[The Climb]] As of December 2nd, "Party" has sold over 2,525,000 digital downloads, making this her best selling song. "Party in the U.S.A." has become a huge airplay hit for Cyrus' in the U.S., becoming her first #1 on the [[Mainstream Top 40]], also known as the Pop Songs chart. It is her second song to top an airplay chart, as "The Climb" reached #1 on Adult Contemporary radio. And it becomes Miley Cyrus's third song on the adult contemporary chart after ''[[See You Again]]'' and ''The Climb'', peaking at #16 on that chart. It is also the 200th song to top the Mainstream Top 40, since its creation in [[1992]]. <ref>http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-miley-cyrus-mariah-1004031469.story#/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-miley-cyrus-mariah-1004031469.story</ref>

The song debuted on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] at number two, topping "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]," that peaked at number four. After two weeks, it descended to number three, and then to #6 before returning to the #2 position where it currently stands.<ref name="acharts" /><ref name="billboard3">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/miley-cyrus-jay-z-make-noise-on-hot-100-1004004964.story|title=Miley Cyrus, Jay-Z Make Noise On Hot 100|publisher=''Billboard''|date=August 20, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009|first=Ben-Yehuda|last=Ayala|coauthors=Pietroluongo, Silvio and Caulfield, Keith }}.</ref> It was also the highest debut by a female solo artist since [[Carrie Underwood|Carrie Underwood's]] 2005 song "[[Inside Your Heaven]]," until [[Britney Spears|Britney Spears']] song "[[3 (song)|3]]" which debuted at number one for the week of October 24, 2009.<ref name="HRpress" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=Carrie Underwood's 'Inside Your Heaven' Debuts as Best Selling Song in the Nation and Breaks Chart History |url=http://emol.org/emclub/?q=carryunderwood |publisher=Schmidt Relations |date=June 23, 2005 |accessdate=August 21, 2009}}.</ref> The song thereby became the "fastest breaking downloaded single in [[Hollywood Records]]' history."<ref name="HRpress">{{cite press release |title=Miley Cyrus Catapults to # 2 Debut on Billboard Hot 100 with 'Party In The USA;' Tied for Highest Debut of the Year |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Miley-Cyrus-Catapults-to-2-prnews-1074822380.html?x=0&.v=1 |publisher=[[Hollywood Records]] |date=August 20, 2009 |accessdate=August 21, 2009}}.</ref>

"Party in the U.S.A." achieved commercial success in Canada as well, debuting at number six and peaking at number three on the [[Canadian Hot 100]].<ref name="acharts" /> For issue date September 7,2009, the song debuted at number fourteen in the [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] in September 2009. The song has so far peaked at number six, becoming Cyrus's fourth top ten hit in Australia.<ref name="acharts" /> "Party in the U.S.A." debuted at number 11 on the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand#Sales charts|RIANZ New Zealand Singles Chart]] and has so far peaked at number 3, becoming her first top ten hit there.<ref name="acharts" /> It was certified Gold in after 8 weeks on the chart, selling over 7,500 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp |title= New Zealand Chart Facts|date=2009-11-24|accessdate=2009-11-24|work=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]}}</ref>

On November 1 2009, the song debuted at #11 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] and although it peaked at #7 on the UK iTunes chart it has so far been unable to climb any higher. Despite being her sixth top 30 hit in the country, it is her third single to reach #11 alongside "[[See You Again]]" and "[[The Climb]]", meaning she is yet to have a top 10 UK hit.<ref>http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12147</ref>

==Music video ==
[[File:Greaseinusa.jpg|thumb|230px|right|The "Party in the U.S.A." music video was inspired in part by the 1978 film ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''. The video's composure sprang forward from the scene from in which [[John Travolta]] is balancing on a [[swing]] in a [[jungle gym]], during nighttime.]]

The music video for "Party in the U.S.A.," directed by [[Chris Applebaum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2009/09/booked-miley-cyrus-chris-applebaum-director.html|publisher=Video Static|accessdate=September 11, 2009|title=Video Static: Music Videos News: BOOKED: Miley Cyrus - Chris Applebaum, director}}</ref> premiered in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s music lounge on September 23, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.musiclounge.abc.go.com/player?type=video&clipId=235429|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|accessdate=September 24, 2009}}</ref><ref name="mtvmusicvideo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622213/20090924/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus' 'Party In The U.S.A.' Video Trades Trailer Park For Drive-In|publisher=MTV News|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|accessdate=September 24, 2009|September 24, 2009}}</ref> A sneak peek of the video premiered earlier the same day on ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' in the United States.<ref name="mtvmusicvideo" /><ref name=video>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622045/20090922/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus To Preview 'Party In The U.S.A.' Clip On 'Dancing With The Stars'|publisher=MTV News|date=September 22, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2009|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn}}</ref> The video then premiered to the United Kingdom in Cyrus's official UK [[MySpace]] on September 24.<ref name="video2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mileycyrus.com/2009/09/23/uk-premiere-of-party-in-the-usa-on-myspace/|title=MileyCyrus >> UK Premiere of Party In The USA|publisher=MileyCyrus.com|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2009}}</ref>. [[Keke Palmer]] appears in the video as one of Cyrus's best friends/[[back up dancer]]'s.

Applebaum told Jocelyn Vena of [[MTV news]] that Cyrus came to him with a vision of a "high-gloss, glamorous white trash" video that would also pay tribute to one of her favorite films, ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', and to her parents' courting days. Applebaum says the video "sprang forward from that scene in ''Grease'' where John Travolta is singing ... and he gets out of the car and goes to jungle gym and sits in one of the swings and sings the song at night as projections go in the background".<ref name="videogrease">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622387/20090925/cyrus__miley.jhtml|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Miley Cyrus 'Party In The U.S.A.' Clip Inspired By 'Grease'|accessdate=September 27, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=September 25, 2009}}</ref>

The video commences in a defunct [[drive-in theater]], named the Corral Drive-In after the location of one of Tish and Billy Ray Cyrus' first dates. Cyrus arrives at the theater in a black 1979 [[Pontiac Trans Am]], the car her mother drove when she was younger.<ref name="videogrease" /> Cyrus wears blue short shorts, a brown low-cut [[tank top]], a black [[Brassiere|bra]], [[cowboy]] [[boots]], and a [[cardigan]]. As she exits the car she is joined by four of her friends. Other teenagers continue to arrive in [[vintage cars]]. Cyrus sings while standing in the back of a [[pick-up truck]] with a microphone in her hand and dancing with her friends. The video proceeds to Cyrus leaning against a wall which reads "Corral Drive-In". As the video progresses in both settings, an [[American flag]] unravels before a single wall in a vacant landscape and, afterward, Cyrus performs before it while being sprinkled with glitter. The video then features shots of Cyrus and background dancers at night in the theater, balancing on [[swing|swings]] and climbing on a [[jungle gym]]. In the conclusion of the music video, Cyrus and her friends perform the song on a stage while the a projection of the American flag and the letters "USA" flash behind them.

Vena of MTV news described the video as "reminiscent of Cyrus' performance of the track on the [[Teen Choice Awards]] over the summer — minus the [[pole dancing]]."<ref name="mtvmusicvideo" /> However, ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' believed that though Cyrus "[kept] it real" in the video, her dance moves remained risqué.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/24/miley-cyrus-party-in-the_n_298588.html|title=Miley Cyrus' 'Party In The USA' Video: Better Or Worse Than Pole Dancing?|accessdate=September 24, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> [[LimeLife]]'s Susie Anderson took issue with her clothing, saying she enjoys "Party in the U.S.A."'s "fun and [..] young feel", but that Cyrus' "extremely short shorts and a cleavage-bearing shirt" is "a bit racy for a 17 year old."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Miley-Cyrus-Racy-Party-in-the-USA-Video/21242.html|first=Susie|last=Anderson|title=Miley Cyrus' Racy Party in the USA|date=September 26, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] felt the video celebrated being "young and American", thereby fitting the "themes and sound of the song nearly perfectly. [... The] clip remains gently laidback matching the tempo and tenor of the song."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/b/2009/09/23/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-usa-music-video-celebrates-being-young-and-american.htm|first=Bill|last=Lamb|title=Miley Cyrus' "Party In the USA" Music Video Celebrates Being Young and American|date=September 23, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> The music video on youtube has over 50 million views since it's release on September 23. It also has been on the [[MuchMusic|Much Music Countdown]] for 5 weeks starting at the fifth best video and ending with "The Best Video in the country".

== Live performances ==
[[File:Miley Cyrus - Wonder World Tour - Party in the U.S.A. cropped.jpg|right|thumb|190px|alt=A female teen wearing a torn shirt, shorts, boots and a jean jacket, rides on a luggage cart. Beside her, four back-up dancers bend to the side while dancing | During her [[Wonder World Tour]], Cyrus replaced the ice-cream push-cart she used in her 2009 [[Teen Choice Awards]] performance with a luggage cart due to claims the push-cart had a [[dance pole]] attached.]]
Cyrus performed the song at the 2009 [[Teen Choice Award]]s on August 10.<ref name="tcaperform">{{cite web|url=http://www.teenchoiceawards.com/tc-news.php|title=Miley Cyrus to Perform and the Casts of "Twilight" and "Glee" to Appear on "Teen Choice 2009" Monday, August 10, on FOX|publisher=[[Teen Choice Awards]]|accessdate=August 3, 2009|date=August 3, 2009}}.</ref> She performed in a tank top that revealed much of her [[brassiere|bra]], [[shorts|hot pants]], and leather boots. In the performance, Cyrus slightly altered the lyrics by changing the first verse reference to [[Britney Spears]] instead of [[Jay-Z]], and the second verse references [[Michael Jackson]], instead of Spears; she later incorporated this into every performance of the song.<ref name="lareview">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/09/live-review-miley-cyrus-wonder-world-concert-at-staples-center.html|title=Live review: Miley Cyrus' 'Wonder World' concert at Staples Center|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=September 27, 2009|work=The Los Angeles Times|first=Mikael|last=Wood|publisher=Tribune Company}}</ref> The performance started with Cyrus and her backup dancers coming out of a trailer and dancing a routine around the stage. Mid-way through the performance, Cyrus stepped onto an ice cream pushcart. Cyrus danced atop the cart while dancing beside and holding on to a pole for approximately 40 seconds. While some critics argued it was used for balance, a majority claimed it was a [[dance pole]] and that Cyrus was [[pole dancing]].<ref name="abouttca">{{cite web|url=http://stayathomemoms.about.com/b/2009/08/11/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-a-my-roots-tribute.htm|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dancing a 'My Roots' Tribute|publisher=About.com|date=August 11, 2009|author=Duncan, Apryl|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}.</ref> This performance drew controversy, with the majority of claims stating it was too sexual for a kid/teen-oriented event.<ref name=FOX>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,538685,00.html??test=faces|title=Miley Cyrus Gets Raunchy With a Pole at the Teen Choice Awards, Wins Six Trophies|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009|publisher=[[Fox News]]|author=McKay, Hollie}}</ref><ref name="newsday">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-performance-sparks-criticism-1.1360720|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole-Dancing Performance Sparks Criticism|publisher=''[[Newsday]]''|date=August 10, 2009|author=Kahn, Robert|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/08/10/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-at-the-teen-choice-awards-rather-unfortunate-yes/|title=Miley Cyrus Pole Dancing at the Teen Choice Awards: Rather Unfortunate, Yes?|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|accessdate=August 11, 2009|date=August 10, 2009|author=Stack, Tim}}</ref>

She explained that the song was "All-American," which inspired an early section of the performance where Cyrus and her dancers dance in a "blinged-out [[trailer park]]."<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617968/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus Spoofs Her Tennessee Roots In Teen Choice Awards Performance|publisher=MTV News|author=Carroll, Larry|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/426176/this-is-to-represent-who-i-am.jhtml#id=1617967|title='This Is Who I Am'|publisher=MTV|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}.</ref>

Cyrus' performance of the song was compared to recent performances by recording artist [[Britney Spears]], whom Cyrus presented the Ultimate Choice Award to the same night.<ref name="abouttca">{{cite web|url=http://stayathomemoms.about.com/b/2009/08/11/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-a-my-roots-tribute.htm|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dancing a 'My Roots' Tribute|work=About.com|date=August 11, 2009|author=Duncan, Apryl|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name="FOX"/> Cyrus welcomed the comparisons on her official [[Twitter]] account, saying, "For all the people calling me the 'next Britney' THANK U ''[sic]''. I couldn't ask for a better compliment :)"<ref name="abouttca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitter.com/mileycyrus/status/3227406713|title=Twitter / Miley Cyrus: For all the people calling ...|work=Twitter.com|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|author=Cyrus, Miley}}</ref> ''[[US Weekly]]'' senior editor Ian Drew criticized Cyrus.<ref name="newsday" /> Drew said that "She already has this risque image, so it really wasn't much of a stretch. That's how Britney took off. She was the good girl gone bad, and it looks to be working for Miley as well."<ref name="newsday" /> He added, "While Miley's adult actions may boost her career, it's not good for her young fans."<ref name="newsday"/> Child psychologist Wendi Fischer told ''[[Newsday]]'', "She's sending this message that this is 'OK' to do, and I don't think it is OK to do. Miley's only 17. Why is she rushing it?"<ref name="newsday"/> Margie Barron of ''[[Entertainment Today]]'' commented, "The 17-year-old sensation is still 17, and... that’s too young to dress and act like a pole-dancing stripper.... as she was making gyrating moves while straddling the pole. It was very obvious that this was choreography better suited for an adult audience."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmenttoday.net/content/view/831/29/|title=Miley Cyrus Creates Good, Bad & Ugly Controversy|publisher=''[[Entertainment Today]]''|author=Barron, Margie|date=August 20, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009}}.</ref>

Apryl Duncan of [[About.com]] defended Cyrus, saying: "While Cyrus' performance is the hot buzz and the most memorable moment of the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, it overshadowed her own big night. She took home six awards for her music and work on Disney's ''[[Hannah Montana]]''. Instead of the young star's accomplishments, people are fixated on the pole-dancing controversy."<ref name="abouttca" /> Bill Lamb, also of About.com, also defended Cyrus and her performance.<ref name="aboutreview"/><ref name=topabout>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/b/|title=Miley Cyrus' Teen Choice "Party In the USA" Pole Dance Generates Controversy|publisher=[[About.com]]|author=Lamb, Bill|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref> "Miley Cyrus generated some controversy when she performed 'Party in the USA' at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards. She was decked out in leather with a dance pole."<ref name=topabout /> He adds, "Any artist's emergence from being a child or teen star into an adult persona is difficult."<ref name=topabout />

Talk show host/Comedian [[Chelsea Handler]], who has criticized Cyrus in the past, also defended her. On her talk show [[Chelsea Lately]], she said she didn't think of the performance as sexual, she thought it was "just plain awesome". Handler also complimented her performance and the song.

A spokesperson for Disney said, "[[Disney Channel]] won't be commenting on that performance, although parents can rest assured that all content presented on the Disney Channel is age-appropriate for our audience - kids 6-14 - and consistent with what our brand values are."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618490/20090811/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=
Disney Distances Itself From Miley Cyrus' Teen Choice Performance|publisher=MTV News|date=August 11, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref>

Due to a cancellation made by [[Mariah Carey]], Cyrus also performed the song along with "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]," "[[See You Again]]" and "Kicking and Screaming" on the August 28, 2009 episode of the ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618665/20090813/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus To Replace Mariah Carey On 'Today' Show|date=August 13, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn|publisher=MTV News}}</ref><ref name="todaymtv">{{cite web|title=Miley Cyrus Talks about Her 'Mistakes' on 'Today' Show|publisher=MTV News|date=August 28, 2009|accessdate=August 28, 2009| first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1619779/20090828/cyrus__miley.jhtml}}</ref> On September 17, 2009, Cyrus performed the song on ''[[VH1 Divas]]'', alongside a [[duet (music)|duet]] with [[Sheryl Crow]] entitled "[[If It Makes You Happy]]."<ref name="MTVDivas">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621838/20090917/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=VH1 Divas' Ushers In A New Class With Miley Cyrus, Kelly Clarkson|date=September 17, 2009|accessdate=September 17, 2009|publisher=MTV News|first=Eric|last=Ditzian}}</ref> During the performance, Cyrus danced in a short black skirt alongside dancers in top hats and sleeveless [[tux]] shirts.<ref name="MTVDivas" />

The song is being performed at several venues in her first international concert tour, the [[Wonder World Tour]].<ref name="partyusaonsetlist">{{cite web|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/09/78473/index.html|title=First Look: Miley Cyrus Rehearses for Wonder World Tour|date=September 10, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Tonight]]''|accessdate=September 13, 2009}}</ref> During these performances, Cyrus wears black boots, short black shorts and tank top, completed by a jean vest.<ref name="reviewofconcert">{{cite web
|last=Thompsen|first=Melinda M.|title=Review: Miley Cyrus Rocks the Rose Garden as She Kicks off Tour in Portland|publisher=''[[The Oregonian]]''|date=September 15, 2009|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/music/index.ssf/2009/09/review_miley_cyrus_rocks_the_r.html|accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref> The performances involve an abundant [[dancer|background dancers]], who maneuver stunts, including one in which Cyrus dances in a hotel [[Baggage cart|luggage cart]].<ref name="partyusaonsetlist" /> Following the backlash, the luggage cart was actually a replacement of the ice cream pushcart used in the 2009 Teen Choice Awards performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b143666_miley_cyrus_puts_her_pole_in_vault.html|title=Miley Cyrus Puts her Pole in the Vault|publisher=[[E! Online]]|author=Baker, Ken and Grossberg, Josh|date=September 11, 2009|accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref> Critical response for this has so far been positive. Melinda M. Thompson of ''[[The Oregonian]]'' said, "The backup dancers were first-rate, adding [[hip-hop]] style and energy to just about every number."<ref name="reviewofconcert" />

Cyrus sang this at [[95.8 Capital FM|Capital FM]]'s Jingle Bell Ball on Saturday 5th December <ref>http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle-bell-ball/artists/miley-cyrus/</ref> and she sang the song at the Royal Variety Show on Monday, December 7, 2009.

Cyrus performed this at the [[Royal Variety Performance]] on 8 December in front of [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. This aired on [[ITV1]] in the [[United Kingdom]] on 16 December.

Cyrus also performed this on UK chat show [[Alan Carr: Chatty Man]], she did an interview and then at the end of the show performed Party In The U.S.A.

Cyrus performed this on [[The Late Late Show]] in Dublin, Ireland on 18 Demember 09.

== Charts ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2009)
!Peak position
|-Top TVZ- Brazil 1º(2 times)
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/australia_singles_top_50/2009/45|work=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|publisher=(acharts.us)|date=November 2, 2009|title=Australia Singles Top 50|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts">http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Miley+Cyrus&titel=Party+In+The+U.S.A.&cat=s</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|27
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|31
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[European Hot 100]]<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100#/charts/european-hot-100?begin=21&order=position</ref>
|align="center"|29
|-
||[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Digital Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-260585.xml?cid=320668</ref>
|align="center"|33
|-
|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/musicvideo/music/latest/index_test.jsp&ct=240001</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|11
|-
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|47
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles/</ref>
|align="center"|11
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Top 40]]
|align="center"|1
|-
| U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" /><ref name="billboard3" />
|align="center"|2
|-
| U.S. [[Billboard|''Billboard'']] [[Pop Songs|Pop Songs]]<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-pop-country-tropical-songs-1004030561.story|title=Chart Highlights: Pop, Country, Tropical Songs & More|publisher=''Billboard''|date=October 26,2009 |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="140"|Region
!width="120"|Date
!width="130"|Format
|-
| align="left" rowspan=1|United States
| align="left"|August 4, 2009
| align="left"|[[Airplay (radio)|Radio]]
|-
| align="left"|Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143460|title=Party In the U.S.A. - Single|work=iTunes Store Australia|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 29, 2009}}</ref>
| align="left" rowspan="6"|August 11, 2009
| align="left" rowspan="8"|[[Music download|Digital download]]
|-
| align="left"|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=326042393&s=143455|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store Canada|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=328054500&id=328054492&s=143442|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store France|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Greece<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143448|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store Greece|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143461|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store New Zealand|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|United States<ref name="itunes">{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=326042413&id=326042393&s=143441&uo=4|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|accessdate=August 11, 2009|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]|work=[[iTunes Store]]|date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name=walmart>{{cite web|url=http://mp3.walmart.com/store/artist?albumId=104327078|publisher=Wal-Mart|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Romania<ref>http://www.getmusic.com.my/album.aspx?id=362800</ref>
| align="left"|November 21, 2009
|-
| align="left"|United Kingdom<ref name="ukdigitalspy">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a181222/miley-cyrus-announces-uk-album-release.html|title=Miley Cyrus announces UK album release|work=Digital Spy|publisher=Hachette Filipacchi Médias|accessdate=October 8, 2009|date=October 8, 2009|first=Nick|last=Levine}}</ref>
| align="left"|October 26, 2009
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mileycyrus.com/ The official website of Miley Cyrus]
*{{youtube|M11SvDtPBhA|"Party in the U.S.A." music video}} (posted by [[Hollywood Records]])


{{start box}}
{{s-bef|before ="[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]" by [[Jay Sean]] featuring [[Lil Wayne]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = U.S. ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Pop Songs]] [[Top 40 Mainstream number-one hits of 2009 (USA)|number-one single]]|years = November 7, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after ="[[Paparazzi (Lady GaGa song)|Paparazzi]]" by [[Lady GaGa]]}}
{{end}}

{{Miley Cyrus}}
{{Miley Cyrus singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Party In The U.S.A.}}
[[Category:2009 singles]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Miley Cyrus songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Pop rock songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Dr. Luke]]
[[Category:Synthpop songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]

[[es:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[pl:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[pt:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[vi:Party in the U.S.A.]]

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-12-24T03:16:26Z

Larrymcp: /* Background */ Fix phrasing

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Party in the U.S.A.
| Cover = Party_in_the_USA_Cover.jpg
| Cover size =
| Border =
| Alt =
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Miley Cyrus]]
| Album = [[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]
| A-side =
| B-side =
| Released = {{startdate|2009|8|11}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Format = [[Music download|Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2009; 3180 Media Group ([[Savannah, Georgia]])<ref name="linernotes">''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'' liner notes.</ref>
| Genre = [[Synthpop]]
| Length = 3:22
| Label = [[Hollywood Records]]
| Writer = [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], Claude Kelly, Jessica Cornish
| Producer = Lukasz Gottwald
| Certification =
| Last single = "[[The Climb (song)| The Climb]]" (2009)
| This single = "'''Party in the U.S.A.'''" (2009)
| Next single = "[[When I Look at You]]"
| Misc = {{Audiosample|Upper caption=Audio sample|Audio file=Miley Cyrus - Party In The USA.ogg}}
}}

"'''Party In The U.S.A.'''" (or "'''Party In The UK'''" as said in her tour) is a pop song performed by American recording artist [[Miley Cyrus]]. The song was written by [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], Claude Kelly and Jessica Cornish, and produced by Gottwald. Released as the [[lead single]] from Cyrus' second extended play ''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'', it served as promotion for her [[Wal-Mart]] clothing line with [[Max Azria]]. The song was scheduled to be released to mainstream radio on August 3, 2009, but the release date was changed to July 29 following an unauthorized leak on the Internet. "Party in the U.S.A." is a mid-tempo song and has prominent [[pop rock]] characteristics. The song's lyrics evoke Cyrus' move from [[Nashville, Tennessee]] to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].

The song garnered commercial success for Cyrus in several nations, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. In the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], the song reached its highest international peak at number two due to strong digital sales that placed it at number one on [[Hot Digital Songs]]. The song became her best charting single, first number one on Hot Digital Songs and [[Hollywood Records]]' fastest selling song. The song reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 chart on October 30th, 2009. The song has stayed in the top ten of the Hot 100 for 14 weeks beating out [[The Climb]]'s eight weeks.

A ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''-inspired music video, directed by [[Chris Applebaum]], to "Party in the U.S.A." was released on September 23. Cyrus promoted the song by performing it at several venues, including on her first international concert tour, [[Wonder World Tour]].

== Background ==
The song was written by experienced American [[pop rock]] producer, songwriter and musician [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]] in collaboration with Claude Kelly and Jessica Cornish. Cyrus recorded "Party in the U.S.A." at 3180 Media Group, located in [[Savannah, Georgia]], when living in Georgia due to filming ''[[The Last Song (film)|The Last Song]]''.<ref name="linernotes">''[[The Time of Our Lives (EP)|The Time of Our Lives]]'' liner notes.</ref> Vocal editing was done by Emily Wright, instrumental work and production by Gottwald and background vocals by the writers in addition to Douglas Wright. The mixing by [[Serban Ghenea]] was set in MixStar Studios in [[Virginia Beach]].<ref name="linernotes"/>

"Party in the U.S.A." is a [[pop music|pop]] song that uses synthesizers. Among the influences in the song include [[reggae|reggae-pop]],<ref name="billreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/new-releases/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-u-s-a-1004005901.story|title=Miley Cyrus, "Party in the U.S.A."|date=August 24, 2009|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|accessdate=August 25, 2009|last=Menachem|first=Michael}}</ref> [[hip-hop]] and [[R&B]].<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20301980,00.html|first=Mikael|last=Wood|accessdate=September 3, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|title=The Time of Our Lives (2009)}}</ref> According to [[About.com]], the song is a "mid-tempo reflective song," though the ''[[New York Post]]'' considers it is more up-tempo.<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref>
Like Cyrus' first single "[[See You Again]]," The song has a moderate synth-dance-rock [[Groove (music)|groove]] and it is composed in the key of [[F-sharp major]] with a [[tempo]] of 96 [[beats per minute]].<ref name="SheetMusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0076962|title=Digital sheet music - Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|accessdate=2009-09-16|work=Musicnotes|publisher=[[Alfred Publishing]]}}</ref> The lyrics discuss Cyrus' move from [[Nashville, Tennessee]] to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] and the struggles that came along with it. However, listening to songs by [[Jay-Z]] and [[Britney Spears]] makes the song's protagonist feel less susceptible and able to overcome her circumstances.<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref><ref name="nypost">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nypost.com/popwrap/archives/2009/07/miley_cyrus_party_in_the_usa.html|title=Listen to Miley Cyrus' Leaked Single|date=July 30, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=[[The New York Post]]|author=Brockington, Ryan}}</ref> Cyrus has stated that she truly likes songs from Spears and considers Spears as one of her idols,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618447/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus On Britney Spears: 'I'm Proud Of Her'|publisher=TV News|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 17, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn & Carroll, Larry}}</ref> however she has stated that she has never heard a Jay-Z song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/miley-cyrus-ive-never-heard-a-jay-z-song-1970241|title=Miley Cyrus: "I've Never Heard a Jay-Z Song"}}</ref> Cyrus also stated that the single is an "All-American song."<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617968/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus Spoofs Her Tennessee Roots In Teen Choice Awards Performance|publisher=MTV News|author=Carroll, Larry|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> When singing live, Miley changes the lyrics at certain shows on her tour, replacing Jay-Z with [[Michael Jackson|Michael]]. Also, Cyrus replaces Nashville during the line "It's definitely not a Nashville party", with cities like Miami or Atlanta.

== Critical reception ==
[[File:Miley Cyrus - Wonder World Tour - Party in the U.S.A. 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cyrus singing "Party in the U.S.A." on the [[Wonder World Tour]]. -- September 14, 2009; [[Portland, Oregon]].]]
The song garnered mainly positive reviews from critics. Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] called it a "lyrically engaging song" and noted that "One of the unique aspects of Miley Cyrus' performance style among current pop artists is that she retains a country edge to her voice when she is performing straightforward pop songs."<ref name="aboutreview">{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA - Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=About.com|author=Lamb, Bill}}</ref> Heather Phares of [[Allmusic]] criticized the song, naming it "frothy" and saying it "borders on shrill."<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kvfyxz9aldse~T1|title=allmusic {{{The Time of Our Lives [Walmart Exclusive > Review}}|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=September 16, 2009|first=Heather|last=Phares}}</ref> However, Phares noted it, along with "The Time of Our Lives" and "Before the Storm," pleases [[Hannah Montana (character)|Hannah Montana]] fans.<ref name="allmusic" />

Michael Menachem of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' claimed that "producer Gottwald injects the song with an energy recalling [[Robyn]] and early [[Gwen Stefani]]. After successfully tackling dance and country formats and delivering one of the year's strongest ballads ('[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]'), Cyrus continues to show off her impressive range."<ref name="billreview">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/new-releases/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-u-s-a-1004005901.story|title=Miley Cyrus, "Party in the U.S.A."|date=August 24, 2009|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|accessdate=August 25, 2009|last=Menachem|first=Michael}}</ref>
Mikael Wood of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' stated that "Party in the U.S.A." is a "bouncy Dr. Luke jam that finds Hannah Montana lost (and loving it) in [[Hollywood]]."<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20301980,00.html|first=Mikael|last=Wood|accessdate=September 3, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|title=The Time of Our Lives (2009)}}</ref> Ryan Brockington of the ''[[New York Post]]'' said, "The song is a little more mainstream pop than her previous efforts, and I gotta say, I don't hate it."<ref name="nypost">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nypost.com/popwrap/archives/2009/07/miley_cyrus_party_in_the_usa.html|title=Listen to Miley Cyrus' Leaked Single|date=July 30, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|work=[[The New York Post]]|author=Brockington, Ryan}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
"Party in the U.S.A." became Cyrus' best charting effort to date on the ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and her fifth U.S. airplay hit. In the first two weeks of its commercial release to mainstream radio, 78 stations added the song to their playlist thus making it the most added song for those weeks.<ref name=adds>{{cite web|url=http://mediabasetracker.media.officelive.com/pop09.aspx|title=2009 Pop Archive, Top Adds:|accessdate=August 4, 2009|date=August 2, 2009|publisher=MediabaseTracker}}.</ref> This led to the song's first appearance on U.S. airplay charts, debuting at 43 in the [[Hot 100 Airplay]] chart and later peaking at number 13<ref name="acharts">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/song/48767|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A. - Music Charts|publisher=aCharts.us|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> and at 40 on [[Pop Songs]]<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/miley-cyrus-pole-dance-at-teen-choice-awards-1004002733.story|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dance At Teen Choice Awards Sparks Controversy|publisher=''Billboard''|author=Herrera, Monica|date=August 12, 2009|location=[[New York City]]|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' issue dated August 22, 2009. The week after, issue dated August 29, the song ended the [[Black Eyed Peas]]' 19-week hold at no. 1 when it debuted on [[Hot Digital Songs]] with over 226,000 paid downloads, making Cyrus' first number one on the digital sales chart.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/41000/week-ending-aug-16-2009-king-of-country-boots-king-of-pop/|title=Week Ending Aug. 16, 2009: King Of Country Boots King Of Pop|date=August 19, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo Music]]|author=Grein, Paul}}.</ref> The song has become her third song to sell over 2,000,000 digital downloads, following [[See You Again]] and [[The Climb]] As of December 2nd, "Party" has sold over 2,525,000 digital downloads, making this her best selling song. "Party in the U.S.A." has become a huge airplay hit for Cyrus' in the U.S., becoming her first #1 on the [[Mainstream Top 40]], also known as the Pop Songs chart. It is her second song to top an airplay chart, as "The Climb" reached #1 on Adult Contemporary radio. And it becomes Miley Cyrus's third song on the adult contemporary chart after ''[[See You Again]]'' and ''The Climb'', peaking at #16 on that chart. It is also the 200th song to top the Mainstream Top 40, since its creation in [[1992]]. <ref>http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-miley-cyrus-mariah-1004031469.story#/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-miley-cyrus-mariah-1004031469.story</ref>

The song debuted on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] at number two, topping "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]," that peaked at number four. After two weeks, it descended to number three, and then to #6 before returning to the #2 position where it currently stands.<ref name="acharts" /><ref name="billboard3">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/miley-cyrus-jay-z-make-noise-on-hot-100-1004004964.story|title=Miley Cyrus, Jay-Z Make Noise On Hot 100|publisher=''Billboard''|date=August 20, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009|first=Ben-Yehuda|last=Ayala|coauthors=Pietroluongo, Silvio and Caulfield, Keith }}.</ref> It was also the highest debut by a female solo artist since [[Carrie Underwood|Carrie Underwood's]] 2005 song "[[Inside Your Heaven]]," until [[Britney Spears|Britney Spears']] song "[[3 (song)|3]]" which debuted at number one for the week of October 24, 2009.<ref name="HRpress" /><ref>{{cite press release |title=Carrie Underwood's 'Inside Your Heaven' Debuts as Best Selling Song in the Nation and Breaks Chart History |url=http://emol.org/emclub/?q=carryunderwood |publisher=Schmidt Relations |date=June 23, 2005 |accessdate=August 21, 2009}}.</ref> The song thereby became the "fastest breaking downloaded single in [[Hollywood Records]]' history."<ref name="HRpress">{{cite press release |title=Miley Cyrus Catapults to # 2 Debut on Billboard Hot 100 with 'Party In The USA;' Tied for Highest Debut of the Year |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Miley-Cyrus-Catapults-to-2-prnews-1074822380.html?x=0&.v=1 |publisher=[[Hollywood Records]] |date=August 20, 2009 |accessdate=August 21, 2009}}.</ref>

"Party in the U.S.A." achieved commercial success in Canada as well, debuting at number six and peaking at number three on the [[Canadian Hot 100]].<ref name="acharts" /> For issue date September 7,2009, the song debuted at number fourteen in the [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] in September 2009. The song has so far peaked at number six, becoming Cyrus's fourth top ten hit in Australia.<ref name="acharts" /> "Party in the U.S.A." debuted at number 11 on the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand#Sales charts|RIANZ New Zealand Singles Chart]] and has so far peaked at number 3, becoming her first top ten hit there.<ref name="acharts" /> It was certified Gold in after 8 weeks on the chart, selling over 7,500 copies.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_facts.asp |title= New Zealand Chart Facts|date=2009-11-24|accessdate=2009-11-24|work=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]]}}</ref>

On November 1 2009, the song debuted at #11 in the [[UK Singles Chart]] and although it peaked at #7 on the UK iTunes chart it has so far been unable to climb any higher. Despite being her sixth top 30 hit in the country, it is her third single to reach #11 alongside "[[See You Again]]" and "[[The Climb]]", meaning she is yet to have a top 10 UK hit.<ref>http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=12147</ref>

==Music video ==
[[File:Greaseinusa.jpg|thumb|230px|right|The "Party in the U.S.A." music video was inspired in part by the 1978 film ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''. The video's composure sprang forward from the scene from in which [[John Travolta]] is balancing on a [[swing]] in a [[jungle gym]], during nighttime.]]

The music video for "Party in the U.S.A.," directed by [[Chris Applebaum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2009/09/booked-miley-cyrus-chris-applebaum-director.html|publisher=Video Static|accessdate=September 11, 2009|title=Video Static: Music Videos News: BOOKED: Miley Cyrus - Chris Applebaum, director}}</ref> premiered in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s music lounge on September 23, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.musiclounge.abc.go.com/player?type=video&clipId=235429|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the USA|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|accessdate=September 24, 2009}}</ref><ref name="mtvmusicvideo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622213/20090924/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus' 'Party In The U.S.A.' Video Trades Trailer Park For Drive-In|publisher=MTV News|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|accessdate=September 24, 2009|September 24, 2009}}</ref> A sneak peek of the video premiered earlier the same day on ''[[Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' in the United States.<ref name="mtvmusicvideo" /><ref name=video>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622045/20090922/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus To Preview 'Party In The U.S.A.' Clip On 'Dancing With The Stars'|publisher=MTV News|date=September 22, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2009|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn}}</ref> The video then premiered to the United Kingdom in Cyrus's official UK [[MySpace]] on September 24.<ref name="video2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mileycyrus.com/2009/09/23/uk-premiere-of-party-in-the-usa-on-myspace/|title=MileyCyrus >> UK Premiere of Party In The USA|publisher=MileyCyrus.com|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=September 23, 2009}}</ref>. [[Keke Palmer]] appears in the video as one of Cyrus's best friends/[[back up dancer]]'s.

Applebaum told Jocelyn Vena of [[MTV news]] that Cyrus came to him with a vision of a "high-gloss, glamorous white trash" video that would also pay tribute to one of her favorite films, ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', and to her parents' courting days. Applebaum says the video "sprang forward from that scene in ''Grease'' where John Travolta is singing ... and he gets out of the car and goes to jungle gym and sits in one of the swings and sings the song at night as projections go in the background".<ref name="videogrease">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1622387/20090925/cyrus__miley.jhtml|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|title=Miley Cyrus 'Party In The U.S.A.' Clip Inspired By 'Grease'|accessdate=September 27, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=September 25, 2009}}</ref>

The video commences in a defunct [[drive-in theater]], named the Corral Drive-In after the location of one of Tish and Billy Ray Cyrus' first dates. Cyrus arrives at the theater in a black 1979 [[Pontiac Trans Am]], the car her mother drove when she was younger.<ref name="videogrease" /> Cyrus wears blue short shorts, a brown low-cut [[tank top]], a black [[Brassiere|bra]], [[cowboy]] [[boots]], and a [[cardigan]]. As she exits the car she is joined by four of her friends. Other teenagers continue to arrive in [[vintage cars]]. Cyrus sings while standing in the back of a [[pick-up truck]] with a microphone in her hand and dancing with her friends. The video proceeds to Cyrus leaning against a wall which reads "Corral Drive-In". As the video progresses in both settings, an [[American flag]] unravels before a single wall in a vacant landscape and, afterward, Cyrus performs before it while being sprinkled with glitter. The video then features shots of Cyrus and background dancers at night in the theater, balancing on [[swing|swings]] and climbing on a [[jungle gym]]. In the conclusion of the music video, Cyrus and her friends perform the song on a stage while the a projection of the American flag and the letters "USA" flash behind them.

Vena of MTV news described the video as "reminiscent of Cyrus' performance of the track on the [[Teen Choice Awards]] over the summer — minus the [[pole dancing]]."<ref name="mtvmusicvideo" /> However, ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' believed that though Cyrus "[kept] it real" in the video, her dance moves remained risqué.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/24/miley-cyrus-party-in-the_n_298588.html|title=Miley Cyrus' 'Party In The USA' Video: Better Or Worse Than Pole Dancing?|accessdate=September 24, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> [[LimeLife]]'s Susie Anderson took issue with her clothing, saying she enjoys "Party in the U.S.A."'s "fun and [..] young feel", but that Cyrus' "extremely short shorts and a cleavage-bearing shirt" is "a bit racy for a 17 year old."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limelife.com/blog-entry/Miley-Cyrus-Racy-Party-in-the-USA-Video/21242.html|first=Susie|last=Anderson|title=Miley Cyrus' Racy Party in the USA|date=September 26, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] felt the video celebrated being "young and American", thereby fitting the "themes and sound of the song nearly perfectly. [... The] clip remains gently laidback matching the tempo and tenor of the song."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/b/2009/09/23/miley-cyrus-party-in-the-usa-music-video-celebrates-being-young-and-american.htm|first=Bill|last=Lamb|title=Miley Cyrus' "Party In the USA" Music Video Celebrates Being Young and American|date=September 23, 2009|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=October 18, 2009}}</ref> The music video on youtube has over 50 million views since it's release on September 23. It also has been on the [[MuchMusic|Much Music Countdown]] for 5 weeks starting at the fifth best video and ending with "The Best Video in the country".

== Live performances ==
[[File:Miley Cyrus - Wonder World Tour - Party in the U.S.A. cropped.jpg|right|thumb|190px|alt=A female teen wearing a torn shirt, shorts, boots and a jean jacket, rides on a luggage cart. Beside her, four back-up dancers bend to the side while dancing | During her [[Wonder World Tour]], Cyrus replaced the ice-cream push-cart she used in her 2009 [[Teen Choice Awards]] performance with a luggage cart due to claims the push-cart had a [[dance pole]] attached.]]
Cyrus performed the song at the 2009 [[Teen Choice Award]]s on August 10.<ref name="tcaperform">{{cite web|url=http://www.teenchoiceawards.com/tc-news.php|title=Miley Cyrus to Perform and the Casts of "Twilight" and "Glee" to Appear on "Teen Choice 2009" Monday, August 10, on FOX|publisher=[[Teen Choice Awards]]|accessdate=August 3, 2009|date=August 3, 2009}}.</ref> She performed in a tank top that revealed much of her [[brassiere|bra]], [[shorts|hot pants]], and leather boots. In the performance, Cyrus slightly altered the lyrics by changing the first verse reference to [[Britney Spears]] instead of [[Jay-Z]], and the second verse references [[Michael Jackson]], instead of Spears; she later incorporated this into every performance of the song.<ref name="lareview">{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/09/live-review-miley-cyrus-wonder-world-concert-at-staples-center.html|title=Live review: Miley Cyrus' 'Wonder World' concert at Staples Center|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=September 27, 2009|work=The Los Angeles Times|first=Mikael|last=Wood|publisher=Tribune Company}}</ref> The performance started with Cyrus and her backup dancers coming out of a trailer and dancing a routine around the stage. Mid-way through the performance, Cyrus stepped onto an ice cream pushcart. Cyrus danced atop the cart while dancing beside and holding on to a pole for approximately 40 seconds. While some critics argued it was used for balance, a majority claimed it was a [[dance pole]] and that Cyrus was [[pole dancing]].<ref name="abouttca">{{cite web|url=http://stayathomemoms.about.com/b/2009/08/11/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-a-my-roots-tribute.htm|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dancing a 'My Roots' Tribute|publisher=About.com|date=August 11, 2009|author=Duncan, Apryl|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}.</ref> This performance drew controversy, with the majority of claims stating it was too sexual for a kid/teen-oriented event.<ref name=FOX>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,538685,00.html??test=faces|title=Miley Cyrus Gets Raunchy With a Pole at the Teen Choice Awards, Wins Six Trophies|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009|publisher=[[Fox News]]|author=McKay, Hollie}}</ref><ref name="newsday">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-performance-sparks-criticism-1.1360720|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole-Dancing Performance Sparks Criticism|publisher=''[[Newsday]]''|date=August 10, 2009|author=Kahn, Robert|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/08/10/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-at-the-teen-choice-awards-rather-unfortunate-yes/|title=Miley Cyrus Pole Dancing at the Teen Choice Awards: Rather Unfortunate, Yes?|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|accessdate=August 11, 2009|date=August 10, 2009|author=Stack, Tim}}</ref>

She explained that the song was "All-American," which inspired an early section of the performance where Cyrus and her dancers dance in a "blinged-out [[trailer park]]."<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617968/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus Spoofs Her Tennessee Roots In Teen Choice Awards Performance|publisher=MTV News|author=Carroll, Larry|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/426176/this-is-to-represent-who-i-am.jhtml#id=1617967|title='This Is Who I Am'|publisher=MTV|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}.</ref>

Cyrus' performance of the song was compared to recent performances by recording artist [[Britney Spears]], whom Cyrus presented the Ultimate Choice Award to the same night.<ref name="abouttca">{{cite web|url=http://stayathomemoms.about.com/b/2009/08/11/miley-cyrus-pole-dancing-a-my-roots-tribute.htm|title=Miley Cyrus' Pole Dancing a 'My Roots' Tribute|work=About.com|date=August 11, 2009|author=Duncan, Apryl|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name="FOX"/> Cyrus welcomed the comparisons on her official [[Twitter]] account, saying, "For all the people calling me the 'next Britney' THANK U ''[sic]''. I couldn't ask for a better compliment :)"<ref name="abouttca"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitter.com/mileycyrus/status/3227406713|title=Twitter / Miley Cyrus: For all the people calling ...|work=Twitter.com|date=August 10, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|author=Cyrus, Miley}}</ref> ''[[US Weekly]]'' senior editor Ian Drew criticized Cyrus.<ref name="newsday" /> Drew said that "She already has this risque image, so it really wasn't much of a stretch. That's how Britney took off. She was the good girl gone bad, and it looks to be working for Miley as well."<ref name="newsday" /> He added, "While Miley's adult actions may boost her career, it's not good for her young fans."<ref name="newsday"/> Child psychologist Wendi Fischer told ''[[Newsday]]'', "She's sending this message that this is 'OK' to do, and I don't think it is OK to do. Miley's only 17. Why is she rushing it?"<ref name="newsday"/> Margie Barron of ''[[Entertainment Today]]'' commented, "The 17-year-old sensation is still 17, and... that’s too young to dress and act like a pole-dancing stripper.... as she was making gyrating moves while straddling the pole. It was very obvious that this was choreography better suited for an adult audience."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmenttoday.net/content/view/831/29/|title=Miley Cyrus Creates Good, Bad & Ugly Controversy|publisher=''[[Entertainment Today]]''|author=Barron, Margie|date=August 20, 2009|accessdate=August 20, 2009}}.</ref>

Apryl Duncan of [[About.com]] defended Cyrus, saying: "While Cyrus' performance is the hot buzz and the most memorable moment of the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, it overshadowed her own big night. She took home six awards for her music and work on Disney's ''[[Hannah Montana]]''. Instead of the young star's accomplishments, people are fixated on the pole-dancing controversy."<ref name="abouttca" /> Bill Lamb, also of About.com, also defended Cyrus and her performance.<ref name="aboutreview"/><ref name=topabout>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/b/|title=Miley Cyrus' Teen Choice "Party In the USA" Pole Dance Generates Controversy|publisher=[[About.com]]|author=Lamb, Bill|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref> "Miley Cyrus generated some controversy when she performed 'Party in the USA' at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards. She was decked out in leather with a dance pole."<ref name=topabout /> He adds, "Any artist's emergence from being a child or teen star into an adult persona is difficult."<ref name=topabout />

Talk show host/Comedian [[Chelsea Handler]], who has criticized Cyrus in the past, also defended her. On her talk show [[Chelsea Lately]], she said she didn't think of the performance as sexual, she thought it was "just plain awesome". Handler also complimented her performance and the song.

A spokesperson for Disney said, "[[Disney Channel]] won't be commenting on that performance, although parents can rest assured that all content presented on the Disney Channel is age-appropriate for our audience - kids 6-14 - and consistent with what our brand values are."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618490/20090811/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=
Disney Distances Itself From Miley Cyrus' Teen Choice Performance|publisher=MTV News|date=August 11, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref>

Due to a cancellation made by [[Mariah Carey]], Cyrus also performed the song along with "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]," "[[See You Again]]" and "Kicking and Screaming" on the August 28, 2009 episode of the ''[[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618665/20090813/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=Miley Cyrus To Replace Mariah Carey On 'Today' Show|date=August 13, 2009|accessdate=August 15, 2009|author=Vena, Jocelyn|publisher=MTV News}}</ref><ref name="todaymtv">{{cite web|title=Miley Cyrus Talks about Her 'Mistakes' on 'Today' Show|publisher=MTV News|date=August 28, 2009|accessdate=August 28, 2009| first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1619779/20090828/cyrus__miley.jhtml}}</ref> On September 17, 2009, Cyrus performed the song on ''[[VH1 Divas]]'', alongside a [[duet (music)|duet]] with [[Sheryl Crow]] entitled "[[If It Makes You Happy]]."<ref name="MTVDivas">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621838/20090917/cyrus__miley.jhtml|title=VH1 Divas' Ushers In A New Class With Miley Cyrus, Kelly Clarkson|date=September 17, 2009|accessdate=September 17, 2009|publisher=MTV News|first=Eric|last=Ditzian}}</ref> During the performance, Cyrus danced in a short black skirt alongside dancers in top hats and sleeveless [[tux]] shirts.<ref name="MTVDivas" />

The song is being performed at several venues in her first international concert tour, the [[Wonder World Tour]].<ref name="partyusaonsetlist">{{cite web|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/2009/09/78473/index.html|title=First Look: Miley Cyrus Rehearses for Wonder World Tour|date=September 10, 2009|publisher=''[[Entertainment Tonight]]''|accessdate=September 13, 2009}}</ref> During these performances, Cyrus wears black boots, short black shorts and tank top, completed by a jean vest.<ref name="reviewofconcert">{{cite web
|last=Thompsen|first=Melinda M.|title=Review: Miley Cyrus Rocks the Rose Garden as She Kicks off Tour in Portland|publisher=''[[The Oregonian]]''|date=September 15, 2009|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/music/index.ssf/2009/09/review_miley_cyrus_rocks_the_r.html|accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref> The performances involve an abundant [[dancer|background dancers]], who maneuver stunts, including one in which Cyrus dances in a hotel [[Baggage cart|luggage cart]].<ref name="partyusaonsetlist" /> Following the backlash, the luggage cart was actually a replacement of the ice cream pushcart used in the 2009 Teen Choice Awards performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b143666_miley_cyrus_puts_her_pole_in_vault.html|title=Miley Cyrus Puts her Pole in the Vault|publisher=[[E! Online]]|author=Baker, Ken and Grossberg, Josh|date=September 11, 2009|accessdate=September 16, 2009}}</ref> Critical response for this has so far been positive. Melinda M. Thompson of ''[[The Oregonian]]'' said, "The backup dancers were first-rate, adding [[hip-hop]] style and energy to just about every number."<ref name="reviewofconcert" />

Cyrus sang this at [[95.8 Capital FM|Capital FM]]'s Jingle Bell Ball on Saturday 5th December <ref>http://www.capitalfm.com/jingle-bell-ball/artists/miley-cyrus/</ref> and she sang the song at the Royal Variety Show on Monday, December 7, 2009.

Cyrus performed this at the [[Royal Variety Performance]] on 8 December in front of [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. This aired on [[ITV1]] in the [[United Kingdom]] on 16 December.

Cyrus also performed this on UK chat show [[Alan Carr: Chatty Man]], she did an interview and then at the end of the show performed Party In The U.S.A.

Cyrus performed this on [[The Late Late Show]] in Dublin, Ireland on 18 Demember 09.

== Charts ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2009)
!Peak position
|-Top TVZ- Brazil 1º(2 times)
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]<ref name="AUS">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/australia_singles_top_50/2009/45|work=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|publisher=(acharts.us)|date=November 2, 2009|title=Australia Singles Top 50|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts">http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Miley+Cyrus&titel=Party+In+The+U.S.A.&cat=s</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|27
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|31
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" />
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[European Hot 100]]<ref>http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100#/charts/european-hot-100?begin=21&order=position</ref>
|align="center"|29
|-
||[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Digital Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-260585.xml?cid=320668</ref>
|align="center"|33
|-
|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/musicvideo/music/latest/index_test.jsp&ct=240001</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|11
|-
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="lescharts" />
|align="center"|47
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles/</ref>
|align="center"|11
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Rhythmic Top 40]]
|align="center"|1
|-
| U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts" /><ref name="billboard3" />
|align="center"|2
|-
| U.S. [[Billboard|''Billboard'']] [[Pop Songs|Pop Songs]]<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/chart-highlights-pop-country-tropical-songs-1004030561.story|title=Chart Highlights: Pop, Country, Tropical Songs & More|publisher=''Billboard''|date=October 26,2009 |accessdate=October 26, 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="140"|Region
!width="120"|Date
!width="130"|Format
|-
| align="left" rowspan=1|United States
| align="left"|August 4, 2009
| align="left"|[[Airplay (radio)|Radio]]
|-
| align="left"|Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143460|title=Party In the U.S.A. - Single|work=iTunes Store Australia|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 29, 2009}}</ref>
| align="left" rowspan="6"|August 11, 2009
| align="left" rowspan="8"|[[Music download|Digital download]]
|-
| align="left"|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=326042393&s=143455|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store Canada|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=328054500&id=328054492&s=143442|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store France|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Greece<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143448|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store Greece|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=328054492&s=143461|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|work=iTunes Store New Zealand|publisher=Apple Inc|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|United States<ref name="itunes">{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=326042413&id=326042393&s=143441&uo=4|title=iTunes: Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|accessdate=August 11, 2009|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]|work=[[iTunes Store]]|date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name=walmart>{{cite web|url=http://mp3.walmart.com/store/artist?albumId=104327078|publisher=Wal-Mart|title=Miley Cyrus - Party in the U.S.A.|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Romania<ref>http://www.getmusic.com.my/album.aspx?id=362800</ref>
| align="left"|November 21, 2009
|-
| align="left"|United Kingdom<ref name="ukdigitalspy">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a181222/miley-cyrus-announces-uk-album-release.html|title=Miley Cyrus announces UK album release|work=Digital Spy|publisher=Hachette Filipacchi Médias|accessdate=October 8, 2009|date=October 8, 2009|first=Nick|last=Levine}}</ref>
| align="left"|October 26, 2009
|-
|}

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mileycyrus.com/ The official website of Miley Cyrus]
*{{youtube|M11SvDtPBhA|"Party in the U.S.A." music video}} (posted by [[Hollywood Records]])


{{start box}}
{{s-bef|before ="[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]" by [[Jay Sean]] featuring [[Lil Wayne]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = U.S. ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Pop Songs]] [[Top 40 Mainstream number-one hits of 2009 (USA)|number-one single]]|years = November 7, 2009}}
{{s-aft|after ="[[Paparazzi (Lady GaGa song)|Paparazzi]]" by [[Lady GaGa]]}}
{{end}}

{{Miley Cyrus}}
{{Miley Cyrus singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Party In The U.S.A.}}
[[Category:2009 singles]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Miley Cyrus songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Pop rock songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Dr. Luke]]
[[Category:Synthpop songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Pop Songs number-one singles]]

[[es:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[pl:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[pt:Party in the U.S.A.]]
[[vi:Party in the U.S.A.]]

United States Penitentiary Marion

2009-11-15T05:14:54Z

Larrymcp: /* Communication Management Unit */ Fix grammar

{{Infobox Prison
|prison_name = USP Marion
|image = [[Image:USP-Marion.jpg|230px|U.S. Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois.]]
|location = [[Marion, Illinois]]
|coordinates = {{coord|37|39|47|N|88|59|3|W|type:landmark}}
|status = Operational
|classification = Medium
|capacity = 1,000
|opened = 1963
|closed =
|managed_by = [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]
|director =
}}
The '''United States Penitentiary''' is a former [[supermax]] prison, located in [[Marion, Illinois|Marion]], [[Illinois]]. It was built in 1963 to replace the [[Alcatraz]] prison in [[San Francisco]], which closed the same year. According to Carl Sifakis, author of ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'' (New York, NY:Facts on File, Inc., 2003), "Amnesty International has categorized it as inhumane" (156).

==History==
Opened in 1963, Marion became the United States' highest security prison by 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml_articles/cu_in_us.html | title="Control Unit Prisons" | publisher=University of Massachusetts | accessdate = 2006-10-23}}</ref> The facility became the nation's first control unit when violence forced a long-term [[lockdown]] in 1983.

Marion was one of two [[supermax]] prisons in the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], the other being [[ADX Florence]] in [[Colorado]]. The prison was originally constructed to hold 500 inmates. In 1968, a behavior modification program was implemented, called Control and Rehabilitation Effort, or CARE. Inmates placed in CARE wound up either in [[solitary confinement]], or were subjected to "group therapy", which involved psychological sessions.

On [[October 22]], [[1983]], two [[prison guard]]s, [[Merle E. Clutts]] and [[Robert L. Hoffman]], were killed in separate incidents, both at the hands of [[Aryan Brotherhood]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/history/heroes.jsp|title="Fallen Heroes"|publisher=United States Federal Bureau of Prisons|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> Clutts was stabbed by [[Thomas Silverstein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1393970.stm |title="America's Most Dangerous Prisoner?"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> The prison was, at the time, the holding place for the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]' most dangerous prisoners. Despite this, two inmates were able independently to kill their accompanying guards. Relatively lax security procedures allowed a prisoner, while walking down a hall, to turn to the side and approach a particular cell. An accomplice would subsequently unlock his [[handcuffs]] with a stolen key and provide him with a knife.

As a result of the incident, the prison in Marion went into "permanent [[lockdown]]," and was completely transformed into a "control unit" prison. This penal construction and operation theory, since named [[supermax]] (a [[portmanteau]] of ''super'' and ''maximum'') calls for the keeping of inmates in [[solitary confinement]] between twenty-two and twenty-three hours each day, and does not allow congregate dining, exercising, or religious services. These practices were used as administrative measures to keep prisoners under control.

==Communication Management Unit==

Although the supermax facility is gone, The United States Penitentiary at Marion is now home to one of two known "Communication Management Units" in the federal prison system.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-mcgowan/tales-from-inside-the-us_b_212632.html</ref> The other is at the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute]], Indiana. The units severely restrict the visitation rights for inmates and monitor all telephone calls and mail. Most of the inmates are Arab Muslims. The prison also houses [[Daniel McGowan]], serving seven years for involvement in two arsons at logging operations in Oregon. His sentence was given "terrorism enhancements" as authorized by the US Patriot act.<ref>http://www.supportdaniel.org/faq/</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] created the Communication Management Unit (CMU) in response to criticism that it had not been adequately monitoring the communications of prisoners. "By concentrating resources in this fashion, it will greatly enhance the agency's capabilities for language translation, content analysis and intelligence sharing," according to the Bureau's summary of the CMU.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/24/AR2007022401231_pf.html Washington Post, February 2007] Facility holding terrorism inmates limits communication</ref> An [[ACLU]] law suit charges that CMUs of the federal prisons violates inmates' rights.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-terror18-2009jun18,0,5232714.story LA Times, June 2009] ACLU to challenge isolation prisons</ref> In a [[Democracy Now]] interview on June 25 2009, animal rights activist Andrew Stepanian talks about being jailed at the CMU. Stepanian is believed to be the first prisoner released from a CMU.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/25/exclusive_animal_rights_activist_jailed_at Democracy Now interview]</ref>

:''See also [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute#Communication Management Unit]]''

==The prison==

The prison is located approximately nine miles south of Marion, which is roughly {{convert|330|mi|km}} south of [[Chicago]].
Permanent lockdown, where prisoners remain in their cells 23 hours a day with little to no human contact, began in 1983 and ended in 2006, when the prison began extensive renovations as a medium security prison. The renovations increased Marion's inmate population from 383 to 900. <ref>{{cite web | last = Hunsperger | first = Kevin | authorlink = | coauthors =
| title = Marion Prison Tours
| work =
| publisher = WSIL TV
| date =
| url = http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=1560&type=local
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-24}} </ref> The majority of the inmates housed at Marion are weapons and drug offenders.

Besides the better known former supermax penitentiary, the facility also houses a minimum security work camp as well.

==Gotti's cell==
Sifakis describes [[John Gotti|John Gotti's]] cell in ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'': "Confined in maximum security since his imprisonment in 1992, Gotti could be said to have been in total isolation, with only a few visits from his family members and his attorneys. Kept in an 8-by-7-feet underground cell for 22 to 23 hours a day, he knew many of the other closely confined inmates such as Scarfo and Coonan, as well as many other mob inmates, but he never saw them in prison. With reports of cancer ailments, he was assigned no work, no communal recreation. His food was delivered through a slot in the cell door. His cell contained no more than a single cot, a basin, a toilet, and a black-and-white TV. It was said he did not even get a chair on which to sit. To avoid spending all his time prone on his cot, Gotti folded his mattress into an L shape, which he propped against a wall to simulate a chair" (156-157).

==Famous inmates==
*[[Carlos Lehder|Carlos Lehder]] (1949- ) - Medellin Cartel Co-Founder
*[[Joseph Merlino|Joseph "Skinny Joey" Merlino]] (1962- ) - American Mobster and boss of [[Philadelphia Crime Family]]
*[[Nicky Barnes|Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes]] (1933- ) - former [[drug lord]] of [[Harlem]]
*[[Christopher John Boyce]] (1953- ) - [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy
*[[Edward and Elaine Brown|Ed Brown]] - (current) [[New Hampshire]] tax evader and protester
*[[James Coonan]] (1946- ) - former leader of the "[[Westies]]" street gang, which operated in [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan|Hell's Kitchen]], [[NYC]]
*[[William Daddano, Sr.]] (1912-1975) - favored "middle manager" in the [[Chicago Outfit]]
*[[Clayton Fountain]](1955-2004) Murdered correctional officer [[Robert L.Hoffman]] at [[USP Marion]] October 22 1983.
*[[John Gotti]] (1940-2002) - American mobster and head of the [[Gambino crime family]].
*[[Christopher Jeburk]] (1975?- ) - prison escapee and bank robber
*[[Chevie Kehoe]] (1973- ) - murderer and [[white supremacist]]
*[[Tom Manning (prisoner)|Tom Manning]] - [[United Freedom Front]] militant and left-wing extremist
*[[Leonard Peltier]] (1944- ) - [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] activist (incarcerated at Marion [[June 1]] [[1977]]-1985)
*[[Jonathan Pollard]] (1954- ) - [[Israel]]i spy (incarcerated 1986-1993, then transferred to [[Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Butner | FCI Butner]])
*[[Pete Rose]] (1941- ) - athlete charged with filing false [[income tax]] returns (incarcerated from August 8, 1990, through January 7, 1991)
*[[Nicodemo Scarfo]] (1929-) - former [[Philadelphia]] crime boss transferred to federal prison in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], until 2033
*[[Thomas Silverstein]] (1952- ) - murderer and [[Aryan Brotherhood]] leader
*[[Garrett Brock Trapnell]] (1938-1993) - skyjacker, bank robber, and con man
*[[Manuel Noriega]] (1934- ) - former Panamanian general and dictator
*[[John Anthony Walker]] (1937- ) - Soviet spy

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/mar/index.jsp USP Marion]

[[Category:Federal Correctional Institutions in the United States]]
[[Category:Prisons in Illinois]]
[[Category:Marion, Illinois|USP Marion]]
[[Category:Supermax prisons]]

[[ru:Исправительная тюрьма Марион]]

United States Penitentiary Marion

2009-11-15T05:14:01Z

Larrymcp: /* Communication Management Unit */ Fix spelling

{{Infobox Prison
|prison_name = USP Marion
|image = [[Image:USP-Marion.jpg|230px|U.S. Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois.]]
|location = [[Marion, Illinois]]
|coordinates = {{coord|37|39|47|N|88|59|3|W|type:landmark}}
|status = Operational
|classification = Medium
|capacity = 1,000
|opened = 1963
|closed =
|managed_by = [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]
|director =
}}
The '''United States Penitentiary''' is a former [[supermax]] prison, located in [[Marion, Illinois|Marion]], [[Illinois]]. It was built in 1963 to replace the [[Alcatraz]] prison in [[San Francisco]], which closed the same year. According to Carl Sifakis, author of ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'' (New York, NY:Facts on File, Inc., 2003), "Amnesty International has categorized it as inhumane" (156).

==History==
Opened in 1963, Marion became the United States' highest security prison by 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml_articles/cu_in_us.html | title="Control Unit Prisons" | publisher=University of Massachusetts | accessdate = 2006-10-23}}</ref> The facility became the nation's first control unit when violence forced a long-term [[lockdown]] in 1983.

Marion was one of two [[supermax]] prisons in the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], the other being [[ADX Florence]] in [[Colorado]]. The prison was originally constructed to hold 500 inmates. In 1968, a behavior modification program was implemented, called Control and Rehabilitation Effort, or CARE. Inmates placed in CARE wound up either in [[solitary confinement]], or were subjected to "group therapy", which involved psychological sessions.

On [[October 22]], [[1983]], two [[prison guard]]s, [[Merle E. Clutts]] and [[Robert L. Hoffman]], were killed in separate incidents, both at the hands of [[Aryan Brotherhood]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/history/heroes.jsp|title="Fallen Heroes"|publisher=United States Federal Bureau of Prisons|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> Clutts was stabbed by [[Thomas Silverstein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1393970.stm |title="America's Most Dangerous Prisoner?"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> The prison was, at the time, the holding place for the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]' most dangerous prisoners. Despite this, two inmates were able independently to kill their accompanying guards. Relatively lax security procedures allowed a prisoner, while walking down a hall, to turn to the side and approach a particular cell. An accomplice would subsequently unlock his [[handcuffs]] with a stolen key and provide him with a knife.

As a result of the incident, the prison in Marion went into "permanent [[lockdown]]," and was completely transformed into a "control unit" prison. This penal construction and operation theory, since named [[supermax]] (a [[portmanteau]] of ''super'' and ''maximum'') calls for the keeping of inmates in [[solitary confinement]] between twenty-two and twenty-three hours each day, and does not allow congregate dining, exercising, or religious services. These practices were used as administrative measures to keep prisoners under control.

==Communication Management Unit==

Although the supermax facility is gone, The United States Penitentiary at Marion is now home to one of two known "Communication Management Units" in the federal prison system.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-mcgowan/tales-from-inside-the-us_b_212632.html</ref> The other is at the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute]], Indiana. The units severely restrict the visitation rights for inmates and monitor all telephone calls and mail. Most of the inmates are Arab Muslims. The prison also houses [[Daniel McGowan]], serving seven years for involvement in two arsons at logging operations in Oregon. His sentence was given "terrorism enhancements" as authorized by the US Patriot act.<ref>http://www.supportdaniel.org/faq/</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] created the Communication Management Unit (CMU) in response to criticism that it had not been adequately monitoring the communications of prisoners. "By concentrating resources in this fashion, it will greatly enhance the agency's capabilities for language translation, content analysis and intelligence sharing," according to the Bureau's summary of the CMU.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/24/AR2007022401231_pf.html Washington Post, February 2007] Facility holding terrorism inmates limits communication</ref> An [[ACLU]] law suit charges that CMUs of the federal prisons violates inmates' rights.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-terror18-2009jun18,0,5232714.story LA Times, June 2009] ACLU to challenge isolation prisons</ref> In a [[Democracy Now]] interview on June 25 2009, The animal rights activist Andrew Stepanian talks about being jailed at the CMU. Stepanian is believed to be the first prisoner released from a CMU.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/25/exclusive_animal_rights_activist_jailed_at Democracy Now interview]</ref>

:''See also [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute#Communication Management Unit]]''

==The prison==

The prison is located approximately nine miles south of Marion, which is roughly {{convert|330|mi|km}} south of [[Chicago]].
Permanent lockdown, where prisoners remain in their cells 23 hours a day with little to no human contact, began in 1983 and ended in 2006, when the prison began extensive renovations as a medium security prison. The renovations increased Marion's inmate population from 383 to 900. <ref>{{cite web | last = Hunsperger | first = Kevin | authorlink = | coauthors =
| title = Marion Prison Tours
| work =
| publisher = WSIL TV
| date =
| url = http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=1560&type=local
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-24}} </ref> The majority of the inmates housed at Marion are weapons and drug offenders.

Besides the better known former supermax penitentiary, the facility also houses a minimum security work camp as well.

==Gotti's cell==
Sifakis describes [[John Gotti|John Gotti's]] cell in ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'': "Confined in maximum security since his imprisonment in 1992, Gotti could be said to have been in total isolation, with only a few visits from his family members and his attorneys. Kept in an 8-by-7-feet underground cell for 22 to 23 hours a day, he knew many of the other closely confined inmates such as Scarfo and Coonan, as well as many other mob inmates, but he never saw them in prison. With reports of cancer ailments, he was assigned no work, no communal recreation. His food was delivered through a slot in the cell door. His cell contained no more than a single cot, a basin, a toilet, and a black-and-white TV. It was said he did not even get a chair on which to sit. To avoid spending all his time prone on his cot, Gotti folded his mattress into an L shape, which he propped against a wall to simulate a chair" (156-157).

==Famous inmates==
*[[Carlos Lehder|Carlos Lehder]] (1949- ) - Medellin Cartel Co-Founder
*[[Joseph Merlino|Joseph "Skinny Joey" Merlino]] (1962- ) - American Mobster and boss of [[Philadelphia Crime Family]]
*[[Nicky Barnes|Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes]] (1933- ) - former [[drug lord]] of [[Harlem]]
*[[Christopher John Boyce]] (1953- ) - [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy
*[[Edward and Elaine Brown|Ed Brown]] - (current) [[New Hampshire]] tax evader and protester
*[[James Coonan]] (1946- ) - former leader of the "[[Westies]]" street gang, which operated in [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan|Hell's Kitchen]], [[NYC]]
*[[William Daddano, Sr.]] (1912-1975) - favored "middle manager" in the [[Chicago Outfit]]
*[[Clayton Fountain]](1955-2004) Murdered correctional officer [[Robert L.Hoffman]] at [[USP Marion]] October 22 1983.
*[[John Gotti]] (1940-2002) - American mobster and head of the [[Gambino crime family]].
*[[Christopher Jeburk]] (1975?- ) - prison escapee and bank robber
*[[Chevie Kehoe]] (1973- ) - murderer and [[white supremacist]]
*[[Tom Manning (prisoner)|Tom Manning]] - [[United Freedom Front]] militant and left-wing extremist
*[[Leonard Peltier]] (1944- ) - [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] activist (incarcerated at Marion [[June 1]] [[1977]]-1985)
*[[Jonathan Pollard]] (1954- ) - [[Israel]]i spy (incarcerated 1986-1993, then transferred to [[Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Butner | FCI Butner]])
*[[Pete Rose]] (1941- ) - athlete charged with filing false [[income tax]] returns (incarcerated from August 8, 1990, through January 7, 1991)
*[[Nicodemo Scarfo]] (1929-) - former [[Philadelphia]] crime boss transferred to federal prison in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], until 2033
*[[Thomas Silverstein]] (1952- ) - murderer and [[Aryan Brotherhood]] leader
*[[Garrett Brock Trapnell]] (1938-1993) - skyjacker, bank robber, and con man
*[[Manuel Noriega]] (1934- ) - former Panamanian general and dictator
*[[John Anthony Walker]] (1937- ) - Soviet spy

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/mar/index.jsp USP Marion]

[[Category:Federal Correctional Institutions in the United States]]
[[Category:Prisons in Illinois]]
[[Category:Marion, Illinois|USP Marion]]
[[Category:Supermax prisons]]

[[ru:Исправительная тюрьма Марион]]

United States Penitentiary Marion

2009-11-15T05:11:42Z

Larrymcp: /* History */ Fix spelling

{{Infobox Prison
|prison_name = USP Marion
|image = [[Image:USP-Marion.jpg|230px|U.S. Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois.]]
|location = [[Marion, Illinois]]
|coordinates = {{coord|37|39|47|N|88|59|3|W|type:landmark}}
|status = Operational
|classification = Medium
|capacity = 1,000
|opened = 1963
|closed =
|managed_by = [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]
|director =
}}
The '''United States Penitentiary''' is a former [[supermax]] prison, located in [[Marion, Illinois|Marion]], [[Illinois]]. It was built in 1963 to replace the [[Alcatraz]] prison in [[San Francisco]], which closed the same year. According to Carl Sifakis, author of ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'' (New York, NY:Facts on File, Inc., 2003), "Amnesty International has categorized it as inhumane" (156).

==History==
Opened in 1963, Marion became the United States' highest security prison by 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml_articles/cu_in_us.html | title="Control Unit Prisons" | publisher=University of Massachusetts | accessdate = 2006-10-23}}</ref> The facility became the nation's first control unit when violence forced a long-term [[lockdown]] in 1983.

Marion was one of two [[supermax]] prisons in the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]], the other being [[ADX Florence]] in [[Colorado]]. The prison was originally constructed to hold 500 inmates. In 1968, a behavior modification program was implemented, called Control and Rehabilitation Effort, or CARE. Inmates placed in CARE wound up either in [[solitary confinement]], or were subjected to "group therapy", which involved psychological sessions.

On [[October 22]], [[1983]], two [[prison guard]]s, [[Merle E. Clutts]] and [[Robert L. Hoffman]], were killed in separate incidents, both at the hands of [[Aryan Brotherhood]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/history/heroes.jsp|title="Fallen Heroes"|publisher=United States Federal Bureau of Prisons|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> Clutts was stabbed by [[Thomas Silverstein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1393970.stm |title="America's Most Dangerous Prisoner?"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> The prison was, at the time, the holding place for the [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]' most dangerous prisoners. Despite this, two inmates were able independently to kill their accompanying guards. Relatively lax security procedures allowed a prisoner, while walking down a hall, to turn to the side and approach a particular cell. An accomplice would subsequently unlock his [[handcuffs]] with a stolen key and provide him with a knife.

As a result of the incident, the prison in Marion went into "permanent [[lockdown]]," and was completely transformed into a "control unit" prison. This penal construction and operation theory, since named [[supermax]] (a [[portmanteau]] of ''super'' and ''maximum'') calls for the keeping of inmates in [[solitary confinement]] between twenty-two and twenty-three hours each day, and does not allow congregate dining, exercising, or religious services. These practices were used as administrative measures to keep prisoners under control.

==Communication Management Unit==

Although the supermax facility is gone, The United States Penitentiary at Marion is now home to one of two known "Communication Management Units" in the federal prison system.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-mcgowan/tales-from-inside-the-us_b_212632.html</ref> The other is at the [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute]], Indiana. The units severely restrict the visitation rights for inmates and monitor all telephone calls and mail. Most of the inmates are Arab Muslims. The prison also houses [[Daniel McGowan]], serving seven years for involvement in two arsons at logging operations in Oregon. His sentence was given "terrorism enhancements" as authorized by the US Patriot act.<ref>http://www.supportdaniel.org/faq/</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] created the Communication Management Unit (CMU) in response to criticism that it had not been adequately monitoring the communications of prisoners. "By concentrating resources in this fashion, it will greatly enhance the agency's capabilities for language translation, content analysis and intelligence sharing," according to the Bureau's summary of the CMU.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/24/AR2007022401231_pf.html Washington Post, February 2007] Facility holding terrorism inmates limits communication</ref> An [[ACLU]] law suit charges that CMUs of the federal prisons violates inmates rights.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-terror18-2009jun18,0,5232714.story LA Times, June 2009] ACLU to challenge isolation prisons</ref> In a [[Democracy Now]] interview on June 25 2009, The animal rights activist Andrew Stepanian talks about being jailed at the CMU. Stepanian is believed to be the first prisoner released from a CMU.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/25/exclusive_animal_rights_activist_jailed_at Democracy Now interview]</ref>

:''See also [[Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute#Communication Management Unit]]''

==The prison==

The prison is located approximately nine miles south of Marion, which is roughly {{convert|330|mi|km}} south of [[Chicago]].
Permanent lockdown, where prisoners remain in their cells 23 hours a day with little to no human contact, began in 1983 and ended in 2006, when the prison began extensive renovations as a medium security prison. The renovations increased Marion's inmate population from 383 to 900. <ref>{{cite web | last = Hunsperger | first = Kevin | authorlink = | coauthors =
| title = Marion Prison Tours
| work =
| publisher = WSIL TV
| date =
| url = http://www.wsiltv.com/p/news_details.php?newsID=1560&type=local
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-24}} </ref> The majority of the inmates housed at Marion are weapons and drug offenders.

Besides the better known former supermax penitentiary, the facility also houses a minimum security work camp as well.

==Gotti's cell==
Sifakis describes [[John Gotti|John Gotti's]] cell in ''The Encyclopedia of American Prisons'': "Confined in maximum security since his imprisonment in 1992, Gotti could be said to have been in total isolation, with only a few visits from his family members and his attorneys. Kept in an 8-by-7-feet underground cell for 22 to 23 hours a day, he knew many of the other closely confined inmates such as Scarfo and Coonan, as well as many other mob inmates, but he never saw them in prison. With reports of cancer ailments, he was assigned no work, no communal recreation. His food was delivered through a slot in the cell door. His cell contained no more than a single cot, a basin, a toilet, and a black-and-white TV. It was said he did not even get a chair on which to sit. To avoid spending all his time prone on his cot, Gotti folded his mattress into an L shape, which he propped against a wall to simulate a chair" (156-157).

==Famous inmates==
*[[Carlos Lehder|Carlos Lehder]] (1949- ) - Medellin Cartel Co-Founder
*[[Joseph Merlino|Joseph "Skinny Joey" Merlino]] (1962- ) - American Mobster and boss of [[Philadelphia Crime Family]]
*[[Nicky Barnes|Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes]] (1933- ) - former [[drug lord]] of [[Harlem]]
*[[Christopher John Boyce]] (1953- ) - [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy
*[[Edward and Elaine Brown|Ed Brown]] - (current) [[New Hampshire]] tax evader and protester
*[[James Coonan]] (1946- ) - former leader of the "[[Westies]]" street gang, which operated in [[Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan|Hell's Kitchen]], [[NYC]]
*[[William Daddano, Sr.]] (1912-1975) - favored "middle manager" in the [[Chicago Outfit]]
*[[Clayton Fountain]](1955-2004) Murdered correctional officer [[Robert L.Hoffman]] at [[USP Marion]] October 22 1983.
*[[John Gotti]] (1940-2002) - American mobster and head of the [[Gambino crime family]].
*[[Christopher Jeburk]] (1975?- ) - prison escapee and bank robber
*[[Chevie Kehoe]] (1973- ) - murderer and [[white supremacist]]
*[[Tom Manning (prisoner)|Tom Manning]] - [[United Freedom Front]] militant and left-wing extremist
*[[Leonard Peltier]] (1944- ) - [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] activist (incarcerated at Marion [[June 1]] [[1977]]-1985)
*[[Jonathan Pollard]] (1954- ) - [[Israel]]i spy (incarcerated 1986-1993, then transferred to [[Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Butner | FCI Butner]])
*[[Pete Rose]] (1941- ) - athlete charged with filing false [[income tax]] returns (incarcerated from August 8, 1990, through January 7, 1991)
*[[Nicodemo Scarfo]] (1929-) - former [[Philadelphia]] crime boss transferred to federal prison in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], until 2033
*[[Thomas Silverstein]] (1952- ) - murderer and [[Aryan Brotherhood]] leader
*[[Garrett Brock Trapnell]] (1938-1993) - skyjacker, bank robber, and con man
*[[Manuel Noriega]] (1934- ) - former Panamanian general and dictator
*[[John Anthony Walker]] (1937- ) - Soviet spy

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/mar/index.jsp USP Marion]

[[Category:Federal Correctional Institutions in the United States]]
[[Category:Prisons in Illinois]]
[[Category:Marion, Illinois|USP Marion]]
[[Category:Supermax prisons]]

[[ru:Исправительная тюрьма Марион]]

Cameron Todd Willingham

2009-10-10T14:40:54Z

Larrymcp: /* Evidence */ Fix spelling

'''Cameron Todd Willingham''' (January 9, 1968, [[Carter County, Oklahoma]] – February 17, 2004, [[Huntsville Unit]], [[Huntsville, Texas]]) was convicted of [[murder]] and [[capital punishment|executed]] for the deaths of his three young children via [[arson]] at the family home in [[Corsicana, Texas]].

Willingham's case gained renewed attention in 2009 when an investigative report in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', drawing upon arson investigation experts and advances in fire science, purported to demonstrate that, contrary to the claims of the prosecution, there was no evidence that the house fire was intentionally set, and that the State of Texas may have executed an innocent man. A subsequent investigative report by an expert hired by the [[Texas Forensic Science Commission]] further claimed that the original claims of arson were not sustainable; the Corsicana Fire Department disputes the findings, stating that the expert's report overlooked several key points in the record.

== Fire ==
The fire occurred at the Willingham home in [[Corsicana, Texas]] on December 23, 1991. Killed in the fire were Willingham's three daughters: two-year-old Amber Louise Kuykendall and one-year-old twins Karmon Diane Willingham and Kameron Marie Willingham. Willingham himself escaped the home with only minor burns. Stacy Kuykendall, Willingham's then-wife and the mother of his three daughters, was not home at the time of the fire, as she was out shopping. Prosecutors charged that Willingham set the fire and killed the children in an attempt to cover up abuse of the girls.<ref>[http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/willingham899.htm The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney: Cameron Todd Willingham]</ref> This was in spite of the fact that that there was never any evidence of child abuse and Willingham's wife, Stacy, had told prosecutors that he had never abused the children. "Our kids were spoiled rotten", she said and insisted he would never harm their children. <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all]</ref>

Seventeen years after the fire and five years after Willingham's execution, a report conducted by Dr. Craig Beyler, hired by the Texas Forensic Science Commission to review the case, found that "a finding of arson could not be sustained". Beyler said that key testimony from a fire marshal at Willingham's trial was "hardly consistent with a scientific mind-set and is more characteristic of mystics or psychics".<ref name="Beyler">{{cite web
| title = Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham
| author = Craig L. Beyler, Ph.D., Technical Director
| url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=10401390
| publisher = docstoc.com
| date = August 17, 2009
| accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Grann>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann
|title=Trial by Fire: Did Texas execute an innocent man?
|first=David
|last=Grann
|authorlink =David Grann
|publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''
|date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

The Texas Forensic Science Commission was scheduled to discuss the report by Dr Beyler at a meeting on October 2,2009, but two days before the meeting Texas Governor [[Rick Perry]] replaced the chair of the commission and two other members. The new chair canceled the meeting—sparking accusations that Perry was interfering with the investigation<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/01/texas.execution.probe/index.html]</ref> and using it for his own political advantage.<ref>{{cite web | author = CNN | title = CNN's Anderson Cooper 360: “Is Texas Governor Rick Perry Trying to Cover Up Execution of Innocent Man on His Watch” | url = http://camerontoddwillingham.com/?p=205 | publisher = "Texas Moratorium Network" (camerontoddwillingham.com) | date = October 3, 2009}}</ref>

==Investigation and trial==
Willingham was charged with murder on January 8, 1992. During his trial in August 1992, he was offered a life term in exchange for a guilty plea, which he turned down insisting he was innocent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Document - USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/182/2004/en/dom-AMR511822004en.html | date = December 13, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref> At trial, the fire investigator Vasquez testified that there were three points of origin for the fire, which indicated that the fire was "intentionally set by human hands". A sample of burned material near the doorway of the house tested positive for mineral spirits, indicating the presence of lighter fluid. Willingham had escaped the fire with bare feet and no burn marks. This was taken as evidence that accelerant was poured by Willingham as he left the house. Several witnesses testified for the prosecution.<ref name=Grann/>

In 2009, John Jackson, the prosecutor at the trial stated that burns suffered by Willingham were so superficial as to suggest that the same were self-inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himself.<ref name="jackson">{{cite news | publisher=[[Corsicana Daily Sun]] | first=John H. | last=Jackson, Sr. | date=[[2009-08-29]] | accessdate=2009-09-05 | url=http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/opinion/local_story_241210447.html?keyword=topstory | title=Willingham guilt never in doubt}}</ref> However, ''The New Yorker'' writer David Grann says that fire investigators who reviewed the case told him that "Willingham’s first-degree and second-degree burns were consistent with being in a fire before the moment of '[[flashover]]'—that is, when everything in a room suddenly ignites." <ref name="Grannresponds">{{cite news | publisher=[[New Yorker]] | first=David | last=Grann | date=[[2009-09-04]] | accessdate=2009-09-06 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html | title=David Grann" The Prosecution Defends Itself}}</ref>

Commenting on the condition of the house, Jackson added "any escape or rescue route from the burning house was blocked by a refrigerator which had been pushed against the back door, requiring any person attempting escape to run through the conflagration at the front of the house."<ref name="jackson"/> There were two refrigerators in the Willingham house. Jimmie Hensley, a police detective, and Douglas Fogg, the assistant fire chief, who both investigated the fire, told ''The New Yorker'' author Grann that they had never believed that the fridge was part of the arson plot. “It didn’t have nothing to do with the fire,” Fogg said. <ref name=Grann/>

Jackson also contradicted Willingham's account by claiming blood-gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the fire revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke. Willingham's statement and eyewitness accounts had detailed rescue attempts.<ref name="jackson"/>

Consistent with typical Navarro County death penalty practice, Willingham was offered the opportunity to eliminate himself as a suspect by [[polygraph]] examination, which "was rejected in the most vulgar and insulting manner," according to Jackson.<ref name="jackson"/> Against the advice of his own counsel, Willingham also declined a life sentence in exchange for his guilty plea. He insisted he would not admit to something he had not done, even if it meant sparing his life.

=== Alleged domestic abuse ===

The prosecutor has claimed the fire which killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to do so. He also claimed Willingham had attempted to abort both pregnancies by kicking his wife intending to cause miscarriages.<ref>Jackson, op. cite.,"The event which caused the three children's deaths was the third attempt by Todd Willingham to kill his children established by the evidence. He had attempted to abort both pregnancies by vicious attacks on his wife in which he beat and kicked his wife with the specific intent to trigger miscarriages."</ref> However, in a follow up article by David Grann, it was noted that "...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children" and that "Willingham’s wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children." <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html]</ref>

The prosecutor also claimed that Willingham was a serial [[domestic violence|wife abuser]], both physically and emotionally. Jackson also claimed Willingham had abused animals and was a [[sociopath]].<ref name="jackson"/> However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and “He was probably one of my favorite kids,” she said. Even a former judge named Bebe Bridges—who had often stood, as she put it, on the “opposite side” of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing—said that she could not imagine him killing his children. “He was polite, and he seemed to care,” she said.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all]</ref>

== Appeals and Execution ==
Willingham maintained his innocence up until his death and spent years trying to appeal his conviction. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied Willingham a [[writ of habeas corpus]] a month before his execution. Dr. Gerald Hurst, an Austin scientist and fire investigator, reviewed the case and concluded there was "no evidence of arson, the same conclusion reached by other fire investigators. Hurst's report was sent to governor [[Rick Perry]]'s office as well as Board of Pardons and Paroles along with Willingham's appeal for clemency.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rachel-farris/dare-devils-governor-rick_b_284698.html]</ref> Neither responded to Willingham's appeals. "The whole case was based on the purest form of junk science," Hurst later said. "There was no item of evidence that indicated arson." Perry spokeswoman Katherine Cesinger said the Governor had weighed the "totality of the issues that led to (Willingham's) conviction." She said he was aware of a "claim of a reinterpretation of (the) arson testimony."<ref>[http://www.news-journal.com/news/content/region/legislature/stories/2009/09/10/0910selby.html]</ref>

Willingham was executed by lethal injection on February 17, 2004, at the [[Huntsville Unit|Texas State Penitentiary]] in Huntsville. He was 36 years old.

When asked if he had a [[final statement]], Willingham said: "Yeah. The only statement I want to make is that I am an innocent man convicted of a crime I did not commit. I have been persecuted for 12 years for something I did not do. From God's dust I came and to dust I will return, so the earth shall become my throne. I gotta go, Road Dog. I love you, Gabby."<ref>{{cite web | title=Offender Last Statement Cameron Todd Willingham #999041 | url=http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/willinghamcameronlast.htm | publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice | date=February 2, 2004 }}</ref> He then addressed his ex-wife, Stacy Kuykendall, who was watching about 8 feet away through a window. Willingham said, "I hope you rot in hell." He then attempted to maneuver his hand, strapped at the wrist to the execution gurney, into an obscene gesture.<ref name="TEI">{{cite web | last=Carson | first=David | url=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | title=Texas Execution Information: Cameron Willingham.}}</ref> Kuykendall showed no reaction to the outburst. While she initially believed in her husband's innocence, following the trial she told him she no longer believed him and publicized her change of heart. Willingham was pronounced dead at 6:20 p.m., seven minutes after the lethal dose of chemicals began.

==Evidence==
Charcoal starter fluid and an outdoor grill were kept on the front porch of Willingham’s house as evidenced by a melted container found there. Some of this fluid may have entered the front doorway of the house carried along by fire hose water. It was alleged this fluid was deliberately poured to start the fire and that Willingham chose this entranceway so as to impede rescue attempts. The prosecution also used other [[arson]] theories that have since been brought into question. Beyler wrote in his report, "in the end, the only (basis) for the determination of arson ... is the burn patterns on the floor of the children's bedroom, the hallway and the porch interpreted as accelerant spill. None of these determinations have any basis in modern fire science."<ref name="Beyler"/>

In addition to the arson evidence, a jailhouse informant named Johnny Webb claimed Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide his wife's physical abuse of the girls, although the girls showed no other injuries besides those caused by the fire.<ref name="chicagotribune">{{cite news | title = Man executed on disproved forensics | first = Steve | last = Mills | author2 = Maurice Possley | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0412090169dec09,0,1173806.story | newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = December 9, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref> Webb later told a reporter for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', "it’s very possible I misunderstood what he said. Being locked up in that little cell makes you kind of crazy. My memory is in bits and pieces. I was on a lot of medication at the time. Everyone knew that."<ref name=Grann/> Webb was later diagnosed bipolar and even the prosecutor described Webb as "an unreliable kind of guy" yet after Webb's testimony Jackson successfully got him released from prison early. Webb later sent Jackson a Motion to Recant Testimony, that declared, “Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges.” Willingham's attorneys were not notified and Webb later recanted his recantation. <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all}</ref>

According to testimony, at the time of the fire eyewitnesses reported that Willingham was outside the house and in a distressed state calling out that his babies were burning. He frantically told neighbor Diane Barbee to call the fire department and then broke the window out of the child's bedroom. He grew increasingly hysterical and had to be restrained with handcuffs to prevent him from re-entering the house. One early-arriving fireman said that he had also had to restrain Willingham for his own safety. One neighbor also testified that Willingham could have tried to re-enter the home to rescue the children. They allege he "crouched down" in his front yard and watched the house burn for a period of time without attempting to enter the home or go to neighbors for help or request they call firefighters.<ref name=Grann/> Eyewitnesses also described his appearance as having "singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two inch burn injury on his right shoulder. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, still resisting and still in handcuffs." <ref>[http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution_based_on_bad_investi/D_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509.pdf]</ref>

The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of his unwanted children. Willingham had previously been arrested for assaulting his then-pregnant wife.<ref>{{cite web | author = David Carson | title = Cameron Willingham | url = http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | publisher = Texas Execution Information Center (txexecutions.org) | date = February 18, 2004 }}</ref>

In a 2009 article discussing the reasons why Willingham was found guilty, Jackson recalled witness statements established that Willingham was overheard whispering to his deceased older daughter at the funeral home, "You're not the one who was supposed to die." Jackson stated that Willingham's comments was an indicator of guilt. In a rebuttal David Grann wrote, "If the arson investigators had concluded there was no scientific evidence that a crime had occurred—as the top fire investigators in the country have now determined—Willingham’s words at the funeral would surely be viewed as a sign that he was tormented by the fact that he had survived without saving his children."<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html]</ref>

Since Willingham's execution, persistent questions have been raised as to the accuracy of the forensic evidence used in the conviction; specifically, whether it can be proven that an accelerant (such as the lighter fluid mentioned above) was used to start the fatal fire.<ref>{{cite web | author = Scott Cobb | title = CNN's Anderson Cooper to Air Report on Cameron Willingham Tonight | url = http://stopexecutions.blogspot.com/2007/04/cnns-anderson-cooper-to-air-report-on.html | publisher = "Texas Moratorium Network" (stopexecutions.blogspot.com) | date = April 09, 2007 }}</ref>

Fire investigator Gerald L. Hurst reviewed the case documents, including the trial transcriptions and an hour-long videotape of the aftermath of the fire scene. Hurst said, "There's nothing to suggest to any reasonable arson investigator that this was an arson fire. It was just a fire."<ref name="chicagotribune"/> In June 2009 the State of Texas ordered an unprecedented re-examination of the case and may issue a ruling on it at a later date.

A ''Chicago Tribune'' investigative article concluded: "Over the past five years, the Willingham case has been reviewed by nine of the nation's top fire scientists—first for the ''Tribune'', then for the [[Innocence Project]], and now for the commission. All concluded that the original investigators relied on outdated theories and folklore to justify the determination of arson. The only other evidence of significance against Willingham was twice recanted testimony<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all}</ref> by another inmate who testified that Willingham had confessed to him. Jailhouse snitches are viewed with skepticism in the justice system, so much so that some jurisdictions have restrictions against their use."<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-texas-execute-0824-082aug25,0,5812073.story]</ref>

==City of Corsicana response to Beyler Report==

On 4 October 2009, the City of Corsicana released a formal response to the Beyler Report on the investigation of the fire that killed Willingham's three children at the behest of the Texas Forensic Science Commission<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref>. The city's response was sharply critical of Beyler, arguing:

* Beyler overlooked 27 inconsistencies in Willingham's testimony about actions he took before, during, and after the fire.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* Beyler inaccurately quoted Doug Fogg, the Corsican fire investigator, as saying that plastic toys don’t melt, and that latex paint doesn’t burn off wood, which he did not say.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* In accepting Willingham’s claims that the fire was electrical or gas-ignited, Beyler ignored the fact investigators had looked for electrical and gas-related causes, and eliminated those.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* Beyler was unreasonably dismissive of the testimony of Johnny Webb, a fellow inmate in the Navarro County Jail, to whom Willingham allegedly confessed. Webb told the jury that Willingham started the fire by pouring lighter fluid in an X pattern on the children’s bedroom floor, a pattern which matches the diagram in the fire marshal’s report. According to the city, Webb was the first to testify and did not know about the diagram.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

The City of Corsicana's response did agree with Beyler's report on two points, that fire investigator Vasquez could not have read Willingham's mind and that the local investigators should have taken samples from the house's concrete porch for analysis.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

The City's response also stated:

“Given some of Dr. Beyler’s distortions of the trial record, as described below, it may be that he has assumed the role of an advocate.”<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Capital punishment in Texas]]
* [[Capital punishment in the United States]]
* [[List of individuals executed in Texas]]

==References==
*{{cite news | title = Trial by Fire | first = David | last = Grann | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann | newspaper = [[The New Yorker]] | date = September 7, 2009}}
* {{cite news | title = Man executed on disproved forensics | first = Steve | last = Mills | author2 = Maurice Possley | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0412090169dec09,0,1173806.story | newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = December 9, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}
* [http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/statistics/deathrow/drowlist/wilinham.jpg Offender Information]. ''[[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* [http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/willinghamcameronlast.htm Last Statement]. ''[[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* [http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/willingham899.htm Cameron Todd Willingham]. ''The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* Blumenthal, Ralph. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/us/03execute.html Faulty Testimony Sent 2 to Death Row, Panel Finds]. ''[[The New York Times]]'' ([[2006-05-03]]). Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* {{cite web | title = Document - USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/182/2004/en/dom-AMR511822004en.html | date = December 13, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite web | last=Carson | first=David | url=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | title=Texas Execution Information: Cameron Willingham | date = February 18, 2004 }}
* {{cite web| title = Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham | author = Craig L. Beyler, Ph.D. Technical Director | url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=10401390 | publisher = docstoc.com | date = August 17, 2009 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}

== External links ==
* [http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf City of Corsicana Response to Beyler Report, 29 September 2009]
* [http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution_based_on_bad_investi/D_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509.pdf Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Case Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameran Todd Willingham - Craig L. Beyler].
* [http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles Willingham Files - A collection of all stories published by the Corsicana Daily Sun]
* {{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/crime/2009/10/04/kaye.execution.coverup.cnn|title=Did Texas execute innocent man?|last=Kaye |first=Randi |publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-10-04}} ''(Video)''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Willingham, Cameron}}

[[Category:21st-century executions by the United States]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Americans convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Executed American people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Texas]]
[[Category:People executed by lethal injection]]
[[Category:People executed by Texas]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]

Cameron Todd Willingham

2009-10-10T14:38:40Z

Larrymcp: /* City of Corsicana response to Beyler Report */ Fix spacing

'''Cameron Todd Willingham''' (January 9, 1968, [[Carter County, Oklahoma]] – February 17, 2004, [[Huntsville Unit]], [[Huntsville, Texas]]) was convicted of [[murder]] and [[capital punishment|executed]] for the deaths of his three young children via [[arson]] at the family home in [[Corsicana, Texas]].

Willingham's case gained renewed attention in 2009 when an investigative report in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', drawing upon arson investigation experts and advances in fire science, purported to demonstrate that, contrary to the claims of the prosecution, there was no evidence that the house fire was intentionally set, and that the State of Texas may have executed an innocent man. A subsequent investigative report by an expert hired by the [[Texas Forensic Science Commission]] further claimed that the original claims of arson were not sustainable; the Corsicana Fire Department disputes the findings, stating that the expert's report overlooked several key points in the record.

== Fire ==
The fire occurred at the Willingham home in [[Corsicana, Texas]] on December 23, 1991. Killed in the fire were Willingham's three daughters: two-year-old Amber Louise Kuykendall and one-year-old twins Karmon Diane Willingham and Kameron Marie Willingham. Willingham himself escaped the home with only minor burns. Stacy Kuykendall, Willingham's then-wife and the mother of his three daughters, was not home at the time of the fire, as she was out shopping. Prosecutors charged that Willingham set the fire and killed the children in an attempt to cover up abuse of the girls.<ref>[http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/willingham899.htm The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney: Cameron Todd Willingham]</ref> This was in spite of the fact that that there was never any evidence of child abuse and Willingham's wife, Stacy, had told prosecutors that he had never abused the children. "Our kids were spoiled rotten", she said and insisted he would never harm their children. <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all]</ref>

Seventeen years after the fire and five years after Willingham's execution, a report conducted by Dr. Craig Beyler, hired by the Texas Forensic Science Commission to review the case, found that "a finding of arson could not be sustained". Beyler said that key testimony from a fire marshal at Willingham's trial was "hardly consistent with a scientific mind-set and is more characteristic of mystics or psychics".<ref name="Beyler">{{cite web
| title = Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham
| author = Craig L. Beyler, Ph.D., Technical Director
| url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=10401390
| publisher = docstoc.com
| date = August 17, 2009
| accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Grann>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann
|title=Trial by Fire: Did Texas execute an innocent man?
|first=David
|last=Grann
|authorlink =David Grann
|publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''
|date=2009-09-07}}</ref>

The Texas Forensic Science Commission was scheduled to discuss the report by Dr Beyler at a meeting on October 2,2009, but two days before the meeting Texas Governor [[Rick Perry]] replaced the chair of the commission and two other members. The new chair canceled the meeting—sparking accusations that Perry was interfering with the investigation<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/01/texas.execution.probe/index.html]</ref> and using it for his own political advantage.<ref>{{cite web | author = CNN | title = CNN's Anderson Cooper 360: “Is Texas Governor Rick Perry Trying to Cover Up Execution of Innocent Man on His Watch” | url = http://camerontoddwillingham.com/?p=205 | publisher = "Texas Moratorium Network" (camerontoddwillingham.com) | date = October 3, 2009}}</ref>

==Investigation and trial==
Willingham was charged with murder on January 8, 1992. During his trial in August 1992, he was offered a life term in exchange for a guilty plea, which he turned down insisting he was innocent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Document - USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/182/2004/en/dom-AMR511822004en.html | date = December 13, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref> At trial, the fire investigator Vasquez testified that there were three points of origin for the fire, which indicated that the fire was "intentionally set by human hands". A sample of burned material near the doorway of the house tested positive for mineral spirits, indicating the presence of lighter fluid. Willingham had escaped the fire with bare feet and no burn marks. This was taken as evidence that accelerant was poured by Willingham as he left the house. Several witnesses testified for the prosecution.<ref name=Grann/>

In 2009, John Jackson, the prosecutor at the trial stated that burns suffered by Willingham were so superficial as to suggest that the same were self-inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himself.<ref name="jackson">{{cite news | publisher=[[Corsicana Daily Sun]] | first=John H. | last=Jackson, Sr. | date=[[2009-08-29]] | accessdate=2009-09-05 | url=http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/opinion/local_story_241210447.html?keyword=topstory | title=Willingham guilt never in doubt}}</ref> However, ''The New Yorker'' writer David Grann says that fire investigators who reviewed the case told him that "Willingham’s first-degree and second-degree burns were consistent with being in a fire before the moment of '[[flashover]]'—that is, when everything in a room suddenly ignites." <ref name="Grannresponds">{{cite news | publisher=[[New Yorker]] | first=David | last=Grann | date=[[2009-09-04]] | accessdate=2009-09-06 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html | title=David Grann" The Prosecution Defends Itself}}</ref>

Commenting on the condition of the house, Jackson added "any escape or rescue route from the burning house was blocked by a refrigerator which had been pushed against the back door, requiring any person attempting escape to run through the conflagration at the front of the house."<ref name="jackson"/> There were two refrigerators in the Willingham house. Jimmie Hensley, a police detective, and Douglas Fogg, the assistant fire chief, who both investigated the fire, told ''The New Yorker'' author Grann that they had never believed that the fridge was part of the arson plot. “It didn’t have nothing to do with the fire,” Fogg said. <ref name=Grann/>

Jackson also contradicted Willingham's account by claiming blood-gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the fire revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke. Willingham's statement and eyewitness accounts had detailed rescue attempts.<ref name="jackson"/>

Consistent with typical Navarro County death penalty practice, Willingham was offered the opportunity to eliminate himself as a suspect by [[polygraph]] examination, which "was rejected in the most vulgar and insulting manner," according to Jackson.<ref name="jackson"/> Against the advice of his own counsel, Willingham also declined a life sentence in exchange for his guilty plea. He insisted he would not admit to something he had not done, even if it meant sparing his life.

=== Alleged domestic abuse ===

The prosecutor has claimed the fire which killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to do so. He also claimed Willingham had attempted to abort both pregnancies by kicking his wife intending to cause miscarriages.<ref>Jackson, op. cite.,"The event which caused the three children's deaths was the third attempt by Todd Willingham to kill his children established by the evidence. He had attempted to abort both pregnancies by vicious attacks on his wife in which he beat and kicked his wife with the specific intent to trigger miscarriages."</ref> However, in a follow up article by David Grann, it was noted that "...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children" and that "Willingham’s wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children." <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html]</ref>

The prosecutor also claimed that Willingham was a serial [[domestic violence|wife abuser]], both physically and emotionally. Jackson also claimed Willingham had abused animals and was a [[sociopath]].<ref name="jackson"/> However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and “He was probably one of my favorite kids,” she said. Even a former judge named Bebe Bridges—who had often stood, as she put it, on the “opposite side” of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing—said that she could not imagine him killing his children. “He was polite, and he seemed to care,” she said.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all]</ref>

== Appeals and Execution ==
Willingham maintained his innocence up until his death and spent years trying to appeal his conviction. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied Willingham a [[writ of habeas corpus]] a month before his execution. Dr. Gerald Hurst, an Austin scientist and fire investigator, reviewed the case and concluded there was "no evidence of arson, the same conclusion reached by other fire investigators. Hurst's report was sent to governor [[Rick Perry]]'s office as well as Board of Pardons and Paroles along with Willingham's appeal for clemency.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rachel-farris/dare-devils-governor-rick_b_284698.html]</ref> Neither responded to Willingham's appeals. "The whole case was based on the purest form of junk science," Hurst later said. "There was no item of evidence that indicated arson." Perry spokeswoman Katherine Cesinger said the Governor had weighed the "totality of the issues that led to (Willingham's) conviction." She said he was aware of a "claim of a reinterpretation of (the) arson testimony."<ref>[http://www.news-journal.com/news/content/region/legislature/stories/2009/09/10/0910selby.html]</ref>

Willingham was executed by lethal injection on February 17, 2004, at the [[Huntsville Unit|Texas State Penitentiary]] in Huntsville. He was 36 years old.

When asked if he had a [[final statement]], Willingham said: "Yeah. The only statement I want to make is that I am an innocent man convicted of a crime I did not commit. I have been persecuted for 12 years for something I did not do. From God's dust I came and to dust I will return, so the earth shall become my throne. I gotta go, Road Dog. I love you, Gabby."<ref>{{cite web | title=Offender Last Statement Cameron Todd Willingham #999041 | url=http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/willinghamcameronlast.htm | publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice | date=February 2, 2004 }}</ref> He then addressed his ex-wife, Stacy Kuykendall, who was watching about 8 feet away through a window. Willingham said, "I hope you rot in hell." He then attempted to maneuver his hand, strapped at the wrist to the execution gurney, into an obscene gesture.<ref name="TEI">{{cite web | last=Carson | first=David | url=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | title=Texas Execution Information: Cameron Willingham.}}</ref> Kuykendall showed no reaction to the outburst. While she initially believed in her husband's innocence, following the trial she told him she no longer believed him and publicized her change of heart. Willingham was pronounced dead at 6:20 p.m., seven minutes after the lethal dose of chemicals began.

==Evidence==
Charcoal starter fluid and an outdoor grill were kept on the front porch of Willingham’s house as evidenced by a melted container found there. Some of this fluid may have entered the front doorway of the house carried along by fire hose water. It was alleged this fluid was deliberately poured to start the fire and that Willingham chose this entranceway so as to impede rescue attempts. The prosecution also used other [[arson]] theories that have since been brought into question. Beyler wrote in his report, "in the end, the only (basis) for the determination of arson ... is the burn patterns on the floor of the children's bedroom, the hallway and the porch interpreted as accelerant spill. None of these determinations have any basis in modern fire science."<ref name="Beyler"/>

In addition to the arson evidence, a jailhouse informant named Johnny Webb claimed Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide his wife's physical abuse of the girls, although the girls showed no other injuries besides those caused by the fire.<ref name="chicagotribune">{{cite news | title = Man executed on disproved forensics | first = Steve | last = Mills | author2 = Maurice Possley | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0412090169dec09,0,1173806.story | newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = December 9, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}</ref> Webb later told a reporter for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', "it’s very possible I misunderstood what he said. Being locked up in that little cell makes you kind of crazy. My memory is in bits and pieces. I was on a lot of medication at the time. Everyone knew that."<ref name=Grann/> Webb was later diagnosed bipolar and even the prosecutor described Webb as "an unreliable kind of guy" yet after Webb's testimony Jackson successfully got him released from prison early. Webb later sent Jackson a Motion to Recant Testimony, that declared, “Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges.” Willingham's attorneys were not notified and Webb later recanted his recantation. <ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all}</ref>

According to testimony, at the time of the fire eyewitnesses reported that Willingham was outside the house and in a distressed state calling out that his babies were burning. He frantically told neighbor Diane Barbee to call the fire department and then broke the window our of the child's bedroom. He grew increasingly hysterical and had to be restrained with handcuffs to prevent him from re-entering the house. One early-arriving fireman said that he had also had to restrain Willingham for his own safety. One neighbor also testified that Willingham could have tried to re-enter the home to rescue the children. They allege he "crouched down" in his front yard and watched the house burn for a period of time without attempting to enter the home or go to neighbors for help or request they call firefighters.<ref name=Grann/> Eyewitnesses also described his appearance as having "singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two inch burn injury on his right shoulder. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, still resisting and still in handcuffs." <ref>[http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution_based_on_bad_investi/D_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509.pdf]</ref>

The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of his unwanted children. Willingham had previously been arrested for assaulting his then-pregnant wife.<ref>{{cite web | author = David Carson | title = Cameron Willingham | url = http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | publisher = Texas Execution Information Center (txexecutions.org) | date = February 18, 2004 }}</ref>

In a 2009 article discussing the reasons why Willingham was found guilty, Jackson recalled witness statements established that Willingham was overheard whispering to his deceased older daughter at the funeral home, "You're not the one who was supposed to die." Jackson stated that Willingham's comments was an indicator of guilt. In a rebuttal David Grann wrote, "If the arson investigators had concluded there was no scientific evidence that a crime had occurred—as the top fire investigators in the country have now determined—Willingham’s words at the funeral would surely be viewed as a sign that he was tormented by the fact that he had survived without saving his children."<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/09/david-grann-response-to-jackson.html]</ref>

Since Willingham's execution, persistent questions have been raised as to the accuracy of the forensic evidence used in the conviction; specifically, whether it can be proven that an accelerant (such as the lighter fluid mentioned above) was used to start the fatal fire.<ref>{{cite web | author = Scott Cobb | title = CNN's Anderson Cooper to Air Report on Cameron Willingham Tonight | url = http://stopexecutions.blogspot.com/2007/04/cnns-anderson-cooper-to-air-report-on.html | publisher = "Texas Moratorium Network" (stopexecutions.blogspot.com) | date = April 09, 2007 }}</ref>

Fire investigator Gerald L. Hurst reviewed the case documents, including the trial transcriptions and an hour-long videotape of the aftermath of the fire scene. Hurst said, "There's nothing to suggest to any reasonable arson investigator that this was an arson fire. It was just a fire."<ref name="chicagotribune"/> In June 2009 the State of Texas ordered an unprecedented re-examination of the case and may issue a ruling on it at a later date.

A ''Chicago Tribune'' investigative article concluded: "Over the past five years, the Willingham case has been reviewed by nine of the nation's top fire scientists—first for the ''Tribune'', then for the [[Innocence Project]], and now for the commission. All concluded that the original investigators relied on outdated theories and folklore to justify the determination of arson. The only other evidence of significance against Willingham was twice recanted testimony<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann?currentPage=all}</ref> by another inmate who testified that Willingham had confessed to him. Jailhouse snitches are viewed with skepticism in the justice system, so much so that some jurisdictions have restrictions against their use."<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-texas-execute-0824-082aug25,0,5812073.story]</ref>

==City of Corsicana response to Beyler Report==

On 4 October 2009, the City of Corsicana released a formal response to the Beyler Report on the investigation of the fire that killed Willingham's three children at the behest of the Texas Forensic Science Commission<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref>. The city's response was sharply critical of Beyler, arguing:

* Beyler overlooked 27 inconsistencies in Willingham's testimony about actions he took before, during, and after the fire.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* Beyler inaccurately quoted Doug Fogg, the Corsican fire investigator, as saying that plastic toys don’t melt, and that latex paint doesn’t burn off wood, which he did not say.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* In accepting Willingham’s claims that the fire was electrical or gas-ignited, Beyler ignored the fact investigators had looked for electrical and gas-related causes, and eliminated those.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

* Beyler was unreasonably dismissive of the testimony of Johnny Webb, a fellow inmate in the Navarro County Jail, to whom Willingham allegedly confessed. Webb told the jury that Willingham started the fire by pouring lighter fluid in an X pattern on the children’s bedroom floor, a pattern which matches the diagram in the fire marshal’s report. According to the city, Webb was the first to testify and did not know about the diagram.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

The City of Corsicana's response did agree with Beyler's report on two points, that fire investigator Vasquez could not have read Willingham's mind and that the local investigators should have taken samples from the house's concrete porch for analysis.<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

The City's response also stated:

“Given some of Dr. Beyler’s distortions of the trial record, as described below, it may be that he has assumed the role of an advocate.”<ref>[http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles/local_story_276222955.html]</ref><ref>[http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf]</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Capital punishment in Texas]]
* [[Capital punishment in the United States]]
* [[List of individuals executed in Texas]]

==References==
*{{cite news | title = Trial by Fire | first = David | last = Grann | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/07/090907fa_fact_grann | newspaper = [[The New Yorker]] | date = September 7, 2009}}
* {{cite news | title = Man executed on disproved forensics | first = Steve | last = Mills | author2 = Maurice Possley | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0412090169dec09,0,1173806.story | newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = December 9, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}
* [http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/statistics/deathrow/drowlist/wilinham.jpg Offender Information]. ''[[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* [http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/willinghamcameronlast.htm Last Statement]. ''[[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* [http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/willingham899.htm Cameron Todd Willingham]. ''The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney''. Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* Blumenthal, Ralph. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/us/03execute.html Faulty Testimony Sent 2 to Death Row, Panel Finds]. ''[[The New York Times]]'' ([[2006-05-03]]). Retrieved on [[2007-11-20]].
* {{cite web | title = Document - USA (Texas): Further Information on Death penalty, Cameron Todd Willingham | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/182/2004/en/dom-AMR511822004en.html | date = December 13, 2004 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}
* {{cite web | last=Carson | first=David | url=http://www.txexecutions.org/reports/320.asp | title=Texas Execution Information: Cameron Willingham | date = February 18, 2004 }}
* {{cite web| title = Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham | author = Craig L. Beyler, Ph.D. Technical Director | url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/document-preview.aspx?doc_id=10401390 | publisher = docstoc.com | date = August 17, 2009 | accessdate = September 1, 2009 }}

== External links ==
* [http://static.cnhi.zope.net/corsicanadailysun/images/City_of_Corsicana_response.pdf City of Corsicana Response to Beyler Report, 29 September 2009]
* [http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/shared-blogs/austin/investigative/upload/2009/08/execution_based_on_bad_investi/D_Beyler%20FINAL%20REPORT%20082509.pdf Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Case Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameran Todd Willingham - Craig L. Beyler].
* [http://www.corsicanadailysun.com/thewillinghamfiles Willingham Files - A collection of all stories published by the Corsicana Daily Sun]
* {{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/crime/2009/10/04/kaye.execution.coverup.cnn|title=Did Texas execute innocent man?|last=Kaye |first=Randi |publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-10-04}} ''(Video)''
{{DEFAULTSORT:Willingham, Cameron}}

[[Category:21st-century executions by the United States]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Americans convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Executed American people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Texas]]
[[Category:People executed by lethal injection]]
[[Category:People executed by Texas]]
[[Category:People executed for murder]]

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-09-02T12:26:02Z

Larrymcp: Fix grammar

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-09-02T12:25:33Z

Larrymcp: Fix typo

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-09-02T12:24:42Z

Larrymcp: Clarify phrasing

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-09-02T12:20:30Z

Larrymcp: Clarify phrasing

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-09-02T12:18:45Z

Larrymcp: Fix grammar

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-08-31T15:16:45Z

Larrymcp: Fix punctuation

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-08-31T15:16:00Z

Larrymcp: Add writers to summary

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-08-31T15:13:07Z

Larrymcp: /* Live performances */ Fix capitalization

Party in the U.S.A.

2009-08-31T15:10:31Z

Larrymcp: Fix phrasing

California State Prison Corcoran

2009-07-21T08:57:53Z

Larrymcp: Fix punctuation

{{Infobox Prison
|prison_name = California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR)
|image = [[Image:CSP Corcoran.jpg|240px]]
|location = [[Corcoran, California|Corcoran]], [[California]], [[United States]]
|coordinates = {{coord|36.060|-119.549}}
|status = Operational
|classification = minimum-maximum
|capacity = 3,116
|population = 5,685
|populationdate = September 2007
|opened = 1988
|closed =
|managed_by = [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation]]
|director = Derral G. Adams, Warden
}}

'''California State Prison, Corcoran''' ('''COR''') is a male-only [[List of California state prisons|California state prison]] located in the city of [[Corcoran, California|Corcoran]], in [[Kings County, California|Kings County]]. It is also known as "Corcoran State Prison,"<ref name=City>City of Corcoran, California. [http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/corcoran.htm About Corcoran.] Accessed 11 Dec 2007.</ref> "CSP-COR,"<ref name=CDCRWeb>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Visitors/Facilities/COR.html California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-Corcoran).] Accessed 12 Dec 2007.</ref> "CSP-Corcoran,"<ref name=CDCRWeb/> "CSP-C,"<ref>Office of the Governor, State of California. [http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/7271/ Governor Schwarzenegger Announces Appointments 08/24/07.]</ref> or "Corcoran I."<ref name=City/> It should not be confused with the newer [[California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran]], which is just south of COR and is known as "Corcoran II."<ref name=City/>

==Current facility==

As of Fiscal Year 2002/2003, COR had a total of 1,703 staff and an annual institutional budget of $115 million.<ref name=CDCRWeb/> As of September 2007, it had a design capacity of 3,116 but a total institution population of 5,685, for an occupancy rate of 182.4 percent.<ref name=CDCRpop>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_Information_Services_Branch/Monthly/TPOP1A/TPOP1Ad0709.pdf Monthly Report of Population as of Midnight September 30, 2007.]</ref>

COR's {{convert|942|acre|km2}} include the following facilities:<ref name=CDCRWeb/><ref name=CDCR2007>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Visitors/docs/20071015-WEBmapbooklet.pdf California's Correctional Facilities.] 15 Oct 2007.</ref>
* Level I housing ("Open dormitories without a secure perimeter").
* Level III housing ("Individual cells, fenced perimeters and armed coverage").
* Level IV housing ("Cells, fenced or walled perimeters, electronic security, more staff and armed officers both inside and outside the installation").
* Security Housing Units, "the most secure area[s] within a Level IV prison designed to provide maximum coverage." Among these units is the Protective Housing Unit which holds up to 47 prisoners who require "extraordinary protection from other prisoners."<ref name=Curtis>Curtis, Kim. Even in prison Jackson would be 'star'. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), June 13, 2005.</ref> The Protective Housing Unit has been described as "strikingly calm" because inmates "don't want to be moved somewhere less guarded."<ref name=Curtis/> Only one violent incident occurred in the Protective Housing Unit, in 1999, "when a guard left a door open and three inmates from the secure housing unit next door attacked inmates [[Charles Manson]] and [[Juan Corona]].
* Acute care hospital.
* Prison Industry Authority.

==History==
Built on what was once [[Tulare Lake]], home to the [[Yokut]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people,<ref>Broder, John M. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDB1131F93BA35752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Spun and Unspun Tales of a California Cotton King.] ''New York Times'', January 8, 2004.</ref> the facility opened in 1988.<ref>Good, Bob. First Inmates Arrive at Corcoran Prison. ''Fresno Bee'', February 23, 1988.</ref> The prison hospital was dedicated in October 1993.<ref>Diaz, Sam. Corcoran Prison Opens Hospital Doors. It's Like Most Facilities, Except for the Armed Guards, Security Cameras and Grill Gates. ''Fresno Bee'', October 28, 1993.</ref>

A front-page article by Mark Arax in the August 1996 ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' claimed that COR was "the most troubled of the 32 state prisons."<ref name=Arax>Arax, Mark. Tales of Brutality Behind Bars; Five officers claim staging of "gladiator days," other abuses at Corcoran State Prison. FBI is investigating facility, which has most killings of inmates in U.S. ''Los Angeles Times'', August 21, 1996.</ref> At the time, COR officers had shot and killed more inmates "than any prison in the country" in COR's eight years of existence; based on interviews and documents, Arax concluded that many shootings of prisoners were "not justified" and that in some cases "the wrong inmate was killed by mistake."<ref name=Arax/> Furthermore, the article alleged that "officers... and their supervisors staged fights between inmates" during "[[gladiator]] days."<ref name=Arax/> In November 1996, [[CBS Evening News]] broadcast "video footage of an inmate fatally shot by guards" at COR in 1994; this death "spawned a probe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of alleged inmate abuses by guards."<ref>Podger, Pamela J. Video of Fatal Prison Shooting at Corcoran Stirs Controversy. ''Fresno Bee'', November 20, 1996.</ref>

A March 1997 episode of the [[CBS]] show ''[[60 Minutes]]'' discussed the 1994 death, "the alleged cover-up and the alarming number of shootings at the prison."<ref>"60 Minutes" Spotlights Corcoran. "Deadliest Prison" Segment Will Lead Off Sunday's Broadcast. ''Fresno Bee'', March 29, 1997.</ref> The [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation|California Department of Corrections]] issued the results of its own investigation in November 1997, which found "isolated incidents of staff misconduct" but no "'widespread staff conspiracy' to abuse prisoners."<ref name=>Holding, Reynolds. State Corrections Dept. Clears Itself in Probe of Corcoran Prison. ''San Francisco Chronicle'', November 27, 1997.</ref>

A film entitled "Maximum Security University," which used prison surveillance tapes showing four 1989-1993 fights "end[ing] when a guard fatally shoots a combatant," was released in February 1998.<ref>A Film Aims to Expose Prison Deaths. Private Investigator Hopes Corcoran Footage Stirs Debate, Reform. ''Fresno Bee'', February 16, 1998.</ref> That month, eight California correctional officers and supervisors were indicted "on federal criminal civil rights charges in connection with inmate fights that occurred at Corcoran State Prison in 1994."<ref name=Federal>United States Department of Justice. [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/February/086.htm.html Eight Officers Indicted for Civil Rights Violations at Corcoran State Prison in California.] February 26, 1998.</ref> After a trial, the eight men were "acquitted of all charges" in June 2000.<ref>Bier, Jerry, et al. All 8 Corcoran Guards Acquitted. Applause Rocks the Courtroom After the Verdicts. ''Fresno Bee'', June 10, 2000.</ref>

Subsequently, COR has been featured in at least two episodes of [[MSNBC]]'s ''[[Lockup (TV show)|Lockup]]'' series: "Inside Corcoran" (which first aired as early as 2003)<ref>Primetime mailing list. [http://www.mail-archive.com/primetime@lists.msnbc.com/msg00180.html New Year's Day Programming on America's Newschannel MSNBC.] The Mail Archive, January 1, 2003.</ref> and "Return to Corcoran" (which first aired in 2005).<ref>[http://prisontalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=172648 MSNBC - "Lockup: Return to Corcoran" on TV tonight (01/07/06)] (discussion thread).</ref>

==Notable inmates==
The prison's most prominent inmates include:
*[[Juan Corona]], who murdered 25 people in 1971. He was transferred to COR from the [[Correctional Training Facility]] in 1992<ref>Juan Corona denied parole for 2nd time. ''San Diego Union'', June 24, 1987.</ref><ref name=Grossi>Grossi, Mark. Corcoran Prison Home to Who's-Who of Killers. The List of Infamous Murderers at the State Facility has Grown This Week to Include Sirhan Sirhan and Juan Corona. ''Fresno Bee'', June 5, 1992.</ref> and now lives in COR's Protective Housing Unit.<ref name=Curtis/>
*[[Charles Manson]], who was transferred from [[San Quentin State Prison]] to COR in March 1989.<ref>Lopez, Pablo. Charles Manson Transferred to Corcoran Prison. ''Fresno Bee'', March 16, 1989.</ref> In May 2007 he was denied parole and will not be eligible for release again until 2012.<ref>Charles Manson, for 11th time, is denied parole in Tate-LaBianca slayings. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), May 24, 2007.</ref> He lives in COR's Protective Housing Unit.<ref name=Curtis/>
*[[Joe "Pegleg" Morgan]], leader and co-founder of the [[Mexican Mafia]]. He was at [[Pelican Bay State Prison]] prior to being hospitalized at COR from October 1993 until his death in November 1993.<ref>Katz, Jesse. Reputed Mexican Mafia Leader Dies in Prison at 64. ''Los Angeles Times'', November 10, 1993.</ref>
*[[Sirhan Sirhan]], convicted assassin of [[United States Senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert F. “Bobby” Kennedy]]. He was transferred to COR from the [[Correctional Training Facility]] in 1992<ref name=Grossi/><ref>Wilstein, Steve. Sirhan denied parole for 10th time in RFK killing. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), May 24, 1989.</ref> and lived in COR's Protective Housing Unit until he was moved to a harsher lockdown [at COR] in 2003.<ref name=Curtis/> He was denied parole in March 2006, and his next parole hearing will be in 2011.<ref>Barbassa, Juliana. Robert Kennedy killer denied parole. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), March 16, 2006.</ref>
*[[Dana Ewell]], convicted triple murderer, who ordered the murders of his family in 1992. Currently he is serving three life sentences and is appealing his sentences.<ref>Swinton, Nate. [http://www.thesantaclara.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=a150c3f4-07ce-4ba2-a02c-4e32d2469b33 Appealing to God.] ''The Santa Clara'', May 23, 2002.</ref>
*Mikhail Markhasev, convicted murderer of [[Ennis Cosby]], son of entertainer [[Bill Cosby]].<ref>Siemaszko, Corky. [http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/12/11/2004-12-11_scott_s_fate_still_in_limbo.html Scott's Fate Still in Limbo.] ''New York Daily News'', December 11, 2004.</ref> In 1998, he received a sentence of life without parole, plus 10 years.<ref>Berry, Steve. [http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/12/local/me-12414 Cosby’s Killer Gets Life in Prison.] ''Los Angeles Times'', August 12, 1998.</ref>
*[[Cameron Hooker]], convicted for the sexual assault and kidnapping of Colleen Stan (also known as "the girl in the box"). Hooker was sentenced 104 years imprisonment for holding Stan as his "sex slave" and will not be eligible for parole until 2022.<ref>Green, Jim (2009). Colleen Stan: The Simple Gifts of Life. Dubbed by the Media "The Girl in the Box" and "The Sex Slave". iUniverse. ISBN 978144011837</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Center for Land Use Interpretation. [http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA3085/ Corcoran State Prison.] Entry in Land Use Database of "unusual and exemplary sites throughout the United States." Accessed 13 Dec 2007.

[[Category:Prisons in California]]
[[Category:Kings County, California]]
[[Category:Central Valley of California]]

California State Prison Corcoran

2009-07-21T08:56:21Z

Larrymcp: /* Current facility */ Fix punctuation

{{Infobox Prison
|prison_name = California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR)
|image = [[Image:CSP Corcoran.jpg|240px]]
|location = [[Corcoran, California|Corcoran]], [[California]], [[United States]]
|coordinates = {{coord|36.060|-119.549}}
|status = Operational
|classification = minimum-maximum
|capacity = 3,116
|population = 5,685
|populationdate = September 2007
|opened = 1988
|closed =
|managed_by = [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation]]
|director = Derral G. Adams, Warden
}}

'''California State Prison, Corcoran''' ('''COR''') is a male-only [[List of California state prisons|California state prison]] located in the city of [[Corcoran, California|Corcoran]], in [[Kings County, California|Kings County]]. It is also known as "Corcoran State Prison,"<ref name=City>City of Corcoran, California. [http://www.cityofcorcoran.com/corcoran.htm About Corcoran.] Accessed 11 Dec 2007.</ref> "CSP-COR,"<ref name=CDCRWeb>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Visitors/Facilities/COR.html California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-Corcoran).] Accessed 12 Dec 2007.</ref> "CSP-Corcoran,"<ref name=CDCRWeb/> "CSP-C,"<ref>Office of the Governor, State of California. [http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/7271/ Governor Schwarzenegger Announces Appointments 08/24/07.]</ref> or, "Corcoran I."<ref name=City/> It should not be confused with the newer [[California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran]], which is just south of COR and is known as "Corcoran II."<ref name=City/>

==Current facility==

As of Fiscal Year 2002/2003, COR had a total of 1,703 staff and an annual institutional budget of $115 million.<ref name=CDCRWeb/> As of September 2007, it had a design capacity of 3,116 but a total institution population of 5,685, for an occupancy rate of 182.4 percent.<ref name=CDCRpop>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_Information_Services_Branch/Monthly/TPOP1A/TPOP1Ad0709.pdf Monthly Report of Population as of Midnight September 30, 2007.]</ref>

COR's {{convert|942|acre|km2}} include the following facilities:<ref name=CDCRWeb/><ref name=CDCR2007>California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. [http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Visitors/docs/20071015-WEBmapbooklet.pdf California's Correctional Facilities.] 15 Oct 2007.</ref>
* Level I housing ("Open dormitories without a secure perimeter").
* Level III housing ("Individual cells, fenced perimeters and armed coverage").
* Level IV housing ("Cells, fenced or walled perimeters, electronic security, more staff and armed officers both inside and outside the installation").
* Security Housing Units, "the most secure area[s] within a Level IV prison designed to provide maximum coverage." Among these units is the Protective Housing Unit which holds up to 47 prisoners who require "extraordinary protection from other prisoners."<ref name=Curtis>Curtis, Kim. Even in prison Jackson would be 'star'. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), June 13, 2005.</ref> The Protective Housing Unit has been described as "strikingly calm" because inmates "don't want to be moved somewhere less guarded."<ref name=Curtis/> Only one violent incident occurred in the Protective Housing Unit, in 1999, "when a guard left a door open and three inmates from the secure housing unit next door attacked inmates [[Charles Manson]] and [[Juan Corona]].
* Acute care hospital.
* Prison Industry Authority.

==History==
Built on what was once [[Tulare Lake]], home to the [[Yokut]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people,<ref>Broder, John M. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDB1131F93BA35752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Spun and Unspun Tales of a California Cotton King.] ''New York Times'', January 8, 2004.</ref> the facility opened in 1988.<ref>Good, Bob. First Inmates Arrive at Corcoran Prison. ''Fresno Bee'', February 23, 1988.</ref> The prison hospital was dedicated in October 1993.<ref>Diaz, Sam. Corcoran Prison Opens Hospital Doors. It's Like Most Facilities, Except for the Armed Guards, Security Cameras and Grill Gates. ''Fresno Bee'', October 28, 1993.</ref>

A front-page article by Mark Arax in the August 1996 ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' claimed that COR was "the most troubled of the 32 state prisons."<ref name=Arax>Arax, Mark. Tales of Brutality Behind Bars; Five officers claim staging of "gladiator days," other abuses at Corcoran State Prison. FBI is investigating facility, which has most killings of inmates in U.S. ''Los Angeles Times'', August 21, 1996.</ref> At the time, COR officers had shot and killed more inmates "than any prison in the country" in COR's eight years of existence; based on interviews and documents, Arax concluded that many shootings of prisoners were "not justified" and that in some cases "the wrong inmate was killed by mistake."<ref name=Arax/> Furthermore, the article alleged that "officers... and their supervisors staged fights between inmates" during "[[gladiator]] days."<ref name=Arax/> In November 1996, [[CBS Evening News]] broadcast "video footage of an inmate fatally shot by guards" at COR in 1994; this death "spawned a probe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of alleged inmate abuses by guards."<ref>Podger, Pamela J. Video of Fatal Prison Shooting at Corcoran Stirs Controversy. ''Fresno Bee'', November 20, 1996.</ref>

A March 1997 episode of the [[CBS]] show ''[[60 Minutes]]'' discussed the 1994 death, "the alleged cover-up and the alarming number of shootings at the prison."<ref>"60 Minutes" Spotlights Corcoran. "Deadliest Prison" Segment Will Lead Off Sunday's Broadcast. ''Fresno Bee'', March 29, 1997.</ref> The [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation|California Department of Corrections]] issued the results of its own investigation in November 1997, which found "isolated incidents of staff misconduct" but no "'widespread staff conspiracy' to abuse prisoners."<ref name=>Holding, Reynolds. State Corrections Dept. Clears Itself in Probe of Corcoran Prison. ''San Francisco Chronicle'', November 27, 1997.</ref>

A film entitled "Maximum Security University," which used prison surveillance tapes showing four 1989-1993 fights "end[ing] when a guard fatally shoots a combatant," was released in February 1998.<ref>A Film Aims to Expose Prison Deaths. Private Investigator Hopes Corcoran Footage Stirs Debate, Reform. ''Fresno Bee'', February 16, 1998.</ref> That month, eight California correctional officers and supervisors were indicted "on federal criminal civil rights charges in connection with inmate fights that occurred at Corcoran State Prison in 1994."<ref name=Federal>United States Department of Justice. [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/February/086.htm.html Eight Officers Indicted for Civil Rights Violations at Corcoran State Prison in California.] February 26, 1998.</ref> After a trial, the eight men were, "acquitted of all charges," in June 2000.<ref>Bier, Jerry, et al. All 8 Corcoran Guards Acquitted. Applause Rocks the Courtroom After the Verdicts. ''Fresno Bee'', June 10, 2000.</ref>

Subsequently, COR has been featured in at least two episodes of [[MSNBC]]'s ''[[Lockup (TV show)|Lockup]]'' series: "Inside Corcoran" (which first aired as early as 2003)<ref>Primetime mailing list. [http://www.mail-archive.com/primetime@lists.msnbc.com/msg00180.html New Year's Day Programming on America's Newschannel MSNBC.] The Mail Archive, January 1, 2003.</ref> and "Return to Corcoran" (which first aired in 2005).<ref>[http://prisontalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=172648 MSNBC - "Lockup: Return to Corcoran" on TV tonight (01/07/06)] (discussion thread).</ref>

==Notable inmates==
The prison's most prominent inmates include:
*[[Juan Corona]], who murdered 25 people in 1971. He was transferred to COR from the [[Correctional Training Facility]] in 1992<ref>Juan Corona denied parole for 2nd time. ''San Diego Union'', June 24, 1987.</ref><ref name=Grossi>Grossi, Mark. Corcoran Prison Home to Who's-Who of Killers. The List of Infamous Murderers at the State Facility has Grown This Week to Include Sirhan Sirhan and Juan Corona. ''Fresno Bee'', June 5, 1992.</ref> and now lives in COR's Protective Housing Unit.<ref name=Curtis/>
*[[Charles Manson]], who was transferred from [[San Quentin State Prison]] to COR in March 1989.<ref>Lopez, Pablo. Charles Manson Transferred to Corcoran Prison. ''Fresno Bee'', March 16, 1989.</ref> In May 2007 he was denied parole and will not be eligible for release again until 2012.<ref>Charles Manson, for 11th time, is denied parole in Tate-LaBianca slayings. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), May 24, 2007.</ref> He lives in COR's Protective Housing Unit.<ref name=Curtis/>
*[[Joe "Pegleg" Morgan]], leader and co-founder of the [[Mexican Mafia]]. He was at [[Pelican Bay State Prison]] prior to being hospitalized at COR from October 1993 until his death in November 1993.<ref>Katz, Jesse. Reputed Mexican Mafia Leader Dies in Prison at 64. ''Los Angeles Times'', November 10, 1993.</ref>
*[[Sirhan Sirhan]], convicted assassin of [[United States Senator]] [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert F. “Bobby” Kennedy]]. He was transferred to COR from the [[Correctional Training Facility]] in 1992<ref name=Grossi/><ref>Wilstein, Steve. Sirhan denied parole for 10th time in RFK killing. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), May 24, 1989.</ref> and lived in COR's Protective Housing Unit until he was moved to a harsher lockdown [at COR] in 2003.<ref name=Curtis/> He was denied parole in March 2006, and his next parole hearing will be in 2011.<ref>Barbassa, Juliana. Robert Kennedy killer denied parole. ''Daily Breeze'' (Torrance, CA), March 16, 2006.</ref>
*[[Dana Ewell]], convicted triple murderer, who ordered the murders of his family in 1992. Currently he is serving three life sentences and is appealing his sentences.<ref>Swinton, Nate. [http://www.thesantaclara.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=a150c3f4-07ce-4ba2-a02c-4e32d2469b33 Appealing to God.] ''The Santa Clara'', May 23, 2002.</ref>
*Mikhail Markhasev, convicted murderer of [[Ennis Cosby]], son of entertainer [[Bill Cosby]].<ref>Siemaszko, Corky. [http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/12/11/2004-12-11_scott_s_fate_still_in_limbo.html Scott's Fate Still in Limbo.] ''New York Daily News'', December 11, 2004.</ref> In 1998, he received a sentence of life without parole, plus 10 years.<ref>Berry, Steve. [http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/12/local/me-12414 Cosby’s Killer Gets Life in Prison.] ''Los Angeles Times'', August 12, 1998.</ref>
*[[Cameron Hooker]], convicted for the sexual assault and kidnapping of Colleen Stan (also known as "the girl in the box"). Hooker was sentenced 104 years imprisonment for holding Stan as his "sex slave" and will not be eligible for parole until 2022.<ref>Green, Jim (2009). Colleen Stan: The Simple Gifts of Life. Dubbed by the Media "The Girl in the Box" and "The Sex Slave". iUniverse. ISBN 978144011837</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Center for Land Use Interpretation. [http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA3085/ Corcoran State Prison.] Entry in Land Use Database of "unusual and exemplary sites throughout the United States." Accessed 13 Dec 2007.

[[Category:Prisons in California]]
[[Category:Kings County, California]]
[[Category:Central Valley of California]]

South Park (Colorado)

2009-03-27T06:33:54Z

Larrymcp: /* History */ Fix spelling

:''See also [[South Park (disambiguation)]]''

[[Image:DSCN3707 frontrangeandsouthpark e 600.jpg|275px|right|thumb|View of South Park along [[U.S. Route 285]] looking eastward toward the Front Range]]
'''South Park''' is a high intermontane grassland [[drainage basin|basin]], approximately 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in elevation, in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of central [[Colorado]]. It encompasses approximately 1,000 square miles (2789 km² or 640,000 acres) around the headwaters of the [[South Platte River]] in [[Park County, Colorado|Park County]] approximately 60 mi (100 km) southwest of [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]. It is the southernmost of three such large mountain valleys in Colorado, along with [[North Park (Colorado basin)|North Park]] and [[Middle Park (Colorado basin)|Middle Park]]. The largest town in the basin is [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], which sits near the northern end.

==Geology==
[[Geology|Geologically]], the valley is a wide faulted [[syncline]] sitting between the [[Front Range]] to the east and the [[Sawatch Uplift]] to the west. The [[Mosquito Range]] forms a high barrier along the western side of the valley. The long-extinct [[Thirty-Nine Mile volcanic field]] is located just to the southeast. The valley is mostly underlain by [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] [[sedimentary rock]]s concealed by a thin layer of [[gravel]] laid down by [[glacier|glaciation]] during [[Pleistocene]] time. The underlying rocks are tilted slightly to the east. The eastern (and newer) side of the valley is underlain primarily by [[Pierre Shale]] laid down during [[Cretaceous]] time. The western (and older) side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is underlain primarily by [[Permian]] and [[Pennsylvanian]] rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a [[hogback (geology)|hogback]] ridge of tilted Cretaceous and [[Jurassic]] sedimentary rocks.

===Gold===
Gold mining in South Park began in 1859. Extensive placer deposits were mined along the west side of the park, and lode deposits were mined in the [[Mosquito Range]]. The extensive gravel ridges east of Fairplay are the result of dredging for gold. (''see [[Gold mining in Colorado#South Park districts|Gold mining in Colorado]]'').

===Petroleum===
Although South Park contains some of the same geologic formations that yield oil and gas in the [[Denver Basin]] further east, efforts to find commercial oil and gas in South Park have so far proved unsuccessful.

===Uranium===
A minor amount of uranium has been mined from sandstone in South Park (''see [[Uranium mining in Colorado#South Park|Uranium mining in Colorado]]'').

==Transportation==
The valley is traversed by several highways, including [[U.S. Route 285]], which enters the valley from the eastern side over the Front Range at Kenosha Pass, providing a vehicle link to Denver. The highway crosses Red Hill at [[Red Hill Pass (Colorado)|Red Hill Pass]]. On its northern side, the valley is connected by several high mountain passes to the valley of the North Fork of the South Platte River (a tributary of the South Platte). It is also connected by [[Hoosier Pass]] to the valley to the [[Blue River (Colorado)|Blue River]] near [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]]. On its southwestern side, at the southern end of the Mosquito Range, it is connected by [[Trout Creek Pass]] to the upper valley of the [[Arkansas River]] near [[Buena Vista, Colorado|Buena Vista]]. [[U.S. Highway 24]] enters South Park from the east at [[Wilkerson Pass]].

==History==
Like much of the mountainous areas of Colorado, the valley was inhabited by [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]s before the arrival of white settlers in the middle 19th century. It was explored by [[John C. Fremont]] during his second expedition in 1844. In 1859 the discovery of [[placer mining|placer gold]] in the streams of the valley during the [[Colorado Gold Rush]] led to an influx of prospectors and miners. The town of Fairplay was founded as a more law-abiding place to live than the older, nearby town of [[Tarryall, Colorado (ghost town)|Tarryall]] during this time and continued to be a center of [[gold]], and later [[silver]] [[mining]] up through the middle 20th century. [[South Park City]], an [[open air museum]] outside Fairplay, provides a historical recreation of the [[gold rush]] days. The basin was connected to Denver by railroad with the extension of the [[Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad]] over Kenosha Pass in 1879.

==Popular culture==
Since the late 1990s, South Park has been best known for giving its name to the [[animated series]] ''[[South Park]]''. [[Trey Parker]], one of the creators of the ''South Park'' series, grew up in [[Conifer, Colorado|Conifer]], about 40 miles (65 km) east of Fairplay.<ref>http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Trey-Parker.html</ref><ref>http://www.blockbuster.com/outlet/catalog/personDetails/48579</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://terraserver.microsoft.com/image.aspx?T=2&S=17&Z=13&X=16&Y=168&W=2 Topographic map]
*[http://www.fourteenernet.com/southpark/ South Park Colorado Region - Vistor Guide]

{{coord missing|Colorado}}

[[Category:Geologic provinces of Colorado]]
[[Category:Valleys of Colorado]]

[[tr:South Park (havza)]]

South Park (Colorado)

2009-03-27T06:33:32Z

Larrymcp: /* Geology */ Fix spelling

:''See also [[South Park (disambiguation)]]''

[[Image:DSCN3707 frontrangeandsouthpark e 600.jpg|275px|right|thumb|View of South Park along [[U.S. Route 285]] looking eastward toward the Front Range]]
'''South Park''' is a high intermontane grassland [[drainage basin|basin]], approximately 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in elevation, in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of central [[Colorado]]. It encompasses approximately 1,000 square miles (2789 km² or 640,000 acres) around the headwaters of the [[South Platte River]] in [[Park County, Colorado|Park County]] approximately 60 mi (100 km) southwest of [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]]. It is the southernmost of three such large mountain valleys in Colorado, along with [[North Park (Colorado basin)|North Park]] and [[Middle Park (Colorado basin)|Middle Park]]. The largest town in the basin is [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], which sits near the northern end.

==Geology==
[[Geology|Geologically]], the valley is a wide faulted [[syncline]] sitting between the [[Front Range]] to the east and the [[Sawatch Uplift]] to the west. The [[Mosquito Range]] forms a high barrier along the western side of the valley. The long-extinct [[Thirty-Nine Mile volcanic field]] is located just to the southeast. The valley is mostly underlain by [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] [[sedimentary rock]]s concealed by a thin layer of [[gravel]] laid down by [[glacier|glaciation]] during [[Pleistocene]] time. The underlying rocks are tilted slightly to the east. The eastern (and newer) side of the valley is underlain primarily by [[Pierre Shale]] laid down during [[Cretaceous]] time. The western (and older) side of the valley, on the west side of Red Hill, is underlain primarily by [[Permian]] and [[Pennsylvanian]] rocks. Red Hill runs through the center of the valley as a [[hogback (geology)|hogback]] ridge of tilted Cretaceous and [[Jurassic]] sedimentary rocks.

===Gold===
Gold mining in South Park began in 1859. Extensive placer deposits were mined along the west side of the park, and lode deposits were mined in the [[Mosquito Range]]. The extensive gravel ridges east of Fairplay are the result of dredging for gold. (''see [[Gold mining in Colorado#South Park districts|Gold mining in Colorado]]'').

===Petroleum===
Although South Park contains some of the same geologic formations that yield oil and gas in the [[Denver Basin]] further east, efforts to find commercial oil and gas in South Park have so far proved unsuccessful.

===Uranium===
A minor amount of uranium has been mined from sandstone in South Park (''see [[Uranium mining in Colorado#South Park|Uranium mining in Colorado]]'').

==Transportation==
The valley is traversed by several highways, including [[U.S. Route 285]], which enters the valley from the eastern side over the Front Range at Kenosha Pass, providing a vehicle link to Denver. The highway crosses Red Hill at [[Red Hill Pass (Colorado)|Red Hill Pass]]. On its northern side, the valley is connected by several high mountain passes to the valley of the North Fork of the South Platte River (a tributary of the South Platte). It is also connected by [[Hoosier Pass]] to the valley to the [[Blue River (Colorado)|Blue River]] near [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]]. On its southwestern side, at the southern end of the Mosquito Range, it is connected by [[Trout Creek Pass]] to the upper valley of the [[Arkansas River]] near [[Buena Vista, Colorado|Buena Vista]]. [[U.S. Highway 24]] enters South Park from the east at [[Wilkerson Pass]].

==History==
Like much of the mountainous areas of Colorado, the valley was inhabited by [[Ute Tribe|Ute]]s before the arrival of white settlers in the middle 19th century. It was explored by [[John C. Fremont]] during his second expedition in 1844. In 1859 the discovery of [[placer mining|placer gold]] in the streams of the valley during the [[Colorado Gold Rush]] led to an influx of prospectors and miners. The town of Fairplay was founded as a more law abiding place to live than the older, nearby town of [[Tarryall, Colorado (ghost town)|Tarryall]] during this time and continued to be a center of [[gold]], and later [[silver]] [[mining]] up through the middle 20th century. [[South Park City]], an [[open air museum]] outside Fairplay, provides a historical recreation of the [[gold rush]] days. The basin was connected to Denver by railroad with the extension of the [[Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad]] over Kenosha Pass in 1879.

==Popular culture==
Since the late 1990s, South Park has been best known for giving its name to the [[animated series]] ''[[South Park]]''. [[Trey Parker]], one of the creators of the ''South Park'' series, grew up in [[Conifer, Colorado|Conifer]], about 40 miles (65 km) east of Fairplay.<ref>http://www.filmreference.com/film/49/Trey-Parker.html</ref><ref>http://www.blockbuster.com/outlet/catalog/personDetails/48579</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://terraserver.microsoft.com/image.aspx?T=2&S=17&Z=13&X=16&Y=168&W=2 Topographic map]
*[http://www.fourteenernet.com/southpark/ South Park Colorado Region - Vistor Guide]

{{coord missing|Colorado}}

[[Category:Geologic provinces of Colorado]]
[[Category:Valleys of Colorado]]

[[tr:South Park (havza)]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-09-26T11:12:50Z

Larrymcp: /* Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse" */ Punctuation fixes

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2006
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = SOS (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Type = single
| prev_track =
| prev_no =
| this_track = "'''Umbrella'''"
| track_no = 1
| next_track = "Push Up On Me"
| next_no = 2
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In 2008 "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The song's beat is notable for its source. Contrary to the common expectation that popular music is created from scratch, the beat to "Umbrella" is an [[Apple_Computer|Apple]] loop called "Vintage Funk Kit 03"<ref>{{cite web | title = The 10 Best Songs of 2007 | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = 2007-12-28 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html | accessdate = 2008-07-30}}</ref>. Anyone with [[GarageBand]] or Apple's professional audio product [[Logic_Audio|Logic Studio]] can recreate the beat themselves by slowing the loop to around 90 [[Beats_per_minute|bpm]].

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "2007 Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the 4th highest debut-week (3rd Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body" 286,000 downloads and 2nd fergie's song fergalicious and 1st flo rida song low) since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007. It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>[http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977 Platinum Awards Content]</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 21 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks. It also entered ECD:UK at no.1 for 6 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates.

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Pop/Punk version===
The band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded a version of Umbrella but never released it on a title. Later, the band [[All Time Low]] released a version of Umbrella on the [[Punk Goes Crunk]] compilation.

Band [[Biffy Clyro]] released an acoustic version.

===Filipino Version===
The Title of The Song is Payong (Umbrella)It was Sung by Ms. Ganda

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Lil' Mama]]
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank That" and [[Flo Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube).

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early 2008
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart-eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ YouTube - Linkin Park (Mike Shinoda) - Umbrella, Live Cover (Official)]</ref> [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Plain White T's]], [[Carrie Underwood]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref> [[OneRepublic]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Mandy Moore]], [[My Chemical Romance]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref> [[Tegan and Sara]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Amanda Palmer]],<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref> [[Children Of Bodom]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs YouTube - Umbrella - children of bodom melbourne 08]</ref> [[Syesha Mercado]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXtlS62bJTs ''Syesha Mercado - Umbrella - Live in Toronto'']</ref>, JDB & CG, and [[Taylor Swift]]. Pop-punk outfit [[All Time Low]] recently covered the song for the [[Fearless Records]] compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]]. The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube channel. Italian band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] covered the song, as well as a low-budget video for the song. Former [[Stone Roses]] frontman and current solo artist [[Ian Brown]] performed a brief cover version of the song during his [[Green Room]] performance at the [[Oxegen]] 2008 music festival in Ireland, changing the line "Know that we'll still have each other" to "You can tickle me with a feather."<ref>http://www.nme.com/news/ian-brown/38123</ref> The folk band Clint Michigan also produced a cover version and in 2008 released a video set to a vintage cartoon. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc YouTube - Clint Michigan - Umbrella Cover</ref>

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at #1 in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, with the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F and the worst forest fires in modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] of April, adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazil Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart
|align="center"|1
|}
{{end box}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]], [[2007]] - [[July 28]], 2007
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{Sucession box
|before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
|title = United World Chart number-one single
|years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 18]] [[2007]]
|after = [[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]] by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc Clint Michigan's cover on YouTube ]
{{Rihanna}}
{{Singles By Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]

[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella (bài hát)]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-09-26T11:11:43Z

Larrymcp: /* Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse" */ Punctuation fixes

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2006
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = SOS (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Type = single
| prev_track =
| prev_no =
| this_track = "'''Umbrella'''"
| track_no = 1
| next_track = "Push Up On Me"
| next_no = 2
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In 2008 "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The song's beat is notable for its source. Contrary to the common expectation that popular music is created from scratch, the beat to "Umbrella" is an [[Apple_Computer|Apple]] loop called "Vintage Funk Kit 03"<ref>{{cite web | title = The 10 Best Songs of 2007 | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = 2007-12-28 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html | accessdate = 2008-07-30}}</ref>. Anyone with [[GarageBand]] or Apple's professional audio product [[Logic_Audio|Logic Studio]] can recreate the beat themselves by slowing the loop to around 90 [[Beats_per_minute|bpm]].

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "2007 Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the 4th highest debut-week (3rd Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body" 286,000 downloads and 2nd fergie's song fergalicious and 1st flo rida song low) since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007. It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>[http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977 Platinum Awards Content]</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 21 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks. It also entered ECD:UK at no.1 for 6 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates.

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Pop/Punk version===
The band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded a version of Umbrella but never released it on a title. Later, the band [[All Time Low]] released a version of Umbrella on the [[Punk Goes Crunk]] compilation.

Band [[Biffy Clyro]] released an acoustic version.

===Filipino Version===
The Title of The Song is Payong (Umbrella)It was Sung by Ms. Ganda

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Lil' Mama]]
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank That" and [[Flo Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube).

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early 2008
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart-eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ YouTube - Linkin Park (Mike Shinoda) - Umbrella, Live Cover (Official)]</ref> [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Plain White T's]], [[Carrie Underwood]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref> [[OneRepublic]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Mandy Moore]], [[My Chemical Romance]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref> [[Tegan and Sara]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Amanda Palmer]],<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref> [[Children Of Bodom]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs YouTube - Umbrella - children of bodom melbourne 08]</ref> [[Syesha Mercado]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXtlS62bJTs ''Syesha Mercado - Umbrella - Live in Toronto'']</ref>, JDB & CG, and [[Taylor Swift]]. Pop-punk outfit [[All Time Low]] recently covered the song for the [[Fearless Records]] compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]]. The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube channel. Italian band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] covered the song, as well as a low-budget video for the song. Former [[Stone Roses]] frontman and current solo artist [[Ian Brown]] performed a brief cover version of the song during his [[Green Room]] performance at the [[Oxegen]] 2008 music festival in Ireland, changing the line "Know that we'll still have each other" to "You can tickle me with a feather."<ref>http://www.nme.com/news/ian-brown/38123</ref> The folk band Clint Michigan also produced a cover version and in 2008 released a video set to a vintage cartoon. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc YouTube - Clint Michigan - Umbrella Cover</ref>

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at #1 in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, with the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F and the worst forest fires in modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April, adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazil Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart
|align="center"|1
|}
{{end box}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]], [[2007]] - [[July 28]], 2007
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{Sucession box
|before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
|title = United World Chart number-one single
|years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 18]] [[2007]]
|after = [[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]] by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc Clint Michigan's cover on YouTube ]
{{Rihanna}}
{{Singles By Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]

[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella (bài hát)]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-09-26T11:09:05Z

Larrymcp: /* Manic Street Preachers EP */ Fix punctuation

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2006
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = SOS (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Type = single
| prev_track =
| prev_no =
| this_track = "'''Umbrella'''"
| track_no = 1
| next_track = "Push Up On Me"
| next_no = 2
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In 2008 "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The song's beat is notable for its source. Contrary to the common expectation that popular music is created from scratch, the beat to "Umbrella" is an [[Apple_Computer|Apple]] loop called "Vintage Funk Kit 03"<ref>{{cite web | title = The 10 Best Songs of 2007 | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = 2007-12-28 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html | accessdate = 2008-07-30}}</ref>. Anyone with [[GarageBand]] or Apple's professional audio product [[Logic_Audio|Logic Studio]] can recreate the beat themselves by slowing the loop to around 90 [[Beats_per_minute|bpm]].

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "2007 Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the 4th highest debut-week (3rd Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body" 286,000 downloads and 2nd fergie's song fergalicious and 1st flo rida song low) since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007. It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>[http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977 Platinum Awards Content]</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 21 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks. It also entered ECD:UK at no.1 for 6 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates.

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Pop/Punk version===
The band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded a version of Umbrella but never released it on a title. Later, the band [[All Time Low]] released a version of Umbrella on the [[Punk Goes Crunk]] compilation.

Band [[Biffy Clyro]] released an acoustic version.

===Filipino Version===
The Title of The Song is Payong (Umbrella)It was Sung by Ms. Ganda

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Lil' Mama]]
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank That" and [[Flo Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube).

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early 2008
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart-eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ YouTube - Linkin Park (Mike Shinoda) - Umbrella, Live Cover (Official)]</ref> [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Plain White T's]], [[Carrie Underwood]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref> [[OneRepublic]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Mandy Moore]], [[My Chemical Romance]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref> [[Tegan and Sara]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Amanda Palmer]],<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref> [[Children Of Bodom]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs YouTube - Umbrella - children of bodom melbourne 08]</ref> [[Syesha Mercado]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXtlS62bJTs ''Syesha Mercado - Umbrella - Live in Toronto'']</ref>, JDB & CG, and [[Taylor Swift]]. Pop-punk outfit [[All Time Low]] recently covered the song for the [[Fearless Records]] compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]]. The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube channel. Italian band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] covered the song, as well as a low-budget video for the song. Former [[Stone Roses]] frontman and current solo artist [[Ian Brown]] performed a brief cover version of the song during his [[Green Room]] performance at the [[Oxegen]] 2008 music festival in Ireland, changing the line "Know that we'll still have each other" to "You can tickle me with a feather."<ref>http://www.nme.com/news/ian-brown/38123</ref> The folk band Clint Michigan also produced a cover version and in 2008 released a video set to a vintage cartoon. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc YouTube - Clint Michigan - Umbrella Cover</ref>

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazil Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart
|align="center"|1
|}
{{end box}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]], [[2007]] - [[July 28]], 2007
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{Sucession box
|before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
|title = United World Chart number-one single
|years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 18]] [[2007]]
|after = [[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]] by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc Clint Michigan's cover on YouTube ]
{{Rihanna}}
{{Singles By Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]

[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella (bài hát)]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-09-26T11:05:06Z

Larrymcp: /* Background and writing */ Punctuation fix

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2006
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = SOS (2006)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Type = single
| prev_track =
| prev_no =
| this_track = "'''Umbrella'''"
| track_no = 1
| next_track = "Push Up On Me"
| next_no = 2
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In 2008 "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The song's beat is notable for its source. Contrary to the common expectation that popular music is created from scratch, the beat to "Umbrella" is an [[Apple_Computer|Apple]] loop called "Vintage Funk Kit 03"<ref>{{cite web | title = The 10 Best Songs of 2007 | publisher = Entertainment Weekly | date = 2007-12-28 | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html | accessdate = 2008-07-30}}</ref>. Anyone with [[GarageBand]] or Apple's professional audio product [[Logic_Audio|Logic Studio]] can recreate the beat themselves by slowing the loop to around 90 [[Beats_per_minute|bpm]].

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "2007 Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the 4th highest debut-week (3rd Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body" 286,000 downloads and 2nd fergie's song fergalicious and 1st flo rida song low) since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007. It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>[http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977 Platinum Awards Content]</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 21 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks. It also entered ECD:UK at no.1 for 6 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates.

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Pop/Punk version===
The band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded a version of Umbrella but never released it on a title. Later, the band [[All Time Low]] released a version of Umbrella on the [[Punk Goes Crunk]] compilation.

Band [[Biffy Clyro]] released an acoustic version.

===Filipino Version===
The Title of The Song is Payong (Umbrella)It was Sung by Ms. Ganda

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Lil' Mama]]
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank That" and [[Flo Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube).

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early 2008
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ YouTube - Linkin Park (Mike Shinoda) - Umbrella, Live Cover (Official)]</ref> [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Plain White T's]], [[Carrie Underwood]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref> [[OneRepublic]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Mandy Moore]], [[My Chemical Romance]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref> [[Tegan and Sara]],<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref> [[Amanda Palmer]],<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref> [[Children Of Bodom]],<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs YouTube - Umbrella - children of bodom melbourne 08]</ref> [[Syesha Mercado]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXtlS62bJTs ''Syesha Mercado - Umbrella - Live in Toronto'']</ref>, JDB & CG, and [[Taylor Swift]]. Pop-punk outfit [[All Time Low]] recently covered the song for the [[Fearless Records]] compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]]. The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube channel. Italian band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] covered the song, as well as a low-budget video for the song. Former [[Stone Roses]] frontman and current solo artist [[Ian Brown]] performed a brief cover version of the song during his [[Green Room]] performance at the [[Oxegen]] 2008 music festival in Ireland, changing the line "Know that we'll still have each other" to "You can tickle me with a feather."<ref>http://www.nme.com/news/ian-brown/38123</ref> The folk band Clint Michigan also produced a cover version and in 2008 released a video set to a vintage cartoon. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc YouTube - Clint Michigan - Umbrella Cover</ref>

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazil Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref name=acharts/><ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart
|align="center"|1
|}
{{end box}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]], [[2007]] - [[July 28]], 2007
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{Sucession box
|before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
|title = United World Chart number-one single
|years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 18]] [[2007]]
|after = [[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]] by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUU4OeiCXuc Clint Michigan's cover on YouTube ]
{{Rihanna}}
{{Singles By Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]

[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Romania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella (bài hát)]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-07-28T15:30:59Z

Larrymcp: /* All Time Low Cover */ Grammar / Punctuation

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = [[2006]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Roll It]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song performed by [[Bajan]] singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In [[2008]] "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "[[2007]] Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]". It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number-eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates. [[Rihanna: Music Videos]]

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank Dat" and [[Flo-Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early [[2008]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Boyce Avenue===
The rising band [[Boyce Avenue]] recorded an acoustic version of the song in early 2008. The video for the song can be found on [[YouTube]] and has since received over 2,500,000 views. The cover was recently released as part of a compilation of all of Boyce Avenue's acoustic covers.

===All Time Low Cover===
Pop-punk outfit [[All Time Low]] has recently covered the song for the Fearless Records' compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

===Mak In Da Hood Cover===
The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube Channel "makindahood".

===Vanilla Sky Cover===
Italian band [[Vanilla Sky]] covered the song as well as a low-budget video for the song.

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ</ref>, [[McFly]], [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Carrie Underwood]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref>, [[OneRepublic]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Mandy Moore]], [[KC Concepcion]] <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=mZADczVqVS4 ''KC Concepcion Cover''</ref>, [[My Chemical Romance]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Tegan and Sara]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Amanda Palmer]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref>, [[Children Of Bodom]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs</ref>.

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "[[Rihanna Curse]]". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|aling="left"|[[Russian]] Airplay Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|aling="left"|Argentine top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Bulgarian National Top 40<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile [[Chile Top 100|Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Chile Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Spain [[Los 40]] Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = United World Chart Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)|Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = United World Chart [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song)|When You're Gone]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one single
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = Hot100Brasil [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-07-28T15:29:32Z

Larrymcp: /* Reception */ Grammar / Punctuation

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = [[2006]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Roll It]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song performed by [[Bajan]] singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In [[2008]] "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "[[2007]] Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]". It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number-eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates. [[Rihanna: Music Videos]]

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank Dat" and [[Flo-Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early [[2008]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Boyce Avenue===
The rising band [[Boyce Avenue]] recorded an acoustic version of the song in early 2008. The video for the song can be found on [[YouTube]] and has since received over 2,500,000 views. The cover was recently released as part of a compilation of all of Boyce Avenue's acoustic covers.

===All Time Low Cover===
Pop-punk outfit, [[All Time Low]] has recently covered the song for the Fearless Records' compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

===Mak In Da Hood Cover===
The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube Channel "makindahood".

===Vanilla Sky Cover===
Italian band [[Vanilla Sky]] covered the song as well as a low-budget video for the song.

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ</ref>, [[McFly]], [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Carrie Underwood]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref>, [[OneRepublic]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Mandy Moore]], [[KC Concepcion]] <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=mZADczVqVS4 ''KC Concepcion Cover''</ref>, [[My Chemical Romance]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Tegan and Sara]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Amanda Palmer]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref>, [[Children Of Bodom]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs</ref>.

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "[[Rihanna Curse]]". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|aling="left"|[[Russian]] Airplay Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|aling="left"|Argentine top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Bulgarian National Top 40<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile [[Chile Top 100|Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Chile Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Spain [[Los 40]] Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = United World Chart Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)|Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = United World Chart [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song)|When You're Gone]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one single
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = Hot100Brasil [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-07-28T15:27:50Z

Larrymcp: /* Background and writing */ Remove unrelated information

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = [[2006]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Roll It]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song performed by [[Bajan]] singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In [[2008]] "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "[[2007]] Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]". It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number-eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates. [[Rihanna: Music Videos]]

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank Dat" and [[Flo-Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early [[2008]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Boyce Avenue===
The rising band [[Boyce Avenue]] recorded an acoustic version of the song in early 2008. The video for the song can be found on [[YouTube]] and has since received over 2,500,000 views. The cover was recently released as part of a compilation of all of Boyce Avenue's acoustic covers.

===All Time Low Cover===
Pop-punk outfit, [[All Time Low]] has recently covered the song for the Fearless Records' compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

===Mak In Da Hood Cover===
The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube Channel "makindahood".

===Vanilla Sky Cover===
Italian band [[Vanilla Sky]] covered the song as well as a low-budget video for the song.

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ</ref>, [[McFly]], [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Carrie Underwood]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref>, [[OneRepublic]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Mandy Moore]], [[KC Concepcion]] <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=mZADczVqVS4 ''KC Concepcion Cover''</ref>, [[My Chemical Romance]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Tegan and Sara]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Amanda Palmer]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref>, [[Children Of Bodom]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs</ref>.

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "[[Rihanna Curse]]". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|aling="left"|[[Russian]] Airplay Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|aling="left"|Argentine top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Bulgarian National Top 40<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile [[Chile Top 100|Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Chile Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Spain [[Los 40]] Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = United World Chart Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)|Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = United World Chart [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song)|When You're Gone]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one single
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = Hot100Brasil [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-07-28T15:25:57Z

Larrymcp: Clarify singer vs. writers

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = [[2006]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Roll It]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song performed by [[Bajan]] singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In [[2008]] "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "[[2007]] Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]". It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number-eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates. [[Rihanna: Music Videos]]

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank Dat" and [[Flo-Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early [[2008]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Boyce Avenue===
The rising band [[Boyce Avenue]] recorded an acoustic version of the song in early 2008. The video for the song can be found on [[YouTube]] and has since received over 2,500,000 views. The cover was recently released as part of a compilation of all of Boyce Avenue's acoustic covers.

===All Time Low Cover===
Pop-punk outfit, [[All Time Low]] has recently covered the song for the Fearless Records' compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

===Mak In Da Hood Cover===
The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube Channel "makindahood".

===Vanilla Sky Cover===
Italian band [[Vanilla Sky]] covered the song as well as a low-budget video for the song.

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ</ref>, [[McFly]], [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Carrie Underwood]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref>, [[OneRepublic]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Mandy Moore]], [[KC Concepcion]] <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=mZADczVqVS4 ''KC Concepcion Cover''</ref>, [[My Chemical Romance]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Tegan and Sara]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Amanda Palmer]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref>, [[Children Of Bodom]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs</ref>.

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "[[Rihanna Curse]]". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|aling="left"|[[Russian]] Airplay Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|aling="left"|Argentine top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Bulgarian National Top 40<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile [[Chile Top 100|Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Chile Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Spain [[Los 40]] Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = United World Chart Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)|Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = United World Chart [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song)|When You're Gone]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one single
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = Hot100Brasil [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella]]

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-07-28T15:24:52Z

Larrymcp: Grammar / Punctuation

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = [[March 29]], [[2007]] ([[US]]) [[May 25]], [[2007]] ([[Europe]]) [[May 28]], [[2007]] ([[UK]])
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]]
| Recorded = [[2006]]
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]]
| Length = 4:35 (album version) 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = Jay-Z, [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]]
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Roll It]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
{{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]] singles
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-winning song by [[Bajan]] singer [[Rihanna]]. It was written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for Rihanna's third album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007. It has, in the short time since its original release, been covered by other artists in one form or another.

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a positive reception from music critics, the song achieved number one on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' magazine's list of the Ten Best Singles of 2007,<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as number three on ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine's Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> In [[2008]] "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]].

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and Nash decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[Invicta FM]] on [[Hit40uk]] and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, ''[[Canadian Idol]]'', ''[[106 & Park]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=Allmusic |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref> The song is often referred to as the "[[2007]] Summer Anthem".

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. Additionally, it should be noted that 2007 was one of the wettest British summers on record,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods]</ref> which may have contributed to the song's chart-topping run (indeed, many comedians and newspaper columns were actively blaming Rihanna for the weather, albeit lightheartedly, during June and July). By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s "[[Bleeding Love]]". It was certified Silver by the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] on [[July 20]], [[2007]].<ref>http://bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32977</ref>

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at number-one, and spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at number forty-six, and ended as the year's 3rd biggest seller. It is also one of the few tracks to stay in the top 100 for a year on the charts.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached number-one on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] Singles Chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, and ended as the year's biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a number-one hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached number-one on the United World Chart, remaining for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

"Umbrella" re-entered the UK singles chart on [[December 30]] [[2007]] at number thirty-eight and peaked at number-eighteen. The song remained in the charts again for 7 weeks.

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|300px|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her "positive response" following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates. [[Rihanna: Music Videos]]

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===
Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' on the [[iTunes Music Store]]. The song was also used on the sixth season of Canadian Idol in the top 100 round, many of the competitors used the song and put their own acoustic spin on Rihanna's version.

===Remixes===
*"Umbrella" (Radio Edit No Rap)
*"Umbrella" (Instrumental)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Radio Edit)
*"Umbrella" (Seamus Haji & Paul Emannuel Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Destructive Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Radio Mix)
*"Umbrella" (Jody Den Broeder Lush Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Club Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Dub Mix)
*"Umbrella" (The Lindbergh Palace Radio Mix)
*"Cinderella/Umbrella" (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]
*"Umbrella" (Reggaeton Remix) by Rihanna featuring Reggaetonero [[El Tio]]
*"Umbrella" (Dancehall Remix) by Rihanna featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*"Umbrella" (Rock Remix) by Rihanna. This version was produced by [[Travis Barker]] that gives it a "rock" feel, somewhat like his remixes of [[Soulja Boy]]'s "Crank Dat" and [[Flo-Rida]]'s "Low"

==Cover versions==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]/[[Unfold (album)|Unfold]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[Digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Last single = —
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bring Me Love]]" (2007)
}}

[[Marié Digby]] released her cover of "Umbrella" as her debut single, released from the ''[[Start Here EP]]''.

Then-upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a "You Oughta Hear" feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:48

===Manic Street Preachers EP===
{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Umbrella
| Type = EP
| Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]]
| Cover = MSP-Umbrella.jpg
| Released = {{Flagicon|UK}} [[February 27]], [[2008]] [[NME Awards 2008 (album)|(CD)]] [[March 5]], [[2008]] (Download)
| Recorded = Early [[2008]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 12:15 Original (3:38) Acoustic (3:27) Grand Slam Mix (5:10)
| Label = NME CD 08-01 ([[NME Awards 2008 (album)|for CD release)]]
| Producer = [[Dave Eringa]]
| Reviews =
| Last album = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007)
| This album = "'''Umbrella'''" (2008)
| Next album =
}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's official website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

Two further versions were later made available on iTunes and now comprise a three-track ''Umbrella EP''.

====Track listing====
#"Umbrella" – 3:38
#"Umbrella" (Acoustic) – 3:27
#"Umbrella" (Grand Slam Mix) – 5:10

===Boyce Avenue===
The rising band [[Boyce Avenue]] recorded an acoustic version of the song in early 2008. The video for the song can be found on [[YouTube]] and has since received over 2,500,000 views. The cover was recently released as part of a compilation of all of Boyce Avenue's acoustic covers.

===All Time Low Cover===
Pop-punk outfit, [[All Time Low]] has recently covered the song for the Fearless Records' compilation album [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

===Mak In Da Hood Cover===
The Mexican YouTube celebrity [[Mak]] made a video for Umbrella's original version, but it was removed. The intro for the song can still be seen on his YouTube Channel "makindahood".

===Vanilla Sky Cover===
Italian band [[Vanilla Sky]] covered the song as well as a low-budget video for the song.

===Other cover versions===
Other remake versions have been performed either on record or in concert by such artists as [[Linkin Park]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=-8IddgDUniQ</ref>, [[McFly]], [[Lillasyster]], [[Biffy Clyro]], [[Carrie Underwood]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBambfD3ghU ''Underwood and Urban duet on cover of "Umbrella"'']</ref>, [[OneRepublic]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-0uUt7ycRk ''OneRepublic does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Mandy Moore]], [[KC Concepcion]] <ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=mZADczVqVS4 ''KC Concepcion Cover''</ref>, [[My Chemical Romance]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faozv8fZI4Y ''My Chemical Romance cover - Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Tegan and Sara]] <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6det5KVQclM ''Tegan and Sarah does Umbrella'']</ref>, [[Amanda Palmer]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=0WWuZRd-O3c ''Amanda Palmer cover''</ref>, [[Children Of Bodom]]<ref>http://youtube.com/watch?v=dL3RL6nivVs</ref>.

==Reported coincidence with weather "Rihanna Curse"==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led [[The Sun]] to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "[[Rihanna Curse]]". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run. It should also be noted that the video for Umbrella was shot on [[Friday the 13th]] April adding further coincidence of the curse.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|aling="left"|[[Russian]] Airplay Top 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|aling="left"|Argentine top 40
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Brazilian Hot 100
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Bulgarian National Top 40<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Chile [[Chile Top 100|Top 100]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Euro 200<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|Chile Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Spain [[Los 40]] Chart
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|United World Chart<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = United World Chart Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and [[D.O.E.]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 24]] [[2007]] - [[July 12]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie]]
| before2 = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again (Kelly Clarkson song)|Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = United World Chart [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[When You're Gone (Avril Lavigne song)|When You're Gone]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokio Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one single
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = Hot100Brasil [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]
[[tr:Umbrella]]
[[vi:Umbrella]]

Paul Frees

2006-04-21T18:52:44Z

Larrymcp: Phrasing improvements

[[Image:TR-PaulFrees.jpg|right|thumb|Paul Frees]]
'''Paul Frees''' ([[June 22]], [[1920]] - [[November 2]], [[1986]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[voice actor]].

Born '''Solomon Hersh Frees''' in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], he began his acting career in [[1942]], and remained active for over forty years. During this time, he was involved in more than 250 films, cartoons, and TV appearances; like many voice actors, his appearances were often uncredited.

Frees' early radio career was cut short when he was drafted into [[World War II]] where he was at [[Normandy]] on [[D-Day]]. He was wounded in action and was returned to the [[United States]] for a year of recuperation. He attended the [[Chouinard Art Institute]] under the [[G.I. Bill]]. His first wife's failing health forced him to drop out and return to radio work. He appeared frequently on such [[Hollywood]] radio series, including ''[[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]'', playing lead roles and alternating with [[William Conrad]] as the opening voice, ''[[Suspense]]'' as the opening announcer in the late [[1940s]], and parts on ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' and ''[[Crime Classics]]''. One of his few starring roles in this medium was as Jethro Dumont in the 1949 series ''[[The Green Lama]]'', as well as a syndicated mystery series ''The Player''' ([[1948]]), in which Frees narrated and played all of the parts.

Frees was often called upon in the 1950s and 1960s to "re-loop" the dialogue of other actors, often to correct for foreign accents, lack of English proficiency, or poor line readings by non-professionals. These dubs extended from a few lines to entire roles. This can be noticed rather clearly in the film ''[[Midway]]'' where Frees reads for [[Toshiro Mifune]]'s performance as [[Yamamoto Isoroku|Admiral Yamamoto]].

Some of his most memorable voices were those of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s Professor [[Ludwig Von Drake]], the [[narrator]] in [[The Haunted Mansion]] and several pirates in [[Pirates of the Caribbean]] (both rides at Disney parks), and many characters in [[Rankin-Bass]] [[stop-motion]] animated TV specials such as the Burgermeister Meisterburger in ''Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town'' (1970). He also voiced all characters, except the lead role in the US versions of Belvision's [[Tintin]] cartoons, based on the books by [[Hergé]].

He was a regular presence in [[Jay Ward]] [[animated cartoon|cartoons]], providing the voices of [[Boris Badenov]], Inspector Fenwick (from ''[[Dudley Do-Right]]),'' and the ''[[Hoppity Hooper]]'' narrator, among numerous others. While most voice actors settled down with one major studio for their career, he spent major parts of his career working with at least 9 of the major animation production companies of the 20th century: [[The Walt Disney Company#Studio Entertainment|Walt Disney Studios]], [[Walter Lantz Studios]], [[United Productions of America|UPA]], [[Hanna-Barbera]], [[Filmation]], [[MGM Studios]], [[DePatie-Freleng Enterprises]], and the aforementioned Jay Ward Productions and Rankin-Bass Productions.

He provided the voices of both [[John Lennon]] and [[George Harrison]] in the [[1964]] cartoon series based on [[The Beatles]], and of [[Thing (comics)|The Thing]] in the [[1967]] series based on the [[Fantastic Four]].

In TV [[commercials]], he was the voice of the [[Pillsbury Doughboy]], the [[7-Up]] "Undeer," and the elf who called out to the [[Jolly Green Giant]], "Hey, Green Giant, what's new besides ho-ho-ho?" Frees also provided the voice of the eccentric billionaire [[John Beresford Tipton]], always seated in his chair with his back to the viewer while talking to his employee Michael Anthony ([[Marvin Miller (actor)|Marvin Miller]]), on the live-action dramatic series [[The Millionaire]].

Although Frees is primarily known for his voice work (he was known in the industry as "The Man of a Thousand Voices"), he was also a songwriter and screenwriter, his major work being the little-seen 1960 film ''[[The Beatniks]]'', a ''[[Reefer Madness]]''-esque screed against the then-rising Beatnik counterculture.

Frees was active right up until his sudden death at 66 from [[heart failure]] on [[November 2]], [[1986]]. He was living in [[Tiburon, California]] at the time of his passing.

A few other odds and ends of Frees' voice work:
*The [[Peter Lorre]] voice in the [[Spike Jones]] version of the song "My Old Flame".
*The [[Orson Welles]] soundalike radio reporter in [[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)|The War of the Worlds]], where he is seen dictating into a tape recorder as the military prepares the [[atomic bomb]] for use against the invading [[Martians]]. Memorably, in one of Frees' lines, he says that the recording is being made for "future history (if any):" "Future History" crops up in the unofficial War of the Worlds sequel [[The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension]] (1984) as the title of a fictitious book by Banzai and his mentor.
*The [[Orson Welles]] soundalike narrator in [[Stan Freberg]]'s ''History of America Part 1''.
*The shrouded figure of "Death" in the [[Woody Allen]] movie ''[[Love and Death]]''.
*In his natural voice, as the narrator in the Disney educational short film ''Donald Duck in Math Magic Land''.
*The voice-over in the original advance teaser trailer for ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' (1977), and the narration for the spoof short film ''[[Hardware Wars]]'' (1977), which was itself styled as a mock [[movie trailer]].
*Multiple voices in Rankin-Bass' Santa Claus is Coming to Town, including the central villain Burgermeister Meisterburger and his assistant Grimsby.

==External link==
* {{imdb|id=0293659|name=Paul Frees}}

[[Category:Voice actors|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:Chicagoans|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:1920 births|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:1986 deaths|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:American World War II veterans|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:Fantastic Four|Frees, Paul]]
[[Category:Entertainers who died in their 60s|Frees, Paul]]

Arthur Bremer

2006-02-24T07:37:17Z

Larrymcp: Corrections to grammar and phrasing

[[pl:Arthur Bremer]]
[[image:Arthur_bremer.jpg|right|Arthur Bremer]]
'''Arthur Herman Bremer''' (born [[August 21]] [[1950]]), the son of a Milwaukee truck driver, shot [[United States|US]] [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] presidential candidate [[George Wallace]] on [[15 May]] [[1972]] in [[Laurel, Maryland|Laurel]], [[Maryland]], leaving him paralyzed for life.

Before his brush with infamy, Bremer had been working as a busboy at the Men's Grill in the [[Milwaukee Athletic Club]] since [[1969]], and also added an additional $2.70 an hour job as a janitor at Story Elementary School in the fall of [[1970]]. At the time he obtained his second job, he also studied photography at the [[Milwaukee Area Technical College]]. However, after registering for the spring semester at MATC, Bremer dropped out and then moved out of his parents' home that October. At approximately the same time, he was demoted to kitchen work at the Athletic Club after patrons complained of such idiosycracies as his habit of mumbling to himself, his whistling and his marching in time to music being played in the dining room. Unhappy with this demotion, he filed a complaint with the Milwaukee Community Relations Commission.

While working his janitor job, Bremer met Joan Pemrich, a 15 year old hall monitor, and in an attempt to impress her, completely shaved off his shoulder-length hair, leaving only his sideburns. Despite the seeming impropriety of his feelings, the couple went on three dates before Pemrich broke off the relationship. Her mother noted after the shooting that she didn't want her daughter dating what she felt was an unstable older man.

His behavior outside of work proved to be equally bizarre, with residents of his apartment building at 2433 West Michigan St. noting that he always had the same wardrobe: blue suit, white shirt and gray tie. In that furnished third-floor apartment that rented for $137.50 per month, Bremer also kept an odd collection of items, including a [[Confederate]] flag and a [[Black Panther Party]] newspaper, with residents stating that he had no visitors other than his mother. In one instance during a snowstorm the previous winter, Bremer chose to drive his car back and forth over the fallen snow, instead of shoveling it like everyone else.

Bremer was arrested on [[November 18]], [[1971]] after being stopped for carrying a concealed weapon. After undergoing a psychiatric evaluation, he was fined for disorderly conduct. Despite this arrest, Bremer was able to purchase a a Charter Arms .38 caliber pistol on [[January 13]], [[1972]] from Casanova Guns, Inc. The gun buy came the same day that Pemrich broke off their relationship and also marked the same day that George Wallace announced his third run for [[U.S. President]]. On [[February 1]], Bremer purchased a 9mm [[Browning]] automatic [[Pistol|handgun]], one day after he left his janitor's job.

In [[March]] [[1972]], Bremer attended a Wallace campaign meeting at [[Milwaukee]]'s Red Carpet Airport Inn. At the end of the meeting, Bremer picked up a bundle of posters, bumper stickers and a Wallace lapel button. Over the next few days, he began pasting posters on the lamposts in the city.

In the week leading up to the assassination attempt, Bremer headed east in the [[1968]] blue [[Rambler]] he had purchased on [[September 14]], [[1971]], stopping in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] two days before the shooting. Police briefly questioned him when they noticed that he had shown up five hours before Wallace's appearance at a local [[National Guard]] armory. Saying he only wanted to get a good seat, Bremer was let go and proceeded onto [[Maryland]].

At the time of the shooting, the blond-haired Bremer was dressed in patriotic red, white and blue and wearing his new campaign button. At approximately 4:00 PM in the parking lot of Laurel Shopping Center, Bremer opened fire, emptying the weapon before he could be subdued. He hit Wallace four times and wounded three other people: [[Alabama]] [[State police|State Trooper]] Captain E C Dothard (Wallace's personal bodyguard), Dora Thompson (a campaign volunteer) and Nick Zarvos (a [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent).

Bremer was well aware of the magnitude of his act. As he was being taken to jail after the shooting, he turned and asked, "How much do you think I'll get for my [[autobiography]]".

During his subsequent five-day [[Jury trial|trial]] in [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland|Upper Marlboro]], Maryland, the defense had argued that Bremer was legally insane at the time of the shooting and that he had "no emotional capacity to understand anything", but the jury rejected this argument after the prosecution argued that he was perfectly sane. Arthur Marshall, for the prosecution, told the court that Bremer had been seeking glory and was still sorry that Wallace had not died, saying, "he knew he would be arrested... He knew he would be on trial." The jury of six men and six women took just over an hour and a half to reach their verdict and Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison for the shooting.

Part of Bremer's diary was published in [[1973]] as ''[[An Assassin's Diary]]''. In the book, he states that he was not particularly opposed to Wallace's political agenda, which was notable for his pro-[[Racial segregation|segregational]] stance, but that his primary motive was to become famous, and that he had also stalked [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]]. Among his comments, Bremer wrote, "Happiness is hearing George Wallace sing the National Anthem or having him arrested for a hit and run traffic accident."

Despite the existence of many conspiracy theories, no one other than Bremer has ever been charged in connection with the shooting. One reason for talk of a conspiracy stemmed from the fact that Bremer's [[1971]] income tax return stated that he had earned only $1,611, bringing up the question of how Bremer paid for his travels while stalking Wallace. Another theory was based on the owner of Bremer's apartment building allowing reporters into the alleged assassin's apartment the night of the shooting. Some journalists were later seen leaving with items from Bremer's place.

Bremer would serve as the inspiration for the [[Travis Bickle]] character played by [[Robert DeNiro]], in ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]). In an ironic twist, the film would be termed as a motivating factor in [[John Hinckley, Jr.]]'s decision to shoot President [[Ronald Reagan]].

Arthur Bremer is serving time at the [[Maryland Correctional Institute]]. If not [[Parole|paroled]], he will be released in [[2025]] at the age of 75. With time off for good behavior, Bremer could be released in [[2015]], but according to [[1997]] parole records, psychological testing indicated releasing Bremer would be risky.

== Trivia ==
Bremer's apartment was three blocks away from the apartment where [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] killed many of his victims.

== External links==
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace051672.htm 1972 Washington Post article]
* [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/29/index.shtml George Wallace's Appointment in Laurel]

[[Category:1950 births|Bremer, Arthur]]
[[Category:Living people|Bremer, Arthur]]
[[Category:American criminals|Bremer, Arthur]]
[[Category:Failed assassins|Bremer, Arthur]]
[[Category:People from Wisconsin|Bremer, Arthur]]