Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

J. Kenji López-Alt

2020-03-01T01:51:37Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Infobox person
| name = J. Kenji López-Alt
| image = File:J. Kenji López-Alt at Tartine Manufactory in November 2019.jpg
| alt = J. Kenji López-Alt
| birth_name = James Kenji Alt
| birth_date =
| birth_place = United States
| residence = [[San Mateo, California]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
}}

'''James Kenji López-Alt''', known as '''Kenji''', is an American [[chef]] and [[Food writing|food writer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eater.com/2015/9/3/9242641/fall-2015-cookbooks-home-cooking|title=Fall 2015's Best Cookbooks: Cooking Pros Bring It Home|work=Eater|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/ultimate-book-science-nerds-cook/|title=The Ultimate Book for Science Nerds Who Cook|last=Pearlstein|first=Joanna|work=WIRED|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2015/10/20/side-science/R9T2htbijbQ3pfaOovQejN/story.html|title=A SIDE OF SCIENCE - The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born James Kenji Alt, the son of Harvard University geneticist and immunologist [[Frederick Alt]], and on his mother's side, the grandson of chemist [[Koji Nakanishi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacbee.com/food-drink/article49010860.html|title=Science becomes delicious in ‘The Food Lab’|last=Robertson|first=Blair Anthony|date=2015|website=The Sacramento Bee|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-13|quote=His father, Frederick Alt, is a professor at Harvard Medical School}}</ref><ref>https://twitter.com/kenjilopezalt/status/1112158393576443904</ref> López-Alt graduated from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in 2002, where he majored in Architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602929/j-kenji-l-pez-alt-02/|title=Alumnus takes food out of the kitchen and into the lab|last=Morell|first=Nicole|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> His first restaurant job was during his sophomore year of college. He attempted to take a job as a waiter at a local restaurant, but they needed a prep cook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.7x7.com/q-a-with-james-beard-award-winning-cookbook-author-j-kenji-lopez-alt-2019899129.html|title=Q&A With James Beard Award-Winning Cookbook Author J. Kenji Lopez-Alt|date=2016-10-03|website=7x7 Bay Area|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>

Upon marriage, López-Alt combined his birth surname, Alt, with that of his wife Adriana López.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alum.mit.edu/slice/alumnus-takes-food-out-kitchen-and-lab|title=Alumnus Takes Food Out of the Kitchen and into the Lab|last=|first=|date=2017-01-11|website=MIT Alumni Association|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>

==Career==
López-Alt worked with several Boston chefs including [[Barbara Lynch (restaurateur)|Barbara Lynch]] and [[Ken Oringer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slice.mit.edu/2010/04/28/alumnus-chef-one-ups-ok-maybe-two-ups-kfc/|title=Alumnus Chef One-Ups (OK, Maybe Two-Ups) KFC|website=slice.mit.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026084415/https://slice.mit.edu/2010/04/28/alumnus-chef-one-ups-ok-maybe-two-ups-kfc/|archive-date=2016-10-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on to work as a test cook and editor at ''[[Cook's Illustrated]]'' magazine and [[America's Test Kitchen]].<ref name="NY-OKE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/kenji-lopez-alt-food-lab-cookbook|title=Kenji López-Alt’s Obsessive Kitchen Experiments|last=Killingsworth|first=Silvia|date=2015-10-03|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-12-27|issn=0028-792X}}</ref>

He was the Managing Culinary Director and is the Chief Culinary Consultant of "[[Serious Eats]]", a food blog, where he authors the [[James Beard Foundation Award|James Beard Award]]-nominated column "The Food Lab".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seriouseats.com/masthead|title=Masthead|website=www.seriouseats.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/complete-2015-jbf-award-nominees|title=The Complete 2015 JBF Award Nominees|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> He is also a columnist for [[Cooking Light]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://simmerandboil.cookinglight.com/author/kenji-lopez-alt/|title=Kenji Lopez-Alt|work=Cooking Light|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en}}</ref>

His first book, ''[[The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science]]'', was published in September 2015 by [[W. W. Norton & Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Food-Lab/|title=The Food Lab|website=books.wwnorton.com|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102180235/http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Food-Lab/|archive-date=2016-11-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was a [[New York Times]] Bestseller<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2015/12/20/advice-how-to-and-miscellaneous/|title=Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous Books - Best Sellers - December 20, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en}}</ref> and won the 2016 [[James Beard Foundation Award]] for General Cooking,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/2016-book-broadcast-and-journalism-awards-complete-winner-recap|title=The 2016 Book, Broadcast, and Journalism Awards: Complete Winner Recap|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> as well as the [[International Association of Culinary Professionals]] awards for Best American Cookbook and Cookbook of the Year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iacp.com/awards/cookbook/winners/|title=Winners - IACP|work=IACP|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205135436/https://www.iacp.com/awards/cookbook/winners/|archive-date=2018-12-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Asof|2019}}, Kenji resides in [[San Mateo, California]], after previously living in New York City and Boston.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/Mr-Wizard-s-Food-Lab-J-Kenji-L-pez-Alt-s-6493538.php|title=Mr. Wizard’s Food Lab: J. Kenji López-Alt’s unlikely path to stardom|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> López-Alt opened the Wursthall Restaurant & Bierhaus in [[San Mateo, California]], with partners Adam Simpson and [[Tyson Mao]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sf.eater.com/2017/6/20/15836106/wurst-hall-kenji-lopez-alt-san-mateo-restaurant|title=Internet Food Guru J. Kenji Lopez-Alt Opening Real Life Beer and Sausage Hall|work=Eater SF|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> A second location, in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], was announced in November 2018, and is expected to open in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sf.eater.com/2018/11/30/18119792/wursthall-opening-san-jose-location-beer-restaurant-kenji-lopez-alt|title=A Second Beer Hall From Recipe Expert J. Kenji López-Alt Is on the Way|last1=Pershan|first1=Caleb|accessdate=January 27, 2019}}</ref>

López-Alt is slated to release a book<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/e1ih2w/im_j_kenji_lópezalt_recipe_writer_chef_author_of/f8pjp1h|title=r/IAmA - I'm J. Kenji López-Alt, recipe writer, chef, author of The Food Lab and the NYT Food sections newest columnist. I'm here to help with your holiday cooking questions or anything else. AMA|last=|first=|date=|website=reddit|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> in autumn of 2020, a follow-up to ''The Food Lab''. He is also working with Gianna Ruggiero on a children’s picture book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/ |title= Website announcment|accessdate=January 27, 2019}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2019}}

== Publications ==

* {{Cite book|title=The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science|last=López-Alt|first=J. Kenji|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2015|isbn=978-0393081084|edition=1|location=|pages=}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez-Alt, J. Kenji}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American chefs]]
[[Category:American food writers]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:American restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Male chefs]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]
[[Category:American writers of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Benutzer:ManuBu/C-Pop

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KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{distinguish|Country pop|Cowboy pop}}
{{Redirect|CPOP|the policing organization|Center for Problem-Oriented Policing|the gallery|C-Pop (gallery)}}
[[File:LiJinhui.jpg|thumb|[[Li Jinhui]], the father of Chinese pop]]
'''C-pop''' is an abbreviation for '''Chinese popular music''' ({{zh|t=[[wikt:漢語|漢語]][[wikt:流行|流行]][[wikt:音樂|音樂]]|s=[[wikt:汉语|汉语]][[wikt:流行|流行]][[wikt:音乐|音乐]]|p=hànyǔ liúxíng yīnyuè|j=hon3jyu5 lau4hang4 jam1ngok6}}), a loosely defined musical genre by artists originating from [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]]. Others come from countries where the [[Chinese language]] is used by much of the population, such as [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]]. C-pop is sometimes used as an umbrella term covering not only Chinese pop but also [[rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[ballad]]s, [[Chinese rock]], [[Chinese hip hop]] and [[Chinese ambient music]], although [[Chinese rock]] diverged during the early 1990s.

There are currently three main subgenres within C-pop: [[Cantopop]], [[Mandopop]] and [[Hokkien pop]]. The gap between Cantopop and Mandopop has been narrowing in the new millennium. Hokkien pop, initially strongly influenced by Japanese [[enka]], has been re-integrating into C-pop and narrowing its trend of development towards [[Mandopop]].

Chinese popular music was initially a vehicle for the [[Cultural Revolution]] and [[Maoism|Maoist]] ideologies; however, during the country's extensive political and cultural changes of the past 50 years, it has lost much political significance; and now closely resembles the styles of [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]], from South Korea and Japan, respectively.

== History ==
[[File:BuckClayton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Buck Clayton]], the American who helped bring Jazz influence to Shanghai.]]
{{For| individual popstars and music era coverage|cantopop|mandopop}}
The term ''[[shidaiqu]]'' (meaning "music of the era" or ''"popular music"'') is used to describe all different types of music sung in Mandarin and other Chinese dialects recorded in China From 1920 to 1952, then in Hong Kong until the 1960s. [[Shanghai]] was the main hub of the Chinese popular music recording industry, and an important name of the period is composer [[Li Jinhui]]. [[Buck Clayton]] is credited with bringing American [[jazz]] influence to China and the music gained popularity in hangout quarters of nightclubs and dancehalls of major cities in the 1920s. A number of privately run radio stations from the late 1920s to the 1950s played C-pop.<ref name="Miller">[[Toby Miller|Miller, Toby]] (2003). ''Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies''. Routledge Publishing. {{ISBN|0-415-25502-3}}</ref> Around 1927, Li Jinhui composed "The Drizzle" ("毛毛雨") sung by his daughter Li Minghui ({{Zh|c=黎明暉|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}}), and this song is generally regarded as the first Chinese pop song.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTr9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Hong Kong Mobile: Making a Global Population |editors= Helen F. SIU, Agnes S. KU |author=May Bo Ching |page=60 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year= 2009 |isbn=978-9622099180 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="SHANGHAI IN THE 1930S"- Legendary Women |url=http://www.vantage-magazine.com/vantage-point-articles/shanghai-in-the-1930s-legendary-women.html |work=Vantage Shanghai |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=2016-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206160212/http://www.vantage-magazine.com/vantage-point-articles/shanghai-in-the-1930s-legendary-women.html |archive-date=2015-02-06 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.225968&catNum=225968&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English |title= FROM SHANGHAI WITH LOVE |work=Naxos }}</ref> It fuses jazz and Chinese folk music - the tune is in the style of a traditional [[pentatonic]] folk melody, but the instrumentation is similar to that of an American jazz orchestra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orias.berkeley.edu/2006/Jones.pdf |author=Andrew F. Jones |title=ORIAS: Sonic Histories: Chinese Popular Music in the Twentieth Century |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211312/http://orias.berkeley.edu/2006/Jones.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-29 |df= }}</ref>

Around the time of the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], and the [[Chinese Civil War]], pop music was seen as a [[leftist]]undisturbed distraction. After the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[World War II]] C-pop has been marketed, produced and branded regionally. The [[Communist Party of China]] established the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949. One of its first actions was to label the genre "[[Yellow Music]]" (the color is associated with [[pornography]]). The Shanghai pop music industry then took pop music to Hong Kong and in the 1970s developed [[cantopop]]. The [[Kuomintang]], relocated to [[Taiwan]], [[Taiwanese Minnan#Politics|discouraged]] the use of native [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] dialect from the 1950s to the late 1980s. As a result, [[mandopop]] became the dominant musical genre in Taiwan.

In 2000 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080320034021/http://www.eolasia.com/ EolAsia.com] was founded as the first online C-pop music portal in Hong Kong. The company survived the [[dot-com bubble]] and offered online legal music downloads in February 2005, backed by [[EMI]], [[Warner Music]] and [[Sony BMG]].<ref>Entertainment News Wire. "[http://www.allbusiness.com/services/amusement-recreation-services/4713603-1.html ENW at allbusiness.com]." ''Download store to debut in Hong Kong.'' Retrieved on 2008-03-18.</ref> It primarily targets consumers in Hong Kong and [[Macau]]: some songs require [[Hong Kong Identity Cards]] to purchase.

In August 2008 Norman Cheung, father of HK singer [[Ronald Cheng]], acquired the remaining portion of [[EMI]] Music Asia when EMI, which had entered China in the early 20th century, withdrew from the Chinese market. Typhoon music made the purchase for an estimated [[HK$]]100 million.<ref>English.cri.com. "[http://english.cri.cn/3086/2008/08/04/1261s389400.htm English.cri.com]." ''EMI Withdraws from China, Following HK Acquisition.'' Retrieved on 2008-09-08.</ref><ref>Varietyasiaonline.com. "[http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6645/ Varietyasiaonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016043535/http://varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6645/ |date=2008-10-16 }}." ''EMI selling China business.'' Retrieved on 2008-09-08.</ref>

In February 2008 [[mainland China]]'s top search engine [[Baidu.com]] was sued by local industry groups for providing music listening, broadcasting and downloading without approval.<ref>NBC News. "[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23406659 NBC News]." ''China's top search engine accused of aiding illicit online copying.'' Retrieved on 2008-03-19.</ref> [[Piracy]] continues to exist in China<ref name="CBM">China Briefing Media. [2004] (2004) Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta. China Briefing Media Ltd. {{ISBN|988-98673-1-1}}</ref> but [[Google]] have since announced a cooperation deal offering free listening and genuine music copies. Top100.cn was founded by basketball star [[Yao Ming]], agent Zhang Mingji and music insider Chen Ge via a 20 million [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] investment.<ref>China.org. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/242704.htm China.org]." ''Google embarks on free music downloading.'' Retrieved on 2008-03-19.</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503144539/http://www.google.cn/music/homepage Google mp3] became available in March 2009.<ref>PCworld.com. "[http://www.pcworld.com/article/149469/google_to_launch_free_music_service_in_china.html PCworld.com]." ''Google to Launch Free Music Service in China.'' Retrieved on 2009-05-03.</ref> The future of C-pop in mainland China is slowly emerging. However, the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]]'s banning of the highly popular show ''[[Super Girl (TV series)|Super Girl]]'' for one year in 2008 and 2012 still a very controversial for the mainland China market.<ref>hk-dk.dk. "[http://www.hk-dk.dk/docs/chinainvest.2006.05.30.doc www.hk-dk.dk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527225246/http://www.hk-dk.dk/docs/chinainvest.2006.05.30.doc |date=2008-05-27 }}." ''Foreign Influence in TV & Film.'' Retrieved on 2008-03-30.</ref>

In the early years of modern mainland China, emphasis on collectivist and party values, would predominantly set the theme for the music that was produced. Chinese officially sanctioned music schools, teaching popular music usually involves praising China's national culture through song lyrics that echo the official orientation of the PRC. The way in which popular music is taught in the school system relates to Chinese patriotic verses and traditional Chinese culture. The educational policy is heavily influenced by the government, and the "… Chinese government still uses traditional Chinese culture and values to enhance its legitimacy and consolidate its authority"<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = Music education curriculum and social change: a study of popular music in secondary schools in Beijing, China.|last = Ho|first = W|date = 2014|journal = Music Education Research|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> (Ho, 2012, p1).

After the Cultural Revolution that isolated China from the rest of the world for more than a decade, the country opened up, especially under the leadership of premier Deng. Global economic development offered all sorts of opportunities for Chinese businessmen and the opening up of east coast regions to outside economic interests served to boost significantly cross-cultural exchange between China and other nations, including the United States. Globalization and China's joining the World Trade Organization, with the implication of a move to make institutions within the country more compatible with those of the rest of the world, and the surge in international trade all contributed to bringing not only increased economic activity but also social exposure to foreign cultural standards. Although the new openness affected relations with a broad range of foreign countries, the United States was especially important as it was a major trading partner, and globalization has helped both nations to develop a healthy relationship for future growth.

The openness to trade and other exchanges with the United States, not least of which was the growing number of Chinese students seeking admission to educational establishments in the US, facilitated familiarity with American popular music. Although this was not the first exposure to foreign music for China, as there had been a growing awareness of the unique brand of western influenced popular music in Hong Kong, known as Cantopop, the influences of American rock, and African American rebellious hip hop and rap music was undoubtedly a lot more accepted by Chinese youth compared to their parent's generation. Nowadays mainland singers like Hua Chenyu, one of the most influential young pop-rock singers in China today sold out an Olympic sized stadium concert in two minutes and 58 seconds, demonstrating the homegrown pop music of China, are at the stage of strong mass appeal. [https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/01/07/hua-chenyus-peerless-performances/]

<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = "Country Roads" to Globalization: Sociological Models for Understanding American Popular Music in China.|last = Rupke|first = N|date = 2009|journal = Journal of Popular Culture|doi = |pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Blank|first2 = G}}</ref> (Rupke & Blank, 2009). The globalization of popular music impacted other East Asian countries, especially Korea and Japan, and this in turn has influenced developments in China, as "pop-culture excursions between (the) three countries"<ref>{{Cite journal|url = |title = The Pacific Age|last = Tricks|first = H|date = 2014|journal = The Economist|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref> are deemed significant (Tricks, 2014, p. 4).

==Genres==
{{listen
| filename = Zhou Xuan - Nights of shanghai.ogg
| title = Nights of Shanghai (夜上海)
| description = A 1940s [[shidaiqu]] [[mandopop]] arrangement by [[Zhou Xuan]].
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|-
! Genre || Subgenres || Location
|-
| rowspan="4" | Chinese popular music
| rowspan="1" |Cantonese popular music
| [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Guangdong]], [[Malaysia]]
|-
|Mandarin popular music
| [[China|Mainland China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]]
|-
|Minnan popular music
|[[Taiwan]], [[Fujian]], [[Malaysia]]
|}

==Notable artists==
{{See also|List of C-pop artists}}
In 1999, [[Malaysia]]'s ''[[Nanyang Siang Pau]]'' compiled a list of the top 100 most influential C-pop artists in the 20th century. The top 30 are in this order: [[Teresa Teng]], [[Zhou Xuan]], [[Yoshiko Ōtaka]], [[Samuel Hui]], [[Bai Guang]], [[Paula Tsui]], [[Alan Tam]], [[Jacky Cheung]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Faye Wong]], [[Liu Wen-cheng]], [[Chyi Yu]], [[Lee Yee]] (李逸), [[Danny Chan]], [[Dave Wong]], [[Su Rui|Julie Su]], [[Roman Tam]], [[Beyond (band)|Beyond]], [[Eric Moo]], [[Chyi Chin]], [[Yao Su-yong|Yao Surong]] (姚蘇蓉), [[Wu Yingyin]], [[Tsin Ting]], [[Yao Lee]], [[Tsui Ping]], [[Tsai Chin (singer)|Tsai Chin]], [[Lo Ta-yu]] and [[Jonathan Lee (record producer)|Jonathan Lee]].<ref>20世纪最具影响力的100位中文流行歌星http://www.wendangwang.com/doc/fa1768162f50703b09b516cb</ref>

[[File:Images of Taiwanese idols, on cover page of Dat Mui Cuoi Tuan Magazine (Vietnam).jpg|right|thumb|200px|Images of Taiwan's pop idols on cover page of Dat Mui Cuoi Tuan Magazine (Vietnam)]]
At the end of 2007 [[RTHK]] began promoting a tribute called "Immortal Legends" (不死傳奇) in honor of the singers who died a legend in the industry. The honor was given to [[Roman Tam]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Teresa Teng]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Wong Ka Kui]] (founder of [[Beyond (band)|Beyond]]), and [[Danny Chan]].<ref>RTHK. "[http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/program_archive.cgi?progdir=tv/stardust&event_name=%E4%B8%8D%20%E6%AD%BB%20%E5%82%B3%20%E5%A5%87 RTHK immortal legends]." ''RTHK program archive.'' Retrieved on 2007-12-31.</ref> All six pop stars played a major role in developing the [[Hong Kong]] or [[Taiwan]] music industry.

In 2010, the [[Chinese Music Awards]] recognized the top 30 C-pop artists since 1980. They are, approximately in the order of their birth years: [[Liu Jia-chang]], [[Li Guyi]] (李谷一), [[George Lam]], [[Sam Hui]], [[Paula Tsui]], [[Roman Tam]], [[Alan Tam]], [[Liu Wen-cheng]], [[Su Rui|Julie Su]], [[Teresa Teng]], [[Fong Fei Fei]], [[Jenny Tseng]], [[Lo Ta-yu]], [[Fei Yu-ching]], [[Leslie Cheung]], [[Danny Chan]], [[Chyi Yu]], [[Tsai Chin (singer)|Tsai Chin]], [[Chyi Chin]], [[Anita Mui]], [[Jonathan Lee (record producer)|Jonathan Lee]], [[Jacky Cheung]], [[Cui Jian]], [[Liu Huan]], [[Tat Ming Pair]], [[Beyond (band)|Beyond]], [[Sandy Lam]], [[Faye Wong]], [[Eason Chan]], and [[Jay Chou]].<ref>Chinese Music Awards. [http://www.chinesemusicawards.org/Album/Chinesemusic30/30people/ 華語金曲30年30人] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114031936/http://www.chinesemusicawards.org/Album/Chinesemusic30/30people/ |date=2013-11-14 }}</ref>

At the end of 2010, [[Vietnam]]'s ''[[:vi:Hoa Học Trò|Hoa Học Trò]] Magazine'' proclaimed a list of the top 5 C-pop [[boybands]] of the [[2000s (decade)|2000s decade]], all are from [[Taiwan]]. They are: [[F4 (band)|F4]], [[183 Club]], 5566, [[Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band)|Fahrenheit]] (Fei Lun Hai), and [[Lollipop F|Lollipop]] (Bang Bang Tang).<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Hằng Moon|date=|title=Nghệ sĩ của thập niên: 5 nhóm nhạc nam C-POP đình đám nhất|trans-title=Artist of the decade: Top 5 C-POP boybands|url=http://dantiengtrung.com/forum/showthread.php?t=22297|language=Vietnamese|magazine=Hoa Học Trò Magazine|volume=875|location=Vietnam|access-date=2016-03-06|quote=Chúng ta chuẩn bị vượt qua cột mốc 2010 và chính thức khép lại thập niên đầu tiên của thế kỉ 21. 10 năm qua, teen Việt đã nhanh nhạy tiếp cận với những cơn sóng âm nhạc đổ bộ dồn dập từ khắp nơi. Bắt đầu với Teenpop cực kì nhí nhảnh đến từ US & UK thông qua kênh âm nhạc MTV, nối tiếp là dòng C-Pop lãng mạn qua các bộ phim "thần tượng" Đài Loan, và giờ là K-Pop trẻ trung đầy hứng khởi - hòa chung trào lưu Hallyu cùng teen khắp châu Á. Chính teen Việt là chất xúc tác mạnh nhất giúp V-Pop thay đổi, hiện đại hơn, chuyên nghiệp và gần gũi hơn với xu hướng âm nhạc chung của thế giới. Hãy cùng H2T chọn lựa ra "Nghệ sĩ của thập niên" (Artists Of The Decade) - Những nhân vật tiêu biểu nhất, những nhóm nhạc đình đám nhất đã và đang có sức ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ tới đời sống âm nhạc của teen Việt.}}</ref>

==Disputes on Traffic artists==
"Traffic artist" is a word in China to infer the artist with huge traffic or following on the internet. They usually include [[Cai Xukun]], [[Lu Han]], [[Lay Zhang]], [[Kris Wu]], [[Huang Zitao]], [[TFBoys]], [[Rocket Girls 101]] and so on. They usually have dedicated fandom, prodigious traffic on social platform, and incredible sales. But they also cause many disputes, include the realness of the data, popularity and quality of their works. An investigation in 2017 by Aiman Data stated that more than 10% of their fans are robots.<ref>{{cite web |title=艾漫数据iINDEX开启娱乐数据的脱水时代 |url=http://news.163.com/17/0628/11/CO10ULGJ00014AEE.html |website=netease}}</ref> Investigation by [[China Central Television]] shows for a low price fans can even be bought.<ref>{{cite web |title=今年的3·15打假，从央视点名"假流量"开始 |url=https://www.jianshu.com/p/acdcd2bb15be}}</ref> The 100 millions shares on a post of Cai Xukun was proved as fake increases the distrust on them.<ref>{{cite web |title=蔡徐坤微博1亿转发量推手"星援"被查半年吸金800万 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2019-06/11/c_1210155551.htm}}</ref> Their fandom run as empire or religious organizations, frenzy fans would buy more than 10 thousands copies of an album, and rebuke other fans who buy only several copies.<ref>{{cite web |title=每个帝国都有它的秘密——鹿晗的粉丝帝国 |url=http://www.gq.com.cn/magazine/news_18546f75f09c25c7.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=鹿晗專輯銷量破千萬，力壓周杰倫 |url=https://kknews.cc/entertainment/9xrvbkj.html}}</ref> It makes although they have incredible sales but most of their work are unknown for public. Xingzhou, a music reviewer, said that Luhan and some traffic artists, still lack any persuasive music work.<ref>{{cite web |title=行舟乐评：90后北京小哥鹿晗被死神怒怼太娘行舟乐评关注 |url=https://www.jianshu.com/p/ccfecb736ddb}}</ref> And some complains that in the past, a hit song means even thought you don't like it, you listened it. But now we are unfamiliar with those "golden songs". And further they dispute that traffic artist are destroying the Chinese music. But some also claims that the depression of traditional artists is not the fault of traffic artists, it's because most fans of traditional artists enjoy the free or even pirated Internet sources and unwilling to pay.<ref>{{cite web |title=我曾经爱过的华语乐坛！已经死了？ |url=http://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20181206A0QW3100?refer=spider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=音乐市场被偶像绑架，因为只有人设不会被盗版 |url=https://www.pingwest.com/a/137678}}</ref>

In July 2019, a post said that why it's heard about that it's hard to get the ticket of [[Jay Chou]]'s ticket? But he is never found in SuperTalk? SuperTalk is an artist rank by [[Sina Weibo]] based on the activity of artist related posts, while Cai Xunkun has occupied No.1 consecutive 54 weeks. The word irritated the fans of Chou and caused a competition between fans of Cai and Zhou. Cai is uasully regarded as top of traffic artists while Chou is usually regarded as the top of traditional artists. This competition is sometimes called "defense of Jay Chou", also regard as between traffic artists and traditional artists and became a social topic. The fans of Chou encouraged each other to post, to like, to share for Chou, and many celebrities and official accounts joined it to support Chou. It made Chou jump from No.300 to No.1. After that, the fans organization of Cai announced to quit any competition in rank of Weibo. [[People's Daily]] commented that traffic is not equal to popularity.<ref>{{cite web |title=周杰倫保衛戰背後：互聯網流量撐起的新偶像|url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-49114897}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=是谁制定了周杰伦蔡徐坤粉丝PK的规则 |url=https://www.pingwest.com/a/191517}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=这场周杰伦保卫战，"中老年粉丝团"为什么会胜出？ |url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/75002334}}</ref>

==See also==
{|
|valign=top|
* [[Mandopop]]
* [[Cantopop]]
* [[Taiwanese pop]]
|valign=top|
* [[Gangtai]]
* [[China Wind music]]
* [[Taiwanese Wave]]
|valign=top|
* [[Music of China]]
* [[Music of Hong Kong]]
* [[Music of Taiwan]]
|valign=top|
* [[Music of Macau]]
* [[Music of Singapore]]
* [[Music of Malaysia]]
|valign=top|
* [[Chinese television drama]]
* [[Taiwanese drama]]
* [[Hong Kong television drama]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1v2Nj78SGwYZ2XjDj1Yg_Q Official Pandeh Music (Cpop Music Channel)]

{{Pop music}}

[[Category:C-pop| ]]
[[Category:Chinese popular culture]]
[[Category:Chinese youth culture]]

Cyntoia Brown

2019-07-05T22:03:40Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Cyntoia Brown
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Cyntoia Denise Mitchell
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|1|29}}
| birth_place = [[Tennessee]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| cause =
| alias =
| height =
| weight =
| sentence = 51-year- to-[[life imprisonment]], commuted in 2019
| conviction = [[First degree murder]]
[[Felony murder]]
[[Aggravated robbery]]
| victims = Johnny Michael Allen
| beginyear =
| country =
| states =
| endyear =
| apprehended =
| imprisoned = [[Tennessee Prison for Women]]
}}
'''Cyntoia Denise Brown''' (born '''Cyntoia Denise Mitchell''', January 29, 1988) is an American woman who was convicted of the murder and robbery of Johnny Michael Allen. Brown said that Allen had paid her $150 to have sex with him, and that she feared for her life during their encounter, leading her to shoot him. Prosecutors argued that Brown killed Allen in order to rob him. Brown was found guilty and sentenced to 51-years-to-life. After renewed interest in her case in 2018, notably from the support of [[Kim Kardashian]], the governor of Tennessee [[commutation (law)|commuted]] her original sentence to 15 years, scheduling her for release on August 7, 2019. Her story is detailed in the 2011 documentary ''[[Me Facing Life: Cyntoia's Story]]''.

== Early life ==
Brown was born Cyntoia Denise Mitchell to Georgina Mitchell in Tennessee on January 29, 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.tn.gov/foil-app/results.jsp|title=Search Results - Tennessee Felony Offender Information|website=apps.tn.gov/foil|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>{{Better source|date=January 2019}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2019}} Her father is unknown. Mitchell [[Alcohol and pregnancy|drank alcohol during her pregnancy]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/us/cyntoia-brown-sex-trafficking.html|title=Why Celebrities Have Rallied Behind Cyntoia Brown, a Woman Spending Life in Prison|last=Victor|first=Daniel|date=November 22, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 8, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> which Brown's defense attorneys would later claim to have caused her to have been born with [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/cyntoia-brown-766645/|title=Cyntoia Brown, Sentenced at 16, Must Serve 51 Years Before She Is Eligible for Release|last=Wade|first=Peter|last2=Wade|first2=Peter|date=December 9, 2018|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> Following her pregnancy, Mitchell began to use [[crack cocaine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42079257|title=Rihanna and Kim K back teenaged killer|last=Seales|first=Rebecca|date=November 22, 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=December 10, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Unable to care for her infant daughter, Mitchell placed the child up for [[adoption]].<ref name=adoption>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/01/08/actualidad/1546949531_287185.html|title=Indultada una mujer que mató a un hombre que pagó por tener sexo con ella cuando era adolescente|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=December 9, 2018|website=El País|language=es|access-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref>
Sixteen-year-old Brown ran away from home in 2004.<ref name=adoption/> Before she fled, she spent time with the state's [[Tennessee Department of Children's Services|Department of Children's Services]] between April 2001 and September 2003 after committing "crimes against a person, and crimes against property", according to spokeswoman Carla Aaron. While in custody of the DCS, Brown spent two years in DCS facilities, including a year at Woodland Hills Youth Development Center in Nashville.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tennessean.newspapers.com/image/245217930/|title=Suspect spent time with DCS|last=Bottorf|first=Christian|date=August 13, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/113605413/|title=Senator, sorority members aid female offenders|last=E. Shaw|first=Michelle|date=July 23, 2002|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref> She fled these facilities several times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/275749931/|title=DCS loses kids, even violent ones|last=Burke|first=Sheila|date=May 8, 2005|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref>

While homeless, Brown became intimately involved with Garion L. McGlothen (also known by the street name Kut-Throat, often abbreviated to Kut or Cut), and lived at an [[InTown Suites]] hotel.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto4" /> McGlothen forced Brown into sex-trafficking, effectively making him Brown's pimp. As such, Brown supported McGlothen and herself via involuntary [[prostitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theappeal.org/not-a-cardboard-cut-out-cyntoia-brown-and-the-framing-of-a-victim-aa61f80f9cbb/|title=Not A Cardboard Cut Out: Cyntoia Brown and the Framing of a Victim|website=The Appeal|language=en|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> During this time, McGlothen reportedly threatened, beat, and raped Brown on multiple occasions.<ref name=adoption/><ref name=":0" />{{Better source|reason=YourTango is not a [[WP:RS]], the article is clickbait, and is mostly just quotes from court proceedings|date=January 2019}}

== Murder of Johnny Allen ==
On the night of August 6, 2004, 16-year-old Brown met 43-year-old Johnny Michael Allen in the parking lot of a [[Sonic Drive-In]] on Murfreesboro Road in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. Allen was a [[real estate broker]] and a [[United States Army]] veteran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourtango.com/2017308682/who-cyntoia-brown-facts-details-teen-sex-trafficking-life-prison-killing-pimp|title=11 Awful Details About Cyntoia Brown, The 16-Year-Old Sex Trafficking Victim Serving A Life Sentence For Killing The Man Who 'Bought' Her|date=November 23, 2017|website=YourTango|language=en|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> Based on what Brown told investigators, Allen asked her if she was hungry and if she was homeless.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245217698/|title=Detective: Teen feared man would shoot her|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 11, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245217553/|title=Slain man may have been a good Samaritan|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 10, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref> Brown answered yes to both questions and accepted Allen's offer to take her to his house. Brown and Allen ordered dinner and Allen drove the pair to his home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245217930/|title=Wallet: It could be key evidence in case|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 13, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref> At a later hearing, Brown testified that she agreed to have sex with Allen for US$150, but claimed that they never actually engaged in sexual intercourse.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245450894/|title=Teen to be tried as adult in man's death|last=Burke|first=Sheila|date=November 16, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245430358/|title=Judge to decide soon if teen gets trialed as adult|last=Burke|first=Sheila|date=November 5, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/245217700|title=Court: Teen told why she shot, detective says|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 11, 2004|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref> At some point during the encounter Brown shot Allen in the back of the head using her .40-caliber [[handgun]]. She then left the house in Allen's [[Ford F-150]] in possession of Allen's wallet, containing US$172,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/tennessee-parole-board-divided-over-release-in-murder-case|title=Tennessee Parole Board divided over release in murder case|date=May 23, 2018|website=Associated Press|language=en-US|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> and two of his [[firearms]].<ref name="notvictim" /> Brown left the truck at a Wal-Mart parking lot and flagged down an SUV for a ride home. Police later found Brown and McGlothen at the nearby Intown Suites.<ref name="auto2" />

=== Arrest and trial ===
Brown was arrested and charged with homicide, especially aggravated robbery, handgun possession and criminal impersonation.<ref name="auto1"/> Despite being under 18 at the time of the killing, she was tried as an adult. This decision came from Metro Juvenile Court Judge Betty Adams Green on November 14, 2004, who argued that it was too much of a risk to the community to keep the 16-year-old in the Juvenile Court System.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/277489388/|title=Judge may extend teenage killer's sentence to life|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=October 7, 2006|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1" />

Brown never denied shooting Allen; however, she argued that the act was committed in [[self defense]],<ref name="notvictim">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cyntoia-brown-heres-why-teen-was-sentenced-life-after-claiming-she-was-sex-718766|title=Prosecutors: Cyntoia Brown Wasn't a Victim, Stole Money After Killing Johnny Allen|website=Newsweek.com|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref> making the act [[manslaughter]] rather than [[homicide]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Brown stated that Allen had intimidated her by repeatedly standing over her while she lay in his bed. As further motivation for the act of self defense, she stated that she believed Allen was reaching for a firearm as the two lay in bed. Thus prompting her to shoot Allen with her own firearm, which she got from her boyfriend for her own protection.<ref name="notvictim" /><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1" /> Police noted that no gun was found under or near the bed.<ref name="auto1" /> Based on the position in which Allen's body was discovered, investigators believed that Allen may have been asleep when he was shot. Forensics noted that, [[postmortem]], Allen was laying with his hands underneath his head.<ref name="notvictim" /><ref name="auto1" /> This gives credence to the prosecution's argument that the act was a homicide motivated by Brown's intent to rob Allen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/277520609/|title=Self-defense claim key in murder trial|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 22, 2006|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 8, 2019}}</ref> Prosecutors took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she had murdered Allen in order to steal from him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/us/cyntoia-brown-social-media-murder-case-trnd/index.html|title=Why Cyntoia Brown, who is spending life in prison for murder, is all over social media|last=Willingham|first=AJ|date=Nov 27, 2017|website=CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/277533706|title=Brown: Teen guilty in murder, robbery|last=Bottorff|first=Christian|date=August 26, 2006|website=The Tennesseean Archives|language=en-US|access-date= January 12, 2019}}</ref>

According to court documents, Brown threatened a jail nurse prior to her trial, stating "I shot that man in the back of the head one time, bitch, I’m gonna shoot you in the back of the head three times. I’d love to hear your blood splatter on the wall.” A recording of a phone call she made to her adopted mother while in jail was also presented as further evidence against Brown, in the conversation she stated of the victim "I executed him". Further still, a fellow inmate testified that Brown had confessed to killing Allen "just to see how it felt to kill somebody."<ref name="auto3" />{{Verify source|date=February 2019}} She was found guilty of first-degree murder, felony murder and aggravated robbery and sentenced to 51-years-to-life in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wistv.com/2019/01/07/cyntoia-brown-granted-clemency-set-release-august/|title=Cyntoia Brown granted clemency, set for release in August|first=WMCActionNews5 com|last=Staff|website=wistv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/07/us/cyntoia-brown-prison-release/index.html|title=Cyntoia Brown must serve 51 years before she's eligible for release, Tennessee Supreme Court says|last=Andone|first=Dakin|date=Dec 8, 2018|website=CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
Brown is serving her sentence at the [[Tennessee Prison for Women]], a maximum security detention facility in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2018/12/06/cyntoia-brown-update-release-tennessee-supreme-court/2228517002/|title=Cyntoia Brown can be released after serving 51 years in prison, Tennessee Supreme Court decides|last=Alund|first=Natalie Neysa|website=The Tennessean|language=en|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> She would have been eligible for [[parole]] at age 67.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colorlines.com/articles/how-support-cyntoia-brown|title=How to Support Cyntoia Brown|last=Byrd|first=Ayana|date=December 10, 2018|website=Colorlines|language=en|access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> In prison Brown has earned her high school diploma, as well as an associate degree with a 4.0 GPA. She is working towards her bachelor's degree and is on track to earn it in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/us/cyntoia-brown-clemency-granted.html|title=Cyntoia Brown Is Granted Clemency After 15 Years in Prison|last=Hauser|first=Christine|date=January 7, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 8, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Brown's former [[pimp]], Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on March 30, 2005, at the age of 24, having been shot and killed by Quartez Hines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/garion-mcglothen-obituary-254908488/|title=Garion L Mcglothen - March 30, 2005 Obituary|website=newspaperarchive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@CleoJ/the-cyntoia-browns-under-sesta-fosta-exploration-of-sex-trafficking-protections-as-applied-to-7955b50e5b16|title=The Cyntoia Browns under SESTA/FOSTA: Exploration of Sex Trafficking "Protections" as Applied to…|first=Cleo|last=J|date=December 11, 2018|publisher=}}</ref> His story was featured in the 2011 documentary, ''[[Me Facing Life: Cyntoia's Story]]''.<ref name=PS>{{cite journal | url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/life-in-prison-begins-at-16-27624 | title=Life in Prison Begins at 16: The PBS documentary "Me Facing Life: Cyntoia's Story" asks the question: Who is responsible when family and society so fail a promising child that she turns to prostitution and murder in her teens? | author=Tom Jacobs | journal=[[Pacific Standard]] |publisher=The Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy |location= |date=February 25, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NS">{{cite news |last1=Hargrove |first1=Brantley |title=Life Begins at SixteenI |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/article/13037415/for-a-teens-impulsive-unthinkable-act-cyntoia-brown-got-an-adults-life-sentence-was-justice-served |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |journal=[[Nashville Scene]] |publisher=Amy Mularski |date= February 24, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212215331/https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/article/13037415/for-a-teens-impulsive-unthinkable-act-cyntoia-brown-got-an-adults-life-sentence-was-justice-served|archivedate=February 12, 2018 |location=Nashville, TN |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Garion L Mcglothen Obituary |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/garion-mcglothen-obituary-254908488/ |website=NewspaperARCHIVE.com |publisher=Heritage World Archives SEZC |accessdate=January 9, 2019 |language=English}}</ref>

The producer of "Me Facing Life: Cyntoia's Story," Dan Birman, continued to follow Brown's case and other instances of juveniles sentenced to long terms in a seven-part online video series in 2016-2017, "Sentencing Children," done in collaboration with the PBS series Independent Lens and reporter Anita Wadhwani at ''The Tennessean'' newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2017/01/09/tennessee-task-force-seeks-juvenile-justice-overhaul/96344106/|title=Tennessee task force seeks juvenile justice overhaul|last=Wadhwani|first=Anita|date=January 9, 2017|website=The Tennessean|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/videos/sentencing-children-cyntoias-story/|title=Sentencing children Part 1 : Cytoias's story on PBS-Independent Lens|last=|first=|date=|website=PBS|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 10, 2019}}</ref>

=== Parole and clemency hearings===
On December 6, 2018, the [[Tennessee Supreme Court]] issued a ruling on Cyntoia Brown's case, stating that she would be eligible for parole after serving 51 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=TN Supreme Court Rules Cyntoia Brown Must Serve 51 Years Before Parole Eligibility |url=https://www.localmemphis.com/news/local-news/tn-supreme-court-rules-cyntoia-brown-must-serve-51-years-before-parole-eligibility/1652925717 |accessdate=December 11, 2018 |work=Tennessean |date=December 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Andone |first1=Dakin |title=Cyntoia Brown must serve 51 years before she's eligible for release, court says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/07/us/cyntoia-brown-prison-release/ |accessdate=December 11, 2018 |work=Cable News Network |publisher= Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |date=December 6, 2018}}</ref>

Nashville police detective Charles Robinson testified in Brown's 2004 murder trial that she told investigators she shot Allen because she feared for her life. In a letter dated December 12, 2017, Robinson urged Tennessee Governor [[Bill Haslam]] not to grant clemency to Brown. In the letter, the following was mentioned: "First and foremost, Cyntoia Brown did not commit this murder because she was a child sex slave as her advocates would like you to believe. Cyntoia Brown's motive for murdering Johnny Allen in his sleep was robbery."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lead detective in Cyntoia Brown case pens letter to Governor Haslam amid clemency debate|url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/lead-detective-in-cyntoia-brown-pens-letter-to-governor-haslam-amid-clemency-debate|accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=News Channel 5 |date=January 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Detective: Woman convicted as teen shouldn’t get clemency|url=https://apnews.com/200171ea76d04467adef8ceb722fbd34|accessdate=January 9, 2019 |work=AP News |date=December 21, 2018}}</ref>

On January 7, 2019, Haslam commuted Cyntoia Brown's sentence of life in prison to an August 7, 2019 release, plus 10 years of supervised parole.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wate.com/news/tennessee/gov-haslam-grants-clemency-to-cyntoia-brown-to-be-released-aug-7/1690234511|title=Haslam grants clemency to Cyntoia Brown, to be released Aug. 7|date=January 7, 2019|work=WATE News|accessdate=January 7, 2019}}</ref> Haslam said his decision came "after careful consideration of what is a tragic and complex case" and further stated that "imposing a life sentence on a juvenile that would require her to serve at least 51 years before even being eligible for parole consideration is too harsh."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/07/us/tennessee-cyntoia-brown-granted-clemency/index.html|title=Cyntoia Brown is granted clemency after killing man who bought her for sex|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=January 7, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Cyntoia}}
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Tennessee]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American female murderers]]
[[Category:21st-century American criminals]]
[[Category:Criminals from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Tennessee]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Tennessee]]
[[Category:Violence against men in North America]]
[[Category:American robbers]]
[[Category:People convicted of robbery]]
[[Category:People from Clarksville, Tennessee]]

Alamy

2019-07-05T21:44:21Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Alamy
| logo = Alamy ltd logo.png
| type = Private
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder = [[Mike Fischer]], James West
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]]
| location_country = [[United Kingdom]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Publishing]], [[Mass media|media]], [[web design]], [[Stock photography]]
| products = [[Digital image]]s, [[Digital video|video]]
| production =
| services = [[Rights Managed|Rights-managed]] and royalty-free images and video
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.alamy.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Alamy''' (registered as '''Alamy Limited''') is a privately owned [[stock photography]] agency launched in 1999. Its headquarters are in [[Milton Park]], near [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon, Oxfordshire]], [[United Kingdom]]. It has a development and operations centre at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Techno park in Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] and a sales office in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reportlinker.com/p02588115-summary/Global-Still-Images-Market.html |title=Global Still Images Market 2015-2019 |date= December 2014 |work= |publisher=ReportLinker |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stock-photography-service-review.toptenreviews.com/alamy-review.html |title=Alamy |date= |work= |publisher=[[Purch|TopTenReviews]] |accessdate=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908020105/http://stock-photography-service-review.toptenreviews.com/alamy-review.html |archive-date=8 September 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Overview ==
{{multiple image|total_width=250|direction=vertical|image1=Kendra Chan (left) and Karen Sinclair, fish and wildlife biologists with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Ventura, during the biannual brown pelican survey along the West Coast. (34760957745).jpg|alt1=Kendra Chan and Karen Sinclair from USFWS Flickr stream, public domain|caption1=Photo from the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|USFWS]] Flickr stream that was made available free of charge with a [[Public Domain Mark|PD-mark]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfws_pacificsw/34760957745/|title=Kendra Chan (left) and Karen Sinclair, fish and wildlife biologists. Photo by Robyn Gerstenslager/USFWS.|publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] Flickr stream|date=30 March 2013|accessdate=5 June 2018}}</ref>|image2=Kendra Chan and Karen Sinclair, watermarked by Alamy, Alamy ID M9YA7W.jpg|alt2=The same image, watermarked by Alamy|caption2=The same image, [[Digital watermarking|watermarked]] by Alamy and sold on their website without attribution to the photographer or source<ref>{{cite web|dead-url=no|url=https://www.alamy.com/kendra-chan-left-and-karen-sinclair-fish-and-wildlife-biologists-oxnard-calif-may-6-2017-kendra-chan-left-and-karen-sinclair-fish-and-wildlife-biologists-with-the-us-fish-and-wildlife-service-in-ventura-during-the-biannual-brown-pelican-survey-along-the-west-coast-the-survey-is-conducted-with-the-intent-to-gather-information-needed-to-understand-how-potential-threats-from-changes-in-weather-patterns-prey-availability-or-changes-in-habitat-or-contaminants-could-impact-california-brown-pelican-populations-over-time-image178236349.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604225958/https://www.alamy.com/kendra-chan-left-and-karen-sinclair-fish-and-wildlife-biologists-oxnard-calif-may-6-2017-kendra-chan-left-and-karen-sinclair-fish-and-wildlife-biologists-with-the-us-fish-and-wildlife-service-in-ventura-during-the-biannual-brown-pelican-survey-along-the-west-coast-the-survey-is-conducted-with-the-intent-to-gather-information-needed-to-understand-how-potential-threats-from-changes-in-weather-patterns-prey-availability-or-changes-in-habitat-or-contaminants-could-impact-california-brown-pelican-populations-over-time-image178236349.html|archive-date=4 June 2018|title=Kendra Chan (left) and Karen Sinclair, fish and wildlife biologists. Stock Photo: 178236349 - Alamy|accessdate=5 June 2018}}</ref>}}
Alamy maintains an online archive of over 125 million still images{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}, illustrations and hundreds of thousands of videos contributed by agencies and independent photographers or collected from news archives, museums and national collections. Its suppliers include both professional and amateur photographers, stock agencies, news archives, museums, national collections and public domain content copied from [[Wikimedia Commons]]. Its clients are from the photography, publishing and advertising industries and the general public.

== History ==
James West, a graduate of Edinburgh University, is the CEO of Alamy and co-founded the company with [[Mike Fischer]] in 1999. Fischer, the current chairman and co–founder of the firm, was also co-founder and CEO of [[RM Education|RM plc]].

*In 2002, Alamy won an EMMA (Electronic Multimedia Awards) award for technical excellence. The purpose of the award is to recognize excellence in digital media content creation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/pressreleases/2002/stock-photography-emma-award-121202.asp|title=Alamy in the news|first=Alamy|last=Limited|publisher=}}</ref> It also introduced a 24/7 [[high-resolution]] download tool for customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graphics.com/news-old/image-search-and-purchase-now-five-times-faster-alamycom |title=Image Search and Purchase Now Five Times Faster on Alamy.com |date=29 August 2002 |work= |publisher=Graphics |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> The technical innovation continued with virtual CDs becoming a replacement for RF image CDs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graphics.com/news-old/alamy-launches-virtual-alternative-royalty-free-cds |title=Alamy Launches Virtual Alternative to Royalty Free CDs |date=2 September 2003 |work= |publisher=Graphics.com |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2003, the firm introduced an international distribution network. Based on the resulting increased sales, it increased the royalty payments for its contributors in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weareoca.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/royalties-information-sheet.pdf |title=Alamy 100% royalties |date= |work= |publisher= Weareoca |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-under-fire-over-new-search-engine |title=Alamy CEO: AlamyRank "not disadvantaging specialist contributors" |date=16 November 2006 |work= |publisher=Editorial Photographers UK (EPUK) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> Since 2002 Alamy has paid out over $100 million to its contributors.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}
*In March 2004 one million images were available on the site and by October 2007 there were 10 million images online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selling-stock.com/Article/alamy-reaches-10-million-images-reveals-finan|title=Alamy Reaches 10 Million Images, Reveals Financials|author=Jim Pickerell|work=selling-stock.com}}</ref>
*In 2010, the firm created an iPad app to showcase its images.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipadinsight.com/general/new-ipad-apps-alamy-photo-collection/ |title=New iPad Apps: Alamy Photo Collection |date=28 August 2010 |author=Patrick Jordan |publisher=iPad Insight |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2011, Alamy launched a live news service,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stockphototalk.com/the_stock_photo_industry_/2011/10/alamy-launches-live-news-service.html |title=Alamy launches Live News service |date=18 October 2011 |work= |publisher=Stockphototalk |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> and in 2012 it started to accept live news images from mobile phones<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ephotozine.com/article/alamy-stock-photo-agency-now-allows-mobile-photos-21205|title=Alamy Stock Photo Agency Now Allows Mobile Photos|author=Magezine Publishing Ltd|work=ePHOTOzine}}</ref> which upgraded their collection to 25 million images.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.aweber.com/microstock-news/PP1IY/h/Record_month_sees_Alamy_hit.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130924120537/http://archive.aweber.com/microstock-news/PP1IY/h/Record_month_sees_Alamy_hit.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-09-24 |title=Email Marketing Software from AWeber - AWeber Email Marketing |work=aweber.com}}</ref>
*In the same year 2011, the company expanded its international sales unit with teams being introduced in Germany, Australia and The Middle East.
*In 2012, Alamy introduced the Alamy iQ, video, and creative search results .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cepic.org/news/alamy-shakes-it-alamy-iq |title=Alamy shakes it up with Alamy iQ |date=16 November 2012 |work= |publisher= |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref>
*In 2015, Alamy’s [[iPhone app]] Stockimo was shortlisted in The Drum's Marketing on Mobile Awards (MOMAs) for the Best Mobile/Tablet Consumer Facing App.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alamy.com/pressrelease/releases/archive/2015/05/29/198.aspx#.WCb0m3rW-9I |title=Alamy’s iPhone app Stockimo has been shortlisted as a finalist in prestigious MOMA awards – In the best mobile/tablet consumer facing app category. |date=29 May 2015 |publisher= Alamy |accessdate= 12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedrum.com/award/141043/winners/2015 |title=MOMAs – Marketing on Mobile Awards - 2016 - 2015 Winners |publisher= The Drum / Carnyx Group |accessdate= 12 November 2016}}</ref>
*In 2017, Alamy announced their new CEO, Andy Harding.
*In December 2018, Alamy announced that they would be increasing their commission from 50% to 60% of the sales value, reducing their payments to their contributors to just 40% of the payment received from customers. This announcement was superseded a couple of weeks later by a further announcement that commission would remain at 50% on material that was exclusively available only on Alamy.

==Criticism==
On 16 February 2015 Alamy informed its members of changes to the contributor contract.<ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112424/http://www.alamy.com/contributor/contract/amendments/160215.asp?utm_source=Adestra&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Key%20Changes%20to%20Contributor%20Contract&utm_campaign=Contractual%20ammendments%20-%20Jan%202015&utm_term=Contributors | url=http://www.alamy.com/contributor/contract/amendments/160215.asp | archivedate=2 April 2015 | publisher=Alamy.com | title=Changes to the Agreement, Amendments - 16th February 2015 | accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref> These changes were condemned by the photography industry bodies, the [[National Union of Journalists]]<ref>[https://www.nuj.org.uk/news/photographers-council-questions-alamy-contracts/ Photographers’ council concerned by Alamy contracts]</ref> and Editorial Photographers UK (EPUK) who said "Alamy, it seems is trying to establish a perpetual and irrevocable contract with images that they have previously sold on our behalf at a time when this was not the case, which allows them to continue selling them even after the contract with the photographer has been terminated. ... The provision would last for the full term of copyright and we see it as unreasonably extensive."<ref>[http://www.epuk.org/news/an-open-letter-from-epuk-to-alamy-regarding-the-new-contributor-contract-terms An open letter from EPUK to Alamy regarding the new contributor contract terms]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-in-the-rear-view-mirror |title=Alamy in the rear view mirror |date=27 May 2015 |author= David Hoffman |publisher= Editorial Photographers UK (EPUK) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> Alamy responded by stating that the changes only reflect the company work style and do not represent a significant shift.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epuk.org/news/alamy-responds-to-epuk-s-open-letter |title=Alamy responds to EPUK's open letter |date=5 March 2015 |work= |publisher= EPUK |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cepic.org/news/alamy-makes-change-its-commission-structure |title=Alamy Makes a Change to its Commission Structure |date=20 November 2012 |work= |publisher=Centre of the Picture Industry (CEPIC) |accessdate= 7 September 2015}}</ref> Their reply, in turn, was characterized by the documentary photographer and Alamy contributor David Hoffman as "misleading and evasive".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epuk.org/opinion/alamy-s-defence-misleading-and-evasive|title=Why I'm leaving Alamy|date=11 March 2015|publisher=EPUK|accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Carol M. Highsmith]] sued Alamy in July 2016 for selling photographs without attribution she had donated to the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>[https://pdnpulse.pdnonline.com/2016/11/court-dismisses-1-billion-copyright-claim-getty.html Court Dismisses $1 Billion Copyright Claim Against Getty]</ref><ref>[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2999596/Gov-Uscourts-Nysd-460787-1-0.pdf Carol M. Highsmith v. Getty Images (US) Inc.]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/gov.uscourts.nysd.460787 Carol M. Highsmith v. Getty Images (US) Inc. (archive.org)]</ref> License Compliance Services, part of Alamy, had also sent an e-mail to the "This is America!" foundation, a foundation that was founded by Highsmith herself. The e-mail stated "We have seen that an image or image(s) represented by Alamy has been used for online use by your company. According to Alamy’s records your company doesn’t have a valid license for use of the image(s)."<ref>[https://archive.org/download/gov.uscourts.nysd.460787/gov.uscourts.nysd.460787.1.1.pdf Unauthorized Use of Alamy Image(s) - Case Number 380913878 (Ref: 1031-7385-3953)]</ref> and demanded to pay a settlement fee of $120 for the infringement Highsmith was accused of. The photograph in question was not an infringement but an original work of authorship of Highsmith. Highsmith's claim was dismissed because she had signed away her copyrights, putting the photographs in the public domain.

==See also==
{{Portal|Photography}}
*[[Image hosting service]]
*[[List of online image archives]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.alamy.com}}
{{Photography}}

[[Category:Companies based in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Photography companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Stock photography]]
[[Category:Photo archives]]

Virginia Hall

2019-07-05T21:03:30Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Infobox spy
| name = Virginia Hall
| nickname =
| image = Virginia Hall.jpg
| caption = Virginia Hall receiving the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] in 1945 from OSS chief [[William Joseph Donovan|General Donovan]]
| allegiance = {{ubl|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]|{{Flagicon|Free French Forces}} [[Free France]]}}
| service = {{ubl|[[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] (1940–44)|[[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] (1944–45)|[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] ([[Special Activities Division|SAD]]) (1951–66)}}
| serviceyears = 1940–1966
| rank =
| operation = [[Operation Jedburgh]]
| award = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
| codename1 = Diane
| codename2 = Marie Monin
| codename3 = Germaine
| codename4 = Marie of Lyon
| codename5 = Camille
| codename6 = Nicolas<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |title=The People of the CIA ... — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html |accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref>
| codename7 =
| codename8 =
| codename9 =
| other = [[US Department of State]] (1931–39)
| birth_name = Virginia Hall
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|04|06}}
| birth_place = Baltimore, Maryland, [[U.S.]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|07|08|1906|04|06}}
| death_place = Rockville, Maryland, U.S.
| buried = [[Pikesville|Pikesville, Maryland]]
| height =
| nationality = American
| religion =
| residence =
| spouse = Paul Gaston Goillot
| children =
| occupation =
| alma_mater ={{hlist|[[Radcliffe College]]|[[Barnard College]]|[[American University]]}}
| signature =
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100|country=GBR|MBE}}
}}

'''Virginia Hall Goillot''' [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|DSC]] [[Croix de Guerre]] {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} (6 April 1906 – 8 July 1982) was an American [[spy]] with the British [[Special Operations Executive]] during [[World War II]] and later with the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] and the [[Special Activities Division]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. She was known by many aliases, including "Marie Monin", "Germaine", "Diane", "Marie of Lyon", "Camille",<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Kids Page – History – Virginia Hall |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/history/vhall01.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227213130/https://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/history/vhall01.html |archivedate=2006-12-27 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15">{{cite web |url=http://www.campx.ca/georges-begue/Begue-1.html |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 29, 1994 |page=15 |title=Obituary of Georges Bégué |accessdate=2014-07-24}} [[Georges Bégué]]</ref> and "Nicolas".<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Germans]] gave her the nickname ''Artemis''. The [[Gestapo]] reportedly considered her "the most dangerous of all Allied spies".<ref>
Meyer,Roger (October 2008). "World War II's Most Dangerous Spy" ''[[The American Legion Magazine]]'' p. 54</ref>

==Early life==
Virginia Hall was born in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], the daughter of Barbara Virginia Hammel and Edwin Lee Hall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/estonia/99874/History%20stories/Not-Bad-for-a-Girl-from-Baltimore.pdf|title=Not Bad for a Girl from Baltimore: the Story of Virginia Hall|last=|first=|date=|website=state.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> She attended [[Roland Park Country School]] and then the prestigious [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Barnard College]] (Columbia University), where she studied French, Italian and German.<ref name=":0" /> She wanted to finish her studies in Europe. With help from her parents, she travelled the Continent and studied in [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Austria]], finally landing an appointment as a Consular Service clerk at the American Embassy in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], in 1931. Hall had hoped to join the Foreign Service, but suffered a setback around 1932 when she accidentally shot herself in the left leg while hunting birds in [[Turkey]]. The leg was later amputated from the knee down, and replaced with a wooden appendage which she named "Cuthbert". The injury foreclosed whatever chance she might have had for a diplomatic career, and she resigned from the Department of State in 1939. Thereafter she attended graduate school at [[American University]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref name=":0" />

==World War II==
The coming of war that year found Hall in [[Paris]]. She joined the Ambulance Service before the fall of France and ended up in [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-controlled territory when the fighting stopped in the summer of 1940.

===Special Operations Executive===
[[File:Les Marguerites Fleuriront ce Soir - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|thumb|''Les Marguerites Fleuriront ce Soir'' by Jeffrey W. Bass]]
Hall made her way to London and volunteered for Britain's newly formed [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE), which sent her back to Vichy in August 1941.
She spent the next 15 months there, helping to coordinate the activities of the [[French Resistance|French Underground]] in Vichy and the occupied zone of France, in [[Toulouse]] and then [[Lyon]], using the cover of a correspondent for the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15"/>

Part of [[Peter Churchill]]’s first mission in France in January/February 1942 was to deliver 300,000 francs to [[Georges Duboudin]] «Charles», organiser of the [[SOE F Section networks#Spruce|SPRUCE network]] in [[Lyon]], and Hall introduced Churchill to him. Having completed his mission, Churchill returned to England via Spain and, since couples aroused less suspicion, Hall accompanied him by train to Perpignan for him to cross the Pyrenees on foot and she returned to Lyon.<ref name=OtoC>''[[Of their own Choice]]'', Peter Churchill, Hodder and Stoughton, 1952</ref> In his second mission in April 1942 Churchill dropped off four SOE agents on the [[Cote d'Azur]] by submarine, including [[Edward Zeff]] «Matthieu», wireless operator for the SPRUCE network who, after travelling to Lyon, was introduced by Hall to the network.<ref name=OtoC />

According to Dr. Dennis Casey of the [[Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency|U.S. Air Force Intelligence Agency]], the French nicknamed her "la dame qui boite" and the Germans put "the limping lady" on their most wanted list.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050313041234/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/030127/27heyday.hall.htm |title= Virginia Hall: "We must find and destroy her" |date= 27 January 2003 |archive-date= 13 March 2005 |publisher= [[USNews.com]]}}</ref> After the Germans suddenly [[Case Anton|seized all of France]] in November 1942, many arrests were made and Hall knew she had to leave immediately and narrowly escaped by train from Lyon to [[Perpignan]], then walked over a 7,500 foot pass in the [[Pyrenees]] to [[Spain]], covering up to 50 miles over two days in considerable discomfort.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-61-no-1/pdfs/virginia-halls-steps.pdf|title=A Climb to Freedom: A Personal Journey in Virginia Hall’s Steps|first=Craig R.|last=Gralley|journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]]|volume=61|issue=1|date=March 2017}}</ref>
Rather whimsically, she had given her artificial foot its own codename ("Cuthbert") and before making her escape, she signalled to SOE that she hoped Cuthbert would not give trouble on the way. The SOE, not understanding the reference, replied, "If Cuthbert troublesome, eliminate him". After arriving in Spain she was arrested by the Spanish authorities for illegally crossing the border, but the US Embassy eventually secured her release. After working for SOE for a time in Madrid, she returned to London in July 1943 where she was quietly made an honorary [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613142626/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm|title=Special Operations|date=13 June 2007|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>

===Office of Strategic Services===
[[File:French identification certificate for Marcelle Montagne, an alias of OSS agent Virginia Hall.jpg|thumb|French identification certificate for 'Marcelle Montagne' forged by OSS]]
Virginia Hall joined the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) Special Operations Branch in March 1944 and asked to return to occupied France. She hardly needed training in clandestine work behind enemy lines, and OSS promptly granted her request and landed her from a British [[Motor Torpedo Boat|MTB]] in [[Brittany]] (her artificial leg having kept her from parachuting in) with a forged French identification certificate for Marcelle Montagne. Codenamed "Diane", she eluded the [[Gestapo]] and contacted the [[French Resistance]] in central France. She mapped drop zones for supplies and commandos from England, found safe houses, and linked up with a [[Operation Jedburgh|Jedburgh team]] after the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] landed at [[Normandy]]. Hall helped train three battalions of Resistance forces to wage guerrilla warfare against the Germans and kept up a stream of valuable reporting until Allied troops overtook her small band in September.<ref name="pearson">{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Judith L. |title=The Wolves at the Door: The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy |date=2014 |publisher=Diversion Books |isbn=9781626812925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWekAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="purnell">{{cite book |last1=Purnell |first1=Sonia |title=A Woman of No Importance: The Untold Story of the American Spy Who Helped Win World War II |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780735225305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJBfDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Sonia |title=Virginia Hall Was America’s Most Successful Female WWII Spy. But She Was Almost Kept From Serving |url=http://time.com/5566062/virginia-hall/ |work=TIME Magazine |date=April 9, 2019}}</ref>

==Post war==
In 1950, Hall married former OSS agent Paul Goillot. In 1951, she joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] working as an intelligence analyst on French parliamentary affairs. She worked alongside her husband as part of the [[Special Activities Division]].

Hall retired in 1966 to a farm in [[Barnesville, Maryland]].

==Awards==
For Virginia Hall's efforts in France, General [[William Joseph Donovan]] in September 1945 personally awarded Hall a [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] — the only one awarded to a civilian woman in World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=512 |title=Today's Document from the National Archives |website=Archives.gov |date=2011-10-19 |accessdate=2016-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019001316/http://blogs.archives.gov/todaysdocument/2011/05/12/may-12-virginia-hall-of-the-oss/|title=Today's Document » May 12 – Virginia Hall of the OSS|date=19 October 2011|publisher=[[archives.gov]]}}</ref> President Truman wanted a public award of the medal; however Hall demurred, stating she was "Still operational and most anxious to get busy."<ref name="pearson"/> She was made an honorary Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), and was awarded the [[Croix de Guerre]] with Palme by France.<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last1=Shapira |first1=Ian |title=The Nazis were closing in on a spy known as ‘The Limping Lady.’ She fled across mountains on a wooden leg. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/07/11/the-nazis-were-closing-in-on-a-spy-known-as-the-limping-lady-she-fled-across-mountains-on-a-wooden-leg/ |accessdate=3 March 2019 |agency=washingtonpost.com |publisher=The Washington Post |date=11 July 2017 |archiveurl=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/07/11/the-nazis-were-closing-in-on-a-spy-known-as-the-limping-lady-she-fled-across-mountains-on-a-wooden-leg/ |archivedate=3 March 2019 |language=English}}</ref> She was honoured again for her courageous work in 2006, on the 100th anniversary of her birth, by the French and British ambassadors in Washington.<ref name="baltimoresun">{{cite news |last1=Tucker |first1=Abigail |title=A spy gets her due |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-12-14-0612140077-story.html |work=The Baltimore Sun |date=December 14, 2006}}</ref> Hall was posthumously inducted into the [[Maryland Women's Hall of Fame]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virginia Hall |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/hall.html |website=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame |accessdate=March 28, 2019}}</ref>

==Death==
Virginia Hall Goillot died at the [[Shady Grove Adventist Hospital]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]], on 8 July 1982, aged 76.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/ |title=Education & Resources - National Women's History Museum |website=NWHM.org |date= |accessdate=2016-12-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108014949/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/ |archivedate=2016-11-08 |df= }}</ref> She is buried in the Druid Ridge Cemetery, [[Pikesville]], [[Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]].

==Legacy==
Her story has been told in several books, including:

* ''The Wolves at the Door: The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy'' by Judith L. Pearson (2005) The Lyons Press, {{ISBN|1-59228-762-X}}.<ref name="pearson"/>
* ''The Spy with the Wooden Leg: The Story of Virginia Hall'' by [[Nancy Polette]] (2012) Elva Resa Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-934617-15-1}}, a multiple award-winning non-fiction book for ages 10 and older.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://elvaresa.com/book/spy-with-the-wooden-leg/|title=The Spy with the Wooden Leg - Elva Resa Publishing|work=Elva Resa Publishing|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''L'Espionne. Virginia Hall, une Américaine dans la guerre'', by Vincent Nouzille (2007) Fayard (Paris), a French biography reviewed by British historian M.R.D. Foot in "Studies in Intelligence", Vol 53, N°1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html |title=L’espionne: Virginia Hall, une Americaine dans la guerre|website=Cia.gov |date=2009-04-21 |accessdate=2016-12-06}}</ref>
* ''A Woman of No Importance: The Untold Story of WWII’s Most Dangerous Spy, Virginia Hall'' by Sonia Purnell (2019) Hachette UK.<ref name="purnell"/>
* ''The Lady Is a Spy: Virginia Hall, World War II Hero of the French Resistance'' by Don Mitchell (2019) Scholastic, {{ISBN|978-0-545936-12-5}}, a non-fiction book for ages 12–18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kids.scholastic.com/kids/book/the-lady-is-a-spy-by-don-mitchell/|title=The Lady is a Spy|work=Scholastic Publishing|access-date=2019-07-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Hall of Mirrors: Virginia Hall: America's Greatest Spy of WWII'' by Craig Gralley (2019) Chrysalis Books, {{ISBN|978-1-733541-50-3}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/29/she-was-a-legendary-spy-he-worked-for-three-cia-directors-now-hes-writing-a-novel-in-her-voice/?noredirect=on|title=She was a legendary spy. He worked for three CIA directors. Now he’s writing a novel in her voice|work=The Washington Post|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

''Liberté: A Call to Spy'' is the first feature film about Virginia Hall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=CNN |first1=AJ Willingham |title=CIA spy Virginia Hall is about to become everyone's next favorite historical hero |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/20/us/virginia-hall-cia-spy-world-war-2-trnd/index.html |work=CNN}}</ref> It had its world premiere at the [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] in June 2019, commemorating the 75th anniversary of [[D-Day]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberté: A Call to Spy|website=[[Edinburgh International Film Festival]]|url=https://www.edfilmfest.org.uk/2019/liberte-call-spy/06-21_20-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LIBERTÉ: A CALL TO SPY - World Premiere at Edinburgh Film Festival |url=https://www.reviewsphere.org/news/liberte-a-call-to-spy-world-premiere-at-edinburgh-film-festival/ |work=www.reviewsphere.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Liberté: A Call To Spy" Will Debut At Edinburgh International Film Festival - Top 10 Films |url=https://www.top10films.co.uk/53845-liberte-a-call-to-spy-will-debut-at-edinburgh-international-film-festival/}}</ref> Hall is portrayed by ''[[Equity (film)|Equity's]]'' Sarah Megan Thomas and the film is directed by [[Lydia Dean Pilcher]]. Another film about Hall's life, ''A Woman of No Importance'', based on the book by Sonia Purnell and starring [[Daisy Ridley]] as Hall with [[J.J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams']] [[Bad Robot]] producing, was announced in 2017.<ref>{{cite web ||title=A Woman Of No Importance|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2019-07-03 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6463720/?ref_=nv_sr_1?ref_=nv_sr_1|}}</ref><ref name="npr">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Myre |title='A Woman Of No Importance' Finally Gets Her Due |website=NPR.org |date=2019-04-18 |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/18/711356336/a-woman-of-no-importance-finally-gets-her-due |ref={{sfnref | NPR.org | 2019}} |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> It is currently in developement and has yet to move into production.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cutler |first=Katharine |title=Daisy Ridley talks 'Ophelia' and upcoming Virginia Hall biopic|website=ff2media.com|url=https://ff2media.com/blog/2019/07/01/daisy-ridley-talks-ophelia-and-upcoming-virginia-hall-biopic/| date=2019-07-01|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref>

==Sources==
*[[Marcus Binney]], ''The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War'', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2002, {{ISBN|0-340-81840-9}}, pp. 111–38 ("Virginia Hall") and ''passim.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Virginia Hall}}
* [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C8949365 Special Operations Executive: Personnel Files (HS 9/647/4) - Virginia Hall]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061220182624/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061210/ap_on_re_us/female_spy_remembered "Ambassadors to honor female WW2 spy"] by Ben Nuckols, [[Associated Press]], 10 December 2006.
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm Special Operations article] and [https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html Featured story about Virginia Hall on the CIA web site]
* [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/saturday-review/a-woman-of-no-importance-by-sonia-purnell-review-virginia-hall-the-one-legged-female-spy-who-beat-the-gestapo-3js8vwhfm Times Online Article (subscription required)]
* Article by MRD Foot in Studies in Intelligence vol 53 N°1 [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html]
* {{findagrave|14354228}}

;Attribution
{{USGovernment|sourceURL=https://web.archive.org/web/20010920014435/https://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/oss/art05.htm The People of the CIA ...Making an Impact: Virginia Hall}}
{{Maryland Women's Hall of Fame |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Virginia}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:American amputees]]
[[Category:American spies]]
[[Category:American University alumni]]
[[Category:American women in World War II]]
[[Category:Analysts of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Barnard College alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery]]
[[Category:Death in Maryland]]
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Category:Female wartime spies]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:New York Post people]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore]]
[[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:World War II spies for the United States]]

Eteri Georgijewna Tutberidse

2019-07-05T19:34:30Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Infobox figure skater
|name= Eteri Tutberidze
|image= Eteri Tutberidze (2018-11-27).jpg
|caption= Tutberidze in 2018
|native_name= Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе
|native_name_lang= ru
|fullname= Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze
|altname=
|country=
|formercountry=
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1974|2|24|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|hometown=
|residence= Moscow, [[Russia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|formerpartner= [[Nikolai Apter]], Alexei Kiliakov, Vyacheslav Chichekin
|formercoach= [[Tatiana Tarasova]], Gennady Akkerman, [[Natalia Linichuk]], [[Elena Tchaikovskaya]], Lidia Kabanova, [[Edouard Pliner]], Evgenia Zelikova
|formerchoreographer=
|skating club= Sambo 70 (SDUSSHOR 37)
|beganskating= {{circa}} 1978
|retired= {{circa}} 1992
}}
'''Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze''' ({{lang-ru|Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе}}; born 24 February 1974) is a Russian [[figure skating]] coach who works mainly with [[single skating|single skaters]]. Three of her students have won Olympic medals: [[Alina Zagitova]] ([[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Ladies' singles|2018 ladies' singles gold medalist]] and [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Team event|2018 team event silver medalist]]), [[Evgenia Medvedeva]] (2018 ladies' singles silver medalist and 2018 team event silver medalist), and [[Yulia Lipnitskaya]] ([[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Team event|2014 team event gold medalist]]).

== Personal life ==
Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze was born 24 February 1974 in [[Moscow]].<ref name=FSFR140225/><ref name=FSK-ET/> The youngest of five children, she is half-[[Georgians|Georgian]], a quarter [[Russians|Russian]], and a quarter [[Armenians|Armenian]].<ref name=IN141211/> Her mother was a senior engineer at the Ministry of Agricultural Construction and her father worked at the Likhachev plant's foundry and as a taxi driver.<ref name=FSR150322/>

Tutberidze studied at the Academy of Physical Education in Malakhovka and received a degree in choreography from the Institute of Contemporary Art.<ref name=FSR150322/> During her six years in the United States, she lived in [[Oklahoma City]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[San Antonio]].<ref name=IN141211/> Her daughter, Diana, was born on 16 January 2003<ref name=TR140120/> in [[Las Vegas]].<ref name=IN141211/>

==Skating career ==
Tutberidze began skating at the age of four and a half, guided by Evgenia Zelikova and then [[Edouard Pliner]].<ref name=FSR150322/> After sustaining a spinal fracture and growing 22 cm, she switched from singles to [[ice dancing]]. She was coached by Lidia Kabanova for two years and then joined [[Elena Tchaikovskaya]], who paired her with Vyacheslav Chichekin.<ref name=FSR150322/> After briefly training under [[Natalia Linichuk]], Tutberidze switched to Gennady Akkerman, her coach for the next three years. She skated with Alexei Kiliakov until he emigrated to the United States.<ref name=FSR150322/>

During the 1991–1992 season, Tutberidze trained under [[Tatiana Tarasova]] before deciding to perform in ice shows.<ref name=FSR150322/> Appearing as an adagio pair skater with [[Nikolai Apter]], she toured with [[Ice Capades]] for several years.<ref name=IN141211/><ref name=FSR150322/>

==Coaching ==
[[File:Eteri Tutberidze 2010JGPF.png|thumb|Tutberidze at the Junior Grand Prix Final in December 2010]]
Tutberidze began coaching in [[San Antonio]], Texas.<ref name=IN141211/><ref name=FSR150322/> After returning to Russia, she coached at several Moscow rinks, including a hockey rink ''Serebrianyi'', where ice time was limited for figure skaters.<ref name=SE111214/> She then moved to Sambo 70 (SDUSSHOR 37) in Moscow, where she collaborates with [[Sergei Dudakov]] and [[Daniil Gleichengauz]].<ref name=ISU-EM/><ref name=ISU-AP/><ref name=ISU-SV/>

===Seniors===
* [[Alina Zagitova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Olympic]] champion, [[2019 World Figure Skating Championships|2019 World]] champion, [[2018 European Figure Skating Championships|2018 European]] champion , [[2017 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2017 Junior World]] champion.<ref name="tass"/>
* [[Elizabet Tursynbayeva]] {{flagicon|KAZ}} → [[2019 World Figure Skating Championships|2019 World]] silver medalist, [[2019 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2019 Four Continents]] silver medalist, [[Figure skating at the Youth Olympic Games|2016 Youth Olympic]] bronze medalist, [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Olympic]] competitor.<ref name="elizabet"/>
* [[Moris Kvitelashvili]] {{flagicon|GEO}} → [[Rostelecom Cup|2018 Rostelecom Cup]] silver medalist, [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Olympic]] competitor.<ref name="Moris"/>
* [[Alexandra Trusova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[2019 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2019 Junior World]] champion, [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 Junior World]] champion, [[2017-18 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2017 Junior Grand Prix Final]] champion.<ref name="Alexandra"/>
* [[Alena Kostornaia]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 Junior World]] silver medalist, [[2018-19 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2018 Junior Grand Prix Final]] champion, [[2017-18 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2017 Junior Grand Prix Final]] silver medalist.<ref name="Alena"/>
* [[Anna Shcherbakova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[2019 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2019 Junior World]] silver medalist, [[Figure skating at the European Youth Olympic Festival|European Youth Olympic Festival]] champion.<ref name="Anna"/>

===Juniors===
* [[Alena Kanysheva]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[2018-19 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2018 Junior Grand Prix Final]] bronze medalist.
* [[Egor Rukhin]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating|Junior Grand Prix]] competitor.<ref name="Egor"/>
* [[Alexey Erokhov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} → [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 Junior World]] champion.<ref name="Alexey"/>

==Former students==
Students who earned medals while at major international [[International Skating Union|ISU]] competitions while being coached by Eteri Tutberidze:

* [[Polina Shelepen]]<ref name=GS100711/><ref name=ISU-PS/> (from age four<ref name=SE130905/> until July 2012). Two-time JGP Final silver medalist.
* [[Yulia Lipnitskaya]]<ref name=AS121201/><ref name=IFS110420/> (until November 2015). 2014 European champion, 2014 Olympic champion in the team event, 2014 World silver medalist.
* [[Adian Pitkeev]]<ref name=ISU-AP/> (until March 2016). 2014 World Junior silver medalist, 2013–14 JGP Final silver medalist.
* [[Evgenia Medvedeva]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsport.ria.ru/amp/figure_skating/20180504/1136397797.html|title=Евгения Медведева уходит от тренера Этери Тутберидзе {{!}} Фигурное катание {{!}} Р-Спорт. Все главные новости спорта.|website=rsport.ria.ru|language=ru|access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref>(from 2008 until May 2018) 2018 Olympic silver medalist, Two-time World, European and Grand Prix Final champion.
* [[Sergei Voronov (figure skater)|Sergei Voronov]] (from mid-2013 until March 2016).<ref name=SE131227/> 2014 European silver medalist, 2014–2015 GP Final bronze medalist.
* [[Serafima Sakhanovich]] (during 2014–2015 season).<ref name=ISU-SS/> 2015 World Junior silver medalist, 2014–2015 JGP Final silver medalist.
* [[Polina Tsurskaya]],<ref name=ISU-PT/> 2016 Youth Olympic champion, 2015–16 JGP Final champion.
* [[Ilia Skirda]] JGP event silver medalist at two JGP events, qualified for 2016-17 JGP Final.
* [[Daria Panenkova]] (until July 2018) JGP event gold and silver medalist, qualified for 2017-18 JGP Final.
* [[Anastasia Tarakanova]] (until July 2018) 2017–18 JGP Final bronze medalist.

Other Former Students

* [[Vladimir Samoilov (figure skater)|Vladimir Samoilov]]
* [[Kamilla Gainetdinova]] (as a singles skater)
* [[Polina Korobeynikova]] (as a child)<ref name=SE111214/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="tass">{{cite web |title=Russia’s Olympic champion figure skater Zagitova says she will not part with her coach |url=http://tass.com/sport/1006766 |website=TASS |date=27 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="elizabet">{{cite web |title=Elizabet Tursynbayeva |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034443.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name=FSK-ET>{{cite web |url= http://www.fskate.ru/skaters/642.html |title= Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе |trans-title=Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze |language= Russian |publisher= fskate.ru }}</ref>

<ref name="Alexey">{{cite web |title=Alexey Erokhov |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014998.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name="Moris">{{cite web |title=Moris Kvitelashvili |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034232.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name="Alexandra">{{cite web |title=Alexandra Trusova |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00102760.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name="Alena">{{cite web |title=Alena Kostornaia |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00102764.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Anna">{{cite web |title=Anna Shcherbakova |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00103103.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name="Egor">{{cite web |title=Egor Rukhin |url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00102768.htm |publisher=ISU}}</ref>

<ref name=IFS110420>{{cite news |url=http://www.ifsmagazine.com/articles/474-girl-power-a-russian-uprising |title=Girl Power! A Russian Uprising |first=Tatjana |last=Flade |work=IFS Magazine |date=20 April 2011 |accessdate=10 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903023855/http://www.ifsmagazine.com/articles/474-girl-power-a-russian-uprising |archivedate=3 September 2011 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=GS100711>{{cite news |url= http://www.goldenskate.com/articles/2010/071110.shtml |title= Riding the wave: Polina Shelepen |last= Flade |first= Tatjana |work= Golden Skate |date= 11 July 2010 |accessdate= }}</ref>

<ref name=SE111214>{{cite news |url= http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2011-12-14/7_1/ | script-title=ru:Этери ТУТБЕРИДЗЕ: "ПУСТЬ МОИ ДЕВОЧКИ ПОКА ОТСИЖИВАЮТСЯ ЗА ЧУЖИМИ СПИНАМИ" |trans-title=Eteri Tutberidze interview |language= Russian |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |work= [[Sport Express]] |date= 14 December 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS121201>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=interviews&id=2012tutberidze |title= Eteri Tutberidze: "Everything happens for the best" |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |work= Absolute Skating |date= 1 December 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-PS>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011897.htm |title= Polina SHELEPEN: 2011/2012 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120122001258/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011897.htm |archivedate= 22 January 2012 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-EM>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014068.htm |title= Evgenia MEDVEDEVA |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140823141658/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014068.htm |archivedate= 23 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>



<ref name=ISU-AP>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013454.htm |title= Adian PITKEEV |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825073005/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013454.htm |archivedate= 25 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-SS>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014288.htm |title= Serafima SAKHANOVICH: 2014/2015 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140827134447/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014288.htm |archivedate= 27 August 2014 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-SV>{{cite web|url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00007031.htm |title=Sergei VORONOV |publisher=International Skating Union |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825073507/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00007031.htm |archivedate=25 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-PT>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00054618.htm |title= Polina TSURSKAYA |publisher= International Skating Union }}</ref>

<ref name=SE130905>{{cite news |url= http://www.sport-express.ru/velena/reviews/35238/ | script-title=ru:Этери Тутберидзе: "На Плющенко можно сделать ставку в командных соревнованиях" |language= Russian |trans-title=Eteri Tutberidze: "Plushenko can be counted on in the team event" |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |publisher= [[Sport Express]] |date= 5 September 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=SE131227>{{cite news | url = http://www.sport-express.ru/olympic14/figureskating/reviews/39475/ | script-title=ru:Сергей Воронов: "Все лето у меня реально опускались руки" |language= Russian |trans-title=Sergei Voronov: "I was desperate in the summer" |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |publisher= [[Sport Express]] |date= 27 December 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=FSFR140225>{{cite news |url= http://old.fsrussia.ru/news/1118_eteri-tutberidze-mnogie-sportsmeny-kotorye-vyhodyat-na-vysokij-uroven-maksimalisty/ | script-title=ru:Этери Тутберидзе: «Многие спортсмены, которые выходят на высокий уровень, максималисты» |language= Russian |trans-title=Eteri Tutberidze: "Many elite athletes are overachievers" |first= Olga |last= Ermolina |publisher= Russian Figure Skating Federation |date= 25 February 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140828222925/http://old.fsrussia.ru/news/1118_eteri-tutberidze-mnogie-sportsmeny-kotorye-vyhodyat-na-vysokij-uroven-maksimalisty/ |archivedate= 28 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=IN141211>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2014/12/11/103795282/tutberidze-trying-to-lead-her-skaters-to-the-light |title= Tutberidze trying to lead her skaters to the light |first= Jean-Christophe |last= Berlot |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= 11 December 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TR140120>{{cite news |url= http://www.team-russia2014.ru/article/14516.html |title= Этери Тутберидзе: Липницкой совсем нельзя кушать, мне её очень жалко, но я ничего не могу с этим поделать |language= Russian |trans-title=Eteri Tutberidze interview |first= Maria |last= Vorobieva |work= team-russia2014.ru |date= 20 January 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=FSR150322>{{cite news |url= http://fsrussia.ru/intervyu/905-eteri-tutberidze-pyatyj-element.html |title= ЭТЕРИ ТУТБЕРИДЗЕ: ПЯТЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ |language= Russian |trans-title=Eteri Tutberidze: Fifth element |first= Olga |last= Ermolina |publisher= Russian Figure Skating Federation |date= 22 March 2015 }}</ref>

}}

{{commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tutberidze, Eteri}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Moscow]]
[[Category:Russian figure skating coaches]]
[[Category:Russian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:Female sports coaches]]

Benutzer:Superbass/Anne Helene Gjelstad

2019-07-02T20:35:03Z

KolbertBot: /* Awards */Task #2 : Remove link referral data

[[File:AHGjelstad.jpg|thumb|Anne Helene Gjelstad{{credit|Jon Skille Amundsen}}]]
'''Anne Helene Gjelstad''' (9 May 1956 in [[Oslo]]) is a Norwegian [[photographer]] and [[fashion design]]er. As a photographer, she mainly works with [[portrait]]s, fashion and documentary, but also with interiors, products and lifestyle.

Gjelstad is educated from [[Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry]] from 1982. She then had her own fashion [[studio]] for design and production of exclusive models. For 5½ years, she also had her own knitting production in [[Estonia]] for the Norwegian and international market.

In 2009, she completed at two-years course in digital photography at ''Bilder Nordic School of Photography''. She has also participated in workshops with [[Morten Krogvold]], [[Mary Ellen Mark]], [[Joyce Tenneson]] and [[William Ropp]].

In 2009, she worked at Mary Ellen Mark Studio in [[New York City]] for a period of time.
__NOTOC__

== Exhibition==
;Collective Exhibitions:
* ''Stå ikkje dær å frys'' on [[Det norske teatret]], Oslo, December 2008
* ''På en tråd'' in [[Sandvika]], [[Bærum]], August 2009
* ''Fotografiets dag'' on Preus Photo Museum, August 2009
* ''Zoom Norway'' in [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]] 2010
* ''Oaxaca XV exhibition'' curated by Mary Ellen Mark - Centro Fotografico Alvarez Bravo; Mexico 12 March - 31 May 2011
* ''Intangible Cultural Heritage photo exhibition'', [[National Art Museum of China]], 17–26 May 2014<ref>[http://www.norway.cn/News_and_events/Press-Release/Event-calendar/Beijing-Intangible-Cultural-Heritage-photo-exhibition/#.U4G8DCjm75Q Beijing: Intangible Cultural Heritage photo exhibition], Norwegian Embassy in Beijing</ref>

;[[Solo show (art exhibition)|Solo Exhibitions]]:
*''SCAPES -Norwegian kids, teens & nature'': Exhibition on tour in Estonia on an invitation from the Norwegian Embassy in Tallinn in 2010 og 2011<ref>[http://www.annehelenegjelstad.com/#/client/content_page/9241.xml From Home Page]</ref>
**[[Tallinn]]: ''Deco Galerii'', 11–29 May 2010
**[[Tõstamaa]]: Tõstamaa Secondary School (mansion and museum), 8–30 June 2010
**[[Haapsalu]]: Haapsalu City Hall, 3–31 August 2010
**[[Pärnu]]: ''Villa Artis Galerii'', 3 September - 7 October 2010
**[[Narva]]: Narva Main Library, 17 October - 30 November 2010
**[[Elva, Estonia|Elva]]: [[Tartu County]] Museum, 11 January - 28 February 2011
**[[Hiiumaa]]: [[Kärdla]] Culture Centre, 4–21 March 2010
* SCAPES - Norwegian kids, teens & nature, at Fotografiens Hus, Oslo, 31 March - 30 April 2011
* MY FOCUS, Fotografiens Hus, Oslo 1–18 December 2011
*''Big heart, strong hands - a portrait of the older women on Kihnu and Manija islands; Estonia''
**[[Kihnu]] museum, 24 April - 30 September 2011
**Pärnu:: The Museum of Modern Art 5–31 October 2011
**Tallinn: [[Riigikogu|The Estonian Parliament]] at [[Toompea]] 16 November - 15 December 2011
**Rakvere: Rakvere Culture Centre
**Tartu: [[Estonian National Museum]]
**Narva: Narva Museum
**Hiiumaa: Hiiuma Museum

== Awards ==
* Gold winner in category Photographers Project in Gullsnitt 2010 for pictures of old ladies in [[Kihnu]] and [[Manilaid]]; Estonia<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912070751/http://www.gullsnitt.com/gullsnitt/vinnerpresentasjon/vis/13/59 Presentation of awarded images at Gullsnitt's web page]</ref>
* The annual competitions by the Norwegian Association of Photographers in 2008<ref>[http://fotografiens-hus.no/?page_id=869 Webpage Norwegian Association of Photographers competition in 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309134629/http://fotografiens-hus.no/?page_id=869 |date=March 9, 2010 }}</ref> 2009,<ref>[http://fotografiens-hus.no/?page_id=866 Webpage Norwegian Association of Photographers competition in 2009]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 2011.
* Portrait of the year 2017<ref>[https://fotografforbundet.no/landskonkurranse-ar/2017/ Landskonkurransen 2017]</ref>
* Represented Norway in World Photographic Cup 2018<ref>[http://www.worldphotographiccup.org/wpc_gallery/entries-2018/ World Photographic Cup Entries 2018]</ref> og 2019<ref>[http://www.worldphotographiccup.org/wpc_gallery/entries-2019/ World Photographic Cup Entries 2019]</ref>
* Gold medal portrait in the annual competitions by the Norwegian Association of Photographers in 2018<ref>[https://www.landskonkurransen.no/iblue_gallery/portrett-2018/ Portrett 2018]</ref>

== Books==
* ''Alt om maskinstrikking'' 1994 {{ISBN|82-7774-003-4}} (in Norwegian)
* ''Norsk Strikkedesign: A Collection from Norway's Foremost Knitting Designers'' (co-writer), 2002
* [http://www.blurb.com/bookstore/detail/1277590 Scapes, Norwegian kids, teens & nature]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121007085011/http://www.blurb.com/bookstore/detail/2712871 MY FOCUS]

== References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.annehelenegjelstad.com/ Home Page (English)]
* [http://www.hifa.no/default.asp?k=9&id=113 About her knitted collection]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://issuu.com/bilder/docs/ikkjefrys ''Stå ikkje dær å frys'' - images]
* [http://foto.no/cgi-bin/articles/articleView.cgi?articleId=42833 About her solo exhibition foto.no (in Norwegian)]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gjelstad, Anne-Helene}}
[[Category:Norwegian photographers]]
[[Category:Norwegian artists]]
[[Category:Norwegian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Oslo]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Norwegian women photographers]]

Umerziehungslager in Xinjiang

2019-01-28T04:25:24Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Synthesis|date=October 2018}}
{{Tone|talk=Talk:Xinjiang re-education camps#Article would benefit from a neutral tone|date=September 2018}}
{{Weasel|date=January 2019}}
{{Expand Chinese|新疆再教育营|date=October 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox venue
|name= Xinjiang concentration camps
|nickname=
|native_name = قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرلىرى
|native_name_lang = ug
|image=Opening Ceremony of a re-education camp in Lopnur County.jpg
|image_size=320px
|image_alt=
|caption=Opening Ceremony of a political re-education camp in [[Yuli County|Lopnur County]], Xinjiang
|operator=Xinjiang local government
|type=[[Internment]], Concentration camps
|opened = Since 2014<ref name="FP gulag"/> {{small|(part of the "[[Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism]]")}}
|expanded= Since 2016<ref name="ChannelNewsAsia"/> {{small|(under party secretary [[Chen Quanguo]])}}
}}

'''Re-education camps''' ({{lang-ug|قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرلىرى}}; {{zh |s =再教育营}}) are a title given to the [[internment camp]]s operated by the People's Republic of China [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang autonomous region]]'s government since 2014.<ref name="FP gulag">{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/28/a-summer-vacation-in-chinas-muslim-gulag/|title=A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag|work=Foreign Policy|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> They have unprecedentedly intensified since a hardline [[Party Committee Secretary|party secretary]], [[Chen Quanguo]], took charge of the region in August 2016. These camps are operated secretly and outside of the [[Legal system of China|legal system]]; many have been locked up [[Arrest without warrant|without any trial]] or charges being levied.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-life-like-in-xinjiang-reeducation-camps-china-2018-5|title='Permanent cure': Inside the re-education camps China is using to brainwash Muslims| work= Business Insider| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/china-big-data-fuels-crackdown-minority-region|title=China: Big Data Fuels Crackdown in Minority Region| publisher=Human Rights Watch| accessdate=26 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="ChannelNewsAsia">{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/arrests-skyrocketed-in-china-s-muslim-far-west-in-2017-10561938|title=Arrests skyrocketed in China's Muslim far west in 2017|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> Local authorities are reportedly holding hundreds of thousands of [[Uyghurs]] and [[Muslims]] from other [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]] in these camps, claiming the detentions are a bid to counter extremism and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/china-detains-thousands-of-muslims-in-re-education-camps/80242|title=China detains thousands of Muslims in re-education camps| work= ''ucanews.com'' | accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/uyghers-targeted-for-reeducation-camps/4064487.html|title=High Numbers of Uyghurs Targeted for Re-Education Camps| publisher=Voice of America | accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/xinjiangs-transformation-through-education-camps|title=Xinjiang's "transformation through education" camps| work= ''lowyinstitute.org'' | accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201806112108-0025659|title=Why are Muslim Uyghurs being sent to 're-education' camps| publisher= Al Jazeera | accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-world-respond-intensifying-repression-xinjiang|title=How Should the World Respond to Intensifying Repression in Xinjiang?| work= ''chinafile.com'' | accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref>

It is estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained hundreds of thousands to millions of Uyghurs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/china-s-xinjiang-province-a-surveillance-state-unlike-any-the-world-has-ever-seen-a-1220174.html|title=A Surveillance State Unlike Any the World Has Ever Seen| work= Der Spiegel | accessdate=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/rights-groups-criticise-sharp-rise-in-arrests-in-china-s-xinjiang-province-1.3577158|title=Rights groups criticise sharp rise in arrests in China's Xinjiang province| work= The Irish Times| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China’s reeducation camps for Muslims are beginning to look like concentration camps |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/24/18018282/china-reeducation-camps-uighur-muslims |work=Vox |date=24 October 2018}}</ref> [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Hui people|Hui]] (Muslims) and other ethnic Muslims,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c610c88a-8a57-11e8-bf9e-8771d5404543|title=
China steps up surveillance on Xinjiang Muslims| work=Financial Times| accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/02/asia/china-xinjiang-detention-camps-intl/index.html|title=
Thousands of Uyghur Muslims detained in Chinese 'political education' camps| publisher=CNN| accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Majlis Podcast: The Repercussions Of Beijing’s Policies In Xinjiang |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/majlis-podcast-the-repercussions-of-beijing-s-policies-in-xinjiang/29646102.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) |date=9 December 2018}}</ref> [[Christianity in China|Christians]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2018/02/china-100-christians-sent-re-education-camps-xinjiang/|title=100 Christians sent to ‘re-education’ camps in Xinjiang| work=Business Insider| accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/941444/china-reeducation-camps-christians-xinjiang-christianity-amnesty-international|title=China's crackdown on Christians: Terrifying ’re-education’ camps REVEALED| work=Daily Express | accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/07/xinjiang-surveillance-model-expands-to-non-uyghur-muslims/|title=Xinjiang Surveillance Expands to Non-Uyghur Muslims| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> and also foreign citizens<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-re-education-muslims-ramadan-xinjiang-eat-pork-alcohol-communist-xi-jinping-a8357966.html|title=Muslims forced to drink alcohol and eat pork in China's ‘re-education’ camps|work=The Independent|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> such as [[Kazakhstan|Kazakhstanis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/kazakh-missing-12272017141959.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan National Missing, Believed Detained in China, Amid Ongoing Crackdown| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/qishloq-ovozi-kazakhstan-confronts-china-over-disappearances/29266456.html|title=Kazakhstan Confronts China Over Disappearances| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/inga-imanbai-andrey-grishin/whats-behind-chinas-anti-kazakh-campaign|title=What's behind China's anti-Kazakh campaign?| work=''opendemocracy.net'' | accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> to be kept in these shrouded internment camps throughout the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2018/0517/In-re-education-program-China-incarcerates-thousands-of-Muslims|title=China incarcerates thousands of Muslims| work= The Christian Science Monitor | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> The United Nations<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45147972|title=China Uighurs: One million held in political camps, UN told| publisher= BBC| accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-un/u-n-says-it-has-credible-reports-that-china-holds-million-uighurs-in-secret-camps-idUSKBN1KV1SU|title=U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps| agency= Reuters| accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> and many international media reports have said as many as 1-3 million people are being held in such "reeducation camps" in this region.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy">{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/24/islamic-leaders-have-nothing-to-say-about-chinas-internment-camps-for-muslims/amp/?__twitter_impression=true|title=Islamic Leaders Have Nothing to Say About China's Internment Camps for Muslims| work=Foreign Policy| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-life-like-in-xinjiang-reeducation-camps-china-2018-5|title=Inside the re-education camps China is using to brainwash muslims| work= Business Insider| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims| work=''afa.org''| accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/china-detaining-over-million-muslims-concentration-camps-but-world-silent-uighur-state-department-ministerial-226358/|title=China Detaining Over 1 Million Muslims in Concentration Camps but the World Is Silent, Believer Says| work=The Christian Post| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/05/22/613449566/what-the-inside-of-one-of-chinas-re-education-camps-looks-like|title=What The Inside of One of China's Re-Education Camps Looks Like| publisher=NPR | accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/camps-05092018154928.html|title=Authorities in Xinjiang's Kashgar Detain Uyghurs at ‘Open Political Re-Education Camps’| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.axios.com/chinas-re-education-camps-for-muslims-uyghurs-d95e9f04-0a60-4f19-b30d-6b36e4adb29f.html|title=Shocking details emerge from China's re-education camps for Muslims| work= ''axios.com'' | accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/05/an-entire-culture-is-being-criminalized-details-emerge-about-xinjiang-reeducation-camp-system/|title=Details Emerge About Xinjiang Reeducation Camp System| work= China Digital Times | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/4383631.html|title=学者：新疆再教育营关人或近百万警察抓人有指标|work=''voachinese.com''|accessdate=8 May 2018|date=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=zh-CN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Central Asians Organize to Draw Attention to Xinjiang Camps |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/central-asians-organize-to-draw-attention-to-xinjiang-camps/ |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

On October 24, 2018, the [[BBC]] released the details of an extensive investigation into China's "hidden camps" and the extent to which the People's Republic goes to maintain what it calls ''"correct thought"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/China_hidden_camps|title=China's hidden camps|last=Sudworth|first=John|date=October 24, 2018|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 23, 2018}}</ref>

These policies have been characterized by international academic journals as "[[cultural genocide]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2018/11/07/xi-jinpings-genocide-of-the-uyghurs/|title=Xi Jinping’s Genocide of the Uyghurs|authors=Mamtimin Ala|date=2018-11-07|website=[[Foreign Policy Journal]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwis.org/2018/01/156-fourth-world-nations-suffered-genocide-since-1945-the-indigenous-uyghurs-case/|title=Indigenous Uyghurs: Genocide Case|date=2018-01-30|website=Center for World Indigenous Studies|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Before Chen Quanguo ===
Prior to and until shortly after the [[July 2009 Ürümqi riots]], [[Wang Lequan]] was the [[Party Committee Secretary|Party secretary]] for the Xinjiang region, effectively the highest subnational role; roughly equivalent to a governor in a Western province or state. Wang worked on modernization programs in Xinjiang, including industrialization, development of commerce, roads, railways, hydrocarbon development and piplines with neighboring [[Kazakhstan]] to eastern China. On the other hand, Wang constrained local culture and religion, replaced the [[Uyghur language]] with [[Standard Mandarin]] as the medium of education in primary schools,and penalized or banned among government workers (in a region in which the government was a very large employer), the wearing of beards and headscarves, fasting and praying while on the job.<ref name="nyt090710">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/world/asia/11xinjiang.html|title=A Strongman Is China’s Rock in Ethnic Strife|last=Wines|first=Michael|date=10 July 2009|work=New York Times|access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6689733.ece|title=Security chiefs failed to spot signs calling for Uighur revolt|last=Swain|first=Jon|date=12 July 2009|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=12 July 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/04/11/devastating-blows/religious-repression-uighurs-xinjiang|title=Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=11 April 2005}}</ref>

In April 2010, after the Ürümqi riots, [[Zhang Chunxian]] replaced Wang Lequan as the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] chief Wang Lequan. Zhang Chunxian continued and strengthened Wang's repressive policies. In 2011, Zhang proposed "modern culture [to the exclusion of Uyghur tradition] leads the development in Xinjiang" as his policy statement and started to implement his ''modern culture'' propaganda.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/23082012-integrating-islam-the-key-to-modern-culture-in-xinjiang-oped/|title=Integrating Islam The Key To 'Modern Culture' In Xinjiang – OpEd| work=''eurasiareview.com''| accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012, he first mentioned the phrase "de-extremification" ({{lang-zh|link=no|s=去极端化}}) campaigns and started to educate "wild Imams" ({{lang-zh|c=野阿訇|labels=no}}) and extremists ({{lang-zh|s=极端主义者|labels=no}}).<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinas-imams-online-preaching-on-weibo/|title=No Tolerance for ‘Wild Imams’ in China – But ‘Weibo Imams’ are Thriving| work=''whatsonweibo.com'' | accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/xinjiang-imams-10162017132810.html|title=China Detains, Brainwashes 'Wild' Imams Who Step Out of Line in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/|title=New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> In 2014, Chinese authorities announced a "[[People's war]] on terror" and local government introduced new restrictions and banned "abnormal" long beards,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/why-is-china-banning-baby-names-and-beards-in-xinjiang/|title=Why is China Banning Baby Names and Beards in Xinjiang?| work=''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-bans-veils-abnormal-beards-western-province-xinjiang-n741501|title=China Bans Veils and 'Abnormal' Beards in Western Province of Xinjiang| publisher=NBC News| accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref> the wearing of veils in public places<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/police-cutting-dresses-off-uighur-women-in-xinjiang-china-2018-7|title=Police are reportedly cutting too-long dresses off ethnic minority women in the middle of streets in China| work=Business Insider | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/17/chinese-authorities-accused-cutting-uighur-dresses-latest-crackdown/|title=Chinese authorities accused of cutting Uighur dresses in latest crackdown on Muslim minority| work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2018/07/17/chinese-police-are-reportedly-cutting-the-dresses-off-of-uighur-muslim-women-in-public/|title=
Chinese police are reportedly cutting the dresses off of Uighur Muslim women in public| work=''womenintheworld.com'' | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> and naming of children to exaggerate religious fervor (including names such as [[Muhammad]] or [[Fatimah]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-39460538|title=
China Uighurs: Xinjiang ban on long beards and veils| publisher=BBC | accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|title=China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province of Xinjiang| work=The Independent | accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://nb.sinocism.com/p/us-china-trade-war-more-on-the-xinjiang-re-education-camps-xi-thought-study-groups-democracy-can-be-bad-for-belt-and-road-initiative-projects-dying-to-survive-blockbuster|title=US-China trade war; More on the Xinjiang "re-education" camps| work=nb.sinocism.com | accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> as a campaign against terrorism and extremism.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.opslens.com/2018/07/31/semi-autonomous-region-of-china-with-terrorist-ties-xinjiang-and-the-uyghur/|title=Semi-Autonomous Region of China with Terrorist Ties: Xinjiang and the Uyghur| work=''opslens.com'' | accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/xinjiang-china-ignores-lessons-from-the-past/|title=Xinjiang: China ignores lessons from the past| work=''almasdarnews.com'' | accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref>

Under Zhang, the Communist Party launched its "[[Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism]]" in Xinjiang, leading to many [[Remand (detention)|remands]], detentions, arrests, and incarcerations.
[[File:Number of re-education related government procurement bids in Xinjiang.svg|300px|thumb|Number of re-education related government procurement bids in [[Xinjiang]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/|title=New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title=List of Government Bids Related to Re-Education Facilities| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref>]]
In August 2016, [[Chen Quanguo]], a well-known hardliner Communist Party leader in [[Tibet]],<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/07/tibet-selfimmolations-monks-aba-china|title=Tibetan self-immolators dismissed as 'criminals' by Chinese officials| work=The Guardian| accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> took charge of the Xinjiang "autonomous" region. Chen is branded by critics as responsible for a major component of the Tibet's "subjugation",<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/chen-quanguo-the-strongman-behind-beijings-securitization-strategy-in-tibet-and-xinjiang/|title=Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing's Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang - Jamestown|work=Jamestown|access-date=2017-10-11|language=en-US}}</ref> and is seen as applying his expertise in the [[Sinicization of Tibet]] to Xinjiang.

=== Chen Quanguo and the Xinjiang police state ===
Followed Chen's arrival, local authorities recruited over 90,000 police officers in 2016 and 2017 – twice as many as they recruited in the past seven years,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/china-s-xinjiang-province-a-surveillance-state-unlike-any-the-world-has-ever-seen-a-1220174.html|title=A Surveillance State Unlike Any the World Has Ever Seen| work=Der Spiegel| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> and laid out as many as 7300 heavily guarded check points in the region.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/press-review-41999212|title=英媒：新疆铁腕控制汉人也叫苦连天| publisher=BBC | accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> The province has come to be known as one of the most heavily policed regions of the world. Gradually the concept of "transformation through education" started to expose and came to be systematically used with the "de-extremification" campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uhrp.org/featured-articles/new-evidence-china%E2%80%99s-political-re-education-campaign-xinjiang|title=
New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''uhrp.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref> International media have labelled the current regime in Xinjiang as "the most extensive [[police state]] in the world".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/05/31/china-has-turned-xinjiang-into-a-police-state-like-no-other|title=China has turned Xinjiang into a police state like no other|date=2018-05-31|work=The Economist|access-date=2019-01-02|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

Local media have reported on these facilities and generally referred them as "counter-extremism training centers" ({{lang-zh|s=去极端化培训班|labels=no}}) and "education and transformation training centers" ({{lang-zh|s=教育转化培训中心|labels=no}}). Most of those facilities are converted from existing schools or other official buildings, although some are specifically built for "reeducation" purposes.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees|title=China: Free Xinjiang ‘Political Education’ Detainees| publisher=Human Rights Watch | accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>

The heavily policed region and thousands of check points assisted and accelerated the detainment of locals to the camps. In 2017 the region constituted 21% of all arrests in China last year despite comprising 1.5% of the national population<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/xianjiang-province-china-police-state-surveillance-2018-7|title=How a Chinese region that accounts for just 1.5% of the population became one of the most intrusive police states in the world| work= Business Insider| accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/07/international-attention-on-crimes-against-humanity-in-xinjiang/|title=International Attention on 'Crimes Against Humanity' in Xinjiang| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://unpo.org/article/20994|title=Uyghurs Afraid to Speak Out Due to Government Repression| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> and the imprisoned people compared to the previous year is seven times more,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D-%E6%8B%98%E6%8D%95%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%8C%9B%E5%A2%9E/a-44854076?&zhongwen=simp|title=Xinjiang strengthens security, the number of arrests has soared| work=''dw.com''| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://news.creaders.net/china/2018/07/27/1977701.html|title=Xinjiang sentenced 7 times more than the previous year| work=''creaders.net''| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/20180727-%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%872017%E5%B9%B4%E9%81%AD%E5%88%91%E6%8B%98%E7%BB%B4%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%90%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%97%E5%80%8D|title=Human rights organization: Xinjiang arrested more Uighurs in 2017| publisher=Radio France Internationale| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> {{Citation needed span|text=all without any resistance from the locals.|date=January 2019|reason=}} The judicial and other government bureaus of many cities and counties started to release a series of procurement and construction bids for those planned camps and facilities.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title=List of Government Bids Related to Re-Education Facilities| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> Increasingly, massive detention centers were built up throughout the region and are being used to hold hundreds of thousands of people targeted for their religious practices and ethnicity.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06gds2h|title=What's happening to Xinjiang's Uighur Muslims?| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/28/a-summer-vacation-in-chinas-muslim-gulag/|title=A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag| work=Foreign Policy | accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/muslims-in-china-province-detained-in-re-education-camps-invasive-surveillance-on-say-reports/story-aEVi9tyhRAyrPBmPhjhCvL.html |title= Muslims in China province detained in ‘re-education camps’| work= Hindustan Times | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/chen-quanguo-the-strongman-behind-beijings-securitization-strategy-in-tibet-and-xinjiang/|title=Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing’s Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2053739/party-high-flier-uses-his-tibet-model-bid-tame-xinjiang|title=Passports taken, more police ... new party boss Chen Quanguo acts to tame Xinjiang with methods used in Tibet| work=South China Morning Post | accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Reeducation camps in Xinjiang are operated secretly. In urban areas, most of them are converted from existing vocational schools, communist party schools, ordinary schools or other official buildings, while in suburban or rural areas the majority of camps were specially built for the purposes of re-education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report|title=China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps'|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=25 January 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> These camps are guarded by armed forces or special police and equipped with prison-like gates, surrounding walls, security fences, surveillance systems, [[watchtowers]], guard rooms and facilities for armed police etc.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2018/08/18/china-suggests-its-camps-for-uighurs-are-just-vocational-schools|title=China suggests its camps for Uighurs are just vocational schools| work=The Economist| accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706221430/http://www.xjats.gov.cn/P/C/1736.htm|title=Approval opinion for the environmental impact report on Atush vocational skills training center project| work=''archive.org'' | accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-25/china-uighur-ethnic-cleansing-xi-jinping-chinese-muslims/10033472|title=Patriotic songs and self-criticism: why China is 're-educating' Muslims in mass detention camps| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/22/chinas-mass-internment-camps-have-no-clear-end-in-sight/|title=China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight| work=Foreign Policy | accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref> and most of them are clearly visible on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://amityunderground.com/chinese-blogger-documents-the-construction-of-31-new-mass-re-education-camps-in-xinjiang-since-the-peoples-war-on-terror-began-in-2016-chen-quanguo-uyghur-discrimination/|title=Chinese blogger documents the construction of 31 new mass re-education camps in Xinjiang| work= ''amityunderground.com'' | accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref>

In November and December 2018, the magazine [[Bitter Winter]] released three videos it claimed had been shot inside two camps in the [[Yining]] area. The videos show jail-like features and the magazine claimed they proved that the camps are detention facilities rather than “schools.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/camps-for-uyghurs-schools-or-jails/|title=Camps for Uyghurs, "schools" or jails?|last=Li|first=Zaili|date=12 November 2018|website=Bitter Winter|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/exclusive-video-transformation-through-education-camp-for-uyghurs-exposed-in-xinjiang/|title=Another "Transformation Through Education" Camp for Uyghurs Exposed in Xinjiang|last=Introvigne|first=Massimo|date=26 November 2018|website=Bitter Winter|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/yingyeer-re-education-camp-managed-like-prison/|title=Yingye’er Re-education Camp Managed Like Prison|last=Introvigne|first=Massimo|date=11 December 2018|website=Bitter Winter|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> According to [[Business Insider]], the second “Bitter Winter’s video... matches the descriptions of former detainees and witnesses of other detention facilities in Xinjiang.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-camps-for-muslims-look-like-jail-cells-in-purported-video-2018-11|title=Shocking footage purportedly shows cells inside prison camp where China oppresses Muslim minority|last=Ma|first=Alexandra|date=27 November 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, ''[[Bitter Winter]]'' released a new video on the so called "Loving Hearts" schools and nurseries, where the children of parents held in the camps are kept and indoctrinated. The video insists on the jail-like features of the "Loving Hearts" facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/video-uyghur-children-indoctrinated-in-camps/|title=Video: Uyghur Children Indoctrinated in Camps|last=Chang|first=Xin|date=26 January 2019|website=[[Bitter Winter]]|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

There is no public, verifiable data for the number of camps. On 15 May 2017, [[Jamestown Foundation]], a Washington, D.C. based institute for research and analysis, released a list of government bids related to re-education facilities for 73 different camps.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title= list of government bids related to re-education facilities | work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> On 14 May 2018, [[Radio Free Asia]] (RFA) reported that there are at least 8 camps in [[Kargilik County]], [[Kashgar Prefecture]] alone.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/qanun/yepiq-terbiyelesh-05142018161202.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82|title=Kargilik County government bid| work=''rfa.com'' | accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref>

Scholars such as [[University of British Columbia]] student Shawn Zhang have used satellite images to track suspected re-education centers in the region. The most important sources for him are government reports, official government documents, travel reports from top officials and budgetary reports that outline expenditures for facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ubc-student-uses-satellite-images-to-track-suspected-chinese-re/|title= UBC student Shawn Zhang uses satellite images to track suspected Chinese re-education centres where Uyghurs imprisoned | work= The Globe and Mail | accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dw.com/en/is-china-building-political-re-education-camps-for-muslim-minorities/a-44334145|title=Is China building 'political re-education' camps for Muslim minorities? | work= ''dw.com'' | accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-activists-target-chinas-human-rights-record-with-new-ad-campaign-in/|title=Activists target China's human-rights record with new ad campaign in Vancouver| work= The Globe and Mail | accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Zhang documented 31 suspected re-education camps throughout Xinjiang using [[Google Earth Pro]] and Chinese government documents.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://amityunderground.com/chinese-blogger-documents-the-construction-of-31-new-mass-re-education-camps-in-xinjiang-since-the-peoples-war-on-terror-began-in-2016-chen-quanguo-uyghur-discrimination/|title=Chinese blogger documents the construction of 31 new mass re-education camps in Xinjiang| work= ''amityunderground.com'' | accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ubyssey.ca/news/law-student-locate-xinjiang-re-education-camps-via-satellite-imagery/|title=Law student locates suspected Uyghurs re-education camps in China with satellite imagery| work= ubyssey.ca | accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>

==Detainees==
[[File:Xinjiang Re-education Camp Lop County.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Detainees listening to speeches in a re-education camp in [[Lop County]], Xinjiang, April 2017.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820154817/https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1564669932542581&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=Knocking the door of the mind with emotion, use reasons to ease the mood of the people|publisher=Baidu| via=archive.org| accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/the-repression-of-uyghurs-is-now-an-all-out-war-against-a-people/|title=The Repression of Uyghurs Is Now an All-Out War Against a People| work=''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://supchina.com/2018/08/22/xinjiang-explainer-chinas-reeducation-camps-for-a-million-muslims/|title=China's re-education camps for a million Muslims: What everyone needs to know| work=''supchina.com''| accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref>]]

Many Uyghurs in diaspora claim that at least one of their family members are in the camp. Many media reports said that hundreds of thousands of Uighurs-as well as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and other ethnic minorities<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-tightens-grip-on-xinjiang-region-report/1221234|title=China tightens grip on Xinjiang region: Report| work=''aa.com.tr''| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/opinion/china-re-education-camps.html|title=What Really Happens in China's ‘Re-education’ Camps| work=Business Insider| accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unpo.org/article/20322|title=China Operates Political and Ideological Re-Education Camps in Xinjiang| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nchrd.org/2017/11/re-education-camps-make-a-comeback-in-chinas-far-west-2/|title=Re-education camps make a comeback in China's far-west| work=''nchrd.org'' | accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> are being detained without trial in "re-education camps" in the province. In January 2018, some media{{who|date=October 2018}} reported that an estimated 120,000 members of the Uyghurs are currently being held in political re-education camps in Kashgar prefecture alone.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/01/rfa-120000-uyghurs-held-kashgar-re-education-camps/|title=RFA: 120,000 Uyghurs Held in Kashgar for Re-education| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://world.wng.org/2018/03/china_s_reeducation_camps|title=China's reeducation camps| work=world.wng.org | accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://sputniknews.com/asia/201801261061078427-xinjiang-uighur-reeducation-camps-120000/|title=Human Rights Activists Say Xinjiang Uighur Reeducation Camps Overflowing| agency=Sputnik News Agency | accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref> Some reports{{who|date=October 2018}} claimed the camps are estimated to hold as much as 10 percent of the Uyghur population.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://supchina.com/2018/06/27/9-billion-spent-on-surveillance-tech-in-xinjiang-in-2017/|title=$9 Billion Spent on Surveillance Tech in Xinjiang in 2017| work= ''supchina.com''| accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/target-06292018132506.html|title=One in 10 Uyghur Residents of Xinjiang Township Jailed or Detained in ‘Re-Education Camp’| publisher= Radio Free Asia| accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/25/china-one-in-five-arrests-take-place-in-police-state-xinjiang|title=China: one in five arrests take place in 'police state' Xinjiang| work= The Guardian| accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://bitterwinter.org/xinjiang-police-sends-dozens-of-muslims-to-re-education-camps/|title=Xinjiang Police Sends Dozens of Muslims to "Re-Education" Camps| work=''bitterwinter.org'' | accessdate=30 June 2018}}</ref>

The United States-based Uyghur politician [[Rebiya Kadeer]], who has been in exile since 2005, has had as many as 30 relatives detained or disappeared, including her sisters, brothers, children, grandchildren, and siblings;<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent-actions/urgent-action-30-relatives-of-uighur-activist-arbitrarily-detained-china-ua-251-17/|title=URGENT ACTION: 30 RELATIVES OF UIGHUR ACTIVIST ARBITRARILY DETAINED (CHINA: UA 251.17) | work=Amnesty International.org | accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/05/new-gulag-in-china-uyghurs-thrown-into-reeducation-camps/|title=A New Gulag in China| work=National Review | accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> and it is unclear when they were taken away.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/relatives-10272017164417.html|title=‘More Than 30’ Relatives of Uyghur Exile Leader Rebiya Kadeer Detained in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/11/uyghur-activist-rebiya-kadeers-relatives-detained/|title=Uyghur Activist Rebiya Kadeer's Relatives Detained| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref> In the past few years, dozens of family members of six [[Radio Free Asia]] Uyghur Service reporters have been locked up in re-education camps due to their job in the United States. These reporters spent years in exile for documenting human rights abuses under the Chinese government's rule in their homeland. They also shared the fate of many others who are being held without due process for ill-defined reasons.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/uyghurfamilies/|title= RFA'S UYGHUR REPORTERS TELL THE STORIES OF THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS’ DETENTIONS| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/camps-01262018140920.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=qaraqash|title=Overcrowded Political Re-Education Camps in Hotan Relocate Hundreds of Uyghur Detainees| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref>

On 13 July 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, an ethnic [[Kazakhs in China|Kazakh Chinese]] national and former employee of the Chinese state, appeared in a court in the city of [[Zharkent]], Kazakhstan for being accused of illegally crossing the border between the two countries. During the trial she talked about her forced work at a re-education camp for 2,500 ethnic Kazakhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tol.org/client/article/27849-kazakhstan-china-prison-uighurs-camps-silk-road.html|title=Kazakh Trial Sheds Light on Interned Chinese Muslims| work= ''tol.org''| accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2155638/chinas-prison-re-education-camps-strain-relations|title= China's ‘prison-like re-education camps’ strain relations with Kazakhstan as woman asks Kazakh court not to send her back| work=South China Morning Post | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> Her lawyer believed that if she is extradited to China, she would face the [[Capital punishment in China|death penalty]] for exposing re-education camps in Kazakh court.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-Relations/Kazakhstan-China-deportation-case-sparks-trial-of-public-opinion|title=Kazakhstan-China deportation case sparks trial of public opinion| work= ''nikkei.com''| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2155638/chinas-prison-re-education-camps-strain-relations|title=China's ‘prison-like re-education camps’ strain relations with Kazakhstan as woman asks Kazakh court not to send her back| work= South China Morning Post| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> Her testimony for the re-education camps have become the focus of a court case in Kazakhstan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/ethnic-kazakhs-life-in-balance-as-deportation-to-china-looms|title=Ethnic Kazakh's life in balance as deportation to China looms| work= ''eurasianet.org''| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/picture-taken-on-july-13-2018-shows-sayragul-sauytbay-an-news-photo/1000391550#picture-taken-on-july-13-2018-shows-sayragul-sauytbay-an-ethnic-picture-id1000391550|title=Sayragul Sauytbay, 41, an ethnic Kazakh Chinese national and former employee of the Chinese state in Kazakh court| work= ''gettyimages.co.uk''| accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref> which is also testing [[Kazakhstan-China relations|the country's ties with Beijing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/17b12756-93dc-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe|title=Kazakh trial throws spotlight on China's internment centres| work= Financial Times| accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/chinese-reeducation-camps-spotlight-kazakh-trial-035006122.html|title=Chinese 'reeducation camps' in spotlight at Kazakh trial| publisher= Yahoo! News| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> On 1 August 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, who fled one of the Chinese re-education camps, was released with a six-month suspended sentence and direction to regularly check in with police. She has [[Asylum seeker|applied for asylum]] in Kazakhstan and will not be deported to China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/kazakh-court-frees-woman-who-fled-chinese-re-education-camp|title=Kazakh court frees woman who fled Chinese re-education camp| work= The Guardian| accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/sauytbay-trial-ends-in-kazakhstan-with-surprising-release/|title=Sauytbay Trial Ends in Kazakhstan With Surprising Release| work= ''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/2157893/cheers-kazakh-court-thwarts-deportation-chinese-woman|title=Cheers as Kazakh court thwarts deportation of Chinese woman who fled ‘re-education camp’ in Xinjiang| work= South China Morning Post| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref>

===Radio Free Asia interviews===
Meanwhile, [[Radio Free Asia]], a US government-funded non-profit, also conducted a series of telephone interview with local judicial and police officials.
*On 20 November 2017, Radio Free Asia conducted a telephone interview with an official from the Bulaksu Township judicial station in [[Shufu County|Konasheher County]], the official claimed: “In Bulaksu township, 2514 people were imprisoned and 806 people were sent to re-education centers.”<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/toqquzaq-bulaqsuda-yepiq-terbiye-11202017203747.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82|title= Judicial Bureau official: In Bulaksu township 2514 people were imprisoned and 806 people were sent to reeducation centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=20 November 2017 }}</ref>
*On 21 June 2018, in a telephone interview with an official from the Tuwet Township judicial station in [[Karakax County]], who said: “In Tuwet township 1731 people were imprisoned and 1721 people were sent to re-education centers.”<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/qanun/uyghurda-lager-06212018162717.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4|title= Judicial Bureau official: In Bulaksu township 1731 people were imprisoned and 1721 people were sent to reeducation centers | work=www.rfa.org | accessdate=21 June 2018 }}</ref>
*On 2 August 2018, in a telephone interview with an official from the [[Hankitam Township]] police station in [[Kuqa County]], the police said: “We've sent approximately 5000 people to the re-education centers and no one has been released until now.’’<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/kuchadiki-lagerlar-08022018231755.html|title= Police Station: “We approximately sent 5000 people to the reeducation centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=2 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 17 August 2018, in a telephone interview with some police officials of [[Xinhe County, Xinjiang|Toksu County]], a police said: “In this county approximately 22,000 people are in re-education centers.’’<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/toqsuda-22ming-kishi-lagerda-08172018211527.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=+%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%87|title= Police: “In this county approximately 22,000 people are in reeducation centers| work=www.rfa.org | accessdate=17 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 21 August 2018, in a telephone interview with police officials of [[Wensu County|Onsu County]], the police told RFA that: “There are 4 re-education centers in this county and currently 30,000 people are in them.’’<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/siyaset/uyghurda-lager-08202018144945.html|title= Police: “There has 4 reeducation centers in this county and currently 30,000 people are in education centers | work=www.rfa.org | accessdate=20 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 21 August 2018, Radio Free Asia interviewed some police officials of [[Yutian County, Xinjiang|Keriya County]]. The police said: “There are 4 re-education centers in this county. The first one is the original detention center. The second one is a newly built camp near the detention center. The third and fourth re-education centers are located in an industrial park. Currently almost 30,000 people are in education centers.’’<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/keriyede-30ming-kishi-lagerda-08302018231925.html|title= Keriya County Police: “Almost 30 thousand people are in reeducation centers“| work=www.rfa.org | accessdate=30 August 2018 }}</ref> The next day, RFA conducted telephone interviews with judicial officials in the Yingibagh Township of the same Keriya County. The official claimed that “Among 242 of the people who were sent to the re-education camps, they have bank loans. Seven of them, aged 31 to 42, died in the education centers. Three of them bank loans were exempted, and the other four's bank loans were in the process of issuing exemptions.”<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/yengibaghda-7kishi-lagerda-oldi-08312018195610.html|title=Keriya County official: “seven people who currently have bank loans died in reeducation centers”|work=www.rfa.org|accessdate=31 August 2018|date=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=ug|publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref>
*On 18 December 2018, Radio Free Asia reported that Chinese authorities arrested an ethnic Uyghur senior court official [[Ghalip Qurban]] (in China's judicial system) after he expressed concern over the mass incarceration of members of his ethnic group in recent years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/arrest-12182018153514.html|title=Xinjiang Authorities Arrest Uyghur Court Official Who Denounced Political Re-education Camps|website=Radio Free Asia|language=en|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> Qurban, the deputy head of the [[Intermediate people's court|Intermediate People’s Court]] in the XUAR capital [[Ürümqi]], was "distressed by the vast number of Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities who had been detained in political re-education camps throughout the XUAR since April 2017 after being accused of harboring 'strong religious views' and 'politically incorrect' ideas.” Qurban was reportedly called in for multiple “chats” with officials from the State Security Department after speaking out about the policy. Uyghur senior court officials are required to sign off on sentences issued in cases concerning crimes of “terrorism” and “religious extremism” in Xinjiang, and Qurban may have believed he might later be judged to have been a party to [[crimes against humanity]]. The report stated that Qurban's family and friends only learned of his arrest a month after he was taken into custody. A staff member at the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court told RFA that Qurban had been removed from his post “quite a long time ago—six months or a year,” when asked to confirm his arrest, but was unsure whether he had been imprisoned or sent to a re-education camp.<ref name=":1" />

==Treatment==
In January 2018, Abdurahman Hasan, an Uyghur businessman from [[Kashgar]], was interviewed by ''[[BBC News]]'' in Turkey and asked the Chinese government to shoot his 68-year-old mother and 22-year-old wife after learning of the inhuman torture conducted in one of the camps in [[Kashgar]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42911468/china-xinjiang-police-state-fear-and-resentment |title= China Xinjiang police state: Fear and resentment|publisher=BBC | accessdate=1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://freedomsherald.wordpress.com/2018/01/21/china-execute-my-mother-and-my-wife-instead-i-will-pay-for-the-bullets/|title= Execute My Mother and My Wife, I will Pay for the Bullets| work=freedomsherald.wordpress.com | accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> Kayrat Samarkand, a Kazakh citizen who migrated from Xinjiang, was detained in one of the "re-education camps" in the region for three months for visiting neighboring [[Kazakhstan]]. On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister [[Kairat Abdrakhmanov]] sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day as Kayrat Samarkand was freed from custody.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-recounts-reeducation-in-western-chinese-camp/29194106.html|title=Kazakh Man Recounts 'Reeducation' In Western Chinese Camp| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref> After his release, Samarkand shared his distressing experience and claimed that he faced endless [[brainwashing]] and humiliation, and that he was forced to study [[communist propaganda]] for hours every day and chant slogans giving thanks and wishing for a long life to [[Xi Jinping]], current [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]].<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://muslimcouncil.org.hk/muslim-inmates-in-china-detention-camp-forced-to-eat-pork-drink-alcohol-and-physically-tortured-as-some-commit-suicide/ |title= Muslim inmates in China detention camp forced to eat pork, drink alcohol and physically tortured as some commit suicide | work=''muslimcouncil.org.hk'' | accessdate=19 May 2018}}</ref>

Mihrigul Tursun, an Uyghur woman detained in China, after escaping one of these camps, described details of torture and beatings. Educated in [[Egypt]], Tursun had traveled to China in 2015 to spend time with her family and was immediately detained and separated from her infant children. When Tursun was released three months later, one of the triplets died and the other two developed health problems. Tursun said the children had been operated on. She was arrested for a second time about two years later. Several months later, she was detained a third time and spent three months in a cramped, suffocating prison cell with 60 other women, having to sleep in turns, use the toilet in front of security cameras and sing songs praising China’s Communist Party.

Tursun said she and other inmates were forced to take unknown medication, including pills that made them faint and a white liquid that caused bleeding in some women and [[loss of menstruation]] in others. Tursun said nine women from her cell died during her three months there. One day, Tursun recalled, she was led into a room and placed in a high chair, and her legs and arms were locked in place. “The authorities put a helmet-like thing on my head, and each time I was electrocuted, my whole body would shake violently and I would feel the pain in my veins,” Tursun said in a statement read by a translator. “I don’t remember the rest. White foam came out of my mouth, and I began to lose consciousness,” Tursun said. “The last word I heard them saying is that you being an Uighur is a crime.” She was eventually released so that she could take her children to Egypt, but she was ordered to return to China. Once in Cairo, Tursun contacted U.S. authorities and, in September, came to the United States and settled in Virginia.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe|title=Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp| work=Associated Press News | accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The authorities attempt to indoctrinate people in settings that resemble military prisons. Detainees endure physical and mental torture to suppress dissident religious beliefs and separatist movements. Former inmates claim that they are "forced to study [[communist]] propaganda for hours and give thanks to the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|general secretary]] ([[paramount leader]]) by chanting 'Long live [[Xi Jinping]]'",<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/reeducation-camps-muslims-china|title=China Has Been Forcing Muslims To Drink Alcohol And Eat Pork In 'Reeducation Camps'| work=''allthatsinteresting.com'' | accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> as well as learn to sing the national anthem of China and communist songs. Punishments, like being placed in handcuffs for hours, waterboarding, or being strapped to "tiger chair" (a metal contraption) for long periods of time, are used on those who fail to follow.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ngo-reports-custodial-deaths-tortures-in-china-s-xinjiang-118082400208_1.html|title=NGO reports custodial deaths, tortures in China's Xinjiang| work=Business Standard| accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref>

Detainees are also forced to drink alcohol and eat pork, which are forbidden in [[Islam]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-re-education-muslims-ramadan-xinjiang-eat-pork-alcohol-communist-xi-jinping-a8357966.html|title=Muslims forced to drink alcohol and eat pork in China's ‘re-education’ camps| work=The Independent| accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://allthatsinteresting.com/reeducation-camps-muslims-china|title=China Has Been Forcing Muslims To Drink Alcohol And Eat Pork in Reeducation Camps| work=''allthatsinteresting.com''| accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> Some detainees receive unknown medicines and others attempted suicide.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-former-detainees-recount-abuse-in-chinese-re-education-centres/|title=Former detainees recount abuse in Chinese re-education centres| work=The Globe and Mail | accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref> The side effects of those treatments can be very serious, sometimes even causing scholars like Muhammad Salih Haji's,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/chinese-torture-allegedly-kills-islamic-scholar/1169454|title=Chinese torture allegedly kills Islamic scholar| work=''aa.com.tr''| accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://uhrp.org/press-release/uyghur-human-rights-project-condemns-death-custody-scholar-muhammad-salih-hajim.html|title=Uyghur Human Rights Project Condemns Death in Custody of Scholar Muhammad Salih Hajim| work=''uhrp.org'' | accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref> [[Dolkun Isa]]'s mother Ayhan Memet's<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=34896|title=THE WUC NOTES THE PASSING OF AYXAN MEMET, MOTHER OF WUC PRESIDENT DOLKUN ISA| work=''uyghurcongress.org'' | accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/mother-07022018164214.html|title=Uyghur Exile Group Leader's Mother Died in Xinjiang Detention Center| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> and other people's deaths in these facilities.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/woman-05242018164854.html|title=Elderly Uyghur Woman Dies in Detention in Xinjiang ‘Political Re-Education Camp’| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/teenager-03142018154926.html|title=Uyghur Teenager Dies in Custody at Political Re-Education Camp| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/gulja-burial-06082018164250.html|title=Uyghur Man Buried Amid Strict Security After Latest Xinjiang Reeducation Camp Death| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://asianews.it/news-en/Uyghur-Muslims-die-in-re-education-camps,-go-crazy-in-psychiatric-hospitals-43612.html|title=A Uyghur Muslims die in re-education camps, go crazy in psychiatric hospitals| work=asianews.it | accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref>

==International reaction==
{{Prose|section|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Kazakh and Chinese president sign deals.jpg|thumb|NPR reported that "Kazakhstan and its neighbors in the mostly Muslim region of [[Central Asia]] that have benefited from Chinese investment aren't speaking up for the Muslims inside interment camps in China".<ref>{{cite news |title=Families Of The Disappeared: A Search For Loved Ones Held In China's Xinjiang Region |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/11/12/665597190/families-of-the-disappeared-a-search-for-loved-ones-held-in-chinas-xinjiang-regi |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=12 November 2018}}</ref>]]

On 10 September 2017, [[Human Rights Watch]] released a report that said "The Chinese government should immediately free people held in unlawful 'political education' centers in Xinjiang and shut them down."<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees|title=China: Free Xinjiang ‘Political Education’ Detainees| publisher=Human Rights Watch | accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, Kazakhstan's Ambassador to China Shahrat Nuryshev met with Chinese Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Li Huilai regarding Kazakh diaspora issues.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/carefully-kazakhstan-confronts-china-about-kazakhs-in-xinjiang-re-education-camps/|title=Carefully, Kazakhstan Confronts China About Kazakhs in Xinjiang Re-Education Camps| work=''thediplomat.com'' | accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref>

On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister [[Kairat Abdrakhmanov]] sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day Samarkand, a Kazakhstan citizen, was released from re-education camp. From 17 to 19 April, Kazakh First Deputy Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tleuberdi visited Xinjiang to meet with local officials.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-recounts-reeducation-in-western-chinese-camp/29194106.html|title=Kazakh Man Recounts 'Reeducation' In Western Chinese Camp| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref>

On 3 April 2018, U.S. Senator [[Marco Rubio]] and Representative [[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]] sent a letter urging Ambassador to China [[Terry Branstad]] to launch an investigation into the reported mass detention of Uyghurs in political re-education camps in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cecc.gov/media-center/press-releases/chairs-urge-ambassador-branstad-to-prioritize-mass-detention-of-uyghurs|title=Chairs Urge Ambassador Branstad to Prioritize Mass Detention of Uyghurs, Including Family Members of Radio Free Asia Employees| work=cecc.gov | accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/04/u-s-lawmakers-call-for-investigation-into-uyghur-detentions/|title=U.S. Lawmakers Call for Probe into Uyghur Detentions| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://unpo.org/article/20728|title=US Senator Marco Rubio calls For Investigation of Incarcerations and Surveillance of Uyghurs| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/lawmakers-04052018141926.html|title=US Lawmakers Call For Investigation of Mass Incarcerations, Surveillance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>

On 21 May 2018, during the resumed session of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations in UN, [[Kelley Eckels Currie|Kelley Currie]], the U.S. representative to the U.N. for economic and social affairs, raised the mass detention of Uyghurs in re-education camps, and she said that "reports of mass incarcerations in the Xinjiang were documented by looking at Chinese procurement requests on Chinese websites requesting Chinese companies to tender offers to build political re-education camps".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/rejection-05222018154314.html|title=US Rejects China's Request For UN to Cut Ties With NGO Linked to Exiled Uyghur Leader|date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/05/25/u-s-once-jailed-uighurs-now-defends-them-at-u-n/|title=U.S. Once Jailed Uighurs, Now Defends Them at U.N.|date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

On 3 July 2018, at [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliamentary]] roundtable, the Rights Practice helped to organise a Parliamentary Round-table on increased repression and forced assimilation in [[Xinjiang]]. Rahima Mahmut, an Uyghur singer and human rights activist, gave a personal testimony about the violations suffered by the Uyghur community. Dr. Adrian Zenz, European School of Culture and Theology, (Germany), outlined the evidence of a large scale and sophisticated political re-education network designed to detain people for long periods of time and which the Chinese government officially denies.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rights-practice.org/news/parliamentary-roundtable-on-xinjiang|title=K Parliamentary Roundtable on Xinjiang| work=rights-practice.org| accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref>

On 26 July 2018, Vice President of the United States [[Mike Pence]] raised the re-education camps issue at [[Ministerial To Advance Religious Freedom|Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom]]. He said that "Sadly, as we speak as well, Beijing is holding hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghur Muslims in so-called 're-education camps', where they're forced to endure around-the-clock political indoctrination and to denounce their religious beliefs and their cultural identity as the goal."<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-ministerial-advance-religious-freedom/|title=Remarks by Vice President Pence at Ministerial To Advance Religious Freedom| publisher=White House| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jul/24/religious-freedom-under-attack-sam-brownback-says-/|title=Religious Freedom forum draws attention to persecution, false imprisonment and re-education camps| work=The Washington Times | accessdate=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/07/24/defend-religious-freedom-global-attacks-mike-pompeo-column/818972002/|title=Secretary of State Mike Pompeo: Religious persecution in Iran, China must end now| work=USA Today| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref>

On 26 July 2018, the [[Congressional-Executive Commission on China]] (CECC), an independent agency of the [[U.S. government]] which monitors [[Human rights in China|human rights]] and [[rule of law]] developments in the People's Republic of China, released a report that said as many as a million people are or have been detained in what are being called "political re-education" centers, the largest mass incarceration of an ethnic minority population in the world today.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/surveillance-suppression-and-mass-detention-xinjiang%E2%80%99s-human-rights-crisis|title=Surveillance, Suppression, and Mass Detention: Xinjiang’s Human Rights Crisis| work=cecc.gov| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/congressional-hearing-us-tech-giants-fueling-emerging-xinjiang-human-rights-disaster_2608128.html|title=Congressional Hearing: US Tech Giants Fueling Emerging Xinjiang Human Rights Disaster| work=''theepochtimes.com''| accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

On 27 July 2018, The [[Embassy of the United States, Beijing|U.S. Embassy & Consulate in China]] released Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom Statement on China, the statement mentioned the detention of hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups in "political re-education camps", and called the Chinese government to release immediately all those arbitrarily detained.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/ministerial-to-advance-religious-freedom-statement-on-china/|title=Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom Statement on China| work=china.usembassy-china.org.cn| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref>

In a July 2018 article, the ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' reported:

{{quote |No [[Muslim world|Muslim nation]]’s head of state has made a public statement in support of the Uighurs this decade. Politicians and many religious leaders who claim to speak for the faith are silent in the face of China’s political and economic power...Many Muslim governments have strengthened their relationship with China or even gone out of their way to support China’s persecution.<ref name="foreignpolicy"/>
}}

On 10 August 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that China had detained a million or more ethnic Uighurs in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/asia/china-xinjiang-un-uighurs.html|title=U.N. Panel Confronts China Over Reports That It Holds a Million Uighurs in Camps| work=The New York Times | accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> [[Gay McDougall]], a member of the [[United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], said that ''In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy, a sort of no-rights zone".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cnsnews.com/video/un-expert-china-holds-millions-ethnic-uighurs-re-education-camps|title=UN Expert: China Holds Millions of Ethnic Uighurs in ‘Re-Education Camps’| work=''cnsnews.com'' | accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/we-cant-ignore-this-brutal-cleansing-in-china/2018/08/14/e0b7b0f0-9f19-11e8-83d2-70203b8d7b44_story.html|title=We can't ignore this brutal cleansing in Chin| work=The Washington Post | accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/credible-reports-china-holds-1-million-uighurs-in-massive-internment-camp-un-1.3592570|title=Credible reports China holds 1 million Uighurs in ‘massive internment camp’ – UN| work=The Irish Times | accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref>

On 28 August 2018, U.S. senator [[Marco Rubio]] and 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global [[Magnitsky Act]] against Chinese officials who responsible for human rights abuses in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rights/group-of-us-lawmakers-urges-china-sanctions-over-xinjiang-abuses-idUSKCN1LE2MK|title=Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses| agency= Reuters | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref> In a letter to Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and Treasury Secretary [[Steven Mnuchin]], they called for the sanctions on [[Chen Quanguo]] who is the current [[Party Committee Secretary|Communist Party Secretary]] of the Xinjiang (the highest post in an administrative unit of China) and six other Chinese officials and two businesses that make surveillance equipment in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://abcnews.go.com/International/lawmakers-urge-trump-administration-sanction-china-muslim-crackdown/story?id=57472927|title=Lawmakers urge Trump administration to sanction China over Muslim crackdown| publisher= ABC News| accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/lawmakers-push-to-sanction-chinese-officials-over-xinjiang-camps-1535554800|title=American Lawmakers Push to Sanction Chinese Officials Over Xinjiang Camps| work= The Wall Street Journal | accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/us-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-xinjiang-camps/articleshow/65604460.cms|title=India Times: US lawmakers call for sanctions over Xinjiang camps| work= The Times of India | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/us-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-xinjiang-camps-10666368|title=US lawmakers call for sanctions over Xinjiang camps| publisher= Channel NewsAsia | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref>

On 9 September 2018, [[Human Rights Watch]] released a 117-page report, "‘Eradicating Ideological Viruses’: China's Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang's Muslims",<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/09/09/eradicating-ideological-viruses/chinas-campaign-repression-against-xinjiangs|title= Eradicating Ideological Viruses: China’s Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang’s Muslims| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> which accused China of the systematic mass detention of tens of thousands of ethnic [[Uyghurs]] and other Muslims in political re-education camps [[Detention without charge|without being charged or tried]] and presented new evidence of the Chinese government's mass [[arbitrary detention]], torture, and mistreatment, and the increasingly pervasive controls on daily life.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/09/china-massive-crackdown-muslim-region|title= China: Massive Crackdown in Muslim Region| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/10/interview-chinas-crackdown-turkic-muslims|title= Interview: China’s Crackdown on Turkic Muslims| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> The report also urged foreign governments to pursue a range of multilateral and unilateral actions against China for its actions, including "targeted sanctions" against those responsible.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-assails-chinese-treatment-of-muslim-uyghur-minority/29481221.html|title= Human Rights Watch Assails Chinese Treatment of Muslim Uyghur Minority| work= Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref>

On 10 September 2018, U.N. human rights chief [[Michelle Bachelet]] called on China to ease restrictions on her and her office's team, she urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there. She said that:’’ The UN rights group had shown that Uighurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-un-rights-chief-takes-on-china-other-powers-in-first-speech/4565652.html|title=New UN Rights Chief Takes on China, Other Powers| publisher= Voice of America | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights/bachelet-takes-on-china-eu-u-s-and-saudi-led-coalition-in-first-speech-idUSKCN1LQ0QI|title=U.N. rights chief Bachelet takes on China, other powers in first speech| agency= Reuters | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref>

On 11 September 2018, [[Federica Mogherini]], the [[High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], raised the re-education camps issue in [[European Parliament]]. She said:<blockquote>The most outstanding disagreement we have with China concerns the [[Human rights in China|human rights situation in China]], as underlined in your Report. We also focused on the situation in Xinjiang, especially the expansion of political re-education camps. And we discussed the detention of human rights defenders, including particular cases.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/50337/speech-hrvp-mogherini-plenary-session-european-parliament-state-eu-china-relations_en|title=Speech by HR/VP Mogherini at the plenary session of the European Parliament on the state of the EU-China relations| publisher= Europa (web portal) | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref></blockquote>On 18 December 2018, Radio Free Asia reported that Chinese authorities arrested an ethnic Uyghur senior court official [[Ghalip Qurban]] (in China's judicial system) after he expressed concern over the mass incarceration of members of his ethnic group in recent years.<ref name=":1" /> Qurban, the deputy head of the [[Intermediate people's court|Intermediate People’s Court]] in the XUAR capital [[Ürümqi]], was "distressed by the vast number of Uyghurs and other Muslim ethnic minorities who had been detained in political re-education camps throughout the XUAR since April 2017 after being accused of harboring 'strong religious views' and 'politically incorrect' ideas". Qurban was reportedly called in for multiple “chats” with officials from the State Security Department after speaking out about the policy. Uyghur senior court officials are required to sign off on sentences issued in cases concerning crimes of “terrorism” and “religious extremism” in Xinjiang, and Qurban may have believed he might later be judged to have been a party to [[crimes against humanity]]. The report stated that Qurban's family and friends only learned of his arrest a month after he was taken into custody, he said. A staff member at the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court told RFA that Qurban had been removed from his post “quite a long time ago—six months or a year,” when asked to confirm his arrest, but was unsure whether he had been imprisoned or sent to a re-education camp.<ref name=":1" />

U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] criticized [[Iran]]’s [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] for his refusal to condemn the Chinese government’s repressions against the Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran's Careful Approach to China's Uyghur Crackdown |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/irans-careful-approach-to-chinas-uyghur-crackdown/ |work=The Diplomat |date=September 18, 2018}}</ref>

==Chinese reaction==
{{Prose|section|date=November 2018}}

The [[Government of China|Chinese government]] has repeatedly denied the existence of re-education camps in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://supchina.com/2018/05/17/chinas-re-education-camps-for-muslims-expand-echo-cultural-revolution/|title=China's ‘Re-Education Camps’ For Muslims Expand, Echo Cultural Revolution| work=''supchina.com'' | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>

When international media asked about the re-education camps, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it "had not heard" of this situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-06-20/reeducation-returns-china|title=Reeducation Returns to China| work= Foreign Affairs | accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref>

On 12 August 2018, a Chinese state-run [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]], ''[[Global Times]]'', defended the crackdown in Xinjiang<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1115022.shtml|title= Protecting peace, stability is top of human rights agenda for Xinjiang| work= Global Times | accessdate=12 August 2018}}</ref> after a U.N. anti-discrimination committee raised concerns over China's treatment of [[Uyghurs]]. According to the Global Times, China prevented Xinjiang from becoming ‘China's Syria’ or ‘China's Libya’, and local authorities' policies saved countless lives and avoided a 'great tragedy'.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-newspaper-defends-xinjiang-muslim-crackdown/2018/08/13/7b8e4bc6-9eb5-11e8-a3dd-2a1991f075d5_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814141147/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-newspaper-defends-xinjiang-muslim-crackdown/2018/08/13/7b8e4bc6-9eb5-11e8-a3dd-2a1991f075d5_story.html?utm_term=.eef46e21376a|dead-url=yes|title=China newspaper defends Xinjiang Muslim crackdown|work=The Washington Post | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-has-prevented--great-tragedy--in-xinjiang--state-run-paper-says-10611542|title=
China has prevented 'great tragedy' in Xinjiang, state-run paper says|publisher=Channel NewsAsia | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> Despite this, the editorial did not mention the existence of the re-education camps.<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.arabnews.com/node/1355401/world|title=
China has prevented 'great tragedy' in Xinjiang, state-run paper says|work=''arabnews.com'' | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> The paper published another editorial the day after, titled "Xinjiang policies justified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1115202.shtml|title=Xinjiang policies justified|work=Global Times|date=13 August 2018|accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref>

On 13 August 2018, at a UN meeting in [[Geneva]], the delegation from China told the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee|UN human rights committee]] that "There is no such thing as re-education centers in Xinjiang and it is completely untrue that China put 1 million Uyghurs into re-education camps".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://qz.com/1354447/china-flat-out-denies-the-mass-incarceration-of-xinjiangs-uyghurs-as-testimonies-trickle-out/|title=China flat out denies the mass incarceration of Xinjiang's Uyghurs as testimonies trickle out|work=Quartz | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/13/asia/china-xinjiang-uyghur-united-nations-intl/index.html|title=China says claims 1 million Uyghurs put in camps 'completely untrue'|publisher=CNN | accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45173573|title=China Uighurs: Beijing denies detaining one million|publisher=BBC | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> A Chinese delegation said that "Xinjiang citizens, including the Uyghurs, enjoy equal freedom and rights." They claimed that “Some minor offenders of religious extremism or separatism have been taken to '[[vocational education]]' and employment training centers with a view to assisting in their rehabilitation”.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/13/china-state-media-defend-intense-controls-xinjiang-uighurs|title=China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims|work=The Guardian | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>

On 14 August 2018, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Ministry]] spokesman Lu Kang said "anti-China forces had made false accusations against China for political purposes and a few foreign media outlets misrepresented the committee's discussions and were smearing China's anti-terror and crime-fighting measures in Xinjiang" after a U.N. human rights committee raised concern over reported mass detentions of ethnic Uyghurs.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://time.com/5366225/china-uighurs-detention-report/|title=China Denies Detaining One Million Uighurs in 'Re-education' Camps|work=Time| accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjdt_674879/fyrbt_674889/t1585115.shtml|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang answered questions from reporters|work= fmprc.gov.cn| accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref>

On 21 August 2018, [[Liu Xiaoming]], the [[Ambassador of China to the United Kingdom]], wrote an article in response to a ''[[Financial Times]]'' report entitled "''Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?''".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ac0ffb2e-8b36-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340|title=Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?| work=Financial Times | accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref> Liu's response said: "The education and training measures taken by the local government of Xinjiang have not only effectively prevented the infiltration of religious extremism and helped those lost in extremist ideas to find their way back, but also provided them with employment training in order to build a better life."<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://uk.chineseembassy.org/eng/EmbassyNews/t1587092.htm|title=Harmony in Xinjiang Is Based on Three Principles| work=''chineseembassy.org'' | accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref>

Some Chinese disagree with the policies towards Xinjiang of the Chinese government. For example, on 10 August 2018, about 47 Chinese intellectuals and others, in exile, issued an appeal against what they describe as "shocking human rights atrocities perpetrated in Xinjiang".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinachange.org/2018/08/10/a-call-for-a-un-investigation-and-us-sanctions-on-the-human-rights-disaster-unfolding-in-xinjiang/|title=A Call for a UN Investigation, And US Sanctions, On The Human Rights Disaster Unfolding in Xinjiang|accessdate=9 September 2018|date=|website=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|publisher=[[China Change]]}}</ref>

On 10 September 2018, China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Geng Shuang]] condemned a report about the re-education camps issue by [[Human Rights Watch]]. He said: “This organisation has always been full of prejudice and distorting facts about China.” Geng also added that: “Xinjiang is enjoying overall social stability, sound [[Economy of Xinjiang|economic development]] and harmonious co-existence of different ethnic groups. The series of measures implemented in Xinjiang are meant to improve stability, development, solidarity and people’s livelihood, crack down on [[Ethnic separatism|ethnic separatist]] activities and violent and terrorist crimes, safeguard national security, and protect people’s life and property.”<ref>{{cite web|url= https://globalnews.ca/video/4439525/china-calls-human-rights-watch-full-of-prejudice-after-criticism-of-xinjiang-policy|title=China calls Human Rights Watch ‘full of prejudice’ after criticism of Xinjiang policy| work= globalnews.ca | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/09/11/china-says-human-rights-watch-report-xinjiang-suppression-full-prejudice-distorted-facts/|title=China says Human Rights Watch report on Xinjiang suppression ‘full of prejudice and distorted facts’| work= Hongkong Free Press | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>

On 11 September 2018, China called for U.N. human rights chief [[Michelle Bachelet]] to "respect its sovereignty", after she urged China to allow monitors into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights-china/china-tells-u-n-rights-chief-to-respect-its-sovereignty-after-xinjiang-comments-idUSKCN1LR0L0|title= China tells U.N. rights chief to respect its sovereignty after Xinjiang comments| agency= Reuters | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref> Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said: “China urges the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|U.N. human rights high commissioner]] and office to scrupulously abide by the mission and principles of the [[United Nations Charter|U.N. charter]], respect China's sovereignty, fairly and objectively carry out its duties, and not listen to one-sided information".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/world/china-urges-un-human-rights-chief-michelle-bachelet-to-respect-its-sovereignty-after-comments-on-xinjiang-5161911.html|title= China urges UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet to respect its sovereignty after comments on Xinjiang| work= ''firstpost.com'' | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/09/11/world/asia/11reuters-un-rights-china.html|title= China Tells U.N. Rights Chief to Respect Its Sovereignty After Xinjiang Comments| work= The New York Times | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/china-rights-chief-bachelet-respect-sovereignty-180911091916726.html|title=China to UN rights chief Bachelet: 'Respect our sovereignty' | publisher= Al Jazeera | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>

A [[Radio Free Asia]] report from 12 December 2018 says that authorities in Xinjiang are 'making preparations' in advance of anticipated eventual international inspection teams visiting, which they anticipate "within weeks".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/preparations-12122018152245.html|title=Xinjiang Authorities ‘Preparing’ Re-education Camps Ahead of Expected International Monitors|website=Radio Free Asia|language=en|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> The report received from its source a "[[confidentiality agreement]]" that authorities in [[Awat County]] are reportedly requiring camp detainees to sign, which states that they will "not discuss the workings of the camps, accept any interviews, or use communication channels such as social media or SMS messaging to disseminate information about the camp system." Violations there-of are subject to "accountability according to related national laws."<ref name=":0" /> One interviewee, who chose to be anonymous for fear of reprisals, said that officials have been going house to house, and that “People are taught [by officials] what to say, and they were warned not to mention the difficulties they are facing.”<ref name=":0" /> The anonymous source says people are told to “praise the [Communist] Party’s policies” and to “say only good things about the government,” and that there “may be foreigners among [the inspection teams],” so they should refrain from mentioning anything about re-education camps. Authorities threatened residents that any negative comments could lead to imprisonment or detention in the re-education camps, he added, while those who complain about the situation in the region will have “three generations of their family blacklisted,” and the government “will not leave them alone.”<ref name=":0" />

On 30 November 2018, Washington-based lawyer and Uyghur activist [[Nury Turkel]] said that international pressure has forced China to “deny its brutal treatment and criminalization of the Uyghur people based on their race, religion, culture and traditions,” and create a narrative to suggest that Beijing “is doing a favor for the Uyghurs.”<ref name="Nury">{{cite news |last1=Seytoff |first1=Alim |last2=Lipes |first2=Joshua |title=Exile Leaders Slam China Claims of ‘Vocational Training’ For Detained Uyghurs in Xinjiang |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/claims-10192018155555.html |accessdate=17 January 2019 |work=Radio Free Asia |language=en}}</ref> He has urged the international community “to be extremely cautious of China’s calculated propaganda campaigns to mislead the world while continuing its onslaught on the Uyghur people.”<ref name="Nury" />

==See also==
*[[s:zh:新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例|Regulation for the Removal of Extremism in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]] (Wikisource, in Chinese)
*[[Internment]]
*[[Laogai]] (Chinese, "reform through labour")
*[[Re-education through labor]]
*[[Xinjiang conflict]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Anti-Islam]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Human rights of ethnic minorities in China]]
[[Category:Islam in China]]
[[Category:Linguistic discrimination]]
[[Category:Political repression in China]]
[[Category:Racism in China]]
[[Category:Separatism in China]]
[[Category:Total institutions]]
[[Category:Violence against Muslims]]
[[Category:Xinjiang]]

Tim Burchett

2019-01-28T04:05:02Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Tim Burchett
|image = Rep. Tim Burchett official photo, 116th congress.jpg
|state = [[Tennessee]]
|district = {{ushr|TN|2|2nd}}
|term_start = January 3, 2019
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Jimmy Duncan (politician)|Jimmy Duncan]]
|successor =
|office1 = Mayor of [[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox County]]
|term_start1 = September 1, 2010
|term_end1 = September 1, 2018
|predecessor1 = Mike Ragsdale
|successor1 = [[Kane (wrestler)|Glenn Jacobs]]
|state_senate2 = Tennessee
|district2 = 7th
|term_start2 = January 1999
|term_end2 = September 1, 2010
|predecessor2 = Bud Gilbert
|successor2 = [[Stacey Campfield]]
|state_house3 = Tennessee
|district3 = 18th
|term_start3 = January 1995
|term_end3 = January 1999
|predecessor3 = Maria Peroulas Draper<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/113132799/?terms=Draper+Tim+Burchett&match=3|title=5 Aug 1994, Page 19 - The Tennessean at Newspapers.com|website=Newspapers.com|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref>
|successor3 = Steven Buttry<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/113549414/?terms=Tim+Burchett+Buttry&match=4|title=4 Nov 1998, Page 6 - The Tennessean at Newspapers.com|website=Newspapers.com|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref>
|birth_name = Timothy Floyd Burchett
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|8|25}}
|birth_place = [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Allison Beaver|2008|2012|end=div}} {{marriage|Kelly Kimball|2014}}
|children = 3 stepchildren
|education = [[University of Tennessee]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
|website = {{url|burchett.house.gov|House website}}
}}
'''Timothy Floyd Burchett''' (born August 25, 1964) is an American politician who is currently the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|TN|2}}, serving since 2019. A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], Burchett was formerly [[County executive|mayor]] of [[Knox County, Tennessee]]. He previously served in the Tennessee General Assembly, first in the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]], in which he represented Tennessee's 18th District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitol.tn.gov/house/archives/99GA/Members.htm|title=Tennessee House Members 99th GA|website=www.capitol.tn.gov|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref> He later served in the [[Tennessee State Senate]], in which he represented Tennessee's District 7, part of Knox County. He was succeeded as Knox County Mayor on September 1, 2018 by [[Glenn Jacobs]], formerly [[professional wrestling]]'s [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]].

==Early life and education==
Burchett is a native of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where he was born in 1964 and attended West Hills Elementary School, Bearden Junior High School, and [[Bearden High School (Tennessee)|Bearden High School]].<ref name=105GA/><ref name=MayorBio>{{cite web |url=http://www.knoxcounty.org/countymayor/bio.php |title=Mayor Tim Burchett Bio |accessdate=April 17, 2013 }}</ref> After graduating from Bearden High School in 1982, he enrolled in the [[University of Tennessee]] in Knoxville, where he earned a B.S. degree in education.<ref name=105GA>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitol.tn.gov/senate/archives/105GA/Members/s7.htm |title=Tennessee Senate: Tim Burchett |work=Tennessee Senate: 105th General Assembly (2007-2008) |type=website archives |accessdate=April 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=MayorBio/>

==State legislature==
Burchett's first election to public office was in 1994, when he won a seat in the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]]. He served in the house for two two-year terms, from 1995 to 1998. In 1998, he was a successful candidate for a four-year term in the Tennessee State Senate, representing the 7th senatorial district. He succeeded Clyde Coulter "Bud" Gilbert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=281411|title=Our Campaigns - TN Senate 07 Race - Nov 03, 1998|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref> He twice won re-election to the state senate, serving a total of three four-year terms, from 1999 to 2010.<ref name=105GA/><ref name=MayorBio/>

===Roadkill===
In 1999, Burchett received national media attention for sponsoring a bill to legalize the eating of [[roadkill]], that is, wild animals killed by vehicles, before notifying the county game warden.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/aug/20/burchett-plans-run-for-knox-mayor/ |title=Burchett plans to run for county mayor |author= Scott Barker and David Keim |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name=NYTjokesters>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/us/statehouse-journal-a-road-kill-proposal-is-food-for-jokesters.html |title=Statehouse Journal; A Road-Kill Proposal Is Food for Jokesters |author= David Firestone |newspaper=New York Times |date= March 14, 1999}}</ref> He defended the proposal as a "common-sense thing" intended to prevent edible meat from being wasted. Eating roadkill was already legal – as it is in most places – but required prior notification to the county game warden. Burchett's bill allowed processing and consumption of roadkill before notifying the game warden. Burchett proposed the bill after being contacted by a constituent who had been penalized for giving a needy family the meat from a [[deer]] that his vehicle had accidentally hit on the highway.<ref name=NYTjokesters/>

===''Salvia divinorum''===
{{see also|Legal status of Salvia divinorum}}
Senator Burchett sponsored a bill in 2006 to make illegal "possessing, producing, manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to produce, manufacture, or distribute the active chemical ingredient in the hallucinogenic plant ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' in the state of Tennessee."<ref name=Salvialaw>{{cite web|date=May 2006|title=Senate Bill No. 3247; An Act to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 39, Chapter 17, Part 4, relative to certain hallucinogenic plants|work=Public Acts 2006, Chapter 700 |url=http://tennessee.gov/sos/acts/104/pub/pc0700.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=General Assembly of the State of Tennessee|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004232218/http://tennessee.gov/sos/acts/104/pub/pc0700.pdf|archivedate=October 4, 2007}}</ref> Burchett stated, "We have enough problems with illegal drugs as it is without people promoting getting high from some glorified weed that's been brought up from Mexico. The only people I’ve heard from who are opposed to making it illegal are those who are getting stoned on it."<ref name=NashvilleBureau>{{cite journal|author=Nashville Bureau Reporter |date=April 2006|title=The Senate passed (290-0) SB 3247 |volume=8|issue=32|publisher=Nashville Bureau}}</ref> The bill was signed into law on May 19, 2006 and went into effect on July 1, 2006.<ref name=Salvialaw/> Burchett originally wanted to make violations a [[felony]] offense, but the bill was amended during its passage to make it a Class A [[misdemeanor]].<ref name=SiebertLegalStatus>{{cite web |last=Siebert |first=Daniel |title=The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum |publisher=The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/legalstatus.html |accessdate=March 4, 2007}}</ref>

In a news report published shortly before the signing of the bill by Governor [[Phil Bredesen]], Burchett was quoted as saying, "It's not that popular. But I'm one of those who believes in closing the barn door before the cows get out.... In certain hands, it could be very dangerous, even lethal."<ref name=ORourke2006>{{cite news|last=O'Rourke|first=Shea|title=Smoking Out - Tennessee bill bans hallucinogenic herb salvia|url=http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/Content?oid=oid%3A16106|work=Memphis Flyer|date=May 24, 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5aiEG4xuG?url=http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/Content?oid=oid:16106|archivedate=September 9, 2008 |accessdate=September 9, 2008}}</ref> A store owner who had stopped selling the herb due to Burchett's bill said that he saw little point in banning salvia, "I have no idea why it's being outlawed. It's a sage. People in South America have been using it for years and years." The same report also gave the general counterargument of salvia proponents that legislation banning ''Salvia divinorum'' reflects a cultural bias, as there are fewer prohibitions on more addictive substances such as alcohol and nicotine, and questioned how effective the bill will be, pointing out that ''Salvia divinorum'' has no odor and is easy to grow, so enforcement will be difficult.<ref name=ORourke2006/>

==Knox County Mayor==
Burchett became Knox County Mayor in September 2010, succeeding Mike Ragsdale, who left office due to [[term limits]]. Earlier that year, Burchett defeated former Knox County Sheriff Tim Hutchison in the Republican [[primary election|primary]] and then [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] Ezra Maize in the general election.<ref name=DonilaAugust6>Mike Donila, [http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/aug/06/burchett-precise-plan-needed-for-mayor-post/?partner=popular Burchett: 'Precise plan' needed for mayor post], Knoxnews.com, August 6, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2011/sep/04/one-year-in-burchett-says-he-delivered/ |title=One year in, Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett says he delivered |author=Mike Donila |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date=September 4, 2011}}</ref>

On February 10, 2012, Mayor Tim Burchett appeared on WBIR-TV and officially announced that the county's first "[[cash mob]]" would be held at the Emory 5 & 10 store in South Knoxville.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/news/article/204931/2/Cash-Mob-underway-at-Emerys-5--10</ref> The cash mob gained national attention,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/02/14/10400367-cash-mobs-flash-mobs-go-to-bat-for-small-local-businesses|title='Cash mobs': Flash mobs go to bat for small local businesses|first=U. S.|last=News|website=U.S. News|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref> and was mentioned in ''TIME'' magazine.<ref>http://www.wate.com/story/19945081/knox-countys-cash-mob-gets-a-nod-in-time-magazine</ref>

== Bigfoot ==
Burchett declared November 16, 2012 to be Official Knox County Bigfoot Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cryptomundo.com/bigfoot-report/knox-county-bigfoot-day/|title=Knox County Bigfoot Day|last=Cryptids|first=Cryptomundo,|date=November 12, 2012|work=Cryptomundo |access-date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>

==Congress==
{{seealso|United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee, 2018#District 2}}
When 30-year incumbent [[Jimmy Duncan (politician)|Jimmy Duncan]] announced his retirement in July 2017, Burchett entered a crowded seven-way Republican primary to succeed him. He defeated his nearest challenger, state representative [[Jimmy Matlock]], by just under 12 percentage points. He faced Democrat Renee Hoyos in the November general election. However, the 2nd has long been a Republican stronghold. It is one of the few ancestrally Republican districts in the South; the GOP and its predecessors have held it without interruption since 1857. With a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] of R+20, it is one of the most Republican districts in the nation, and tied for the second-most Republican district in Tennessee.

As expected, Burchett won the general election in a rout, taking 65.9 percent of the vote to Hoyos' 33.1 percent.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/election/2018/results/tennessee/house Tennessee House results] from CNN</ref> When he took office in January 2019, Burchett became only the seventh person (not counting caretakers) to represent the 2nd since 1909. He also ended a 54-year hold on the district by the Duncan family. [[John Duncan Sr.]] had won the seat in 1964, and was succeeded upon his death in 1988 by his son, Jimmy.

==Controversies==

===Campaign finance irregularities===
In 2006, Burchett, then a state senator, failed to report six political action committee checks totaling $3,300. The Registry of Election Finance did not fine him.<ref name="Knoxville News Sentinel">{{Cite news |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/01/sources-fbi-asks-questions-knox-county-mayor-tim-burchett-mayor-says-no-truth-any-it/909061001|title=Sources: FBI asks questions about Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett; mayor says ‘no truth to any of it’ |work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=August 5, 2018}}</ref> A claim of nepotism was opened when locals found out his step son was given preferred treatment with government jobs. The same step son who had rap and drugs charges recently.

Two years later, in 2008, while still a State Senator, he was fined $250 for failing to disclose three PAC contributions that totaled $1,500.<ref name="Knoxville News Sentinel"/>

In 2012, an investigation into campaign finance irregularities involving Burchett's Knox County mayoral campaign fund began after the ''Knoxville News Sentinel'' published discrepancies in the campaign's financial reporting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/472839-burchett-affidavit-filed-ahead-of-tuesday-hearing.html|title=Burchett affidavit filed ahead of Tuesday hearing|first=Rachel Wise (Knoxville News|last=Sentinel)|website=www.documentcloud.org|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref>

Independent freelance writer Pam Strickland filed a citizen complaint with the Tennessee State Ethics Board. Strickland writes a weekly column for the ''News Sentinel''. On September 6, 2012 a "show cause" was issued by the Tennessee State Board of Ethics. The vote was 4-1.<ref>http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/sep/06/registry-burchett-needs-to-explain-campaign</ref>

Burchett blamed this third offence on his spouse, who had filed for divorce. He was not married during the first two offences. Unlike the first two offenses, a full audit and investigation was ordered on this third offense, revealing that almost $20,000 in campaign money had been misappropriated for personal use. On October 23, 2012 the State Board of Ethics decided to take no action against Burchett due to multiple corrective measures that were added before the meeting.<ref>http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/oct/23/state-board-takes-no-action-against-mayor-tim-burc</ref>

In February 2018 the ''Knoxville News Sentinel'' reported that Burchett had failed to report a $10,000 payment from a solar electric company to him on his campaign finance forms and various financial disclosure forms. The story reported that two months earlier the [[FBI]] had questioned people regarding Burchett committing income tax evasion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/08/ethics-complaint-tim-burchett-never-reported-10-000-payment-while-state-senate/319504002|title=Ethics complaint: Tim Burchett never reported $10,000 payment while in state Senate|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=August 5, 2018}}</ref>

After the story broke, Burchett gave a statement to WBIR that he was correcting errors in his campaign financial disclosures and income tax forms, describing his failure to report all income as an "oversight".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wbir.com/mobile/article/news/local/knox-co-mayor-calls-tax-mistake-an-oversight/51-516380224|title=Knox Co. Mayor calls tax mistake an 'oversight'|work=wbir.com|access-date=February 10, 2018}}</ref>

In 2013 and after his divorce, $900 in cash was left by an unnamed person for Mayor Burchett on April 1, 2013. He was out of town and asked his chief executive assistant, Diana Wilson, to deposit the money in his personal account. The bank was closed, so she placed the money in an envelope and left it under the mat on Burchett's desk. The next morning, Wilson discovered that the money was missing, and notified the authorities immediately. After days of investigating, the money was not found and no suspects had developed. The local authorities notified the mayor's chief of staff that they needed to interview all the mayor's staff members. A few hours after being notified of this, the police were notified by Burchett's office that the money had been found. The police wanted to give polygraphs to two members of Burchett's staff. He refused to allow polygraphs, and ended the investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/local/burchett-theft-case-ended-as-cops-got-ready-to-give-polygraphs-ep-358354153-355890711.html|title=Burchett theft case ended as cops got ready to give polygraphs|website=www.knoxnews.com|accessdate=January 6, 2019}}</ref>

===Twitter incident===
Burchett received negative media attention in November 2012 for an item he posted on [[Twitter]]. During a [[American football|football]] game that the [[Tennessee Volunteers]] were losing, he tweeted that he needed to get his nephew (a high school football player who hoped to be recruited by a [[NCAA football|university football program]]) "some [[tattoo|tat]]s and a criminal record so UT will be interested." Following public criticism of the tweet that criticized the football team of the university in his county, Burchett said: "I didn't think anyone read that stupid thing. It was probably up for about five minutes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/nov/10/burchett-regrets-tweet-on-vols/ |title=Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett regrets tweet on Vols |newspaper= Knoxville News Sentinel |date= November 10, 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In June 2008, Tim Burchett married Allison Beaver in an impromptu ceremony conducted by [[Tennessee Governor]] [[Phil Bredesen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wate.com/story/8513111/sen-tim-burchett-ties-the-knot-gov-bredesen-officiates |title=Sen. Tim Burchett ties the knot, Gov. Bredesen officiates | date= June 17, 2008 |publisher=WATE-TV |location=Knoxville, Tennessee}}</ref> This was his first marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/apr/22/sen-burchetts-getting-hitched/ |title=Sen. Burchett's getting hitched |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date= April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Allison Burchett filed for [[divorce]] less than four years later, in April 2012, citing "irreconcilable differences";<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/apr/20/mayor-tim-burchetts-wife-files-for-divorce/ |title=Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett's wife files for divorce |author=Mike Donila |date=April 20, 2012 |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel}}</ref> the divorce was finalized later that year.<ref name=DivorceSettleSatterfield>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/oct/01/mayor-burchett-estranged-wife-reach-divorce/ |title=Mayor Burchett, estranged wife reach divorce settlement |author=Jamie Satterfield |date= October 1, 2012 |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel}}</ref>

In July 2014, Burchett married his girlfriend, Kelly Kimball.<ref>"[http://www.wbir.com/story/life/people/2014/07/09/burchett-getting-married/12419613/ Knox Co. Mayor Getting Married]," WBIR.com, July 9, 2014.</ref> He is known for wearing his glasses in a chain around his neck.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://burchett.house.gov/ Congressman Tim Burchett] official U.S. House website
*[https://www.burchettforcongress.com/ Tim Burchett for Congress]
*{{Conglinks|fec=H8TN02119|votesmart=24379|congbio=B001309|congress=tim-burchett/B001309}}
*[https://ballotpedia.org/Tim_Burchett Tim Burchett at Ballotpedia]
*[https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=7739 Our Campaigns – Mayor Tim Burchett (TN)] profile
*[http://www.capitol.tn.gov/senate/archives/105GA/Members/s7.htm Tim Burchett State Senate profile]
}}

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{{s-inc}}
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{{s-prec|usa}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|United States Representatives by seniority]]|years=354th}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Burchett, Tim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Heads of county government in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Tennessee Republicans]]
[[Category:Tennessee state senators]]
[[Category:University of Tennessee alumni]]

İshak Efendi

2019-01-28T03:47:08Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

'''Hoca Ishak Efendi''' (c. 1774 in [[Arta, Greece|Arta]] – 1835 in [[Suez]]) was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] mathematician and engineer.

== Life ==
Ishak Efendi was born in [[Arta, Greece|Arta]] (now in [[Greece]]), probably in 1774, to a Jewish family. His father had converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Aksel|last=Erbahar|title=Ishak Efendi, Hoca|work=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World|editor-first=Norman A.|editor-last=Stillman|year=2010|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/ishak-efendi-hoca-SIM_0011670}}</ref> After his father died, he went to [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], where he studied mathematics and foreign languages, learning French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew alongside Turkish, Arabic and Persian.<ref name="EI2">{{EI2 | title=ḳh̲od̲j̲a Isḥāḳ Efendi | first = E. | last = Kuran | volume = 4 | pages = 112–113 | url = https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3619}}</ref><ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | authorlink = Bernard Lewis | title = [[The Emergence of Modern Turkey]] | edition = 2nd | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1968 | location = London | pages = 86, 88}}</ref>

As part of Sultan [[Mahmud II]]'s attempts to modernize the Empire, in 1816 he was appointed instructor (hence his title of ''[[hoca]]'', "master, teacher") at the [[Imperial School of Military Engineering]] (predecessor of the [[Istanbul Technical University]]). In July 1824 he was also named as interpreter (''[[dragoman]]'') to the [[Sublime Porte]], a post he held until 1828/9, when he was dismissed, possibly due to fears by the secretary of state (''[[reis ül-küttab]]'') [[Pertev Pasha]] that he might replace him. During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29]], Ishak Efendi spent some time supervising the construction of fortresses, before resuming his teaching post at the Imperial School of Military Engineering, where he rose to become Head Instructor (''başhoca'') in December 1830/January 1831.<ref name="EI2"/> As Head Instructor, he tried with some success to reform the curriculum and raise the educational level of the faculty, but his influential predecessor, Seyyid Ali Pasha, managed through his connections at court to have him sent to [[Medina]] on the pretext of going to the ''[[hajj]]'', as well as to supervise various restorations to the holy sites there. During his return to Istanbul in 1835, he died at [[Suez]], where he was buried.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Lewis"/>

== Work ==
His main work, the ''Madjmuʿa-i ʿUlum-i Riyaziyye'' ("Collected Works on Mathematical Sciences"), was a four-volume text published between 1831 and 1834. It contained translations, mostly of contemporary French works, on mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology, and played a crucial role in introducing many contemporary scientific concepts to the Muslim world: according to the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', it was "the first work in Turkish on the modern physical and natural sciences", being credited with introducing the "scientific terminology, based on Arabic, which was used in Turkey [[Turkish language reform|up to the 1930s]] and in some Arab countries still later".<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Lewis"/> He also wrote a number of works, again mainly translated from European treatises, on engineering and military science.<ref name="Lewis"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishak Efendi}}
[[Category:1774 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Translators from French]]
[[Category:People from Arta, Greece]]
[[Category:Military engineers]]
[[Category:Istanbul Technical University]]
[[Category:Writers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]

Slutshaming

2019-01-27T23:49:14Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

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'''Slut-shaming''' is the practice of criticizing people, especially women and girls, who are perceived to violate expectations of behavior and appearance regarding issues related to sexuality.<ref name="Sweeney">{{cite book|author=Brian N. Sweeney|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender|chapter=Slut Shaming|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|year=2017|isbn=9781483384269|accessdate=April 22, 2018|chapter-url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-psychology-and-gender/i15927.xml}}</ref><ref name="Friedman">{{cite book|author=Jaclyn Friedman|title=What You Really Really Want: The Smart Girl's Shame-Free Guide to Sex and Safety|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=978-1580054300|year=2011|page=200|accessdate=April 22, 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KixtcgyYZ4sC&pg=PT200|quote=As we explored in chapter 2, 'slut-shaming' is an umbrella term for all kinds of language and behaviors that are intended to make women and girls feel bad about being sexual.}}</ref><ref name="Keller">{{cite book|author=Jessalynn Keller|title=Girls' Feminist Blogging in a Postfeminist Age|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1317627760|year=2015|page=93|accessdate=April 22, 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_-oCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|quote=The phrase [slut-shaming] became popularized alongside the SlutWalk marches and functions similarly to the 'War on Women,' producing affective connections while additionally working to reclaim the word 'slut' as a source of power and agency for girls and women.}}</ref> The term is used to reclaim the word ''[[slut]]'' and empower women and girls to have agency over their own sexuality.<ref name="Keller"/> It may also be used in reference to [[gay]] men, who may face disapproval for sexual behaviors considered [[promiscuous]].<ref name="Sweeney"/><ref name="Williamson">{{cite web|last=Williamson|first=Kit|title=Gay Men Should Be Ashamed of Slut-Shaming|publisher=''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]''|date=November 3, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2018|url=https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/11/03/gay-men-should-be-ashamed-slut-shaming}}</ref> Slut-shaming rarely happens to heterosexual men.<ref name="Sweeney"/>

Examples of slut-shaming include being criticized or punished for violating [[dress code]] policies by dressing in perceived sexually provocative ways, requesting access to [[birth control]],<ref name="Lamb B14–B15">{{cite journal | last=Lamb | first=Sharon| author-link = Sharon Lamb | title=The 'Right' Sexuality for Girls |date=27 June 2008 | journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] | volume=54 | issue=42 |pages=B14–B15 | url=https://chronicle.com/article/The-Right-Sexuality-for/13770 | issn=0009-5982 | subscription = yes | quote=In Dilemmas of Desire: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality (Harvard University Press, 2002), Deborah L. Tolman complained that we've 'desexualized girls' sexuality, substituting the desire for relationship and emotional connection for sexual feelings in their bodies.' Recognizing that fact, theorists have used the concept of desire as a way to undo the double standard that applauds a guy for his lust, calling him a player, and shames a girl for hers, calling her a slut.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albury |first1=Kath |last2=Crawford |first2=Kate |title=Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond ''Megan's Story'' |journal=[[Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies]] |date=18 May 2012 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=463–473 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 |quote=Certainly the individualizing admonishment to 'think again' offers no sense of the broader legal and political environment in which sexting might occur, or any critique of a culture that requires young women to preserve their 'reputations' by avoiding overt demonstrations of sexual knowingness and desire. Further, by trading on the propensity of teenagers to feel embarrassment about their bodies and commingling it with the anxiety of mobiles being ever present, the ad becomes a potent mix of technology fear and body shame.}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh" /> having [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[casual sex|casual]], or [[promiscuous]] sex, engaging in [[prostitution]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tesla|first=Carrasquillo|date=2014-01-01|title=Understanding Prostitution and the Need for Reform|url=http://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview/vol30/iss3/11/|journal=Touro Law Review|volume=30|issue=3|issn=8756-7326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BbETAAAAQBAJ&q=slut+shaming#v=snippet&q=slut%20shaming&f=false|title=Sex Workers Unite: A History of the Movement from Stonewall to Slutwalk|last=Chateauvert|first=Melinda|date=2014-02-07|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807061398|location=|pages=49|language=English|quote=It encouraged women to be angry about whore stigma and slut shaming for pursuing sexual pleasure or trading sex for money|via=}}</ref> or when being [[victim blaming|victim blamed]] for being [[rape]]d or otherwise [[sexually assaulted]].<ref name="asking" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://bhttps://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&q=slut+shaming#v=snippet&q=slut%20shaming&f=false|title=Sex Workers Unite: A History of the Movement from Stonewall to SlutWalk|last=Chateauvert|first=Melinda|date=2014-01-07|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807061404|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Slut-shaming implies that victims of sex violence "asked for it" because they were sexually promiscuous or dressed provocatively.|via=}}</ref>

==Definitions and characteristics==

Slut-shaming involves criticizing women for their transgression of accepted codes of sexual conduct,<ref name="Ringrose2012">{{cite book|author=Jessica Ringrose|title=Postfeminist Education?: Girls and the Sexual Politics of Schooling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jbsSXc9rUQC&pg=PA93|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25971-5|page=93}}</ref> i.e., admonishing them for behavior, attire or desires that are more sexual than society finds acceptable.<ref name="FoyDale2013">{{cite book|author=Denise Du Vernay|title=Feminism, Sexism, and the Small Screen|pages=163–182}} in {{cite book|author1=Joseph J. Foy|author2=Timothy M. Dale|title=Homer Simpson Ponders Politics: Popular Culture as Political Theory|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dvnAmHgqTX4C|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=24 April 2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4151-0|page=164}}</ref><ref name="Bazelon2013">{{cite book|author=Emily Bazelon|title=Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z9QxYZ4J1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-679-64400-2|page=95}} Emphasis in original.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schalet|first=Amy T.|title=Not Under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C|year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-73620-4|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA12 12], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hVBV86xxG10C&pg=PA156 156]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tolman|first1=Deborah L.|title=Dilemmas of desire teenage girls talk about sexuality.|date=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674018563|edition=1. Harvard Univ. Press paperback}}</ref> Author Jessalynn Keller stated, "The phrase [slut-shaming] became popularized alongside the [[SlutWalk]] marches and functions similarly to the '[[War on Women]],' producing affective connections while additionally working to reclaim the word 'slut' as a source of power and agency for girls and women."<ref name="Keller"/>

Slut-shaming is used by men and women.<ref name="Psy.D.Eagleson2010">{{cite book|author1=[[Belisa Vranich]], Psy.D.|author2=Holly Eagleson|title=Boys Lie: How Not to Get Played|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cToqrySVDAC&pg=PA52|accessdate=16 May 2013|date=1 July 2010|publisher=HCI|isbn=978-0-7573-1364-6|page=52}}</ref><ref>[http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/5/9/political-sex-scandalsmonicalewinskysexismslutshaming.html Monica Lewinsky’s return and the sexism 2.0 of political scandals]</ref> Slut-shaming functions among girls and women as a way of [[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimating]] sexual jealousy "into a socially acceptable form of social critique of girls' or women's sexual expression."<ref name="Ringrose2012"/> The term is also used to describe [[victim blaming]] for [[rape]] and other [[sexual assault]]. This is done by stating the crime was caused (either in part or in full) by the woman wearing revealing clothing or acting in a sexually provocative manner, before refusing consent to sex,<ref name="asking" /> thereby absolving the perpetrator of guilt. Sexually lenient individuals can be at risk of social isolation.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com">{{cite journal |last1=Vrangalova |first1=Z. |author2=Bukberg, R. E.; Rieger, G.|title=Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships |date=19 May 2013 |doi=10.1177/0265407513487638 |url=http://spr.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/16/0265407513487638.full.pdf+html |volume=31 |pages=93–113}}</ref>

The action of slut-shaming can be considered to be a form of social punishment and is an aspect of [[sexism]]. The social movement falls into the category of [[feminism]]. This raises controversy because [[gender role]]s do have a significant role in the social movement. The topic of slut-shaming sheds light on the social issues that are associated with the double standard. This is because slut-shaming is usually toward girls and women, and boys and men usually do not get slut-shamed. Slut-shaming is common in America because it is such a high-context culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lik|first=Sam|date=2016|title=A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese Profiles on Jack'd, a Mobile Dating App for Men Who Have Sex With Men|url=http://electra.lmu.edu:2070/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=deab3d6e-3730-40a9-9b44-e0ca8bfd6023%40pdc-v-sessmgr01|journal=International Journal of Communication|volume=19328036|pages=106040–6059}}</ref> Being in a high-context culture, it is easier to be victim blamed. Slut-shaming is strongly associated with victim-blaming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sills|first=Sophie|date=2016|title=Rape culture and social media: young critics and a feminist counterpublic|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=16:6|issue=6|pages=935–951|doi=10.1080/14680777.2015.1137962}}</ref>

Researchers from Cornell University found that sentiments similar to slut-shaming appeared in nonsexual, same-sex friendship context as well.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> The researchers had college women read a vignette describing an imaginary female peer, "Joan", then rate their feelings about her personality.<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/> To one group of women, Joan was described as having two lifetime sexual partners; to another group, she had had twenty partners.<ref name="slate.com">{{cite web|last=Hess |first=Amanda |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/07/slut_shaming_study_women_discriminate_against_promiscuous_women_but_so_do.html |title=Slut-shaming study: Women discriminate against promiscuous women, but so do men |publisher=Slate.com |date=7 June 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The study found that women—even women who were more promiscuous themselves—rated the Joan with 20 partners as "less competent, emotionally stable, warm, and dominant than the Joan who'd only boasted two".<ref name="spr.sagepub.com"/><ref name="slate.com"/>

==Society and culture==
=== History ===
There is no documented date of origin for the term ''slut-shaming''; nor the act of it. Rather, although the act of slut-shaming has existed for centuries, discussion of it has grown out of social and cultural relations and the trespassing of boundaries of what is considered normative and acceptable behavior. [[Second wave of feminism]] contributed significantly to the definition and act of slut-shaming. Tracing back to the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the second [[World War]], men's gender roles were that of the breadwinner. Men made up a majority of the labor force while women were socialized and taught to embrace the cult of domesticity and homemaking.<ref name="Poole">Poole, E. (2014) Hey girls, did you know? Slut-shaming on the internet needs to stop. University of San Francisco Law Review, 1, pp. 221-260</ref> Author Emily Poole argues that the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s increased the rate of both [[birth control]] use, as well as rates of [[premarital sex]].<ref name="Poole"/>

=== Modern society ===
Slut-shaming is prevalent on [[social media]] platforms, including the most commonly used: [[YouTube]], [[Instagram]], [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]]. Slut-shaming has occurred on Facebook in controversial exchanges between users that have resulted in convictions to menace, harass and cause offense.<ref>{{Cite web|title = This Woman Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Tinder|url = http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|website = Mic|accessdate = 2015-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/30/how-facebook-troll-came-undone|author = Elle Hunt|date = 30 July 2016|accessdate = 30 July 2016|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|title = 'What law am I breaking?' How a Facebook troll came undone}}</ref>

It has been reported by [[The Pew Research Center]] that the most common targets of harassment on the Internet are often young women. Citing that 50% of young female respondents have been called offensive names and or shamed online. In particular, those who were 18 to 24 years of age experienced varying amounts of severe harassment at astoundingly high rates. Women who have been stalked online were at 26%, while the targets of online sexual harassment were at 25%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/|title=Online Harassment|date=2014-10-22|work=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=2018-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

In the ''Women Studies International Forum'', researcher Jessica Megarry argues that harassment conveyed in a case study of #mencallmethings hashtag found that it was a form of online sexual assault, on specifically Twitter. In this hashtag, women would collectively tweet examples of harassment they have received from men.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megarry|first=Jessica|date=2014|title=Online inclnivity or sexual harassment? Conceptualizing women's experiences in the digital age.|journal=Women's Studies International Forum|volume=74|pages=46–66|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.012}}</ref> This kind of harassment included anything from insults related to appearance, name calling, even rape, death threats, i.e., "slut shaming."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Megarry|first=Jssica|title=Online incivility or sexual harassment? Conceptualizing women's experiences in the digital age|journal=Women's|volume=47|pages=46–66|doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.012|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jane|first=Emma|title=Your a Ugly, Whorish, Slut|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=14|issue=4|pages=531–546|doi=10.1080/14680777.2012.741073|year=2014}}</ref>

One example of a character in literature has been described as being a recipient of 'slut-shaming' is the character [[Lily Bart]] in [[Edith Wharton]]'s ''[[The House of Mirth|House of Mirth]]''.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/07/book-characters-sex_n_3960991.html| work= The Huffington Post| last=Triska | first=Zoë| title=9 Female Book Characters Punished For Having Sex | date=7 October 2013| accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

====Media====
[[File:SlutWalk NYC October 2011 Shankbone 4.JPG|thumb|right|Two women protesting about victim-blaming and slut-shaming at New York City's [[SlutWalk]] in October 2011]]
The [[SlutWalk]] protest march had its origins in [[Toronto]] in response to an incident when a Toronto Police officer told a group of students that they could avoid sexual assault by not dressing like "'sluts'".<ref name="asking">{{cite journal |last1=McCormack |first1=Clare |last2=Prostran |first2=Nevena |title=Asking for it: a first-hand account from slutwalk |journal=[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]] |year=2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=410–414 |doi=10.1080/14616742.2012.699777 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ringrose | first1 = Jessica | last2 = Renold | first2 = Emma | title = Slut-shaming, girl power and 'sexualisation': thinking through the politics of the international SlutWalks with teen girls | journal = Gender and Education, Special Issue: Making Sense of the Sexualisation Debates: Schools and Beyond | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–343 | doi = 10.1080/09540253.2011.645023 | date = May 2012 | ref = harv | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1511524/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf }} [http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/11877/1/Ringrose_and_renold_Slutwalk_2012.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/|title=SlutWalk Toronto - BECAUSE WE'VE HAD ENOUGH - SlutWalk Toronto|work=slutwalktoronto.com}}</ref><ref name="Nathanson">[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/10/slutwalk_rally.php SlutWalk Rally Against Sexual Violence Draws Huge Crowd of Feminists] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504171729/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/10/slutwalk_rally.php |date=2012-05-04 }}, Rebecca Nathanson, ''[[The Village Voice]]'', October 2, 2011</ref> [[Amber Rose]]'s second annual walk in Los Angeles in 2016 had "several hundred" participants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/arts/amber-roses-slutwalk-was-reality-tv-ready-7456324|title=Amber Rose's SlutWalk Was Reality TV Ready|last=Lecaro|first=Lina|date=2016-10-03|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> A similar event occurred in Washington DC in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://townhall.com/tipsheet/cortneyobrien/2013/08/08/slutwalkdc-n1659540|title=Cortney O'Brien - This Weekend, 'Sluts' Will March Through DC|last=O'Brien|first=Cortney|work=Townhall|access-date=2017-11-14|language=en}}</ref>

The Slut Walk movement has embraced the slut-shame label and has engaged in an act of resignification. Ringrose et al. call the Slut Walk a "collective movement" where the focus goes back to the perpetrator and no longer rests on the victim.<ref>Ringrose, J. & Renold, E (2011). Slut-shaming, girl power and ‘sexualisation’: thinking through the politics of international slutwalks with teen girls. Gender and Education, 24 (3), 333-343.</ref> This act of resignification comes from the work of feminist scholar [[Judith Butler]]. In her 1997 work, she argued that labels do not just name and marginalize individuals to particular categories but language also open up an opportunity for resistance.<ref>Butler, J. (1996). Excitable speech: Contemporary scenes of politics. New York: Routledge.</ref>

Krystal Ball characterized the comments of [[Rush Limbaugh]] during the [[Rush Limbaugh–Sandra Fluke controversy]] as follows: "If you are a woman who stands up for your rights, you are a slut and your parents should be ashamed of you and we should all have the right to view your sex tapes online. This type of despicable behavior is part and parcel of a time-worn tradition of Slut-Shaming. When women step out line [sic], they are demeaned and degraded into silence. If you say Herman Cain sexually harassed you, you are a slut. If you say Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas sexually harassed you, you are a slut."<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/krystal-ball/rush-limbaugh-sandra-fluke_b_1315805.html|title=Boycott Rush|last=Ball|first=Krystal|date=3 February 2012|work=HuffPost|accessdate=13 December 2012|quote=|series=The Blog}}</ref><ref name="limbaugh">{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=Nancy J. |last2=DiSanza |first2=James R. |last3=Gribas |first3=John |last4=Shiffler |first4=Aubrey |title="He sounded like a vile, disgusting pervert..." An Analysis of Persuasive Attacks on Rush Limbaugh During the Sandra Fluke Controversy |journal=Journal of Radio & Audio Media |year=2012 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–205 |doi= 10.1080/19376529.2012.722468 |quote=It is also possible that the Limbaugh incident has turned "slut-shaming", or other similar attacks on women, into a "Devil-term". It may be possible that Limbaugh's insults were so thoroughly condemned that he and others (such as Bill Maher) will have a more difficult time insulting women who are not virgins, or attacking them in other sexist ways.}}</ref>

Slut-shaming has been used as a form of bullying on social media, with some people using [[revenge porn]]ography tactics to spread intimate photos without consent. In 2012, a California teenager, [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Pott]], was sexually assaulted by three boys at a party. She committed suicide eight days after photos of her being assaulted were distributed among her peer group.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/30/slut-shaming-teen-girls_n_4178812.html|title = Teen Girls Take A Stand Against Slut Shaming: What It Is, And Why You Should Care|accessdate = |series = Huff Post Teen|newspaper = The Huffington Post|last = Menza|first = Kaitlin|date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>

James Miller, editor-in-chief, for the [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] of Canada wrote a controversial article defending slut shaming.<ref name="Why Slut-Shame">{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/kateandrews/2013/09/03/editorinchief-of-mises-institute-in-canada-advocates-slut-shaming-n1690262 |title=Editor-In-Chief of Mises Institute in Canada Advocates "Slut-Shaming" – Kate Andrews |publisher=Townhall.com |date=3 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> The article was later taken down, but still received criticism from some libertarians, such as Gina Luttrell of ''Thoughts on Liberty'', an all-female [[libertarian]] blog.<ref name="Misogynists Gonna Misogynate">{{cite web|last=Robinson |first=Elizabeth |url=http://thoughtsonliberty.com/misogynists-gonna-misogynate-or-more-issues-with-that-mises-ca-post |title=Misogynists Gonna…Misogynate? (or, More Issues with That Mises.ca Post) |publisher=Thoughts on Liberty |date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref>

Comedians Krystyna Hutchinson and Corinne Fischer of ''Sorry About Last Night'' host a podcast entitled “Guys We F****d, The Anti-slut shaming podcast”.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/13/guys-we-fucked-corinne-fisher-krystyna-hutchinson_n_4951770.html|title=This Is The Sexiest Podcast You'll Ever Hear|last=Editor|first=Emma Gray Executive Women's|last2=Post|first2=The Huffington|date=2014-03-13|work=HuffPost|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> This podcast has over 200,000 listeners on each episode that is on SoundCloud.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/guyswefucked|title=Guys We F****d|website=SoundCloud|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> iTunes originally did not make the podcast available and "...would not comment on whether the show is subject to an official ban," <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/18/the-podcast-too-hot-for-itunes.html|title=The Podcast Too Hot for iTunes|last=Goldstein|first=Rich|date=2014-02-18|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> but has since been made available on iTunes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/guys-we-f-d/id885960517?mt=2|title=Guys We F****d|website=iTunes|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref> The podcast exists to de-stigmatize discussing sex so that slut-shaming becomes less of an issue, Hutchinson explains in an interview with ''The Huffington Post'': “We want to make people feel more comfortable in their own skin. We just got a message from a girl from New Delhi, India, about how she loves the podcast because it makes her feel like it’s OK to be comfortable with your sexuality and enjoy sex. And that made me so happy.”<ref name=":0" />

== Activism ==
Activism against slut-shaming takes place worldwide. Participants have covered their bodies in messages reading "Don't Tell Me How to Dress" and "I am not a slut but I like having consensual sex" and march under a giant banner with the word slut on it. Activism has occurred in Vancouver, New York City, Rio, Jerusalem, Hong Kong and others.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Tram|title=From SlutWalks to SuicideGirls: Feminist Resistance in the Third Wave and Postfeminist Era|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=1 January 2013|volume=41|issue=3/4|pages=157–172|doi=10.1353/wsq.2013.0102|jstor=23611512}}</ref>

In 2008, hundreds of South African women protested the local taxi rank wearing miniskirts and t-shirts that read, "Pissed-Off Women" after a taxi driver and multiple hawkers confronted a young girl about wearing a short denim miniskirt and penetrated her with their fingers, calling her "slut" repeatedly. Protesters wanted to make their message clear; they wanted men to stop harassing women no matter how short their skirts were and that no matter how short it may be, it is never an invitation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wininger|first1=K. J.|title=Stomp & Holler: Because We've Had Enough! The Transformation of SlutWalks|journal=Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy|date=1 January 2012|volume=22|issue=2|pages=144–151|doi=10.5325/trajincschped.22.2.0144|jstor=10.5325/trajincschped.22.2.0144|doi-broken-date=2018-12-17}}</ref>

After the gang rape of an unconscious sixteen year old girl in Steubenville, Ohio, August 2012, football players spread videos of the assault to other classmates whom some of which posted the videos to Twitter and Instagram. The pictures and video were later removed by authorities, however that did not stop people from hash-tagging "Whore status" or "I have no sympathy for whores" in their tweets. Members of the collective Anonymous reported names of the rapists and classmates who spread the footage to local authorities. They took to the streets and internet requesting help from the community to bring justice to the Jane Doe who was raped.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|journal=Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674368293|pages=95–119|jstor=j.ctt7zsws7.7|chapter=Civil Rights Movements, Past and Present|last1=Citron|first1=Danielle Keats|year=2014|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zsws7.7}}</ref>

Members of The Arts Effect All-Girl Theater Company have developed a play, ''[[Slut: The Play]]'', in which they address the damaging impact of slut-shaming and slut culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauren-hersh/nyc-girls-challenge-weiner_b_3691859.html |title=NYC Girls Challenge Weiner Campaign: Stop Slut-Shaming |first=Lauren|last=Hersh |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date= 2 August 2013|accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="sluttheplay.com">{{cite web |url=http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |title=Why Slut — Slut |publisher=Sluttheplay.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180510/http://sluttheplay.com/why/ |archivedate=26 March 2014 |df= }}</ref> The creators note that their play "is a call to action – a reminder" that slut-shaming is happening every day, almost everywhere.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /> "Slut" is inspired by real-life experiences of 14- to 17-year-old girls from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /> The play was shown at the 2013 New York Fringe Festival.<ref name="sluttheplay.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |title=Meet the Teen Star of PETA's Latest Controversy. We Love Her. |website=Love + Sex – Yahoo Shine |publisher=Shine.yahoo.com |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404050810/https://shine.yahoo.com/love-sex/teenage-peta-pinup-speaks-out-205112851.html |archivedate=April 4, 2014 }}</ref>

In her statement on the production, and of slut-shaming in general, author of ''Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation'', [[Leora Tanenbaum]] writes:
<blockquote>"A teenage girl today is caught in an impossible situation. She has to project a sexy image and embrace, to some extent, a 'slutty' identity. Otherwise, she risks being mocked as an irrelevant prude. But if her peers decide she has crossed an invisible, constantly shifting boundary and has become too 'slutty,' she loses all credibility. Even if she was coerced into sex, her identity and reputation are taken from her. Indeed, the power to tell her own story is wrested from her. The Arts Effect's SLUT written by [[Katie Cappiello]] vividly represents this irrational, harmful, terrible circumstance...This play is the most powerful and authentic representation of the sexual double standard I have ever seen."<ref name="sluttheplay.com"/></blockquote>

After experiencing slut-shaming first-hand, Olivia Melville, Paloma Brierly Newton and approximately a dozen other Australian women founded the organization, Sexual Violence Won’t Be Silenced, on August 25, 2015. The association seeks to raise awareness of cyber-bullying and online sexual violence. The founders also launched a petition to the Australian government, requesting that they better train and educate law enforcement officers on how to prevent and punish violent harassment on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mic.com/articles/124646/olivia-melville-was-slut-shamed-and-received-rape-threats-for-quoting-drake-on-her-tinder-profile#.I0vMKyLgT|title=A Woman Was Slut-Shamed and Received Rape Threats for Quoting Drake on Her Tinder Profile|author=Mic|work=Mic}}</ref>

==Among gay and bisexual men==
Gay and bisexual men are also victimized for slut-shaming because of their sexual activity. There has been research supporting that [[LGBT]] students were more likely to be bullied and called sluts than heterosexual students. Researchers discussed how these negative experiences of victimization by peers, friends and strangers can lead to "physical harm, social shaming, and loss of friendships."{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Unlike heterosexual people, LGBT people are more likely to learn about [[safe sex]] practices from friends.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} The group most highly at risk of [[HIV]] infection is young gay and bisexual men.{{Citation needed |date=July 2018}} Most of the education that young gay and bisexual men receive about safe sex practices is learned from friends, the Internet, hearsay or trial and error.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crothers|first=Laura|last2=Levinson|first2=E.M.|date=2004-09-01|title=Assessment of bullying: A review of methods and instruments|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280786511|journal=Journal of Counseling and Development|volume=82|pages=496–503}}</ref>{{verification failed|date=July 2018}}

Criticism of [[non-heterosexual]] men's sexual activity can either be said in a humorous context or not. Judgementalism happens when someone mentions gay men's sexual risk behavior or that they have [[multiple sex partners]]. This implies that their behavior is "slutty" and dirty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McDavitt|first=Bryce|last2=Mutchler|first2=Matt G.|date=April 2014|title="Dude, You're Such a Slut!" Barriers and Facilitators of Sexual Communication Among Young Gay Men and Their Best Friends|journal=Journal of Adolescent Research|volume=29|issue=4|pages=464–498|doi=10.1177/0743558414528974|pmid=25419044|pmc=4239541}}</ref>

A lot of slut-shaming occurs when non-heterosexual men are in public environments; they may be street-harassed for their sexual orientation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} Street harassment includes [[cat-calling]], victim blaming, and slut shaming. Judgmentalism is not a pejorative word compared to women, and slut-shaming may have a positive connotation with men depending on context and relationship.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://monash.rl.talis.com/items/E364B37E-5E83-D602-A4F9-25CDDED28245.html|title=Street Harassment: Current and Promising Avenues for Researchers and Activists {{!}} Monash University|journal=Sociology Compass|volume=9|issue=3|pages=196–211|language=en|access-date=2018-04-12|doi=10.1111/soc4.12248|year=2015|last1=Logan|first1=Laura S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/02/10/she_called_me_a_manwhore/|title=She called me a "manwhore"|last=Clark-Flory|first=Tracy|date=9 February 2012|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Honor killing]]
*[[Madonna–whore complex]]
*[[Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims]]
*[[Sexual bullying]]
*[[Victim blaming]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Feminism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Feminist terminology]]
[[Category:Feminist theory]]
[[Category:Misogyny]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]
[[Category:Prejudice and discrimination]]
[[Category:Birth control]]

Ta’ Braxia Cemetery

2019-01-27T23:28:19Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Ta' Braxia Cemetery
| native_name = Iċ-Ċimiterju ta' Braxia
| native_name_lang = mt
| image = Ta'Braxia Chapel Pieta.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The chapel at Ta' Braxia Cemetery
| established = October 1857
| location = [[Pietà, Malta|Pietà]]/[[Ħamrun]], [[Malta]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35|53|24.0|N|14|29|52.3|E|display=inline, title}}
| type =
| style =
| owner =
| size =
| graves =
| interments =
| findagraveid = 1966598/ta'-braxia-cemetery
}}

'''Ta' Braxia Cemetery''' ({{lang-mt|Iċ-Ċimiterju ta' Braxia}}) is a [[cemetery]] in [[Gwardamanġa]], located near the boundary between [[Pietà, Malta|Pietà]] and [[Ħamrun]], [[Malta]]. It was built between 1855 and 1857 as a multi-denomination burial ground primarily intended for British servicemen, partially replacing a number of earlier 18th century cemeteries. The site also incorporates a Jewish cemetery which was established in around 1830. The cemetery's construction was controversial since the local ecclesiastical authorities were opposed to a multi-faith extra-mural cemetery.

The cemetery was designed by the Maltese architect [[Emanuele Luigi Galizia]]. It was expanded a number of times during the 19th century, and in 1893–94 a memorial chapel dedicated to Lady Rachel Hamilton-Gordon was added. The chapel was designed by the English architect [[John Loughborough Pearson]] in a combination of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] styles.

==History==
Ta' Braxia Cemetery is located just outside the [[Floriana Lines]], the outer fortifications of Malta's capital [[Valletta]].<ref name="savona-ventura2015"/> The first cemetery on this site was established in 1778, and it was known as the Cemetery of the ''Sacra Infermeria''.<ref name="savona-ventura2015">{{cite book |last1=Savona-Ventura |first1=Charles |title=Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798] |date=2015 |publisher=Self-published |isbn=9781326482220 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrA_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> This was the first extra-mural cemetery in Malta.<ref name="savona-ventura2016"/> The site also contained some other old cemeteries, including a plague cemetery<ref name="thake2011"/> and a Jewish cemetery which was established in around 1830.<ref name="jewish-heritage-europe">{{cite news |title=Malta: historic Jewish cemetery gets clean-up |url=http://jewish-heritage-europe.eu/2016/07/25/malta-historic-jewish-cemetery-gets-clean-up/ |work=Jewish Heritage Europe |date=25 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/74e720fi2 |archivedate=14 December 2018}}</ref> By the middle of the 19th century, the area had "become a heath, covered with a heap of rubbish, thorns and nettlebrushes... a common field laid waste without even a central cross or chapel as prescribed by the ritual of the Catholic Church."<ref name="savona-ventura2016">{{cite book |last1=Savona-Ventura |first1=Charles |title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798–1979] |date=2016 |publisher=Self-published |isbn=9781326648992 |pages=89–90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMgkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

By 1850, the British wanted to establish a multi-faith cemetery for servicemen who died in Malta, after the Msida Bastion Cemetery became full.<ref name="thake2011">{{cite journal |last1=Thake |first1=Conrad |title=Ta' Braxia Cemetery – An architectural appraisal |journal=Treasures of Malta |date=Summer 2011 |volume=51 |pages=10–17 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/21976/Ta%20Braxia%20article.pdf}}</ref> The decision was taken to re-lay and extend the cemetery at Ta' Braxia, which was chosen due to its proximity to the main urban centres of Valletta and the [[Three Cities]].<ref name="thake2011"/> The cemetery was said to be meant for "all religions without distinction"<ref name="borg2001"/> but this only referred to different Christian denominations, excluding other religions,<ref name="thake2011"/> although the pre-existing Jewish cemetery would eventually be incorporated as a separate section into Ta' Braxia.<ref name="jewish-heritage-europe"/> The construction of the cemetery was perceived as a move to establish a predominantly Protestant cemetery.<ref name="tvm2018-02-26">{{cite news |last1=Cassar |first1=Daphne |title=Did you know that Ta’ Braxia cemetery in Pietà had caused huge uproar? |url=https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/did-you-know-that-ta-braxia-cemetery-in-pieta-had-caused-huge-uproar/ |work=[[Television Malta|TVM]] |date=26 February 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213234357/https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/did-you-know-that-ta-braxia-cemetery-in-pieta-had-caused-huge-uproar/ |archivedate=13 December 2018}}</ref>

The establishment of the cemetery was intended to promote extra-mural burial for the upper classes.<ref name="savona-ventura2016"/> At the time, the concept of having an extra-mural cemetery was controversial since traditionally people were buried inside churches or chapels.<ref name="savona-ventura2016"/> The local ecclesiastical authorities were particularly opposed to extra-mural cemeteries.<ref name="savona-ventura2016"/> Further controversy arose since the church was strongly opposed to having a mixed-rite cemetery.<ref name="hughes-thake">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Quentin|last2=Thake|first2=Conrad|title=Malta, War & Peace: An Architectural Chronicle 1800–2000|date=2005|publisher=Midsea Books Ltd|isbn=9789993270553|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75IgAAAACAAJ}}</ref>

The cemetery was designed by the Maltese architect [[Emanuele Luigi Galizia]], and it was his first major government project.<ref name="hughes-thake"/> Galizia would later design two other major cemeteries: the Catholic [[Addolorata Cemetery, Paola|Addolorata Cemetery]] and the Muslim [[Turkish Military Cemetery]].<ref name="independent2012-11-11">{{cite news |title=Three main cemeteries in Malta built by the same man |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-11-11/news/three-main-cemeteries-in-malta-built-by-the-same-man-370606086/ |work=[[The Malta Independent]] |date=11 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030142220/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-11-11/news/three-main-cemeteries-in-malta-built-by-the-same-man-370606086 |archivedate=30 October 2016}}</ref> Work on the cemetery commenced in 1855, with the construction of the boundary walls.<ref name="thake2011"/> The military authorities had to approve its designs so as to ensure that the cemetery would not compromise the fortifications.<ref name="thake2011"/> It officially opened in October 1857, and the opening was not reported in local media.<ref name="hughes-thake"/> The alteration of an adjacent road in 1861 led to the relocation of a nearby Catholic burial ground and permitted the cemetery's expansion.<ref name="thake2011"/> A southward expansion was undertaken in 1879, and another major expansion took place in 1889.<ref name="thake2011"/>

The cemetery became the main burial ground for the British garrison during the second half of the 19th century.<ref name="thake2011"/> The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] cares for the graves of eight Commonwealth soldiers buried in the cemetery, five from [[World War I]] and three from [[World War II]].<ref name="cwgc">{{cite web |title=Ta-Braxia Cemetery |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/11202/ta-braxia-cemetery/ |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213224522/https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/11202/ta-braxia-cemetery/ |archivedate=13 December 2018}}</ref>

During World War II, aerial bombardment damaged or destroyed some of the headstones and funerary monuments at the cemetery.<ref name="dlh"/> Other monuments have been damaged due to erosion.<ref name="thake2011"/> [[Din l-Art Ħelwa]] and the government set up a committee to restore the cemetery in 2000.<ref name="dlh">{{cite web |title=Ta' Braxia Cemetery, Pieta |url=https://dinlarthelwa.org/properties/our-properties/ta-braxia-cemetery-pieta/ |website=Din l-Art Ħelwa |ref=6 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034134/http://dinlarthelwa.org/properties/our-properties/ta-braxia-cemetery-pieta/ |archivedate=15 February 2017}}</ref> An association known as Friends of Ta' Braxia was set up in 2001, and it is responsible for the maintenance and restoration of the cemetery, with the assistance of Din l-Art Ħelwa.<ref name="dlh"/> Today the cemetery is open to the public on weekdays.<ref name="cwgc"/>

==Architecture==
The cemetery has a grid layout, with the main entrance gate aligned on the central axis.<ref name="thake2011"/> It originally had a symmetrical layout, but this element has been lost due to later expansions of the cemetery.<ref name="thake2011"/> Internal gateways and retaining walls delineate different sectors within the cemetery.<ref name="thake2011"/> The cemetery includes Greek and Jewish sections,<ref name="dlh"/> and a fountain which was designed by Galizia can also be found inside.<ref name="thake2011"/>

The cemetery's architecture is not particularly impressive in itself,<ref name="borg2001">{{cite book |last1=Borg |first1=Malcolm |title=British Colonial Architecture: Malta, 1800-1900 |date=2001 |publisher=Publishers Enterprises Group |isbn=9789990903003 |pages=86–87 |url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=lZ1QAAAAMAAJ&q=ta%27+braxia+cemetery&dq=ta%27+braxia+cemetery&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi26-f76J3fAhULKewKHek2APEQ6AEIRTAF}}</ref> but it contains a number of elaborate funerary monuments carved out of stone or marble.<ref name="thake2011"/> Their style ranges from [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] to ornate and eclectic.<ref name="thake2011"/> Some monuments have iconography denoting [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] connections.<ref name="thake2011"/>

==Chapel==
The main landmark at Ta' Braxia Cemetery is the '''Lady Rachel Hamilton-Gordon Memorial Chapel''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cini |first1=George |title=Message in a bottle |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111005/life-features/Message-in-a-bottle.387852 |work=[[Times of Malta]] |date=5 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213215641/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111005/life-features/Message-in-a-bottle.387852 |archivedate=13 December 2018}}</ref> which was built to commemorate the wife of Sir [[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore]]. While en route from [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] to Britain, Lady Hamilton-Gordon fell ill and died in Malta, being buried at Ta' Braxia on 28 January 1889.<ref name="thake2011"/> Sir Hamilton-Gordon commissioned a leading English architect, [[John Loughborough Pearson]], to design a memorial chapel for his wife.<ref name="thake2011"/> Pearson probably never visited Malta, but prepared the plans which were sent to the island.<ref name="thake2011"/> The chapel's foundation stone was laid down on 28 May 1893<ref name="hughes-thake"/> and it was completed in 1894.<ref name="tvm2018-02-26"/>

The chapel's architecture cannot be categorically classified as belonging to one particular style, since it combines elements from both the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] styles.<ref name="hughes-thake"/> It has a centralized circular plan with a dome.<ref name="thake2011"/> The external façades contain elaborate geometric decoration and ornamentation, which contrast with the relatively plain dome.<ref name="hughes-thake"/>

==See also==
*[[Pietà Military Cemetery]], which is located nearby

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Ta' Braxia Cemetery}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thake |first1=Conrad |last2=Buhagiar |first2=Janica |title=Ta' Braxia Cemetery |date=2018 |publisher=Midsea Books |isbn=9789995711702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa12swEACAAJ}}

[[Category:Pietà, Malta]]
[[Category:Ħamrun]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Malta]]
[[Category:Limestone buildings in Malta]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1857]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in Malta]]
[[Category:19th-century controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in Malta]]

Direct Air Capture

2019-01-27T22:31:13Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

'''Direct air capture''' ('''DAC''') is a capture method of [[carbon capture and storage]] that separates [[carbon dioxide]] from air. While still in the early stages, proponents of direct air capture argue that it is an essential component of [[climate change mitigation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.geoengineeringmonitor.org/2018/05/direct-air-capture/|title=Direct Air Capture (Technology Factsheet)|date=2018-05-24|work=Geoengineering Monitor|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Methods of capture ==
Like most forms of [[carbon capture and storage]], direct air capture relies on three main technologies for separating the [[carbon dioxide]] from the air. Direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DAC) is a carbon capture technique which produces a concentrated {{co2}} gas stream from ambient air. Generally ambient air is flows through a filter where either adsorption, absorption or mineralization removes the {{co2}} from the air. This concentrated {{co2}} stream may be sequestered or reused for enhanced oil recovery to produce low carbon fuel. When DAC is combined with a carbon capture system, it can produce a negative emissions plant. DAC is one tool used to mitigate climate change and reach the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]] goals. Direct air capture have larger energy and water requirements, because {{CO2}} is removed from a very dilute stream. Current atmospheric {{CO2}} levels are 410 parts per million (ppm). There are currently, seven DAC projects worldwide. Most projects are in infancy and do have not been scaled up to meet climate mitigation goals.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

=== Absorption ===
[[Absorption (chemistry)|Absorption]] in the context of carbon capture refers to the use of a liquid [[solvent]] absorbing carbon dioxide from a gas. [[Amine|Amine solvents]] are most commonly used. This is currently the most common technology for carbon capture. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872565493|title=Introduction to carbon capture and sequestration|last=1962-|first=Smit, Berend,|others=Reimer, Jeffrey A. (Jeffrey Allen),, Oldenburg, Curtis M.,, Bourg, Ian C.,|isbn=9781783263295|location=London|oclc=872565493}}</ref>Absorption is the most common method of direct air capture. A fan blows air into a filter that is lined with a liquid solvent absorbent. Currently, the most common sorbents are caustic solution and amine based solvents. Absorption with a caustic solvent is an acid-base reaction in which {{CO2}} reacts with sodium hydroxide and precipitates a stable sodium carbonate. This sodium carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous {{CO2}} stream.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/policy/reports/assessments/upload/dac2011.pdf|website=www.aps.org|access-date=2018-12-07|title=Direct Air Capture of CO2 with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs|date=1 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Adsorption ===
[[Adsorption]] differs from absorption in that the carbon dioxide is removed via a solid.<ref name=":1" /> Alternatively, a solid [[sorbent]] is used in adsorption. In adsorption, the {{CO2}} binds to a gas-solid contact or. Amine based solid sorbents are often proposed for DAC. {{CO2}} is removed from air by [[chemisorption]], usually through primary amines. Through heat and vacuum the {{CO2}} is then desorbed from the solid sorbent. This results in a gaseous {{CO2}} stream that can be cooled and cycled back into the system.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

=== Membranes ===
[[Membrane]] separations of carbon dioxide rely on semi-permeable membranes to separate carbon dioxide from air. This method differs from the other two in that it requires little water and has a smaller footprint.<ref name=":1" />

===Mineralization===

In mineral carbonation [[cations]] from chemically weathered minerals reaction with atmospheric {{CO2}}. In the process [[mineral]] [[carbonate]]s are formed that store the {{CO2}}. There are large reserves of magnesium silicate minerals useful for this process. This method is researched because it provides storage for a geological time scale. Current technology requires 1.6 to 3.7 tonnes of rock to fix a tonne of {{CO2}}.<ref name=":2" /> Since the reaction is exothermic, it produces energy that can be recycled back to source the reactor. The kinetics of this process are slower than adsorption and absorption processes, and storage of carbonated solids must be done with low environmental impact.<ref name=":2" /> There are currently no large scale implementation of mineral carbonation. One impedance to the implementation of mineralization is the large energetic costs of the preparation of the solid reactant and its additives.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

== Energy and water use requirements for direct air capture ==
Direct air capture of [[carbon dioxide]] requires [[water]] input. One estimate is that for Absorption, amine based technology, to capture 3.3 Gigatonnes of [[carbon dioxide]] a year, the water requirements would be 300km3 a year, or 4% of the water used for [[irrigation]].<ref name=":0" />

In addition to water consumption, direct air capture would require a large amount of energy. This is due to the low [[concentration]] of [[carbon dioxide]] in air, leading to more energy intensive capture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ranjan|first=Manya|last2=Herzog|first2=Howard J.|date=2011|title=Feasibility of air capture|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193|journal=Energy Procedia|volume=4|pages=2869–2876|doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.193|issn=1876-6102}}</ref>

===Energy estimates===

Direct air capture requires more energy than carbon capture from a flue gas because the separation occurs from a highly dilute {{CO2}} stream.<ref name=":2" />Estimates state that {{CO2}} separation requires 1.8 to 3.6 times more energy than flue gas {{CO2}} separation. A minimum of 20 kJ of energy is required to separate one mole of {{CO2}} from an air stream. Energy estimates for contact, separation, release and compression of {{CO2}} are 0.66 GJ/t {{CO2}}.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

== Direct air capture projects and companies around the world ==
There are currently{{when|date=January 2019}} seven direct air capture projects worldwide. The stages of each project vary from in planning, operational and completed.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

=== Antecy ===
[https://www.antecy.com/ Antecy]is a Dutch company that has developed non-amine technology for both DAC (CO2-From-Air) and CC (CO2-From-Point Source). Antecy was founded in 2010 and has a "first of its kind" pilot plant. It unique design allows to operate at large scale considering minimal use of energy, materials and footprint while maximising capacity. Apposed to amine sorbents, Antecy's inorganic solid sorbent provides high stability, robustness and long life. The materials used are non-toxic, disposable and fully recyclable. The {{CO2}} produced does not contain any toxic contaminants, which makes this DAC technology environmentally friendly. Based on current achievements, the estimated cost of CO2 captured from air at large-scale is expected to be $80-100 USD/mt. Estimated costs for CO2 captured from point-sources with higher CO2 concentrations are lower.

=== Carbon Engineering ===

[[Carbon Engineering]] (CE) is a commercial direct air capture company located in [[Calgary|Calgary, Canada]] and founded in 2009. They currently have a direct air capture pilot plant in [[British Columbia|British Columbia, Canada]] that has been in use since 2015. As of 2017, the plant converts a portion of its concentrated {{CO2}} into fuel using [[enhanced oil recovery]]. By 2021, the project is expected to implement a full scale direct air capture to liquid fuel plant. The proposed scale of the project would be 2000 barrels a day of fuel that would be distributed to areas with [[Low-carbon fuel standard|Low Carbon Fuel Standards]]. Currently, the plant captures 1 ton of {{CO2}} a day and produces 1 barrel of fuel a day using its AIR to FUELS technology.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Climeworks===

Climeworks has created a plant in Zurich, Switzerland that is capable of capturing 900 tonnes of CO2 in a year directly from the air. The $23 million plant with 18 capturing units traps enough CO2 to grow vegetables in a nearby greenhouse. Climeworks stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of CO2 from the air.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tollefson |first1=Jeff |title=Sucking carbon dioxide from air is cheaper than scientists thought |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w |website=Nature |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref>

Climeworks received funding from the [[European Union]] to partner with [[Reykjavik Energy|Reykjavik energy]] to design a pilot plant using direct air capture and carbfix technology. The large-scale plant is expected to remove {{CO2}} from air and sequester it in [[basalt]] in [[Hellisheiði Power Station|Hellisheidi]], Iceland. The direct air capture project runs alongside a [[Geothermal power|geothermal powerplant t]]<nowiki/>hat currently injects and mineralizes {{CO2}} into [[basalt]] [[bedrock]]. By combining both technologies, Climeworks hopes to produce the first carbon negative power plant. The project is currently testing direct air capture and {{CO2}} injection 700 meters into the ground.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Global Thermostat===

Global Thermostat is privately funded carbon capture company located in [[Manhattan|Manhattan, New York]] and founded in 2010. Global Thermostat uses [[amine]] based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove {{CO2}} from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from large scale capture at 50,000 tonne/year to small projects at 40 tonne/year.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://globalthermostat.com/|title=Global Thermostat|website=Global Thermostat|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> The company claims to produce a 98% pure stream of {{CO2}} from direct air capture.<ref name=":3" /> Global Thermostat differentiates itself from other {{CO2}} projects because produces its energy and utilities independently and can be transported to various locations. The company has no post-capture process and sells its {{CO2}} from its remote capture locations.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Center for Negative Emission===
The Center for Negative Emission of Arizona State University is currently working on a DAC process using [[Ion-exchange resin|ion exchange]] resin. The estimated cost of capture is expected to be $30-200 USD/ton {{CO2}}. Water is used to desorb the carbon dioxide with an energy requirement of 50 MJ/mol.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

===Coaway===
USA based.
===Kilimanjaro Energy===
USA based.

== Financial costs ==
Due to high energy consumption, direct air capture is expected to cost around $600 a ton of captured [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/cost-plunges-capturing-carbon-dioxide-air|title=Cost plunges for capturing carbon dioxide from the air|date=2018-06-07|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en}}</ref> A plant designed to capture 1 megatonne of carbon dioxide a year is estimated to cost $2.2 billion.<ref name=":2"/>

===Cost estimates===

One of the largest hurdle to implementation of direct air carbon capture (DAC) are capital and energy costs required to separate {{CO2}} and air.<ref name=":2" /> Point source carbon dioxide levels ([[flue gas]] of a power plant) are 300 times more concentrated than air.<ref name=":2" /> From the Sherwood's Rule the separation costs varies linearly with dilution of the feed stream. {{CO2}} capture costs for hydroxide based solvents generally cost $150 USD/ tonne-CO2. Current liquid amine-based separation is $10-35 USD/ tonne {{CO2}}. Adsorption based {{CO2}} capture costs are between $30-200 USD/ tonne {{CO2}}. It is difficult to find a specific cost for DAC because each method has wide variation in sorbent regeneration and capital costs.<ref name=":2" /> These costs do not take into consideration future plans for the {{CO2}} stream generated. Enhanced oil recovery, urea yield boosting, beverage carbonation and food processing are all economically viable {{CO2}} demands.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Carbon sequestration]]

Ampleforth College

2019-01-27T20:43:50Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox UK school
| name = Ampleforth College
| image = Coat of Arms of Ampleforth College.svg
| image_size = 200px
| coordinates = {{coord|54.201770|-1.083910|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
| motto = {{lang|fr|Dieu le ward}} ([[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] for ''God the protector'')
| established = 1802
| type = [[Independent school (UK)|Independent]] day and boarding
| religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] ([[Benedictine]])
| head_label = Headmaster
| head = Diedre Rowe
| chair_label =
| chair = Cuthbert Madden
| city = [[Ampleforth]]
| county = [[North Yorkshire]]
| country = England
| postcode = YO62 4ER
| local_authority = North Yorkshire
| dfeno = 815/6006
| urn = 121735
| staff =
| enrolment = 609~
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Coeducational]]
| lower_age = 13
| upper_age = 18
| colours ={{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#800000}} Black and Red
| free_label_1 = Former pupils
| free_1 = Old Amplefordians
| free_label_2 = Affiliated school
| free_2 = [[St Martin's Ampleforth]]
| free_label_3 = Diocese
| free_3 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough|Middlesbrough]]
| website = https://www.ampleforth.org.uk/college/
}}

'''Ampleforth College''' is a coeducational [[Independent school (UK)|independent]] day and boarding school in the village of [[Ampleforth]], [[North Yorkshire]], England. It opened in 1802 as a boys' school, and is run by the [[Benedictine]] [[monk]]s and lay staff<ref name=inspect2013>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ampleforth.org.uk/college/sites/default/files/downloads/isi_integrated_report_2013.pdf|title=AMPLEFORTH COLLEGE = Integrated Inspection|publisher=INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS INSPECTORATE|date=2013}}</ref>{{rp|1}} of [[Ampleforth Abbey]].
The school is in a valley with sports pitches, wooded areas and lakes. Its affiliated [[Preparatory school (UK)|preparatory school]], [[St Martin's Ampleforth]], is across the valley at [[Gilling Castle]].

Pupils were abused sexually for 40 years by monks and others at institutions run by the English Benedictine Congregation, including Ampleforth College; and the school covered up allegations until they were investigated by outside agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/aug/09/report-damns-culture-of-acceptance-of-sexual-abuse-at-two-catholic-schools|title=Report damns culture of acceptance of sexual abuse at two Catholic schools|last=Sherwood|first=Harriet|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|date=9 August 2018|website=the Guardian|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/catholic-school-monks-did-not-hide-sexual-interest-from-young-boys-abuse-inquiry-finds-11466757|title=Catholic school monks 'did not hide sexual interest from young boys', abuse inquiry finds|work=Sky News|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-45127284|title=School status 'put before abuse victims'|date=9 August 2018|work=BBC News|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Catholic Public School- Everyday Life at Ampleforth College, York, England, UK, 1943 D17351.jpg|thumbnail|left|Pupils work in the library at Ampleforth in 1943]]

The college began as a small school for 70 boys founded by [[Benedictine]] monks, at [[Ampleforth Abbey]], in 1802.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abbey.ampleforth.org.uk/index.php?id=1184 |title=History of the Ampleforth Community| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811015655/http://abbey.ampleforth.org.uk/index.php?id=1184 |archivedate=11 August 2011|accessdate=13 May 2012 }}</ref> The school formally constituted as a Roman Catholic boarding school in 1900. Various buildings were slowly added, including the school theatre which was built in 1909. The first performances took place in 1910, and in 1922 a cinema projector was acquired, but could not be used until the following year when electric lighting and central heating were installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/activities/theatre/a-brief-history|title=Theatre – A brief history|accessdate=13 May 2012|publisher=Ampleforth College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419211521/http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/activities/theatre/a-brief-history|archivedate=19 April 2012|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

The first boarding houses were founded in 1926 to accommodate the growing pupil numbers. In 1929, the Abbey gained ownership of [[Gilling Castle]] and opened a preparatory school. Gilling Castle Prep merged with the college's junior school in 1992 before taking on its current name [[St Martin's Ampleforth]] after absorbing another nearby prep school.

In 2002, girls were admitted for the first time when the [[sixth form]] became coeducational. The first girls' boarding house, St Margaret's, was opened in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/pastoral/girls-houses/st-margarets|title=Girls' Houses – St Margaret's|publisher=Ampleforth College|accessdate=1 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114161255/http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/pastoral/girls-houses/st-margarets|archivedate=14 November 2012|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Coeducation was extended to the Year 9 intake for the 2010–11 academic year and the college is now fully coeducational.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ampleforth College to admit Year 10 girls |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/ryedale/4818554.Ampleforth_College_to_admit_Year_9_girls |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130806235521/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/ryedale/4818554.Ampleforth_College_to_admit_Year_9_girls |dead-url=yes |archivedate=6 August 2013 |work=[[York Press]] |date=23 December 2009 |accessdate=1 December 2012 }}</ref>

Since the [[Catholic emancipation]], Ampleforth gained a reputation as one of several schools, alongside [[The Oratory School]] and [[Stonyhurst College|Stonyhurst]], popular within the Catholic aristocracy and labelled the "Catholic [[Eton College|Eton]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this why Downton's creator is obsessed by class? Julian Fellowes' ancestors were not masters but SERVANTS on the estate that inspired the Abbey|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2066381/Downton-Abbey-Creator-Julian-Fellowes-ancestors-masters-SERVANTS.html|work=[[The Daily Mail]]|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Have posh Catholics had their day?|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/issues/july-3rd-2015/have-posh-catholics-had-their-day/|work=[[The Catholic Herald]]|date=2 July 2015|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref>

=== College tramway ===

In 1895, the [[North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)|North Eastern Railway]] built a {{convert|3|foot|metre}} gauge tramway from [[Gilling railway station|Gilling]] station on the [[Thirsk and Malton Line|Thirsk to Malton Line]]. The tram was horse-drawn, and provided coal for the college to produce gas. It also transported passengers in open wagons. The tramway closed in 1923 when the college changed to electric lighting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gilling Railway Station|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/g/gilling/index.shtml|website=Disused Stations|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Ampleforth from air.jpg|thumb|450px|Ampleforth and the Valley from the air]]
The school says that its primary concern is to provide pupils with not just academic, sporting and other achievements, but also "a spiritual compass for life": moral principles to give guidance in a secular world;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/an-introduction-from-the-headmaster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502225544/http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/an-introduction-from-the-headmaster/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2 May 2008|title=An Introduction from the Headmaster|publisher=Ampleforth College|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> within a context where the "Benedictine ethos permeates pupils’ experience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/school-development-plan/school-development-plan-explored-further|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614203658/http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/school-development-plan/school-development-plan-explored-further|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14 June 2009|title=School Development Plan Explored Further|publisher=Ampleforth College|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref>

The ''[[Good Schools Guide]]'' called the school an "Unfailingly civilised and understanding top co-educational boarding Catholic school that has suffered from time to time as a result of its long liberal tradition." The ''Guide'' adds also that there is "A refreshing openness and honesty about the place these days."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/ampleforth-college.html |title=Ampleforth College, York |publisher=The Good School Guide |accessdate=15 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218230513/http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/ampleforth-college.html |archivedate=18 February 2011 }}</ref>

Its academic admissions policy is not as exacting as that exercised by some other [[Public school (UK)|English public schools]]. The school is typically between 150 – 200 in the annual league tables of public examination results, although it was ranked 6th nationally in the 2004 "value added" table. It maintains a scholarship set, with about 5% of pupils gaining the offer of a place at Oxford or Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ampleforthcollege.york.sch.uk/general/development_plan_full.htm#3 |publisher=Ampleforth College |title= School Development Plan 2006–2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301230619/http://www.ampleforthcollege.york.sch.uk/general/development_plan_full.htm#3 |archivedate=1 March 2008 |accessdate=18 February 2008}}</ref> More than 90% go on to university.

In 2018 the school failed an inspection by the [[Independent Schools Inspectorate]] regarding boarding provision, and the school was issued with a formal notice requiring the school to produce an Action Plan to resolve the failings. The [[Charity Commission for England and Wales|Charity Commission]] had earlier removed pupil safeguarding responsibilities from the school’s trustees, and the headmaster had been suspended from the [[Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]] over safeguarding concerns.<ref name=thetablet-20180730>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9500/ampleforth-faces-possible-closure-if-it-fails-to-improve-standards |title=Ampleforth faces possible closure if it fails to improve standards |last=Gledhill |first=Ruth |website=The Tablet |date=30 July 2018 |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

==School life==
Though originally a boys' school the college is now fully co-educational. In 2009 an OFSTED Social Care report said that the overall quality of care was outstanding;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/1134333/urn/SC007916.pdf|title=Ampleforth College Inspection report for boarding school|work=Ofsted|date=23 January 2009|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> in 2013 it was deemed "excellent".<ref name=inspect2013/>{{rp|9}}

[[File:Ampleforth Abbey.jpg|left|thumb|280px|Ampleforth Abbey]]

==Houses==
[[File:Catholic Public School- Everyday Life at Ampleforth College, York, England, UK, 1943 D17367.jpg|thumbnail|right|Boys buy sweets from the tuck shop at Ampleforth in 1943]]
The school is arranged into ten [[boarding house|houses]], with pupils living in separate house buildings, eating together as a house for lunch 6 days a week, and playing sport in inter-house competitions. Each house is named after a British saint. Boys houses are [[St Cuthbert]]'s, [[St Dunstan]]'s, [[Edward the Confessor|St Edward]]-[[Wilfrid]]'s (as of September 2018 became Junior House) which were originally two separate houses, [[Hugh of Lincoln (saint)|St Hugh]]'s, [[Saint John Fisher|St John]]'s, [[Oswald of Worcester|St Oswald]]'s, and [[Thomas More|St Thomas]]'s, and girls, [[St Aidan]]'s, [[St Bede]]'s and [[Saint Margaret Clitherow|St Margaret]]'s.

Some houses are paired into buildings named after people who have been instrumental in the school's history. Hume House building, named after Cardinal [[Basil Hume]], combines St Cuthbert and St Edward-Wilfrid houses. Nevill House building combines St Dunstan and St Oswald houses. Bolton House building was formerly St Edward and St Wilfrid houses before their merger in 2001. Fairfax House building combines St Margaret and St Hugh houses.

==Controversy==
===Fee-fixing===
{{Main|Independent school fee fixing scandal}}
In September 2005, Ampleforth was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found by the [[Office of Fair Trading]] to be operating a fee-fixing cartel in breach of the Competition Act of 1998. All of the schools were ordered to abandon this practice, pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 (£30,000 for foreign students) and make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oft.gov.uk/news/press/2006/182-06 |publisher=The Office of Fair Trading |title=OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement |accessdate=23 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402142426/http://www.oft.gov.uk/news/press/2006/182-06 |archivedate=2 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/independent-schools-face-huge-fines-over-cartel-to-fix-fees-rcwcznjnvnt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912214704/http://www.pressmon.com/cgi-bin/press_view.cgi?id=991819|archivedate=12 September 2012|dead-url=no|location=London|work=The Times|first=Tony|last=Halpin|title=Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees|subscription=yes|date=10 November 2005|accessdate=23 May 2008}}</ref> Mrs Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that they were unaware that the law had changed, and that private schools had not known that they had become subject to competition law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html|title=Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=1 March 2004|accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>

===Sexual abuse===
{{main|Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation}}

Several monks and three members of the lay teaching staff molested children in their care over several decades. In 2005 Father Piers Grant-Ferris admitted 20 incidents of [[sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation|child abuse]]. This was not an isolated incident.<ref name="Sexual abuse"/> The ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' reported in 2005: "Pupils at a leading Roman Catholic school suffered decades of abuse from at least six paedophiles following a decision by former Abbot [[Basil Hume]] [later a cardinal, and Archbishop of Westminster] not to call in police at the beginning of the scandal."<ref name="Sexual abuse">{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Ampleforth-child-abuse-scandal-hushed.1258869.jp |title=Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume|work=The Yorkshire Post|date= 18 November 2005|accessdate=22 December 2007}}</ref> Following the case the Abbot, Cuthbert Madden, offered a "heartfelt apology" to the victims of one member of staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/nov/18/publicschools.topstories3|title=Silence and secrecy at school where child sex abuse went on for decades|first=Ian|last=Cobain|date=18 November 2005|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

The College thereafter put in place a safeguarding policy, subsequently judged inadequate (see below), but which was said to follow the local inter-agency procedures of the North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board and the guidance given in the Education (Independent School Standards) (England) Regulations 2010 and the National Minimum Standards for Boarding Schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ampleforth.org.uk/|title=Ampleforth Abbey & College|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref> In accordance with this policy, in 2016 Fr Madden temporarily stepped down from his role of Chairman of Governors during the investigation of indecent assault allegations made by four former pupils.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/ampleforth-college-abbot-steps-aside-as-police-probe-historical-abuse-claims-1-8100839|title=Ampleforth College abbot steps aside as police probe historical abuse claims|work=The Yorkshire Post|date=1 September 2016|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3768520/Abbot-Ampleforth-senior-figure-Britain-s-leading-Catholic-public-school-investigated-sex-offences-against-boys.html|title=Abbot of Ampleforth faces sex offences probe|website=The Daily Mail Online|author= Alex Matthews|date=1 September 2016|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref> Based on the evidence available no further action was taken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-37878580 |title=Ampleforth College: 'No action' over abuse allegation|website=BBC News|date=4 November 2016|author= |accessdate= 4 April 2018}}</ref>

In April 2018 the Charity Commission appointed a lawyer to take charge of safeguarding at Ampleforth College, as it was not satisfied that the trustees of the charities that run the college had made enough progress in improving pupil safeguarding. Harvey Grenville, leader of investigation and enforcement for the Charity Commission, said, “It is of paramount importance that beneficiaries, and others who come into contact with charities, are protected from harm. We are not satisfied that the trustees of these charities have made enough progress in improving the safeguarding environment for pupils in the schools connected to the charities. For this reason, we have appointed an interim manager to expedite changes in the safeguarding arrangements at the schools.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/apr/04/top-catholic-school-stripped-of-pupil-welfare-responsibilities |title=Top Catholic school stripped of pupil welfare responsibilities |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 April 2018 |author= Harriet Sherwood |accessdate= 4 April 2018}}</ref>

The [[Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse]] (IICSA) investigated the [[English Benedictine Congregation]], including Ampleforth College and [[Downside School]], amongst other institutions, and published a report in August 2018.<ref name=iicsa-20180809>{{cite report |url=https://www.iicsa.org.uk/key-documents/6583/download/Ampleforth%20and%20Downside%20Investigation%20Report%20August%202018.pdf |title=Ampleforth and Downside (English Benedictine Congregation case study) - Investigation Report |publisher=Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse |date=9 August 2018 |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> Ten individuals from the two schools, including monks, were convicted or accepted a [[Police caution|caution]] for abuse. The report said that appalling abuse was inflicted on pupils over 40 years, but the schools tried to [[cover up]] appalling allegations. The Chair of the Inquiry, Prof. [[Alexis Jay]], said that the schools for decades tried to avoid giving any information to police or authorities, with monks being "secretive, evasive and suspicious of anyone outside the English Benedictine Congregation", prioritising "the reputation of the Church and the wellbeing of the abusive monks" over safeguarding. After new procedures were introduced in 2001 following the [[Nolan Report (Catholic Church)|Nolan Report]], which recommended that abuse should be referred to the statutory authorities, monks gave the appearance of co-operation and trust, but in reality continued to cover up the abuse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-45127284 |title=Child abuse inquiry: School 'reputations put before abuse victims'|website=BBC News|date=9 August 2018 |author= |accessdate= 9 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=graun180909>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/aug/09/report-damns-culture-of-acceptance-of-sexual-abuse-at-two-catholic-schools |title=Report damns culture of acceptance of sexual abuse at two Catholic schools |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 August 2018 |author=Harriet Sherwood and Rob Evans|accessdate= 9 August 2018}}</ref>

==Notable Old Amplefordians==
{{main|List of people educated at Ampleforth College}}

The school has educated many notable figures including [[Rupert Everett]], [[David Stirling]], [[Lord Fellowes of West Stafford]], [[Lord Anthony Bamford]], [[Sir Antony Gormley]], [[James O'Brien (broadcaster)|James O'Brien]], actor [[James Norton (actor)|James Norton]], and historians [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] and [[John Keay]]. Also Charles Stafford-Northcote, Headmaster of St. Bede's Prepatory (closed 2018) of which Lord Bamford was a former pupil and after University at Grenople, he donated the school's swimming pool roof with the proceeds of his inheritance from his father; Joseph Cyril Bamford (founder of the machinery company JCB).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sweney|first1=Mark|title=James Norton: TV producers also typecast against posh actors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/feb/02/james-norton-tv-producers-also-typecast-against-posh-actors|accessdate=5 July 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatler.com/guides/schools-guide/2016/public/ampleforth|title=Ampleforth|publisher=|accessdate=24 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ampleforth College}}
* Ampleforth College official site [http://www.ampleforth.org.uk/college www.ampleforth.org.uk/college]
* [http://www.isc.co.uk/schools/england/yorkshire-area-north/york/ampleforth-college/ Profile] at the [[Independent Schools Council]] website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110218230513/http://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/ampleforth-college.html Profile] at ''[[The Good Schools Guide]]''
* [https://www.oasonline.org.uk OAs Online] — alumni website

{{English Benedictine Congregation}}
{{Schools in North Yorkshire}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ampleforth College}}
[[Category:Schools of the English Benedictine Congregation]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in England]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic independent schools in the Diocese of Middlesbrough]]
[[Category:Benedictine secondary schools]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Independent schools in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1802]]
[[Category:1802 establishments in England]]
[[Category:People educated at Ampleforth College| ]]
[[Category:Co-educational boarding schools]]

Frazelia Campbell

2019-01-27T20:39:27Z

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{{short description|American classical scholar, daughter of Frederick and Julia Swartz Campbell}}
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Frazelia Campbell''' (March 18, 1849 – November 5, 1930) was an American classicist and teacher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6786?menuId=242|title=Black Classicists|website=chs.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2016/black-classics-scholars-an-untold-story/|title=Black Classics Scholars, an Untold Story {{!}} BU Today {{!}} Boston University|work=BU Today|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.langlab.wayne.edu/mvr/black_classicists/campbell.html|title=12 Black Classicists: Campbell|website=www.langlab.wayne.edu|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/8590-campbell-frazelia|title=CAMPBELL, Frazelia|last=Gordon|first=Laura|website=Departmental Web Site Template {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> She featured in the "Black Classicists" travelling exhibition celebrating the achievements of African Americans working in Classical education.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/04/hidden-figures-the-importance-of-remembering-black-classicists|title=Hidden figures: the importance of remembering black classicists|last=Eisen|first=Erica|date=2018-06-04|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Frazelia Campbell was born in [[Charleston, South Carolina]] on March 18th, 1849 to Frederick and Julia Swartz Campbell.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Campbell studied at [[Philadelphia]]'s [[Institute for Colored Youth]], graduating in 1867.<ref name=":1" /> She was probably taught by [[Fanny Jackson Coppin]], a campaigner for women's education who taught Greek, Latin, and Mathematics at the Institute from 1865 and served as its Principal from 1869-1902.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> After graduation she worked at the Institute, teaching Latin, German, and Spanish, becoming the Principal of the Girls' High School at the Institute in 1876.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> When the Institute discontinued its academic work in 1902, Campbell moved to a teaching post at [[Allen University]] in [[Columbia, South Carolina]], a university founded to support the education of African American people.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jacksonc/jackson.html|title=Reminiscences of School Life; and Hints on Teaching|last=Jackson Coppin|first=Fanny|date=|website=docsouth.unc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> During her time at the Institute for Colored Youth and at Allen University, she published articles on a range of classical and educational topics in the [[A.M.E. Church Review|African Methodist Episcopal Church Review]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pOYoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT210&lpg=PT210&dq=Martha+Olivenbaum&source=bl&ots=SoymXimswz&sig=nAZHC9g6hDcOZJmIpjYEcOc2Stw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiln_ih8evYAhVMAcAKHcSJCQ0Q6AEIOTAH#v=onepage&q=Frazelia%20Campbell&f=false|title=Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to Jacqueline de Romilly|last=Wyles|first=Rosie|last2=Hall|first2=Edith|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198725206|language=en}}</ref> Campbell taught at Allen University until at least 1912; at some point after this she returned to live in Philadelphia, where she died on November 5, 1930.<ref name=":2" />

== Black Classicists exhibition ==
Campbell is one of only two women, along with [[Helen Maria Chesnutt]], to be featured in the 'Black Classicists' exhibition, which celebrates the contributions of African Americans to Classical education in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

== Select Publications ==
*"Die Beiden Piccolomini,” ''African Methodist Episcopal Church Review'' 1 (Jan., 1885), pp. 200-204
*“Tacitus’ German Women,” ''African Methodist Episcopal Church Review'' 2 (Oct., 1885), pp. 167-73
*“Milton’s Satan,” ''African Methodist Episcopal Church Review'' 7 (Oct., 1885), pp. 196-198
*“The Sixteenth Century in the Education of Modern Thought,” ''African Methodist Episcopal Church Review'' 19 (July, 1903), pp. 31-40.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Frazelia}}

[[Category:African-American people]]
[[Category:Classics educators]]
[[Category:American women educators]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Women classical scholars]]
[[Category:American classical scholars]]
[[Category:People from Charleston, South Carolina]]

Atiyyat al-Abnudi

2019-01-27T18:47:31Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{copy edit|for=style, tone|date=January 2019}}
'''Ateyyat El Abnoudy''' (born October 26, 1939 - October 5, 2018) also known as Ateyyat Awad Mahmoud Khal,<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|title=Other Filmmakers|date=2006-02-02|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774249433.003.0011|work=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmakers|pages=421–448|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774249433|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref> was an Egyptian journalist, lawyer, actress, producer, and movie director.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yv1BH5Wz-ekC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Ateyyat+El+Abnoudy+birth&source=bl&ots=o-rEGlh1LF&sig=39Z0Y-PZcVQ7d3WKUVne-_HUUD0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiW9d_An_3dAhXRtlkKHbSRCxUQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ateyyat%20El%20Abnoudy%20birth&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers|last=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|date=2005|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774249433|language=en}}</ref> She was born in a small village along the [[Nile Delta]] in [[Egypt]]. El-Abnoudy is considered to be one of the pioneer Arab female movie directors as her films have inspired the works of many Arab women in the industry. She has been nicknamed the "poor people's filmmaker" due to the subject matter that inspired her to make films: civil rights issues and the unfortunate living circumstances of impoverished Arabs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valassopoulos|first=Anastasia|date=2013-09-13|title=Arab Cultural Studies|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315873206|journal=Taylor & Francis|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315873206}}</ref>

Ateyyat El Abnoudy has been the recipient of many awards for her films. Her film, ''Horse of Mud (1971)'' won her three international prizes.<ref name=":1"/> In 1972, Abnoudy also won the French Critics Prize at Grenoble Film Festival.<ref name=":1" /> El-Abnoudy was one of the earliest Arab women filmmakers to have been working in Egypt, and led the way for many other film-making Arab women to pursue a career in the industry.

==Early Life and Education==
Ateyyat El Abnoudy began her early life being raised in a small village by her two parents in a working class family. El-Abnoudy attended the [[Cairo University|University of Cairo]] where she began working at a theatre and as an actress to put herself through school and to attain her law degree. This is where she met her first husband, a journalist and poet named [[Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi|Abdel-Rahman El Abnoudy]]. Because of Abdel's career, Atteyyat was in the arts circle which meant networking with many writers, poets, and the artistic types of Egypt. She gives thanks to one of the people who helped her in her journey Nasser, his coming into power allowed for the filmmaker to attend post-secondary and take further steps to beginning her career.

While deciding on where she fits in the film world, Ateyyat worked in many different roles in the theater, such as stage manager and assistant. When she found her passion in film-making she decided to continue her education. In 1972 she attended Cairo’s Higher Film Institute to finish her film studies. In the two years she spent there, she created her first two films called ''Horse of Mud'', which she received awards for. At the time that film was created to filmmaker was still new to the industry.<ref name=":2" />

While Abnoudy was nearing her graduation date she was also in the process of creating her first documentary ''Horse of Mud''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Van de Peer|first=Stefanie|date=January 2011|title=ThePhysicalities ofDocumentaries byAfricanWomen|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19301944.2011.10781405|journal=Critical Interventions|volume=5|issue=1|pages=135–153|doi=10.1080/19301944.2011.10781405|issn=1930-1944|via=}}</ref> Abnoudy stated that she wanted to have what she referred to as a style of poetic realism. The ways in which she captured the images of her actresses was a way she states would show that the best. According to Van de Peer, the ''Horse of Mud'' wasn’t only Abnoudy’s first documentary, but it was also Egypt’s first documentary by a woman.

Abnoudy worked on creating original work. Work that circulates are the lives that people in third world countries are living in as Van de peer states in his piece. She likes to focus on the things in our everyday lives that influence us. The impacts that society has on our lives. In terms of a poetic approach, a few of her movies are short films. Like the saying: a little says a lot, that is the way in which Abnoudy’s films speak to her viewers. She wants her audience to understand the message she is using her films to relay. Every time her films are watched she wants the viewer to learn her message and relate to the film in a new way each time<ref name=":3" />

At the time that Abnoudy was in the process of sculpting her craft, according to Van de Peer in his articles, Egypt was undermining the freedom of expression, especially of women.<ref name=":3" /> Van de Peer states that the feminist documentary writer expresses her poetic realism, along with that Abnoudy uses her films ''Permissible Dreams'' (1982) and ''Responsible Women'' (1994) to make her viewers feel empathy and appropriation.

<ref name=":2" /> The interest that she had in law, her work as an actress, and the circle of people she surrounded herself with inspired her to become a filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=notjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=Permissible+Dissidence&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtndWrtf3dAhVRjlkKHUgPADkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Ateyyat&f=false|title=Negotiating Dissidence: The Pioneering Women of Arab Documentary|last=Peer|first=Stefanie Van de|date=2017-03-08|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748696079|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ateyyat El Abnoudy started her acting career as a means to financially support herself in school while she studied journalism. When El-Abnoudy's career as a journalist began, she took a particular interest in the poor people of Egypt, specifically [[Cairo]]. This later inspired her to take up production and become a filmmaker who shined a light on some of the unfortunate life circumstances of those in Egypt. El-Abnoudy quickly became known by two titles: the "poor people's filmmaker" and the "mother of documentaries" as she inspired many Arab women filmmakers to follow in her footsteps.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peer|first=Stefanie Van de|date=2017-04-01|title=Ateyyat El Abnoudy: Poetic Realism in Egyptian Documentaries|url=http://edinburgh.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696062.001.0001/upso-9780748696062-chapter-002|language=en-US|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696062.001.0001/upso-9780748696062-chapter-002}}</ref>

El-Abnoudy started making films since 1971, most of which are known for dealing with political, social, and economic issues in Egypt. During the time she began making films Egypt had just overcome a long and complex colonial history with Britain. The film industry in Egypt was known for being very cultural and state endorsed, specifically to promote Arab filmmakers and censor what was being published in the country. Ateyyat El Abnoudy saw this as a challenge and, as one of the first female filmmakers, she directed her first documentary called ''Horse of Mud'' in ''1971.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19301944.2011.10781405|title=The Physicalities of Documentaries by African Women|last=|first=|date=|website=Taylor & Francis Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> El-Abnoudy further contested the censorship of Egypt filmmakers when she became the first female to establish her own production company, Abnoud Film, supporting small filmmakers similar to her.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yv1BH5Wz-ekC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Ateyyat+El+Abnoudy&source=bl&ots=o-swHoo0HB&sig=_mMiXrzGpKQW1ihoeanE0sApHNc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR9oH1t7veAhXzrIMKHZwyAWoQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ateyyat%20El%20Abnoudy&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers|last=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|date=2005|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774249433|language=en}}</ref>

Her first film, ''Horse of Mud (1971),'' is considered to capture the dignity of Cairo's poorest peoples. This film follows the process of brick-making, a repetitive, painful, yet necessary task. ''Horse of Mud,'' illuminates the struggles of surviving in Cairo as an impoverished person by intertwining brick-makers personal stories to the work they do to survive.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2wzBbTzfQC&pg=PA2&dq=Horse+of+Mud+El-Abnoudy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqtuiP5rveAhVMqlkKHVyqBCAQ6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&q=Horse%20of%20Mud%20El-Abnoudy&f=false|title=French-speaking Women Documentarians: A Guide|last=Pallister|first=Janis L.|last2=Hottell|first2=Ruth A.|date=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9780820476148|language=fr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |Credited As:
|-
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
|-
|1971
|Horse of Mud
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1972
|Sad Song of Touha
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1973
|Jumble Sale
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1974
|Two Festivals in Grenoble
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1975
|al-Sandawich
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1976
|London Views
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1979
|To Move into Depth
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1981
|Seas of Thirst
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1983
|Permissible Dreams
|No
|Yes
|-
|1985
|Rolla Tree
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1988
|Rhythm of Life
|No
|Yes
|-
|1989
|Year of Maya
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1990
|Interview in Room No. 8
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1992
|Sellers and Buyers
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1993
|Diary in Exile
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1994
|Responsible Women
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1995
|Rawya
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1995
|Girls Still Dream
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1996
|Days of Democracy
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|1996
|Egyptian Heroines
|No
|Yes
|-
|2000
|Cairo 1000, Cairo 2000
|No
|Yes
|-
|2002
|The Nubia Train
|Yes
|Yes
|-
|2004
|Ethiopia through Egyptian Eyes
|Yes
|Yes
|}

==Awards and Nominations==
Abnoudy was a female documentary writer who based her films on a connection, she wanted her audience to bond with the actors according to Van de Peer the Films ''Horse of Mud'' and ''Sad Song of Touha'' and ''The Sandwich'' were the winners of prizes from the foreign film festivals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van De Peer|first=Stefanie|date=2011-03-31|title=Permissible documentaries: Representation in Ateyyat El Abnoudy's documentaries|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jac.3.1.109_1|journal=Journal of African Cinemas|volume=3|issue=1|pages=109–124|doi=10.1386/jac.3.1.109_1|issn=1754-9221}}</ref>

*1971, won three international prizes at Grand Prix Film Festival, [[International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg|Manaheim Film Festiva]]<nowiki/>l and [[Damascus International Film Festival|Damascus Film Festival]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/makers/fm147.shtml|title=WOMEN MAKE MOVIES {{!}} Ateyyat El Abnoudy|website=www.wmm.com|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> <nowiki/>
* 1972, won the French Critics Prize at Grenoble Film Festival.<ref name=":1"/>
*1990, Best Co-Production Prize, Valencia Film Festival, Spain.<ref name="whoisshe.wmf.org.eg">{{Cite web|url=http://whoisshe.wmf.org.eg/expert-profile/ateyat-el-abnoudy|title=Ateyat El Abnoudy {{!}} The Women and Memory Forum|website=whoisshe.wmf.org.eg|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>
*1992, Egyptian Film Critics Prize, Ismailia International Documentary & Short Film Festival.<ref name="whoisshe.wmf.org.eg"/>
*1998, Honoured, National Film Festival, [[Ministry of Culture (Egypt)|Egyptian Ministry of Culture]].<ref name="whoisshe.wmf.org.eg"/>

==References==
<references />

== Additional Readings ==
[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19301944.2011.10781405 The Physicalities of Documentaries by African Women] written by Stefanie Van De Peer

[https://www.academia.edu/1306623/Permissible_documentaries_Representation_in_Ateyyat_El_Abnoudys_documentaries Permissible Documentaries: Representation in Ateyyat El Abnoudy's documentaries] written by Stefanie Van De Peer

[https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QusdDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Popular+Egyptian+Cinema:+Gender,+Class+and+Nation&ots=TxJQOjrhEZ&sig=hRQQ73BWmqA65qpa6xTeFjdAoP8#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Egyptian%20Cinema%3A%20Gender%2C%20Class%20and%20Nation&f=false Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation] written by Viola Shafik

== External links ==
[[imdbname:0252577|Attiyat El-Abnoudy]] on [[IMDb]]
* [http://articles.latimes.com/1993-08-21/entertainment/ca-26001_1_el-abnoudi 1993 Ateyyat El-Abnoudy interview] with Kevin Thomas
* [https://books.google.ca/books?id=yv1BH5Wz-ekC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Ateyyat+El+Abnoudy&source=bl&ots=o-swHoo0HB&sig=_mMiXrzGpKQW1ihoeanE0sApHNc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR9oH1t7veAhXzrIMKHZwyAWoQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ateyyat%20El%20Abnoudy&f=false Ateyyat El Abnoudy Interview] with Rebecca Hillauer

{{DEFAULTSORT:El Abnoudy, Ateyyat}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Egyptian women journalists]]
[[Category:Women lawyers]]
[[Category:Egyptian women film directors]]
[[Category:Egyptian film actresses]]
[[Category:Egyptian film directors]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Egyptian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Egyptian film producers]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2019-01-27T17:03:30Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{distinguish|Refeudalization}}
'''Neo-feudalism''' or '''new feudalism''' refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]], and public life reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.<ref name=Huggins />

The concept of "neofeudalism" may focus on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are [[class stratification]], [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open border]]s policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]".<ref>{{Citation |last=Hartmann |first=Thom |authorlink=Thom Hartmann |date=6 November 2002 |title=Time to Remove the Bananas... and Return Our Republic to Democracy |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/2002/11/06/time-remove-bananas-and-return-our-republic-democracy |work=CommonDreams.org }}.</ref>

==Use and etymology==
In early use, the term was deployed as both a criticism of the political Left and of the Right.

An early example critical of the Left the essay 'Neo-Feudalism' by [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] published in 1961.<ref>{{Citation |last=Reisman |first=George |authorlink=George Reisman |date=February 1961 |title=Galbraith's Neo-Feudalism |url=https://mises.org/library/galbraiths-neo-feudalism |journal=Human Events |accessdate=2018-12-04 }}.</ref>

The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic neo-feudalism euphemistically called "[[democratic socialism]]" or "[[social democracy]]."<ref>{{Citation |last=Ponte |first=Lowell |authorlink=Lowell Ponte |url=http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=15491 |title=George Soros: Billionaire for the Left |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130506125853/http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=15491 |archivedate=2013-05-06 |work=Front Page Magazine |date=November 13, 2003 }}.</ref></blockquote>

On the other hand, [[Jürgen Habermas]] used the term ''Refeudalisierung'' ('[[refeudalisation]]') in his 1962 ''[[The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere]]'' to criticise the privatisation of the forms of communication that he believed had produced an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]-era [[public sphere]]. While not talking about 'neo-feudalism' as such, later commentators have noted that these ideas are similar to the idea of neo-feudalism.<ref>Sighard Neckel, ‘[http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp10-6.pdf Refeudalisierung der Ökonomie: Zum Strukturwandel kapitalistischer Wirtschaft]’, MPIfG Working Paper 10/6 (Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, July 2010), pp. 11-12.</ref> Correspondingly, in 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] expressed views on global development, listing neo-feudalism among three other variants. By ''neo-feudalism'', Wallerstein referred to [[autarky]] regions with a localised hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5–30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal= Punishment & Society |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages= 203–220 |doi= 10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791 |doi=10.1525/sp.1983.30.5.03a00020}}</ref>

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements.<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317005318/http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |df= }}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref> Similarly, Sighard Neckel has argued that the rise of financial-market-based capitalism in the later twentieth century has represented a 'refeudalisation' of the economy.<ref>Sighard Neckel, ‘[http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp10-6.pdf Refeudalisierung der Ökonomie: Zum Strukturwandel kapitalistischer Wirtschaft]’, MPIfG Working Paper 10/6 (Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, July 2010).</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319221311/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-19 |df= }}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=Social Justice |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the wake of the [[2008 financial crisis]], Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] prominently stated that "our country [i.e. the USA] is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=July 2014}}</ref> His views were echoed by, amongst others, the Icelandic billionaire [[Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson]].<ref>Thor Bjorgolfsson and Andrew Cave. ''Billions to Bust—and Back: How I Made, Lost, and Rebuilt a Fortune, and What I Learned on the Way''. London: Profile, 2014. p. 194.</ref> The idea that the early twentieth-century [[Útrás|boom]] and [[2008 Icelandic financial crisis|bust]] in Iceland saw the country returning to feudal structures of power was also expressed by a range of Icelandic novellists, among them [[Sigrún Davíðsdóttir]] in ''[[Samhengi hlutanna]]'', [[Bjarni Bjarnason]] in ''[[Mannorð]]'', [[Bjarni Harðarson]] in ''Sigurðar saga fóts'', [[Böðvar Guðmundsson]] in ''[[Töfrahöllin]]'', and [[Steinar Bragi]] in ''[[Hálendið: Skáldsaga]]''.<ref>Alaric Hall, '[https://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6V97ZR22 ''Fornaldarsögur'' and Financial Crisis: Bjarni Bjarnason’s ''Mannorð'']', in ''The Legendary Legacy: Transmission and Reception of the 'Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda''', ed. by Matthew Driscoll, Silvia Hufnagel, Philip Lavender and Beeke Stegmann, The Viking Collection, 24 (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2018), pp. 351-75 (pp. 357-60, 374-75).</ref><ref>Cf. Boyes, Roger. ''Meltdown Iceland: Lessons on the World Financial Crisis from a Small Bankrupt Island''. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. p. 61.</ref> Similar ideas are found in some Anglophone fiction.<ref>Kaufman, Amy S., `Our Future is our Past: Corporate Medievalism in Dystopian Fiction', in Corporate Medievalism II, ed. by Karl Fugelso, Studies in Medievalism, 22 (Cambridge: Brewer, 2013), pp. 11--19.</ref> For example, [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| date = August 2013
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[New medievalism]]
* [[Neo-tribalism]]
* [[Refeudalization]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://bizshifts-trends.com/2014/08/13/mutation-medieval-feudalism-modern-business-capitalism-rise-neofeudalism-corporate-governance/ Mutation of Medieval Feudalism Into Modern Corporate Capitalism: The Rise of Neofeudalism in Corporate Governance]
{{wikiquote}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Reigns: Game of Thrones

2019-01-27T16:50:14Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Short description|2018 strategy video game}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Reigns: Game of Thrones
| image = Reigns Game of Thrones logo.svg
| developer = Nerial
| publisher = [[Devolver Digital]]
| engine = [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]
| platforms = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]], [[macOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]]
| released = 18 October 2018
| genre = [[Strategy game|Strategy]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
| designer = François Alliot
| programmer = François Alliot
| artist = {{Unbulleted list|Arnaud De Bock|Irene Navarro}}
| writer = {{Unbulleted list|François Alliot|Tamara Alliot|[[Leigh Alexander (journalist)|Leigh Alexander]]}}
| composer = Ryan Ike
}}

'''''Reigns: Game of Thrones''''' is a [[Strategy video game|strategy]] video game developed by Nerial in partnership with [[HBO]] and published by [[Devolver Digital]]. As the third entry in and a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] from the ''Reigns'' series, after ''[[Reigns (video game)|Reigns]]'' (2016) and ''[[Reigns: Her Majesty]]'' (2017), the game is based on characters from the ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' franchise. ''Reigns: Game of Thrones'' was released on 18 October 2018 for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]], [[macOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]].

== Gameplay ==
''Reigns: Game of Thrones'' plays similarly to its predecessors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/23/reigns-game-of-thrones-announced |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones Announced |author=Colin Stevens |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Described as a "swipe 'em up", the game allows the player to be one of the principals from the ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' universe, including [[Cersei Lannister]], [[Jon Snow (character)|Jon Snow]], [[Daenerys Targaryen]], [[Tyrion Lannister]], and [[Sansa Stark]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/new-game-of-thrones-mobile-title-lets-you-explore-/1100-6461346/ |title=New Game Of Thrones Mobile Title Lets You Explore Alternate Futures With The Series' Characters |author=Jordan Ramée |date=27 August 2018 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> In the game, the player is continually presented with questions regarding the ruling of their kingdom, where each has a binary choice: swipe left to accept or right to decline the proposal in question.<ref name="engadget">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/08/23/reigns-game-of-thrones-review/ |title=‘Reigns’ gets a ‘Game of Thrones’ spin-off |author=David Lumb |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref> Every choice can have an impact on four factors: military strength, religious favour, domestic popularity, and state wealth.<ref name="engadget" /> Each card indicates which factors would be affected by either decision, but not how strongly or whether the effect would be positive or negative.<ref name="engadget" /> If either factor rises to its maximum or falls to its minimum, the player dies and is succeeded.<ref name="engadget" /> The player begins the game as Daenerys Targaryen and progressively unlocks other characters throughout the gameplay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/story/replay-game-news-reigns/ |title='Reigns' Is Heading to Westeros, and the Rest of the Week in Games |author=Julie Muncy |date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref> With each character, the player encounters different challenges based on that character's story arc.<ref name="pcgamer">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/reigns-game-of-thrones-brings-swipe-to-rule-to-westeros/ |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones brings 'swipe-to-rule' to Westeros |author=Andy Chalk |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref> The game also includes [[minigame]]s, such as [[jousting]] and tavern brawling.<ref name="pcgamer"/>

== Development ==
Prior to creating ''Reigns: Game of Thrones'', François Alliot, the founder of [[London]]-based [[video game developer]] Nerial, had been a fan of ''Game of Thrones'' ever since he read the original books by [[George R. R. Martin]], and had also enjoyed the eponymous TV series.<ref name="alliot">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-08-23-nerial-founder-couldnt-be-happier-as-reigns-gets-game-of-thrones-spin-off |title=Nerial founder "couldn't be happier" as Reigns gets Game Of Thrones spin-off |author=James Batchelor |date=23 August 2018 |website=GamesIndustry.biz}}</ref> When he pitched the original ''[[Reigns (video game)|Reigns]]'' to publisher [[Devolver Digital]], Alliot described the game as "[[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] meets ''Game of Thrones''"; Devolver later passed this idea on to [[HBO]], the company behind the ''Game of Thrones'' TV series, to agree on a licensing deal.<ref name="alliot" />

The writing behind ''Reigns: Game of Thrones'' was primarily done by Alliot and his wife, Tamara.<ref name="alliot" /> [[Leigh Alexander (journalist)|Leigh Alexander]], previously the writer of predecessor ''[[Reigns: Her Majesty]]'', provided the writing for the character Cersei Lannister.<ref name="alliot" /> All writing was worked out in association with HBO to ensure that it stayed true to the original material.<ref name="alliot" /> Due to the element of choice, the player is able to alter the outcome of events that are [[Canon (basic principle)|canon]] in the ''Game of Thrones'' TV series.<ref name="rps">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/08/23/reigns-game-of-thrones-announced/ |title=Reigns really becomes Game Of Thrones in new official game |author=Alice O'Connor |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> To cope with the issue, the game's lore states that all events were visions of the character [[Melisandre]], through which the game creates a "what if?" scenario.<ref name="rps" />

=== Release ===
''Reigns: Game of Thrones'' was revealed by publisher Devolver Digital on 23 August 2018, through a [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] published on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/8/23/17772784/reigns-game-of-thrones-ios-android-release-date-trailer |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones lets you swipe right to sit on the Iron Throne |author=Ross Miller |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/5376414/reigns-game-of-thrones-video-game/ |title=Ascend the Iron Throne in New Game of Thrones Video Game |author= |date= |website=Time}}</ref> Coinciding with the reveal, Devolver announced that game would be released on 18 October that year, for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] via [[Google Play]], for [[iOS]] via the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], and for [[personal computer]]s ([[Linux]], [[macOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bluesnews.com/s/192928/reigns-game-of-thrones-announced |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones Announced - Blue's News Story |author= |date=23 August 2018 |website=Blue's News}}</ref> via [[Steam (software)|Steam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2018/08/24/reigns-game-of-thrones-is-coming-to-pc-mobile-this-year/310235/ |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones is Coming to PC, Mobile This Year |author=Adnan Riaz |date=24 August 2018 |website=[[Hardcore Gamer]]}}</ref> [[Pre-order]]s on all three distribution services were launched alongside the announcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/winter-is-coming-so-get-swiping-with-reigns-game-of-thrones-edition |title=Winter is coming, so get swiping with Reigns: Game of Thrones edition |author=Gerald Lynch |date=23 August 2018 |website=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref> The game was released across all targeted platforms on the intended date.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/oct/18/reigns-game-of-thrones-review-devolver-digital-nerial |title=Reigns: Game of Thrones review – death, disaster and dark magic on your phone |author=Keza MacDonald |date=18 October 2018 |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=18 October 2018}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Accolades ===
The game was nominated for "Best Mobile Game" at both [[The Game Awards 2018]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/11/13/18092186/game-awards-2018-nominees-show-date-start-time |title=The Game Awards 2018 nominees led by God of War, Red Dead Redemption 2 |author=Michael McWhertor |date=13 November 2018 |website=Polygon |accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/game-awards-tga/2018/12/6/18130000/the-game-awards-winners-2018 |title=The Game Awards 2018: Here are all the winners |author=Christopher Grant |date=6 December 2018 |website=Polygon |accessdate=8 December 2018}}</ref> and the [[Game Developers Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/platform/amp/2019/1/4/18168931/gdc-choice-awards-2019-nominees-red-dead-redemption-2-spider-man-god-of-war-celeste |title=Red Dead Redemption 2 tops list of Game Developers Choice nominees |author=Owen S. Good |date=4 January 2019 |website=Polygon |accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://nerial.fr/}}

{{ASOIAF}}

[[Category:2018 video games]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Devolver Digital games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
[[Category:Single-player video games]]
[[Category:Strategy video games]]
[[Category:Unity (game engine) games]]
[[Category:Video games based on A Song of Ice and Fire]]
[[Category:Video games based on television series]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Video game spin-offs]]
[[Category:Windows games]]

Violet Gordon-Woodhouse

2019-01-27T16:43:22Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
'''Violet Gordon-Woodhouse''' (23 April 1872{{spaced ndash}}9 January 1948) was a British [[Keyboardist|keyboard player]]. She specialised in the [[harpsichord]] and [[clavichord]], and was influential in bringing both instruments back into fashion. She was the first person to record the harpsichord, and the first to broadcast harpsichord music.<ref>''Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 5th ed., 1954, [[Eric Blom]] ed., Vol. IX. pp. 360-361, Woodhouse, Violet (Kate) Gordon</ref>

==Family==
Violet Kate Eglinton Gwynne was born at 97 [[Harley Street]], [[St Marylebone]], London, into a wealthy family with an estate in [[Sussex]], England. She was the second daughter and fourth of seven children of James Eglinton Anderson Gwynne (1832–1915), an engineer, inventor, and landowner, and Mary Earle Purvis (1841–1923). Her mother was a friend of soprano [[Adelina Patti]]. Violet became a pupil of the country's leading piano teacher, Oscar Beringer, a German émigré, and by the age of sixteen she was one of his most promising pupils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101067845|title=Violet Gordon Woodhouse|publisher=Oxforddnb.com|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref>

Violet's maternal grandfather, [[Royal Navy]] officer and merchant William Purvis (1796–1854) from [[Dalgety Bay|Dalgety Bay, Scotland]], married Cornelia Louisa Intveld (1808–1857) in 1822.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hedemann|first=Nancy Oakley|date=1994|title=A Scottish-Hawaiian story: the Purvis family in the Sandwich Islands|publisher=Book Crafters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpIAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> Intveld was a noted [[soprano]] and a great beauty of her era. Upon glimpsing her across the auditorium at the opera in [[London]], [[William IV of the United Kingdom|King William IV]] sent his equerry to invite her to his box. When she refused, the King sent the equerry back just to ask her name.<ref>{{cite book|last=Douglas-Home|first=Jessica|date=1996|title=Violet: The Life and Loves of Violet Gordon Woodhouse|publisher=Harvill Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LogHAQAAMAAJ|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> Cornelia Louisa Intveld was born in [[Padang]] where her father, who came from humble beginnings in [[Hellevoetsluis|Hellevoetsluis, South Holland]], rose up through the [[Dutch East India Company]] to become the Dutch Resident of Padang. Her maternal grandmother was an [[Nias people|Ono Niha]] ''[[Rani|ranee]]'' (a term that covered every rank from chieftain's daughter to princess) who married a prominent Dutch colonial official and merchant. This "foreign blood" caused opposition to Violet Gordon-Woodhouse's father's family to her parents' marriage and so they eloped.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Artemis|date=2011|title=Writing at the Kitchen Table: The Authorized Biography of Elizabeth David|publisher=Faber & Faber|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYAKPntbPi4C|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

Violet was the sister of [[Rupert Gwynne]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Eastbourne]] from 1910–24, and [[Roland Gwynne]], Mayor of Eastbourne from 1929–31.<ref>Cullen, Pamela V., ''A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams'', London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006; {{ISBN|1-904027-19-9}}</ref> She was the aunt of the cookery writer [[Elizabeth David]].

Violet broke off an engagement to a wealthy [[Sussex]] neighbour, [[Henry Gage, 5th Viscount Gage|Viscount Gage]], after [[human sexuality]] was explained to her.<ref name=violet>Douglas-Home, Jessica, ''Violet: The Life and Loves of Violet Gordon Woodhouse'' (1997)</ref> In 1895 she entered into a [[mariage blanc]] with Gordon Woodhouse. She persuaded her husband to adopt the hyphenated surname '''Gordon-Woodhouse'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-636659.html|title=A Baroque Menage|work=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. [[HighBeam Research]] (subscription access)|date=January 1998|accessdate=11 September 2012|author=Sklaroff, Sara}}</ref> His reasons for entering into the marriage are unclear. In 1899, [[William Barrington, 10th Viscount Barrington|William Barrington]] (heir to a viscountcy) moved into the marital house, joined later by Max Labouchere and Dennis Tollemache. This arrangement was referred to in society circles as the "Woodhouse circus".{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

==Career==
Originally, Violet played the piano, but she rose to fame playing the harpsichord and clavichord. An important influence on her was [[Arnold Dolmetsch]], a pioneer of the [[early music revival]], who began making copies of old keyboard instruments in the 1890s. Dolmetsch supplied Violet with instruments and gave her instruction on how to play them. In 1899 Violet performed Bach's [[Harpsichord concertos (J. S. Bach)#Concertos for three harpsichords|Concerto for Three Harpsichords in C]] at a public concert in London.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/arts-a-very-20thcentury-period-instrument-1132190.html|title=A very 20th century period instrument|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=12 September 2012|location=London, UK|first=Nick|last=Kimberley | date=13 December 1999}}</ref>
The other two harpsichordists in the Bach were Elodie Desirée (the second Mrs Dolmetsch) and Dolmetsch himself. Dolmetsch worked abroad in the early-20th century, but Violet resumed her collaboration with him in 1910.

As well as early music repertoire, Violet played music by nineteenth century composers and living composers such as [[Frederick Delius|Delius]], who dedicated a harpsichord piece to her.

==Later years==
After the First World War, Violet, who did not receive anything in her father´s will, found herself relatively short of money. This may have been a factor in her deciding to sign a recording contract.

By the 1920s, Violet and Gordon acquired [[Nether Lypiatt Manor]] in [[Gloucestershire]], where they lived with [[William Barrington, 10th Viscount Barrington|Barrington]] (known as "Bill"). Finances improved after Gordon received an inheritance in 1926. Violet reduced her public performances.

In the 1930s she taught the Australian keyboard player [[Valda Aveling]].<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/dec/18/1|title=Obituary|work=The Guardian|accessdate=14 September 2012|author=Nash, Pamela|location=London, UK|date=18 December 2007}}</ref>

After Violet's death in 1948, aged 75, the two men remained at Nether Lypiatt until 1951, when Gordon died.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/21/reviews/971221.21goreaut.html|title=Menage a Cinq : Violet Gordon Woodhouse lived an extraordinary life, with the help of four good friends|author=Angeline Goreau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=3 September 2017}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
She was close to many of the leading artists of her day, including Dame [[Ethel Smyth]], [[Siegfried Sassoon]], [[Sir Aubrey Dean Paul, 5th Baronet|Irene, Lady Dean Paul]] (also known as [[Poldowski]]), and [[George Bernard Shaw]]. Welsh tramp poet [[W. H. Davies]] often visited her harpsichord recitals and also dined, with the Sitwells, at Nether Lypiatt.<ref>''The Complete Poems of W. H. Davies'', (ed. Daniel George), London, Jonathan Cape, 1963: pp. xxvii–xxxiv, "Introduction" by [[Osbert Sitwell]]</ref>
* Sir [[Osbert Sitwell]] mentions her often in his autobiography.
* [[Radclyffe Hall]], the lesbian novelist, dedicated a book of erotic poems to her.<ref name=violet/>
* [[Roger Scruton]] wrote the libretto and music for an opera, ''[[Violet (opera)|Violet]]'', based on her life, which premiered in 2005 at the [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Discography==
===Harpsichord===
Gordon-Woodhouse is claimed to be the first person recorded playing the harpsichord in 1920. Some of her recordings have been released on CD. The composers featured include [[J.S. Bach]].<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="BachCantatas">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/NVP/Gordon-Woodhouse.htm |title=Violet Gordon Woodhouse |website=www.bach-cantatas.com}}</ref>

===Clavichord===
Violet also made clavichord recordings, but she was not the first person to record the instrument, an honour that appears to belong to Arnold Dolmetsch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schott |first=H |title=Thurston Dart Clavichord Recordings|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3128776 |journal=[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]] |volume=27 |pages=678–680}}</ref><ref name="BachCantatas" />

==See also==
* [[Contemporary harpsichord]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gordonwoodhouse, Violet}}
[[Category:Clavichordists]]
[[Category:British harpsichordists]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Bach musicians]]
[[Category:British performers of early music]]
[[Category:Women performers of early music]]
[[Category:19th-century classical musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century classical musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century British musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century conductors (music)]]

Armazi (Gott)

2019-01-27T13:19:14Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{other uses|Armazi (disambiguation)}}
According to the medieval ''[[Georgian Chronicles]]'', '''Armazi''' ({{lang-ka|არმაზი}}) was the supreme deity in the [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] of pre-Christian [[Caucasian Iberia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgo00jord|title=Encyclopedia of gods : over 2,500 deities of the world|last=Jordan|first=Michael|date=1993|publisher=New York : Facts on File|others=Internet Archive|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=25}}</ref>

Georgian literary tradition credits the first king of Kartli, [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia]] (assumed to have reigned c. 302-237 BC), with the raising of the idol Armazi – reputedly named after him – on a mountain at his capital, and the construction of a [[Armazi|Armazi fortress]].
The ''Life of Nino'' (9th or 10th century) describes the statue of Armazi as "a man of bronze standing; attached to his body was a golden suit of chain-armour, on his head a strong helmet; for eyes he had emeralds and beryls, in his hands he held a sabre glittering like lighting, and it turned in his hands."
The same account asserts that its subject, a 4th-century female baptizer of Georgians [[Saint Nino]], witnessed the celebration of a great feast of dedication for the idol, and as she began praying, the idol was burnt by lightning.<ref name="Rapp">Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), ''Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts'', pp. 277-278. Peeters Bvba, {{ISBN|90-429-1318-5}}.</ref>

Beyond the medieval Georgian annals, composed five or more centuries after Christianization, there are no records of the pre-Christian Georgian pantheon.
Modern scholars are divided as to the origin of the name ''Armazi''. It would appear to be connected to the [[Zoroastrian]] supreme god [[Ahura Mazda|Ahura Mazdā]] ([[Middle Persian]] ''Ohrmazd'', [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''[[Aramazd]]'') and contemporary archaeological evidence does suggest the penetration of Zoroastrianism in ancient Georgia.
On the other hand, [[Giorgi Melikishvili]]{{year needed|date=July 2018}} proposed the identification of Armazi as a local variant of [[Arma (god)|Arma]], the [[god of the moon]] in [[Hittite mythology]].
This is in keeping with [[Ivane Javakhishvili]]'s{{year needed|date=July 2018}} argument of a pre-Christian Georgian moon cult, which fused with the Christian [[St. George]] ([[Tetri Giorgi]]), Georgia’s [[patron saint]] since the Middle Ages.<ref name="Rapp"/>

==See also==
*[[Tetri Giorgi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*Gvelesiani, Mariam. [http://nwalliance.ru/PDF/Armazi.pdf ''To Interrelations of Georgian Armaz, Armenian Aramazd and Iranian Ahuramazda''.]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} New Alliance Foundation.

{{Georgian mythology}}
[[Category:Georgian mythology]]

O. T. Fagbenle

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KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = O-T Fagbenle
| image = MEN awards.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| birth_name = Olatunde Olateju Olaolorun
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|01|22}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| occupation = Actor, songwriter, director
| years_active = 2002–present
| alma mater = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
| relatives = [[Temi Fagbenle]] {{small|(sister)}} [[Luti Fagbenle]] {{small|(brother)}} [[Daps (director)]] {{small|(Brother)}}
| website =
}}
'''Olatunde Olateju Olaolorun "O. T." Fagbenle''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/looking-interview-o-t-fagbenle-on-playing-frank-and-his-cool-name/02/2014/|title="Looking" Interview: O-T Fagbenle On Playing Frank And His Cool Name|work=[[Logo TV|newnownext.com]]|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=O-T Fagbenle…One of Many|url=http://www.ivymunro.com/entertainment/interviews-a-news/269-o-t-fagbenleone-of-many|website=ivymunro.com|date=31 October 2010|accessdate=5 October 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083449/http://www.ivymunro.com/entertainment/interviews-a-news/269-o-t-fagbenleone-of-many|archivedate=6 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> also referred to as '''O-T''', is a British actor, writer and director. He has appeared in several films, stage and television productions.

==Early life==
Born in [[London]] to a [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] [[Nigerian people|Nigerian]] father, journalist<ref>https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/05/22/celebrated-columnist-tunde-fagbenle-loses-son</ref><ref>http://www.startribune.com/temi-fagbenle-has-many-ambitions-and-one-is-to-play-for-the-lynx/421238633/</ref> Tunde Fagbenle and a [[British people|British]] mother of Anglo-Irish descent, Ally Bedford. His uncle was the jurist [[GOK Ajayi]].<ref>https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/05/22/celebrated-columnist-tunde-fagbenle-loses-son/</ref> Fagbenle was raised by his mother and moved to [[Spain]] as a child and started learning the [[alto saxophone]]. Within a year he was playing for the South Coast Jazz Band and toured the [[Edinburgh Festival]].<ref name=ashbee>{{cite web|url=http://ashbee.net/rada/grad01/fag.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803002509/http://ashbee.net/rada/grad01/fag.html |archivedate=3 August 2010 |df= }} ashbee.net, 15 March 2001.</ref><ref name=imdbbio>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/bio] imdb.com, 11 November 2004.</ref> He moved back to England where he continued to perform as a musician in big bands at the [[Wembley Arena]] and the [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref name=ashbee/> His name "Olatunde" means "Wealth comes again" in [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4730|title=Olatunde|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and Meanings|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> His younger brothers include actor and film producer [[Luti Fagbenle]],<ref>{{cite web|title=O-T Fagbenle…One of Many|url=http://www.ivymunro.com/entertainment/interviews-a-news/269-o-t-fagbenleone-of-many|website=ivymunro.com|date=31 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083449/http://www.ivymunro.com/entertainment/interviews-a-news/269-o-t-fagbenleone-of-many|archivedate=6 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and video director and producer, [[Daps (director)|Daps]]. His sister is WNBA player and Olympian [[Temi Fagbenle]].<ref>http://www.wnba.com/player/temi-fagbenle/</ref><ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/passions-basketball-star-loves-to-tread-the-boards-rj6jcfhvccm</ref><ref>http://www.startribune.com/temi-fagbenle-has-many-ambitions-and-one-is-to-play-for-the-lynx/421238633/</ref>

==Acting career==

===Theatre===
He started acting at the age of 14 for the Ritual Theatre Arts and was given the lead role in an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Macbeth]]'', performing at international venues and at central London's [[The UCL Bloomsbury|Bloomsbury Theatre]]. He trained at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]]<ref name=ashbee/> and graduated early to make his graduate debut at the [[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester]] in ''Les Blancs'' in 2001.

Fagbenle continued his Shakespearean roles performing in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' as [[Mercutio]] in a national tour culminating at the [[Hong Kong Arts Festival]] in 2004. ''The Evening Telegraph'' said of his performance, "O-T Fagbenle achieves the impossible by almost overshadowing the young lovers with his inspired performance of Mercutio".<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/coventry-evening-telegraph-england/mi_7969/is_2003_Nov_13/juliet-woeful-art-thou-reviews/ai_n33589505/] findarticles.com, 13 November 2003.</ref>

Fagbenle was soon offered his first all out lead. Outstanding reviews<ref>[http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/2060] thestage.com, 10 May 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/six-degrees-of-separation-royal-exchange-theatre-manchester-561325.html|website=independent.com|first=Lynne|last=Walker|title=Six Degrees of Separation, Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester|date=27 April 2004|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/apr/24/theatre] guardian.co.uk, 27 April 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewsgate.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1715] reviewsgate.com, 26 April 2004.</ref> preceded a [[Manchester Evening News|M.E.N.]] Theatre award for best actor in a leading role<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/news/MENA2004-win.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609184141/http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/news/MENA2004-win.htm |archivedate=9 June 2011 |df= }} britishtheatreguide.com, 9 December 2004.</ref> for his portrayal of a man claiming to be [[Sidney Poitier]]'s son in [[John Guare]]'s award-winning play ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)|Six Degrees of Separation]]''.

In 2008, Fagbenle flew to [[Paris]] with world-renowned theatre director [[Peter Brook]] to help workshop and develop Brook's international production of ''Tierno Bokar''.

Fagbenle played the role of Sportin' Life in [[Trevor Nunn|Sir Trevor Nunn]]'s award-winning production of ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' at the [[Savoy Theatre]] in the [[West End of London]] (a part played by [[Cab Calloway]] in the opera and [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] in the feature film).<ref>[http://london.broadway.com/blog/id/3005838/O-TFagbenle O-T Fagbenle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107035655/http://london.broadway.com/blog/id/3005838/O-TFagbenle |date=7 January 2009 }} London.Broadway.com, 7 February 2007.</ref> Fagbenle received outstanding reviews across the board,<ref>[http://africanmoviestar.com/tag/awards/] africanmoviestar.com, 10 March 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewsgate.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3150] reviewsgate.com, 22 November 2006.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2006/nov/10/theatre] guardian.co.uk, 10 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Theatre-Review/porgy-and-bess-savoy-theatre-review] indielondon.com, 10 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/porgybessnunn-rev.htm] British theatre guide.com, 10 November 2006.</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine's review remarked 'There are moments everything take wing as a musical, mostly whenever Fagbenle's splendidly serpentine, easeful Sportin' Life is around. Light on his feet, his every moment is poised and polished.'<ref>[http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932102.html?categoryid=33&cs=1&query=porgy+and+bess+nunn] Variety.com, 12 November 2006.</ref>

In 2012 in London, England, Fagbenle took on the role of Slupianek, (originated by [[Alan Cumming]]) in ''The Conquest of the South Pole'', at the Arcola and Rose Theatres. Again Fagbenle won critical acclaim across the board for his performance, with TimeOut, The British Theatre Guide, Spoonfed, Whatsonstage.com and industry standard 'The Stage' all praising his performance.<ref name="onestoparts.com">{{cite web|url=http://onestoparts.com/review-conquest-of-the-south-pole-arcola-theatre|website=onestopparts.co.uk|title=The Conquest of the South Pole|date=1 May 2012|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="timeout.com">[http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/261305/the-conquest-of-the-south-pole] timeout.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref><ref name="britishtheatreguide.info">[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/the-conquest-of-arcola-theatre-7478] britishtheatreguidet.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/36022/the-conquest-of-the-south-pole] Thestage.com, 25 May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831335886157/The+Conquest+of+the+South+Pole.html] whatsonstage.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref> Fagbenle went on to be Panel nominated for 'Best Male Performance' at the prestigious Off West End Awards.<ref name="offwestend.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.offwestend.com/index.php/pages/the_offies |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715130741/http://www.offwestend.com/index.php/pages/the_offies |archivedate=15 July 2014 |df= }} offwestend.com, 25 May 2012.</ref>

It was announced by The Royal National Theatre, that Fagbenle would be cast as the lead in their 2016 production of the Award New York Drama Critic Circle Award-winning play, ''[[Ma Rainey's Black Bottom]]''.

Fagbenle led his cast to win the prestigious Olivier Award for best revival.<ref>[http://www.olivierawards.com/video/view/item358998/best-revival-ma-raineys-black-bottom/] olivierawards.com, 25 May 2016.</ref> BBC's Radio 4 said of his performance "Mesmeric - almost impossible to take your eyes off him." "I wanna see him again and again and again." "Rips your guts out."{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Film===
Fagbenle has also appeared in the movie ''[[Breaking and Entering (film)|Breaking and Entering]]''<ref name=imdbname>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/] imdb.com, 15 March 2001.</ref> with [[Jude Law]] and [[Juliette Binoche]].

Fagbenle portrayed Sean, an American television star opposite Oscar nominated [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], in [[Amy Heckerling]]'s ''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0466839/|title=I Could Never Be Your Woman (2007)|date=11 May 2007|work=IMDb}}</ref> Fagbenle had a lead role in both the highly successful Thorne movies ''[[Thorne (TV series)|Thorne]]'', which adapted the [[Mark Billingham]] novels ''Sleepyhead'' and ''Scaredy Cat''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1659253/|title=Thorne: Scaredycat (2010)|author=russellty300|date=25 August 2011|work=IMDb}}</ref> They were directed by ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' producer [[Stephen Hopkins (director)|Stephen Hopkins]] and the second starred [[Emmy]] award nominated actress [[Sandra Oh]].

===Television===
Fagbenle starred in a sitcom for the [[BBC]] called ''[[Grownups (2006 TV series)|Grownups]]'' and appeared in the British TV series ''[[Agatha Christie's Marple]]''. He also played 'Other Dave' in the two part [[Doctor Who]] story "[[Silence in the Library]]" and "[[Forest of the Dead]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2014/03/looking-doctor-russell-tovey-o-t-fagbenles-whovian-roots/|title=‘Looking’ for ‘Doctor Who': Russell Tovey, O.T. Fagbenle’s Whovian|first=Kevin|last=Wicks|date=March 3, 2014|publisher=BBC America|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> He starred in ''[[Little Miss Jocelyn]]'' as Mrs Omwokwopopo's dead husband (number 2) and the YouTube hit Postman Black (2004–06). Fagbenle starred in two dramas for the [[BBC]],<ref name=imdbname/> including the role of [[Walter Tull]] in ''Walter's War'', a biopic of the first mixed-heritage officer in the [[British Army]] in which he again garnered outstanding international reviews.<ref>[http://torontoist.com/2009/1/televisualist_the_best_comedy_show_on_tv_has_a_fart_machine.php]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} torontoist.com, 23 November 2009.</ref><ref>[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features?articleid=4674172] thescotsman.com, 8 November 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3562990/The-weekends-television-choices.html] telegraph.co.uk, 8 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://thecustardtv.blogspot.com/2008/11/walters-war-bbc4.html] thecustardtv.com, 11 November 2008.</ref>

In 2009 Fagbenle played the role of Topher Kiefer in the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] series ''[[FM (2009 TV series)|FM]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1385167/] imdb.com.</ref>

In January 2010 Fagbenle took a leading role as Chris in the [[BBC One]] flagship show ''[[Material Girl (TV Series)|Material Girl]]'',<ref name=imdbname/> starring [[Dervla Kirwan]] and [[Lenora Crichlow]]. Off the back of his performance he went on to be cast in the 2011 American romantic comedy ''Double Wedding''.

Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of ''[[Death in Paradise (TV series)|Death in Paradise]]'' in 2011.

In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy ''Quick Cuts'' alongside cult comedy actress and star of ''[[Smack the Pony]]'' [[Doon Mackichan]].

In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of [[HBO]]'s original drama ''[[Looking (TV series)|Looking]]''. He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season 2.

In 2014, BBC Drama cast Fagbenle in the lead role of their criminal drama ''[[The Interceptor]]''. Filming began in London in April 2014. In 2015 O-T was nominated and awarded by the MViSA awards for best male actor for his performance in ''The Interceptor''.<ref name="vtelevision.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.vtelevision.co.uk/biff/mvsa.html|title=Movie Video & Screen Awards|publisher=|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref>

After appearing in the second season of HBO's ''[[Looking (TV series)|Looking]]'', Fagbenle was cast as the lead in American crime writer [[Harlan Coben]]'s original drama series ''[[The Five (TV series)|The Five]]'' which first aired in April 2016 on [[Sky 1]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2016/04/15/harlan-cobens-the-five-is-like-a-blood-spattered-chitty-chitty-b/ |title=Harlan Coben's ''The Five'' is like a blood-spattered ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'' |author=Gerard O'Donovan |date=15 April 2016 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=9 May 2016 }}</ref>

On 14 November 2016 he appeared in a [[BBC2]] adaptation of [[Zadie Smith]]'s novel ''[[NW (novel)|NW]]''. In 2017 he began the role of Luke in [[Hulu]]'s screen adaption of dystopian novel, ''[[The Handmaid's Tale]]''.

==Radio==
For several months in 2004 he took the part of Kwame in the [[BBC World Service]] radio [[soap opera]] ''[[Westway (1997 radio series)|Westway]]''.

He has performed multiple times for the BBC including the lead role in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)|Six Degrees of Separation]]'', playing [[Marvin Gaye]] in a [[biopic]], and two roles in the [[BBC Radio]] adaptation of ''[[The Color Purple]]'', which went on to win the [[Sony Radio Academy Awards]] for Drama in 2009.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00k9hgg] bbc.co.uk, 24 October 2009.</ref>

==Writing and directing==
In 2008 he authored an article which appeared in a double page spread in the national Nigerian newspaper ''The Guardian'' about the life and times of Walter Tull.

In 2011 Fagbenle wrote and directed the cult black comedy ''Kandi and the Jinn''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/] imbd.com, 24 May 2012.</ref>

In 2012 Fagbenle was commissioned by the BBC to help develop the comedy ''Quick Cuts''. Later that same year Fagbenle was commissioned by the Theatre Royal Stratford East to develop and write his one-man play ''Synthesis''.

After a being awarded a fund by the Nigerian high commission/TRSE{{clarify|date=May 2016}} to write and direct a teaser for his movie idea, Fagbenle was commissioned by Bafta-nominated Lutimedia to develop ''Big Bad Blood'', a teen comedy television series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/59478697|title=BIG BAD BLOOD TRAILER|work=Vimeo}}</ref>

In 2014 Fagbenle wrote, directed and executive produced the short film ''Moth'' starring [[Tamzin Outhwaite]]. ''Moth'' was later made a part of the official selection at the [[Screamfest Horror Film Festival|Los Angeles Screamfest Film Festival]], [[New York City Horror Film Festival]], [[Austin Film Festival]], and in 2015 won Best Horror/Sci Fi at the London Short Film Festival.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Music==
Along with a starring actor credit, Fagbenle composed the music and penned the lyrics for several songs for the [[NBC]] drama ''Quarterlife'', created by [[Marshall Herskovitz]] and Oscar-winner [[Ed Zwick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seeika.ning.com/page/quarterlife-part-30 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327233935/http://seeika.ning.com/page/quarterlife-part-30 |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df= }} quarterlife.com, 18 September 2008.</ref>

In 2011 Fagbenle co-wrote the song "Storm" for Grammy nominated artist [[Tyga]] on his ''Black Thoughts Vol. 2'' mixtape and received over 8 million hits on worldstarhiphop.com.<ref>[http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshh36q6FyR5Qvx4eH42] worldstarhiphop.com, 25 May 2012.</ref> The song features vocalist Stefano Moses, a long-time musical collaborator with Fagbenle.

==Awards and history==
In 2018 Fagbenle was nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, for the Screen Actors Guild Awards, for playing the Major role of Luke Bankole in the Award winning production The Handmaid's Tale.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Handmaid's Tale|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5834204/awards|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref>

In 2018 Fagbenle collected The Handmaid's Tale award for international Bafta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/international-0|title=International - THE HANDMAID’S TALE|website=www.bafta.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-20}}</ref>

for his acceptance speech on behalf of the production team for The Handmaid's Tale in the International category O-T Fagbenle, said: "It's a female-led drama and we are really spearheaded by some extraordinary female talent, Of course, Elizabeth Moss, but also Anne Crabtree, who designed the costumes; Reed Morano, our director; and the incomparable Margaret Atwood. We owe everything to her."

In 2016 Fagbenle was nominated for BEST ACTOR, for the prestigious Evening Standard Awards, for playing the lead role of Levee in the Royal National Theatre's production of ''[[Ma Rainey's Black Bottom|Ma Rainey]]''. Other nominees that year were [[Ian McKellen|Sir Ian McKellen]], [[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Patrick Stewart]] and [[Kenneth Branagh]].

In 2016 Fagbenle won an MVSA award for Best Actor for his acting in the titular role of ''[[The Interceptor]]'' on the BBC, and in the same year he was also nominated by the Screen Nation Awards for Best Actor for the same role.

In 2016 O-T Fagbenle led his cast to an Olivier Award - the most prestigious honour in British Theatre - with his portrayal of Levee in ''Ma Rainey's Black Bottom'', at the Royal National Theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olivierawards.com/video/view/item358998/best-revival-ma-raineys-black-bottom/
}}</ref>

Fagbenle has been honoured by the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (of which [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] is patron) by being included in the ''100 faces of RADA'' along with [[Anthony Hopkins|Sir Anthony Hopkins]], [[Clive Owen]] and [[John Gielgud|Sir John Gielgud]].<ref name=imdbbio/>

Fagbenle is the first British actor of mixed race heritage to play a lead in a period drama in the history of UK television (''Walter's War''). He is also the first to play a leading role in an HBO series (''Looking'') and to win a best actor award at the M.E.N.

After John W Bubbles in the original opera and Sammy Davis Jr in the film Fagbenle originated the role of Sportin' Life in the world premiere of ''[[Porgy and Bess]] - The Musical'' at the Savoy theatre in London's West End.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatermania.com/west-end-theater/shows/the-gershwins-porgy-and-bess_122946/|title=The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess - West End - Tickets, Reviews, Info and More|work=theatermania}}</ref>

Fagbenle was awarded Best Actor in a Leading role at the M.E.N. awards for his performance in ''Six Degrees of Separation''.<ref>[http://www.citylife.co.uk/theatre_dance/news/9432_denise_and_o_t_reign_at_m_e_n__awards] citylife.co.uk, 16 March 2010.</ref>

He was the recipient of an Outstanding Achievement Award at the 13th African Film Awards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3414/3/night-of-glitz-as-african-movie-award-holds-in-lon.html | title=Night of glitz, as African Movie Award holds in London | author=Gbenga-Ogundare, Yejide | publisher=modernghana.com | date=27 November 2008 | accessdate=31 December 2010 }}</ref>

Fagbenle originated the role of "Perry" in the Royal Court's production of the award-winning production of ''Fallout''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/fallout|title=Fallout at The Royal Court Theatre|work=royalcourttheatre.com}}</ref>

In 2012 Fagbenle was nominated for Best Male Performance at the Off West End Awards for his 'charismatic'<ref name="onestoparts.com"/><ref name="timeout.com"/><ref name="britishtheatreguide.info"/> portrayal of Slupianek in ''The Conquest of the South Pole''.<ref name="offwestend.com"/>

In 2015 Fagbenle was honoured by being nominated for "Best Male Performance on TV" by the Screen Nation Awards for his performance as Frank on HBO's ''Looking''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doowebdev.com/_client_sites/screennation.com/|website=Doowebdev|title=Screen Nation Awards|accessdate=1 February 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120093743/http://doowebdev.com/_client_sites/screennation.com/|archivedate=20 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2015 Fagbenle was nominated and won the award for Best SciFi/Horror for the short film he wrote and directed, ''Moth'', at the London Short Film Festival.

In 2015 Fagbenle was nominated and awarded by the MViSA awards for BEST MALE ACTOR for his performance in ''The Interceptor''.<ref name="vtelevision.co.uk"/>

==Selected filmography==
*''[[EastEnders]]'' (2002), Angels
*''420 Seconds of Love'' (2002), Ben
*''[[As If (UK TV series)|As If]]'' (2004) TV drama, Tyler
*''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' (2004), Terry O'Brien
*''[[Hollyoaks]]'' (2004), James Walker
*''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]'' (2005), Todd Dexter
*''[[Breaking and Entering (film)|Breaking and Entering]]'' (2006), Joe
*''[[Grownups (2006 TV series)|Grownups]]'' (2006), Dean
*''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]'' (2006), Sean
*''[[Agatha Christie's Marple]]'': [[By the Pricking of My Thumbs]]'' (2006), Chris Murphy
*''Poppies (2006)'', Michael
*''[[Consuming Passion]]'' (2008), Jake
*''[[Doctor Who]]'' (2008), Other Dave - "[[Silence in the Library]]"/"[[Forest of the Dead]]"
*''[[Radio Cape Cod]]'' (2008), Sunday Umankwe
*''Walter's War'' (2008), Walter Tull - first black commissioned officer in the British Army
*''Double Wedding'' (2010), Tate
*''[[The Interceptor]]'' (2015) - Marcus "Ash" Ashton ([[BBC1]])
*''[[The Five (TV series)|The Five]]'' (2016) - D.S. Danny Kenwood ([[Sky1]])
*''[[The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)|The Handmaid's Tale]]'' (2017) - Luke Bankole

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

*{{IMDb name | id=1282966 }}

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Toby Walsh

2019-01-27T12:19:21Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Toby Walsh
|image = Toby_Walsh,_portrait.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = 1964
|birth_place = [[UK]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
|ethnicity =
|fields = [[Artificial Intelligence]], [[Automated reasoning]]
|workplaces = [[University of New South Wales]] and Data61, (formerly [[NICTA]])
|alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]], [[University of Cambridge]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Alan Bundy]]
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|religion =
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}

'''Toby Walsh''' FAA<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/academy-announces-2016-fellows|title=Australian Academy of Science announces 2016 Fellows}}</ref> is a [[professor]] of [[artificial intelligence]] at the [[University of New South Wales]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/db/staff/staff_details.php?ID=tw| title=UNSW webpage|publisher=[[University of New South Wales]]}}</ref> and [[Data61]] (formerly [[NICTA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nicta.com.au/people/walshtoby| title=NICTA personal webpage|publisher=[[NICTA]]}}</ref>). He has served as Scientific Director of [[NICTA]], Australia's centre of excellence for ICT research. He is noted for his work in artificial intelligence, especially in the areas of [[Social choice theory|social choice]], [[constraint programming]] and [[propositional satisfiability]]. He currently serves on the Executive Council on the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaai.org/Organization/officers.php| title=AAAI Officials|publisher=[[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]}}</ref>

He received an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in theoretical physics and mathematics from the [[University of Cambridge]] and a [[M.Sc.]] and [[Ph.D.]] degree in artificial intelligence from the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He has held research positions in Australia, England, Ireland, Italy France, Germany, Scotland, and Sweden. He has been Editor-in-Chief<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jair.org/vol/mast34.html|title=Masthead|publisher=[[Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research]]}}</ref>
of the [[Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research]], and of AI Communications. He was chaired several conferences in the area of [[artificial intelligence]]
including the [[International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://videolectures.net/ijcai2011_walsh_opening/| title=Opening Ceremony|publisher=[[VideoLectures.net]]}}</ref> He is Editor of the Handbook of Constraint Programming,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookbibliographicinfo.cws_home/708863/description| title=Handbook of Constraint Programming|publisher=[[Elsevier]]}}</ref> and of the Handbook of Satisfiability.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iospress.nl/book/handbook-of-satisfiability/| title=Handbook of Satisfiability|publisher=[[IOS Press]]}}</ref>

In 2015, he helped release an open letter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://futureoflife.org/AI/open_letter_autonomous_weapons| title=Open letter hosted by Future of Life Institute}}</ref> calling for a ban on offensive autonomous weapons that attracted over 20,000 signatures. He later gave a talk at TEDxBerlin on this topic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c277ynyRPgs| title=Video from TEDxBerlin}}</ref> In 2017, he organized an open letter calling for a ban signed by over 100 founders of AI and Robotics companies including Elon Musk, Mustafa Suleyman and Jüergen Schmidhuber. Also in 2017, he organized a letter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/06/ban-killer-robots-experts-urge-australian-and-canadian-leaders-malcolm-turnbull-justin-trudeau|title=Ban killer robots, experts urge Australian and Canadian leaders|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=2017-11-06|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> to the Prime Minister of Australia calling for Australia to negotiate towards a ban signed by over one hundred researchers from Australia working on artificial intelligence.

In 2018, he chaired the Expert Working Group of the [[National Academies Forum|Australian Council of Learned Academies]] (ACOLA) preparing a Horizon Scanning Report on the "''Deployment of Artificial Intelligence and what it presents for Australia"'' at the request of Australia’s Chief Scientist, [[Alan Finkel|Dr Alan Finkel]], and on behalf of the [[Office of the Chief Scientist (Australia)#Commonwealth Science Council|Commonwealth Science Council]].

He is the author of two books on artificial intelligence for a general audience: ''"It's Alive!: Artificial Intelligence from the Logic Piano to Killer Robots"''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/its-alive|title=It's Alive! by Toby Walsh|language=en}}</ref> which looks at the history and present of AI, and ''"2062: The World that AI Made"''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/2062|title=2062 by Toby Walsh|language=en}}</ref> which looks at the potential impact AI will have on our society. Both are published by Black Inc. The books have been translated into Chinese, German, Korean, Polish and Russian.

==Honors and award==

In 2018, he was runner up in the Arms Control Association's annual Person/s of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/unsws-toby-walsh-voted-runner-global-award|title=UNSW's Toby Walsh voted as runner-up for global award|last=|first=|date=2018-01-10|work=UNSW Newsroom|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref>

In 2016, he was elected a Fellow of the [[Australian Academy of Science]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org.au/news-and-events/news-and-media-releases/academy-announces-2016-fellows|title=Australian Academy of Science announces 2016 Fellows}}</ref>, won the NSW Premier's Prize for Excellence in Engineering and ICT<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chiefscientist.nsw.gov.au/premiersprizes/2016-Premiers-Prizes-Category-Prize-Winners|title=2016 Category Prize Winners - NSW Chief Scientist & Engineer|website=www.chiefscientist.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref>, and was made Scientia Professor at UNSW<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/general/unsw-appoints-16-new-scientia-professors|title=UNSW appoints 16 new Scientia Professors|last=|first=|date=2016-12-16|work=UNSW Newsroom|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref>.

In 2015, the Association for Constraint Programming presented him with their Research Excellence Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.a4cp.org/awards/research-excellence-award|title=Research Excellence Award {{!}} Association for Constraint Programming|website=www.a4cp.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> which identifies and honours the most influential people in the field.

In 2014, he won a [[Humboldt Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://org.nicta.com.au/2014/05/toby-walsh-humboldt-research-award/|title=Announcement at NICTA's Optimisation Research Group website}}</ref>

In 2008, he was elected a Fellow of the [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php |title=AAAI Fellow |publisher=[[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence|AAAI]]}}</ref>
for "significant and sustained contributions to automated deduction and constraint programming, and for extraordinary service to the AI community".

In 2003, he was elected a Fellow of the [[European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence|European Association for Artificial Intelligence]]
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eccai.org/fellow.php?sort=year |title=ECCAI Fellow |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123075833/http://www.eccai.org/fellow.php?sort=year |archivedate=23 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in recognition of "significant, sustained contributions to the field of artificial intelligence".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~tw/ Toby Walsh's homepage]



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walsh, Toby}}
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:British computer scientists]]
[[Category:Australian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Henri Copponex

2019-01-27T11:38:19Z

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{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name =Henri Copponex
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|09|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |1970|6|9|1907|09|25|df=y}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality = [[Switzerland|Swiss]]
| field = [[Naval architect]]

Regatta competitor, Olympic bronze medal winner in [[Rome]] in 1960
Honorary member of the [[Société Nautique de Genève]] (SNG)
}}
'''Henri Copponex''' (25 September 1907, in [[Geneva]] – 9 June 1970), was a [[naval architect]], a [[Swiss]] regatta competitor and an Olympic bronze medal winner for yacht racing in [[Rome]] in 1960.<ref name=sref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/henri-copponex-1.html |title=Henri Copponex |publisher=Sports-reference.com |accessdate=24 February 2011 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
As a teenager, he was already designing models and testing them on water. Having become a civil engineer (with a degree from the [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich]]), he was also to become an emeritus naval architect and helmsman.

At the request of the Geneva Society for the Promotion of Yachting, Copponex designed the ''Moucheron'' in 1934, then the ''Lacustre'' in 1938. He also produced plans for Swedish 30 m2, 15 m2 SNS (Swiss National Series), and about thirty 5.5 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]] ([[International Rule (sailing)|International Rule]]), including the famous ''Ylliam X'', ''Tam-Tam'' and ''Ballerina IV'' and ''V''.

Following the success of the ''Lacustre'', he designed the ''Espadon'', which was to be, in his view, a more successful version of the ''Lacustre''. In 1951, he again caused surprise by designing a [[catamaran]]. But Copponex was interested not only in racing boats. He also designed [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|dinghies]] for life-saving societies, including those of [[Nyon]], [[Saint-Prex]], [[Morges]] and [[Le Bouveret]]. In 1969 Copponex designed his last boat, the ''Paladin''.

During his sporting career he won about twelve national titles in 6 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]], in 15 m2 SNS and in ''Lacustre''. He took part in numerous international regattas: in 1928 at [[Cannes]] on a 6 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]]; at [[Genoa]], where he won victory after victory in the 5.5 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]] series in 1952, 1958 and 1960. He represented [[Switzerland]] at the [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Olympic Games]] in [[Torquay]] (7th place in 6 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]]); then in 1952 at the [[1952 Summer Olympics|Helsinki Olympic Games]] (10th place in 5.5 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]]). And it was at the [[1960 Summer Olympics|Rome Olympic Games]] ([[Naples]]) in 1960 with the 5.5 m [[International Rule (sailing)|IR]] ''Ballerina IV'' that Henri Copponex, Manfred Metzger, the yacht’s owner, and Pierre Girard won a bronze medal. It was exceptional that five of the sailing boats in the competition had been designed by Copponex.

With such a record, the “prince of the lake”, as one sport newspaper used to call him, became a legend in his lifetime. With his talent and strong personality, Copponex influenced Geneva yachting from the 1930s to 1970s. He was also liked for his human qualities, his simplicity and modesty.

His premature death in 1970 deprived sailing enthusiasts of a great sportsman and a talented [[naval architect]]. Every year the [[Société Nautique de Genève]] holds the Copponex Memorial, a regatta in tribute of the deceased great architect and sportsman.

==Association of Archives Henri Copponex==
The ''Association of Archives Henri Copponex'' was constituted in 2006. It is headed up by Françoise Copponex, the daughter of Henri Copponex, and it also includes among the members of its committee: Pierre Girard, team member and a friend of Henri Copponex, vice-president, and Carinne Bertola, the curator of [[Lake Geneva Museum|Lake Geneva museum]]. The association aims to support the conservation of Henri Copponex's work and organize various events to make it endure. In order to conserve the work of the [[naval architect]], the Association of AHC has for the first project to digitize all existing plans (about 700 pieces).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amn.ch/pdf/bulletin66.pdf Bulletin de l'association ''Amis des musées de Nyon'' parlant sur l'exposition ''Henri Copponex, Le Prince du Lac'' au Musée du Léman en septembre 2007 - février 2008]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/henri-copponex-1.html |title=Henri Copponex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131033324/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/henri-copponex-1.html |archive-date=2012-01-31 |dead-url=no}}

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[[Category:Swiss male sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1948 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1952 Summer Olympics – 5.5 Metre]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 1960 Summer Olympics – 5.5 Metre]]
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[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in sailing]]

Belagerung von Taganrog

2019-01-27T11:04:30Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Siege of Taganrog
|partof=the [[Crimean War]]
| image =
| image_size = 250px
|caption= The British raft ''Lady Nancy'' producing close fire support for the raiding part during the destruction of the [[Taganrog]] military depot on 3 June 1855.
|date=Main attack on 3 June 1855 (NS), constant attacks thereafter until allied forces withdrew for the winter on 24 November 1855 (NS).
|place=[[Taganrog]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], [[Russian empire]], on the [[Sea of Azov]]
|territory=
|result=See [[Siege of Taganrog#Conclusion|"Conclusion" section]]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Empire|Russia]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|France}} [[Second French Empire|France]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|commander1={{flagicon|Russia}} [[Yegor Tolstoy]] {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Ivan Krasnov]] {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Yevgeny Pfeilizer-Frank]]
|commander2={{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Edmund Moubray Lyons|Edmund Lyons]]<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Edinburgh Gazette'', 29 June 1855</ref> {{flagicon|France}} [[Armand Joseph Bruat]] {{flagicon|France}}[[Béral de Sedaiges]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>''Letters from headquarters or The realities of the war in the Crimea'', by [[Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, 7th Baron Calthorpe|Somerset John Gough-Calthorpe (7th baron.)]], London, 1856</ref>
|strength1=3,200 men 3 warships - ''Унылая'' (''Cheerless''), ''Секстант'' (''Sextant'') and ''Акерманъ'' (''Akkerman'') 2 barges used as floating batteries 3 armed customs launches<ref>P. Filevski, "Taganrog Encyclopedia", Moscow 1898</ref>
|strength2={{flagicon|United Kingdom}}2 paddle gunboats (''Recruit'' and ''Danube''), 12 armed ships launches, and 1 armed raft (Lady Nancy) {{flagicon|France}}1 paddle gunboat (''Mouette'') and 4 launches
|casualties1=470 killed and wounded, including civilians<ref name=":3"/> all three warships destroyed
|casualties2=1 wounded<ref name="thegazette.co.uk">https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21734/page/2453/data.pdf</ref> 3 prisoners 1 gunboat captured and destroyed
|casualties3=
|notes=
|casus=
}}
{{Campaignbox Crimean War}}
The '''Siege of Taganrog''' is a name given in some Russian histories to Anglo-French naval operations in the northeastern part of the Sea of Azov between June and October 1855 during the [[Crimean War]]. British and French forces were implementing a strategy of destroying the supply lines for the main Russian army which ran across the Sea of Azov. [[Taganrog]] was one of the major logistical hubs of the Russian army and was attacked and destroyed as a military depot on 3 June 1855 (NS) as part of a series of attacks on all major Russian supply bases in the area, except [[Rostov-on-Don]], which could not be reached due to the large shoals not admitting any available warship.<ref>D.K. Brown, "Before the Ironclad", section titled "Gun boat operations and the Black Sea 1855"</ref><ref>A. Lambert, "The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–56" pgs 247-250</ref>

==Prelude==

In the spring of 1855, as the Crimean War dragged on into its third year, the British and the French decided to begin [[Sea of Azov naval campaign (1855)|operations in the Sea of Azov]]. They reasoned that this would allow them to cut off the Crimea even further from Russia and prevent further supplies from reaching Russian forces there by sea via the seaports in the [[Taman Peninsula|Taman]]. This strategy required them to occupy the [[Strait of Kerch]], which was to be undertaken by a joint force of British and French soldiers and warships.

[[Taganrog]], at the far eastward end of the Sea of Azov, was selected as a potential target for attack. Taganrog is located on a strip of land jutting out slightly into the Sea of Azov and, to the British and the French, formed an excellent stepping stone to Rostov-on-Don. Taking Rostov-on-Don would allow the allies to threaten the rear of the Russian forces.

Plans were drawn up, and the British and French prepared 16,000 ground troops and about forty small warships for the "Azov Campaign". Meanwhile, Taganrog's governor-general, [[Nikolay Adlerberg]], had been replaced by [[Yegor Tolstoy]], an ageing but versatile general, who had served in the Russian Army in fighting against the Turks. In April 1854, Tolstoy assumed command at Taganrog, along with [[Ivan Krasnov]] (who commanded the [[Don Cossacks]] in the region) and prepared his forces. He had three [[sotnia]]s of Don Cossacks (No.s 180 Моршанская дружина, 184 Спасская and 188 Борисоглебская)<ref name=":3"/> and a local garrison of some 630 soldiers at his command at the time of the siege. A unit of "home guards", totalling 250 men, were recruited from the local population. Taganrog lacked any modern fortifications and Tolstoy had no artillery to speak of.

==Operations against Taganrog==

{{Empty section|date=August 2017}}

==Order of battle==

The allied force that attacked Taganrog on 3 June 1855 consisted of:

* HMS ''Recruit'' (Lt [[George Fiott Day]], with Capt E.M. Lyons and staff aboard) - paddle gunboat, 6 guns
* HMS ''Danube'' (Lt R.P. Cator) - nominally unarmed paddle tug but armed as per the launches, towed ''Lady Nancy'' into position
* ''Mouette'' (Captaine du Corvette Lallemand) - paddle ''aviso'', 2 guns
* 1st launch from HMS ''Royal Albert'' (Lt J.D. Curtis) - each launch carried a single boat howitzer (24 pdr) and a rocket launcher
* 2nd launch from HMS ''Royal Albert'' (Lt T.M.S. Pasley)
* 1st launch from HMS ''Hannibal'' (Mr. A.F. Hurt, acting mate)
* 2nd launch from HMS ''Hannibal'' (Lt J.H. Crang)
* 1st launch from HMS ''Algiers'' (Mr. J.C. Wilson, mate)
* 2nd launch from HMS ''Algiers'' (Lt F.G.C. Paget)
* 1st launch from HMS ''Agamemnon'' (Lt T.L. Gaussen)
* 2nd launch from HMS ''Agamemnon'' (Lt T.J. Young)
* 1st launch from HMS ''St. Jean d'Acre'' (Lt E.W. Turnour)
* 2nd launch from HMS ''St. Jean d'Acre'' (Lt T.J. Young)
* 1st launch from HMS ''Princess Royal'' (Lt John Murray)
* 2nd launch from HMS ''Princess Royal'' (Lt W.H.Jones)
* four similar French launches
* ''Lady Nancy'' - raft with a short 32 pounder on deck in the protected cupola.
* a four-oared gig that landed Lt Cecil Buckley and Boatswain Henry Cooper

HMS ''Sulina'' (unarmed paddle tug, Mr. C.H. Williams, acting mate) and HMS ''Medina'' (unarmed steam packet, Lt Comd H.B. Beresford) along with ''Danube'' towed the launches to outside Taganrog, but did not approach the city. Similarly the French paddle ''aviso'' ''Dauphin'',2 towed their launches, but did not approach the city. The light forces were split into two groups; one under Commander Coles was to bombard the store, and a second group under Lt J.F.C. Mackenzie, RMA landed and covered Buckley and Cooper.

===Destruction of the Military Depot===

Starting on 24 May (12 May O.S.), 1855, the British and the French began operations in the Sea of Azov. They landed troops on either side of the Kerch Strait, quickly capturing the cities of [[Kerch]] and [[Enikale]]. Following those actions, naval forces destroyed the Russian coastal battery at [[Kamishevaya Bay]] and entered the Sea of Azov.

On the evening of 1 June 1855 the Anglo-French squadron, which consisted of 5 paddle steamers and 16 armed launches (on loan from the main allied fleet at Sevastapol) commanded by Captain Edmund Lyons (son of Rear Admiral [[Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons|Edmund Lyons]]) and Captain [[Béral de Sedaiges]], anchored 8.5 miles of Taganrog in 18 feet of water. On the 2nd HMS ''Recruit'' was sent forward to reconnoiter Taganrog and sound the shoals off the town. On the 3rd the ''Recruit'' returned and under a flag of truce requested the surrender of the military depot for destruction, the withdrawal of military forces five miles away from the city and the evacuation of the civilian residents. Accompanying the ''Recruit'' were the British paddle steamer ''Danube'', the French paddle ''aviso'' ''Mouette'', and many small launches from larger ships operating elsewhere. These included 12 British armed steam launches (each with a [[24-pounder long gun|24 pounder]] boat howitzer and/or a rocket launcher), 4 similarly armed French launches, and the raft ''Lady Nancy''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=07-KHC8ulAUC&dq=Taganrog+siege+surrender+Recruit&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Illustrated History of the War Against Russia, Volume 2|last=|first=|publisher=J. S. Virtue|year=1857|isbn=|location=|pages=345|quote=|via=}}</ref> This latter raft occupies an interesting place in the history of naval architecture as Commander Cowper P. Coles of HMS ''Stromboli'' had erected an protected cupola on her, and placed a [[Demi-cannon|32 pounder]] within. From this sprang ultimately the modern turret used aboard warships.

The ultimatum was answered by Tolstoy's official for important missions, Baron [[Yevgeny Pfeilizer-Frank]] (nephew to former governor [[Otto Pfeilizer-Frank]]) and poet [[Nikolay Sherbina]], who later described the event in ''[[Moskovskiye Vedomosti]]'' on 21 June 1855. The allies demanded the surrender of all government property, the withdrawal of troops and the evacuation of civilians. After an hour of consideration Baron Pfeilizer-Frank returned to the envoys with Tolstoy's reply, rejecting the demands.<ref>"Destruction of Russian Stores at Taganrog" in ''The Illustrated London News'', 14 July 1855</ref> The ''Recruit'' then hauled down her flag of truce and opened fire on the town. The ''Danube'' and ''Mouette'', towing the ''Lady Nancy'' moved up in the company of the armed launches and joined in the bombardment. A four-oared gig then landed Lt [[Cecil Buckley]] and Boatswain [[Henry Cooper (VC)|Henry Cooper]], who proceeded to set fire to the military depots buildings before returning, in the same manner they had at Genitchi on 29 May. The raft ''Lady Nancy'' and some of the launches gave close support to the raiding party. Both earned the [[Victoria Cross]] for their actions and due to seniority and spelling Buckley was awarded the first VC ever gazetted. All the stores of grain, timber, tar, all the boats in the harbour (including the Russian gunboat ''Akkerman'' and various other warships under construction) and any boats under construction, together with the Customs House and the main government buildings were set ablaze.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coastguardsofyesteryear.org/articles.php?article_id=269|title=Coastguards of Yesteryear - Articles: The Attack on Taganrog June 1855|website=www.coastguardsofyesteryear.org}}</ref>

Tolstoy in his official report claimed the allies had landed a major force near the ''[[Old Stone Steps]]'' (Каменная лестница) and [[Greek Church and Greek School in Taganrog|Greek Church]] in downtown Taganrog followed the bombardment which was allegedly repulsed by the Cossacks and the volunteer corps.

The allies suffered a single casualty in the operation, Gunner C. Evans of the Royal Marine Artillery was struck in the face by a spent musket ball whilst manning the howitzer of the launch from HMS ''Princess Royal''. Russian losses were significant, including the gunboat ''Akkerman'' destroyed in the harbour, and four months food supply for the main Russian army at Sevastapol.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21734/page/2452/data.pdf This section is extracted largely from Captain Lyons' report on the action, available online at ''The Gazette'']</ref><ref name="thegazette.co.uk"/>

The allied squadron, having effected their objective, moved off and attacked [[Mariupol]] on 5 June and Gheisk on the 6th with similar destructive effects. By mid-June every single coastal town on the Sea of Azov had been attacked and their supplies destroyed to deny them to the main Russian army at Sevastapol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory06clow|title=The royal navy, a history from the earliest times to present|first1=W. Laird (William Laird)|last1=Clowes|first2=Clements R. (Clements Robert)|last2=Markham|first3=A. T. (Alfred Thayer)|last3=Mahan|first4=Herbert Wrigley|last4=Wilson|publisher=London : S. Low, Marston, Co.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

===Continuing Operations===
[[File:Bombardment-of-Taganrog.jpg|thumb|Bombardment of [[Taganrog]] on 3 June 1855]]

After the destruction of their supply bases on the Azov, the Russians deployed another fourteen sotnias (squadrons) of Don Cossacks to the region around the Sea of Azov to protect the various coastal cities. This brought the total number of Cossack sotnias in the area to 16. They attempted to fortify Taganrog and other points. At Taganrog this work consisted of building an earthwork artillery battery. On 19 July (NS), Commander [[Sherard Osborn#Crimean War|Sherard Osborn]] conducted a reconnoiter of Taganrog aboard HMS ''Jasper'' and observed the battery being built. The ''Jasper'' put two shells into the battery but did not receive a response, and so moved off.<ref>Report of Commander Sherard Osborn dated 21 June 1855, reproduced in "British Battles of the Crimean War 1854-6", Pen and Sword 2014</ref> The ''Jasper'' would shortly thereafter become the only allied warship lost in the Sea of Azov campaign when she grounded on [[Krivaya Spit]] or "Crooked Spit" near the present-day town of [[Sedovo|Sedjove]] in [[Ukraine]], 15 miles west of Taganrog on 23 July. She had just destroyed a Russian fortification and had taken the captured guns aboard as prizes. Hence she was running much deeper than normal and grounded.<ref name=":0" /> Other sources report that local fishermen moved various buoys that marked water depth, which forced the British ship ashore.<ref name=":1">''The New York Times'', 30 August 1855</ref><ref name=":2">''The Moreton Bay Courier'' (Brisbane, Qld. : 1846 - 1861), Saturday 15 December 1855, page 2</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Warfare on the Mediterranean in the Age of Sail: A History, 1571-1866|last=Blackmore|first=David T.|publisher=McFarland|year=2011|isbn=0786457848|location=|pages=324|quote=|via=}}</ref> After a day of being unable to free her, and under fire from a force of Cossacks,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KX4QAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jasper+Taganrog+cossacks&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The History of the British Navy: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Volume 3|last=Yonge|first=Charles Duke|publisher=R. Bentley|year=1866|isbn=|location=|pages=346–47|quote=|via=}}</ref> ''Jasper''<nowiki/>'s crew was taken off aboard HMS ''Swallow'' and the ship scuttled.<ref name=":0">B. Perrett "Gunboat!: Small Ships At War", Chapter 1</ref> Don Cossacks subsequently boarded the derelict and captured her two 24 pounder howitzers and 60 shells from her magazine, along with some trophies,<ref name=":3" /> like the ship's ensign.<ref>{{Cite book|title=My Naval Career and Travels|last=Seymour|first=Edward Howard|publisher=Smith, Elder & Company|year=1911|isbn=|location=|pages=267|quote="Herein the Cathedral we saw the ensign of H.M. Gunboat Jasper, lost near here in the war in 1855."|via=}}</ref> The guns were sent to the Cathedral in Taganrog (used as a military base by the Russian Army) and sent onwards to [[Starocherkasskaya|Cherkassk]] where they were mounted in the coastal defences.<ref name=":3">Filevski</ref> Some sources said the Cossacks blew up the stranded hull.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Five days later (29 July) Lieutenant George Lydiard Sulivan (CO of HMS ''Fancy'') dived the wrecked ''Jasper'', recovered her [[68-pounder gun|68 pounder]] and placed a demolition charge to complete her destruction, as it was found the destruction of her magazine and the shells of HMS ''Swallow'' had left her in a salvageable state.<ref>See Sulivan's entry in the "Royal Navy List" - no online source found at this time</ref>

On 5 August 1855 Osborn arrived off Taganrog to destroy the new battery with HMS ''Vesuvius'', HMS ''Grinder'' and HMS ''Wrangler''. Driving off the garrison with gunfire the squadron covered a landing party which took control of the battery, took some as prizes, spiked the remaining guns and threw them in the sea, and then blew up the battery before retiring.<ref>Identities of ships found in P. Dukkers, "The Crimean War at Sea", Pen and Sword 2011, specifically Chapter 8 "Scouring the Sea of Azoff, Summer 1855"</ref> A few days later the garrison of Taganrog was reinforced further with the Reserve Brigade of the 15th Infantry Division, some 4,000 infantrymen under Major-General Leyna (Лейна), in addition to the large number of Cossacks absorbed by the defence. Patrols continued in the area, and in early September Lt Day's group of HMS ''Recruit'', HMS ''Curlew'' and HMS ''Fancy'' rode out a storm in Taganrog Roads whilst preparing to strike the Russian force (2 gunboats and 16 barges used as floating batteries)<ref name=":3"/> at the mouth of the River Don, but when they approached the Don on 13 September they found the storm had driven off all the Russian defenders.<ref>Dukker, ibid</ref> A small raiding party of three from ''Wrangler'', trying to destroy a number of fishing boats at a small lake, was cut off and captured near Mariupol by a group of Cossacks who ambushed them.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/victoriacrossan00obygoog/victoriacrossan00obygoog_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "The Victoria cross, an official chronicle of the deeds of personal valour achieved during the ..."|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref> Patrols continued throughout October and the last patrol of the year reconnoitered Taganrog on 20 November, finding not a single vessel remaining in the harbour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=v98RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The United Service Magazine|first=Arthur William Alsager|last=Pollock|date=5 September 2018|publisher=H. Colburn|via=Google Books}}</ref> On 24 November Osborn took his remaining ships out of the Sea of Azov as the sea ice started to form, wintering in a warmer climate.

==Conclusion==
Russian forces at Taganrog stood down on 21 June 1856, and life in the city began to return to normal. The Crimean War cost the city of Taganrog more than one million [[Russian ruble|rubles]]. Considerable damage was done to local structures. Twenty mansions were completely destroyed, and 74 were damaged to some degree. One hundred and eighty-nine other buildings, primarily granaries and storehouses, were destroyed and 44 damaged. [[Alexander II of Russia|Tsar Alexander II]] exempted the citizens of Taganrog of having to pay taxes for the year of 1857. 163 Taganrog soldiers were awarded with medals and military orders because of their service during the siege.

The Allied aim was to keep "the coast in a constant state of alarm, and their [the Russian] troops constantly moving".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=sMc7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|title=British Battles of the Crimean Wars 1854-1856: Despatches from the Front|first1=John|last1=Grehan|first2=Martin|last2=Mace|date=22 January 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|via=Google Books}}</ref> This produced the desired effect, and the Russians in the area believed that an invasion was possible, when the allies had no such intention. However, this state of panic induced in the Russians has permeated their historiography (especially in the Soviet period), to the point where it is in many ways at odds with the western (i.e. British) historiography. Standard English language sources, such as Kinglake<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=5VpeVP78SjgC&pg=PA67|title=The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress Down to the Death of Lord Raglan|first=Alexander William|last=Kinglake|date=9 December 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> tell the above story.

Other Russian histories written by military professionals agree with the Allied versions of events, for example in Vol. 2 of Istoriya 3-go dragunskago Ingermanlandskago polka 1704-1904, Genishta and Borisevich state "For his part, the enemy did not undertake any real operations and fortified himself in Kerch, Yenikale, and other places. The allied squadron, however, entered the Sea of Azov and for a whole year carried out attacks on coastal towns: Berdyansk, Arabat, Genichesk, Taganrog, Mariupol, Anapa, and others. The destruction of stores, linked with looting and barbaric assaults on the unarmed inhabitants, was the main object of the enemy’s actions." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/Inger-html.htm|title=GET TITLE|website=www.marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mansion of varvakis.jpg|Mansion of [[Ioannis Varvakis]] that was known as the ''House with Bullets'' as the building was filled with bullets and cannonballs during the siege in 1855
File:Crimean Taganrog Monument.jpg|Monument to defenders of Taganrog in 1855.
File:Lady nancy taganrog.jpg|"LADY NANCY" raft covering the raiding party on 3 June 1855 (NS)
File:1stsiege taganrog.jpg|Russian engraving of the bombardment of 3 June
File:Taganrog Siege May22 1855.jpg|Another Russian engraving of the same incident
File:Cannonball wall St.Nicholas Church.jpg|Cannonball in the wall of [[St. Nicholas Church, Taganrog|Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker Church]], probably fired 5 August 1855 during the destruction of the battery in the grounds of the church.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[History of Taganrog]]
* [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854)]]

==External links and references==
{{Reflist}}

Additional References (to the popular Tsarist interpretation)
* "Оборона Таганрога и его окрестностей" (Defence of Taganrog and its surroundings) by [[Ivan Krasnov]], Saint Petersburg, 1862
* "История Таганрога" (Taganrog Encyclopedia) by П.Филевский (Pavel Filevski), Moscow, 1898
* Taganrog Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, Taganrog, 2003, [http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000096/st008.shtml Оборона Приазовья в Крымской войне 1853-1856 гг.]

{{coord|47|12|15|N|38|56|32|E|display=title}}
{{Taganrog}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of Taganrog}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1855]]
[[Category:Battles of the Crimean War|Taganrog 1855]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Russia|Taganrog 1855]]
[[Category:Sieges involving France|Taganrog 1855]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the United Kingdom|Taganrog 1855]]
[[Category:History of Taganrog]]
[[Category:Yekaterinoslav Governorate]]
[[Category:1855 in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations]]

Smarmore Castle

2019-01-27T10:35:44Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

'''Smarmore Castle''' is an Irish Medieval castle located in [[Ardee]], [[List of castles in Ireland#County Louth|county of Louth]].
==History==
[[File:Smarmore, Co. Louth, Ireland - panoramio (5).jpg|alt=A view of Smarmore Castle|thumb|Smarmore Castle, County of Louth, Ireland. First mention in 1320. Was the seat of the Taaffe family for centuries. Since 2016, the castle is an addiction treatment centre.]]

Smarmore Castle was first officially mentioned<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taaffe|first=Rudolph|date=1958|title=Taaffe of County Louth|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27728944|journal=Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society|volume=14|issue=2|pages=55–67|doi=10.2307/27728944}}</ref> in 1320 as the seat of the [[Taaffe|Taaffe family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisardee.ie/2015/10/16/taaffes-smarmore-items-up-for-auction/|title=Taaffe’s Smarmore items up for auction|author=Barry Landy|date=2015-10-16|website=thisisardee.ie|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>

The Taaffe family, originating from Britain, lived in Smarmore Castle up to the 1980s. While the tower house was built in around 1320, other buildings of the castles have been established in 1730 to 1750. After the Taaffe family sold the castle it was converted into a guest house. In 2015, [[Castle Craig Hospital|Castle Craig]], a British Addiction Treatment Center, acquired Smarmore Castle. The Smarmore Castle Private Clinic, a drug and alcohol treatment centre, opened in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisisardee.ie/2016/07/06/smarmore-castle-private-clinic-holds-official-opening/|title=Smarmore Castle Private Clinic holds official opening|author=Kelvin Farrell|date=2016-07-06|website=thisisardee.ie|access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>

== Origin of Name ==
The name Smarmore is seen to have its origin in an Irish language legend known as [[Táin Bó Cúailnge]] (The Cattle Raid of Cooley).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|County Louth}}

[[Category:Locations in Táin Bó Cúailnge]]
[[Category:Castles in County Louth]]

Thomas de Courtenay, 5. Earl of Devon

2019-01-27T08:27:09Z

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{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox peer
| name = Thomas de Courtenay
| image = Courtenay of Devon.svg
| image_size =
| caption = Arms of the Courtenay earls of Devon: ''Or, three [[roundel (heraldry)|torteaux]] a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] azure''
| birth_date = 3 May 1414
| birth_place = [[Devon]], [[England]]
| death_date = 3 February 1458 (aged 43)
| death_place = [[Abingdon Abbey]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| title = 5th or 13th [[Earl of Devon]]{{refn|The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay [[Earl of Devon|Earls of Devon]] depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted on 22 February 1335, or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family. Authorities differ in their opinions,<ref>Watson, {{harvnb|Cokayne|1916|p=[https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo04coka#page/324/ 324], footnote c}}: "This would appear more like a restitution of the old dignity than the creation of a new earldom"; Debrett's ''Peerage'' ({{harvnb|Debrett|1968|p=353}}) however gives the ordinal numbers as if a new earldom had been created.</ref> and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist and are given here.}}
| tenure = 16 June 1422 – 3 February 1458
| other_titles = 6th [[Baron Courtenay|Lord Courtenay]] [[Feudal barony of Okehampton|Baron of Okehampton]]
| residence = [[Okehampton Castle]] [[Tiverton Castle]] [[Colcombe Castle]]
| nationality = [[Kingdom of England]]
| locality = [[Devon]], [[Cornwall]]
| wars_and_battles = [[Hundred Years' War]] [[Bonville–Courtenay feud]] • [[Clyst Heath#Battle of Clyst Heath (1455)|Battle of Clyst Heath]] [[Wars of the Roses]] • [[First Battle of St Albans|1st Battle of St Albans]]{{WIA}}
| offices = Steward of the [[duchy of Cornwall|duchy of {{space|2}}Cornwall]]
| networth = £1,516 (1422){{sfn|Cherry|2016}}
| known_for =
| years_active =
| spouse = [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]]{{Infobox royalty| embed=yes
| issue = [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon|Thomas, 6/14th Earl of Devon]] [[John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon|John, 7/15th Earl of Devon]]
| issue-link = #Marriage and issue
| issue-pipe = more...
| house = [[House of Courtenay]]
| father = [[Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon]]
| mother = Anne Talbot}}
| signature =
}}
[[File:Tiverton , Tiverton Castle Ruins - geograph.org.uk - 1272097.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruins of Tiverton Castle, seat of the Earls of Devon]]
'''Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon''' (3 May 1414 – 3 February 1458) was a nobleman from [[South West England]]. His seat was at [[Colcombe Castle]] near [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], and later at the principal historic family seat of [[Tiverton Castle]], after his mother's death. The [[House of Courtenay|Courtenay family]] had historically been an important one in the region, and the dominant force in the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]]. However, the rise in power and influence of several [[gentry]] families and other political players, in the years leading up to Thomas' accession to the earldom, threatened the traditional dominance of the earls of Devon in the area. Much of his life was spent in armed territorial [[Bonville–Courtenay feud|struggle against his near-neighbour]], [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville|Sir William Bonville]] of [[Shute, Devon|Shute]], at a time when central control over the provinces was weak. This feud forms part of the breakdown in law and order in England that led to the [[Wars of the Roses]].

Courtenay was for a time engaged in overseas service during the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} Increasingly, however, his efforts became directed towards strengthening his position at home. He had been married off as an infant to [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]], placing Courtenay close to the English king's [[House of Beaufort|Beaufort]] kinsmen. Due to this connection, Courtenay started his career as an adherent to the English court's [[House of Beaufort|Beaufort]] party. Upon their demise in the late 1440s, he abandoned it in favour of [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]]. When York sought the support of Courtenay's arch-enemy Bonville, Courtenay fell out of favour with him. When the Wars of the Roses broke out, he was in the party of the queen, [[Margaret of Anjou]], and was one of the Lancastrian commanders at the [[First Battle of St Albans]], where he was wounded.

Courtenay was said to have promoted a reconciliation between the Lancastrian and Yorkist parties, but he died suddenly in 1458. The Wars of the Roses later led to the deaths and executions of all three of Courtenay's sons, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas]], Henry, and [[John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon|John]], and to the eventual [[attainder]] of his titles and forfeiture of his lands. The Earldom was however revived in 1485 for his distant cousin, [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1485 creation)|Sir Edward Courtenay]], third in descent from his great-uncle.

==Youth==
Courtenay was born on 3 May 1414,{{sfn|Nathan|1957|p=[{{google books|vno-vmV2F5sC|pg=152|plainurl=yes}} 152]}} the only surviving son of [[Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon|Hugh Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon]] (1389 – 16 June 1422) and Anne Talbot{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} (c.1393–1441), sister of the renowned warrior [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]]. He succeeded as '''Earl of Devon''' in 1422, at the age of eight. He may at some time before have become a [[wardship|ward]] of the all-powerful [[Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter]].{{sfn|Griffiths|1981|p=15}}

According to Cokayne, Courtenay was knighted on 19 May 1426 by King [[Henry VI of England]],{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}} and on 16 December 1431, Courtenay was among an entourage of 300 who attended King Henry VI's second coronation{{sfn|Griffiths|1981}} at [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] in Paris.{{sfn|Griffiths|1981|p=15}}

===Majority===
It appears that no inquisition of proof of age, customary for a [[tenant in chief]], was taken for his father. Based on his family's history and standing and on his own position as the leading landowner of the county, probably expected to take his place as the leader of Devon society. However, his mother's longevity meant that her dower portion, including Tiverton Castle, and the other Courtenay estates which had been alienated under his father's will were not in his hands and the young Courtenay was forced to live at Colcombe Castle, near [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], very close to his enemy [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville]], at Shute.{{sfn|Cherry|1981}} His income of £1500 p.a. was lower than that of most nobles of comparable rank.

==Career==
===Struggle with Bonville===
{{main|Bonville–Courtenay feud}}
[[File:BonvilleArms.png|thumb|200px|Arms of Bonville: ''Sable, six mullets argent pierced gules''{{sfn|Burke|1884|p=99}}]]
The new earl found the political situation in Devonshire increasingly stacked against his own interests as a coalition of the greater [[gentry]], led by [[William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville]], and the earl's cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of [[Powderham]], threatened the Courtenays’ traditional dominance of the county. The relationship was complicated by Bonville's second marriage in 1430 to Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 1471), Courtenay's aunt. Despite links via his wife, [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]], to the ascendant "court party" led by [[Henry Beaufort|Cardinal Beaufort]] and [[John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Dorset|John Beaufort, 1st earl of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset]], and by [[Margaret Holland]], daughter of the [[Earl of Kent]], Courtenay failed to rectify his situation and instead resorted to violence, beginning in 1439. With the decline of Beaufort power, Courtenay became increasingly associated with [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]]. Courtenay had been attacking Bonville's estates in the summer of 1439 and the king despatched a [[Privy Councillor]], Sir [[John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton]], to extract a promise of good behavior from Courtenay, who was thereafter reluctant to attend the court in [[London]].{{sfn|PRO|1907|pp=314, 448}}<ref>The pirate-soldier, Sir Hugh Courtenay, a cousin looted [[merchant vessel]]s along the coast, and led [[brigand]]s with Thomas Carminow, after a long dispute with the Earl.</ref> In 1441, Courtenay was appointed as Steward of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]], a nearly identical post to Royal Steward for Cornwall which had been granted to Sir William Bonville in 1437, for life.{{sfn|PRO|1907|pp=133, 532}} A week later in May 1441, the warrant was retracted. Disputes arose between the two which contemporary records portray as reaching the status of a [[private war]]. Two men wearing Courtenay livery attacked Sir Philip Chetwynd, a friend of Bonville, on the road to London, apparent evidence that the Council's arbitration of November 1440 had failed.<ref>The "Arbitration" was published on 1 April 1442.</ref> Courtenay and Bonville were summoned before the King in December 1441, and were publicly reconciled.{{sfn|Nicolas|1835|pp=165–66, 173–75}} Tensions remained however and this may have been a factor in the crown's requests to both Courtenay, who initially refused, and Bonville to serve in France, Bonville as [[seneschal]] of [[Gascony]] from 1442–46 and Courtenay at [[Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados|Pont-l'Évêque]] in Normandy in 1446.{{sfn|Nicolas|1835|p=[{{google books|1Pw9AAAAcAAJ|pg=240|plainurl=yes}} 240]}} This is one of the few times that Courtenay served abroad, for he had refused in March 1443, seemingly preferring to spend his time bolstering his position in Devon or at court. While Bonville was abroad, the King released Devon from his debts, including the [[recognisance]] for good behaviour, probably remitted by the influence of father-in-law, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset.{{sfnm|1a1=Nicolas|1y=1835|1p=408|2a1=Public Record Office|2y=1937|2p=396}}

==Royal appointments==
===Commissions===
His advantageous marriage to [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Margaret Beaufort]] brought him links to the "court party", and Courtenay began to be selected by the king to serve on Westcountry commissions and was granted an annuity of £100 for his services.{{sfn|Nicolas|1837|p=315}}

===Other===
1445 marked a fleeting high point in Courtenay's fortunes, with his appointment as High Steward of England at Queen Margaret's coronation on 25 May.{{sfn|PRO|1908|p=355}} Only the year before, March 1444, Bonville had identified himself with Suffolk, at Margaret's bethrothal in Rouen.

==Abandonment of Beauforts==
The deaths of his brother-in-law [[John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset]], in 1444, and of the leader of the party [[Henry Beaufort|Cardinal Beaufort]], 2nd son of [[John of Gaunt]], in 1447, removed Beaufort leadership of the 'court' party, leaving [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk]], as the most influential figure in national politics.<ref>{{harvnb|Watts|1996}} and {{harvnb|Griffiths|1981}} for differing views on the relationship between Suffolk and [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]].</ref> While there is no evidence of direct antagonism between Courtenay and the Duke of Suffolk, the latter appeared to favour the Bonvilles. Sir William Bonville enjoyed links with Suffolk and married his daughter to [[William Tailboys]], one of the Duke's closest associates. Perhaps the most dramatic illustration of this favour was Bonville's elevation to the peerage, presumably at the direction of Suffolk, as [[Baron Bonville]] of Chewton Mendip in 1449.{{sfn|PRO|1941|p=107}}

==Switch to Yorkist party==
This promotion of his enemy Bonville may have prompted Devon to oppose the 'Court party' and to serve with his friend [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]] during [[Jack Cade's Rebellion]]. Courtenay switched allegiance to York, who with the [[John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]] took control briefly of London. He remained loyal to York during the Parliament of November 1450, when they invoked the support of the [[Commons]] to raise taxation. Having rescued the [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] from an angry London mob, York himself had to flee, taking refuge on the Earl of Devon's [[barge]] rowing down the [[Thames]].
It is hardly surprising that Devon began to become associated with York, who had assumed the leadership of the "opposition" party. The parlous state of national politics (whether the king was a vindictive factionalist or an inane non-entity is largely irrelevant in this context) combined with what seems like a reckless and violent element in Courtenay's own character, led to a further campaign of violence against Bonville and the Suffolk-aligned [[James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond|James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond and Earl of Wiltshire]]. Courtenay and his troops attempted to capture Butler near [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in Wiltshire before returning to besiege Bonville in [[Taunton|Taunton Castle]]. The arrival of York (whether to suppress or aid the disturbances is uncertain) caused the two sides to make peace which, unsurprisingly, had no real meaning.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=281}} York then embarked on his abortive attempt to take control of royal government by force, his only allies being Courtenay and his sometime-associate, [[Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham]].

In the West Country Courtenay hounded Bonville without mercy, and pursued him to [[Taunton Castle]] and laid siege to it.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=84}} York arrived to lift the siege, and imprisoned Bonville, who was nevertheless quickly released. This exploit ended with the disgrace of all three 'Yorkists' and their submission to royal mercy in March. The King had issued an arrest warrant on 24 September 1451, drafted by Somerset, to be enforced by Butler and Bonville. The Yorkist rebellions prompted royal commissions for Buckingham and Bonville on 14 February 1452. A direct summons without delay was ordered by [[Royal Proclamation]] on 17 February to bring Courtenay and Lord Cobham to London.<ref>Lord Cobham had been dispossessed by the Earl of Wiltshire, a creation of Henry VI.ibid, 98</ref>

===Treason charge===
Courtenay was charged with [[treason]] and briefly imprisoned in [[Wallingford Castle]],{{sfn|Harriss|1965|p=216}} before appearing on trial before the [[House of Lords]]. His [[wikt:disgrace|disgrace]] and political isolation allowed his Devonshire rivals to consolidate their positions, further undermining his decreased standing in the county.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=285–86}} Bonville acquired all [[royal commission]]s in the south-west.

== Resurgence of York ==
King Henry VI's madness and York's appointment as Protector in 1453/4 resulted in a partial rally in Courtenay's fortunes, including his re-appointment to commissions of the peace in the south-western counties, the key barometer of the local balance of power.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=290}} He was a member of the Royal Council until April 1454.{{sfnm|1a1=Storey|1y=1999|1p=165|2a1=Nicolas|2y=1837|2pp=189–193}} Courtenay was bound over to keep the peace with a fine of 1000 marks, but ignored its restrictions. Threatened by the Council on 3 June, he was forced on 24 July to make a new bond.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=166}}

==Abandonment by York==
This was, however, the end of Courtenay's links with York, whose increasingly tight links with the Neville earls of [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Salisbury]] and [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick|Warwick]] led to an alignment with Bonville away from Courtenay. This culminated in the marriage of [[William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington]], Bonville's grandson, to Salisbury's daughter, Katherine. Courtenay did not endear himself to Somerset either, as he and his sons repeatedly disrupted the sessions of the commissioners of the peace in Exeter during 1454/5, which did not assist Protector Somerset in promoting his role as the guardian of law and order. Courtenay was present at the [[First Battle of St Albans]], and was wounded.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=166}} York however still considered him at least neutral as the Duke's letters addressed to the King on the eve of battle were delivered to the king via the apparently still trusted hands of Courtenay.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=297}}

==Final assault on Bonville==
Perhaps inspired by the way the Nevilles and York had forcefully ended their respective feuds with the [[Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland|Percies]] and the [[Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] in the battle, Courtenay returned to Devon and commenced a further campaign of violence against Bonville and his allies, who were now attached to Warwick's party. The violence began in October 1455 with the horrific murder by Courtenay allies of [[Nicholas Radford]], an eminent [[Westcountry]] lawyer,<ref>"apprentice of the law" Radford was a well-known local dignitary, an old man at the time; {{harvnb|PRO|1909|pp=269, 281}}</ref> Recorder of Exeter and one of Bonville's councilors. Several contemporary accounts, including the [[Paston Letters]], record this event with the ensuing mock-funeral and coronary inquest accompanied by the singing of highly inappropriate songs, in tones of shock and horror unusual during the blunted sensitivities of the fifteenth century.{{sfn|Gairdner|1897|p=351}} Among the murderers was [[Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay]], the earl's son and later successor.{{sfn|Storey|1999|pp=168–70}} Parliament, meeting in November 1455, reported 800 horsemen and 4,000 infantry running amok across Devon. On 3 November 1455 Courtenay with his sons, Thomas Carrew of Ashwater and a considerable force of 1,000 men occupied the city of Exeter, nominally controlled by Bonville as castellan of the royal castle of Exeter, which they continued to control until 23 December 1455.<ref>{{Harvnb|Storey|1999|p=167}}; Estates of the Percy family, 89–96</ref> Courtenay had before warned the populace that Bonville was approaching with a 'great multitude' to sack the city. On 3 November 1455 Bonville's men setting out from his seat at [[Old Shute House|Shute]] had looted the Earl's nearby house at [[Colcombe Castle]], [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], and Bonville promised his support to the Earl's distant cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of [[Powderham]]. Dozens of men violated consecrated ground and Radford's valuables were extracted from the cathedral and his house in Exeter was also robbed. Village-dwellers with Bonville connections were assaulted by Devon's men. [[Powderham Castle]], home to the earl's estranged cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay (d. 1463), an ally of Bonville, was besieged on 15 November 1455, the earl's weaponry now including a [[Cannon|serpentine]] cannon. Bonville attempted to relieve the castle but was repulsed as the Earl threatened to batter down its walls.{{sfn|Cherry|1981|p=311}} Finally battle was joined directly between Bonville and Courtenay at the [[Clyst Heath#Battle of Clyst Heath (1455)|Battle of Clyst Heath]], at Clyst Bridge, just south east of Exeter on 15 December 1455. While it seems that Bonville was put to flight, the number of dead or wounded is entirely unknown. Two days later Thomas Carrew with 500 of Courtenay's retainers pillaged Shute, seizing a bounty of looted goods. Courtenay and his men left Exeter on 21 December 1455 and shortly afterwards submitted to York at [[Shaftesbury]] in Dorset. Early in December 1455 the King had dismissed Devon from the Commission of Peace, and citizens of Exeter had been instructed not to help his army of "misrule" in any way.{{sfn|Storey|1999|p=173}}

== Aftermath of Clyst Heath ==
Devon was [[incarcerate]]d in the Tower. Originally, the government planned to bring him to trial for treason but this was abandoned once the King Henry VI returned to sanity in February 1456, and York was removed as Protector. Courtenay was also returned to the commission of the peace for Devonshire, seemingly the work of [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret of Anjou]] who had taken personal control of the court. Courtenay had cultivated links with Queen Margaret, and an alliance was sealed by the marriage of his son and heir, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Sir Thomas Courtenay]], to the Queen's kinswoman, Marie, the daughter of [[Charles, Count of Maine]]. Despite having been banned from entering and leading armed men into Exeter and holding assemblies, 500 men under John Courtenay entered the [[High Street]] on 8 April 1456. His rivals, Philip Courtenay and Lord Fitzwarin, were prevented from exercising commissions as [[Justice of the peace|Justices of the Peace]], and were forced to leave the city. Butler, Bonville's patron, and Sir [[John Fortescue (judge)|John Fortescue]], [[Chief Justice]], arrived with a large entourage to investigate under a commission of [[oyer et terminer]]. They rejected Courtenay's petition to have Bonville's [[sheriff|sheriffdom of Devon]] removed.<ref>Rotuli, op cit., 332</ref> Two years later his sons, Thomas and Henry Courtenay, were absolved of the murder of Nicholas Radford.{{sfn|PRO|1910|pp=308, 393, 398}}

Courtenay was restored to the bench of JPs and was made Keeper of the Park of Clarendon in February 1457,<ref>History of Commons, 1422–1508, vol. II</ref> and Keeper of Clarendon Forest in [[Wiltshire]] on 17 July 1457.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=326}}

==Marriage and issue==
[[File:Arms of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset.svg|thumb|200px|Arms of Beaufort family, Earls and Dukes of Somerset: ''The [[Royal Arms of England]] (Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Azure, three fleurs de lis or ([[Royal Arms of France|France]]); 2nd & 3rd: Gules, three [[Lions in heraldry|lions passant guardant]] in pale or ([[Royal arms of England|England]])) all within a bordure compony argent and azure{{sfn|Debrett|1968|p=125}} for [[Difference (heraldry)|difference]]'']]

At some time after 1421, Thomas de Courtenay married [[Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon|Lady Margaret Beaufort]], daughter of [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]] (the first of the four illegitimate children of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]] (son of King [[Edward III of England]]) by his mistress, [[Katherine Swynford]], later his wife) by his wife, [[Margaret Holland|Lady Margaret Holland]]. Margaret was thus sister of [[Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset]], of [[John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset]], of [[Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche]], of [[Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland]], and of [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]]. Thomas and Margaret had three sons and six daughters:{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|pp=38–43}}

*[[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon]] (1432 – 3 April 1461), was taken prisoner at the [[Battle of Towton]], and beheaded at [[York]] on 3 April 1461, when the earldom was forfeited.{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}}
*Sir Henry Courtenay (d. 1467/9{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=106}}), Esquire, of [[West Coker]], [[Somerset]], beheaded for treason in the market place at [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]] on 17 January 1469 (or 4 March 1467{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}}). As the earldom had been forfeited following the execution of his elder brother in 1461, he is not generally considered to have inherited from him the title "Earl of Devon", although for example [[Debrett's Peerage]], 1968, gives him as the 7th Earl and successor to his brother.<ref>{{harvnb|Debrett|1968|p=353}}, incorrectly named as "Hugh, attainted and beheaded 1466"</ref>
*[[John Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon|John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon]] (1435 – 3 May 1471), was restored to the earldom in 1470 by the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrians]] in exile, and later slain at the [[Battle of Tewkesbury]] on 4 May 1471.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Joan Courtenay (born c. 1441), who married firstly, Sir Roger Clifford, second son of [[Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford]], who was beheaded after the [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Battle of Bosworth]] in 1485. She married secondly, Sir William Knyvet of [[Buckenham]], [[Norfolk]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Elizabeth Courtenay (born c. 1449), who married, before March 1490, [[Sir Hugh Conway]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}
*Anne Courtenay.
*Eleanor Courtenay.
*Maud Courtenay.
*Agnes Courtenay (1452 – 7 January 1485), who married Richard Saunders (1452-1480) of [[Charlwood]], Surrey.{{sfn|Weir|1999|p=106}}

===Monument to Margaret Beaufort===
[[File:MargaretCourtenay ColytonChurch Devon.JPG|thumb|200px|Effigy of an unknown female, possibly Margaret Beaufort, Church of St Andrew, [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]], Devon]]
An effigy identified by tradition as "little choke-a-bone", Margaret Courtenay (d. 1512), an infant daughter of [[William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]] (1475–1511) by his wife Princess Catherine of York (d. 1527), the sixth daughter of King [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] (1461–1483){{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=245}} exists in [[Colyton, Devon|Colyton]] Church in Devon. The Courtenay residence of [[Colcombe Castle]] was in the parish of Colyton. However, modern authorities{{sfnm|1a1=Barron|1y=1911|1p=325|2a1=Pevsner|2a2=Cherry|2y=2004|2p=280|3a1=Hoskins|3y=1959|3p=373}} have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458).

The effigy is only about 3 ft in length, much smaller than usual for an adult. The face and head was renewed in 1907,{{sfn|Barron|1911|p=325}} and is said to have been based on the sculptor's own infant daughter. A 19th century brass tablet above is inscribed: ''"Margaret, daughter of William Courtenay Earl of Devon and the Princess Katharine youngest daughter of Edward IVth King of England, died at Colcombe choked by a fish-bone AD MDXII and was buried under the window in the north transept of this church"''.

====Heraldry====
{{triple image|right|CourtenayArms -ColytonChurch -Devon.JPG|130|CourtenayImpaling RoyalArms ColytonDevon.JPG|130|RoyalArms CourtenayMonument ColytonDevon.JPG|130|Arrangement of heraldic escutcheons above female effigy in Colyton Church. '''left''' arms of Courtenay (without border<ref>Raised horizontal line on top of shield is part of the label, a differencing charge shown in the Courtenay arms.</ref>); '''centre''': arms of Courtenay (without border) [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaling]] royal arms of England (with border); '''right''': royal arms of England (with border). The interpretation of the existence or otherwise of a heraldic [[bordure]] is significant to the correct identification of the effigy{{sfn|Barron|1911|}}}}
Three sculpted heraldic shields of arms exist above the effigy, showing the arms of Courtenay, Courtenay [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaling]] the [[royal arms of England]] and the royal arms of England. Later authorities{{sfnm|1a1=Barron|1y=1911|1p=325|2a1=Pevsner|2a2=Cherry|2y=2004|2p=280|3a1=Hoskins|3y=1959|3p=373}} have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), namely Lady Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), daughter of [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset]] (1373–1410), [[Order of the Garter|KG]], (later only 1st Earl of Somerset), (the first of the four [[illegitimate child]]ren of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] (4th son of King Edward III), and his mistress [[Katherine Swynford]], later his wife) by his wife [[Margaret Holland]]. The basis of this re-attribution is the supposed fact that the "royal arms" shown are not the arms of King Edward IV, but rather the arms of Beaufort. The arms of Beaufort are the royal arms of England [[Difference (heraldry)|differenced]] ''within a [[bordure]] compony argent and azure''.<ref>{{harvnb|Barron|1911|p=325}}: "The effigy of this grandaughter of John of Gaunt, with the shields of Courtenay and Beaufort" (...).</ref> The relief sculpture does indeed show a border, albeit a thin one and not compony, around the royal arms, with such border omitted from the Courtenay arms.

==Death==
Courtenay received a summons to appear with [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|York]] before the King in London at the [[Loveday Award]]. He broke his journey at [[Abingdon Abbey]], and died there on 3 February 1458.{{sfnm|1a1=Cokayne|1y=1916|1p=327|2a1=Richardson IV|2y=2011|2p=40}} A contemporary [[chronicle]]r asserted that he had been poisoned by the [[Prior]] on the Queen's orders, which is perhaps unlikely considering the Earl's alliance with the Queen. In his will the Earl requested burial in the Courtenay [[Chantry|Chantry Chapel]] of [[Exeter Cathedral]]. The will was proved at [[Lambeth Palace|Lambeth]] on 21 February 1458, and an [[inquisition post mortem]] was taken in 1467.{{sfn|Cokayne|1916|p=327}}

The Earl was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Thomas Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon]],{{sfn|Richardson I|2011|p=547}} who was beheaded at [[York]] on 3 April 1461 after the [[Battle of Towton]], and attainted by Parliament in November 1461, whereby the earldom was forfeited.{{sfnm|1a1=Cokayne|1y=1916|1p=327|2a1=Richardson IV|2y=2011|2p=40}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{resize|108%|{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{ws|{{cite |last=Barron |date=1911 |first=O. |title=Courtenay |editor=H. Chisholm |encyclopedia=''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th ed.]] |volume=''7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |authorlink=Oswald Barron |titlelink=s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Courtenay |editorlink=Hugh Chisholm |mode=cs1 |ref=harv }}|ps=no}}
* {{cite book | last=Burke |date=1884 |first=B. |title=The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales |publisher=[[Harrison and Sons]] |place=London |authorlink=Bernard Burke |url={{google books|WmpmAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |oclc=535476828 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite thesis | last=Cherry |date=1981 |first=M. |title=The Crown and the Political Community in Devonshire, 1377–1461 |type=unpublished PhD, [[University College of Swansea]] |oclc=556420956 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web | last=Cherry |date=2016-05-26 |first=M. |title=Courtenay, Thomas, thirteenth earl of Devon (1414–1458) |url=https://archive.is/xs21u |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |type=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50218 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cokayne |date=1916 |first=G. |title=[[The Complete Peerage]] |volume=[https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo04coka#page/326/mode/2up 4] |edition=2nd |editor=Vicary Gibbs |publisher=St. Catherine Press |place=London |authorlink=George Edward Cokayne |editorlink=Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP) |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Debrett |date=1968 |first=J. |editor=P.W. Montague-Smith |title=Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage |publisher=Kelly's Directory |place=[[Kingston-upon-Thames]] |authorlink=John Debrett |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Gairdner |date=1897 |editor-first=J.D. |title=The Paston Letters |volume=1 |authorlink=James Gairdner |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Griffiths |date=1981 |first=R.A. |title=The Reign of Henry VI |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04372-5 |authorlink=Ralph A. Griffiths |url={{google books|frWDmbf_mXEC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Harriss |date=1965 |first=G.L |title=A Fifteenth-Century Chronicle at Trinity College, Dublin |journal=[[Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research]] |volume=38 |issue=98 |pages=212–18 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1965.tb02210.x |authorlink=G. L. Harriss |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Hoskins |date=1959 |first=W. |title=A New Survey of England: Devon |origyear=1954 |place=London |authorlink=William George Hoskins |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Nathan |date=1957 |first=M. |title=The Annals of West Coker |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05792-9 |authorlink=Matthew Nathan |url={{google books|vno-vmV2F5sC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nicolas |date=1835 |editor-first=H. |title=Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, volume 5: 1436 to 1443 |editorlink=Nicholas Harris Nicolas |url={{google books|1Pw9AAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nicolas |date=1837 |editor-first=H. |title=Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, volume 6: 1443 to 1461 |url={{google books|9vw9AAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Pevsner |date=2004 |first=Nikolaus |last2=Cherry |first2=Bridget |title=The Buildings of England: Devon |place=London |authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1907 |editor=A. Hughes |editor2=A.E. Bland |editor3=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1436–1441 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=3 |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|H.M. Stationery Office]] |place=London |oclc=11138484 |authorlink=Public Record Office |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158013013296 |postscript=. [https://archive.org/details/calendarpatentr15offigoog Archived]. |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1908 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1441–1446 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=4 | publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.l0054908983 |postscript=. [https://archive.org/details/calendarpatentr00blacgoog Archived]. |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1909 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1446–1452 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=5 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158009711549 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1910 |editor=A.E. Bland |editor2=R.F. Isaacson |title=Calendar of the Patent Rolls 1452–1461 |series=CPR Henry VI |volume=6 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31158013042337 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1937 |editor=A.E. Stamp |title=Calendar of the Close Rolls 1435–1441 |series=CCR Henry VI |volume=3 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005383255 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | author=PRO |date=1941 |editor=C.T. Flower |title=Calendar of the Close Rolls 1447–1454 |series=CCR Henry VI |volume=5 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |publicationdate=1947 |place=London |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924111042143 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Richardson |date=2011 |first=D. |title=Magna Carta Ancestry |edition=2nd |volume=1 |editor=Kimball G. Everingham |place=[[Salt Lake City]] |isbn=978-1-4499-6637-9 |authorlink=Douglas Richardson |url={{google books|8JcbV309c5UC|pg=PR3|plainurl=yes}} |ref={{sfnref|Richardson I|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last=Richardson |date=2011 |first=D. |title=Magna Carta Ancestry |edition=2nd |volume=4 |editor=Kimball G. Everingham |place=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-4609-9270-8 |url={{google books|8JcbV309c5UC|pg=RA3|plainurl=yes}} |ref={{sfnref|Richardson IV|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last=Storey |date=1999 |first=R.L. |title=The End of the House of Lancaster |edition=2nd, revised |publisher=Sutton |isbn=978-0-7509-2007-0 |authorlink=R. L. Storey |url={{google books|BtY8PgAACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Vivian |date=1895 |editor-first=J.L. |title=The Visitations of the County of Devon, comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620 |place=Exeter |editorlink=John Lambrick Vivian |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Watts |date=1996 |first=J.L. |title=Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42039-6 |authorlink=John Watts (historian) |url={{google books|qTP4CF_boeoC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Weir |date=1999 |first=A. |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy |publisher=The Bodley Head |place=London |authorlink=Alison Weir |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}}}

== Selected reading ==
* {{cite book | last=Bellamy |date=1970 |first=J.G. |title=The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-07830-6 |url=https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/The_Law_of_Treason_in_England_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages_%28Cambridge_Studies_in_English_Legal_History%29.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621171038/https://zodml.org/sites/default/files/The_Law_of_Treason_in_England_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages_(Cambridge_Studies_in_English_Legal_History).pdf |archivedate=21 June 2018 |deadurl=no |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Bellamy |date=1973 |first=J.G. |title=Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-7100-7421-8 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Carpenter |date=1997 |first=C. |title= The Wars of the Roses: Politics and constitution in England, 1437–1509 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31874-7 |authorlink=Christine Carpenter (historian) |url={{google books|z0A9frbkU0MC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Cherry |date=1979 |first=M. |title=The Courtenay Earls of Devon: The Formation and Disintegration of a Late Medieval Aristocratic Affinity |journal=Southern History |volume=1 |pages=71–97 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cherry |date=1981a |first=M. |section=The struggle for power in mid-fifteenth century Devonshire |editor=R.A. Griffiths |title=Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England |publisher=Sutton |pp=123–44 |isbn=978-0-904387-45-2 |editorlink=Ralph A. Griffiths |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Griffiths |date=1975 |first=R.A. |title=Duke Richard of York's intentions in 1450 and the origins of the Wars of the Roses |journal=[[Journal of Medieval History]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=187–209 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(75)90023-8 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Griffiths |date=1981 |editor-first=R.A. |title=Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England |publisher=Alan Sutton |place=Gloucester |isbn=978-0-904387-45-2 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Griffiths |date=1984-01-01 |first=R.A. |title=The King's Council and the first Protectorate of the Duke of York, 1453–1454 |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=99 |issue=390 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXC.67 |jstor=567910 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web | last=Griffiths |date=2015-05-28 |first=R.A. |title=Henry VI (1421–1471) |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |type=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/12953 |url=https://archive.is/L4jbc |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Jacob |date=1988 |first=E.F. |title=The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485 |edition=reprint |series=[[Oxford History of England]] |volume=6 |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford |origyear=1961-12-31 |authorlink=E. F. Jacob |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Kleineke |date=2007 |first=Hannes |section='The Kynges Cite': Exeter in the Wars of the Roses |editor=Linda Clark |title=The Fifteenth Century 7: Conflicts, Consequences and the Crown in the Late Middle Ages |publisher=Boydell Press |place=[[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge]] |pp=137–156 |isbn=978-1-84383-333-8 |url={{google books|boleF8aUlCkC|plainurl=yes}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=McFarlane |date=1973 |first=K.B. |title=The Nobility of Later Medieval England |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-822362-7 |authorlink=K. B. McFarlane |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Myers |date=1969 |editor-first=A.E. |title=English Historical Documents 1327–1485 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |isbn=978-0-413-23310-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Ross |date=1986 |first=C.D. |title=The Wars of the Roses |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-27407-1 |authorlink=Charles Ross (historian) |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Seward |date=1995 |first=D. |title=The Wars of the Roses; and the lives of five men and women in the fifteenth century |publisher=Constable |place=London |isbn= |authorlink=Desmond Seward |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Sumption |date=1999-08-23 |first=J. |title=Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War 1 |publisher=Faber |isbn=978-0-571-20095-5 |authorlink=Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Sumption |date=2001-10-22 |first=J. |title=Trial by Fire: The Hundred Years War 2 |publisher=Faber |isbn=978-0-571-20737-4 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tuck |date=1999-12-16 |first=A. |title=Crown and Nobility: England 1272–1461 |edition=2nd |series=Blackwell Classic Histories of England |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-21466-3 |authorlink=Anthony Tuck |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal| last=Virgoe |date=1970 |first=R. |title=The Composition of the King's Council, 1437–61 |journal=[[Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research]] |volume=43 |issue=108 |pages=134–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1970.tb01659.x |ref=harv }}

==External links==
* {{cite web |editor-last=Lundy |editor-first=Darryl |title=Thomas Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10739.htm#i107390 |website=The Peerage }}
* [http://thekinofrockandroll.com/photos/genealogy/THE%20EARL%20OF%20DEVON.pdf The Earls of Devon]
* [http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/tcourtenay_5eofd.html Biography]
* [http://www.thehistorydatabase.com/PEOPLE/NORMANDY/COURTENAY/Thomas%2013th%20Earl%20Devon%201414-1458.HTML Biography]
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113266268/thomas-de-courtenay Find a Grave]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Hugh de Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon|Hugh de Courtenay]]
| title = [[Earl of Devon]]
| years = 1422–1458
| after = [[Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon|Thomas Courtenay]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devon, Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of}}
[[Category:Earls of Devon]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:1414 births]]
[[Category:1458 deaths]]
[[Category:1st house of Courtenay|Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon]]

Madhusree Dutta

2019-01-27T08:17:52Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

== Life and education==
Madhusree Dutta was born in the industrial town of [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]] (then Bihar). She has studied Economics at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]] and Dramatics at [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi. In 1987 Dutta shifted her base to [[Mumbai]] (called Bombay in 1987).

Dutta was jury in [[Berlinale]] (Berlin International Film Festival) [https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2015/05_boulevard_2015/05_boulevard_listing_2015.html?item=51601&navi=43082 Shorts in 2015] ; [[Feminale]]: International Women's Film Festival, Cologne in 2006; Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, St. Petersburg in 2001; and was chair person of the jury in International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala in 2009; and SIGNS Festival of Digital Videos in 2014. Her retrospectives were held in MIFF ([[Mumbai International Film Festival|Mumbai International Documentary Festival]]), 2018;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/866847/nothing-is-too-sacred-to-be-touched-madhusree-dutta-on-the-evolving-world-of-her-documentaries|title=‘Nothing is too sacred to be touched’: Madhusree Dutta on the evolving world of her documentaries|last=Kulkarni|first=Damini|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ourfrontcover.com/homepageposts/madhusree-dutta-not-just-filmmaker-retrospective/|title=Madhusree Dutta not just a filmmaker-a retrospective|work=Our Frontcover|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> Persistence Resistance Film Festival, Delhi in 2008; [[Madurai]] Film Festival in 2007; [[NGBK]] Gallery; Berlin in 2001.

Currently she lives in Cologne, Germany. She has joined as the Artistic Director of [[:de:Akademie der Künste der Welt|Akademie der Kunste der Welt]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rundschau-online.de/kultur/akademie-der-kuenste-der-welt-neue-leiterin-wird-von-koelner-kulturgroessen-empfangen-29902432|title=Akademie der Künste der Welt: Neue Leiterin wird von Kölner Kulturgrößen empfangen|last=Hill|first=Axel|work=Kölnische Rundschau|access-date=2018-08-09|language=de-DE}}</ref> in Cologne since 2018.

== Work ==

Madhusree Dutta brought art practices, [[activism]] and pedagogy together in one platform as early as in 1990 when she curated EXPRESSION, the first feminist arts festival. The festival witnessed coming together of feminist scholars, women artists and women's movement activists, and is regarded as a landmark in the history of feminism in India. Her works generally contemplates on [[gender]] construction, [[Urbanism|urban development]], public arts and documentary practices. Most of her works are situated within a hybrid form engaging multiple genres and a provocative mixing of high art and low art. Her works often display a flamboyant mix of pedagogical, political and experimental indicating towards her multiple identities as political activist and avant garde artist. Some of the artists, across disciplines and practices, whom she has collaborated with are filmmaker [[:de:Philip Scheffner|Philip Scheffner]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pong-berlin.de/de/1/films/here-here|title=From Here to Here {{!}} pong|website=www.pong-berlin.de|language=de|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> and photo artist [[Schaber, ines|Ines Schaber]] from Berlin, theater director Anuradha Kapur from Delhi, visual artist [[Nilima Sheikh]] from [[Vadodara|Baroda]] and [[Archana Pandey|Archana Hande]] and architect Rohan Shivkumar from Mumbai, playwright [[Malini Bhattacharya]] from Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seagullbooks.org/index.php?p=book_details&book_id=OTI=|title=Seagull Book Store|website=www.seagullbooks.org|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>

The same pursuit has also led to several digital archiving projects and pedagogical initiatives. One such project Godaam is available online in the free access site PADMA (Public Access Digital Media Archive).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pad.ma|title=Pad.ma|website=Pad.ma|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>

Madhusree Dutta is a co-founder of Majlis (1990), an institution that works on cultural activism and women's rights in Mumbai. She functioned as executive director of the institution till March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/805688/as-mumbai-feminist-group-majlis-turns-25-co-founder-resigns-with-a-scathing-open-letter|title=As Mumbai feminist group Majlis turns 25, co-founder resigns with a scathing open letter|last=Staff|first=Scroll|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> She is also a founding member of [[:de:Akademie der Künste der Welt|Akademie Der Künste Der Welt]] (Academy of Arts of the World) in Cologne and member of the academic council of [http://sea.edu.in School of Environment & Architecture], Mumbai. She has been an active member of the women's movement in India and the [[World Social Forum]] (WSF) process, and has made major contribution by producing, mobilizing and disseminating arts and artists for the movements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/under-blue-skies-and-open-road/article19108740.ece|title=Under blue skies and open road|last=Khan|first=Sameera|date=2017-06-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 5 October 2015 she participated in a nationwide movement spearheaded by the writers and filmmakers of India to protest against the cultural policy of the state and returned the National Awards as part of the protest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/24-members-of-film-fraternity-return-awards/article10196634.ece|title=24 members of film fraternity return awards|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=2015-11-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/767162/why-kundan-shah-and-23-other-filmmakers-are-now-returning-their-national-awards|title=Why Kundan Shah and 23 other filmmakers are now returning their National Awards|last=Staff|first=Scroll|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>

=== Theatre ===

Dutta began her career with a [[Bengal]]i theatre group Anarjya (non-Aryans) in [[Kolkata]]. She was also a member of cadre of Sachetana, a feminist group in [[Kolkata]]. For Anarjya and Sachetana she directed plays both for proscenium and street theatre. A Bengali adaptation of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s [[Mother Courage and Her Children]], and an anti-dowry musical by Malini Bhattacharya – Meye Dile Sajiye (Giving Away the Girl) are considered as two most memorable directorial works of her during that period. In Mumbai too she was active in theatre for a few years before getting fully involved with visual arts. She directed a popular street play for the women's movement – Nari Itihas ki Talash mein (In search of Women's History) in 1988 and an adaptation of Aristophanes’ Lysistrata – Aaj Pyar Bandh (Love is on Strike) in 1991. She has even dabbled with television serial in her salad days and directed a 13-episode Gujarati serial for her friend producer-actor Meenal Patel (1989–1990).

=== Films ===
The first film made by her is I Live in Behrampada (1993). The documentary made on a Muslim ghetto in the context of communal riots in Mumbai 1992-93 received [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for best documentary in 1994. The film turned out to be a serious discursive material for conflict study and the script of it was published in an anthology - Politics of Violence: From Ayodhya to Behrampada, eds. John McGuire, Peter Reeves and Howard Brasted, [[SAGE Publications|Sage Publication]],1996. Subsequently, she has made several films – documentary, shorts, video spots and non-fiction features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0244894/|title=Dutta Madhusree|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> Most of her films are made with the same unit comprising cameraman Avijit Mukul Kishore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0457254/|title=Avijit Mukul Kishore|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> and editor Shyamal Karmakar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1248474/|title=Shyamal Karmakar|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> Her 2006 film Seven Islands and A Metro,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/irrepressible-metropolis/article3232137.ece|title=Irrepressible metropolis|date=2006-05-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Welt|first=Akademie der Kuenste der|title=2016-10-05 Madhusree Dutta|date=2016-12-28|url=https://vimeo.com/197283353|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> on the city of Bombay / Mumbai was one of the first documentary films to have been commercially released in the theatres in India. Apart from making her own films she has also produced several documentaries for younger filmmakers. Her role as a pedagogue, mentor, and producer has helped to consolidate a peer group around documentary practices in Mumbai. Her films had received three National Film Awards.

=== Curatorial practices ===
[[File:XProject-Cinema-city-Exhibition-copy.jpg.pagespeed.ic.PX7EZJoL5k.jpg|thumb|Project Cinema City]]
Project Cinema City: Research Art and Documentary Practices,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projectcinemacity.com|title=Cinema City|website=projectcinemacity.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> an research project with multi-disciplinary interfaces of arts, is curated by her in 2009-2013. The project enquires into various layers of relationship between the city of Mumbai and the cinema that it manufactures. The project primarily argues for cinema to be regarded as a labour-intensive phenomenon that is connected to labour migration, post-industrial norm of sweatshop production, shifts in urban demography and urban development, access to technology and market etc. The project outputs contain documentary films production, public art installations, pedagogical courses, publications, and archives. The project was first exhibited at [[Berlinale]] (Berlin International Film Festival) -Forum Expanded<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/berlinale-forum/archive/program-archive/2010/artists-expanded/madhusree-dutta.html|title=Arsenal: Madhusree Dutta|website=www.arsenal-berlin.de|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> as part of the 60th anniversary of the festival in 2010. Subsequently, it was exhibited in the galleries of [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore as well as in several smaller galleries and public places in 2011-14<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mogambo-as-muse-2/|title=Mogambo as Muse|date=2012-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.blouinartinfo.com/ai-interview/article/809809-cinema-and-the-city-madhusree-dutta-on-curating-an-art-show-inspired-by-the-silver-screen|title=Cinema and the City: Madhusree Dutta on Curating an Art Show Inspired by the Silver Screen {{!}} Artinfo|work=Artinfo|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projectcinemacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Caravan_July-2012_Bombay.pdf|title=Press Release|last=Pal|first=Deepanjana|date=2012|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://urduwallahs.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/project-cinema-city-at-ngma/|title=Project Cinema City At NGMA|date=2012-06-22|work=urduwallahs|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* [[Project Cinema City]], co-edited with Kaushik Bhaumik and Rohan Shivkumar, [[Tulika Books]], 2013 / [[Columbia University Press]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Rosie|date=June 2017|title=Book Review: Madhusree Dutta, Kaushik Bhaumik and Rohan Shivkumar (Eds), Project Cinema City|journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies|volume=8|issue=1|pages=171–173|doi=10.1177/0974927617699644|issn=0974-9276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trishagupta.blogspot.com/2015/01/museum-of-cinema.html|title=chhotahazri: Book Review: Museum of Cinema|last=Gupta|first=Trisha|date=2015-01-05|website=chhotahazri|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Hq8EDvfYJMaHIiZNMDMuCK/Extract--Project-Cinema-City.html|title=Extract {{!}} Project Cinema City|last=Lounge|date=2014-01-10|work=https://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
*[[Arjun Appadurai]], social-cultural anthropologist, wrote in the Foreword of the book - '"''The work of the Cinema City group may be seen as a Situationist move, no longer in the context of Paris in the 1950s and 1960s, but of Bombay in the 1990s and in the decade of the twenty-first century. Like the Situationists, the Cinema City group is not concerned with art as comment on the city but as a product of the city, a lens into urban life and re-situating its already existing visual elements.''" Project Cinema City, an anthology of essays, graphics, annotated films and art works was adjudged the Best Printed Book of the Year in Publishing Next Industry Award, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.printweek.in/news/tulika-books-delhi-bags-printed-book-award-publishing-12942|title=Tulika Books (Delhi) bags printed book award at Publishing Next|website=www.printweek.in|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* dates.sites: Bombay / Mumbai (co-designed with [[Shilpa Gupta]]), [[Tulika Books]], [[Columbia University Press]], 2012, a graphic timeline of the public cultures in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/through-the-eyes-of-a-city/article4522934.ece|title=Through the eyes of a city|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2013-03-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Samita|date=2013|title=Review of dates.sites: PROJECT CINEMA CITY Bombay/Mumbai|journal=Social Scientist|volume=41|issue=3/4|pages=95–98|jstor=23610475}}</ref>
* The Nation, the State and Indian Identity, co-edited with [[Flavia Agnes]] and Neera Adarkar, Samya of Bhatkal and Sen, in 1996. It is an anthology of essays in the context of the demolition of [[Babri Masjid]] in December 1992.
* KEYWORDING: Notes on Enculturation of Words and Word Practice within the Image Archive, with Berlin based artist Ines Schaber. It is a book making endeavour, conceived as part of Living Archive Project to commemorate the 50th anniversary of [[:de:Arsenal (Filminstitut)|Arsenal Institute of films and Video Art]] – Berlin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/living-archive-archive-work-as-a-contenporary-artistic-and-curatorial-practice/individual-projects/madhusree-dutta-ines-schaber.html|title=Arsenal: Madhusree Dutta / Ines Schaber|website=www.arsenal-berlin.de|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* In her pursuit for newer and subversive forms, Dutta has also produced a popular CDrom game Spice Adventures,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/06/12/stories/2005061200190200.htm|title=The Hindu : Magazine / Lifestyle : A game, a social art project|last=thmky|website=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> in collaboration with artist [[Shilpa Gupta]]. The interactive narrative, with games and animation, unveils the secret of [[Indian cuisine]] – spices that have migrated to India from all over the world.

== Awards ==

* 1996, 2001 [[National Film Awards|National Film Award, India]]<ref>{{Citation|title=National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|date=2018-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Film_Award_for_Best_Film_on_Social_Issues&oldid=842229811|work=Wikipedia|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* Second Best Film Award, International Video Fest, 1995;
* Best Public Service Advertisement Award, 1998;
* Best Script award in [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], 2001;
*[[IDA Award|IDPA Award]]<nowiki/>s for best Kannada film and best Bengali film, 2001;
* Special Jury Award in [http://www.filmsouthasia.org Film Southasia], 2007;
*[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abrahan]] Best Documentary award (as producer), 2012;
*[[Hivos|HIVOS]] Culture Award for Asia region, 2005
* and several citizens’ awards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.madhusreedutta.com/ Official Website]
* [http://majlisbombay.org https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254079080_Documentary_Acts_An_Interview_with_Madhusree_Dutta https://www.uctv.tv/shows/7-Islands-a-Metro-with-Director-Madhusree-Dutta-31806 http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/657/657_mad Official Website of Majlis, Cultural Center]

Research Gate: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254079080_Documentary_Acts_An_Interview_with_Madhusree_Dutta an interview about Madhusree Duttas documentary work]
* [https://www.uctv.tv/shows/7-Islands-a-Metro-with-Director-Madhusree-Dutta-31806 University of California: Interview about "7 Islands and a Metro"]
* [http://www.junoontheatre.org/videogallery.php Junoon - A Stage for Theatre: Interview & Artist Talk (video)]
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/657/657_madhusree_dutta.htm Indian Seminar: Popular cinema and public culture in Bombay]
* [https://newsclick.in/india/film-medium-social-change Newsclick Production: "Film as a Medium for Social Change" (article & video)]
* [http://showtodaytv.com/play-clip-urban-lens-film-festival-2016-manufactured-reali_tvDNnPnxgkNBs Urban Lens Film Festival 2016: "Manufactured Realities: Triumph of the Film" (panel discussion, video)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Madhusre}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Artists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian curators]]
[[Category:Situationists]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]

Devon Larratt

2019-01-27T03:14:30Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Infobox person
| name = Devon Larratt
| residence = Big Island, [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] <ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/competitors/competitors-details/devon-larratt |title=Devon Larratt Profile |publisher=''walunderground.com'' |date= |accessdate=2018-10-15}}</ref>
| other_names = "No Limits"
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|4|24|}}
| birth_place = [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada
| known =
| nationality = Canadian
| occupation = [[Arm wrestling|Arm wrestler]]
| title =
| salary =
| website =
| footnotes =
| employer =
| height = {{convert|1.96|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bio"/>
| weight = {{convert|102|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Bio"/>
}}

'''Devon "No Limits" Larratt''' (born 24 April 1975 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional [[armwrestler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armwrestlersonly.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/devon-larratt.html|title=Devon Larratt|work=armwrestlersonly.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada, Larratt's interest in armwrestling began in the early teens. After joining the [[Canadian Special Forces]] at the age of 21, Larratt still managed to train and compete, and he credits the experience gained at different military bases as a large part of his success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/sports/local-sports/arms-and-the-man-devon-larratt-is-set-to-take-on-the-world-of-pro-arm-wrestling|title=Arms and the man: Devon Larratt is set to take on the world of pro arm wrestling|date=27 December 2014|work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]}}</ref> In 2013, Larratt had surgery on his right arm and elbow, forcing him to compete left-handed only. He also had the same surgery on his left elbow in 2016, but recovered much faster that time, as he won the World Armwrestling League (WAL) with that arm the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/devon.larratt.5?fref=ts|title=Devon Larratt - Facebook|work=facebook.com}}</ref>

Larratt has, amongst other things, been known for defeating the armwrestler [[John Brzenk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2nk5aVz6zs|title=DEVON LARRATT vs JOHN BRZENK ( 6 - 0 )|first=|last=Tomás Emilio Silva Ebensperger|date=11 May 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 2015, Larratt won the WAL Left-Arm Heavyweight (196-225lb) title. He also took 3rd place in the Right-Arm.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/competitors/competitors-details/devon-larratt|title=World Armwrestling League - Competitors|work=walunderground.com}}</ref> In 2016, Larratt successfully defended his WAL Left-Arm title, and also won the WAL Right-Arm Heavyweight championship claiming two "hammers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walunderground.com/news/news-details/2016-championships-pro-results|title=World Armwrestling League - News|work=walunderground.com}}</ref> In 2017 he repeated this result by winning the WAL Championships again, in both the Right-Arm Heavyweight and Left-Arm Heavyweight categories. In 2018 he lost the WAL Championship Right-Arm Super Heavyweights final against Michael Todd. Later that year, during Armfight 50, he lost a left-hand match-up against Denis Cyplenkov 0-6.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Larratt, Devon}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Arm wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia]]

{{Canada-sport-bio-stub}}

Ken-David Masur

2018-12-28T00:14:35Z

KolbertBot: /* top */Task #2 : Remove link referral data

'''Ken-David Masur''' (born 1977,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.derwesten.de/staedte/gelsenkirchen/ken-david-masur-leitet-die-neue-philharmonie-id6552697.html | title=Ken-David Masur leitet die Neue Philharmonie | work=Der Westen | author= | date=2012-04-15 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> [[Leipzig]]) is a German-born American conductor.

Of Japanese and German ancestry, Masur is the son of conductor [[Kurt Masur]] and Masur's third wife, the soprano Tomoko Sakurai. He began piano studies at age 6. Masur was also a boy soprano, and sang with the Gewandhaus Children's Choir at age 9.<ref name="Chute">{{cite news | url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/classical-music/sdut-San-Diego-Symphony-Masur-2011sep29-story.html | title=Masur appointed assistant conductor of the San Diego Symphony | work=San Diego Union-Tribune | author=James Chute | date=2011-09-27 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> He later obtained a formal vocal education at the Hanns Eisler Conservatory in Berlin, where his teachers included Thomas Quasthoff. During his father's tenure with the [[New York Philharmonic]], Masur attended the Music Conservatory of Westchester, where he studied trumpet.<ref name="Chute"/> He subsequently attended [[Columbia University]], where he established the Bach Society Orchestra and Chorus, and served as its first music director from 1999 to 2002.<ref name="Kozinn">{{cite news | url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/kurt-masurs-son-named-assistant-conductor-in-boston/ | title=Kurt Masur's Son Named Assistant Conductor in Boston | work=New York Times (ArtsBeat blog) | author=Allan Kozinn | date=2014-05-08 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref name="Oestreich2016">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/19/arts/music/ken-david-masur-boston-symphony-orchestra-tanglewood.html | title= Ken-David Masur, Back at Tanglewood, Feels His Father's Spirit | work=New York Times | author=James R Oestreich | date=2016-07-19 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref>

In Europe, Masur was an assistant conductor with the [[Orchestre National de France]] from 2004 to 2006. He became principal guest conductor of the [[Munich Symphony Orchestra]] in 2011. In the USA, Masur was resident conductor of the [[San Antonio Symphony]] from 2007 to 2011. In 2011, he became an assistant conductor at the [[San Diego Symphony]].<ref name="Chute"/> He was a conducting fellow at the Tanglewood Festival in 2011,<ref name="BostonGlobe">{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2018/11/12/conductor-masur-leaving-bso-for-mso/k0lED1DhuA3l4EhPcpRI5N/story.html | title=Conductor Masur leaving BSO for MSO | work=Boston Globe| author= | date=2018-11-12 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> and made his conducting debut with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] at Tanglewood in July 2012, in a program where he and his father shared conducting duties.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/24/arts/music/kurt-masur-and-ken-david-masur-at-tanglewood-festival.html | title= The Masurs, Father and Son, Share the Baton | work=New York Times | author=James R Oestreich | date=2016-07-23 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> He later became assistant conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra as of the 2014-2015 season,<ref name="Kozinn"/> and later took on the title of associate conductor of the orchestra.

In May 2018, Masur first guest-conducted the [[Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra]] (MSO). The MSO immediately re-engaged him for a second guest-conducting appearance in September 2018. On the basis of these concerts, in November 2018, the MSO announced the appointment of Masur as its next music director, effective with the 2019-2020 season, with an initial contract of 4 seasons. This appointment marks Masur's first music directorship. He took the title of MSO music director-designate with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.mso.org/news-and-press/masur_announcement | title=Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra Names Ken-David Masur as Music Director: Four-Year Contract Runs through 2022.23 Season | publisher=Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra | date=12 November 2018 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref><ref name="Higgins">{{cite news | url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/11/12/milwaukee-symphony-names-ken-david-masur-its-new-music-director/1963446002/ | title=Milwaukee Symphony names Ken-David Masur its new music director | work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel | author=Jim Higgins | date=2018-11-12 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> With his appointment to the MSO, Masur is to stand down from his Boston post.<ref name="BostonGlobe"/>

Masur is married to the pianist Melinda Lee Masur. They founded the Chelsea Music Festival and serve as its artistic directors.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dw.com/en/music-that-goes-straight-for-the-stomach/a-17739209 | title=Music that goes straight for the stomach | work=Deutsche Welle | author=Gero Schleiss | date=2014-06-27 | accessdate=2018-12-21}}</ref> They have 3 children.<ref name="Higgins"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ken-davidmasur.com/ Official homepage of Ken-David Masur]
* [https://colbertartists.com/artists/ken-david-masur/ Colbert Artists agency biography of Ken-David Masur]
* [http://www.chelseamusicfestival.org/ Chelsea Music Festival page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masur, Ken-David}}
[[Category:American conductors (music)]]
[[Category:American male conductors (music)]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Leipzig]]

Rilès

2018-12-12T06:21:42Z

KolbertBot: /* top */Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Orphan|date=December 2017}}

'''Rilès Kacimi''', born 4 January 1996, better known by his [[stage name]] '''Rilès''', is a French/Algerian [[Rapping|rapper]], [[songwriter]], [[composer]] and [[record producer]] from [[Rouen]]. All his songs are written in [[English language|English]].
<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/BksqmNEAFwy/</ref>
His music video "Brothers" has reached 31 million views and his music video "I Do It" reached 20 million views on [[YouTube]].

== Biography ==
After his bachelor's degree, he studied [[English literature]] at the [[University of Rouen]] and began to study music independently. He built his own home studio in his room and learned by himself. He writes, records, mixes and produces his own songs and music videos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/musique/video-riles-ce-rappeur-inconnu-aux-100-millions-de-vues-youtube-apres-un-defi_1953206.html|title=VIDÉO. Rilès, ce rappeur inconnu aux 100 millions de vues YouTube après un défi|date=2017-10-21|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=2017-12-14|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.bfmtv.com/musique/qui-est-riles-le-rappeur-qui-cartonne-sur-le-web-et-remplit-le-bataclan-1302085.html|title=Qui est Rilès, le rappeur qui cartonne sur le web et remplit le Bataclan?|last=BFMTV|website=BFMTV|language=fr-FR|access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref>

He released one album, ''Vanity Plus Mind'' (2015) and in 2016 he decided to make one song a week every Sunday for a year. He organised in 2017 a [[concert tour]] in France, during which he performed at the [[Bataclan (theatre)|Bataclan]] in [[Paris]],<ref name=":0" /> twice, then at the Zenith of Rouen.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/normandie/seine-maritime/rouen/images-riles-met-feu-au-zenith-rouen-1377059.html|title=EN IMAGES - Rilès met le feu au Zénith de Rouen|last=|first=|date=|work=France 3|access-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
*2014: ''Vanity Plus Mind''

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:10px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:150px;"|Title
! style="text-align:center; width:20px;"|Peak positions
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:70px;"|Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[SNEP|FR]] <ref name="swe">{{cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Ril%E8s |title=Rilès discography |publisher=Hung Medien |work=''swedishcharts.com'' |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=7|2017
| "Brothers"
| style="text-align:center;"|31
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "I Do It"
| style="text-align:center;"|48
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Thank God"
| style="text-align:center;"|54
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "In the Jungle"
| style="text-align:center;"|121
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Should I"
| style="text-align:center;"|147
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Away"
| style="text-align:center;"|171
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "Another Complaint, But.."
| style="text-align:center;"|185
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2018
| "Pesetas"
| style="text-align:center;"|179
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| "!I'll Be Back!"
| style="text-align:center;"|103
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Riles}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rouen]]
[[Category:French male singers]]
[[Category:French rappers]]
[[Category:French songwriters]]
[[Category:French people of Algerian descent]]

Jeroen Tel

2018-12-10T05:40:06Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{unreliable sources|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jeroen Tel
| image = JeroenTel.jpg
| caption = Jeroen Tel performing at "Back in Time Live" in 2008
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Jeroen Godfried Tel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]]
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Rob Hubbard]]|[[Martin Galway]]|[[Ben Daglish]]|[[Chris Huelsbeck]]}}
| genre = [[Videogame music]] [[Commodore 64 music]] [[8-bit]] [[Electronic music]] [[Chiptunes]] [[Pixel Pop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|[[Sound designer]]|[[Audio director]]|[[Audio programmer]]}}
}}

'''Jeroen Godfried Tel''' (born 19 May 1972), also known as '''WAVE''',<ref>[http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/jeroen_tel Info about Jeroen Tel's name]</ref> is a Dutch composer.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdTANxS-LHg Polderpioniers: Jeroen Tel and the rise of game music (Dutch)]</ref><ref>[http://www.vintageisthenewold.com/hints-tips-for-videogame-pioneers/ http://www.vintageisthenewold.com announcing "Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers"], featuring Jeroen Tel remakes.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdEkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=jeroen+tel+videogame+pioneer&source=bl&ots=i_xiVi9S6B&sig=so0sv_RJDx6q718TodinK9NCUGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl2uOPoLvTAhXFEywKHb5xC7MQ6AEIWTAI#v=onepage&q=jeroen%20tel%20videogame%20pioneer&f=false Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers] > Pioneer's Perspective: Jeroen Tel</ref> He is best known for numerous computer game tunes he wrote in the 1980s and early 1990s for the [[Commodore 64]].<ref>[http://noname.c64.org/csdb/scener/?id=8050 Jeroen Tel], [http://noname.c64.org/csdb/ The C-64 Scene Database], retrieved 2005-04-01</ref> His most popular<ref>{{cite web|last=Droege|first=Joerg|title=Video Interview with Jeroen Tel|url=http://sceneworld.org/blog/2012/08/13/video-interview-with-jeroen-tel/|website=Scene World Magazine|accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref> compositions appear in the following Commodore 64 games: ''[[Combat Crazy]]'', ''[[Cybernoid]]'', ''[[Cybernoid II]]'', ''Dan Dare 3'', ''Eliminator'', ''Hawkeye'', ''[[Myth: History in the Making]]'', ''Nighthunter'', ''[[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]]'', ''Rubicon'' (title music), and ''[[Supremacy (computer game)|Supremacy]]''.<ref>[http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ Jeroen Tel - interview by Games Art]</ref>

==Maniacs of Noise==
Alongside [[Charles Deenen]], who Tel met at computer meetings in [[Venlo]], [[Netherlands]], Tel is a founding member of the computer music group [[Maniacs of Noise]],<ref>[https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise (official website)]</ref><ref>[http://www.sidmusic.org/sid/jtel.html Jeroen Tel (Maniacs of Noise) - 1997 interview by Commodore Zone]</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last= |first= |title=Charles Deenan, Interplay |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=3|publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1995|page=52}}</ref> a company devoted to composing music and designing sound effects for videogames since 1987.<ref>[http://csdb.dk/group/?id=448 About Maniacs of Noise]</ref> He worked for several years at [[Funcom]] in [[Norway]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezncxhDnUQo Jeroen Tel - interview at Assembly 2012 (English version)]</ref> In addition to being a game musician, he has composed lots of [[Module file|modules]] in the context of [[demo scene]].

==Tess & Tel==
In late 2014 Jeroen Tel joined forces with Swedish singer and songwriter [[Tess Fries]] and formed the Pixel Pop music group [[Tess & Tel]].
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSUYAa3wrGY&t=11s Tess & Tel - interview by Scene World Podcast (2015)]</ref>
<ref>[https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel Tess & Tel on Soundcloud]</ref>
They first met at a Space Invaders concert in Odense, Denmark in October 4, 2013.

===Tess & Tel discography===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Buy the Sky (2015)<ref>Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVxEJjtH_10 Buy the Sky]</ref>
*Battle Valley (2015)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/tess-tel-battle-valley?in=tess-and-tel/sets/tess-tel-pixel-pop-music Battle Valley]</ref>
*Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan (2016)<ref>Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDycv4QCst0 Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan]</ref>
*Anywhere (2016)<ref>Link to song: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghsDPKZoD1E Anywhere]</ref>
*Dream Just Dream (2016)<ref>Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puhUuc11TUM Dream Just Dream]</ref>
*Complex (2016)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/complex Complex]</ref>
}}

==Discography==
===Soundtracks by Jeroen Tel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Released
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Credit
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| A-TEAM, THE || Fox Digital Entertainment || 2010 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Honey Switch Deluxe (video game)|Honey Switch Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2005 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Fortuna Mahjongg Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2004 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Geweldenaren van Ver (Short) || (No publisher) || 2004 || [[Micro movie]] || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien Scum || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Abyss, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Hive, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Minerman || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Slot Machine || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Suske en Wiske: De Tijdtemmers || Infogrames || 2001 || ([[Game Boy Color]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| ASML ESD Clean Training|| || 2001 || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Big Brother: The Game || SoftMACHINE Publishing International BV || 2000 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Casino || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Crimson's Mystery (video game)|Crimson's Mystery || (No publisher) || 1999 || ([[Game Boy Color]]) || Composer || Unreleased.
|-
| FACT || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Football Manager || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Christmas Crisis || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Family Games II: Junkfood Jive || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Flippo House || || 1995 || (CDS) || Composer / Artist
|-
| Disney's [[Beauty and the Beast (video game)|Beauty and the Beast]] || [[Hudson Soft]] || 1994 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien III (video game)|Alien III || LJN, Ltd. || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Game Boy]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| California Games II (video game)|California Games II || [[SEGA]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[The Flash (video game)|Flash, The]] || || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1993 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Overlord (1991 video game)|Overlord]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| The A-Team (video game) || || 1992 || ([[Game Gear]]) ([[Sega Master System]]) || Composer / Sound Designer || Unreleased.
|-
| [[Agony (1992 video game)|Agony]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Fruit Fantasies || || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Facts of Life || Witan || 1992 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo || Composer
|-
| [[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]] || Ocean Software Ltd. (C64) and SEGA of America, Inc. (NES) || 1992 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Outrun Europe (video game)|Outrun Europe || SEGA Corporation, U.S. Gold Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Rubicon (video game)|Rubicon || 21st Century Entertainment Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer
|-
| Smash TV (video game)|Smash TV || Acclaim Entertainment, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Viz (game)|VIZ the Game]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Back to the Future III (video game)|Back to the Future III || [[Image Works]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Co-composer with [[Charles Deenen]]
|-
| [[Bad Blood (video game)|Bad Blood]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Dan Dare III: The Escape || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Golden Axe]] || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Hot Rod (video game)|Hot Rod]] || [[Activision, Inc.]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Inve$t (video game)|Inve$t || Starbyte Software || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Turbo Outrun|Turbo Outrun (Best Music ECTS Award)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Best Music ECTS Award
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Deliverance: [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord II]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Poseidon: Planet Eleven (video game)|Poseidon: Planet Eleven || Hi-Tec Software Ltd. || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Iron Lord]] || Ubi Soft Entertainment Software || 1990 for C64 and 1989 for Amiga || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Afterburner (video game)|Afterburner (USA version)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Drag race 2000 || || 1989 || ([[Arcade cabinet]]) ||
|-
| Dynamix || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| F14 Tomcat || [[Dynamix]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Myth: History in the Making]] || System 3 Software Ltd. || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| [[Tintin on the Moon (video game)|Tintin on the Moon]] || Infogrames Europe SA || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[2400 A.D.]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Alloyrun (video game)|Alloyrun || Starlight Software || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Aspar GP Master || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Battle Valley (video game)|Battle Valley || Rack-It || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Combat Crazy (video game)|Combat Crazy A.K.A. War Bringer || [[Silverbird (software label)]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid]]: The Fighting Machine || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid#Cybernoid II|Cybernoid II]]: The Revenge || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Eliminator || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Gaplus (video game)|Gaplus || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| G.I. Hero || || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Ice Age (C64 video game)|Ice Age || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Navy Moves (video game)|Navy Moves || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Savage (video game)|Savage]] || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Scout (video game)|Scout || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Hawkeye (video game)|Hawkeye || Thalamus Ltd. || 1987 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| BeachKing Stunt Racer (video game)|BeachKing Stunt Racer || || || ([[PlayStation 2|PS2]]) ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Brabant Stad (Promo)|| || ||
|-
| David Bravo (Cartoon)|| || ||
|-
| Deadly Skies || || || ([[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]) ||
|-
| DLO Research || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Don Horn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| EA Sports || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Empire || || || (FM)
|-
| ETV Leader || || || (RL)
|-
| Gold Rush Deluxe || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Gordon's Cinderella || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| House of Cards 2 Deluxe || || ||
|-
| Hypnosis 1995 || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Janssen en Janssen || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| Johny Walker Moorhuhn Jagd || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Jule Shuffle (Online Game) || || ||
|-
| Just Kidding || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Knoop in je Zakdoek 1994, 95, 96, 97 || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Lethal Weapon III || || || ([[Master System]]) ||
|-
| Logitech Puzzle Game || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Mercury || || || ([[Slot machine]]) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn 2 || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Mortal Kombat || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Motors || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nanuk || || || (PC) ||
|-
| NBA Hangtime || || || ([[Sega Genesis]]) ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Nicktoons Basketball || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nighthunter || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Nintendo Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| NNCDROM || || || [[CD-ROM]] || || Business Presentation
|-
| [[North & South (computer game)|North and South]] || || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| No-TV Visual Music No.2 || || || ([[DVD]]) ||
|-
| No Nonsense Consultancy || || || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Original Video Game Sound Effects || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Outrun 2 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Pocahontas (video game)|Pocahontas]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Poodle-e-razor || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Power Play || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Raffzahn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Rhino Rumble || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| RTL France || || || Television ([[Station identification]]) ||
|-
| R-Xerox || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| Ruflo Easyfloor || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Space Ranger || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Sound FX only
|-
| Spark Media Arts Festival || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) (RC) ||
|-
| Stork Aerospace F35 JSF || || || ([[3d animation]]) ||
|-
| [[Super Monaco GP]] || || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Supercash || || || ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - De Roekeloze Ruimtereis || || ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - Het Geheim van de Farao || || ||
|-
| Synthetic || || || (AD) ||
|-
| [[Techno Cop]] || || 1992 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) ||
|-
| [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (video game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] || || || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| TELEAC || || || (TV) Television ([[Station identification]]) (TVT) (RP) ||
|-
| Tetris 94 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| The Video Game Soundmakers || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| TMax || || || ([[Pocket PC]]) ||
|-
| Trivia Ultimate Challenge || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Video Game Soundmakers, The || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Vivid Video || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| [[Warlocked]] || || || ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| W.A.R. || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| [[Winter Gold]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Z-Mess-House || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| ZYLOM Music Logo || || ||
|-
| ZZPLANET || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|}

<ref>Maniacs of Noise - Projects > [https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ A list of Jeroen Tel's compositions and projects]</ref>
<ref>The GameBase64 Collection [http://www.gb64.com/search.php C64 game release info collection]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.lemon64.com/?mainurl=http%3A//www.lemon64.com/games/ (Lemon64.com) C64 Game Archive]</ref>

==Tel Me More==
In the summer of 2015, Tel launched a [[crowdfunding]] campaign on [[Indiegogo]]<ref>[https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes#/ Jeroen Tel's Indiegogo campaign]</ref>
in order to produce a remix album (called 'Tel Me More') of his best C64 music.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQqorSNkJ8A Jeroen Tel --- Tel Me More --- IndieGogo Pitch ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an einem Remake-Album|url=https://www.wired.de/collection/life/tel-me-more-ist-der-neue-c64-soundtrack-von-jeroen-tel|website=Wired (Germany)|accessdate=24 April 2017|date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an neuem Remake-Album|url=http://www.gamesbusiness.de/2015/07/24/2015-07-24-c64-soundtrack-pionier-jeroen-tel-arbeitet-an-neuem-remake-album/|website=gamesbusiness.de|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> Of the $38,911 (a nod to the amount of free memory bytes when starting up a Commodore 64) goal, $27,420 was reached by a total of 699 backers. On August 8, 2015, Tel gave an update on his Indiegogo page stating that this was sufficient to create the album and deliver all the promised perks. To this day{{when|date=July 2018}} the album and the promised perks still need to be delivered.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJZqyoT-Idhj_7PaEdFrR0g Tess & Tel on Youtube]
* {{SoundCloud|tess-and-tel}}
* [http://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise] Website.
* [http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ GamesArt.de] Interview.
* [http://www.ocremix.org/artist/53/jeroen-tel Artist profile] at [[OverClocked ReMix]]
* [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes Indiegogo 'Tel Me More' campaign by Jeroen Tel]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/22626-Jeroen-Tel Jeroen Tel - Artist profile] at [[Discogs]]
* [http://vgmdb.net/artist/1955 Jeroen Tel - Artist profile at VGMdb]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1662965/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jeroen Tel - Biography] at [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.spasimo.nl/09042018/muzieklegende-jeroen-tel-released-album-samen-met-de-nieuw-gevormde-rockband-stagma/ Jeroen Tel] at [[Released album, samen met de nieuw gevormde rockband STAGMA.]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tel, Jeroen}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch composers]]
[[Category:Video game composers]]
[[Category:Video game musicians]]
[[Category:Commodore 64 music]]
[[Category:Demosceners]]
[[Category:Tracker musicians]]
[[Category:People from Helmond]]
[[Category:Dutch electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Chiptune musicians]]
[[Category:8bitpeoples artists]]
[[Category:Renoise users]]

Moutza

2018-12-09T17:32:56Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{More citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{double image|right|Single Moutza.jpg|225|Double Moutza.jpg|155|Single moutza.|Double moutza.}}
[[Image:20110629 Moutza demonstrations Greek parliament Athens Greece.jpg|thumb|300px|People giving moutzas to the Greek parliament during [[2010–2011 Greek protests|the Indignant Citizens Movement]]. Lower left, see double moutza, lower middle, see single moutza]]
A '''mountza''' (μούντζα {{IPA-el|ˈmund͡zɐ|}}) (or '''moutza''' (μούτζα {{IPA-el|ˈmud͡zɐ|}}) or '''faskeloma''' (φασκέλωμα {{IPA-el|fɐsˈce̞lo̞mɐ|}}) is the most traditional gesture of insult among [[Greeks]]: it consists of extending all fingers of one or both hands and presenting the palm or palms towards the person to be insulted in a forward motion.

It is often coupled with the expletives ''να'' (''na'', 'here'), ''όρσε'' (''orse'', 'there you are') and ''παρ'τα'' (''par'ta'', 'take these'), and with swear words. The closer the gesture is to the other person's face, the more threatening it is considered.

An even more offensive version is achieved by using both hands to double the gesture, smacking the palm of one hand against the back of the other, in the direction of the intended recipient.<ref>This can be seen at 0:26 in an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdEQVcClPoc advertisement] for [[Aegean Airlines]].</ref>

If a Greek wants to [[Finger counting|hand-signal]] the number 5 to someone, they take care not to overextend the fingers, or to face their palm towards themselves and the back of the hand towards the intended recipient of the signal, lest it be mistaken for a moutza.

== Origin ==
The origin of the gesture can be traced back to the ancient years, when it was used as a curse. It is said that even during the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]], it complemented verbal curses against evil forces. It was then called ''φασκέλωμα faskelōma''; that word and its variant ''faskelo'' still survive as synonyms of ''moutza''.

In later years, the name changed to ''moutza'' in the penal code of the [[Byzantine Empire]], whereby a chained criminal was paraded around town sitting, facing backwards, on a donkey and with their face smeared with [[cinder]] (''μούντζος moutzos'') to enhance their ridicule.

Because cinder was wiped on the person's face first by collecting it in the palm and then by extending open the fingers, the gesture itself became insulting, to be known as ''moutza'', after the name of the material applied. The modern Greek word ''moutzoura'' or ''mountzoura'' for a smudge, scribble or dark stain has the same origin.

==Around the world==
The gesture of moutza does not have the same significance in other cultures around the world. In a few countries there are similar gestures. Their significances are:
*In [[Armenia]], abruptly thrusting the palm of the hand to someone means "Curse you", but can also mean "Can't stand you anymore" if performed by a close female relative or friend (mostly mother or grandmother).
*In [[Sindh]], the showing of the palm to someone in a thrusting manner is also considered an insult. This gesture is called ''bunda''.
*In the [[Persian Gulf]], showing the palms of both hands to someone after clapping them is also considered an insult, together with saying ''Malat Alaik''. It's usually done by women as it is considered not manly if men do it.
*Since the 1990s in [[North America]], a similar gesture is used in "[[Talk to the hand (expression)|Talk to the hand]]". By showing the palm of the hand, with fingers spread, and saying "Talk to the hand... because the face ain't listenin{{' "}} is the equivalent of "You're wasting your breath" or "Shut up". Even before then, a common expression of displeasure was to "throw" one's hand.
*In [[Mexico]], it can be used to say hi (together with waving); but when steady or moving it repeatedly towards the receiver means "You'll see!" (Spanish: Vas a ver/Ya verás/Ya lo verás), warning that the giver will tell an authority figure (parent, teacher, principal, etc...) about any prank or other mischievous action the receiver has done. It is commonly used with children to scare them into behaving.
*In [[Nigeria]], this can be viewed as offensive in particular tribes and is usually accompanied with the use of the expletive ''waka'', meaning "your father".
*In [[Panama]], in addition to meaning the same as in [[Mexico]], it is also used to threaten the receiver (implying that they will be punished or be the target of violence or any other form of retribution) at a later and more appropriate/convenient time (often when there is less risk of getting caught in the case of physical retribution or attack). This is because aside from implying/saying the words ''Vas a ver!'' to the receiver, the word ''Espérate'' (colloq. ''Pérate'') meaning wait, is also used often since the gesture also has the general meaning of wait/hold on as in many other parts of the world.
*In [[Chicago]], the moutza was used on a mock "city sticker" in 2012 following a controversy over design ideas for an official city parking sticker honoring first responders. In the spoof sticker, the moutza is displayed with the middle finger cut off to represent Chicago's mayor, [[Rahm Emanuel]], who lost part of his middle finger while cutting roast beef in high school.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-met-kass-0215-20120215,0,3235319.column |title=Kass: Nah! Chicago |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=2012-02-15 |accessdate=2013-10-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Phaedon Koukoules, ''"Life and culture of the Byzantines", addendum 5, 1986''

==External links==
*Footballer [[Dario Fernandez]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCzolzhy_vk directs a ''moutza'' towards the referee]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a42-l-bb9oM Moutza in Greek Cinema]

{{Gestures}}

[[Category:Hand gestures]]
[[Category:Greek culture]]

Parandscha

2018-12-09T06:45:41Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

[[File:Uzbek paranja2.jpg|thumb|Uzbek paranja]]
'''Paranja''' (or '''Paranji''') from فرنجية (Паранджа<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnsm.com.ua/cgi-bin/u/book/mySIS.pl?showSISid=46609864-4036&pageSISid=3&action=showSIS&h=f|title=Словник ісламізмів|author=|date=|website=Словник ісламізмів|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021425/http://www.jnsm.com.ua/cgi-bin/u/book/mySIS.pl?showSISid=46609864-4036&pageSISid=3&action=showSIS&h=f|archivedate=11 March 2018|df=}}</ref>) is a traditional [[Central Asian]] [[robe]] for women and girls that covers the head and body.<ref name="DaniMasson2003">{{cite book|author1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson|author3=Unesco|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA357#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 January 2003|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103876-1|pages=357–}}</ref><ref name="AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010 2">{{cite book|author1=Kamoludin Abdullaev|author2=Shahram Akbarzaheh|title=Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC9RsIYy8m8C&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=27 April 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6061-2|pages=129–}}</ref> It is also known as the "[[burqa]]" in other languages. It is similar in basic style and function to other regional styles such as the Afghan chadari. The chasmband and paranja were used by women to completely cover themselves in cities in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulistandance.com/UZBEK-DANCE.html|title=Uzbek Dance A Short History|last1=Krueger|first1=Carolyn|last2=|first2=|date=2011|website=Gulistan Dance Theater|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024130024/http://www.gulistandance.com/UZBEK-DANCE.html|archivedate=2016-10-24|df=}}</ref>

In sedentary Central Asian Muslim areas (today [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]), women wore veils which shrouded the entire face. These were called paranja<ref name="DaniMasson2003"/> or faranji. The traditional veil in Central Asia worn before modern times was the faranji.<ref name="AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010 2"/> The part that covered the face, known as the '''chachvan''' (or '''chachvon'''), was heavy in weight and made from horsehair. It was especially prevalent among urban [[Uzbeks]] and [[Tājik people|Tajiks]]. The paranja was worn in [[Khwarezm|Khorezm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanat.orexca.com/2009/2009-4/binafsha_nodir-2/|title=Traditional Costume of Uzbek Women of the Late 19th and 20th Centuries Khorezm - San'at - Archive of San'at magazine|author=|date=|website=sanat.orexca.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012083804/http://sanat.orexca.com/2009/2009-4/binafsha_nodir-2/|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=}}</ref><ref>http://www.karakalpak. com/jegde.html</ref> It was also worn during the [[Shaybanids]]' rule ({{circa}}1510–1600).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanat.orexca.com/2006/2006-3/national_costume/|title=From the History of the Evolution of Uzbek National Costume - San'at - Archive of San'at magazine|author=|date=|website=sanat.orexca.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217053910/http://sanat.orexca.com/2006/2006-3/national_costume/|archivedate=17 February 2017|df=}}</ref>

In the 1800s, women of the Tajiks and Uzbek Muslims were obliged to wear paranja when outside the home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/asian-muslim-womens-fashions-of-the-past/8011/|title=Asian Muslim Women's Fashion History|author=|date=|website=www.aquila-style.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818060350/http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/asian-muslim-womens-fashions-of-the-past/8011/|archivedate=18 August 2017|df=}}</ref> Paranji and chachvon were by 1917 common among urban Uzbek women of the southern river basins. This was less frequently worn in the rural areas, and scarcely at all on the nomadic steppe.<ref>{{harvnb|Northrop|2001|p=198}}</ref>

One historical account of the paranja is from Lord Curzon, who travelled to [[Bukhara]] in 1886.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=12271|title=Face veil, womens, (chachvan), looped construction, horsehair/ cotton, unknown maker (gypsy nomad woman), Russian Turkestan, c. 1900|author=|date=|website=www.powerhousemuseum.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820071037/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=12271|archivedate=20 August 2016|df=}}</ref> During his time there he never saw a woman between the ages of 10 and 50, for they were all concealed. The heavy black horsehair veils were "too bad and coarse for a seive", the women walking in loosely wrapped blue gowns with the empty sleeves pinned could have been "mistaken for clothes wandering about", and big leather boots covered their feet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eurasia.travel/uzbekistan/cities/bukhara/history_of_bukhara/bokhara_-_the_forbidden_city/|title=Bokhara - The forbidden city|author=|date=|website=eurasia.travel|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083829/http://eurasia.travel/uzbekistan/cities/bukhara/history_of_bukhara/bokhara_-_the_forbidden_city/|archivedate=10 May 2017|df=}}</ref><ref name="BenjaminLieu2002">{{cite book|author1=Craig Benjamin|author2=Samuel N. C. Lieu|title=Walls and Frontiers in Inner-Asian History: Proceedings from the Fourth Conference of the Australasian Society for Inner Asian Studies (A.S.I.A.S) : Macquarie University, November 18-19, 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODVuAAAAMAAJ&q=their+features+were+hidden+behind+a+heavy+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+their+head+to+the+bosom.&dq=their+features+were+hidden+behind+a+heavy+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+their+head+to+the+bosom.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6zIPG2KPOAhVIKB4KHWONCAcQ6AEIHjAA|year=2002|publisher=Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University|isbn=978-2-503-51326-3}}</ref><ref name="LittellLittell1889">{{cite book|author1=Eliakim Littell|author2=Robert S. Littell|title=Littell's Living Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkTWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA438&lpg=PA438&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=ANEYVM_fdT&sig=LIPF8cjcVTlkZL1hwI9jcgRAGPM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|year=1889|publisher=T.H. Carter & Company|pages=438–}}{{cite book|title=The Living Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA438&lpg=PA438&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=qytvSnmG2p&sig=KzX7trAEpxMcTXnKX5Kz8bdt0sY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|year=1889|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|pages=438–}}{{cite book|title=The Fortnightly Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i21IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=xyYkIlTzKU&sig=yNjcMH1e_kgvnetXGDi08ZgrDuc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIIjAC#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|year=1889|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=130–}}{{cite book|title=The Fortnightly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_RAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=MRnrKso2fC&sig=cPuAr_MJGEDKwFfEK38CZZRqaO8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIJDAD#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|year=1889|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=130–}}</ref><ref name="SunyMartin2001">{{cite book|author1=Ronald Grigor Suny|author2=Terry Martin|title=A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vkRTNB_UYIC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=WiF0hKfImJ&sig=suxVCUevd9p6pcHocJo85lOxhho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIJjAE#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|date=29 November 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534935-1|pages=194–}}</ref><ref name="Northrop2016">{{cite book|author=Douglas Northrop|title=Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUqGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&lpg=PT52&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=JwBR2Z3lep&sig=S_A3ksPPtXO0XcTVmIich7v9v3Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIKDAF#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|date=4 February 2016|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0296-9|pages=–}}{{cite book|title=Russia in Central Asia in 1889 & the Anglo-Russian Question|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRNWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=or+not+only+were+the+features+concealed+behind+a+heavy+black+horsehair+veil,+falling+from+the+top+of+the+head+to+the+bosom,+but+their+figures+were+loosely+wrapped+up+in+big+blue+cotton+dressing-gowns,&source=bl&ots=RRdTI-ZLvL&sig=4jXEd9f1yIP7LFu2dnDJxjJT4eU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsg7bh2KPOAhWMix4KHRlBDnoQ6AEIKzAG#v=onepage&q=or%20not%20only%20were%20the%20features%20concealed%20behind%20a%20heavy%20black%20horsehair%20veil%2C%20falling%20from%20the%20top%20of%20the%20head%20to%20the%20bosom%2C%20but%20their%20figures%20were%20loosely%20wrapped%20up%20in%20big%20blue%20cotton%20dressing-gowns%2C&f=false|year=1889|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|pages=175–}} [https://archive.org/stream/russiaincentral00curzgoog/russiaincentral00curzgoog_djvu.txt archived] [http://cui-zy.com/Recommended/Nature&glabolization/SunyStalinA%20State%20of%20Nations.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324135059/http://www.cui-zy.com/Recommended/Nature%26glabolization/SunyStalinA%20State%20of%20Nations.pdf |date=2016-03-24 }} {{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/233753278/Ronald-Grigor-Suny-Terry-Martin-a-State-of-Nati-BookZZ-org |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814182435/https://www.scribd.com/document/233753278/Ronald-Grigor-Suny-Terry-Martin-a-State-of-Nati-BookZZ-org |archivedate=2016-08-14 |df= }}</ref> Curzon noted that "Ladies of rank and good character never venture to show themselves in any public place or bazaar." He condemned this as a kind of tyranny, an exaggerated and erroneous notion of morality found everywhere in the East, but nowhere so striking as in Bukhara.<ref name="Vámbéry1868">{{cite book|author=Ármin Vámbéry|title=Sketches of Central Asia: Additional Chapters on My Travels, Adventures, and on the Ethnology of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=girls+over+the+age+of+puberty+were+hidden+behind+a+horsehair+veil+and+a+long+loose+robe+with+empty+sleeves+hanging+suspended+behind+their+backs+so,+that+observed+from+behind,+the+fair+ones+of+Bukhara+may+be+mistaken+for+clothes+wandering+about&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEs8KV2qPOAhWE2B4KHbArBdoQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1868|publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Company|pages=170–171}} [https://archive.org/stream/sketchescentral00vmgoog/sketchescentral00vmgoog_djvu.txt archived]</ref><ref name="BenjaminLieu2002 2">{{cite book|author1=Craig Benjamin|author2=Samuel N. C. Lieu|title=Walls and Frontiers in Inner-Asian History: Proceedings from the Fourth Conference of the Australasian Society for Inner Asian Studies (A.S.I.A.S) : Macquarie University, November 18-19, 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODVuAAAAMAAJ&q=girls+over+the+age+of+puberty+were+hidden+behind+a+horsehair+veil+and+a+long+loose+robe+with+empty+sleeves+hanging+suspended+behind+their+backs+so,+that+observed+from+behind,+the+fair+ones+of+Bukhara+may+be+mistaken+for+clothes+wandering+about&dq=girls+over+the+age+of+puberty+were+hidden+behind+a+horsehair+veil+and+a+long+loose+robe+with+empty+sleeves+hanging+suspended+behind+their+backs+so,+that+observed+from+behind,+the+fair+ones+of+Bukhara+may+be+mistaken+for+clothes+wandering+about&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEs8KV2qPOAhWE2B4KHbArBdoQ6AEIHjAA|year=2002|publisher=Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University|isbn=978-2-503-51326-3}}</ref>

[[Russia]]'s [[October Revolution]] encouraged a liberation of women, and sought to discourage or ban the [[veil]] and the paranja.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/uzbekistan/Uzbek0701-01.htm|title=Background: Women and Uzbek Nationhood|author=|date=|work=|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=16 September 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102085930/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/uzbekistan/Uzbek0701-01.htm|archivedate=2 November 2008|df=}}</ref>
The unveiling by the Soviets was called the "hujum" in the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] (SSR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/13361 |title=Citizenship in Soviet Uzbekistan |last1=Hierman |first1=Brent |last2= |first2= |date=January 20, 2016 |website=Dissertation Reviews |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081736/http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/13361 |archivedate=December 1, 2016 |df= }}</ref> As the Soviet Communists secured their control of Central Asia, chachvans and paranjas were banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=319780|title=Tajik womens paranja|author=|date=|website=www.powerhousemuseum.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307193306/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=319780|archivedate=7 March 2016|df=}}</ref><ref name="AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010 3">{{cite book|author1=Kamoludin Abdullaev|author2=Shahram Akbarzaheh|title=Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC9RsIYy8m8C&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=27 April 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6061-2|pages=381–}}</ref>
The paranjas were burned on orders of the Communists.
However, some veil-wearing Muslim women responded by killing the women who were sent to take their veils off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khiva.info/gb/clothes_earr/cl_of_past.htm|title=Clothes of the Past|author=|date=|website=www.khiva.info|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015041719/http://www.khiva.info/gb/clothes_earr/cl_of_past.htm|archivedate=15 October 2017|df=}}</ref> Some Uzbeks violently opposed the anti-paranja, anti-child marriage and anti-polygamy campaign which was started by the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/mightymuslimah/tamara-khanum/26863/|title=The untold story of Uzbekistan's dancer extraordinaire|author=|date=|website=www.aquila-style.com|accessdate=24 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818070326/http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/mightymuslimah/tamara-khanum/26863/|archivedate=18 August 2017|df=}}</ref>

Since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Tajikistan President Emomali has claimed that veils were not part of Tajik culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pannier |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Central Asia's Controversial Fashion Statements |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/central-asia-fashion-islamic-risque-western-national-mentality/26932437.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty |location= |access-date= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715184950/http://www.rferl.org/content/central-asia-fashion-islamic-risque-western-national-mentality/26932437.html |archivedate=July 15, 2015 |df= }}</ref> The veil was attacked by the government of Kyrgyz President [[Almazbek Atambayev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36846249|title='Women in mini skirts don't become suicide bombers'|author=|date=13 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 April 2018|via=www.bbc.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025174249/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36846249|archivedate=25 October 2017|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-islam-hijab-women/27888178.html|title=Kyrgyz Women Warned Of Dangers Of Islamic Dress|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=24 April 2018|via=www.rferl.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142834/http://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-islam-hijab-women/27888178.html|archivedate=5 October 2016|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QjZIRFi2n4 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710011625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QjZIRFi2n4 |archivedate=2017-07-10 |df= }} https://youtu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806053748/http://youtu/ |date=2013-08-06 }}. be/8QjZIRFi2n4 {{cite web |url=http://presskg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2-23.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828025857/http://presskg.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2-23.jpg |archivedate=2016-08-28 |df= }}</ref> They are seldom worn now in Central Asia.
{{no TOC}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Central Asia|Fashion|Islam}}
* [[Niqāb#Enforcement.2C encouragement and bans|Niqāb and burqa (Muslim women's garments) related regulations]]
* [[Types of hijab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | last= Lobacheva | first= N. P. | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 2 | journal=
Anthropology & archeology of Eurasia: a journal of translations | title= On the History of the Paranja | pages= 63–90 | issn= 1061-1959 | location= Abingdon, Oxon | publisher= Routledge, Taylor & Francis }}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Northrop|first=Douglas|editor-first1=Ronald Grigor|editor-last1=Suny|editor-last2=Martin|editor-first2=Terry|title=State of Nations: The Soviet State and Its Peoples|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001 |pages=191–220|chapter=Nationalizing Backwardness: Gender, Empire, and Uzbek Identity|isbn=978-1-234-56789-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Northrop |first=Douglas |title=Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0801488917}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
For analysis of and discussion of the function of the robes, and for photos of such robes, see:
*[https://archive.is/20130210071408/http://www.worldisround.com/articles/150042/photo24.html Worldisround.com]
*[http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=319866&search=atlas&images=&c=1&s= Powerhousemuseum.com]
*http://www.all-about-photo.com/photographer.php?name=arkady-shaikhet&id=517&popupimage=8#top
*http://weheartit.com/entry/group/38110430
*http://www.susanmeller.com/books/silk-and-cotton/
*http://shop.hotmooncollection.com/uzbek-horsehair-face-veil/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/101542166574656568
*http://www.talesoftheveils.info/dave_potter/new_uzbeki_woman.html

{{Islamic female dress}}

[[Category:Islamic female dress]]
[[Category:Robes and cloaks]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani culture]]
[[Category:Veils]]

Verfolgung von Menschen mit Albinismus

2018-12-09T06:33:33Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

[[File:Social revolution psoter 1 2.jpg|thumb|Awareness poster against the prejudice of albinos in Africa]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Albinisitic man portrait.jpg|right|thumb|A child with [[albinism]]]]
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Persecution of people with albinism''' (sometimes abbreviated PWA<ref name="UTSS history" />) is based on the belief that certain body parts of [[Albinism|albinistic]] people can transmit magical powers. Such [[superstition]] is present especially in some parts of the [[African Great Lakes]] region, it has been promulgated and exploited by [[witch doctor]]s and others who use such body parts as ingredients in rituals, concoctions and [[potions]] with the claim that their [[Witchcraft|magic]] will bring prosperity to the user (''[[muti]]'' or [[medicine murder]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/ethnologie/forschung/arbeitsstellen/medical_anthropology/publikationen/0000-MEDIEN/Schuehle_Medicine-Murder-_-Albinism-Tanzania_CAS-Working-Paper-2-2013.pdf|title=Medicine Murder of People with Albinism in Tanzania – How Casino Capitalism Creates Rumorscapes and Occult Economies (Working Paper No. 2-13)|last=Schühle|first=Judith|date=|website=FU-Berlin.de|publisher=Center for Area Studies, Freie Universität Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125200414/http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/cas/forschung/publikationen/working-papers/_CAS-Working-2-13_Schuehle.pdf|archivedate=25 January 2016|deadurl=yes|access-date=29 October 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

As a result, people with albinism have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and desecrated. At the same time, people with albinism have also been ostracised and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck. The persecutions of people with albinism take place mostly in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n communities, especially among [[East Africa]]ns.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo">{{cite journal |last1=Cruz-Inigo|first1=Andres E. |last2=Ladizinski|first2=Barry |last3=Sethi|first3=Aisha |date=January 2011 |title=Albinism in Africa: Stigma, Slaughter and Awareness Campaigns |work=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1016/j.det.2010.08.015 |url= http://www.derm.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8635(10)00140-3/fulltext |access-date=18 April 2014}} Also available [http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0733-8635/PIIS0733863510001403.pdf in PDF format].</ref>{{rp|81}}

Albinism is a genetically inherited condition which is very rare and, worldwide, affects approximately one in twenty thousand people.<ref>Steiefel, (2014) Hats on for skin health: Albinos in Africa a population at risk {{cite web |url=http://www.stiefel.com/en/community-interest/hatsonforskinhealth.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507033012/http://www.stiefel.com/en/community-interest/hatsonforskinhealth.html |archivedate=7 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Accessed 20 April 2014</ref> Although rare in the western world, albinism is quite common in sub-Saharan Africa, likely as a result of [[consanguinity]].<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> Both parents, who may or may not be albinos themselves, must carry the gene if it is to be passed on to the child. Albinism occurs in both males and females and is not specific to any race or ethnic group. Statistics show that fifty percent of albinistic people in [[Tanzania]] have a known albinistic relative,<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}} although very few understand or are educated about the medical and genetic causes of this condition. Many believe it is a punishment from God or bad luck, and that their "disease" could be contagious, which is often the view of even members of the medical and professional community. These misconceptions, coupled with the lack of education, are some of the key reasons that albinism is so heavily persecuted. This lack of knowledge about people with albinism means that folktales and superstition in the name of witchcraft take the place of medical and scientific facts in the minds of many native Africans, with and without albinism, which in turn has major effects on the social integration of albinistic people into African society. Ninety-eight percent of albinos die by the age of forty for reasons which could easily be prevented.<ref>{{cite report |last=Morton |first=T. |date=2014 |title=''Watu Kama Sisi'': Reducing Skin Cancer, Stigma and Violence Against Albinos in the Mara Region |publisher=[[Under the Same Sun]] |location=Canada / Tanzania}}</ref>

==Current statistics of persecution of albinistic people==

A report was released on 1 April 2014 by the [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, office of the Canadian charity [[Under the Same Sun]]. Titled ''Reported Attacks of Persons with Albinism'', the document reviews 180 countries and lists 129 recent killings and 181 other attacks, all within 23 African countries. These attacks include mutilation, violence, violation of graves, and cases of asylum-seeking.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Reported Attacks of Persons with Albinism – Most Recent Attacks Included. |publisher=[[Under the Same Sun]] |location=Canada / Tanzania |url= http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/PWA%20Attacks%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Tanzania ===
In Tanzania, albinos represent one in every 1429 births, a much higher rate than in any other nation. According to [[Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer]], an albino member of parliament, there are 6977 officially registered albinos in Tanzania.<ref name="IFRC">{{cite web |publisher=[[International Federation of Red Cross]] and [[Red Crescent Societies]]. |title=Advocacy Report: Through Albino Eyes – The Plight of Albino People in Africa's Great Lakes Region and a Red Cross Response |date=2009 |work=IFRC.org |url= https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/general/177800-Albinos-Report-EN.pdf |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> However, it is believed that there may be up to 17000 undocumented.<ref name="BBC wife">{{cite news |date=2008 |title=Man 'tried to sell' albino wife |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7726743.stm |access-date=24 April 2014 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A number of albinos have migrated to the [[Dar es Salaam]] area, as they feel safer in an urban setting. Tanzania is thought to have the largest population of albinos in Africa.<ref name="Malone">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Malone |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215949/The-albino-tribe-butchered-feed-gruesome-trade-magical-body-parts.html |title=The albino tribe butchered to feed a gruesome trade in 'magical' body parts |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[Daily Mail]] |location=London}}</ref> Albinos are especially persecuted in [[Shinyanga Region|Shinyanga]] and [[Mwanza Region|Mwanza]], where witch doctors have promoted a belief in the potential magical and superstitious properties of albinos' body parts. There are further issues which arise when there is lack of education about albinism. Fathers often suspect the mother of the albino child of infidelity with a white man or that the child is the ghost of a European colonist.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> This can cause immense strain on families and relationships. An albino child is often seen as a bad omen and treated as unwanted. Many albino babies become victims of infanticide due to these superstitious views.

=== Malawi ===
After 2015 when Tanzania enacted tougher steps against violence against albinos, Malawi has seen a "steep upsurge in killings" with 18 reported killings since November 2014, and the likely toll being higher because of missing persons and unreported murders.<ref name=cbs>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/malawi-albinos-hunted-and-murdered-for-their-limbs/| author=AP| title=Albino people are being hunted for their body parts |publisher=CBS| date=June 7, 2016 |accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref> President [[Peter Mutharika]] has formed a committee to study the situation.<ref name=cbs/> Additionally, Malawi has faced an immense amount of graves belonging to Albino people being robbed in more recent history. In 2017, police found at least 39 cases of illegal removals of the bodies of Albino people from their graves or having body parts removed from their corpses.<ref>“The Ritual Murders of People with Albinism in Malawi.” Amnesty International UK, 2 Feb. 2017, 6:50pm, www.amnesty.org.uk/ritual-murders-people-albinism-malawi. Accessed 14 October 2018</ref> Another phenomenon that has also begun to occur is an increase in religious leaders, police, and government officials being charged and convicted of slaying Albino people in Malawi. As of 2018, there has been speculation President Mutharika making moves toward implementing the death penalty to convicted murderers of Albino people as a way to significantly decrease the attacks being perpetrated, putting fear into those who do it for business or religious purposes and making it substantially less acceptable by witch doctors and other people who follow superstitions. There is a death penalty in place, but it has not been put in to use since the government changed to democracy in 1994, and convicts who are given the death penalty have sat in prison for life instead.<ref>Masina, Lameck. “Malawi Debates Death Penalty to Halt Attacks on Albinos.” VOA, VOA, 24 Apr. 2018, www.voanews.com/a/malawi-debates-death-penalty-attacks-albinos/4363063.html.“Albinism in Malawi Stop The Killings.” Albinism in Malawi Stop The Killings | Amnesty International, 2016, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2016/06/albinism-in-malawi-stop-the-killings/.</ref> The president sees this as a way to tighten judicial control and work to eradicate the hate crimes committed against Albinos.

==Origins of myths and superstition causing persecution of people with albinism==
African rituals and spiritual ideas about albinism have led to the brutal murder of and attacks on innocent men, women and especially children. These ideas have been around for many generations, but in recent years witch doctors have been teaching misconceived ideas about the promise of wealth, success and power when albino hair or limbs are used in a potion as part of witchcraft practices. This has gained public attention nationally and internationally as these crimes have been reported as crimes against human rights. "Infanticide, kidnapping, amputations, and decapitations, committed for purposes of supplying highly valued body parts used for amulets, which are then sold in underground witchcraft market."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}} Therefore, this causes great unrest and angst among the albino population, who must be protected and often live in a state of solitude simply to protect their own lives and to prevent being hunted like animals.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}}

US congressman [[Gerry Connolly]] in 2010 introduced legislation to protect albinos and urge local governments to protect albinos, stating that "With their help and the passage of this resolution today, maybe we can bring an end to these horrific and heinous crimes."<ref>This Day Reporter, (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref>

It is clear that "the main driving forces underlying these profiling crimes are ignorance, myth, and superstition, such as the belief that individuals with albinism possess superpowers or that their body parts bestow fortune and health."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}} It is commonly known that in many communities, predominantly in Tanzania and parts of east Africa, superstitious views derived from ancient spiritual beliefs and reinforced by local witch doctors have been carried through centuries of ritualistic practices and mythical beliefs. This creates a serious risk to the lives of persons with albinism as the people believe it will bring them wealth, power, success or health depending on the variances of interpretation. Senior police officers claim that these body parts may be sold for as much as [[United States dollar|US$]]75,000 on the black market<ref name="IFRC" /> for a set of arms, legs, ears, and genitals from an individual with albinism.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}}<ref name="IFRC" /> Therefore, there has been an extensive amount of albino murders in the past decade especially in Burundi and Tanzania, where in 2007 more than seventy documented killings took place and one hundred and fifty body parts of albinos were reported to have been chopped off. Now the number of killings is well over one hundred, with low conviction rates, and albinos continue to have limbs severed, leaving many crippled or severely maimed, traumatized and tortured in the process.<ref name="IFRC" />

This threat to albinos has the potential to cause extreme trauma and stress in their daily lives, which are already impacted by the stress of their condition, affecting skin and eyesight, placing albinos in a constant state of insecurity and distrust. According to Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, because of the social and educational exclusion which can often occur there are often very low education levels in albinos, so that they lack social and economic tools to live productive lives.<ref name="Pillay">Pillay, Navi (13 March 2014) "People with albinism have the right to live without fear or bullying, discrimination, social exclusion, killing and dismemberment". United Nations High Commissioner. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8N_w5C8FWE Accessed 4 October 2014</ref> It also "is a common belief that albinos have low brain capacity and are unable to function at the same level as 'normal people'.<ref>Kuster R,(2000) White skin, black souls. New African, p. 382</ref> Therefore, their ability to learn is often deficient due to the fact that one hundred percent of albinos suffer from some form of visual impairment<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> and there often are not sufficient educational facilities, learning supplies or funding to support children with limited sight. This causes extensive bullying, exclusion from peer groups, low self-esteem and confidence, along with emotional and mental illness stemming from rejection by society and often family members who harbor superstitious myths about albinos. It is clearly revealed that no matter what mythical or spiritual mantra a person may be following or believing about albinos there is a general view in "nearly all cultures in the region of east Africa held and some still hold the view that albinos are less desirable beings who are less than human."<ref name="UTSS history">{{cite web |work=Under the Same Sun |date=15 July 2013 |title=History of Attacks Against Persons with Albinism (PWA) |url= http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Attacks%20against%20PWA.pdf |access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Therefore, homes and schools specifically for albinos, such as Buhangija Albino School, have been created as safe environments for learning, growing and permanently residing. Many children fear to ever return to their families, believing that they may be killed by even their closest relatives. Ukerewe Island is a key example of this, displayed in the film home to a large community of people with albinism where 62 albinos reside, most likely to remain in solitude and away from albino hunters.<ref name="ITSOTS">Freeland, Harry (2014) In the Shadow of the Sun http://intheshadowofthesun.org/long-synopsis Accessed 29 April 2014</ref>

The UN report submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013 states that albinos are often regarded as "ghosts and not human beings, who can be wiped off the global map."<ref name="UNHRC 2013">United Nations General Assembly: Human Rights Council, 24th Session (12 September 2013) Persons with Albinism. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Accessed 24 April 2014</ref>{{rp|5}} They are often persecuted as devils or people who are a bad omen or suffer from a curse. In some communities it is "believed that contact with them will bring bad luck, sickness or death."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} Therefore, this is discrimination and mental and emotional persecution alone, where severe bullying of children, exclusion and abandonment occurs even without brutal physical persecution.

However, the issues which have created a spotlight for the Human Rights Council of the United Nations are the murder of albinos for medicine and dismemberment, and attacks and murder of persons with albinism. Another myth that imposes a risk on people with albinism is the belief that "sexual intercourse with a woman or a girl with albinism can cure HIV/AIDS."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} Sacrifice of albinos is believed also to "appease the god of the mountain"<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} when fear of a volcano eruption is possible, and it is believed that pulling the hair of albinos can bring good luck. It has also been reported that "miners use the bones of persons with albinism as amulets or bury them where they are drilling for gold.<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} The attacks which occur usually result in the death or severe mutilation of the albino, which according to the Human rights council can in "some cases involve trade in organs, trafficking in persons and sale of children, infanticide and abandonment of children."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|6}}

==Action against persecution==
With escalating killings, President [[Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete|Kikwete]] publicly and repeatedly condemned [[witch doctor]]s, their helpers and middlemen, and the clients, which include members of the police force, for these murders. Victims include [[child abduction|children snatched or abducted]] from their parents. The killers and their accomplices use hair, arms, legs, skin, eyes, genitals, and blood in rituals or for witch potions.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has published a preliminary report regarding discrimination which has been directed toward people with albinism.<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} This report has been submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013. It reinforced that "states would adopt specific measures to protect and preserve the rights to life and security of persons with albinism, as well as their right not to be subject to torture and ill treatment, and ensure their access to adequate health care, employment, education and justice."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|1}} The discrimination of albinos is often demonstrated by family members and relatives especially at birth, and ill-treatment by general society is widespread where there are severe issues of social exclusion and stigma. The Resolution 23/13 explains the Human Rights council's concerns about "attacks against persons with albinism".<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|3}} Therefore, the Council encouraged the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to submit a report. Navi Pillay is the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. As the representative, on 11 March 2014 she submitted a message which overviewed the current status of discrimination against persons with albinism and possible pathways for change and development in protection of albinos. "People with albinism have the right to live without fear or bullying, discrimination, social exclusion, killing and dismemberment."<ref name="Pillay" /> This footage was published on 13 March 2014 to overview the current situation surrounding albinos who live in fear of being murdered or captured for the purposes of murder medicine and witch doctors belief in the magical potential of albino hair and limbs.

Also a key issue is the influence of educating the public to encourage the removal of the social stigma associated with albinos in a society which does not completely understand that albinism is not a curse or a spiritual ghost, but simply a skin condition. In Zimbabwe albinos have been given the name ''sope'' which indicated that they are possessed by evil spirits, and in Tanzania they are known as ''nguruwe'' meaning 'pig', or ''zeru'' which means 'ghost'.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> The Report discusses the "most serious human rights violations faced by persons with albinism, primarily focusing on the ritual killings and attacks to which they are subjected."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|3}} It also includes recommendations to the international community and member states action towards persons with albinism.

Under the Same Sun led by albinism activist Peter Ash is organisation aiming to protect albinos from persecution and he delivered an oral intervention to the Human Rights Council in its 23rd session on 7 June 2013 on behalf of the East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders project (EHAHRDP). His submission stated:

"Today I wish to address a little known but very serious human rights violation being perpetrated against people with albinism in many African nations. My NGO, Under the Same Sun, has evidence of the witchcraft related attacks and killings of 207 people with albinism in 16 African nations. The majority of the victims are children. From Tanzania and Burundi in the East, to Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire in the West and South Africa and Swaziland in the South, people born with this genetic condition live in fear every day. There exists a lucrative black market in albino body parts used to make what is promoted as powerful ''[[muti]]'' medicine. The hand, arm or any albino organ is combined with other ingredients and then sold for thousands of dollars: $3,000 for a hand or over $100,000 for an entire set of organs. Sometimes body parts are even shipped across borders. We seek a day when people with albinism will take their rightful place in all levels of African society and such days of discrimination will be a faint memory. To this end, we call on this Council to pass a resolution condemning acts of violence and discrimination against persons with albinism and to request the OHCHR or the Advisory Committee to carry out a study on such violations. As Edmund Burke so rightly stated, "all that is necessary for evil to prevail is for good men to do nothing."<ref>Ash, Peter (7 June 2013) Human Rights Council: 23rd Session Item 5: General Debate. Oral Intervention East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project (EHAHRDP) http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/Speech%20to%20UN%20June%202013.pdf Accessed 24 April 2014</ref>

==Future plans==

International federation Secretary General Bekele Geleta states that "Albinism is one of the most unfortunate vulnerabilities… and needs to be addressed immediately at international level."<ref name="IFRC" />{{rp|20}} This is a cry for international exposure and help to ensure that people suffering from albinism can be protected from inhumane killings and to be sheltered from the merciless hunters of albino body parts for their potions and spiritual medicine. "The main issues that should be addressed include skin cancer prevention education, stigma and discrimination denouncement, and swift prosecution of albino hunters and their sponsors."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}} Therefore, it is clear that albinos are facing many issues in their lives, and must be protected on the basis of human rights even if they look different and unlike any other race on earth. It is "imperative to inform the medical community and the general national and international public about the tragedies faced by albinos to protect them from skin cancer and ritualistic murders by individuals seeking wealth through clandestine markets perpetuating witchcraft."<ref name="IFRC" />

A number of steps were taken by the government to protect the albino population. The president ordered a crackdown on witchdoctors in the spring of 2008.<ref name="bbc403">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/7327989.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |title=Tanzania in witchdoctor crackdown |date=3 April 2008 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, an albino woman, [[Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer]], was named to become a member of the parliament, the first albino in such a position in the [[history of Tanzania]]. Police have also been advised to generate lists of albinos and provide special protection for them.<ref name="BBC721">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7518049.stm |first=Karen |last=Allen |title=Living in fear: Tanzania's albinos |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

To foil [[graverobber]]s, graves of the albinistic were to be sealed with concrete.<ref name=bbc727>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7527729.stm|title=Tanzania Albinos Targeted Again |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 July 2008 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> However, by October 2008, killings had not abated, and while some suspects had been apprehended, no convictions had taken place.<ref name="kul">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=d9487de6-5eeb-4b6e-b21f-4863db51113c |title=Crackdown vowed after Tanzania albino girl killed, mutilated |first=John |last=Kulekana |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=21 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100148/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=d9487de6-5eeb-4b6e-b21f-4863db51113c |archivedate=5 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was estimated that over 50 murders had taken place since March 2007, many of them in the mining and fishing communities near Lake Victoria, especially at [[Mwanza]], [[Shinyanga]] and [[Mara, Tanzania|Mara]].<ref name="kii">{{cite web |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200810200901.html |first=Orton |last=Kiishweko |title=Tanzania: JK Orders Crackdown to Stem Murder of Albinos |date=20 October 2008 |work=The Citizen |location=Dar es Salaam}}</ref>

In January 2009, "Prime Minister Pinda had declared war on the albino hunters, and in an effort to stop the trade in albino body parts he had revoked the licenses of all the country's [[witch doctor]]s who use the body parts in their black magic fetishes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themorningstarr.co.uk/2009/01/24/tanzania-albino-hunting-update/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724155047/http://www.themorningstarr.co.uk/2009/01/24/tanzania-albino-hunting-update/ |archivedate=24 July 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Convictions against albino hunters===
The first ever conviction for the killing of an albino in Tanzania occurred on 23 September 2009 at the High Court in [[Kahama, Tanzania|Kahama]].<ref name="Albinos call for public hanging of murderers" /><ref name="Albino killers 'should be hanged'" /><ref name="Howden">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Howden |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/three-sentenced-to-hang-for-murder-of-an-african-ghost-1792295.html |title=Three sentenced to hang for murder of an African 'ghost' |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=20 April 2014 |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing">{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/23/2694777.htm?section=world|title=Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing |date=23 September 2009|access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> This was a "landmark verdict" was due to the fact that there have been more than 50 murders known at this time and this was the first actual conviction.<ref name="Howden" /> The conviction came about following the murder and mutilation of a 14-year-old boy, Matatizo Dunia, who was attacked by three men in [[Bukombe]] district in [[Shinyanga Region]] in December 2008.<ref name="Howden" /><ref name="Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing" /><ref name="Death for Tanzania albino killers" /><ref name="Tanzanian albino killers death sentence">{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2009/09/090923_tanz_albino.shtml |title=Tanzanian albino killers death sentence |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[BBC World Service]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}} Includes audio.</ref> The men carried Dunia from his home late at night before brutally murdering him.<ref name="Malone" />

One of them was later found with Dunia's leg in his possession.<ref name="Malone" /> The rest of Dunia's body parts were located concealed in shrubbery.<ref name="Malone" /> The men confessed a desire to sell Dunia's parts to a witch doctor, yet despite this, their legal team had not anticipated the [[capital punishment|death sentence]] of hanging which the three men would receive.<ref name="Malone" /><ref name="Death for Tanzania albino killers">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8270446.stm |title=Death for Tanzania albino killers |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The Canada- and Tanzania-based [[Under The Same Sun]] albinism activist organisation praised the breakthrough but its founder Peter Ash remarked: "This is one conviction. There are 52 other families still awaiting justice".<ref name="Three men to hang for Tanzania albino murder">{{cite news |first=George |last=Obulutsa |url= https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE58M0IE20090923 |title=Three men to hang for Tanzania albino murder |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The Tanzania Albino Society's chairman Ernest Kimaya called for the [[public execution|hanging to be made public]] to further demonstrate to others that the issue of killing albinos was to be taken seriously.<ref name="Albinos call for public hanging of murderers">{{cite web |url= http://thecitizen.co.tz/newe.php?id=15284 |title=Albinos call for public hanging of murderers |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[The Citizen (South Africa)|The Citizen]]}}</ref><ref name="Albino killers 'should be hanged'">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8273139.stm |title=Albino killers 'should be hanged' |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="Albino killers to be hanged">{{cite web|url=http://gbcghana.com/news/28493detail.html |title=Albino killers to be hanged |date=25 September 2009 |access-date=25 September 2009 |publisher=[[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928213536/http://gbcghana.com/news/28493detail.html |archivedate=28 September 2009 }}</ref>

This issue with witchcraft and its power and influence is that a witch doctor has, as he is almost always "revered by society as ultimate truth."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|3}} Most tribes in ancient times would have committed infanticide upon an albino child seeing it as a bad omen, practiced by the [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], the [[Digo people|Digo]] and the [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|5}} However, in some tribes the albinos were made the sacrifices of offerings to the gods or for such uses as potions which is what they are still hunted for today in the 21st century. "One of the most dangerous myths and the crux of recent attacks against PWA is that their body parts can be made into potions that give good luck and wealth to its users."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|4}}

In 2006 some of the first publicly reported killings were spoken about in the media, such as 34-year-old albino woman, Arithi, who was murdered with her arms and legs hacked off and sold. Some cases which have been key in recent years firstly occurred in 2008 when a Tanzanian man tried to sell his albino wife for a price of US$3,000 to Congolese businessmen.<ref name="BBC wife" /> Although the businessmen managed to escape their arrest, Interpol has been assigned to attempt to track these men. this is what led to President Jakaya Kikewere ordering a tightening of police and protection from prosecution, however due to corruption there is still proof that even policeman are being bribed and "bought off" to turn a blind eye to certain crimes if they are receiving pecuniary gain. Although according to BBC News one hundred and seventy witch doctors have been arrested for involvement in inhumane interactions and intentions with albinos.<ref name="BBC wife" />

Another example which occurred where two mothers who were attacked by gangs with machetes in order to get to their albino children. The men broke into a refugee house known as the Lugufu Camp in Kigoma in search of the children; although the children remained untouched the women received severe injuries.<ref name="Howden" /> A further case uncovered by US congressman Gerry Connolly was the November 2008 in Ruyigi, Burundi where the case of a 6-year old albino girl who was shot dead and her head and limbs where hacked off, leaving only her dismembered torso.<ref>This Day Reporter (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings (http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref>

==Organizations to prevent persecution==

Many organisations have been set up to help protect and provide for communities with albinism. Films have also been produced to encourage, educate and create an international understanding of the trials which persons with albinism are facing in a modern world still dealing with ancient rituals and practices which encourage murder for medicine. This is against all international human rights legislation and therefore it is important that persons with albinism are collectively protected. Organisations such as National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH),<ref>The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) http://www.albinism.org</ref> Tanzania Albino Centre (TAC)<ref>Tanzania Albino Center (TAC) http://www.tanzaniaalbino.org/ )</ref> based in Arusha, Tanzania; aiming to "improve the lives of albinos with educational and medical assistance so that they may live safe, accepted, and prosperous lives in the society of their choice."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> Other groups include Assisting Children in Need (ACN);<ref>Assisting Children in Need (ACN) http://www.assistingchildreninneed.com</ref> and Under the Same Sun<ref name="underthesamesun.com">Ash, Peter (2014) {{cite web |url=http://www.underthesamesun.com/home.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209142022/http://www.underthesamesun.com/home.php |archivedate=9 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }} Under the Same Sun (2014). Accessed 20 April 2014</ref> where Ash, having albinism himself, states his aspirations and purpose for the project: "I have a dream that one day in Africa, people with albinism will take their rightful place throughout every level of society, and that the days of discrimination against persons with albinism will be a faint memory!"<ref name="underthesamesun.com" />

The International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) is a key part of the albino protection movement who are working to integrate persons with albinism back into society safely in Burundi "striving to minimize their vulnerability to hunters, skin cancer, and educational and social marginalization."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|84}} The IFRC particularly works with protecting mothers and children who are fearing persecution and they assist them in providing safe homes and protection where children are frightened of attacker's and by providing a special arena for the albinos it ensures safety protection and an environment of love, understanding of one another all with albinism, and unity in the battle against persecution and discrimination. The Red Cross have made it very clear in their publications that the government must also take drastic steps in protection of persons with albinism to stop the persecution. They have stated that it is imperative that the government strives to "Ensure effective legal protection for people with albinism, use local administrative structures to locate and protect albino people in hiding and conduct public anti-discrimination campaigns and extend medical services to albinos in need."<ref name="IFRC" />

Asante Mariamu is another organisation which was created after the survival of Mariamu Staford from an anti-albino attack which is determined to ensure that there is "swift prosecution and convictions of their killers" and therefore encouraging justice.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|84}} This story was presented to the US House of Representatives in March 2010 where US Congressman Gerry Connolly was impacted by this horrific story and "moved me to take action."<ref name="TDR">This Day Reporter (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings. http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref> He introduced a bill to take action to severe violence being performed against persons with albinism in east Africa and to bring justice and punishment to perpetrators. He spoke to the house in March 2010 urging his colleagues "to join me and Mariamu Stanford in bringing international attention to this horrific abuse of human rights."<ref name="TDR" /> This legislation condemns any injury, murder or mutilation of persons with albinism and specifically urges the local east African government especially in Tanzania and Burundi "to take immediate action to prevent further violence against persons with albinism."<ref name="TDR" /> There are many more which are working on protecting persons with albinism from persecution, and providing adequate health care, sun protection and learning facilities to ensure that persons with albinism are treated fairly and with all human rights, and not hunted as animals in fear of their life. Albino Awareness day has also been created by Dr Aisha Sethi who is an assistant professor of dermatology in the Pritzker School of Medicine which is celebrated on 4 May each year. The President has also appointed Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer, himself a person with albinism, as an MP who seeks to be a voice in the Tanzanian parliament for protection against persecution of persons with albinism in society and encourages facilities and support of their physical, medical, and education protection and enhancement.

===Under the Same Sun (UTSS)===
{{Main|Under the Same Sun}}
[[Under the Same Sun]] is a Canadian-founded organization with support focused on Tanzania and based in Dar es Salam, founded in 2008 by [[Peter Ash (activist)|Peter Ash]] with a vision to "promote via advocacy and education, the wellbeing of persons who are often marginalized or misunderstood. We are driven by the belief that all persons have intrinsic value and since they are created in the image of God."<ref>Ash, Peter (2014) Under the Same Sun: UTSS Information fact brochure {{cite web |url=http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/About%20Us%20Brochure.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-05-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507035422/http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/About%20Us%20Brochure.pdf |archivedate=7 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Therefore, they are acting upon the moral and human rights values to support victims to end the discrimination and persecution of innocent persons with albinism. According to [[Under The Same Sun]], to eradicate attacks against persons with albinism, "it is necessary to focus on eliminating reliance on witchcraft beliefs by strengthening the provision of infrastructure such as schools and hospitals while enhancing the sense of fairness by improving on the system of justice."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|4}} Therefore, regaining persons with albinism their rights to being treated as human, fairly as functioning members of society who may look different and suffer severe vulnerabilities die to their physical condition, but do not deserve to be murdered or hurt in any way because of ancient myths claiming sacrifice of these people will create future benefit for another person.

=== Amnesty International (AI) ===
[[Amnesty International]] is a human rights organization that was established by Peter Benenson, a British lawyer and human rights activist, in 1961. It has many city-centered offices in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Central, and Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. The goal of the organization is to assist in obtaining freedom and success for everyone globally. It has run several campaigns against the persecution and discrimination of persons with albinism. 'Albinism in Malawi: Stop the Killings' is a campaign run by the organization that was started to “stop ritual murders of people with Albinism”.<ref>"Albinism in Malawi Stop The Killings.” Albinism in Malawi Stop The Killings | Amnesty International, 2016,</ref> In addition, the organization provides a plethora of information and statistical research on albinism for other organizations that fight for the same cause.

==Films highlighting persecution of albinism==

Films which have been created are also helping to raise awareness and tell the stories of persecuted persons with albinism, beginning with ''[[In My Genes]]'', a 2009 Kenyan [[Documentary film|documentary]] directed by [[Lupita Nyong'o]] (later a key actor from the 2013 film ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]''). It was followed in 2010 by ''[[White and Black: Crimes of Color]]'', by Canadian filmmaker Jean-François Méan, which tells the story of Vicky Ntetema, a Tanzanian journalist who investigated the trade for albinotic body parts in Tanzania. This film became the cornerstone of a national campaign sponsored by [[Under the Same Sun]] to end the wave of violence. After the film's broadcast, the murder rate, which had been steady for three years, dropped by 90%.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201211230077.html</ref>{{Update after|2012|12|31|Articles with obsolete information from December 2012|reason=More recent 2013–2015 sources indicate that the numbers have gone up again, significantly. See talk page.}}

[[White Shadow (film)|''White Shadow'']], a [[Germany|German]]–[[Italy|Italian]]–[[Tanzania]]n 2013 [[drama film]] written, produced and directed by Noaz Deshe, drew international attention to the issue, screening at various [[film festival]]s, winning the Lion of the Future Award at the Venice festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noaz Deshe on his Film, White Shadow: A Fight for Survival in East Africa|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/01/24/noaz-deshe-on-his-film-white-shadow-a-fight-for-survival-in-east-africa/|access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sundance Interview with Noaz Deshe, director of White Shadow|url=http://cltampa.com/artbreaker/archives/2014/01/27/sundance-interview-with-noaz-deshe-director-of-white-shadow|access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=70th Venice Film Festival Award Winners |url= http://collider.com/venice-film-festival-award-winners/ |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> Also released in 2013, ''[[In the Shadow of the Sun (documentary)|In the Shadow of the Sun]]'', a documentary filmed in Tanzania over the course of six years by Harry Freeland, featured the struggles of [[Josephat Torner]], a campaigner for de-mystification of the superstitions about albinistic people and their use for witchcraft; and teenaged Vedastus, who hopes to survive the persecution of persons with albinism to adulthood.<ref name="ITSOTS" />
And also The Beautiful Ones Are Born, a yet to be released short film by one of the youngest Nigerian Film maker Dami Taiwo.

==Other African countries==
By June 2008 killings had been reported in neighboring [[Kenya]] and possibly also the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name="kul" /><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news
|title=Albinos, Long Shunned, Face Threat in Tanzania |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 2008 |last=Gettleman |first=Jeffrey |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/world/africa/08albino.html}}</ref>

In October 2008 [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the [[Ruyigi]] region of [[Burundi]]. Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions.<ref name="afp">{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/20081014-burundis-albinos-flee-sorcerers-organ-traders |first=Esdras |last=Ndikumanna |title=Burundi's albinos flee sorcerers and organ traders |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=14 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929003917/http://www.france24.com/20081014-burundis-albinos-flee-sorcerers-organ-traders |archivedate=29 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house.<ref name="afp" />

By 2010 cases had also been reported from Swaziland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/africans-albinism-hunted-tanzania/story?id=11446434 |last1=Chung|first1=J. |last2=Diaz|first2=J. |title=Africans with Albinism Hunted: Limbs Sold on Tanzania's Black Market |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>

===South Africa===
====Biology====
Oculocutaneous albinism, OCA2, is the most common gene type of albinism inherited disorders among the indigenous people Southern Africa. It occurs at a frequency of 1:4000. The incidence in [[Sotho people]] in northern South Africa is at its highest, with a ratio of 1:1500 in neonates.<ref name="doi.org">Patricia M. Lund Retha Gaigher. A health intervention programme for children with albinism at a special school in South Africa. Health Education Research, Volume 17, Issue 3, 1 June 2002, Pages 365–372, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.3.365 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Albinism is the largest cause of childhood visual impairment in northern South Africa with a frequency of 1:1900 among the black population.<ref name="ReferenceA">Patricia M Lund and Julie S Taylor. Lack of adequate sun protection for children with oculocutaneous albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health20088:225
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-225 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Statistics on albinism in [[South Africa]] are largely incomplete however, studies quoted by the [[World Health Organization]] in 2006 reported that 1:4000 were born with albinism, compared to about 1:20 000 worldwide.<ref>http://www.wcapd.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Fact-Sheet_albinism.pdf Accessed 3 August 2017</ref>

South African [[human geneticist]], [[Trefor Jenkins]] has made vast contributions to assist in understanding the social and cultural milieu of albinism, the medical risks and implications, resolving the molecular basis and aetiology for OCA2 in Southern Africa.<ref>Int J Ophthalmol. 2014; 7(3): 563–573. Published online 2014 Jun 18. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.31 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.irinnews.org/news/2006/02/16/too-white-be-black-challenge-albinism Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

====Skin Cancer====
Children with albinism in rural areas are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light without the adequate protective gear resulting in skin damage. Only 12% of public schools provided SPF15 sunscreen for children with albinism. [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] of the head and neck is the most common type of cutaneous tumours in African patients with albinism. Non melanoma cancers, namely basal and squamos cell carcinoma, which are usually rare in black populations are common among the vulnerable group living with albinism. A South African study of 111 participants with OCA revealed that 23%
of these participants developed skin cancer with the head area being the most commonly affected site.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Many people from rural areas like the Eastern Cape with albinism are unaware of the precautionary measures required to protect their skin. Dr Willie Visser, head of the dermatology division at Stellenbosch University and [[Tygerberg Hospital]], said that while white South Africans presented with skin cancer only after the age of 60, most albinos presented with skin cancer as young as 20. The government health facilities are required to provide sunblock lotion to albinos on a monthly basis however this need is not always met due to stock-outs and lack of knowledge on the part of health workers.<ref>https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/albinos-have-higher-cancer-risk-7632653 Accessed 3 August 2017</ref><ref>http://www0.sun.ac.za/vivus/vivus-1-february-2017/engagement/doctors-reach-out-to-children-at-risk-for-skin-cancer.html Accessed 3 August 2017</ref>

====Racial classification====
Racial appearance and descent played a key role in the racial classification process during [[Apartheid]]. Additionally, different sociological and psychological give skin colour its many connotations. Skin colour is traditionally an instant indicator of identifying race and racial differences. Traditional definitions of race suggest that race and colour are inseparable however, for people with albinism race and colour are not linked. Though colour and race are used interchangeably, they remain independent grounds for discrimination. Individuals living with albinism should be protected against unfair discrimination on the basis of their race as well as their skin tone. Individuals living with albinism are exposed to discrimination, stigmatisation and prejudice based on their colour as well as their race. Skin tone discrimination may be interracial or it can be intraracial. Intraracial skin colour discrimination occurs when an individual of a particular racial group makes a distinction on the basis of skin colour between persons of the same racial group, while interracial colourism takes place when an individual of a particular racial group makes a distinction on the basis of skin colour between persons of another racial group. Scott argues that because current classifications of race do not afford people living with albinism adequate protection, a new category of colour should be proposed.<ref>Scott S. A new category of colour: Analyzing albinism under Title VII of the Americans with Disabilities Act. J Gender Race & Just 1999;2(2):508.</ref> Mswela argues that additional divisions and classifications of race will reinforce problems associated with race.<ref>S Afr J BL 2013;6(1):25-27. DOI:10.7196/SAJBL.236 http://www.sajbl.org.za/index.php/sajbl/article/view/236/287 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

====Discrimination====
The difference in appearance in the child with albinism creates socialization and adaption problems. The distinctive phenotypical difference of black (African) people with albinism and the rest of the population group leads to barriers in social integration thus ostracism.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> South Africans living with albinism are among the most vulnerable in the country and there is hardly a serious attempt to protect these citizens from human rights violations, violent crimes, and threats. The extent of violent crimes for people with albinism is not as high as other African countries however, surges of violent crimes against people with albinism have been noted.<ref>Maureen Mswela. African Human Rights Law Journal, Volume 17 Number 1, Aug 2017, p. 114 - 133. https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-8dc964ce9 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Their sensitivity to sunlight, which limits the extent to which they can participate in outdoor activities, contributes to the physical and social isolation of children living with albinism.<ref name="doi.org"/> There has been an obligation and responsibility placed on the government to protect vulnerable people after the constitutional court decision on the [[Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security]] case. The litigation in the Carmichele case creates a strategy for bringing a precautionary suit against the state based on the contention that the state has a duty to protect persons with albinism from violent acts.<ref>M Mswela ‘Violent attacks against persons with albinism in South Africa: A human rights perspective ’ (2017) 17 African Human Rights Law Journal 114-133
https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2017/v17n1a6 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> The South African government has designated the month of September as Albinism Awareness month.<ref>https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/raising-awareness-about-albinism Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Thando Hopa, is a 24-year-old Public Prosecutor and model living with albinism. She is one of the few black albino models and albinism activists in the world.<ref>http://www.sundayworld.co.za/lifestyle/2017/07/24/south-african-model-thando-hopa-works-with-whoopi-goldberg-on-pirelli-calendar Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/02/south-africa-model-albinism-prejudice Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

==== Community and Personal Identity ====
African people who suffer from Albinism are inherently stuck between two racial identities. One side of the spectrum views Albino people as white, due to the color of their skin. Another person might view Albinos as members of the black community due to the skin color of their other family members. Another contributor to this identity crisis is the negative stigma that surrounds Albino people within African society. The falsely informed notion that babies are born with Albinism as a result of a curse that was brought on by a member of his/her family is a significant weight that leaves people with Albinism debating their dignity. One thing to recognize is that studies done on Albinistic Africans demonstrate that many have a very deep self-understanding of who they are and where they belong in society.<ref name="Blankenberg Albino Identity">Blankenberg, Ngaire. “That Rare and Random Tribe: Albino Identity in South Africa.”</ref> In other words, the two polarizing color identities that Albino people fall under allow them to be very sure of themselves when they do eventually find their place in society. Family and community also play an essential role in Albinistic identity. The way that a community behaves toward an individual can make or break their sense of self. Research shows that social identities enhance members' well‐being through the provision of social support and feelings of collective efficacy as well as by acting as a basis for collective action.<ref>McNamara, Niamh, et al. “Community Identity as Resource and Context: A Mixed Method Investigation of Coping and Collective Action in a Disadvantaged Community.” 2013</ref> In most cases, the surrounding community and family of Albinos highly mediates their acceptance.<ref name="Blankenberg Albino Identity"/> Plans for the future, in regards to eliminating persecution and negative stigmas that encompass individuals who have Albinism, appear to incorporate methods that involve focusing on community and family-based acceptance complementary to institutionally-based changes.

====Myths====
Many African communities depend on traditional explanations of albinism rather than the biomedical explanation. This often leads to a negative socialisation of the individual with albinism.<ref name="doi.org"/> People living with albinism are often referred to by derogatory names such as 'inkawu', the [[Nguni languages|Nguni]] term for white baboon, 'isishawa' a [[Zulu people|Zulu]] translation of a person who is cursed as well as 'zeru zeru' which means ghost like.<ref>http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2017/06/05/being-black-in-a-white-skin-students-with-albinism-battle-prejudice Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>
The Swahili term 'zeru' is also commonly used in [[Tanzania]].<ref>http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2008/09/03/under-skins-of-fear Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

Three people were convicted of the murder of 20 year old Thandazile Mpunzi, including her 17 year old boyfriend. The boyfriend lured Mpunzi to an isolated area on the afternoon of August 1, 2015 in the Phelandaba area of Emanguzi in northern [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. She was strangled, murdered and body parts dismembered. They planned to sell the body parts of Thandazile Mpunzi for a fortune. They claimed that a [[traditional healer]] told them they would get rich if they mixed Mpunzi's blood and parts with 'muthi'. Two of the accused pleaded guilty of murder and are sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Numerous accounts of murdered as well as missing people with albinism are reported. The trading of albino body parts has become a lucrative business.<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21700395-superstition-fuelling-grisly-trade-human-body-parts-tanzania-shows-how-it-can-be Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.enca.com/south-africa/kzn-teenager-gets-18-year-sentence-albino-girlfriends-muti-murder Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.enca.com/south-africa/missing-albino-boys-family-not-suspects-says-police Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

==International reaction==
After events involving murders of albino people by three Tanzanian men had been publicised by the [[BBC News|BBC]] and others, the [[European Parliament]] strongly condemned the killing of albinos in Tanzania on 4 September 2008.<ref name="EU">{{cite web |url= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0413+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN |title=Resolution on the killing of albinos in Tanzania |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=4 September 2008}}</ref>
The U.S. House of Representatives passed H. Resolution 1088, introduced by Rep. Gerry Connolly ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], [[Virginia|VA]]), by a vote of 418-1 on 22 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-hr1088/show H. Resolution 1088 at opencongress.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120346/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-hr1088/show |date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> The resolution condemns the attacks and killings; categorizes them as human rights violations, and urges the governments of Tanzania and Burundi to vigorously prosecute such cases and to conduct educational campaigns to combat the superstitious beliefs that underlie the violent attacks.

== See also ==
* [[Child sacrifice in Uganda]]
* [[Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa]]
* [[Discrimination based on skin color]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/01/130125-albino-albinism-tanzania-witch-doctors/ ''National Geographic'' photo article]. "Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania", January 2013
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131011-albino-killings-witch-doctors-tanzania-superstition/ ''National Geographic'' article]. "As Tanzania's Albino Killings Continue, Unanswered Questions Raise Fears", October 2013
*[http://www.smallplanet.gr/en/documentaries/chronologically/2008-2009/238-zeru-zeru-the-ghosts ''Zeru Zeru: The Ghosts''], documentary about the hunting of albino individuals in Tanzania; by Small Planet Productions
*[http://rtd.rt.com/films/albino-africa/#part-1 RT documentary] about Josephat Torner, an activist for the Tanzania Albinism Society
*[http://www.underthesamesun.com/resources Additional documents] from the organisation [[Under the Same Sun]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527143050/http://mnada.net/alb/index.htm Tanzania Albino Society website] (archive from 2011)
*[http://www.pamoko.org Pamoko.org], a website accounting for the media campaign that took place in Tanzania after the broadcast of the documentary ''[[White and Black]]''
*[http://albinism-in-africa.com/ Albinism-in-Africa.com], website for a project that aims to provide accurate and accessible information on albinism in Africa, as well as information on advocacy, education, projects, and research
*http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/living-albinism-south-africa-160613062821350.html
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGkykrfqUoY
*http://www.ann7.com/stop-killing-us-people-with-albinism/
*http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2001/22media.pdf

{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Albinism]]
[[Category:African witchcraft]]
[[Category:Burundian society]]
[[Category:Ivorian society]]
[[Category:Nigerian society]]
[[Category:South African society]]
[[Category:Swazi society]]
[[Category:Tanzanian society]]

[[Category:Discrimination|Albinism]]
[[Category:Persecution|Albinism]]
[[Category:Witch hunting]]
[[Category:Colorism| ]]
[[Category:Cultural studies]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Skin pigmentation]]

[[fr:Albinisme#Préjugés et croyances sur l'albinisme]]

Der Friede sei mit dir

2018-12-09T04:39:33Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

'''{{lang|de|Der Friede sei mit dir}}''' (Peace be with you), '''BWV 158''',{{efn|"BWV" is [[Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis]], a thematic catalogue of Bach's works.}} is the shortest of the [[Bach cantata|cantatas]] by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] and features a [[bass (vocal range)|bass]] soloist. It survives as a cantata for the [[Easter Week|third day of Easter]] but might be a fragment of a work originally written for [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Purification]]. Given this background, and the fact that it was copied by [[Christian Friedrich Penzel]], one of Bach's last students, there is a confusing variety of proposed composition dates. It may date back to Bach's [[Johann Sebastian Bach#Return to Weimar .281708.E2.80.9317.29|Weimar period]],<ref name=dates>[http://www.bach-cantatas.com/LCY/Osterdienstag.htm Lutheran Church Year / Dates of "Osterdienstag" (Easter Tuesday, 3rd Day of Easter)]</ref> although a date as late as 1735 has been suggested.<ref>David Schulenberg, ''"Der Friede sei mit dir"'' in ''Oxford Composer Companion: J. S. Bach'' ed. Malcolm Boyd</ref>

== History and text ==
The surviving source is a copy by Penzel, identified on the title page as being for the [[List of Bach cantatas by liturgical function#Purification|Purification]] (the Lutheran feast ''Mariae Reinigung''), which was celebrated on 2 February, but with an alternate designation for [[Easter Tuesday]] in the parts.

Bach composed several cantatas for the Purification and the texts are related to Simeon's [[Canticle of Simeon|canticle ''Nunc dimittis'']], part of the prescribed readings.<ref>[[Erfreute Zeit im neuen Bunde, BWV 83|''Erfreute Zeit im neuen Bunde'', BWV 83]], 1724; [[Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125|''Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin'', BWV 125]], 1725 (on Luther's hymn after Nunc dimittis); [[Ich habe genug, BWV 82|''Ich habe genug'', BWV 82]], 1727</ref>
Because of the references to the "Nunc dimittis" in ''Der Friede sei mit dir'' and because of the alternate title page designation, it is widely assumed that at least the two central movements were originally part of a longer cantata for the Purification, with a different introductory recitative not evoking Christ's Easter reappearance to the disciples. The obbligato writing in the aria, which appears better suited to [[flute]] than the ''"violino"'' specified in Penzel's copy, is cited in support of the hypothesis that it was originally written for a different occasion.<ref>David Schulenberg, op. cit.</ref>

[[Joshua Rifkin]] has proposed the dates 15 April 1727 or 30 March 1728 for the premiere of the surviving Easter version.<ref>Linernotes to L'oiseau-lyre 425 822-2, cited in David Schulenberg, ''"Der Friede sei mit dir"'' in ''Oxford Composer Companion: J. S. Bach'' ed. Malcolm Boyd (p. 134)</ref> The prescribed readings for this day were from the [[Acts of the Apostles]], the sermon of [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] in Antiochia ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Acts|chapter=13|verse=26|range=–33}}), and from the [[Gospel of Luke]], the [[Resurrection appearances of Jesus|appearance of Jesus]] to the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] in [[Jerusalem]] ({{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke|chapter=24|verse=36|range=–47}}).<ref name=dates /> The librettist is unknown but may have been [[Salomon Franck]], quoting hymn stanzas by [[Johann Georg Albinus]] and [[Martin Luther]].<ref name=bc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/BWV158.htm|accessdate=3 June 2013|title=BWV 159|publisher=bach-cantatas}}</ref>

== Scoring and structure ==
The cantata is scored for [[soprano]] and [[bass (voice type)|bass]] vocal soloists, [[SATB|four-part choir]], [[oboe]], [[violin]], and [[basso continuo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~wfb/cantatas/158.html|accessdate=3 June 2013|title=BWV 158|publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref>

Because no complete copy of the work survives, it is possible that there were originally more than the four movements now known. In particular, another aria is thought to have preceded the final movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/HL-L38-5c%5BTeldec-2CD%5D.pdf|accessdate=3 June 2013|title=Liner notes to ''Bach Cantatas, Vol. 38''|author=Gerhard Schuhmacher|pages=15–16|publisher=bach-cantatas}}</ref>
#Recitative (bass): {{lang|de|Der Friede sei mit dir}}
#Aria (bass) and chorale (soprano): {{lang|de|Welt, ade, ich bin dein müde}} (the chorale tune is by [[Johann Rosenmüller]])
#Recitative and arioso (bass): {{lang|de|Nun, Herr, regiere meinen Sinn}}
#Chorale: {{lang|de|[[Christ lag in Todesbanden|Hier ist das rechte Osterlamm]]}}

== Music ==
Both recitatives are "supple" and [[Glossary of musical terminology#secco|secco]]. The second movement is "a fusion of a dulcet aria in the form of a trio sonata" for bass, violin, and continuo, with interspersed lines from the chorale performed by soprano and oboe.<ref name=am>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/composition/cantata-no-158-der-friede-sei-mit-dir-bwv-158-bc-a61-mc0002356052|accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=Allmusic|title=Cantata No. 158}}</ref> It is formally a [[da capo aria]] introduced by an eighteen-measure [[ritornello]]. The work ends with a four-part harmonization of the chorale.<ref name=min>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-70-bwv-158.htm|accessdate=3 June 2013|author=Mincham, Julian|title=Chapter 70 BWV 158|publisher=jsbachcantatas}}</ref>

== Recordings ==
*Chor der St. Hedwigs-Kathedrale Berlin / Berliner Philharmoniker, Karl Forster. ''Bach: Cantatas, Arias & Chorales''. EMI Classics, 1958.
*[[Monteverdi-Chor]], [[Leonhardt-Consort]], [[Jürgen Jürgens]]. ''J.S. Bach: Kantaten · Cantatas Nr. 27, Nr. 118, Nr. 158, Nr. 59''. [[Telefunken]], 1966.
*Gächinger Kantorei Stuttgart / Bach-Collegium Stuttgart, Helmuth Rilling. ''J.S. Bach: Solokantaten''. Cantate, 1969.
*[[Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir]], [[Ton Koopman]]. ''J.S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 21''. [[Josef Loibl]], 1984.
*[[Thomanerchor]] / [[La Stagione]], [[Michael Schneider (conductor)|Michael Schneider]]. ''Bach: Kantaten · Cantatas BWV 82, BWV 158, BWV 56''. Capriccio, 2006.
* ''Bach Cantatas for Bass BWV 82/158/56/203'' [[Ryo Terakado]], [[il Gardellino]], [[Dominik Wörner]]. [[Passacaille (record label)|Passacaille]] 2013.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://allofbach.com/en/bwv/bwv-158/ Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158]: performance by the [[Netherlands Bach Society]] (video and background information)
* ''J. S. Bach - Cantata BWV 158 ″Der Friede sei mit dir″'': [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeDD5Lpa_DM Performance] with [[Peter Harvey (baritone)|Peter Harvey]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqFMFSKSc_g Workshop] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDmdocy03wQ Reflection Lecture] by [[Hans-Rudolf Merz]], by [[J. S. Bach-Stiftung|J. S. Bach Foundation]], on [[YouTube]]
* {{IMSLP2|work=Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)|cname=Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158}}
* [http://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000192?lang=en Der Friede sei mit dir BWV 158; BC A 61 / A 171 / Sacred cantata (3rd Easter Day)] [[Bach Digital]]
* [http://www.emmanuelmusic.org/notes_trans/transl_cantata/bwv158.htm German text and English translation], [[Emmanuel Music]]
* [http://www.uvm.edu/~classics/faculty/bach/BWV158.html BWV 158 Der Friede sei mit dir] [[University of Vermont]]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=BWV+158&qt=results_page Entries for BWV 158] on [[WorldCat]]

{{Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach}}
{{Bach cantatas}}
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Der Friede sei mit dir'', BWV 158}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Friede Sei Mit Dir}}
[[Category:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach]]
[[Category:1730 compositions]]
[[Category:Music for Easter]]

Gregorio de Falco

2018-12-08T18:47:58Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{short description|Italian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gregorio De Falco
| image = Gregorio De Falco 2018 datisenato 2018.jpg
| office = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Senate]]
| term_start = 23 March 2018
| term_end =
| birth_name = Gregorio Maria De Falco
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|3|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Naples]], Italy
| nationality = [[Italian nationality law|Italian]]
| party = [[Five Star Movement]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Milan]]
| profession = [[Navy officer]]
}}
'''Gregorio De Falco''' (born 8 March 1965) is an [[Italians|Italian]] Navy officer and politician, currently [[Italian Senate|Senator]] of the [[Five Star Movement]].

He is best known for his intervention in the attempt to solve the [[Costa Concordia disaster]] in January 2012.<ref name=post>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2012/01/18/gregorio-de-falco/|title=Chi è Gregorio De Falco|work=[[Il Post]]|date=18 January 2012|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Career in the Navy ===
After graduating in Law at the [[University of Milan]], in 1994 De Falco joined the [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Corps of the Port Captaincies]] in [[Livorno]], studying at the [[Italian Naval Academy|Naval Academy]].<ref name=post/> In 2000, De Falco left [[Livorno]] joining the [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Captaincy]] in [[Genoa]].<ref name=post/>

With the rank of [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]], De Falco was assigned the Command in [[Santa Margherita Ligure]], where he stood from 2003 to 2005.<ref name=post/>

=== Costa Concordia disaster ===
On 13 January 2012, the ''[[Costa Concordia]]'' [[cruise ship]], owned by the [[Costa Crociere]] shipping company and under the command of Captain [[Francesco Schettino]], impacted a rock in the waters of [[Isola del Giglio]], reporting the opening of a 70-meter-long hole on the left side, followed by the partial submersion of the ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2017/01/10/concordia-5-anni-fa-la-tragedia-che-causo-32-vittime_3ccaba45-05cd-4dfd-9ff0-685140d8dd4d.html|title=Concordia: 5 anni fa la tragedia che causò 32 vittime|work=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

De Falco, who led the [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Captaincy]] in [[Livorno]], assumed the coordination of the rescues to the cruise unit in difficulty. During the radio and telephone communications between the operating room of the [[Livorno]] [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Captaincy]] and the ''[[Costa Concordia|Concordia]]'', taken by De Falco and Schettino, the [[Navy officer]] ordered, in vain, to the commander of the ''[[Costa Concordia|Concordia]]'' who was leaving to return to the ship. De Falco's order ''Vada a bordo, cazzo!'' (''Get the fuck back on board!'') became very popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/01/13/costa-concordia-de-falco-5-anni-dopo-schettino-se-mi-avesse-dato-retta-gli-avrebbero-steso-i-tappeti-rossi/3311977/|title=Costa Concordia, De Falco 5 anni dopo: "Schettino? Se mi avesse dato retta, gli avrebbero steso i tappeti rossi"|work=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]]|date=13 January 2017|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fanpage.it/de-falco-l-eroe-normale-della-concordia/|title=De Falco, l’eroe normale della Concordia|work=Fanpage.it|date=18 January 2012|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Political career ===
De Falco ran for a seat in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]] with the [[Five Star Movement]] in the [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 general election]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/2018/01/04/sale-a-bordo-dei-5-stelle-gregorio-de-falco-lanti-schettino_a_23323458/|title=Sale a bordo dei 5 Stelle Gregorio De Falco, l'anti Schettino|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=4 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> and is elected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/toscana/notizie/2018/03/06/elezioni-de-falco-io-eletto-al-senato_aaaff6f3-7ad8-487f-91c3-cef514dfcb59.html|title=Elezioni: De Falco, io eletto al Senato|work=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]]|date=6 March 2018|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[left-wing]] of the Movement and is considered to be very close to the [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] [[Roberto Fico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/08/24/news/m5s_diciotti_migranti_de_falco_fico_buffagni-204823584/|title=Caso Diciotti, 5Stelle divisi. De Falco con Fico: "Fate scendere i naufraghi". Ma Buffagni critica il presidente della Camera|work=[[La Repubblica]]|date=24 August 2018|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*Files about his parliamentary activities (in Italian): [http://www.senato.it/leg/18/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00032615.htm XVIII] legislature.

{{DEFAULTSORT:De Falco, Gregorio}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Naples]]
[[Category:Five Star Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Senators of Legislature XVIII of Italy]]
[[Category:21st-century politicians]]
[[Category:University of Milan alumni]]

Freedmen’s town

2018-12-08T15:19:33Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

A '''freedman's town''', in the United States, refers to an African-American municipality, communities built by [[freedmen]], former slaves who were emancipated during and after the [[American Civil War]]. [[List of Freedmen's towns|These towns]] emerged in a number of states, most notably in Texas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pvamu.edu/tiphc/research-projects/emancipation-means-migration/|title=Emancipation means Migration!|work=Texas Institute for the Preservation of History and Culture|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Emancipation Proclamation]] and the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] brought 4 million people out of slavery in the defunct [[Confederate States of America]]. Many were faced with the questions of where they would go, what they would eat and how they would survive. Many decided to remain on plantations working as [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]].<ref>[[brown|Brown, 2015, Essay, Washington Post]]</ref> Many freedmen migrated from white areas to build their own towns away from white supervision. They also created their own churches and civic organizations. Freedmen’s settlements had a greater measure of protection from the direct effects of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]]. "Such places were defensive communities, where black property owners had circled the wagons against outsiders—a “fortress without walls.” Freedmen’s settlements were black enclaves that kept to themselves and until the end of Jim Crow few whites wished—or dared—to live there,” [[Thad Sitton]] and [[James H. Conrad]] chronicled in their book, [https://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Colonies-SMOTHERS-HISTORY-CULTURE-ebook/dp/B0089Q2NL6/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1541094450&sr=1-1&keywords=freedom+colonies Freedom Colonies: Independent Black Texans in the time of Jim Crow].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwZRgD59oxsC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=%E2%80%9CBlack+landowners+in+freedmen%E2%80%99s+settlements+had+a+greater+measure+of+protection+from+direct+white+aggression&source=bl&ots=6Ha5nwvFT4&sig=jxrXbmrnxcU3BQTMbqYJhN7iS6E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSmYmX3rPeAhWNtlMKHU9_BfkQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CBlack%20landowners%20in%20freedmen%E2%80%99s%20settlements%20had%20a%20greater%20measure%20of%20protection%20from%20direct%20white%20aggression&f=false|title=Freedom Colonies: Independent Black Texans in the Time of Jim Crow|last=Sitton|first=Thad|last2=Conrad|first2=James H.|date=2010-01-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=9780292777811|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Education was of the highest priority for the residents of freedmen towns.They started schools, which both adults and children attended to learn to read and write.<ref>[[#sitton05|Sitton, 2005]], pp. 112–115</ref> By 1915 schools built in the Freedmen's settlements were mostly small frame one or two room structures. Textbooks for the schools were typically donated from white schools, but often they were in poor condition. Teachers were very serious about discipline which was strictly enforced by eg. switching students with a brush, or making them stand in a corner on one leg.<ref>[[#sitton05|Sitton, 2005]], p. 116</ref>

== Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction ==
To provide help in education and managing the transition of the people to freedom, including negotiation of labor contracts and establishing the Freedmen's Bank, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] created the [[Freedmen's Bureau]]. In 1865 Secretary of War [[Edwin Stanton]] was looking for an Army officer to run the Freedmen's Bureau. General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] proposed General [[John Eaton (general)|John Eaton]], a Chaplin with an established reputation as a humanitarian, and who had authority over Black refugees after the Civil War.<ref>[[#mcfeely|McFeely, 1981]], p.127</ref> However, the position of Bureau commissioner went to another Christian General and Civil War veteran, General [[Oliver Otis Howard]], whose close associations to Freedmen's aid societies had earned him the title of "Christian General". The Bureau was largely staffed ny ex-union officers who distributed food to needy Blacks and Whites.<ref>[[#foner|Foner, 2014]], p. 142</ref> They supervised the establishment of free-labor agriculture and provided needed funding to set up schools for ex-slaves, however, some were suspected of collaborating with planters to enforce repressive regulations, or to ignore the cheating of Blacks. Some southern Whites suspected the Bureau of being part of a conspiracy to undermine relations between Blacks and Whites in the south by agitating Blacks against those whites who had their true interests at heart. Both freed people and planters, however, turned to the Bureau for help, which the agency did provide regardless of any plans by individuals to undermine their efforts.<ref>[[#kolchin|Kolchin, 2003]], p.212</ref>

The Freedman's Bureau was created by the ''American Freedman's Inquiry Commission'', which created by the War Department in 1863 to advance methods to deal with emancipated slaves. It was created by three life long abolitionists, [[Robert Dale Owen]], James McKaye and Samuel Gridley, who visited the south and gathered testimony from Blacks and Whites. They authored two joint reports and many accounts of individual observations.<ref>[[#foner|Foner, 2014]], pp.68–69</ref>

== Andrew Johnson and Jim Crow ==
After taking office, President [[Andrew Johnson]] vetoed the re-authorization and funding of the bureau in February 1866 during [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]].<ref>[[#foner|Foner, 2014]], p. 163</ref>

== Freedmen's Historical Districts ==
The [[Fourth Ward, Houston|Fourth Ward]] of [[Houston, Texas]] is the location of the Freedmen's Town Historical District.

==See also==
{{Portal|African Americans}}
* [[List of Freedmen's town]]
* [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]]
* [[Jim Crow laws]]
* [[Slavery in Africa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web |first=DeNeen L. |last=Brown |title=Black towns, established by freed slaves after the Civil War, are dying out |publisher=The Washington Post |year=2015 |accessdate=August 4, 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/black-towns-established-by-freed-slaves-after-civil-war-are-dying-out/2015/03/26/25872e5c-c608-11e4-a199-6cb5e63819d2_story.html?noredirect=on |ref=brown}}
* {{cite book |last=Foner |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Foner |title=Reconstruction America's Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877 Updated Version |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=[[New York City|New York]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-06-235451-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=FhvA0S_op38C |ref=foner14}}
* {{cite book |last=Kolchin |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Kolchin |title=American Slavery: 1619-1877 |publisher=Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8090-1630-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaffAAAAQBAJ |ref=kolchin}}
* {{cite book |last=McFeely |first=William S. |authorlink=William McFeely |title=Grant: A Biography |publisher= Norton |year=1981 |isbn= 0-393-01372-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GdpmKTM5zTwC |ref=mcfeely }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sitton |first1=Thad |last2=Conrad |first2=James H. |title=Freedom Colonies: Independent Black Texans in the Time of Jim Crow |authorlink= |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2005 |isbn= 978-0-2927-0642-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_v9DAAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s |ref=sitton05}}
*{{cite web |first=Thad |last=Sitton |title=FREEDMEN'S SETTLEMENTS |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |year=2010 |accessdate=August 4, 2018 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uef20 |ref=sitton}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bentley |first=George R. |title=A history of the Freedmen's Bureau |authorlink= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |year=1955 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Td2AAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Osthaus |first=Carl R. |title=Freedmen, philanthropy, and fraud: a history of the Freedman's Savings Bank |authorlink= |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1976 |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFquAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Clarence E. Walker |title=A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction |authorlink= |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8071-0883-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1rGQgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Washington |first=Booker T. |title=Up from Slavery |authorlink=Booker T. Washington |publisher=Cosimo, Inc |year=2007|isbn=978-1-6020-6801-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyQfQJseeH4C |ref=booker}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freedmen's Town}}
[[Category:Reconstruction Era]]
[[Category:Populated places established by African Americans| ]]
[[Category:Slavery in the United States]]

{{US-hist-stub}}

Kevin Stitt (Politiker)

2018-12-08T15:07:19Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Kevin Stitt
|order = [[Governor of Oklahoma|Governor-elect of Oklahoma]]
|lieutenant = [[Matt Pinnell]] (Elect)
|term_start = January 14, 2019
|term_end =
|succeeding = [[Mary Fallin]]
|predecessor = [[Mary Fallin]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|12|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/elections/businessman-kevin-stitt-trying-to-close-the-deal-on-republican/article_fb2e62f0-7ab1-5d3f-ad7e-79ec7a3cc298.html|title=Businessman Kevin Stitt trying to close the deal on Republican gubernatorial nomination|first=Randy Krehbiel Tulsa|last=World|website=Tulsa World|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Milton, Florida]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = Sarah Hazen

|education = [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater|Oklahoma State University, Stillwater]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}}
}}
'''John Kevin Stitt''' (born December 28, 1972) is an American businessman and politician from [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]. He is the Governor-elect of [[Oklahoma]] since Nov. 6, 2018, and former CEO/founder and Chairman of Gateway Mortgage Group. He was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee in the [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018|2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election]], defeating [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[Drew Edmondson]]. He grew up in [[Norman, Oklahoma]] and graduated from [[Oklahoma State University]] with a degree in accounting. Stitt and his wife Sarah have six children.

==2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial campaign==
In July 2017, Stitt announced his candidacy<ref>Kevin Stitt to run for governor, Tulsa Beacon, "Tulsa businessman Kevin Stitt announced his candidacy for the 2018 Oklahoma Gubernatorial race. The first-time candidate</ref><ref>Real Clear Politics, By Erick Erickson, August 24, 2018 Collapse of the Career Politicians, "The prevailing consensus among political analysts in the United States about...", https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/08/24/collapse_of_the_career_politicians_137882.html</ref><ref>Pro-life advocate is the founder and CEO of Gateway Mortgage Group (GMG).", https://tulsabeacon.com/kevin-stitt-to-run-for-governor/</ref><ref>U.S. News & World Report, Mortgage Company Head Wins GOP Primary for Oklahoma Governor, "Tulsa mortgage company owner and political newcomer Kevin Stitt won the Republican nomination in the race to become Oklahoma's next governor.", Aug. 28, 2018,</ref> for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination<ref>Washington Post, June 27 by Terri Rupar, Lieutenant governor concedes in GOP gubernatorial race in Oklahoma; runoff set, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/live-updates/midterms/live-primary-election-results/lieutenant-governor-fails-to-make-republican-gubernatorial-runoff-in-oklahoma/?noredirect=on</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fox23.com/news/you-decide-2018-oklahoma-primary-elections/776924575|title=You Decide 2018: Kevin Stitt wins Oklahoma gubernatorial GOP runoff race|first=|last=EndPlay|date=29 August 2018|website=KOKI|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> for the gubernatorial election of Oklahoma.<ref>The Hill, 08/30/18, Max Greenwood, Trump endorses Kevin Stitt in Oklahoma governor's race, Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc., https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/404429-trump-endorses-kevin-stitt-in-oklahoma-governors-race</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/tulsa-businessman-political-novice-kevin-stitt-wins-gop-primary-for-oklahoma-governor|title=Tulsa businessman, political novice Kevin Stitt wins GOP primary for Oklahoma governor|first=Frank|last=Miles|date=28 August 2018|website=Fox News|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> He ran against nine other candidates in the primary election, placing second in that race and defeating, among others, Lt. Governor [[Todd Lamb (politician)|Todd Lamb]].<ref>KFOR, August 29, 2018, Kevin Stitt, Drew Edmondson, Chris Powell to face off in November as gubernatorial candidates</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kxii.com/content/news/Oklahoma-governors-race-tops-primary-runoff-election-ballot-491900101.html|title=Kevin Stitt wins GOP nod for Oklahoma governor|first=|last=KXII|website=www.kxii.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> In the August 28 primary runoff, Stitt defeated [[Mick Cornett]], a former Mayor of Oklahoma City, to win the nomination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fox23.com/news/you-decide-2018-oklahoma-primary-elections/776924575 | title=You Decide 2018: Kevin Stitt wins Oklahoma gubernatorial GOP runoff race| date=August 29, 2018}}</ref> Stitt defeated [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Drew Edmondson]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] [[Chris Powell (politician)|Chris Powell]] in the general election in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Stitt | title=Kevin Stitt}}</ref>

Stitt was endorsed by U.S. Senator [[Ted Cruz]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Ted Cruz endorses Kevin Stitt for governor |url=https://ktul.com/news/beyond-the-podium/senator-ted-cruz-endorses-kevin-stitt-for-governor |accessdate=August 22, 2018|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> and former U.S. Senators [[Rick Santorum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rick Santorum Endorsement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgB546wLEHI |accessdate=August 17, 2018 |date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> and [[Tom Coburn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Coburn endorses Stitt for governor |url=http://www.normantranscript.com/news/tom-coburn-endorses-stitt-for-governor/article_fd08ff14-a560-11e8-8ff2-0b7b5a0eeedc.html |accessdate=August 22, 2018|date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He was also endorsed by former primary rival [[Mick Cornett]],<ref name="auto">Stitt welcomes Cornett's endorsement but not Fallin's Oklahoman, Oct. 11, 2018 https://newsok.com/article/5611359/stitt-welcomes-cornetts-endorsement-but-not-fallins</ref> the current governor of Oklahoma, [[Mary Fallin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news9.com/story/39276503/gov-mary-fallin-endorses-republican-gubernatorial-candidate-kevin-stitt|title=Gov. Mary Fallin Endorses Republican Gubernatorial Candidate Kevin Stitt|website=www.news9.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> and President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/404429-trump-endorses-kevin-stitt-in-oklahoma-governors-race | title=Trump endorses Kevin Stitt in Oklahoma governor's race| date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> The Oklahoman reported that the Stitt campaign rejected the endorsement of Governor Fallin, stating "'We did not seek (Fallin's endorsement), and Kevin Stitt has run on a campaign message that he will do things a lot differently,' said Donelle Harder, spokeswoman for the Stitt campaign. 'He is focused on changing the structure of state government and cleaning up the mess we are currently in at the Capitol.'"<ref name="auto"/>

His opponent in the election was [[Drew Edmondson]], the former [[Attorney General of Oklahoma]] and a candidate for governor in [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsok.com/article/5547454|title=Drew Edmondson announces run for Oklahoma governor|work=[[The Oklahoman]]|last=Denwalt|first=Dale|date=May 1, 2017|accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref> During the general election, the close race drew increased attention from national media and political figures.<ref>The Journal Record, (Mike Simons/Tulsa World via AP), Pence campaigns for Stitt in Tulsa, Vice President Mike Pence speaks at a rally for gubernatorial candidate Kevin Stitt at the Mabee Center in Tulsa on Thursday. With the general election less than three weeks away, Kevin Stitt is trying to get by with a little help from his friends.</ref> Vice President [[Mike Pence]] campaigned for Stitt during the general election.<ref>The Western Journal, June 19, 2018, Western Journal Poll: Kevin Stitt Leading in Oklahoma Republican Primary, Many Still Undecided,
https://www.westernjournal.com/oklahoma-republican-gubernatorial-primary-election-2018/</ref><ref>U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 18, 2018, VP Mike Pence Campaigns for GOP's Kevin Stitt for Governor
"Vice President Mike Pence headlined a campaign rally for Republican Kevin Stitt as they worked to keep the Oklahoma governor's office in GOP hands."</ref><ref>Tulsa World: Kevin Stitt, A Better Agent of Change, The Okie on October, 22nd 2018, http://www.theokie.com/tulsa-world-kevin-stitt-a-better-agent-of-change/</ref><ref>AP News, August 28, 2018, The Latest: Oklahoma attorney general race too close to call, https://apnews.com/28406c5caa1d424ba58495ea5d15f66b</ref>

==Financial services career==
Stitt worked in the financial services sector before starting Gateway in 2000.<ref>MortgageOrb, Zackin Publications Inc., July 25, 2018, Patrick Barnard, Kevin Stitt: The Proactive Approach to Compliance Always Wins, https://mortgageorb.com/kevin-stitt-the-proactive-approach-to-compliance-always-wins</ref> According to a profile done on Stitt by Bloomberg News, he founded the company and was President/CEO until January 2014 when he became Chairman/CEO. On the campaign trail, Stitt says that he started Gateway in 2000 with "$1,000 and a computer." Stitt’s first obstacle was to get approved as a Federal Housing Administration (FHA) lender, but the company needed a net worth of $50,000. To achieve this amount, Stitt put forward the equity in his home to grow Gateway. In 2002, Gateway secured its first warehouse line, began obtaining licensing in other states besides Oklahoma, and started recruiting loan officers. By 2006, Gateway had over 400 employees.

From 2007 to 2010, the U.S. economy hit a subprime mortgage crisis. Instead of abandoning the mortgage space, like others did during this time, Stitt continued to hire and expand the mission of Gateway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/opinion/readersforum/kevin-stitt-why-i-should-be-the-next-governor-of/article_0eba3014-84b5-549d-97da-9387c59a09e0.html|title=Kevin Stitt: Why I should be the next governor of Oklahoma|last=Stitt|first=Kevin|work=Tulsa World|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref> The company obtained approval during this time from Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae to begin servicing mortgage loans and issuing securities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|title=Gateway Loan Bio|last=|first=|date=October 26, 2018|website=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|archive-url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|archive-date=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Since 2012, Gateway has been recognized 17 times for its success, growth and corporate culture. Gateway currently has about 1,200 team members in more than 165 locations across the country. The company estimates it will originate more than $6 billion in mortgage loans in 2018, while its servicing portfolio will eclipse $16 billion.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|title=Gateway Loan History|last=|first=|date=|website=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-date=October 26, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

In August 2018 DS News reported that he stepped down as CEO and handed the reins to Stephen Curry,<ref>Gateway Mortgage Group Announces New CEO, Kevin Stitt, chairman and CEO of Gateway Mortgage Group, LLC, DSNews.com copyright 2018 is a registered trademark of The Five Star Institute, https://dsnews.com/headline/08-03-2018/gateway-hires-ceo</ref> while Stitt remained as Chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=cf406e40-f97b-11e8-8081-bd7d66efafcb&url=L3Byb2ZpbGVzL3Blb3BsZS8xNzY2MjAyOC1rZXZpbi1zdGl0dA==|title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?|website=www.bloomberg.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> Gateway is a mid-sized company based in [[Jenks, Oklahoma]] which employs more than 1,200 people. The firm originates mortgages in 41 states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=32365055 | title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?}}</ref>

=== Christian Missionary Work ===
In 2009, a donation from Gateway helped build the Gateway Christian School in a small village in Nigeria that educates more than 300 students a year. Gateway continues to make an annual donation to fund teachers’ salaries, provide school supplies, give scholarships, etc. In 2015, Stitt provided a donation to purchase 215 acres in Uganda to establish the Gateway Youth Ranch, which provides orphans with traditional schooling plus sustainability skills such as crop and fish farming, raising cattle and other skills that will enhance their lives.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Charities==

In 2017, Gateway announced a national partnership with [https://www.foldsofhonor.org/ '''Folds of Honor'''] that will likely exceed $100,000 in donations annually. [https://www.foldsofhonor.org/ '''Folds of Honor'''] is a 501(C)(3) that provides educational scholarships to families of military men and women who have fallen or been disabled while serving in the United States armed forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180510005213/en/Gateway-Mortgage-Group-Renews-Partnership-Folds-Honor|title=Gateway Mortgage Group Renews Partnership with Folds of Honor|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

===Controversies===

In 2009, the mortgage company was listed on a free business website whose founder was banned for life from Securities industry by SEC, [[Business Insider]] online article listed shadiest 15 companies for its business office in the state of Illinois.<ref>The 15 Shadiest Mortgage Lenders Being Backed By The Government, Vincent Fernando, Dec. 11, 2009, https://www.businessinsider.com/the-shady-lenders-abusing-government-mortgage-problems-2009-12?op=1</ref><ref name=truth-test>KWTV/News 9, Oklahoma, June 19th 2018, http://www.news9.com/story/38458020/truth-test-kevin-stitts-business-record</ref> According the Business Insider article cited the company as originating nearly twice as many bad mortgages as its competitors.<ref name=truth-test/> In an article published by the Oklahoman on August 19, 2018, the newspaper highlighted the inaccuracies of the Business Insider article, reporting that "in the Illinois case, a consent order states that the Illinois banking agency investigated a Gateway loan originator for an 'alleged real estate, appraisal, and mortgage fraud scheme.' Gateway fired the employee, asked for a hearing and then agreed to what investigators found. Gateway agreed to a $10,000 fine...Stitt campaign spokeswoman Donelle Harder said the license in Illinois was never revoked. The state agreed after the appeal not to revoke the license, she said." <ref name="auto2">[https://newsok.com/article/5605203/a-look-at-cornetts-past-comments-about-trump-and-stitts-mortgage-company-violations "A Look At Cornett's Past Comments" Oklahoman, August 19, 2018]</ref>

NEWS9 also said that according to Georgia's Department of Banking and Finance, Stitt was banned for five years<ref>Department of Banking and Finance Enters into a Consent Order with Gateway Mortgage Group, LLC and its President, John Kevin Stitt, December 1, 2009, https://dbf.georgia.gov/press-releases/2009-12-01/department-banking-and-finance-enters-consent-order-gateway-mortgage-group</ref> and the company was banned for life from origination mortgages in Georgia. According to an Oklahoman article, a Gateway corporate attorney said that there were misrepresentations and insufficient background checks attributable to employees in the Georgia office but that Stitt was not involved. The employees were terminated and Gateway paid a $2,000 fine. The state overturned the lifetime ban on Gateway, effective November 2017. Gateway is able to do business in all 50 states.<ref name="auto2"/>

During the gubernatorial campaign, Oklahoma Watch reported that Gateway was fined by Wisconsin regulators for a "clerical error" regarding the firm's history with regulators from other states. Gateway corrected the application and was issued a license in 2009 and continues to be in good standing with the state of Wisconsin today.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oklahomawatch.org/2018/08/16/stitts-mortgage-firm-failed-to-tell-regulators-of-past-problems/ | title=Stitt's Mortgage Firm Failed to Tell Regulators of Past Problems}}</ref>

== Policy stances ==
Stitt is a “political outsider,” meaning he has never run for any public office before. Throughout his time on the campaign trail, Stitt has expressed his vision is to lead Oklahoma to become a Top Ten state.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/elections/republican-candidate-for-governor-kevin-stitt-says-oklahoma-could-be/article_8d5e3f24-ee44-5934-ac15-bad313a1dd45.html|title=Republican candidate for governor Kevin Stitt says Oklahoma could be a 'top 10 state'|last=World|first=Randy Krehbiel Tulsa|work=Tulsa World|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.claremoreprogress.com/news/stitt-oklahoma-could-be-a-top-state/article_0683b6e0-cd9a-11e8-b6f4-13a3a189c8c6.html|title=STITT: Oklahoma could be a top 10 state|last=kthesenvitz@claremoreprogress.com|first=KAYLEIGH THESENVITZ|work=Claremore Daily Progress|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref> His platform focuses on five pillars: government efficiency, education, economic growth, infrastructure, and healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/|title=Kevin Stitt for Governor|website=Kevin Stitt for Governor|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Government efficiency ===
Stitt’s main message on the campaign trail focuses on bringing accountability, efficiency, and transparency to Oklahoma’s government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/stitt-preventing-another-health-department-fiasco/|title=Stitt: Preventing Another Health Department Fiasco|website=www.stittforgovernor.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

Earlier this year, the Stitt for Governor campaign launched their [http://okturnaround.com/ OK Turnaround plan], which focuses on government transparency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://okturnaround.com/|title=Home|website=okturnaround.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Education policy ===
Since the beginning of Stitt’s campaign, he has called for Oklahoma teachers to be paid a competitive wage. Talking with the Tulsa World in October 2017, Stitt stated, “If we want to recruit great teachers, we have to pay competitive salaries. If we want to attract and retain great jobs, we’ve got to have great schools.”<ref name="auto3"/>

Stitt hosted roundtable meetings with educators, parents, superintendents, and education policy experts in Oklahoma in order to create a comprehensive plan for Oklahoma’s education system. On October 8, 2018, the Stitt for Governor campaign launched the [https://www.stittforgovernor.com/oklaed/ Oklahoma Turnaround Plan for Education].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/oklaed/|title=Oklahoma Turnaround Plan for Education|website=Kevin Stitt for Governor|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Economic growth ===
Stitt has labeled himself as the only job creator and proven businessman in the race for governor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/quick-gop-gubernatorial-candidate-stakes-out-positions/article_e0fd51cf-84cc-5e63-9651-9a44be3e20da.html|title=Quick 5: GOP gubernatorial candidate stakes out positions|work=Muskogee Phoenix|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

According to his platform, Stitt will focus on taking advantage of President Trump's tax cuts, recruiting new job creators to Oklahoma, expanding commerce, and cutting red-tape in order to grow and diversify the state's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/issues/|title=Issues|website=www.stittforgovernor.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

In an interview with the City of Enid, Stitt stated, "I love what is happening nationally, the economy is really starting to take off. There is a move now to bring manufacturing back to the U.S. to repatriate dollars. I believe we've got a great opportunity over the next ten years to capture that growth... We just need a business leader as governor, somebody that understands how to recruit businesses, how to cut red tape and how to get our state growing again."<ref>{{Citation|last=cityofenid|title=Ask the Candidate - Kevin Stitt [2018 Governor Campaign]|date=2018-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_De_FlJVNw&t=752s|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Pro-life ===
Stitt received a 100% Pro-Life score from Oklahomans for Life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.okforlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Survey-responses-2018-primary-3.pdf|title=Candidate Surveys for June 26, 2018 Primary Election|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Gun rights ===
Stitt supports strong Second Amendment rights. In an email to a CNHI reporter, Stitt stated, "As governor, I will defend Oklahomans’ rights in the U.S. Constitution, to include Oklahomans’ right to bear arms. I don’t believe in punishing law-abiding gun owners for the atrocious and illegal actions of an individual. We need to enforce the safety laws in place and provide support for the deep, systematic problems in our society that lead to violence.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.enidnews.com/news/state/machine-guns-shooting-matches-encroaching-election/article_1116f888-92d1-5d7e-a21b-6b5c7c350b9d.html|title=Machine guns, shooting matches encroaching election|last=Reporter|first=Janelle Stecklein CNHI Oklahoma|work=Enidnews.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
Stitt was born in [[Milton, Florida]], and grew up in [[Norman, Oklahoma]], where his father was the pastor of Riverside Church. He graduated from Norman High School,<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://newsok.com/article/5609987/serious-kid-sets-sights-on-serving-as-chief-executive-of-oklahoma|title="Serious kid" sets sights on serving as chief executive of Oklahoma|date=2018-09-30|work=NewsOK.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref> and went on to attend [[Oklahoma State University]] where he received a degree in accounting. While a student at OSU, Stitt worked to pay his way through college by selling educational products door-to-door with [[Southwestern Advantage]]. He was the first person in the company’s 115-year history to achieve the top sales as a first-year sales person.<ref name="auto4"/> Stitt is also a member of the Gamma Lamba chapter of the [[Beta Theta Pi]] fraternity.

Stitt is a citizen of the [[Cherokee Nation]] as a descendant of his great-grandfather, Robert Benton Dawson. Dawson was given land in the Skiatook area because of his tribal citizenship, and the land is still in the family, now owned by an uncle of Stitt's.<ref name="auto4"/> Kevin Stitt's maternal grandparents were dairy farmers in Skiatook. Stitt's paternal grandfather was formerly the head veterinarian at the Oklahoma City Stockyards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oklahomafarmreport.com/wire/news/2018/07/00153_KevinStittTalksAgIssues07252018b_051515.php#.W9PTcBNKiL8|title=Oklahoma Farm Report - Gubernatorial Candidate Kevin Stitt Says Ag will Always have a Seat at the Table in His Administration|website=www.oklahomafarmreport.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

Stitt married Sarah Hazen in 1998 and have six children. Stitt and his wife are active in their church in Tulsa, Woodlake Church.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://okcfox.com/news/local/race-for-governor-kevin-stitt | title=Kevin Stitt: Republican| date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/StittForGovernor/ Stitt's Facebook page]
*[https://www.twitter.com/StittforGov Stitt's Twitter account]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mary Fallin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of Oklahoma]]|years=[[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018|2018]]}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mary Fallin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Oklahoma]] {{small|Elect}}|years=Taking office 2019}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stitt, Kevin}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Oklahoma politicians]]
[[Category:Oklahoma Republicans]]
[[Category:Oklahoma State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Norman, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:People from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]

BitChute

2018-12-08T14:43:07Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = [[Ray Vahey]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2017|1|3}}
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country =
}}
{{File sharing sidebar}}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] technology<ref name="torrentfreak">{{Cite news |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/ |title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative |last= |first= |date=2017-01-29 |work=TorrentFreak |accessdate=2017-12-10 |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |language=en-US}}</ref> in order to diffuse, redistribute, and ease bandwidth and issues of centralized streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== History ==

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018.]]

The company was founded by [[Ray Vahey]]. He described it as a way to avoid [[censorship|hard censorship]] and "[[demonetization]]" ("soft" [[corporate censorship]]) by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref name="torrentfreak" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

Posted on January 3, 2017, ''"This is the first video on #BitChute"'' was the first sample video and test of the uploading process featuring a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] youtuber [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's [[demonetization]] of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> Southern has automatically mirrored her YouTube channel on BitChute since March 23, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Lauren |title=Lauren Southern |url=https://www.bitchute.com/LaurenSouthern/ |website=BitChute |accessdate=August 16, 2018 |language=en |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigned and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

In November 2018, BitChute was banned from PayPal after BitChute criticized them for banning [[Alex Jones]], The Proud Boys and anti-fascist groups from its payment service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/14/bitchute-youtube-alternative-cries-foul-over-appar/|title=BitChute, YouTube alternative, cries foul over apparent punt from PayPal|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|work=The Washington Times|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Technology ==

BitChute is based on the [[peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] system; a [[JavaScript]] torrenting program that can run in a [[web browser]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ernesto |title=WebTorrent Desktop Hits a Million Downloads |url=https://torrentfreak.com/webtorrent-desktop-hits-a-million-downloads-180104/ |website=TorrentFreak.com |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=2018-01-04 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> Users watching a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. Despite similar functionally, WebTorrent is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]]<ref name=alt1>{{cite web |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative}}</ref> since WebTorrent only uses the same [[Communication protocol|protocol]] as BitTorrent but uses a different [[Transport layer|transport]]. However, the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] stand alone version is able to bridge the [[WebRTC]]-based WebTorrent and [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]/[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]-based BitTorrent serverless networks.<ref name="Demuxed">{{cite web |title=Demuxed - Ep. #5, WebTorrent: Bringing BitTorrent to the Web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6eIOsvP6Jw |author=Heavybit |publisher=Heavybit |website=YouTube |date=2017-07-06 |accessdate=2018-11-03}} @4:35+</ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Reception ==

There has been conflict between YouTube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel "[[demonetization]]". As a response, some popular creators have started BitChute channels.<ref name=":0" /> These include Dave Cullen (''Computing Forever'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: Dave Cullen |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=dave%20cullen |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> and various [[conservative]] channels.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref><ref name="bitchutearchives">{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: bitchute |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=bitchute |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Comparison of BitTorrent clients]]
* [[Cooperative storage cloud]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[InterPlanetary File System]]
* [[Peer-to-peer web hosting]]
* [[Self-certifying File System]]
* [[Solid (web decentralization)]]
* [[ZeroNet]]
* [[List of video hosting services]]
** [[DailyMotion]]
** [[PeerTube]], also uses [[WebTorrent]]
** [[Vidme]]
** [[Vimeo]]
** [[YouTube]]
* "tube" sites of the [[MindGeek]] porn monopoly

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://BitChute.com}}
* [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]

{{File sharing|state=collapsed}}
{{BitTorrent|state=collapsed}}
{{Internet censorship circumvention technologies|state=collapsed}}
{{File systems|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BitChute}}
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:BitTorrent]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2017]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Distributed file systems]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:File sharing software]]
[[Category:File transfer protocols]]
[[Category:Free network-related software]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer software]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]

{{website-stub}}

Umerziehungslager in Xinjiang

2018-12-08T05:27:18Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Synthesis|date=October 2018}}
{{Tone|talk=Talk:Xinjiang re-education camps#Article would benefit from a neutral tone|date=September 2018}}
{{Expand Chinese|新疆再教育营|date=October 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox venue
|name= Xinjiang re-education camps
|nickname=
|native_name = '''قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرلىرى'''
|image=Opening Ceremony of a re-education camp in Lopnur County.jpg
|image_size=320px
|image_alt=
|caption=Opening Ceremony of a political re-education camp in [[Yuli County|Lopnur County]], Xinjiang
|operator=Xinjiang local government
|type=[[Internment]], indoctrination camps
|opened = Since 2014<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/28/a-summer-vacation-in-chinas-muslim-gulag/|title=A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag| work=Foreign Policy | accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref>
|expanded= Since 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/arrests-skyrocketed-in-china-s-muslim-far-west-in-2017-10561938|title=Arrests skyrocketed in China's Muslim far west in 2017| publisher=Channel NewsAsia| accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''Re-education camp''' ([[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]: قايتا تەربىيەلەش لاگېرى; {{zh |s =再教育营}}) is a title given to the [[internment camp]]s operated by the [[Xinjiang]] local government since 2014 and unprecedentedly intensified since a hardline [[Party Committee Secretary|party secretary]], [[Chen Quanguo]], took charge of the region in August 2016. These camps are operated secretly and outside of the legal system; people can be locked up without any trial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-life-like-in-xinjiang-reeducation-camps-china-2018-5|title='Permanent cure': Inside the re-education camps China is using to brainwash Muslims| work= Business Insider| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/china-big-data-fuels-crackdown-minority-region|title=China: Big Data Fuels Crackdown in Minority Region| publisher=Human Rights Watch| accessdate=26 February 2018}}</ref>
Local authorities are reportedly holding hundreds of thousands of [[Uyghurs]] and [[Muslim]]s from other [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]] in these camps, claiming the detentions are a bid to counter extremism and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/china-detains-thousands-of-muslims-in-re-education-camps/80242|title=China detains thousands of Muslims in re-education camps| work= ''ucanews.com'' | accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/uyghers-targeted-for-reeducation-camps/4064487.html|title=High Numbers of Uyghurs Targeted for Re-Education Camps| publisher=Voice of America | accessdate=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/xinjiangs-transformation-through-education-camps|title=Xinjiang's "transformation through education" camps| work= ''lowyinstitute.org'' | accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201806112108-0025659|title=Why are Muslim Uyghurs being sent to 're-education' camps| publisher= Al Jazeera | accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinafile.com/conversation/how-should-world-respond-intensifying-repression-xinjiang|title=How Should the World Respond to Intensifying Repression in Xinjiang?| work= ''chinafile.com'' | accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref>

It is estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/china-s-xinjiang-province-a-surveillance-state-unlike-any-the-world-has-ever-seen-a-1220174.html|title=A Surveillance State Unlike Any the World Has Ever Seen| work= Der Spiegel | accessdate=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/07/25/ngos-note-staggering-rise-arrests-china-cracks-minorities-muslim-region/|title= NGOs note ‘staggering’ rise in arrests as China cracks down on minorities in Muslim region| work=''hongkongfp.com'' | accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/rights-groups-criticise-sharp-rise-in-arrests-in-china-s-xinjiang-province-1.3577158|title=Rights groups criticise sharp rise in arrests in China's Xinjiang province| work= The Irish Times| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> Kazakhs and other ethnic Muslims,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c610c88a-8a57-11e8-bf9e-8771d5404543|title=
China steps up surveillance on Xinjiang Muslims| work=Financial Times| accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/02/asia/china-xinjiang-detention-camps-intl/index.html|title=
Thousands of Uyghur Muslims detained in Chinese 'political education' camps| publisher=CNN| accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/securing-xinjiang-china-adds-security-component-to-belt-and-road-initiative/|title=Securing Xinjiang: China adds security component to belt and road initiative| work=''globalvillagespace.com'' | accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> Christians<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2018/02/china-100-christians-sent-re-education-camps-xinjiang/|title=100 Christians sent to ‘re-education’ camps in Xinjiang| work=Business Insider| accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/941444/china-reeducation-camps-christians-xinjiang-christianity-amnesty-international|title=China's crackdown on Christians: Terrifying ’re-education’ camps REVEALED| work=Daily Express | accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/07/xinjiang-surveillance-model-expands-to-non-uyghur-muslims/|title=Xinjiang Surveillance Expands to Non-Uyghur Muslims| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> and also foreign,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-re-education-muslims-ramadan-xinjiang-eat-pork-alcohol-communist-xi-jinping-a8357966.html|title=Muslims forced to drink alcohol and eat pork in China's ‘re-education’ camps|work=The Independent|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> such as [[Kazakhstan]]i, citizens<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/kazakh-missing-12272017141959.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan National Missing, Believed Detained in China, Amid Ongoing Crackdown| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/qishloq-ovozi-kazakhstan-confronts-china-over-disappearances/29266456.html|title=Kazakhstan Confronts China Over Disappearances| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/inga-imanbai-andrey-grishin/whats-behind-chinas-anti-kazakh-campaign|title=What's behind China's anti-Kazakh campaign?| work=''opendemocracy.net'' | accessdate=23 May 2018}}</ref> to be kept in these shrouded internment camps throughout the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2018/0517/In-re-education-program-China-incarcerates-thousands-of-Muslims|title=China incarcerates thousands of Muslims| work= The Christian Science Monitor | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> United Nations<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45147972|title=China Uighurs: One million held in political camps, UN told| publisher= BBC| accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-un/u-n-says-it-has-credible-reports-that-china-holds-million-uighurs-in-secret-camps-idUSKBN1KV1SU|title=U.N. says it has credible reports that China holds million Uighurs in secret camps| agency= Reuters| accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> and many international media reports have said as many as 1 million people are being held in such "reeducation camps" in this region.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/24/islamic-leaders-have-nothing-to-say-about-chinas-internment-camps-for-muslims/amp/?__twitter_impression=true|title=Islamic Leaders Have Nothing to Say About China's Internment Camps for Muslims| work=Foreign Policy| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-life-like-in-xinjiang-reeducation-camps-china-2018-5|title=Inside the re-education camps China is using to brainwash muslims| work= Business Insider| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/training-camps-09112017154343.html|title=China Runs Region-wide Re-education Camps in Xinjiang for Uyghurs And Other Muslims| work=''afa.org''| accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/china-detaining-over-million-muslims-concentration-camps-but-world-silent-uighur-state-department-ministerial-226358/|title=China Detaining Over 1 Million Muslims in Concentration Camps but the World Is Silent, Believer Says| work=The Christian Post| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/05/22/613449566/what-the-inside-of-one-of-chinas-re-education-camps-looks-like|title=What The Inside of One of China's Re-Education Camps Looks Like| publisher=NPR | accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/camps-05092018154928.html|title=Authorities in Xinjiang's Kashgar Detain Uyghurs at ‘Open Political Re-Education Camps’| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.axios.com/chinas-re-education-camps-for-muslims-uyghurs-d95e9f04-0a60-4f19-b30d-6b36e4adb29f.html|title=Shocking details emerge from China's re-education camps for Muslims| work= ''axios.com'' | accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/05/an-entire-culture-is-being-criminalized-details-emerge-about-xinjiang-reeducation-camp-system/|title=Details Emerge About Xinjiang Reeducation Camp System| work= China Digital Times | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/4383631.html|title=学者：新疆再教育营关人或近百万警察抓人有指标| work= ''voachinese.com'' | accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.chinaaid.net/2018/05/blog-post_46.html|title=新疆"改造营"关押超百万强迫放弃信仰| work= ''chinaaid.net'' | accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

On October 24, 2018, [[BBC]] released the details of an extensive investigation into China's "hidden camps" and the extent to which the People's Republic goes to maintain correct thought.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/China_hidden_camps China's hidden camps], [[BBC]]</ref>

==Background==
In April 2010, after [[July 2009 Ürümqi riots]], [[Zhang Chunxian]] replaced the former [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] chief [[Wang Lequan]], who has been behind rigorous religious policies<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/04/11/devastating-blows/religious-repression-uighurs-xinjiang|title=Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang| publisher=Human Rights Watch| accessdate=11 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/world/asia/11xinjiang.html|title=A Strongman Is China's Rock in Ethnic Strife| work=The New York Times| accessdate=10 July 2009}}</ref> in Xinjiang for 14 years. Zhang Chunxian continued Wang's policy and even strengthened them. In 2011, Zhang proposed "modern culture leads the development in Xinjiang" as his policy statement and started to implement his ''modern culture'' propaganda.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/23082012-integrating-islam-the-key-to-modern-culture-in-xinjiang-oped/|title=Integrating Islam The Key To 'Modern Culture' In Xinjiang – OpEd| work=''eurasiareview.com''| accessdate=23 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012, he first mentioned the phrase "de-extremification" ({{lang-zh|link=no|s=去极端化}}) campaigns and started to educate so-called wild Imams ({{lang-zh|c=野阿訇|labels=no}}) and extremists ({{lang-zh|s=极端主义者|labels=no}}).<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.whatsonweibo.com/chinas-imams-online-preaching-on-weibo/|title=No Tolerance for ‘Wild Imams’ in China – But ‘Weibo Imams’ are Thriving| work=''whatsonweibo.com'' | accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/xinjiang-imams-10162017132810.html|title=China Detains, Brainwashes 'Wild' Imams Who Step Out of Line in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=17 October 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/|title=New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> In 2014, Chinese authorities announced a "people's war on terror" and local government introduced new restrictions and banned "abnormal" long beards,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/why-is-china-banning-baby-names-and-beards-in-xinjiang/|title=Why is China Banning Baby Names and Beards in Xinjiang?| work=''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-bans-veils-abnormal-beards-western-province-xinjiang-n741501|title=China Bans Veils and 'Abnormal' Beards in Western Province of Xinjiang| publisher=NBC News| accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref> the wearing of veils in public places<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/police-cutting-dresses-off-uighur-women-in-xinjiang-china-2018-7|title=Police are reportedly cutting too-long dresses off ethnic minority women in the middle of streets in China| work=Business Insider | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/17/chinese-authorities-accused-cutting-uighur-dresses-latest-crackdown/|title=Chinese authorities accused of cutting Uighur dresses in latest crackdown on Muslim minority| work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://womenintheworld.com/2018/07/17/chinese-police-are-reportedly-cutting-the-dresses-off-of-uighur-muslim-women-in-public/|title=
Chinese police are reportedly cutting the dresses off of Uighur Muslim women in public| work=''womenintheworld.com'' | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> and naming of children to exaggerate religious fervor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-39460538|title=
China Uighurs: Xinjiang ban on long beards and veils| publisher=BBC | accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|title=China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province of Xinjiang| work=The Independent | accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://nb.sinocism.com/p/us-china-trade-war-more-on-the-xinjiang-re-education-camps-xi-thought-study-groups-democracy-can-be-bad-for-belt-and-road-initiative-projects-dying-to-survive-blockbuster|title=US-China trade war; More on the Xinjiang "re-education" camps| work=nb.sinocism.com | accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> as a campaign against terrorism and extremism.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.opslens.com/2018/07/31/semi-autonomous-region-of-china-with-terrorist-ties-xinjiang-and-the-uyghur/|title=Semi-Autonomous Region of China with Terrorist Ties: Xinjiang and the Uyghur| work=''opslens.com'' | accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/xinjiang-china-ignores-lessons-from-the-past/|title=Xinjiang: China ignores lessons from the past| work=''almasdarnews.com'' | accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Number of re-education related government procurement bids in Xinjiang.svg|300px|thumb|Number of re-education related government procurement bids in [[Xinjiang]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang/|title=New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title=List of Government Bids Related to Re-Education Facilities| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref>]]
In August 2016, [[Chen Quanguo]], a well-known hardliner party leader in Tibet,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/07/tibet-selfimmolations-monks-aba-china|title=Tibetan self-immolators dismissed as 'criminals' by Chinese officials| work=The Guardian| accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> took charge of the region. Followed by his arrival, local authorities recruited over 90,000 police officers in 2016 and 2017 – twice as many as they recruited in the past seven years,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/china-s-xinjiang-province-a-surveillance-state-unlike-any-the-world-has-ever-seen-a-1220174.html|title=A Surveillance State Unlike Any the World Has Ever Seen| work=Der Spiegel| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> and laid out as many as 7300 heavily guarded check points in the region.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/press-review-41999212|title=英媒：新疆铁腕控制汉人也叫苦连天| publisher=BBC | accessdate=11 November 2017}}</ref> The province has come to be known as one of the most heavily policed regions of the world. Gradually the concept of "transformation through education" started to expose and came to be systematically used with the "de-extremification" campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uhrp.org/featured-articles/new-evidence-china%E2%80%99s-political-re-education-campaign-xinjiang|title=
New Evidence for China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang| work=''uhrp.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref> Local media have reported on these facilities and generally referred them as "counter extremism training centers" ({{lang-zh|s=去极端化培训班|labels=no}}) and "education and transformation training centers" ({{lang-zh|s=教育转化培训中心|labels=no}}). Most of those facilities are converted from existing schools or other official buildings, although some are specifically built for the reeducation purposes.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees|title=China: Free Xinjiang ‘Political Education’ Detainees| publisher=Human Rights Watch | accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>

The heavily policed region and thousands of check points assisted and accelerated the detainment of locals to the camps. In 2017 the region constituted 21% of all arrests in China last year despite comprising 1.5% of the national population<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/xianjiang-province-china-police-state-surveillance-2018-7|title=How a Chinese region that accounts for just 1.5% of the population became one of the most intrusive police states in the world| work= Business Insider| accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/07/international-attention-on-crimes-against-humanity-in-xinjiang/|title=International Attention on 'Crimes Against Humanity' in Xinjiang| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://unpo.org/article/20994|title=Uyghurs Afraid to Speak Out Due to Government Repression| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref>{{who|date=October 2018}} and the imprisoned people compared to the previous year is seven times more,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D-%E6%8B%98%E6%8D%95%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%8C%9B%E5%A2%9E/a-44854076?&zhongwen=simp|title=Xinjiang strengthens security, the number of arrests has soared| work=''dw.com''| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://news.creaders.net/china/2018/07/27/1977701.html|title=Xinjiang sentenced 7 times more than the previous year| work=''creaders.net''| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/20180727-%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%872017%E5%B9%B4%E9%81%AD%E5%88%91%E6%8B%98%E7%BB%B4%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%87%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%90%EF%BC%91%EF%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%97%E5%80%8D|title=Human rights organization: Xinjiang arrested more Uighurs in 2017| publisher=Radio France Internationale| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref> all without any resistance from the locals. The judicial and other government bureaus of many cities and counties started to release a series of procurement and construction bids for those planned camps and facilities.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title=List of Government Bids Related to Re-Education Facilities| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> Increasingly, massive detention centers were built up throughout the region and are being used to hold hundreds of thousands of people targeted for their religious practices and ethnicity.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06gds2h|title=What's happening to Xinjiang's Uighur Muslims?| publisher=BBC| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/28/a-summer-vacation-in-chinas-muslim-gulag/|title=A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag| work=Foreign Policy | accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/muslims-in-china-province-detained-in-re-education-camps-invasive-surveillance-on-say-reports/story-aEVi9tyhRAyrPBmPhjhCvL.html |title= Muslims in China province detained in ‘re-education camps’| work= Hindustan Times | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://jamestown.org/program/chen-quanguo-the-strongman-behind-beijings-securitization-strategy-in-tibet-and-xinjiang/|title=Chen Quanguo: The Strongman Behind Beijing’s Securitization Strategy in Tibet and Xinjiang| work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2053739/party-high-flier-uses-his-tibet-model-bid-tame-xinjiang|title=Passports taken, more police ... new party boss Chen Quanguo acts to tame Xinjiang with methods used in Tibet| work=South China Morning Post | accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Reeducation camps in Xinjiang are operated secretly. In urban areas, most of them are converted from existing vocational schools, communist party schools, ordinary schools or other official buildings, while in suburban or rural areas the majority of camps were specially built for the purposes of re-education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/25/at-least-120000-muslim-uighurs-held-in-chinese-re-education-camps-report|title=China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps'|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=25 January 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> These camps are guarded by armed forces or special police and equipped with prison-like gates, surrounding walls, security fences, surveillance systems, [[watchtowers]], guard rooms and facilities for armed police etc.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2018/08/18/china-suggests-its-camps-for-uighurs-are-just-vocational-schools|title=China suggests its camps for Uighurs are just vocational schools| work=The Economist| accessdate=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706221430/http://www.xjats.gov.cn/P/C/1736.htm|title=Approval opinion for the environmental impact report on Atush vocational skills training center project| work=''archive.org'' | accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-25/china-uighur-ethnic-cleansing-xi-jinping-chinese-muslims/10033472|title=Patriotic songs and self-criticism: why China is 're-educating' Muslims in mass detention camps| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/22/chinas-mass-internment-camps-have-no-clear-end-in-sight/|title=China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight| work=Foreign Policy | accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref> and most of them are clearly visible on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://amityunderground.com/chinese-blogger-documents-the-construction-of-31-new-mass-re-education-camps-in-xinjiang-since-the-peoples-war-on-terror-began-in-2016-chen-quanguo-uyghur-discrimination/|title=Chinese blogger documents the construction of 31 new mass re-education camps in Xinjiang| work= ''amityunderground.com'' | accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref>

In November 2018, the magazine [[Bitter Winter]] released two videos it claimed had been shot inside two camps in the [[Yining]] area. The videos show jail-like features and the magazine claimed they proved that the camps are detention facilities rather than “schools.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/camps-for-uyghurs-schools-or-jails/|title=Camps for Uyghurs, "schools" or jails?|last=Li|first=Zaili|date=12 November 2018|website=Bitter Winter|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitterwinter.org/exclusive-video-transformation-through-education-camp-for-uyghurs-exposed-in-xinjiang/|title=Another "Transformation Through Education" Camp for Uyghurs Exposed in Xinjiang|last=Introvigne|first=Massimo|date=26 November 2018|website=Bitter Winter|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> According to [[Business Insider]], the second “Bitter Winter’s video... matches the descriptions of former detainees and witnesses of other detention facilities in Xinjiang.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/china-camps-for-muslims-look-like-jail-cells-in-purported-video-2018-11|title=Shocking footage purportedly shows cells inside prison camp where China oppresses Muslim minority|last=Ma|first=Alexandra|date=27 November 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

There is no valid data for the number of camps. On 15 May 2017, [[Jamestown Foundation]], a Washington, D.C. based institute for research and analysis, released a list of government bids related to re-education facilities for 73 different camps.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://jamestown.org/programs/cb/79853-2/|title= list of government bids related to re-education facilities | work=''jamestown.org'' | accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> On 14 May 2018, RFA reported that there has at least 8 camps in [[Kargilik County]], [[Kashgar Prefecture]] alone.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/qanun/yepiq-terbiyelesh-05142018161202.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82|title=Kargilik County government bid| work=''rfa.com'' | accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref> Scholars such as [[University of British Columbia]] student Shawn Zhang have used satellite images to track suspected re-education centers in the region. The most important sources for him are government reports, official government documents, travel reports from top officials and budgetary reports that outline expenditures for facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ubc-student-uses-satellite-images-to-track-suspected-chinese-re/|title= UBC student Shawn Zhang uses satellite images to track suspected Chinese re-education centres where Uyghurs imprisoned | work= The Globe and Mail | accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dw.com/en/is-china-building-political-re-education-camps-for-muslim-minorities/a-44334145|title=Is China building 'political re-education' camps for Muslim minorities? | work= ''dw.com'' | accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-activists-target-chinas-human-rights-record-with-new-ad-campaign-in/|title=Activists target China's human-rights record with new ad campaign in Vancouver| work= The Globe and Mail | accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Zhang documented 31 suspected re-education camps throughout Xinjiang using Google Earth Pro and Chinese government documents.
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://amityunderground.com/chinese-blogger-documents-the-construction-of-31-new-mass-re-education-camps-in-xinjiang-since-the-peoples-war-on-terror-began-in-2016-chen-quanguo-uyghur-discrimination/|title=Chinese blogger documents the construction of 31 new mass re-education camps in Xinjiang| work= ''amityunderground.com'' | accessdate=25 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ubyssey.ca/news/law-student-locate-xinjiang-re-education-camps-via-satellite-imagery/|title=Law student locates suspected Uyghurs re-education camps in China with satellite imagery| work= ubyssey.ca | accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref>

==Detainees==
[[File:Xinjiang Re-education Camp Lop County.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Detainees listening to speeches in a re-education camp in [[Lop County]], Xinjiang, April 2017.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820154817/https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1564669932542581&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=Knocking the door of the mind with emotion, use reasons to ease the mood of the people|publisher=Baidu| via=archive.org| accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/the-repression-of-uyghurs-is-now-an-all-out-war-against-a-people/|title=The Repression of Uyghurs Is Now an All-Out War Against a People| work=''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://supchina.com/2018/08/22/xinjiang-explainer-chinas-reeducation-camps-for-a-million-muslims/|title=China's re-education camps for a million Muslims: What everyone needs to know| work=''supchina.com''| accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref>]]

Many Uyghurs in diaspora claim that at least one of their family members are in the camp. Many media reports said that hundreds of thousands of Uighurs-as well as Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and other ethnic minorities<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-tightens-grip-on-xinjiang-region-report/1221234|title=China tightens grip on Xinjiang region: Report| work=''aa.com.tr''| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/opinion/china-re-education-camps.html|title=What Really Happens in China's ‘Re-education’ Camps| work=Business Insider| accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unpo.org/article/20322|title=China Operates Political and Ideological Re-Education Camps in Xinjiang| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nchrd.org/2017/11/re-education-camps-make-a-comeback-in-chinas-far-west-2/|title=Re-education camps make a comeback in China's far-west| work=''nchrd.org'' | accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref> are being detained without trial in "re-education camps" in the province. In January 2018, some media reported that an estimated 120,000 members of the Uyghurs are currently being held in political re-education camps in Kashgar prefecture alone.
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/01/rfa-120000-uyghurs-held-kashgar-re-education-camps/|title=RFA: 120,000 Uyghurs Held in Kashgar for Re-education| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://world.wng.org/2018/03/china_s_reeducation_camps|title=China's reeducation camps| work=world.wng.org | accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://sputniknews.com/asia/201801261061078427-xinjiang-uighur-reeducation-camps-120000/|title=Human Rights Activists Say Xinjiang Uighur Reeducation Camps Overflowing| agency=Sputnik News Agency | accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref>{{who|date=October 2018}} Some reports claimed the camps are estimated to hold as much as 10 percent of the Uyghur population.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://supchina.com/2018/06/27/9-billion-spent-on-surveillance-tech-in-xinjiang-in-2017/|title=$9 Billion Spent on Surveillance Tech in Xinjiang in 2017| work= ''supchina.com''| accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/target-06292018132506.html|title=One in 10 Uyghur Residents of Xinjiang Township Jailed or Detained in ‘Re-Education Camp’| publisher= Radio Free Asia| accessdate=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/25/china-one-in-five-arrests-take-place-in-police-state-xinjiang|title=China: one in five arrests take place in 'police state' Xinjiang| work= The Guardian| accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://bitterwinter.org/xinjiang-police-sends-dozens-of-muslims-to-re-education-camps/|title=Xinjiang Police Sends Dozens of Muslims to "Re-Education" Camps| work=''bitterwinter.org'' | accessdate=30 June 2018}}</ref>{{who|date=October 2018}}

The United States-based Uyghur politician [[Rebiya Kadeer]], who has been in exile since 2005, has had as many as 30 relatives detained or disappeared, including her sisters, brothers, children, grandchildren, and siblings;<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent-actions/urgent-action-30-relatives-of-uighur-activist-arbitrarily-detained-china-ua-251-17/|title=URGENT ACTION: 30 RELATIVES OF UIGHUR ACTIVIST ARBITRARILY DETAINED (CHINA: UA 251.17) | work=Amnesty International.org | accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref>
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/05/new-gulag-in-china-uyghurs-thrown-into-reeducation-camps/|title=A New Gulag in China| work=National Review | accessdate=22 May 2018}}</ref> and it is unclear when they were taken away.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/relatives-10272017164417.html|title=‘More Than 30’ Relatives of Uyghur Exile Leader Rebiya Kadeer Detained in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/11/uyghur-activist-rebiya-kadeers-relatives-detained/|title=Uyghur Activist Rebiya Kadeer's Relatives Detained| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref>
In the past few years, six [[Radio Free Asia]] Uyghur Service reporters’ dozens of family members have been locked up in re-education camps due to their job in the United States. These reporters spent years in exile for documenting human rights abuses under the Chinese government's rule in their homeland. They also shared the fate of many others who are being held without due process for ill-defined reasons.<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/uyghurfamilies/|title= RFA'S UYGHUR REPORTERS TELL THE STORIES OF THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS’ DETENTIONS| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/camps-01262018140920.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=qaraqash|title=Overcrowded Political Re-Education Camps in Hotan Relocate Hundreds of Uyghur Detainees| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref>

On 13 July 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, an ethnic Kazakh Chinese national and former employee of the Chinese state, appeared in a court in the city of [[Zharkent]], Kazakhstan for being accused of illegally crossing the border between the two countries. During the trial she talked about her forced work at a re-education camp for 2,500 ethnic Kazakhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tol.org/client/article/27849-kazakhstan-china-prison-uighurs-camps-silk-road.html|title=Kazakh Trial Sheds Light on Interned Chinese Muslims| work= ''tol.org''| accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2155638/chinas-prison-re-education-camps-strain-relations|title= China's ‘prison-like re-education camps’ strain relations with Kazakhstan as woman asks Kazakh court not to send her back| work=South China Morning Post | accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref>
Her lawyer believed that if she is extradited to China, she would face the death penalty for exposing re-education camps in Kazakh court.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-Relations/Kazakhstan-China-deportation-case-sparks-trial-of-public-opinion|title=Kazakhstan-China deportation case sparks trial of public opinion| work= ''nikkei.com''| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2155638/chinas-prison-re-education-camps-strain-relations|title=China's ‘prison-like re-education camps’ strain relations with Kazakhstan as woman asks Kazakh court not to send her back| work= South China Morning Post| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref>
Her testimony for the re-education camps have become the focus of a court case in Kazakhstan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/ethnic-kazakhs-life-in-balance-as-deportation-to-china-looms|title=Ethnic Kazakh's life in balance as deportation to China looms| work= ''eurasianet.org''| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/picture-taken-on-july-13-2018-shows-sayragul-sauytbay-an-news-photo/1000391550#picture-taken-on-july-13-2018-shows-sayragul-sauytbay-an-ethnic-picture-id1000391550|title=Sayragul Sauytbay, 41, an ethnic Kazakh Chinese national and former employee of the Chinese state in Kazakh court| work= ''gettyimages.co.uk''| accessdate=20 July 2018}}</ref> which is also testing the country's ties with Beijing.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/17b12756-93dc-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe|title=Kazakh trial throws spotlight on China's internment centres| work= Financial Times| accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/chinese-reeducation-camps-spotlight-kazakh-trial-035006122.html|title=Chinese 'reeducation camps' in spotlight at Kazakh trial| publisher= Yahoo! News| accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref> On 1 August 2018, Sayragul Sauytbay, who fled one of the Chinese re-education camps, was released with a six-month suspended sentence and direction to regularly check in with police. She has applied for asylum in Kazakhstan and will not be deported to China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/01/kazakh-court-frees-woman-who-fled-chinese-re-education-camp|title=Kazakh court frees woman who fled Chinese re-education camp| work= The Guardian| accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/sauytbay-trial-ends-in-kazakhstan-with-surprising-release/|title=Sauytbay Trial Ends in Kazakhstan With Surprising Release| work= ''thediplomat.com''| accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/2157893/cheers-kazakh-court-thwarts-deportation-chinese-woman|title=Cheers as Kazakh court thwarts deportation of Chinese woman who fled ‘re-education camp’ in Xinjiang| work= South China Morning Post| accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref>

===RFA interviews===
Meanwhile, [[Radio Free Asia]] (funded by the United States government) also conducted a series of telephone interview with local judicial and police officials.
*On 20 November 2017, Radio Free Asia conducted a telephone interview with an official from the Bulaksu Township judicial station in [[Shufu County|Konasheher County]], the official claimed: “In Bulaksu township, 2514 people were imprisoned and 806 people were sent to re-education centers.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/toqquzaq-bulaqsuda-yepiq-terbiye-11202017203747.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82|title= Judicial Bureau official: In Bulaksu township 2514 people were imprisoned and 806 people were sent to reeducation centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=20 November 2017 }}</ref>
*On 21 June 2018, in a telephone interview with an official from the Tuwet Township judicial station in [[Karakax County]], who said: “In Tuwet township 1731 people were imprisoned and 1721 people were sent to re-education centers.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/qanun/uyghurda-lager-06212018162717.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4|title= Judicial Bureau official: In Bulaksu township 1731 people were imprisoned and 1721 people were sent to reeducation centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=21 June 2018 }}</ref>
*On 2 August 2018, in a telephone interview with an official from the Hankitam Township police station in [[Kuqa County]], the police said: “We approximately sent 5000 people to the re-education centers and no one released until now.’’ <ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/kuchadiki-lagerlar-08022018231755.html|title= Police Station: “We approximately sent 5000 people to the reeducation centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=2 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 17 August 2018, in a telephone interview with some police officials of [[Xinhe County, Xinjiang|Toksu County]], a police said: “In this county approximately 22,000 people are in re-education centers.’’ <ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/toqsuda-22ming-kishi-lagerda-08172018211527.html?searchterm:utf8:ustring=+%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%87|title= Police: “In this county approximately 22,000 people are in reeducation centers| work=www rfa.org | accessdate=17 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 21 August 2018, in a telephone interview with police officials of [[Wensu County|Onsu County]], the police told RFA that: “There has 4 re-education centers in this county and currently 30,000 people are in education centers.’’ <ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/siyaset/uyghurda-lager-08202018144945.html|title= Police: “There has 4 reeducation centers in this county and currently 30,000 people are in education centers | work=www rfa.org | accessdate=20 August 2018 }}</ref>
*On 21 August 2018, Radio Free Asia interviewed some police officials of [[Yutian County, Xinjiang|Keriya County]], the police also said: “There has 4 re-education centers in this county, the first one is the original detention center, second one is a newly built camp near to the detention center, the third and fourth re-education centers are located in industrial park and currently almost 30,000 people are in education centers’’.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/keriyede-30ming-kishi-lagerda-08302018231925.html|title= Keriya County Police: “Almost 30 thousand people are in reeducation centers“| work=www rfa.org | accessdate=30 August 2018 }}</ref> The second day RFA continued telephone interview with Yingibagh Township judicial department official of [[Yutian County, Xinjiang|Keriya County]], the official claimed that: “Among 242 of the people who were sent to the re-education camps, they have bank loans. Seven of them, aged 31 to 42, died in the education centers, three of them bank loans were exempted, and the other four bank loans exemption issue in process.“<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/kishilik-hoquq/yengibaghda-7kishi-lagerda-oldi-08312018195610.html|title= Keriya County official: “seven people who currently have bank loans died in reeducation centers“| work=www rfa.org | accessdate=31 August 2018 }}</ref>

==Treatment==
In January 2018, Abdurahman Hasan, an Uyghur businessman from Kashgar, was interviewed by [[BBC]] News in Turkey and asked the Chinese government to shoot his 68-year-old mother and 22-year-old wife after learning of the inhuman torture conducted in one of the camps in [[Kashgar]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42911468/china-xinjiang-police-state-fear-and-resentment |title= China Xinjiang police state: Fear and resentment|publisher=BBC | accessdate=1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://freedomsherald.wordpress.com/2018/01/21/china-execute-my-mother-and-my-wife-instead-i-will-pay-for-the-bullets/|title= Execute My Mother and My Wife, I will Pay for the Bullets| work=freedomsherald.wordpress.com | accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref> Kayrat Samarkand, a Kazakh citizen who migrated from Xinjiang, was detained in one of the "re-education camps" in the region for three months for visiting neighbouring [[Kazakhstan]]. On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister [[Kairat Abdrakhmanov]] sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day Samarkand was freed from custody,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-recounts-reeducation-in-western-chinese-camp/29194106.html|title=Kazakh Man Recounts 'Reeducation' In Western Chinese Camp| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref> after his release he shared his distressing experience and claimed that he faced endless brainwashing and humiliation, he was forced to study communist propaganda for hours every day and chant slogans giving thanks and wishing for a long life to [[Xi Jinping]], current [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]].
<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://muslimcouncil.org.hk/muslim-inmates-in-china-detention-camp-forced-to-eat-pork-drink-alcohol-and-physically-tortured-as-some-commit-suicide/ |title= Muslim inmates in China detention camp forced to eat pork, drink alcohol and physically tortured as some commit suicide | work=''muslimcouncil.org.hk'' | accessdate=19 May 2018}}</ref>

Mihrigul Tursun, an Uighur woman detained in China, after escaping one of these camps, described details of torture and beatings. Educated in Egypt, Tursun had traveled to China in 2015 to spend time with her family and was immediately detained and separated from her infant children. When Tursun was released three months later, one of the triplets died and the other two developed health problems. Tursun said the children had been operated on. She was arrested for a second time about two years later. Several months later, she was detained a third time and spent three months in a cramped, suffocating prison cell with 60 other women, having to sleep in turns, use the toilet in front of security cameras and sing songs praising China’s Communist Party. Tursun said she and other inmates were forced to take unknown medication, including pills that made them faint and a white liquid that caused bleeding in some women and loss of menstruation in others. Tursun said nine women from her cell died during her three months there. One day, Tursun recalled, she was led into a room and placed in a high chair, and her legs and arms were locked in place. “The authorities put a helmet-like thing on my head, and each time I was electrocuted, my whole body would shake violently and I would feel the pain in my veins,” Tursun said in a statement read by a translator. “I don’t remember the rest. White foam came out of my mouth, and I began to lose consciousness,” Tursun said. “The last word I heard them saying is that you being an Uighur is a crime.” She was eventually released so that she could take her children to Egypt, but she was ordered to return to China. Once in Cairo, Tursun contacted U.S. authorities and, in September, came to the United States and settled in Virginia.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe|title=Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp| work=Associated Press News | accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref>

The authorities attempt to indoctrinate people in settings that resemble military prisons. Detainees endure physical and mental torture to suppress dissident religious beliefs and separatist movements. Former inmates claim that they are "forced to study [[communist]] propaganda for hours and give thanks to the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|general secretary]] ([[paramount leader]]) by chanting 'Long live [[Xi Jinping]]'",<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/reeducation-camps-muslims-china|title=China Has Been Forcing Muslims To Drink Alcohol And Eat Pork In 'Reeducation Camps'| work=''allthatsinteresting.com'' | accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> as well as learn to sing the national anthem of China and communist songs. Punishments, like being placed in handcuffs for hours, waterboarding, or being strapped to "tiger chair" (a metal contraption) for long periods of time, are used on those who fail to follow.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ngo-reports-custodial-deaths-tortures-in-china-s-xinjiang-118082400208_1.html|title=NGO reports custodial deaths, tortures in China's Xinjiang| work=Business Standard| accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref>

Detainees also forced to drink alcohol and eat pork, which are forbidden in [[Islam]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-re-education-muslims-ramadan-xinjiang-eat-pork-alcohol-communist-xi-jinping-a8357966.html|title=Muslims forced to drink alcohol and eat pork in China's ‘re-education’ camps| work=The Independent| accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/former-inmates-of-chinas-muslim-re-education-camps-tell-of-brainwashing-torture/2018/05/16/32b330e8-5850-11e8-8b92-45fdd7aaef3c_story.html|title=Former inmates of China's Muslim ‘reeducation’ camps tell of brainwashing, torture| work=The Washington Post| accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://allthatsinteresting.com/reeducation-camps-muslims-china|title=China Has Been Forcing Muslims To Drink Alcohol And Eat Pork in Reeducation Camps| work=''allthatsinteresting.com''| accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> Some detainees receive unknown medicines and others attempted suicide.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-former-detainees-recount-abuse-in-chinese-re-education-centres/|title=Former detainees recount abuse in Chinese re-education centres| work=The Globe and Mail | accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref> The side effects of those treatments can be very serious, sometimes even causing scholars like Muhammad Salih Haji,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/chinese-torture-allegedly-kills-islamic-scholar/1169454|title=Chinese torture allegedly kills Islamic scholar| work=''aa.com.tr''| accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://uhrp.org/press-release/uyghur-human-rights-project-condemns-death-custody-scholar-muhammad-salih-hajim.html|title=Uyghur Human Rights Project Condemns Death in Custody of Scholar Muhammad Salih Hajim| work=''uhrp.org'' | accessdate=29 January 2018}}</ref> [[Dolkun Isa]]'s mother Ayhan Memet<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=34896|title=THE WUC NOTES THE PASSING OF AYXAN MEMET, MOTHER OF WUC PRESIDENT DOLKUN ISA| work=''uyghurcongress.org'' | accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/mother-07022018164214.html|title=Uyghur Exile Group Leader's Mother Died in Xinjiang Detention Center| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> and other people's death in these facilities.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/woman-05242018164854.html|title=Elderly Uyghur Woman Dies in Detention in Xinjiang ‘Political Re-Education Camp’| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/teenager-03142018154926.html|title=Uyghur Teenager Dies in Custody at Political Re-Education Camp| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/gulja-burial-06082018164250.html|title=Uyghur Man Buried Amid Strict Security After Latest Xinjiang Reeducation Camp Death| publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://asianews.it/news-en/Uyghur-Muslims-die-in-re-education-camps,-go-crazy-in-psychiatric-hospitals-43612.html|title=A Uyghur Muslims die in re-education camps, go crazy in psychiatric hospitals| work=asianews.it | accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref>

==International reaction==
{{Prose|section|date=November 2018}}

On 10 September 2017, [[Human Rights Watch]] released a report that said "The Chinese government should immediately free people held in unlawful 'political education' centers in Xinjiang and shut them down."<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/10/china-free-xinjiang-political-education-detainees|title=China: Free Xinjiang ‘Political Education’ Detainees| publisher=Human Rights Watch | accessdate=10 September 2017}}</ref>

In November 2017, Kazakhstan's Ambassador to China Shahrat Nuryshev met with Chinese Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Li Huilai regarding Kazakh diaspora issues.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/carefully-kazakhstan-confronts-china-about-kazakhs-in-xinjiang-re-education-camps/|title=Carefully, Kazakhstan Confronts China About Kazakhs in Xinjiang Re-Education Camps| work=''thediplomat.com'' | accessdate=14 June 2018}}</ref>

On 15 February 2018, Kazakh Foreign Minister [[Kairat Abdrakhmanov]] sent a diplomatic note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the same day Samarkand, a Kazakhstan citizen, was released from re-education camp. From 17 to 19 April, Kazakh First Deputy Foreign Minister Mukhtar Tleuberdi visited Xinjiang to meet with local officials.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-recounts-reeducation-in-western-chinese-camp/29194106.html|title=Kazakh Man Recounts 'Reeducation' In Western Chinese Camp| work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref>

On 3 April 2018, U.S. Senator [[Marco Rubio]] and Representative Chris Smith sent a letter urging Ambassador to China [[Terry Branstad]] to launch an investigation into the reported mass detention of Uyghurs in political re-education camps in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cecc.gov/media-center/press-releases/chairs-urge-ambassador-branstad-to-prioritize-mass-detention-of-uyghurs|title=Chairs Urge Ambassador Branstad to Prioritize Mass Detention of Uyghurs, Including Family Members of Radio Free Asia Employees| work=cecc.gov | accessdate=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/04/u-s-lawmakers-call-for-investigation-into-uyghur-detentions/|title=U.S. Lawmakers Call for Probe into Uyghur Detentions| work=China Digital Times | accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://unpo.org/article/20728|title=US Senator Marco Rubio calls For Investigation of Incarcerations and Surveillance of Uyghurs| work=''unpo.org'' | accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/lawmakers-04052018141926.html|title=US Lawmakers Call For Investigation of Mass Incarcerations, Surveillance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang| publisher=Radio Free Asia| accessdate=4 April 2018}}</ref>

On 21 May 2018, during the resumed session of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations in UN, [[Kelley Eckels Currie|Kelley Currie]], the U.S. representative to the U.N. for economic and social affairs, raised the mass detention of Uyghurs in re-education camps, and she said that "reports of mass incarcerations in the Xinjiang were documented by looking at Chinese procurement requests on Chinese websites requesting Chinese companies to tender offers to build political re-education camps".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/rejection-05222018154314.html|title=US Rejects China's Request For UN to Cut Ties With NGO Linked to Exiled Uyghur Leader|date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/05/25/u-s-once-jailed-uighurs-now-defends-them-at-u-n/|title=U.S. Once Jailed Uighurs, Now Defends Them at U.N.|date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

On 3 July 2018, at [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliamentary]] roundtable, the Rights Practice helped to organise a Parliamentary Round-table on increased repression and forced assimilation in [[Xinjiang]]. Rahima Mahmut, an Uyghur singer and human rights activist, gave a personal testimony about the violations suffered by the Uyghur community. Dr. Adrian Zenz, European School of Culture and Theology, (Germany), outlined the evidence of a large scale and sophisticated political re-education network designed to detain people for long periods of time and which the Chinese government officially denies.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.rights-practice.org/news/parliamentary-roundtable-on-xinjiang|title=K Parliamentary Roundtable on Xinjiang| work=rights-practice.org| accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref>

On 26 July 2018, Vice President of the United States [[Mike Pence]] raised the re-education camps issue at Ministerial To Advance Religious Freedom. He said that "Sadly, as we speak as well, Beijing is holding hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghur Muslims in so-called 're-education camps', where they're forced to endure around-the-clock political indoctrination and to denounce their religious beliefs and their cultural identity as the goal."<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-ministerial-advance-religious-freedom/|title=Remarks by Vice President Pence at Ministerial To Advance Religious Freedom| publisher=White House| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/jul/24/religious-freedom-under-attack-sam-brownback-says-/|title=Religious Freedom forum draws attention to persecution, false imprisonment and re-education camps| work=The Washington Times | accessdate=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/07/24/defend-religious-freedom-global-attacks-mike-pompeo-column/818972002/|title=Secretary of State Mike Pompeo: Religious persecution in Iran, China must end now| work=USA Today| accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref>

On 26 July 2018, the [[Congressional-Executive Commission on China]] (CECC), an independent agency of the [[U.S. government]] which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China, released a report that said as many as a million people are or have been detained in what are being called "political re-education" centers, the largest mass incarceration of an ethnic minority population in the world today.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/surveillance-suppression-and-mass-detention-xinjiang%E2%80%99s-human-rights-crisis|title=Surveillance, Suppression, and Mass Detention: Xinjiang’s Human Rights Crisis| work=cecc.gov| accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/congressional-hearing-us-tech-giants-fueling-emerging-xinjiang-human-rights-disaster_2608128.html|title=Congressional Hearing: US Tech Giants Fueling Emerging Xinjiang Human Rights Disaster| work=''theepochtimes.com''| accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

On 27 July 2018, The [[Embassy of the United States, Beijing|U.S. Embassy & Consulate in China]] released Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom Statement on China, the statement mentioned the detention of hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions, of Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups in "political re-education camps", and called the Chinese government to release immediately all those arbitrarily detained.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/ministerial-to-advance-religious-freedom-statement-on-china/|title=Ministerial to Advance Religious Freedom Statement on China| work=china.usembassy-china.org.cn| accessdate=27 July 2018}}</ref>

On 10 August 2018, United Nations human rights experts expressed alarm over many credible reports that China had detained a million or more ethnic Uighurs in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/asia/china-xinjiang-un-uighurs.html|title=U.N. Panel Confronts China Over Reports That It Holds a Million Uighurs in Camps| work=The New York Times | accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref> [[Gay McDougall]], a member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, said that ''In the name of combating religious extremism, China had turned Xinjiang into something resembling a massive internment camp, shrouded in secrecy, a sort of no-rights zone".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.cnsnews.com/video/un-expert-china-holds-millions-ethnic-uighurs-re-education-camps|title=UN Expert: China Holds Millions of Ethnic Uighurs in ‘Re-Education Camps’| work=''cnsnews.com'' | accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/we-cant-ignore-this-brutal-cleansing-in-china/2018/08/14/e0b7b0f0-9f19-11e8-83d2-70203b8d7b44_story.html|title=We can't ignore this brutal cleansing in Chin| work=The Washington Post | accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/credible-reports-china-holds-1-million-uighurs-in-massive-internment-camp-un-1.3592570|title=Credible reports China holds 1 million Uighurs in ‘massive internment camp’ – UN| work=The Irish Times | accessdate=10 August 2018}}</ref>

On 28 August 2018, U.S. senator [[Marco Rubio]] and 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global [[Magnitsky Act]] against Chinese officials who responsible for human rights abuses in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rights/group-of-us-lawmakers-urges-china-sanctions-over-xinjiang-abuses-idUSKCN1LE2MK|title=Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses| agency= Reuters | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref> In a letter to Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and Treasury Secretary [[Steven Mnuchin]], they called for the sanctions on [[Chen Quanguo]] who is the current [[Party Committee Secretary|Communist Party Secretary]] of the Xinjiang and six other Chinese officials and two businesses that make surveillance equipment in Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://abcnews.go.com/International/lawmakers-urge-trump-administration-sanction-china-muslim-crackdown/story?id=57472927|title=Lawmakers urge Trump administration to sanction China over Muslim crackdown| publisher= ABC News| accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/lawmakers-push-to-sanction-chinese-officials-over-xinjiang-camps-1535554800|title=American Lawmakers Push to Sanction Chinese Officials Over Xinjiang Camps| work= The Wall Street Journal | accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/us-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-xinjiang-camps/articleshow/65604460.cms|title=India Times: US lawmakers call for sanctions over Xinjiang camps| work= The Times of India | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/us-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-xinjiang-camps-10666368|title=US lawmakers call for sanctions over Xinjiang camps| publisher= Channel NewsAsia | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref>

On 9 September 2018, [[Human Rights Watch]] released a 117-page report, "‘Eradicating Ideological Viruses’: China's Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang's Muslims",<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/09/09/eradicating-ideological-viruses/chinas-campaign-repression-against-xinjiangs|title= Eradicating Ideological Viruses: China’s Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang’s Muslims| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> which accused China of the systematic mass detention of tens of thousands of ethnic [[Uyghurs]] and other Muslims in political re-education camps without being charged or tried and presented new evidence of the Chinese government's mass arbitrary detention, torture, and mistreatment, and the increasingly pervasive controls on daily life.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/09/china-massive-crackdown-muslim-region|title= China: Massive Crackdown in Muslim Region| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/10/interview-chinas-crackdown-turkic-muslims|title= Interview: China’s Crackdown on Turkic Muslims| work= Human Rights Watch | accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref> The report also urged foreign governments to pursue a range of multilateral and unilateral actions against China for its actions, including "targeted sanctions" against those responsible.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rferl.org/a/human-rights-watch-assails-chinese-treatment-of-muslim-uyghur-minority/29481221.html|title= Human Rights Watch Assails Chinese Treatment of Muslim Uyghur Minority| work= Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref>

On 10 September 2018, U.N. human rights chief [[Michelle Bachelet]] called on China to ease restrictions on her and her office's team, she urged China to allow observers into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there. She said that:’’ The UN rights group had shown that Uighurs and other Muslims are being detained in camps across Xinjiang and I expect discussions with Chinese officials to begin soon’’.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-un-rights-chief-takes-on-china-other-powers-in-first-speech/4565652.html|title=New UN Rights Chief Takes on China, Other Powers| publisher= Voice of America | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights/bachelet-takes-on-china-eu-u-s-and-saudi-led-coalition-in-first-speech-idUSKCN1LQ0QI|title=U.N. rights chief Bachelet takes on China, other powers in first speech| agency= Reuters | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref>

On 11 September 2018, [[Federica Mogherini]], the [[High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]], raised the re-education camps issue in [[European Parliament]]. She said that: ‘’The most outstanding disagreement we have with China concerns the human rights situation in China, as underlined in your Report. We also focused on the situation in Xinjiang, especially the expansion of political re-education camps. And we discussed the detention of human rights defenders, including particular cases.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/50337/speech-hrvp-mogherini-plenary-session-european-parliament-state-eu-china-relations_en|title=Speech by HR/VP Mogherini at the plenary session of the European Parliament on the state of the EU-China relations| publisher= Europa (web portal) | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>

==Chinese reaction==
{{Prose|section|date=November 2018}}

The government has repeatedly denied the existence of re-education camps in Xinjiang.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://supchina.com/2018/05/17/chinas-re-education-camps-for-muslims-expand-echo-cultural-revolution/|title=China's ‘Re-Education Camps’ For Muslims Expand, Echo Cultural Revolution| work=''supchina.com'' | accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>

When international media asked about the re-education camps, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it "had not heard" of this situation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-06-20/reeducation-returns-china|title=Reeducation Returns to China| work= Foreign Affairs | accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref>

On 12 August 2018, a Chinese state-run tabloid, ''[[Global Times]]'', defended the crackdown in Xinjiang<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1115022.shtml|title= Protecting peace, stability is top of human rights agenda for Xinjiang| work= Global Times | accessdate=12 August 2018}}</ref> after a U.N. anti-discrimination committee raised concerns over China's treatment of [[Uyghurs]], the tabloid noted that China prevented Xinjiang from becoming ‘China's Syria’ or ‘China's Libya’, saved countless lives and avoided a 'great tragedy'.
<ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-newspaper-defends-xinjiang-muslim-crackdown/2018/08/13/7b8e4bc6-9eb5-11e8-a3dd-2a1991f075d5_story.html|title=China newspaper defends Xinjiang Muslim crackdown|work=The Washington Post | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/china-has-prevented--great-tragedy--in-xinjiang--state-run-paper-says-10611542|title=
China has prevented 'great tragedy' in Xinjiang, state-run paper says|publisher=Channel NewsAsia | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
Despite the editorial did not mention the existence of the re-education camps.<ref>{{citeweb|url= http://www.arabnews.com/node/1355401/world|title=
China has prevented 'great tragedy' in Xinjiang, state-run paper says|work=''arabnews.com'' | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> The media published another editorial the day after, titled "Xinjiang policies justified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1115202.shtml|title=Xinjiang policies justified|work=Global Times|date=13 August 2018|accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref>

On 13 August 2018, at a UN meeting in [[Geneva]], in response China told the human rights committee that ‘’There is no such thing as re-education centers in Xinjiang and it is completely untrue that China put 1 million Uyghurs into re-education camps"
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://qz.com/1354447/china-flat-out-denies-the-mass-incarceration-of-xinjiangs-uyghurs-as-testimonies-trickle-out/|title=China flat out denies the mass incarceration of Xinjiang's Uyghurs as testimonies trickle out|work=Quartz | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/13/asia/china-xinjiang-uyghur-united-nations-intl/index.html|title=China says claims 1 million Uyghurs put in camps 'completely untrue'|publisher=CNN | accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref>
,<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45173573|title=China Uighurs: Beijing denies detaining one million|publisher=BBC | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> a Chinese delegation said that "Xinjiang citizens, including the Uyghurs, enjoy equal freedom and rights.", he also mentioned that ‘’Some minor offenders of religious extremism or separatism have been taken to "vocational educational and employment training centers with a view to assisting in their rehabilitation".
<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/13/china-state-media-defend-intense-controls-xinjiang-uighurs|title=China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims|work=The Guardian | accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>

On 14 August 2018, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign Ministry]] spokesman Lu Kang said ‘’anti-China forces had made false accusations against China for political purposes and a few foreign media outlets misrepresented the committee's discussions and were smearing China's anti-terror and crime-fighting measures in Xinjiang’’ after a U.N. human rights committee raised concern over reported mass detentions of ethnic Uyghurs.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://time.com/5366225/china-uighurs-detention-report/|title=China Denies Detaining One Million Uighurs in 'Re-education' Camps|work=Time| accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjdt_674879/fyrbt_674889/t1585115.shtml|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang answered questions from reporters|work= fmprc.gov.cn| accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref>

On 21 August 2018, [[Liu Xiaoming]], Ambassador of China to the UK, wrote an article in response to a ''[[Financial Times]]'' report: ''Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?''<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ac0ffb2e-8b36-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340|title=Crackdown in Xinjiang: Where have all the people gone?| work=Financial Times | accessdate=5 August 2018}}</ref> The article said: "The education and training measures taken by the local government of Xinjiang has not only effectively prevented the infiltration of religious extremism and helped those lost in extremist ideas to find their way back but also provided them with employment training in order to build a better life."<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://uk.chineseembassy.org/eng/EmbassyNews/t1587092.htm|title=Harmony in Xinjiang Is Based on Three Principles| work=''chineseembassy.org'' | accessdate=22 August 2018}}</ref>

Many Chinese disagree with the harsh policies towards Xinjiang of the Chinese government. For example, on 10 August 2018, about 47 Chinese intellectuals and others, in exile, issued an appeal against what they describe as "shocking human rights atrocities perpetrated in Xinjiang.".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://chinachange.org/2018/08/10/a-call-for-a-un-investigation-and-us-sanctions-on-the-human-rights-disaster-unfolding-in-xinjiang/|title=A Call for a UN Investigation, And US Sanctions, On The Human Rights Disaster Unfolding in Xinjiang| accessdate=9 September 2018}}</ref>

On 10 September 2018, China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson [[Geng Shuang]] condemned a report for re-education camps issue by [[Human Rights Watch]]. He said:”This organisation has always been full of prejudice and distorting facts about China.” Geng also added that: “Xinjiang is enjoying overall social stability, sound economic development and harmonious co-existence of different ethnic groups, the series of measures implemented in Xinjiang are meant to improve stability, development, solidarity and people’s livelihood, crack down on ethnic separatist activities and violent and terrorist crimes, safeguard national security, and protect people’s life and property.”<ref>{{cite web|url= https://globalnews.ca/video/4439525/china-calls-human-rights-watch-full-of-prejudice-after-criticism-of-xinjiang-policy|title=China calls Human Rights Watch ‘full of prejudice’ after criticism of Xinjiang policy| work= globalnews.ca | accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/09/11/china-says-human-rights-watch-report-xinjiang-suppression-full-prejudice-distorted-facts/|title=China says Human Rights Watch report on Xinjiang suppression ‘full of prejudice and distorted facts’| work= Hongkong Free Press | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>

On 11 September 2018, China called for U.N. human rights chief [[Michelle Bachelet]] to respect its sovereignty, after she urged China to allow monitors into Xinjiang and expressed concern about the situation there.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights-china/china-tells-u-n-rights-chief-to-respect-its-sovereignty-after-xinjiang-comments-idUSKCN1LR0L0|title= China tells U.N. rights chief to respect its sovereignty after Xinjiang comments| agency= Reuters | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref> Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said:“China urges the U.N. human rights high commissioner and office to scrupulously abide by the mission and principles of the [[United Nations Charter|U.N. charter]], respect China's sovereignty, fairly and objectively carry out its duties, and not listen to one-sided information".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/world/china-urges-un-human-rights-chief-michelle-bachelet-to-respect-its-sovereignty-after-comments-on-xinjiang-5161911.html|title= China urges UN human rights chief Michelle Bachelet to respect its sovereignty after comments on Xinjiang| work= ''firstpost.com'' | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/09/11/world/asia/11reuters-un-rights-china.html|title= China Tells U.N. Rights Chief to Respect Its Sovereignty After Xinjiang Comments| work= The New York Times | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/china-rights-chief-bachelet-respect-sovereignty-180911091916726.html|title=China to UN rights chief Bachelet: 'Respect our sovereignty' | publisher= Al Jazeera | accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internment]]
*[[Laogai]] (Chinese, "reform through labour")
*[[Re-education through labor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights of ethnic minorities in China]]
[[Category:Islam in China]]
[[Category:Political repression in China]]
[[Category:Separatism in China]]
[[Category:Total institutions]]
[[Category:Xinjiang]]

XQc

2018-12-08T05:23:09Z

KolbertBot: /* Overwatch World Cup 2018 */Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{DISPLAYTITLE:xQc}}
{{Infobox eSports player
| ID = xQc
| name = Félix Lengyel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|November 12, 1995}}
| hometown = [[Laval, Quebec]], Canada
| nationality = [[Canada|Canadian]]
| team =
| role = Tank
| league = [[Overwatch League]]
| games = ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''
| years1 = 2016
| team1 = Q?
| years2 = 2016–2017
| team2 = [[Denial eSports]]
| years3 = 2017–present
| team3 = Team Canada
| years4 = 2017
| team4 = Arc 6
| team5 = [[Dallas Fuel]]
| years5 = 2017–2018
| team6 = GOATS
| years6 = 2018
|status=Active|Role=Tank}}

'''Félix Lengyel''' (born November 12, 1995), better known as '''xQc''' or '''xQcOW''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] professional ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]'' player and [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] streamer who played the Main Tank position for the [[Dallas Fuel]] in the [[Overwatch League]] for part of the inaugural season, before being released due to repeated controversy. xQc has also played in the [[Overwatch World Cup]] as the Main Tank for Team Canada in 2017 & 2018.

==Career==
xQc began his career as a main tank player on the ''Overwatch'' team Q? which was later picked up by [[Denial eSports]].{{r|The Score Denial}} After the team disbanded, xQc and the other members of the team played together under the name YIKES! which was later changed to Arc 6. After qualifying, they played in Season Zero of Overwatch Contenders but were ultimately eliminated in the group stage. Eventually, Arc 6 went their separate ways to focus on tryouts for Season 1 of the [[Overwatch League]].

xQc also played for Team Canada in their [[Overwatch World Cup 2017|2017 Overwatch World Cup]] campaign. They qualified for the World Cup after beating the Netherlands by a score of 3-0. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament before being defeated by defending champions, South Korea.{{r|Overwatch World Cup Finals}} xQc won the MVP Fan Vote for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/esports/article-5051827/Overwatch-World-Cup-South-Korea-champions-second-time.html|title=Overwatch World Cup: South Korea champions for second time in a row|work=Mail Online|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref>

On October 28, 2017, Overwatch League franchise Dallas Fuel announced xQc would be joining their roster as their 9th player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/DallasFuel/status/924305913468653568|title=Dallas Fuel on Twitter|website=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref> xQc played with the team for several matches before coming under fire due to homophobic remarks made on his Twitch stream directed against rival player Austin "Muma" Wilmot of the [[Houston Outlaws]]. Lengyel was suspended by the League for four matches and fined $2,000 for violating the Overwatch League Code of Conduct. The Dallas Fuel later extended the suspension to include the entirety of Stage 1. Lengyel made his return at the beginning of Stage 2, leading his team to victory against the [[Los Angeles Gladiators|LA Gladiators]], and was chosen as Omen by HP's Player Of The Match.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/DallasFuel/status/954562635520978945/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E954562635520978945|title=Dallas Fuel on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en}}</ref> However, he only played for a little bit longer, before being suspended and fined again, and then finally released from the team, this time for posting a Twitch emote in the chat which was received by many in a racially disparaging manner and using disparaging language to Overwatch League casters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fuel.overwatchleague.com/en-us/news/dallas-fuel-announce-release-felix-xqc-lengyel|title=Dallas Fuel Announce Release of Félix "xQc" Lengyel|last=|first=|date=|website=The Overwatch League|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

xQc then said he was going to take a break from professional play, retiring to become a full time streamer. He continued full time streaming for several months, before making the decision to return to pro play, playing with the Contenders Trials NA team GOATS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dexerto.com/overwatch/controversial-overwatch-streamer-xqc-is-returning-to-competition|title=Controversial Overwatch Streamer xQc is Returning to Competition|work=Dexerto|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

At the moment, xQc is playing main tank on the starting roster for Team Canada in the 2018 Overwatch World Cup. Several months prior to the world cup, the head coach of team Canada, Justin "Jayne" Conroy announced on his Twitch stream that xQc, along with players Lucas “NotE” Meissner, Brady “Agilities” Girardi, Lane “Surefour” Roberts and Liam “Mangachu” Campbell, would be welcome to join the Canadian national team without going through the regular trialing process.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://overwatchwire.usatoday.com/2018/06/02/team-canada-coach-jayne-announces-xqc-note-and-more-to-join-team-roster/|title=Team Canada Coach Jayne announces xQc, NotE and more to join team roster|date=2018-06-03|work=Overwatch Wire|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> He played in the Los Angeles Group Stage, finishing second place to move on to the Quarterfinals at [[BlizzCon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://overwatchwire.usatoday.com/2018/07/10/canada-announce-final-starting-roster-for-2018-overwatch-world-cup/|title=Canada announce final starting roster for 2018 Overwatch World Cup|date=2018-07-10|work=Overwatch Wire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===Before joining Dallas Fuel===
Prior to major incidents in the Overwatch League, there were known cases of controversial acts. His account was suspended twice for violating [[Blizzard Entertainment|Blizzard]]'s Terms Of Use. The first incident occurred in November 2017, xQc was booted mid-match from a competitive Overwatch game with a suspension message. He was suspended for 72 hours for "misuse of the reporting system". xQc had used the in-game reporting system for reporting players for supposedly invalid reasons. He had reported a player for refusing to switch off of a hero, even after repeatedly dying.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://compete.kotaku.com/overwatch-pros-mid-match-suspension-sparks-debate-over-1820572524|title=Overwatch Pro's Mid-Match Suspension Raises Questions About Blizzard's Reporting System|last=Allen|first=Eric Van|work=Compete|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

While streaming in December 2017 xQc threw a competitive game. Blizzard responded with a seven-day suspension, and xQc posted a video to publicly apologize for his behavior.<ref>{{Citation|last=xQcOW|title=Suspended: My apology|date=2017-12-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pq_VGpPooM|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dotesports.com/the-op/overwatch/news/xqc-seven-day-overwatch-suspension-19615|title=Dallas Fuel player xQc receives 7-day Overwatch suspension|work=The OP|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Dallas Fuel===
Over the course of his time with the Dallas Fuel, xQc was suspended twice. His first suspension came after [[Dallas Fuel]]'s loss to the [[Houston Outlaws]] in Stage 1. xQc made homophobic remarks towards openly gay Houston Outlaws player Austin "Muma" Wilmot after Wilmot used xQc's own catch phrase against him after the match (xQc did not play in that match). The [[Overwatch League]] then fined xQc $2,000 and suspended him for 4 matches. The [[Dallas Fuel]] later extended that suspension to the remainder of Stage 1.<ref name=":0" />

xQc returned from his suspension in Stage 2 only to be fined and suspended again for using the [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] emoticon TriHard in a "racially disparaging manner" in Twitch chat as African-American broadcaster Malik Forté appeared on stream and using disparaging language against Overwatch League casters and fellow players on social media and on his personal stream.{{r|xQc 2nd Suspension}} This time, xQc received a $4,000 fine and was suspended for 4 matches. On March 11, 2018 the [[Dallas Fuel]] announced that the team and xQc had mutually parted ways.{{r|xQc released from Dallas Fuel}} In an interview, xQc said that although he likes to play at a professional level, he also enjoys creating content on Twitch. If he receives an offer to play in a professional team again, he said he'd have to think about it a while.<ref>{{cite news|last=Selk|first=Avi|date=14 March 2018|title='I blame myself': A fallen e-sports star reflects on video gaming's image problems|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/03/14/i-blame-myself-a-fallen-esports-star-reflects-on-video-gamings-image-problems/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Overwatch World Cup 2018 ===
On August 11, 2018 xQc's account was suspended once again for violating the Abusive Chat policy. He had apparently been reported by teammates several times for this offense. Overwatch World Cup issued an official warning for the suspension, but he was allowed to play.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.unikrn.com/article/xqc-overwatch-world-cup-warning-in-game-ban|title=xQc Given Official Overwatch World Cup Warning After In-Game Ban - Unikrn News|date=2018-08-21|work=Unikrn News|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="The Score Denial">
{{Cite news |last= Bury |first= Josh |title=Denial eSports sign Overwatch roster |work= [[theScore Inc.]]|publisher= [[theScore Inc.]] |date=2016-10-13 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://www.thescoreesports.com/news/10976 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="xQc 2nd Suspension">
{{Cite news |last= Carpenter |first= Nicole |title=Dallas Fuel player xQc suspended again from the Overwatch League, others fined |work= dotesports.com|publisher= dotesports.com |date=2018-03-09 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://dotesports.com/overwatch/news/overwatch-league-players-banned-fined-21753 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="xQc released from Dallas Fuel">
{{Cite news |last= Wolf |first= Jacob |title=xQc released from Dallas Fuel after receiving second Overwatch League suspension |work=[[ESPN.com]] |publisher=[[ESPN.com]] |date=2018-03-11 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=http://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/22727221/xqc-released-dallas-fuel-receiving-second-overwatch-league-suspension |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Overwatch World Cup Finals">
{{Cite news |last= Van Allen |first= Eric |title=Overwatch World Cup Comes Down To A Fight Over Meters |work=[[ESPN.com]] |publisher=[[ESPN.com]] |date=2018-03-11 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://compete.kotaku.com/overwatch-world-cup-comes-down-to-a-fight-over-meters-1820149729 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{twitch|Xqcow}}

{{Overwatch}}
{{Portal bar|Video games|Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lengyel, Félix}}
[[Category:Overwatch (video game) players]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Twitch streamers]]
[[Category:Esports]]
[[Category:ESports players]]
[[Category:Overwatch League]]
[[Category:Canadian eSports players]]

Regierung Pavel Filip

2018-12-08T05:16:20Z

KolbertBot: /* Achievements */Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = Filip Cabinet
| cabinet_type = 
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = Moldova
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Pavel Filip (11322438465) cropped.jpg
| caption = Pavel Filip
| date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|1|20}}
| date_dissolved = 
| government_head = [[Pavel Filip]]
| government_head_history =
| deputy_government_head = [[Iurie Leancă]] [[Cristina Lesnic]]
| state_head = [[Igor Dodon]] (2016→) [[Nicolae Timofti]] (←2016)
| members_number = 9+2 (2017→)
| former_members_number = 16+2 (2016–17)
| total_number =
| political_parties = [[Democratic Party (Moldova)|PDM]], [[European People's Party of Moldova|EPPM]], [[Liberal Party (Moldova)|PL]] (until 2017)
| legislature_status = Majority (coalition)
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_parties = {{flatlist|
* [[Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova|PLDM]]
* [[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova|PSRM]]
* [[Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova|PCRM]]
* [[Liberal Party (Moldova)|PL]] (2017→)
}}
| opposition_leaders = {{flatlist|
* [[Maia Sandu]]
* [[Andrei Năstase]]
* [[Zinaida Greceanîi]]
* [[Vladimir Voronin]]
* [[Mihai Ghimpu]]
* [[Tudor Deliu]]
}}
| election =
| last_election = 2014
| legislature_term = 2014–18
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| predecessor = [[Streleț Cabinet]]
| successor =
}}
The '''Filip Cabinet''' is the current [[Cabinet of Moldova]], led by [[Pavel Filip]]. It was inaugurated on 20 January 2016.<ref>[http://www.jurnal.md/ro/politic/2016/1/20/confirmat-oficial-guvernul-filip-a-depus-pe-ascuns-juramantul/ Guvernul Filip a depus pe ascuns jurământul] {{ro icon}}</ref>

== Overview ==
After the dismissal of previous cabinet, no consensus was reached by the three pro-European parliamentary parties - [[Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova]] (PLDM), [[Democratic Party of Moldova]] (PDM), and [[Liberal Party (Moldova)|Liberal Party]] (PL). A new political crisis began. After on early 21 December 2015 [[Vlad Plahotniuc]] has announced his return in politics and in the Democratic Party, stating that he "will participate directly in the process of forming a new parliamentary majority [...] which also will succeed to gain all the needed votes for the election of the president in the next March" (2016),<ref>[http://agora.md/stiri/15093/vlad-plahotniuc-revine-in-partidul-democrat Vlad Plahotniuc revine în Partidul Democrat]</ref><ref>[http://www.publika.md/vlad-plahotniuc-isi-anunta-revenirea-in-politica-pentru-a-scoate-tara-din-criza_2479321.html Vlad Plahotniuc își anunță revenirea în politică pentru a scoate țara din criză]</ref> a few hours later, in the morning of 21 December 2015, a group of 14 [[PCRM|communist]] MPs have announced that they were leaving the communist faction in parliament and will form a new parliamentary group - ''The Social Democratic Platform for Moldova'' (''Platforma Social Democrată Pentru Moldova''),<ref>[http://www.publika.md/deputat-pcrm-renuntam-la-partidul-comunistilor-si-cream-propria-platforma-parlamentara_2479531.html Deputat PCRM: Renunțăm la Partidul Comuniștilor și creăm propria platformă parlamentară]</ref> and later PDM and the group of former communists MPs began discussions regarding the formation of a new parliamentary majority.<ref>[http://www.publika.md/vlad-plahotniuc-in-parlament-va-fi-creata-o-platforma-social-democrata-in-scurt-timp_2481411.html Vlad Plahotniuc: În Parlament va fi creată o Platformă Social-Democrată în scurt timp]</ref>

On 13 January 2016 the newly formed parliamentary majority nominated Vlad Plahotniuc for the function of [[Prime Minister of Moldova]], however, the [[president of Moldova]] [[Nicolae Timofti]] has rejected the candidature with a rationale which says that "''there are reasonable suspicions that Mr. Vladimir Plahotniuc does not meet the criteria of integrity necessary for his appointment as Prime Minister, considering also that by the Decision no. 5 of 15.02.2013 of the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, published in the Official Gazette on 22.02.2013, Mr. Vladimir Plahotniuc expressed a vote of mistrust in his capacity as first deputy chairman of the Parliament, accusing him of involvement in illegal activities that are prejudicial to the image of the Parliament, and the Republic of Moldova''”.<ref>[http://www.presedinte.md/rom/presa/presedintele-nicolae-timofti-respinge-candidatura-domnului-vladimir-plahotniuc-la-functia-de-prim-ministru Președintele Nicolae Timofti respinge candidatura domnului Vladimir Plahotniuc la funcția de prim-ministru]</ref>

Later Nicolae Timofti designated [[Ion Păduraru]] for the function of Prime Minister, but after Păduraru gave up, the parliamentary majority has nominated [[Pavel Filip]] - former [[Ministry of Informational Technologies and Communication (Moldova)|Minister of Informational Technologies and Communications]].<ref>[http://www.publika.md/moldova-are-guvern-parlamentul-a-dat-vot-de-incredere-cabinetului-de-ministri-condus-de-pavel-filip_2506211.html Parlamentul a dat vot de încredere Cabinetului de miniștri condus de Pavel Filip]</ref> During the parliamentary meeting, a group of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament building that demanded the interruption of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/international/parlamentul-din-r-moldova-voteaza-astazi-echipa-guvernamentala-a-premierului-desemnat-pavel-filip-lista-ministrilor.html |title=Proteste violente la Chisinau. Multimea a luat cu asalt Parlamentul, alesii au fost evacuati printr-o iesire secreta |work=Stirile Pro TV |date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3408774/Hundreds-protesters-storm-Moldovan-parliament-country-appoints-prime-minister-year.html |title=Hundreds of protesters storm Moldovan parliament in anger after country appoints third prime minister in less than a year |work=Daily Mail |author=Imogen Calderwood |date=20 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unimedia.info/stiri/In-urma-protestelor-de-ieri-seara-15-persoane-au-ajuns-la-spitalul-de-urgenta-108100.html |title=În urma protestelor de ieri seara 15 persoane au ajuns la Spitalul de Urgență |work=Unimedia |date=21 January 2016}}</ref> After the president appointed Filip as [[Prime Minister of Moldova]] and Filip Cabinet was inaugurated in night,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ziare.com/europa/moldova/proteste-la-chisinau-live-1405143 |title=Haos la Chisinau - Guvern investit in secret, la miez de noapte |work=Ziare.com |author=Diana Robu, Ana Ilie |date=20 January 2016}}</ref> a [[2015–16 protests in Moldova|series of protests was resumed]].<ref>[http://jurnal.md/ro/social/2016/1/21/protest-de-amploare-fata-de-investirea-guvernului-filip-jurnal-md-transmite-in-direct-manifestatia-din-pman/ Protest de amploare față de învestirea Guvernului Filip]. Jurnal.md</ref> The cabinet headed by Filip was voted by 57 of 101 MPs: all 20 Democratic Party MPs, 13 Liberal Party MPs, 14 former communist (PCRM) MPs, 8 PLDM MPs, and another 2 former PLDM MPs.<ref>[https://www.zdg.md/stiri/stiri-politice/lista-deputatilor-care-au-votat-guvernului-condus-de-pavel-filip Lista deputaților care au votat Guvernul condus de Pavel Filip] {{ro icon}}</ref>

On 13 December 2016, PL chairman, Mihai Ghimpu, withdrew the political support to [[Anatol Șalaru]] (minister of defense). After the newly-elected president [[Igor Dodon]] was sworn in, on 27 December he signed the decree on the dismissal of Șalaru from the position of Minister of Defense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deschide.md/ro/stiri/politic/5099/News-ALERT--Dodon-a-semnat-decretul-privind-demiterea-Ministrului-Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii-Anatol-%C5%9Ealaru.htm|accessdate=|title=Dodon a semnat decretul privind demiterea Ministrului Apărării, Anatol Șalaru}}</ref> Since then, deputy minister [[Gheorghe Galbura]] was acting minister of defense.

On 15 March 2017, the formally independent minister of Agriculture and Food Industry [[Eduard Grama]] (a close person to [[Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova]]) was retained in an alleged corruption case.<ref>[http://agora.md/stiri/29490/ascensiunea-si-caderea-lui-eduard-grama--cum-a-ajuns-un-ministru-propus-de-pldm-intr-un-guvern-albastru Ascensiunea și căderea lui Eduard Grama. Cum a ajuns un ministru propus de PLDM într-un guvern „albastru”]. agora.md, 15 March 2017 {{ro icon}}</ref> Few days later, Grama resigns from the office, and on 20 March president Dodon formally signs his dismissal decree.<ref>[https://www.zdg.md/stiri/stiri-politice/doc-dodon-l-a-revocat-din-functie-pe-ministrul-agriculturii (DOC) Dodon l-a revocat din funcție pe ministrul Agriculturii] {{ro icon}}</ref>

In late April 2017 the anti-corruption prosecutors and the CNA officers retained liberal [[Ministry of Transport and Roads Infrastructure|minister of Transport and Roads Infrastructure]] [[Iurie Chirinciuc]], suspecting him in corruption acts.<ref>[https://www.mold-street.com/?go=news&n=5856 De ce este acuzat Iurie Chirinciuc, ministrul Transporturilor]. mold-street.com {{ro icon}}</ref><ref name=crimemoldova>[https://crimemoldova.com/news/investiga-ii/iurie-chirinciuc-ministrul-milionar-cu-so-ie-condamnat-afaceri-sub-brand-italian-i-interese-personal/ Iurie Chirinciuc - ministrul milionar cu soţie condamnată, afaceri sub brand italian şi interese personale în construcţia drumurilor]. crimemoldova.com {{ro icon}}</ref><ref name=zdg>[https://www.zdg.md/stiri/stiri-politice/ultima-ora-perchezitii-cna-la-domiciliul-ministrului-iurie-chirinciuc Ultima oră: Percheziții CNA la domiciliul ministrului Iurie Chirinciuc] {{ro icon}}</ref>

After on 25 May 2017 the liberal mayor of Chișinău [[Dorin Chirtoacă]] was retained by the anti-corruption prosecutors and National Anti-Corruption Center officers, on 26 May, PL chairman Mihai Ghimpu has announced that Liberal Party leaves the government coalition. Later, on 29 May, three liberal ministers: Deputy Prime Minister on Social Affairs - [[Gheorghe Brega]], Ministry of Education - [[Corina Fusu]], and Ministry of Environment - [[Valeriu Munteanu (politician)|Valeriu Munteanu]], and their liberal deputy ministers, have announced that they resign from their posts.<ref>[http://www.prime.md/ro/ministrii-pl-demisioneaza-gheorghe-brega-corina-fusu-si-valeriu-munteanu-pleaca_56513.html Miniştrii PL demisionează. Gheorghe Brega, Corina Fusu şi Valeriu Munteanu pleacă]</ref> Next day president Dodon signed the decrees for their dismissals, and one more decree for the liberal Minister of Transport and Roads Infrastructure of Moldova [[Iurie Chirinciuc]], who at that moment was placed under home arrest.<ref>[http://www.realitatea.md/oficial--dodon-a-semnat-decretele-de-revocarea-din-functie-a-vicepremierului-brega-si-a-ministrilor-chirinciuc--fusu-si-munteanu--video-doc-_58470.html OFICIAL! Brega, Chirinciuc, Fusu și Munteanu, revocați din Guvern. Dodon: Au fost cei mai neprofesioniști miniștri (VIDEO/DOC)]</ref>

In the summer of 2017 a reform of the government was conducted, and following the transfers of powers, nine ministries remained out 16 ones,<ref>[http://gov.md/en/content/governments-reform-under-implementation Government's reform under implementation]</ref> and no more [[Liberal Party (Moldova)|liberal]] ministers remained in the cabinet componence. The reform was criticized by the parliamentary opposition.<ref>[http://adevarul.ro/moldova/politica/reforma-guvernului-votata-parlamentul-chisinau-1_59563d4b5ab6550cb8aa41cb/index.html Reforma Guvernului, votată de Parlamentul de la Chişinău]</ref> In September 2017 president Dodon rejected two times the candidature of [[Eugen Sturza]] (from [[European People's Party of Moldova]]) for the office of Minister of Defence, nominee by cabinet, arguing by "lack of competence in domain".<ref>[http://agora.md//stiri/37164/dodon-refuza-si-a-doua-oara-numirea-lui-sturza-in-fruntea-apararii Dodon refuză și a doua oară numirea lui Sturza în fruntea Apărării]</ref> Later, on 24 October 2017, the President of Parliament of Moldova, [[Andrian Candu]], as acting President of Moldova, has signed the decree for naming Sturza as Minister of Defence.<ref>[http://www.army.md/?lng=2&action=show&cat=122&obj=4601#.WfDg8rjdO8o Eugen Sturza – noul ministru al Apărării]</ref>

The cabinet was reshuffled on 20 December 2017. Six ministers were dismissed in an attempt to reform the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/20/12/2017/5a3a81272ae5968dc6108a93?from=newsfeed|title=В Молдавии в отставку отправили шестерых министров|website=РБК|access-date=2017-12-20}}</ref>

== Composition ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
! colspan = 1 bgcolor = "#CCCCCC" | Ministry
! colspan = 1 bgcolor = "#CCCCCC" | Name<ref>[http://www.publika.md/oficial-care-va-fi-noua-componenta-a-guvernului-_2367541.html OFICIAL: Care va fi noua componență a Guvernului]</ref><ref>[http://agora.md/stiri/11298/infografic--componenta-finala-a-guvernului-strelet INFOGRAFIC. Componența finală a Guvernului Streleț]</ref>
! colspan = 1 bgcolor = "#CCCCCC" | Party
! colspan = 1 bgcolor = "#CCCCCC" | In function of
! colspan = 1 bgcolor = "#CCCCCC" | Up to
|-
| [[Prime Minister of Moldova|Prime minister]]
| '''[[Pavel Filip]]'''
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PDM
| 20 January 2016
|
|-
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''Deputy Prime Ministers'''
|-
| Deputy Prime Minister for European Integration
| '''[[Iurie Leancă]]'''
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PPEM
| 10 January 2018
|
|-
| Deputy Prime Minister for Reintegration
| '''[[Cristina Lesnic]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 10 January 2018
|
|-
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''Ministers'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure (Moldova)|Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure]]
|'''[[Chiril Gaburici]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|10 January 2018
|
|-
|[[Octavian Calmîc]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|20 January 2016
|21 December 2017
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration]]
|'''[[Tudor Ulianovschi]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|10 January 2018
|
|-
|[[Andrei Galbur]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|20 January 2016
|21 December 2017
|-
| [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Moldova)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
| '''[[Alexandru Jizdan]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 20 January 2016
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Defense (Moldova)|Ministry of Defense]]
| '''[[Eugen Sturza]]'''
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PPEM
| 24 October 2017
|
|-
| [[Anatol Șalaru]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#33f7f7" | PL
| 30 July 2015
| 27 December 2016
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Ministry of Justice (Moldova)|Ministry of Justice]]
| '''[[Victoria Iftodi]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 19 March 2018
|
|-
| [[Alexandru Tănase]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 10 January 2018
| 12 March 2018
|-
|[[Vladimir Cebotari]]
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PDM
|30 July 2015
|21 December 2017
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Moldova)|Ministry of Finance]]
| '''[[Octavian Armașu]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 20 January 2016
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment (Moldova)|Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment]]
| '''[[Nicolae Ciubuc]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 25 September 2018
|
|-
| '''[[Liviu Volconovici]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 10 January 2018
| 19 September 2018
|-
|[[Vasile Bîtca]]
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PDM
|26 July 2017
|21 December 2017
|-
|[[Eduard Grama]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|30 July 2015
|20 March 2017
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Research (Moldova)|Ministry of Education, Culture and Research]]
| '''[[Monica Babuc]]'''
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PDM
| 26 July 2017
|
|-
|[[Corina Fusu]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#33f7f7" | PL
|30 July 2015
|30 May 2017
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection (Moldova)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection]]
| '''[[Silvia Radu (politician)|Silvia Radu]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 25 September 2018
|
|-
| '''[[Svetlana Cebotari]]'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
| 10 January 2018
|
|-
|[[Stela Grigoraș]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#d5d5d5" | Independent
|26 July 2017
|21 December 2017
|-
|[[Ruxanda Glavan]]
| align=center bgcolor = #3333FF | PDM
|30 July 2015
|25 July 2017
|-
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#CCCCCC align=center | '''Membru ''[[ex-officio]]'''''
|-
| Governor (Bashkan) al [[Găgăuzia]]
| '''[[Irina Vlah]]'''
| align=center bgcolor = #d5d5d5 | Independent
| 15 April 2015
|
|}

==Achievements==

''' "The First House" Program'''

In November 2017, the First House Program was launched.<ref>[https://unimedia.info/stiri/doc-zis-si-facut--guvernul-a-aprobat-proiectul-prima-casa-cum-poti-sa-fii-beneficiar-142423.html Proiectul „Prima Casă” a fost aprobat astăzi de către Guvern.]</ref><ref>[http://agora.md/stiri/38774/vlad-plahotniuc-pdm-sprijina-politic-programul-prima-casa--dar-am-cerut-guvernului-sa-gaseasca-solutii-ca-el-sa-devina-si-mai-atractiv-pentru-tineri--inclusiv-ca-statul-sa-compenseze-o-parte-din-dobanda Vlad Plahotniuc: „PDM sprijină politic programul „Prima Casă”, dar am cerut Guvernului să găsească soluții ca el să devină și mai atractiv pentru tineri, inclusiv ca statul să compenseze o parte din dobândă”]</ref><ref>[http://protv.md/stiri/actualitate/ce-reprezinta-programul-prima-casa-2-anuntat-astazi-de-la-sediul---2247691.html Ce reprezinta Programul “Prima Casa 2” anuntat astazi de la sediul Partidului Democrat]</ref><ref>[https://diez.md/2018/07/17/se-lanseaza-programul-guvernamental-prima-casa-3-destinat-familiilor-cu-mai-multi-copii/ Se lansează programul guvernamental „Prima Casă 3”, destinat familiilor cu mai mulți copii]</ref><ref>[https://www.timpul.md/articol/prima-casa-proiect-de-succes-202-beneficiari-au-primit-deja-credite-133428.html “Prima Casă”, proiect de succes: 202 beneficiari au primit deja credite]</ref> The purpose of the program is to facilitate the access of individuals to purchasing a dwelling by contracting partially-state-guaranteed bank loans, especially for young families. The program has become functional in March 2018. Analysts have previously commented, that the program advantages the owners of construction companies, thus guaranteeing them more customers. The Finance Minister declined then to comment on these assumptions. Until now, some 202 people have already received credits for house purchase under the "First House" program.

In May 2018, the First House program 2 is started,<ref>[http://tribuna.md/2018/05/15/programul-prima-casa-2-un-nou-proiect-lansat-de-pdm/ Programul „Prima Casă – 2” este destinat exclusiv funcționarilor publici]</ref><ref>[http://protv.md/stiri/actualitate/ce-reprezinta-programul-prima-casa-2-anuntat-astazi-de-la-sediul---2247691.html Ce reprezinta Programul “Prima Casa 2” anuntat astazi de la sediul Partidului Democrat]</ref> exclusively for civil servants who have at least one year worked in state institutions. About 5,000 public servants could conclude such contracts this year, as the state has proposed to allocate 20 million lei for this program. The aim of the program is to motivate young people to work in budgetary institutions.

Later in July 2018, the First House Program is expanding to make it more accessible to families with more children. The "First Home" 3 project assume the gradual offsetting from the state budget of the mortgage loan, from 10 to 100%, depending on the number of children in the family.<ref>[http://www.realitatea.md/prima-casa-3-un-nou-program-destinat-familiilor-cu-mul-i-copii-ce-presupune-initiativa_80731.html ”Prima Casă 3” – un nou program destinat familiilor cu copii.]</ref>

'''The "Good Roads for Moldova" Program'''

In 2018, the Government will ensure the repair and construction of 1200 km of roads in rural areas within the national program "Good Roads for Moldova", regardless of the political color of the localities.<ref>[http://agora.md/stiri/42672/drumuri-bune-pentru-fiecare-sat--plahotniuc-anunta-demararea-unui-proiect-fara-precedent-in-r--moldova „Drumuri bune pentru fiecare sat”. Plahotniuc anunță demararea unui proiect „fără precedent” în R. Moldova]</ref> The Government approved the budget of the "Good Roads for Moldova" program, being allocated 972 million lei , with the repair works being carried out in over 1200 villages.<ref>[https://www.timpul.md/articol/guvernul-a-aprobat-bugetul-programului-drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova-128162.html Guvernul a aprobat bugetul programului „Drumuri bune pentru Moldova”]</ref> The Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure launched the "Good Roads for Moldova" online map. The map contains up-to-date information for each district about the amount of work to be done, the stage of implementation of the project, how many road sections have been restored, are in work or are to be repaired, what is the volume of the investments, type of works performed, etc. The online map can be viewed on www.drumuribune.md.<ref>[https://noi.md/md/societate/a-fost-lansata-harta-online-drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova A fost lansată harta online „Drumuri bune pentru Moldova”]</ref><ref>[http://mobi.protv.md/stiri/actualitate/programul-drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova-se-impiedica-in-deficitul---2320781.html Programul drumuri bune pentru Moldova se impiedica in deficitul de bani, pietris si tehnica - mold-street.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.asd.md/page/drumuri-bune-pentru-moldov DRUMURI BUNE PENTRU MOLDOVA]</ref><ref>[https://noi.md/societate/drumuri-bune-pentru-moldova-circa-300-km-deja-au-fost-reparate Drumuri bune pentru Moldova: Circa 300 km deja au fost reparate]</ref>

'''Government Reform'''

On July 26, 2017, the [[Cabinet of Moldova|Government of the Republic of Moldova]] entered a new stage, in the context of voting on July 21, 2017, by [[Parliament]] of the new structure of the [[Executive (government)|Executive]]. Thus, following the transfers of competences, from 16 ministries remained 9 ministries.<ref>https://gov.md/ro/content/reforma-guvernului-aplicare Reforma Guvernului, în aplicare</ref> Government reform has generated more criticism about the process of drafting and implementing this initiative.<ref>http://fes-moldova.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Policy_Brief_RAPC-rom.pdf UNELE ASPECTE PROBLEMATICE ALE REFORMEI GUVERNULUI</ref>
The list of indicated ministries results from the change of name and taking over some areas of activity, as follows:

* The Ministry of Economy took over the fields of activity from the Ministry of Transport and Road Infrastructure and from the Ministry of Information Technology and Communications, as well as the construction field from the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction, with the name change in the Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure;
* The Ministry of Culture took over the fields of activity from the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Youth and Sports and the research field from the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, with the change of the name in the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research;
* The Ministry of Labor, Social Protection and Family took over the fields of activity of the Ministry of Health, with the change of the name in the Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection;
* The Ministry of Regional Development and Construction took over the fields of activity from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry and from the Ministry of Environment, with the change of name in the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment.<ref>http://diez.md/2017/07/21/parlamentul-votat-noua-structura-guvernului-propusa-de-pavel-filip-vom-avea-doar-9-ministere/ Parlamentul a votat noua structură a Guvernului, propusă de Pavel Filip. Vom avea doar 9 ministere</ref><ref>http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=371706 Hotărârea Parlamentului Nr. 189 din 21.07.2017 pentru apobarea listei ministerelor</ref>

In the Government meeting of August 30, 2017, the Regulation for the organization and functioning of the new ministries was approved, containing the organigram, the central office structure, the areas of competence and the limit staff.<ref>https://monitorul.fisc.md/editorial/reforma-guvernului-9-ministere-cu-un-efectiv-limita-de-1158-angajati.html Reforma Guvernului: 9 ministere cu un efectiv-limită de 1158 angajaț</ref><ref>http://www.ipn.md/ro/politica/88619 Pavel Filip: De reforma Guvernului depinde viitorul Republicii</ref><ref>https://noi.md/md/news_id/242220 Numărul angajaților din instituțiile centrale va fi redus cu circa 50%</ref> From the subordination of the ministries, all state-owned or with majority state-owned capital enterprises were removed so that ministers were more focused on policies. Undertakings are in charge of the Public Property Agency, which is subordinated to the Government.<ref>https://www.europalibera.org/a/28954245.html Pavel Filip la Moldova 1: Reforma guvernului este fundamentală pentru viitorul țării</ref>

'''Information Technology Park "Moldova IT Park"'''

On January 1, 2017, entered into force the Law no. 77, regarding IT parks.<ref>http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=365261&lang=1 LEGE Nr. 77 din 21.04.2016 cu privire la parcurile pentru tehnologia informației</ref> On October 26, 2017, 15 ATIC companies<ref>[http://ict.md/ Association of Information and Communications Technology Companies]</ref> submitted to the [[Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure (Moldova)|Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure of Moldova]] an application for the establishment of "Moldova IT Park". Subsequently, on December 20, 2017, the Government approved the Regulation for the organization and operation of the Park Administration and the Residents Registration Regulations.<ref>http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=373500 HOTĂRÎRE Nr. 1144 din 20.12.2017 cu privire la crearea parcului pentru tehnologia informației „Moldova IT park”</ref>

On January 1, 2018, Moldova's First IT Park - "Moldova IT Park", founded for 10 years, was created,<ref>http://www.politics.md/?view=articles&id=25191 Moldova IT Park – 245 de rezidenți în șapte luni de activitate</ref> the period, in which it plans to attract about 400 IT companies from the [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]].<ref>https://moldovaitpark.md/2018/01/17/administratia-moldova-it-park-a-semnat-certificatele-de-inregistrare-a-primilor-47-de-rezidenti/ MOLDOVA IT PARK</ref> The main purpose of the new structure is to provide an organizational platform with a set of innovative mechanisms and facilities to boost the growth of the information technology industry, create new jobs and attract local and foreign investment. The administrator is appointed by the Government for a term of 5 years.<ref>https://www.realitatea.md/primul-parc-it-de-la-noi-din-tara-se-va-deschide-la-inceputul-anului-viitor--care-este-scopul-acestuia_69151.html Primul parc IT de la noi din țară</ref><ref>http://tv8.md/2018/01/18/aproape-50-de-companii-au-aderat-la-primul-parc-it-creat-in-moldova/ Aproape 50 de companii au aderat la primul parc IT creat în Moldova</ref>

The director of the "Ritlabs" Company, Maxim Masiutin, said that the IT Park offers attractive conditions for employees who will receive the full salary indicated in the individual labor contract without any taxes.<ref>http://curentul.md/stiri/compania-ritlabs-a-devenit-rezident-al-moldova-it-park-care-sunt-beneficiile-pentru-angajati.html Compania „Ritlabs” a devenit rezident al „Moldova IT Park”</ref> In turn, programmer Vitalie Esanu, an IT expert, said that such schemes create opportunities for corruption.<ref>https://www.europalibera.org/a/moldova-it-park/28982891.html „Moldova IT Park”, între oportunități și reserve</ref>

In the first four months of the launch of "Moldova IT Park" 164 residents were registered. Among the facilities and tax incentives granted to residents of IT parks, the biggest burden is, for current and potential residents, the single tax of 7% of sales revenue and the removal of bureaucratic barriers.<ref>http://diez.md/2018/05/03/video-moldova-park-peste-160-de-companii-inregistrate-doar-patru-luni-de-activitate-ce-spun-rezidentii-primului-parc-din-tara/ Moldova IT Park – peste 160 de companii înregistrate în doar patru luni de activitate</ref><ref>https://noi.md/ru/analitika/pervyj-it-park-v-moldove-160-rezidentov-za-4-mesyaca Первый IT-парк в Молдове: 160 резидентов за 4 месяца</ref><ref>https://unimedia.info/stiri/video-moldova-it-park-%E2%80%93-peste-160-de-companii-inregistrate-in-doar-patru-luni-de-activitate--ce-spun-rezidentii-primului-parc-it-din-tara-noastra-153044.html Moldova IT Park – peste 160 de companii înregistrate în doar patru luni de activitate. Ce spun rezidenții primului parc IT din țara noastră</ref><ref>http://www.trm.md/ro/economic/245-de-rezidenti-au-aderat-la-moldova-it-park-in-sapte-luni/ 245 de rezidenți au aderat la „Moldova IT Park” în șapte luni</ref><ref>http://www.vedomosti.md/news/moldova-it-park-zaregistriroval-s-nachala-goda-245-rezidento Moldova IT Park зарегистрировал с начала года 245 резидентов</ref><ref>https://unimedia.info/stiri/Sergiu-Voitovschii-Moldova-IT-Park-nu-intervine-in-activitatea-companiilor-rezidente-161115.html Sergiu Voitovschii: „Moldova IT Park nu intervine în activitatea companiilor rezidente”</ref>

The advantages of the IT business environment in our country were presented in [[Iași]], [[Romania]], at the PinAwards regional forum. During the event, the Republic of Moldova was presented as an attractive destination for IT companies, mentioning the benefits of the law on IT Parks.<ref>http://www.realitatea.md/succesul-moldova-it-park--prezentat-la-iasi--la-forumul-regional-pinawards_76263.html Succesul Moldova IT Park, prezentat la Iași, la forumul regional PinAwards</ref>

'''Launching the Service 112'''

"112" is the unique number for emergency calls,<ref name="Old.mtic.gov.md/ro/projects/numarul-unic-de-urgenta-112_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=http://old.mtic.gov.md/ro/projects/numarul-unic-de-urgenta-112| title=Numărul unic de urgență 112| newspaper=Old.mtic.gov.md/ro/projects/numarul-unic-de-urgenta-112| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref> active in all EU Member States.
It operates on a non-stop basis and can be called absolutely free of charge by every citizen from the fixed and mobile phones.<ref>[http://112.md/# Serviciul Național Unic Pentru Apelurile de Urgență 112 din Republica Moldova]</ref>
The "112 Service" project was launched in May 2012. The new system automates all processes through state-of-the-art software. The Republic of Moldova is the second country to use this modern software. The service 112 is tasked with managing much more complex cases for rapid interventions.<ref>http://diez.md/2018/03/29/serviciul-112-fost-lansat-acesta-intra-exploatare-operationala-de-astazi/ Serviciul 112 a fost lansat</ref>
On 29 March 2018, the Unique National Service for Emergency Calls 112 was launched 112.<ref name="Serviciul Național Unic Pentru Apelurile De Urgență 112 Din Republica Moldova_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=http://112.md/2018/03/29/serviciul-national-unic-pentru-apelurile-de-urgenta-112-a-fost-lansat-astazi/| title=Serviciul Național Unic pentru Apelurile de Urgență 112 a fost lansat astăzi – Serviciul Național Unic Pentru Apelurile de Urgență 112 din Republica Moldova| newspaper=Serviciul Național Unic Pentru Apelurile De Urgență 112 Din Republica Moldova| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Timpul - Știri Din Moldova_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=https://www.timpul.md/articol/a-fost-lansat-serviciul-unic-de-urgena-112--128671.html| title=A fost lansat serviciul unic de urgență 112| newspaper=Timpul - Știri Din Moldova| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Realitatea.md_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=http://www.realitatea.md/lansarea-serviciului-unic-de-urgenta-112--pe-ultima-suta-de-metri--lucrarile-finale-au-fost-inspectat-de-catre-pavel-filip--foto-_74147.html| title=Lansarea Serviciului unic de...| newspaper=Realitatea.md| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="#diez_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=http://diez.md/2018/03/29/serviciul-112-fost-lansat-acesta-intra-exploatare-operationala-de-astazi/| title=Serviciul 112 a fost lansat. Acesta intră în exploatare operațională de astăzi - #diez| newspaper=#diez| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Prime.md - Prima Televiziune Din Moldova_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=https://www.prime.md/ro/serviciul-national-unic-pentru-apeluri-de-urgenta-112-a-fost-lansat-astazi-in-moldova_70413.html| title=Serviciul Național Unic pentru apeluri de urgență 112 a fost lansat astăzi în Moldova| newspaper=Prime.md - Prima Televiziune Din Moldova| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.realitatea.md/guvernul-va-aloca-in-2018-peste-67-de-milioane-de-lei-pentru-serviciului-unic-de-urgen-a-112_72768.html Guvernul va aloca în 2018 peste 67 de milioane de lei pentru Serviciului unic de urgență 112]</ref> Prime Minister Pavel Filip said at the launch event that "It is a beautiful project, initiated in 2012. It is a soul initiative for me. Its implementation lasted several years, yet we launch the Service nine months ahead than was expected. Through it, we will provide citizens with modern services just like in the countries of the European Union ".<ref>[https://www.moldpres.md/news/2018/03/29/18002552 A fost lansat Serviciul 112]</ref>
The Government approved the Interaction Rules between the Single National Service for Emergency Calls 112 and Emergency Specialised Services to ensure immediate intervention by rescuers, doctors or police officers to provide the necessary assistance.<ref name="Lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=363672_2018-09-07">{{Citation | url=http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=363672| title=| newspaper=Lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=363672| date= | author=| accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref>
The Regulation provides for a clear delimitation of the duties of the 112 and Emergency Specialised Services - the Emergency Medical Service, the General Police Inspectorate and the General Emergency Inspectorate.
Basic skills of the 112 Service include the reception, management and processing of emergency calls throughout the Republic of Moldova, completing emergency call records and the centralization, storage and access to managed data under the Automatized Information System of the Service 112.<ref>[http://diez.md/2018/06/29/cum-vor-interactiona-serviciul-national-unic-pentru-apeluri-112-si-serviciile-specializate-de-urgenta/ Cum vor interacționa serviciul național unic pentru apeluri 112 și serviciile specializate de urgență]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gov.md/ro/profiles/team Cabinet of Ministers]

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{{succession box|title=[[Cabinet of Moldova]]|
before=[[Streleț Cabinet]]|
after=incumbent|
years=20 January 2016 - present
}}
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{{Filip Cabinet}}
{{Cabinets of Moldova}}

[[Category:Moldova cabinets]]
[[Category:Coalition governments]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Moldova]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2016]]

Bill Lee (Politiker)

2018-12-08T05:16:10Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox officeholder
|name = Bill Lee
|order = [[Governor of Tennessee|Governor-elect of Tennessee]]

|term_start = January 19, 2019
|term_end =
|succeeding = [[Bill Haslam]]
|predecessor = [[Bill Haslam]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|10|9}}
|birth_place = [[Franklin, Tennessee]], [[U.S.]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Carol Ann Lee|1984|2000|end=died}} {{marriage|Maria Lee|2008}}
|children = 4

|education = [[Auburn University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
}}
'''Bill Lee''' (born October 9, 1959)<ref>[https://www.leecompany.com/about-lee-company/leadership/ Lee Company – Leadership]</ref> is an American businessman and politician who is the Governor-elect of [[Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 6, 2018 |title=Sources: Bill Lee projected winner in Tennessee Governor's Race |url=https://www.wsmv.com/news/sources-bill-lee-projected-winner-in-tennessee-governor-s-race/article_d0e149c8-e22d-11e8-8c8f-3ff7c051c073.html |work=WSMV-TV |location= |access-date=November 6, 2018 }}</ref> Lee campaigned as a business oriented [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/opinion/editorials/2018/10/25/bill-lee-tennessee-governor-erndorsement-knoxville-news-sentinel/1742616002/|title=Bill Lee has potential to be an inspiring Tennessee governor {{!}} Opinion|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=November 8, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Prior to entering politics, he held various positions at the Lee Company, his family's construction company, serving as CEO from 1992 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transition.billlee.com/about-bill/|title=About Bill - Tennessee Governor-Elect Bill Lee|website=transition.billlee.com|language=en-US|access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/article/20489307/bill-lee-stepping-down-as-ceo-of-lee-co|title=Bill Lee stepping down as CEO of Lee Co. {{!}} Nashville Post|website=Nashville Post|language=en|access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Lee was raised on a farm in [[Fernvale, Tennessee]], and attended [[Auburn University]] in [[Auburn, Alabama|Auburn]], [[Alabama]]. He was named CEO of his family's construction company, Lee Company, holding the position from 1992 until 2016.<ref name = TNCom>{{cite web|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2017/04/23/republican-bill-lee-announces-run-governor-tennessee/100435486/|title = Republican Bill Lee announces run for governor of Tennessee|date = April 23, 2017|accessdate = August 3, 2018|website = [[The Tennesseean]]|last1 = Ebert|first1 = Joel|last2 = Garrison|first2 = Joey}}</ref> He briefly served as Chairman.<ref name=TNCom/> He has served as the 7th Congressional District’s representative to the [[Tennessee Higher Education Commission]] in addition to being on the Board of Trustees at [[Belmont University]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]. He has served as president of ''Tennesseans for Economic Growth'', chairman of ''YMCA of Middle Tennesse'', president of the [[Associated Builders and Contractors]] and has served on the board of several community organizations including ''Hope Clinic for Women'', ''Men of Valor Prison Ministry'', the ''[[Fellowship of Christian Athletes]]'' and ''Operation Andrew'' among others.<ref name="bill lee for governor">{{cite web|url=https://www.billlee.com/about/|title=About|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}</ref>

Lee is also active in Triple L Ranch, a fourth-generation family farm founded by his grandparents. Triple L Ranch operates a 1,000-acre, 400-head Hereford cattle operation, providing natural beef to farmers markets and restaurants throughout Middle Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tennesseestar.com/2017/04/24/bill-lee-announces-candidacy-for-governor-calls-gas-tax-increase-water-under-the-bridge-now/|title=Bill Lee Announces Candidacy For Governor, Calls Gas Tax Increase ‘Water Under the Bridge Now’|accessdate=August 8, 2018}}</ref><ref name="name">{{cite web|url=http://www.lllranch.com/about.html|title=LLL Ranch|accessdate=August 8, 2018}}</ref>

==Political career==
'''2018 gubernatorial campaign'''
{{See also|Tennessee gubernatorial election, 2018}}

Lee announced his campaign in the [[Tennessee gubernatorial election, 2018|2018 election]] for [[Governor of Tennessee]] in April 2017, campaigning on a socially and fiscally conservative platform.<ref name = TNCom/> He won the August 2 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[primary election]] with 289,699 votes, or approximately 36.7 percent of the vote. Lee defeated [[Randy Boyd (Tennessee politician)|Randy Boyd]], [[Diane Black]], and [[Beth Harwell]]<ref name = TNWin>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Joel |publisher=Tennesseean |accessdate=August 2, 2018 |title=Bill Lee wins Republican nomination for governor of Tennessee |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/tn-elections/2018/08/02/tn-governor-election-republican-primary-results/820705002/}}</ref> He defeated the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee, former [[List of mayors of Nashville, Tennessee|Mayor of Nashville]] [[Karl Dean]] in the November 6 general election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ebert |first1=Joel |title=How Diane Black and Randy Boyd lost Tennessee's Republican primary for governor |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/how-diane-black-and-randy-boyd-lost-tennessees-republican-primary-for-governor/ar-BBLvX0u |website=Tenneseean |accessdate=August 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2018/11/06/decision-dean-vs-lee-tennessee-governor/</ref>

==Personal life==
Lee lives in Fernvale with his second wife, Maria, whom he married in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Karen Grigsby and Joel Ebert, Nashville Tennessean |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/tn-elections/2018/11/06/bill-lee-wife-tennessee-governor-midterm-elections-2018/1884722002/ |title=Midterm elections: Bill Lee wife next Tennessee first lady Maria Lee |publisher=Tennessean.com |accessdate=November 8, 2018}}</ref> His first wife, Carol Ann, died in 2000 in a horseback riding accident.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2017/08/04/campaigning-tennessee-governor-what-life-like-road-republican-bill-lee/536131001/ |title=Campaigning for Tennessee governor: What life is like on the road with Republican Bill Lee |publisher=Tennessean.com |date=August 4, 2017 |accessdate=November 8, 2018}}</ref> Lee describes his wife's death as one of the most painful moments of his life. Afterwards he took extended time off from his construction company to raise his four children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2018/jul/06/bill-lee-says-he-wcalled-run-governor/474433/|title=Who is Bill Lee?|date=2018-07-06EDT00:00:10-14400|work=timesfreepress.com|access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{CongLinks|votesmart=180465}}
*[https://www.billlee.com/ Bill Lee for Governor] official campaign website

{{s-start}}
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Magnitsky Act

2018-12-07T19:39:55Z

KolbertBot: Task #2 : Remove link referral data

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Magnitsky Act
| fullname = Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]] in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian [[tax accountant]] [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a [[Moscow]] prison in 2009.

Since 2016 the bill, which applies globally, authorizes government to sanction human rights offenders, freeze their assets, and ban them from entering the U.S.<ref name="broad">{{cite web
| title = Putin hinted he wanted Trump to give him access to one man — and it reveals his greatest weakness
| publisher = Business Insider
| author = Alexandra Ma
| date = July 17, 2018
| url = http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-putin-bill-browder-magnitsky-act-press-conference-2018-7}}</ref>

==Background==

In 2009, Russian tax accountant [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.<ref name="Eckel 2017"/> Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.<ref name="Eckel 2017">{{cite news | last=Eckel | first=Mike | title=U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial | work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] | date=May 13, 2017 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html | access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> While in prison, Magnitsky developed [[gall stones]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[Cholecystitis|calculous cholecystitis]] and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he [[Sergei Magnitsky#Custody and death|was beaten to death]] while in custody.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960| title= Q&A: The Magnitsky affair| work= [[BBC News]]
| date = July 11, 2013| accessdate = March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news|url= http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077|title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial|work=[[Perth Now]]
| agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| date= December 27, 2012|archivedate = January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077}}</ref><ref name=TheAtlantic2017-07-05>
{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/| title= Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee|work=[[The Atlantic]]| first= Rosie|last= Gray| date= July 25, 2017| accessdate =July 31, 2017|quote = "... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor."}}</ref> [[Bill Browder]], a prominent American-born businessman and friend of Magnitsky, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators [[Benjamin Cardin]] and [[John McCain]] who proceeded to propose legislation.<ref name="Trindle 2014">{{cite news|last=Trindle|first=Jamila|title=The Magnitsky Flip-Flop|work=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=May 15, 2014|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|title=Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee|work=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|date= June 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|archivedate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Baker, Peter|authorlink1=Peter Baker (author)|title=Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Belton |first1=Catherine |last2=Dyer|first2=Geoff|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 |title=‘Magnitsky law’ makes progress in Senate |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 26, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]|date=November 16, 2012|author=Peters, Jeremy W.}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92-4.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=December 11, 2012|work=[[Washington Post]]|first1=Kathy|last1=Lally|first2=Will|last2=Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |website=ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov|publisher=[[The White House]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|author=Fedyashin, Andrey|date=December 15, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180733/http://voiceofrussia.com//2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|archivedate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|work=[[Interfax]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141|title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |first=Stephen |last=Collinson|work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Act which allows the US Government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|title=The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=April 12, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=April 12, 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archivedate=June 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim|work=[[The Economist]]|date=January 17, 2018|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Artem (aka Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*{{ill|Yelena Stashina|ru|Сташина, Елена Владимировна}}, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
*Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*{{ill|Oleg Logunov|ru|Логунов, Олег Владимирович}}
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Abdulhamit Gul, Turkish Minister of Justice
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*[[Félix Bautista]], senator for the province of [[San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)|San Juan]], [[Dominican Republic]].
*Angel Rondon, former Commercial Representative of Odebrecht, [[Dominican Republic]]
*Kazbek Dukuzov, [[Chechens|Chechen]] acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by [[Austria]]n authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
*[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], head of the [[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]]
*Roberto J. Rivas, head of the [[Supreme Electoral Council (Nicaragua)|Supreme Electoral Council]] of [[Nicaragua]], accused of electoral fraud in at least six elections. Rivas is considered one of the wealthiest people in the second-poorest country in the [[Western Hemisphere]]
* Francisco "Chico" Lopez, treasurer of the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Nicaraguan Sandinistas Party]] and head of Albanisa, a holding of companies made out of [[Venezuela]]n aid
* Fidel Moreno, de facto mayor of [[Managua]], Nicaragua
* Francisco Diaz, head of the [[National Police of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan police]]
* [[Yahya Jammeh]], Former head of [[The Gambia]]
* Maung Maung Soe, Head of armed forces in western [[Myanmar]], involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* [[Gulnara Karimova]], Daughter of former Uzbek leader [[Islam Karimov]]
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jim|last=Heintz|date=July 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kredo, Adam |url=http://freebeacon.com/politics/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |work=[[The Washington Free Beacon]] |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Абаринов|first1=Владимир|title=Противозаконное задержание|url=https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html|website=Graniru.org|accessdate=March 11, 2018|language=Russian|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children===
{{main|Dima Yakovlev Law}}
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died of [[heat stroke]] in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jackman, Tom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html|title=Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=December 12, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> The next year, 2013, two additional laws were proposed: one was to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia, and a second law, eventually abandoned, prevented any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |work=[[The Economist]] |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Banning some U.S. officials from Russia===
{{main|Guantanamo List}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below:

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*[[Jeffrey Harbeson]], US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite news|author=Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jed S. Rakoff]], Senior [[United States district court|US District]] Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former [[United States Attorney|US Attorney]] for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, [[Assistant United States Attorney|Assistant US Attorney]]
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

== Trump Tower meeting ==
{{main|Trump Tower meeting}}
In June 2016, a [[Russia]]n lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], who was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US, set up a [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|Trump campaign]]–Russia meeting with [[Donald Trump Jr.]], purportedly to discuss altering the [[State Duma|Russian Duma]]'s sanctions against American adoption of Russian children along with other alleged illegal activities. On July 11, 2017, Reuters US reported that at the meeting Russia offered to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary [Clinton]]] and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Andy|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Donald Trump Jr. insisted that Veselnitskaya did not reveal any damaging information about Secretary Clinton, contrary to what his correspondence had suggested. Trump Jr. subsequently released to the public via Twitter his personal records and correspondence between the Trump campaign team and [[Rob Goldstone]], a longtime business partner and friend of Trump Sr. who actively represents several Russian interests and who had first pitched the meeting to Trump Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watkins|first1=Ali|title=U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Фёдоров|first1=Евгений|title=Список Магнитского – манипуляция|url=http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=Russia.ru|date=November 29, 2012|language=Russian}}</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite news|first=Anton|last= Kulikov|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|work=[[Pravda.ru]]|accessdate=March 11, 2013|date=July 9, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Auken|first1=Bill|title=Moscow calls Obama’s human rights bluff|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|website=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst|title=Yeltsin crushes revolt|last1=Hearst|first1=David|last2=Steele|first2=Jonathan|date=October 5, 1993|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Campbell|title=All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 on ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' by CNN, [[Fareed Zakaria]] interviewed [[Bill Browder]], who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington, D.C. at present.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zakaria|first1=Fareed|last2=Browder|first2=Bill|title=The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2017|format=video}}</ref>

[[Boris Nemtsov]] approved of the act, calling it "the most pro-Russian law in the history of any foreign parliament."<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/05/18/the-kremlin-revives-a-soviet-style-law-against-dissent/</ref><ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/russian-patriot-and-his-country-part-i-vladimir-kara-murza/</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first = Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|title =U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assets Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update|url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
[[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities settled a case against [[Fusion GPS#Prevezon Holding|Prevezon Holding]], one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scannell|first1=Kara|title=US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case|website=LawAndOrderInRussia.org|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=May 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=May 20, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

On September 8, 2017 President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]], and the issue of visas to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/|website=[[The White House]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

==Internationalization of the Magnitsky Act==

In December 2016, Congress passed a new law, a global version of the Magnitsky Act, to address human rights abuses on a global scale. The current Global Magnitsky Act (GMA) allows the US Government to sanction corrupt government officials implicated in abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW/>

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified fifteen international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill|url=
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill|website=[[Human Rights First]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 21, 2017, thirteen additional names were added to the list of sanctioned individuals. This included [[Yahya Jammeh]], former president of The Gambia and [[Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes]], the president of Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 12, 2018 | date=December 21, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 22, 2017, ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' stated that "the Trump Administration has failed to take up cases presented regarding serious [[Human rights in Bahrain|human rights abuses]] committed by [[Bahrain]]i government officials. Ultimately, there were no individuals or entities from any [[Arab League]] member state designated in the Global Magnitsky Act’s first list of designees, despite the submission of eligible cases."<ref>"[https://www.adhrb.org/2017/12/trump-administration-selectively-implements-global-magnitsky-human-rights-and-accountability-act/ Trump Administration Selectively Implements Global Magnitsky Human Rights and Accountability Act]". ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' (ADHRB). December 22, 2017.</ref>

On June 12, 2018, [[Félix Bautista]], a member of the [[Senate of the Dominican Republic]] and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the [[U.S. Department of Treasury]] under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption.<ref>{{cite web| title=Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0411 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=June 13, 2018 | date=June 13, 2019 |format=press release}} Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.</ref> Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in [[Haiti]], where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild [[Haiti]] following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million for work not completed.

On July 5, 2018, three additional names were added to the list. These belonging to the same country, [[Nicaragua]]. The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor's Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua.

Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of [[ALBA de Nicaragua]] ([[ALBANISA]]) and President of [[Petronic]], for engaging in corrupt activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ni.usembassy.gov/treasury-sanctions-three-nicaraguan-individuals-for-serious-human-rights-abuse-and-corrupt-acts/|title=Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|date=July 5, 2018|work=U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|access-date=July 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned top [[Cabinet Erdoğan IV|Turkish government officials]], Turkish Justice Minister [[Abdulhamit Gül]] and Interior Minister [[Suleyman Soylu]], who were involved in the detention of American pastor [[Andrew Brunson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/us-sanctions-turkey-over-pastor-brunson-detention-1.756238 |work=The National |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> [[Daniel Glaser]], the former [[Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing]] under President Barack Obama, said: "It’s certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a [[NATO]] ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-administration-to-sanction-turkish-officials-over-imprisonment-of-american-pastor-andrew-brunson/ |work=Politico |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

==Magnitsky Acts in other countries==

Legislation similar to, and inspired by, the December 2016 US Global Magnitsky Act has subsequently been enacted in other countries.

===Estonia===

On December 8, 2016, [[Estonia]] introduced a new law, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country. The law, which was passed unanimously in the [[Riigikogu|Estonian Parliament]], states that it entitles Estonia to forbid entry to people if, among other things, "there is information or good reason to believe" that they took part in activities which resulted in the "death or serious damage to health of a person".<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Rettman|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/136217|title=Estonia joins US in passing Magnitsky law|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

On February 21, 2017 the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's [[Criminal Finances Act 2017|Criminal Finances Bill]] inspired by the Magnitsky Act that would allow the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/6104-uk-house-of-commons-passes-the-magnitsky-asset-freezing-sanctions|title=UK House of Commons Passes the Magnitsky Asset Freezing Sanctions|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=November 16, 2017|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref> On May 1, 2018, the UK House of Commons, without opposition, added the "Magnitsky amendment" to the [[Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018|Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill]] that would allow the British government to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-magnitsky/uk-lawmakers-back-magnitsky-amendment-on-sanctions-for-human-rights-abuses-idUSKBN1I24BI</ref>

===Canada===

In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] warned [[Canada]] that its anticipated new law, known as ''The Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Bill (Sergei Magnitsky Law)'', was a "blatantly unfriendly step", and that "If the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] approves this sanctions legislation, the relations between our countries, which are already experiencing difficult times, will suffer significant damage". [[CBC News]] in Canada also reported that Russia has placed Canada's Foreign Minister, [[Chrystia Freeland]], and twelve other Canadian politicians and activists on a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] 'blacklist' and has barred them from entering Russia because of their criticism of Russian actions in [[Ukraine]] and its annexation of [[Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Levon|last=Sevunts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-warns-canada-magnitsky-1.4122758|title=Russia warns Canada over 'blatantly unfriendly' Magnitsky Act|work=[[CBC News]]|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>

On October 19, 2017, the Canadian Parliament passed the Bill into law,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Passes Version Of Magnitsky Act, Raising Moscow’s Ire|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/canada-passes-magnistky-act-russia-sanctions/28804814.html|accessdate=October 23, 2017|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> after a unanimous vote in Canada's [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], with 277 for, and none against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-russia-magnitsky-bill-1.4321562|title=As Canada's Magnitsky bill nears final vote, Russia threatens retaliation|work=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref> Russia's President, [[Vladimir Putin]], accused Canada of "political games" over its new Magnitsky law.<ref>{{cite news|first= Mike |last=Blanchfield|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3816237/vladimir-putin-canada-magnitsky-law/|title=Vladimir Putin accuses Canada of ‘political games’ over Magnitsky law|work=[[Global News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=October 20, 2017|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Canada's Magnitsky Act also targeted 19 Venezuelan and 3 South Sudanese officials, along with the original 30 Russian individuals under sanctions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia, South Sudan and Venezuela are Canada's 1st targets using sanctions under Magnitsky Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-south-sudan-venezuela-magnitsky-sanctions-1.4386477|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Lithuania===

On November 9, 2017 the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] approved for discussion relevant amendments to the law, with 78 votes in support, one against and five abstentions. Finally, on November 16, 2017 (the 8th anniversary of Sergei Magnitsky's death) the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] passed the law unanimously.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7265-lithuania-parliament-adopts-version-of-magnitsky-act |title=Lithuania: Parliament Adopts Version of Magnitsky Act |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=November 16, 2017 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

===Latvia===
On February 8, 2018, [[Parliament of Latvia]] (Saeima) accepted attachment of law of sanctions, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7621-latvia-becomes-final-baltic-state-to-pass-magnitsky-law |title=Latvia Becomes Final Baltic State to Pass Magnitsky Law |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=February 9, 2018 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]]
*''[[The Magnitsky Act – Behind the Scenes]]'' (2016 documentary film)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Bill |last=Browder |year=2015 |title=Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice |location= |publisher=Simon & Schuster |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-4767-5574-8 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Emma |last=Gilligan |title=Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukrainian Crisis |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=257–277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619863/summary }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Moiseienko |year=2015 |title=‘No Safe Haven’: Denying Entry to the Corrupt as a New Anti-Corruption Policy |journal=Journal of Money Laundering Control |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=400–410 |doi=10.1108/JMLC-01-2014-0004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Jordan |last=Tama |year=2015 |title=Bipartisanship in a Polarized Age: The U.S. Congress and Foreign Policy Sanctions |work=School of International Service Research Paper |volume=No. 2015-2 |ssrn=2553401 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114524/http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this instead.)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Magnitsky Act| ]]

André Bouchard

2018-10-11T15:47:55Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

'''André Bouchard''' (January 26, 1946 – 4 March 2010) was a Canadian [[ecologist]] and [[environmentalist]] who spent most of his career at [[Université de Montréal]] (UdeM) and the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]]. His specialties included [[landscape ecology]] and plant [[community ecology]], and he received several awards during his lifetime.

==Biography==
Bouchard was born in 1946 in Montreal and grew up in [[Côte-des-Neiges]], although his family came from [[Saint-Anicet, Quebec|Saint-Anicet]], and maintained a secondary residence there.<ref name="fine"/><ref name="francoeur"/><ref name="soleil"/> His father, Louis G. Bouchard, was a successful leather goods supplier.<ref name="fine"/> He studied first at Collège Jean-De-Brébeuf before graduating with a degree in biological sciences from Université de Montréal. He went to [[McGill University|McGill]] and [[Cornell University]] for his postgraduate studies, which he completed in the 1970s.<ref group="note">His dissertation is dated from 1975, the same year he
became curator at the Botanical Garden.</ref><ref name="forumobit"/>

In 1975 he began teaching at his ''alma mater'' Université de Montréal, while simultaneously becoming curator at the Botanical Garden.<ref name="P0173"/> He would remain at the University until his death, and at the garden for 21 years.<ref name=forumobit/> As curator, his primary duty was directing research at the garden.<ref name="gingras"/> His own research discussed the flora of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] ([[Gros Morne National Park]] was the topic of his doctorate dissertation) and of southwestern Quebec.<ref name="projects"/><ref name="sauve"/><ref name=thibaudeau/> His creative use of notarized acts to study the evolution of Quebec forest since [[New France]] led to significant discoveries regarding the evolution of [[beech-maple forest]]s.<ref name=sauve/>

Beyond scientific work, he rapidly became known for his involvement in various environmental issues, notably the fight to save the [[Bois de Saraguay]], an [[old-growth forest]] on the northern side of [[Montreal Island]] that was threatened by developers.{{#tag:ref|He would say of this that it was "like a fast-track doctorate in political science."<ref name=levesque/>|group=note}}<ref name=gingras/><ref name="levesque"/> Over the years, he invested himself in numerous other debates, such as those over the [[Boisé du Tremblay]] in [[Longueuil]],<ref name="boise-du-tremblay"/> the Muir Forest in [[Hichinbrooke, Quebec|Hichinbrooke]]<ref name="muir"/> (now the [[Boisé-des-Muir Ecological Reserve]]) and, closer to home, the Little and Large Tea Field, two peat bogs in his native town of Saint-Anicet.<ref name="teafield2009"/><ref name="teafield2006"/> He was also a member of the 2004 [[Commission Coulombe]] whose report was to define provincial forest exploitation policy.<ref name="coulombe"/> Although he was well aware that he and his fellow commissioner would catch flak from the industry for the recommendations (which included a 20% reductions of wood cuts), he pushed forward with the belief that these were the right decisions to make.<ref name=sauve/>

Having been a close collaborator of [[Pierre Bourque (politician)|Pierre Bourque]], he was named director of the Botanical Garden in 1994 when Bourque had to leave the position following his election as mayor.<ref name=forumobit/><ref name=levesque/> It was a short stay, both because he had notified the administration he considered it an interim position, and because he was not comfortable with the complicated administrative apparatus connected to the position.<ref name=gingras/> In 2002, he became the first director of the newly founded Institut de Recherche en Biology Végétale (IRBV), a position he occupied until 2006. All these years he continued to teach at the Université, and directed over 45 master's and doctorate students.<ref name=forumobit/> He also sat on the Montreal Heritage Council from 2006 to 2008,{{#tag:ref|About this stay, a fellow member of the Council noted: "he taught us that a council which fails to annoy is a useless council."<ref name="Tetreault"/>|group=note}} on the [[Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine]] board of directors,<ref name=francoeur/><ref name=forumobit/> and received awards from the Quebec Association of Biologists (prix Georges-Préfontaine, 2005) and the [[Association francophone pour le savoir|Acfas]] (prix Michel-Jurdant for environmentalism, 1990).<ref name=francoeur/><ref name="thibaudeau"/>

In addition to his environmental and scientific work, he had a keen interest in history, both local and scientific. In 1998 he published a short historical account of the botanical garden, and in 2007 a compendium of correspondence from [[Marie-Victorin]]. At the time of his death, he was working on books about southern Quebec [[wetland]]s and a biography of Marie-Victorin.<ref name=francoeur/><ref name=sauve/> A great admirer of the man, he had retraced Marie-Victorin's expeditions in Cuba and organized an exposition on the topic.<ref name=sauve/> A founding member of the [[local history]] society of Saint-Anicet, he wrote several accounts of prominent locals such as [[Jules Léger|Jules]] and [[Paul-Émile Léger]], whose families had local ties.<ref name="SHSA"/> He had also been heavily involved on two book projects on the local church and the municipality itself.<ref name="soleil"/>

Bouchard died unexpectedly from [[heart attack]] on March 4, 2010, in Montreal's [[Central Station (Montreal)|Central Station]], a few months from his planned retirement.<ref name=francoeur/> Bourque presented his condolences,<ref name="condoleances"/> and flags at the Botanical Garden were flown [[half-staff]] for several days.<ref name="berne"/> He was married with three children.<ref name="fine"/><ref name="pleurent"/> In June of that year, he was a granted a posthumous ''[[honoris causa]]'' doctorate from [[Université Laval]].<ref name="laval"/>

==Selected publications==
{{refbegin}}
* Bouchard, André, and Paul F. Maycock. (1970) "A phytogeographical and phytosociological study of ''Viola rotundifolia'' in Eastern Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Botany''. '''48'''(12):2285-2302. {{doi|10.1139/b70-331}}
* ——————— (1970) ''[http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=48975&current_base=GEN01 The phytosociology of the northern conifer-hardwoods of the Appalachian foothills in Southern Quebec]''. M.Sc. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. {{OCLC|56536699}}
* Auclair, Allan N., André Bouchard, and Josephine Pajaczkowski. (1973) "Plant composition and species relations on the Huntingdon Marsh, Québec." ''Canadian Journal of Botany'' '''51'''(6):1231-1247. {{doi|10.1139/b73-154}}
* ——————— (1975) ''Natural Resources Analysis of a Section of the Gros Morne National Park, in Newfoundland, Canada''. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. {{OCLC|3013761}}
* Auclair, Allan N., André Bouchard and Josephine Pajaczkowski. (1976) "Productivity Relations in a ''Carex''-Dominated Ecosystem." ''[[Oecologia]]'' '''26'''(1):9-31. {{doi|10.1007/BF00345650}}
* ———————, Stuart Hay and [[Ernest Rouleau]]. (1978) "[http://www.botanicus.org/page/880173 The vascular flora of St-Barbe South District, Newfoundland: An interpretation based on biophysiographic areas]." ''[[Rhodora (journal)|Rhodora]]'' '''80'''(822):228-308.
* ———————, Denis Barabé, Madeleine Dumais and Stuart Hay. (1983) ''Les plantes vasculaires rares du Québec = The rare vascular plants of Québec.'' "Syllogeus", '''48''' ({{issn|0704-576X}}). 79 p.
* ———————, Denis Barabé, Yves Bergeron, Madeleine Dumais and Stuart Hay. (1985) "La phytogéographie des plantes vasculaires rares du Québec." ''[[Le Naturaliste canadien]]'' ({{issn|0028-0798}}) '''112'''(2):283-300.
* ———————, Stéphan Dyrda, Yves Bergeron, and Alain Meilleur. (1989) "The use of notary deeds to estimate the changes in the composition of 19th century forests, in Haut-Saint-Laurent, Québec." ''Canadian Journal of Forest Research'' '''19'''(9):1146-1150. {{doi|10.1139/x89-173}}
* ———————, Stuart Hay, Luc Brouillet, Martin Jean and Isabelle saucier. (1991) ''Les plantes vasculaires rares de l'Île de Terre-Neuve = The rare vascular plants of the Island of Newfoundland.'' "Syllogeus", '''65'''. 165 p. {{ISBN|0-660-50311-5}}
* ——————— 1992. ''Journal de voyage en Chine. Une famille Québécoise au Pays du Milieu''. Montréal: Méridien. 280 p. {{ISBN|2-89415-073-3}}
* Simard, Hélène, and André Bouchard. (1996) "The precolonial 19th century forest of the Upper St.Lawrence region of Quebec: a record of its exploitation and transformation through notary deeds of wood sales." ''Canadian Journal of Forest Research'' '''26'''(9):1670-1676. {{doi|10.1139/x26-188}}
* ——————— and Francine Hoffman (1998) ''Le Jardin botanique de Montréal: esquisse d'une histoire''. Saint-Laurent: Fides. 112 p. {{ISBN|2-7621-2057-8}}
* Charest, René, Luc Brouillet, André Bouchard, and Stuart Hay. (2000) "The vascular flora of Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, Canada: a biodiversity analysis from a biogeographical and life-form perspective." ''Canadian Journal of Botany''. '''78'''(5):629-645. {{doi|10.1139/cjb-78-5-629}}
* ——————— and Martin Jean. (2001) "Historique d'un paysage de tourbières profondément transformé par l'homme" In Serge Payette and Line Rochefort (eds.). ''Écologie des tourbières du Québec-Labrador''. Quebec City: Presses de l'Université Laval. pp. 389–398. {{ISBN|2-7637-7773-2}}
* Domon, Gérald, and André Bouchard. (2007) "The landscape history of Godmanchester (Quebec, Canada): two centuries of shifting relationships between anthropic and biophysical factors." ''Landscape Ecology'' '''22'''(8):1201-1214. {{doi|10.1007/s10980-007-9100-z}}
* ———————, ed. (2007) ''Marie-Victorin à Cuba. Correspondance avec le frère Léon''. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal. 217 p. {{ISBN|978-2-7606-2066-7}}
* ——————— (2007) "Sur le chemin de Marie-Victorin à Holguin, Cuba." ''Quatre-temps'' ({{issn|0820-5515}}) '''31'''(3):8-12.
* Laliberté, Étienne, André Bouchard and Alain Cogliastro. (2008) "Optimizing hardwood reforestation in old fields: the effects of treeshelters and environmental factors on tree seedling growth and physiology." ''Restoration Ecology'' '''16'''(2):270-280. {{doi|10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00270.x}}
* ——————— (2008) "Sur le chemin de Marie-Victorin à la Punta de Maisí, Cuba." ''Quatre-temps'' '''32'''(3):8-11.
* ——————— (2009) "Sur le chemin de Marie-Victorin à Trinidad et Topes de Collantes, Cuba." ''Quatre-temps'' '''33'''(3):42-46.
{{refend}}

==Notes and references==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group="note"}}

'''References'''
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=P0173>{{cite web| title=Fonds André Bouchard |url=http://www.archiv.umontreal.ca/P0000/P0173.html |accessdate= March 20, 2010 |date=September 21, 2005 |work=Catalogue des archives |publisher=Université de Montréal, Service de la gestion de documents et des archives}}</ref>

<ref name=SHSA>{{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Kelly |author2=Hélène Bissonnette |title=Fonds d'Archives de la Société Historique de Saint-Anicet |url=http://www.mrchsl.com/sites/mrchsl.com/files/mrchsl.com/Catalogue%20-%20SHSA.pdf |accessdate=March 20, 2010 |date=May 30, 2008 |work=Catalogue des archives |publisher=MRC du Haut-Saint-Laurent |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916145549/http://www.mrchsl.com/sites/mrchsl.com/files/mrchsl.com/Catalogue%20-%20SHSA.pdf |archivedate=September 16, 2013 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=Tetreault>{{cite news|last=McNichols Tétreault |first=Gérald |title=Disparition d'un homme utile |newspaper=Le Devoir |date=March 10, 2010 |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/284621/lettres-disparition-d-un-homme-utile |accessdate=March 13, 2010 |page=A6 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name=berne>{{cite press release |title=Les drapeaux du Jardin botanique de Montréal mis en berne pour honorer la mémoire d'André Bouchard |url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/propos/andre_bouchard.htm |publisher=Montreal Botanical Garden |date=March 10, 2010 |accessdate=March 20, 2010 |language=French| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100414095200/http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/propos/andre_bouchard.htm| archivedate= 14 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name=boise-du-tremblay>{{cite news |last=Côté |first=Charles |title=À la rescousse du Boisé du Tremblay |date=September 26, 2003 |newspaper=La Presse |page=A4}}</ref>

<ref name=condoleances>{{cite press release |title=Le maire de Montréal offre ses condoléances suite au décès d'André Bouchard |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/portal/page?_pageid=5798,42657625&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&id=13930 |publisher=City of Montréal |date=March 5, 2010 |accessdate=March 10, 2010 |language=French}}</ref>

<ref name=fine>{{Cite news| last = Fine| first = Philip| date = May 21, 2010| title = Quebec ecologist took a Zen approach to environmental battles |url=http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20100521.OBBOUCHARD21ATL/BDAStory/BDA/deaths | newspaper = ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' |accessdate = July 21, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=coulombe>{{cite web|url=http://www.commission-foret.qc.ca/membres.htm |title=Membres et organisation |publisher=Commission d'étude sur la gestion de la forêt publique québécoise |accessdate=March 10, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200407/http://www.commission-foret.qc.ca/membres.htm |archivedate=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=forumobit>{{cite press release|title=Décès d'un très grand collaborateur du Jardin botanique et de l'UdeM |url=http://www.nouvelles.umontreal.ca/campus/in-memoriam/deces-dun-tres-grand-collaborateur-du-jardin-botanique-et-de-ludem.html |publisher=Université de Montréal |date=March 5, 2010 |accessdate=March 10, 2010 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309112331/http://www.nouvelles.umontreal.ca/campus/in-memoriam/deces-dun-tres-grand-collaborateur-du-jardin-botanique-et-de-ludem.html |archivedate=March 9, 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name=francoeur>{{cite news|last=Francoeur |first=Gilles |title=Mort du biologiste québécois André Bouchard |newspaper=[[Le Devoir]] |date=March 6, 2010 |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/284488/mort-du-biologiste-quebecois-andre-bouchard |accessdate=March 8, 2010 |page=A6 |language=French| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100309140518/http://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/actualites-sur-l-environnement/284488/mort-du-biologiste-quebecois-andre-bouchard| archivedate= 9 March 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name=gingras>{{cite news |last=Gingras |first=Pierre |title=Lise Cormier dirigera le Jardin botanique |date=January 24, 1995 |newspaper=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]] |page=A4}}</ref>

<ref name=laval>{{cite press release |url=http://www.relationsmedias.ulaval.ca/comm/2010/juin/sept-recipiendaires-doctorat-honoris-causa-lors-2751.html |title=Sept récipiendaires d’un doctorat honoris causa lors des collations de grades 2010 de l'Université Laval |publisher=Université Laval |date=June 2, 2010 |accessdate=July 30, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=levesque>{{cite news |last=Lévesque |first=Kathleen |title=Un militant écologiste au Jardin botanique |date=July 12, 1994 |newspaper= Le Devoir |page=A3}}</ref>

<ref name=muir>{{cite news |last=Bonhomme |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Des scientifiques réclament la protection d'une forêt "intacte" |date= March 3, 1992|newspaper=La Presse |page=A8}}</ref>

<ref name=pleurent>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/medias/communique_andre_bouchard.pdf |title=Le Jardin botanique de Montréal et l'Université de Montréal pleurent le décès d'un très grand collaborateur |publisher=[[Montreal Botanical Garden]] |date=March 5, 2010 |accessdate=March 10, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=projects>{{cite web|work=Personnel: Professeurs et chercheurs |title=André Bouchard: Projets |publisher=Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale |url=http://www.irbv.umontreal.ca/bouchard-labo.htm |accessdate=March 8, 2010 |language=French }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name=sauve>{{cite news |last= Sauvé |first=Mathieu-Robert |title=Adieux à un homme de nature et de culture |url=http://www.nouvelles.umontreal.ca/campus/in-memoriam/20100315-adieux-a-un-homme-de-nature-et-de-culture.html |date=March 15, 2010 |newspaper=Forum |publisher=Université de Montréal |accessdate=March 20, 2010 |page=3 }}</ref>

<ref name=soleil>{{Cite news| last = Pitre| first = Mario| date = March 13, 2010| title = Décès d'André Bouchard, figure marquante du Haut Saint-Laurent |url=http://monteregieweb.com/main+fr+01_300+Deces_d_Andre_Bouchard_figure_marquante_du_Haut_SaintLaurent.html?ArticleID=631030&JournalID=13 | newspaper = Le Soleil de Valleyfield |accessdate = March 13, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=teafield2006>{{cite news |last=Côté |first=Charles |title=Un riche fermier et député fait un don écologique majeur |date=May 12, 2006 |newspaper=La Presse |page=A6}}</ref>

<ref name=teafield2009>{{cite news |last=Francoeur |first=Louis-Gilles |title=Victoire dans la saga des tourbières du Small et du Large Tea Field |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/nature/246152/victoire-dans-la-saga-des-tourbieres-du-small-et-du-large-tea-field |date=April 17, 2009 |newspaper=Le Devoir |accessdate=March 20, 2010 |page=B8| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100318051627/http://www.ledevoir.com/environnement/nature/246152/victoire-dans-la-saga-des-tourbieres-du-small-et-du-large-tea-field| archivedate= 18 March 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name=thibaudeau>{{cite news |last=Thibaudeau |first=Carole |title=La passion de l'environnement mérite un prix au biologiste André Bouchard |date=May 18, 1990 |newspaper=La Presse |page=C12}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cef-cfr.ca/index.php?n=Membres.AndreBouchard Published works]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pierre Bourque (politician)|Pierre Bourque]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director of the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]] |creation=(interim) |years=April 1994 – January(?) 1995}}
{{s-aft|after=Lise Cormier}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bouchard, Andre}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Université de Montréal faculty]]
[[Category:Université de Montréal alumni]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian ecologists]]
[[Category:Canadian environmentalists]]
[[Category:People from Montérégie]]
[[Category:People from Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce]]

Heritage Front

2018-10-04T03:57:15Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

[[Image:heritagefrontlogo.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The Heritage Front used the "Life Rune" as their logo]]

The '''Heritage Front''' was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[neo-Nazi]]<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0319-0714| pages = A.3
| last = Makin| first = Kirk| title = Racists, crusader stuck in a hate-hate relationship| work = The Globe and Mail| date = 2008-09-20| quote=Mr. Warman traces his activism to a human-rights tribunal he happened to attend in 1991 that targeted the neo-Nazi Heritage Front.}}</ref> [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] organization founded in 1989 and disbanded around 2005.<ref name=npb>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=391873 |title=Scrutinizing the human rights machine |publisher=National Post |author=Joseph Brean |date=March 22, 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080324231719/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=391873 |archivedate=March 24, 2008 |df= }}</ref>

The Heritage Front maintained a telephone message line with a different editorial each day. The voice on the hotline was [[Gary Schipper]]. The line resulted in complaints to the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]] and hearings into allegations that the group violated Canada's [[hate crime]] laws.<ref>[http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/1994/1994fca0313.html Canada ( Human Rights Commission ) v. Heritage Front ( T.D. ), [1994] 1 F.C. 203; 8 Oct 1993 Docket: T-1539-92]</ref> The group organized a series of [[white power rock]] concerts in [[Toronto]] and elsewhere. Immediately after one of these concerts, a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] man, Sivarajah Vinasithamby, 41, returning home from work was beaten and partially paralyzed by several [[white power skinhead]]s who had just left the concert.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==History==
The Heritage Front was founded in 1989 by former [[Nationalist Party of Canada]] members [[Wolfgang Droege]], [[Gerry Lincoln]], [[Grant Bristow]] and [[James Scott Dawson]]. They were joined by [[Al Overfield]] and other former members of the Nationalist Party who had become disenchanted with [[Don Andrews]]'s leadership and felt that a new organization and tactics were necessary. The idea for the new group was developed in early September 1989 when a delegation of 18 Canadian [[far right]] activists were visiting [[Libya]] at the invitation of [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], who was celebrating the twentieth anniversary of his regime. The Heritage Front formed an alliance with the [[Creativity Movement|Church of the Creator]] and its Canadian leader [[George Burdi]]. Other prominent figures in the Canadian far right, such as [[Paul Fromm (politician)|Paul Fromm]] and [[Ernst Zündel]], worked with the Heritage Front but did not join the organization. {{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In 1992, the Heritage Front illegally brought prominent American [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] [[Tom Metzger (white supremacist)|Tom Metzger]] and his son John Metzger to Canada to speak, and provided security at a speech by [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]] [[David Irving]]. Droege retired in 1995, following legal troubles, and handed leadership over to [[Marc Lemire]]. Under Lemire's leadership, the membership of the group declined rapidly, and by 2005 it existed in name only. Now it is defunct.<ref name=npb/>

The activities of the Heritage Front led to the formation of an [[Anti-Racist Action]] (ARA) branch in Toronto, which engaged in a series of demonstrations and confrontations with the Heritage Front, culminating in 1993 with a riot on [[Parliament Hill]] between members of ARA and the Heritage Front after a concert by [[George Burdi]]'s rock band [[RaHoWa (band)|RaHoWa]]. Four Heritage Front members, including Burdi, were arrested and charged with assault. Burdi was sentenced to a year in prison for aggravated assault, and later dropped out of the movement and renounced racism. A month after the clash in Ottawa, ARA held a militant demonstration outside the Toronto home of Gary Schipper, which resulted in thousands of dollars of damage to the property. Droege and other members of the Heritage Front responded that evening by attacking members of ARA outside of [[Sneaky Dee's]] - a known ARA hangout - resulting in Droege and other Heritage Front members being charged with assault. In 1995, Droege was convicted of the assault and sentenced to five months in prison. He also spent time in jail for [[contempt of court]] and other violations relating to the Canadian Human Rights Commission tribunal.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

[[Grant Bristow]], a [[mole (intelligence)|mole]] for the [[Canadian Security Intelligence Service]] (CSIS), infiltrated the group and became one of its leaders. According to the CSIS and Bristow, their aim was to gather intelligence on the far right and to suppress its violent activity. Bristow's role in the group was made public in 1994 by the ''[[Toronto Sun]]'', and became the subject of an inquiry by the [[Security Intelligence Review Committee]], which published a report on the matter in that same year.<ref name="The Heritage Front Affair Report">{{cite news | url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/ | title=The Heritage Front Affair Report to the Solicitor General of Canada Security Intelligence Review Committee | publisher= [[Solicitor General of Canada]] (hosted by [[The Nizkor Project]])|date=December 9, 1994 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fascism in Canada]]
*[[List of white nationalist organizations]]
* [[Neo-Nazism in Canada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Archival holdings===
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/227/*/http://www.heritagefront.com/ Heritage Front - Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups] - Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries

==External links==
*[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/canadian/sirc/heritage-front/ The Heritage Front Affair] -From The Nizkor Project
{{Hate in Canada}}
{{Skinhead}}
{{Neo-Nazism}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Neo-Nazi organizations]]
[[Category:Canadian far-right political movements]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1989]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in Canada]]
[[Category:White supremacy in Canada]]

Mio Sugita

2018-07-29T04:47:56Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Userspace draft|source=ArticleWizard|date=July 2018}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mio Sugita

| native_name = 杉田水脈
| image = File:Miosugita.jpg
| office = Member of the House of Representatives
| constituency = Hyogo 6th District
| incumbent = October 23, 2017
}}

'''Mio Sugita''' ('''杉田水脈''' ''Sugita Mio'', born April 22, 1967) is a Japanese politician. Sugita is a member of the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] of Japan and incumbent member of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] for Hyogo 6th District<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jimin.jp/member/member_list/legislator/135984.html|title=杉田水脈 {{!}} 国会議員 {{!}} 議員情報 {{!}} 議員・役員情報 {{!}} 自由民主党|website=www.jimin.jp|language=ja|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>.

== Early life and education ==
Sugita graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture, [[Tottori University]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jiji.com/jc/giin?d=1a5afa5e7a84cefc066201b3ffa2adbd&c=syu&rel=ja|title=国会議員情報：杉田水脈（すぎたみお）：時事ドットコム|work=時事ドットコム|access-date=2018-07-26|language=ja-JP}}</ref>

She worked as a local government employee and member of the [[Japan Restoration Party]] and the [[Party for Japanese Kokoro|Next Generation Party]] before becoming a member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.apa-appletown.com/essay/44|title=Japan Should Aim to Create an Independent Constitution, Not Reform the Present One {{!}} Apple Town|website=en.apa-appletown.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

== Political Career ==

=== Nurseries ===
In July 2016, Sugita wrote an article in the [[Sankei Shimbun]] opposing increases in the number of nurseries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sankei.com/premium/print/160702/prm1607020006-c.html|title=【杉田水脈のなでしこリポート（８）】「保育園落ちた、日本死ね」論争は前提が間違っています　日本を貶めたい勢力の真の狙いとは…|last=INC.|first=SANKEI DIGITAL|work=産経ニュース|access-date=2018-07-26|language=ja-JP}}</ref>

=== Comfort women ===
In 2013 Sugita joined fellow Japan Restoration Party members [[Yuzuru Nishida]] and [[Hiromu Nakamaru]] at the [[Study Group for Japan's Rebirth]] based in Los Angeles to request removal of a [[Peace Monument of Glendale|statue]] in [[Glendale, California|Glendale]], Los Angeles County, California. The statue commemorates as many as 200,000 "[[comfort women]]" from Korea and other countries "forced into sex slavery by Japanese soldiers during World War II"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/tn-gnp-me-comfort-women-20160804-story.html|title=Court rules in favor of memorial to comfort women|last=Mikailian|first=Arin|website=latimes.com|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>. Statue opponents, including Sugita, said, "the women acted willingly" and that the numbers of them reported are inflated<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/19/local/la-me-ln-comfort-women-20131219|title=Japanese politicians want Glendale's 'comfort women' statue removed|last=Levine|first=Brittany|date=2013-12-19|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/04/25/national/media-national/u-s-towns-pulled-japanese-politics/|title=U.S. towns pulled into Japanese politics|last=Schreiber|first=Mark|date=2015-04-25|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>. The three politicians also stated that they wanted the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs to rescind an apology made in the 1990s to comfort women<ref name=":2" />.

=== Shiori Ito rape case ===
Sugita appeared in a 2018 BBC documentary "Japan's Secret Shame"<ref>{{Citation|title=Japan's Secret Shame|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0b8cfcj/japans-secret-shame|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> which detailed the alleged rape of {{ill|Shiori Ito|jp|伊藤詩織}}. In the interview, Sugita was quoted as saying, "With this case, there were clear errors on her part as a woman; drinking that much in front of a man and losing her memory."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5874435/BBC-Two-documentary-follows-Shiori-Itos-rape-allegation-against-Noriyuki-Yamaguchi.html|title=Woman received death threats after accusing Japanese celebrity of rape|work=Mail Online|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> She continued, "With things like this I think men are the ones who suffer significant damage.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/woman-s-fight-highlights-rape-taboo-in-japan-1.3559299|title=Woman’s fight highlights rape taboo in Japan|work=The Irish Times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

Sugita appeared to deride Ito, "''Makura eigyo daishippai''" (Pillow salesmanship: total fail)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180707/p2a/00m/0na/013000c|title=LDP lawmaker draws fire over comment on alleged rape victim in BBC documentary|date=2018-07-07|work=Mainichi Daily News|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref>.

When approached for comment about the documentary by the ''Mainichi Shimbun'', Sugita stated the video had been edited in a way that misrepresented her intentions and she was considering releasing her own footage of the interview.<ref name=":0" />

Sugita was criticized by Lully Miura, an instructor at the Policy Alternatives Research Institute at the University of Tokyo who wrote, "Behavior as if questioning the actions of the victim instead of the perpetrator will spread the misunderstanding that it cannot be helped if something happens to a woman when she gets drunk in front of a man. There seems to be a sense of dislike against women strongly speaking up to men that is embedded in Sugita's attitude."<ref name=":0" />

=== LGBT issues ===
In July 2018, Sugita wrote a magazine article that described [[LGBT|LGBT+]] couples as “unproductive and thus not worth taxpayer investment."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/saoriibuki/lgbt-sugita-mio?utm_term=.yrzMn8nNX#.jxm3AwAby|title=「LGBTは生産性がない」自民・杉田水脈議員の寄稿文に、当事者団体が抗議|work=BuzzFeed|access-date=2018-07-26|language=ja}}</ref> She argued that “these men and women don’t bear children – in other words, they are ‘unproductive.’”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/japanese-politician-lgbt-unproductive-support-mio-sugita-liberal-democratic-party-a8463431.html|title=Japanese politician under fire for claiming LGBT couples are 'unproductive'|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Her controversial comments were denounced by various prominent Japanese politicians including Former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama and former parliamentary secretary Shunsuke Takei.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/world/2018/07/25/Japanese-politician-criticism-LGBT-community.html|title=Japanese politician under fire for calling LGBT community 'unproductive'|work=cnn|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref>

In response to these comments, on July 27, 2018, thousands of protesters gathered outside the headquarters of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan to demand her resignation from the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/27/national/social-issues/thousands-rally-protest-ldp-lawmaker-mio-sugitas-remark-calling-lgbt-people-unproductive/|title=Thousands rally to protest LDP lawmaker Mio Sugita’s remark calling LGBT people ‘unproductive’|last=Osaki|first=Tomohiro|date=2018-07-27|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2018-07-27|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://sugitamio.net/ Mio Sugita Official Website]

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)]]
[[Category:Female members of the Diet of Japan|Representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyōgo Prefecture]]
[[Category:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jackie Arklöv

2018-07-29T04:07:12Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Infobox criminal
|name = Jackie Arklöv
|image_size = 200px
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|6|6|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Liberia]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = [[Mercenary]], [[criminal]]
|conviction_status = Imprisoned at Anstalten Storboda
| fatalities = 2
|image_name = Jackie Arklöv.jpg
|image_caption = Jackie Arklöv mug-shot
|charge = 1993 [[Crimes against humanity]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] 1999 murder of two police officers in Sweden
|conviction_penalty = Life imprisonment
}}

'''Jackie Banny Arklöv''' (born 6 June 1973)<ref>{{cite web|author=Jackie Banny ArklЖv |url=http://www.ratsit.se/BC/ReportSmall.aspx?ID=WroizDX9e_DrJLvlRtqi2y-KWeek109Z38ZLEO4hyro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531140936/http://www.ratsit.se/BC/ReportSmall.aspx?ID=WroizDX9e_DrJLvlRtqi2y-KWeek109Z38ZLEO4hyro |dead-url=yes |archive-date=31 May 2009 |title=Ratsit - gratis upplysning på företag och privatpersoner |publisher=Ratsit.se |accessdate=6 October 2012 |df= }}</ref> is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] convicted criminal. Arklöv is an ex-[[neo-Nazi]] and [[Yugoslav Wars]] [[mercenary]] and war criminal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.amnesty.se/icc.nsf/ffc3926fc473d909c12570b90033f05f/7225d6ef3d85f9acc12572bc0051cd1c?OpenDocument|title=Domen mot Jackie Arklöv|website=www2.amnesty.se}}</ref><ref name="SvD">{{cite news|date=4 November 2006 |url=http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/inrikes/did_13996305.asp |title=Jackie Arklöv mötte polisstudenter |trans-title=Jackie Arklöv met police students |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |accessdate=24 September 2007 |language=Swedish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526085157/http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/inrikes/did_13996305.asp |archivedate=26 May 2007 }}</ref> who, with two other neo-Nazis, murdered two police officers during a car chase in 1999.<ref name="sverigesradio.se">{{cite web|url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=1453171|title=Utställning med Arklövs tavlor öppnar i Storuman|date=29 June 2007|publisher=|via=sverigesradio.se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/jackie-arklov-soker-tidsbestamt-straff/|title=Jackie Arklöv vill få tidsbestämt straff|publisher=}}</ref>

==Early life==
Arklöv was born in [[Liberia]]; his mother was black and his father was a white German. He also briefly had an American stepfather, who later rejected Arklöv's attempts to contact him. At the age of three he was adopted by a couple from [[Sweden]] and grew up in the [[Lapland (Sweden)|Lapland]] village of [[Ankarsund]]. Arklöv was reportedly the only adopted child in the town and he has said that he had a hard time fitting in when growing up, and being both bullied but also bullying others.<ref name="op.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.op.se/kultur/jackie-arklov-jag-ville-vara-som-alla-andra-svenskar|title=Jackie Arklöv: ”Jag ville vara som alla andra svenskar”|date=20 October 2010|publisher=}}</ref> Arklöv told the police that he received [[corporal punishment]], which was illegal in Sweden from 1979, from his adoptive parents from grade 1 to 8<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.op.se/artikel/kultur/jackie-arklov-jag-ville-vara-som-alla-andra-svenskar|title=Jackie Arklöv:
”Jag ville vara som alla andra svenskar”|date=2010-10-20|work=op.se|access-date=2018-07-25|language=sv}}</ref>.

Arklöv apparently had an [[identity crisis]] as a young boy and tried scrubbing his skin to make it white. As a child he also tried "colouring" his skin white at school by using flour.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/28/theobserver1|title=Nazi 'terror' trial shocks Sweden|date=28 November 1999|website=the Guardian}}</ref>
In his teens he developed a strong interest in [[Nazism]] and [[World War II]]. He has later said that he became a nazi, among several reasons, because he "was lonely and full of hate" and "identified with those who were the losers" in the war, as he "felt as one" himself.

==Bosnia and Herzegovina==
{{See also|Croat-Bosniak War}}
Arklöv participated voluntarily in the war in [[Yugoslavia]] in the 1990s from the age of 19 as a mercenary on the [[Croatia]]n side. Arklöv was a convinced [[neo-Nazi]] at that time and he wanted to "experience war". As he read history he studied the fascist [[Ustasha]] and became fascinated by their reputation for extreme violence. At first he travelled from Sweden to join the [[French foreign legion]] but he heard that they weren't participating in any wars, so he continued until he reached Yugoslavia where he joined a Croatian neo-[[Ustasha]] unit "for special purposes" called [[Ludvig Pavlovic]]. He kept a war diary which has yet to be released to the public, but in which he wrote down his experiences. He participated in heavy and violent battles and committed crimes against civilians in villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svd.se/arklovs-offer-brot-ihop|title=Arklövs offer bröt ihop - SvD|first=Bosse|last=Brink|publisher=}}</ref> The unit sometimes dressed in ski-masks when they were going on "special missions" as they called it, which would often include breaking international law against human rights.

Not much is known about the group but Swedish journalist [[Magnus Sandelin]] wrote a book about Arklöv called ''The Black Nazi'' (''Den Svarte Nazisten'') detailing his childhood and his time in the war. Sandelin is one of few reporters who has been able to study some material from the war diary and wrote that Arklöv had written that he participated in "cleaning up" towns, by throwing grenades into houses and then shooting those inside. He often listened to extreme metal while in combat zones or on these so-called missions. He had also scribbled pages full of swastikas and written a short dictionary containing insults that he could say to his victims.<ref>[http://www.dn.se/dnbok/bokrecensioner/magnus-sandelin-den-svarte-nazisten-en-dokumentar-om-jackie-arklof/ ]{{dead link|date=July 2018}}</ref><ref name="op.se"/> He once sent a package home to his family during Christmas which contained the cap or hat of a killed soldier. Arklöv's mother said she felt disgusted when she opened it.<ref name="dn.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/en-tortyrturist-och-hans-offer/|title=En tortyrturist och hans offer - DN.SE|date=8 March 2004|publisher=}}</ref>

Arklöv once went back home to Sweden for a short break, and has admitted to experienced [[psychosis]]-like hallucinations from the war then. It is documented that he once saw a black dog in his room at home while fully awake, and his family and friends which he slept at has stated that they heard that Arklöv had night terrors, but he still went back to Yugoslavia and to his group and continued his life as a mercenary until the fighting ended.<ref name="expressen.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/kultur/magnus-sandelin-den-svarte-nazisten/|title=Magnus Sandelin: Den svarte nazisten - Kultur - Expressen|publisher=}}</ref>

Arklöv was arrested a short time after the fighting ceased, while walking over the Bosniak border while drunk<ref name="theguardian.com"/> and was accused of war crimes, including torturing pregnant [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] prisoners in [[concentration camps]] in [[Gabela camp]], [[Dretelj camp]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/han-kan-satta-dit-arklov-for-mord/|title=Han kan sätta dit Arklöv för mord - Nyheter - Expressen|publisher=}}</ref> and [[Grabovina]]. The crimes were severe and he had, among other things, forced a woman to say "[[Allahu akbar]]" before shoving his rifle into her mouth, whipped prisoners with a Waffen-SS belt, abused and tortured pregnant girls, as well as having beaten young men and broken their arms and legs.<ref name="dn.se"/> Prisoners in the camps called Arklöv "the Black Devil" because of his black fascist uniform and skin-colour. When civilians were forced under torture to humiliate themselves by Arklöv but didn't obey him, other guards would step in and tell the victims to "do as he says, or he'll kill you, he is totally insane" and laugh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=1072683|title=Slutpläderingar i Arklöv-målet|date=4 December 2006|publisher=|via=sverigesradio.se}}</ref> Arklöv was seen talking to camp commander [[Bosko Previsic]] (known as "Boko") before and after tortures. Some inmates were forced to hold their fingers apart or stick their tongues out while on the ground in a shed and then get hit with metal objects so hard that the skin between their fingers and their tongues would split.<ref>http://www2.amnesty.se/icc.nsf/ffc3926fc473d909c12570b90033f05f/7225d6ef3d85f9acc12572bc0051cd1c/$FILE/Stockholms%20tingsrätt%20dom%20den%2018%20december%202006%20Jackie%20Arklöv.pdf</ref> Arklöv wrote in his diary that joining the Croatian militia was a fulfillment to his "fascist dream" and that killing Muslims was "almost as good as an orgasm". <ref name="theguardian.com"/>

After the war he was sentenced to thirteen years in prison by a Bosnian court.<ref name="expressen.se"/> The court later changed the sentence to eight years, taking his youth into consideration. He spent one year in a Bosnian prison, but returned to Sweden after an exchange of prisoners organized by the [[Swedish Red Cross]]. In Sweden he was taken into custody, but after a while he was acquitted for lack of evidence.<ref name="dn.se"/>

==Malexander murders==
{{main article|Malexander murders}}
While in custody Arklöv received several letters from another neo-Nazi, [[Tony Olsson (criminal)|Tony Olsson]], who was starting a new neo-Nazi organisation and, impressed by Arklöv's war experience, wanted him to join. Arklöv wrote back, and the two became friends. After being released, Arklöv and Olsson met with the other members of the newly started NRA (''Nationalistiska Republikanska Armén'', "the Nationalistic Republican Army"), among them [[Andreas Axelsson (criminal)|Andreas Axelsson]] and Mats Nilsson.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/86715?programid=2519|title=Polismorden i Malexander - P3 Dokumentär|first=Sveriges|last=Radio|website=sverigesradio.se}}</ref>

This arrangement resulted in a robbery tour of the Swedish province of [[Östergötland]] in 1999, which ended on 28 May in [[Kisa (town)|Kisa]] where Arklöv, Axelsson and Olsson robbed [[Östgöta Enskilda Bank]]. Olsson waited outside the bank armed with an [[Uzi]] submachine gun while Arklöv and Axelsson went inside the bank, kicked open a door to the offices and cashregisters and threatened the employees to open the vaults. As the vault was time-locked, the robbers were forced to wait 12 minutes before leaving the bank with a large sum of cash. They got away with over two million [[Swedish krona|SEK]], but during their escape a lone policeman, Kennet Eklund, followed them in his car. The robbers spotted him and opened fire, two hand grenades were thrown in his direction and against his car. Both hand grenades exploded but Eklund got away without any injuries while the robbers continued their escape. About 10 minutes later two policemen, Olle Borén and Robert Karlström, spotted the robbers' vehicle and drove after them in their own police car. Gunfire occurred as both cars had stopped, and the two policemen were gunned down and executed with their own guns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/malexanderdom/|title=Malexander - Polismord: Tingsrättens dom i fulltext|website=www.geocities.ws}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/0001/18/dom.html|title=Aftonbladet nyheter: Polismorden i Malexander: Domen|website=wwwc.aftonbladet.se}}</ref>

Arklöv and Olsson fled, but Axelsson had been hit by a bullet and was taken to the hospital by a car flagged down by Arklöv. On 31 May 1999 Arklöv was shot by police in [[Tyresö]], arrested and taken into custody.<ref name="auto"/>

==Trial==
During the trial, Arklöv claimed to be completely innocent. He said he had been in [[Stockholm]] the entire time and did not take part in any of the robberies or the murders.<ref name="auto"/> But the evidence against him was strong. The police had found his fingerprints on a gun used during the crime, and his [[DNA]] on a mask and in the car.<ref name="auto"/> After that he confessed to the robbery in Kisa, but still denied having killed the policemen.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.svd.se/bakgrund-polismorden-i-malexander|title=Bakgrund: Polismorden i Malexander - SvD|first=|last=TT|publisher=}}</ref> The court couldn't prove who of the three robbers had fired the fatal shots, so they sentenced all three to life imprisonment for murder, since it was clear that all three had participated and had shot at the two policemen.<ref name="auto1"/> The sentence was appealed to the [[Court of Appeal]], and Arklöv kept denying he had anything to do with the murders. The Court of Appeal gave the same sentence; life imprisonment for all three.<ref name="aftonbladet.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article10218022.ab|title=Jackie Arklöv erkänner polismorden|publisher=}}</ref> Arklöv later confessed to killing the policemen and to several war crimes in Bosnia.<ref name="aftonbladet.se"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/dokument/polismordarna-vantar-pa-ett-liv-i-frihet/|title=Polismördarna väntar på ett liv i frihet - Inloggad - Expressen|publisher=}}</ref>

==Crimes against humanity charges==
In March 2004, the ''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'' journalist [[Maciej Zaremba]] published an article strongly criticizing the closure of the case about Arklöv's war crimes when he was returned to Sweden from Bosnia, and he also managed to find several witnesses and victims of Arklöv from when he guarded prisoners in Croatian concentration camps. Later that year the prosecutor decided to re-open the investigation, and in June 2006 it was clear that Arklöv would be prosecuted. His trial opened on 10 November 2006 and the judges made their ruling on 18 December 2006. The court ruled that Arklöv was guilty of wrongful imprisonment, torture and assault of 11 Bosnian Muslim prisoners of war and civilians, ethnic cleansing, looting, and arbitrary detention of people; crimes protected by international law.<ref name="setimes">{{cite web|date=19 December 2006 |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2006/12/19/nb-05 |title=Swedish court convicts defendant of war crimes in Balkans |publisher=setimes.com |accessdate=24 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017041045/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2006/12/19/nb-05 |archivedate=17 October 2007 }}</ref> He was ordered to pay between {{SEK|70,000}} and {{SEK|425,000}} (€7,700–€47,000; US$10,100–US$62,000) to 11 victims.

==In prison==
On 8 June 2001 Arklöv confessed that he killed the two policemen in [[Malexander]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Tweet P O Lindström/TT|url=http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/bakgrund-polismorden-i-malexander_156474.svd|title=Bakgrund: Polismorden i Malexander |trans-title=Background: The police murders in Malexander |language=sv|newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |date=2 November 2007|accessdate=6 October 2012 |subscription=yes}}</ref> Olsson and Axelsson moved a petition for a new trial to the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]], but that court regarded the life sentence as written in such a way that Arklöv's confession would not change anything. The petition was rejected. At the same time Arklöv said he had abandoned his Nazi beliefs and had contacted the [[Exit (group)|Exit]] group for support. Arklöv is serving his life sentence at the [[Kumla Prison|Kumla High Security Prison]]. He is an [[artist]], and had seven paintings put out on an exhibition for prison art at [[Långholmen]] in Stockholm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article10369637.ab|title=Livstidsdömde Arklöv ställer ut|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article11118676.ab|title=Polismördaren Arklöv ställer ut krigsmålning|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="sverigesradio.se"/> His paintings often depicts historical battle scenes, nature landscapes, surrealism, charicatures and war memories.

In October 2010, Arklöv requested a time-limited imprisonment, but this was denied.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/article12571826.ab|title=Jackie Arklöv kan vara fri om två år |trans-title=Jackie Arklöv can be free in two years |newspaper=[[Aftonbladet]] |first=Josefine |last=Hökerberg |agency=[[Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå|TT]] |date=11 October 2010|accessdate=6 October 2012 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/tony-olsson-vill-fa-tidsbestamt-straff|title=Tony Olsson vill få tidsbestämt straff|newspaper=[[Expressen]] |first1=Rebecka |last1=Martikainen |first2=Britta |last2=Svensson |date=30 May 2011|accessdate=6 October 2012 |language=sv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=4241305|title=Arklöv får inte tidsbestämt straff|publisher=[[Sveriges Radio]] |work=[[Dagens Eko]] |agency=[[Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå|TT]]|date=15 December 2010|accessdate=6 October 2012 |language=sv}}</ref>

In May 2016 Arklöv was moved to the prison in Storboda because he had an inappropriate relationship with one of the guards at the last prison. [http://www.vetlandaposten.se/article/jackie-arklov-forflyttas-efter-relation/]

In October 2016 Arklöv was assaulted by his fellow inmates in Storboda prison. [http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/krim/article23661448.ab]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}

{{Swedish nationalism and fascism}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arklov, Jackie}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish adoptees]]
[[Category:Swedish neo-Nazis]]
[[Category:Swedish mercenaries]]
[[Category:Croatian Defence Council soldiers]]
[[Category:Swedish bank robbers]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Sweden]]
[[Category:Swedish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:People convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Swedish people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Liberian descent]]

Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games

2018-07-29T04:04:24Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vivendi Games
| logo = Vivendi logo.png
| former_name = {{Unbulleted list|CUC Software {{small|(1996–1997)}}|Cendant Software {{small|(1997–1998)}}|Havas Interactive {{small|(1998–2001)}}|Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing {{small|(2001)}}|Vivendi Universal Games {{small|(2001–2006)}}|Vivendi Games {{small|(2006–2008)}}}}
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| industry = [[Video game industry]]
| fate = Merged into [[Activision Blizzard]]
| successor = Activision Blizzard
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1996|02|21}}
| founder = 
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2008|07|10}}
| hq_location_city = [[Torrance, California|Torrance]], [[California]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| area_served = North America, Europe
| key_people = Bruce Hack {{small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| parent = {{Unbulleted list|[[CUC International]] {{small|(1996–1997)}}|[[Cendant]] {{small|(1997–1998)}}|[[Vivendi Universal Publishing]] {{small|(1998–2003)}}|[[Vivendi]] {{small|(2003–2008)}}}}
}}

'''Vivendi Games''' (formerly '''CUC Software''', '''Cendant Software''', '''Havas Interactive''', '''Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing''' and '''Vivendi Universal Games''') was an American [[video game publisher]] and [[holding company]] based in [[Torrance, California]]. The company was founded in February 1996 as CUC Software, the publishing subsidiary of [[CUC International]], after the latter acquired [[Davidson & Associates]] and [[Sierra On-Line]]. Between 1997 and 2001, the company switched [[Parent company|parents]] and names multiple times before ending up organized under [[Vivendi Universal]] (later renamed Vivendi). In July 2008, Vivendi Games merged with [[Activision]] to create [[Activision Blizzard]].

== History ==
On February 21, 1996, [[CUC International]] executed a {{US$|1.8 billion|link=yes}} [[stock swap]] to acquire [[Davidson & Associates]] (including [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) and [[Sierra On-Line]], two American video game companies.<ref name="Acquire">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/21/business/cuc-will-buy-2-software-companies-for-1.8-billion.html |title=CUC Will Buy 2 Software Companies for $1.8 Billion |first=Peter H. |last=Lewis |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> CUC International previously only operated membership shopping clubs, wherefore analysts were supprised by the company's move into the [[software industry]].<ref name="Acquire" /> Subsequently following the acquisitions, CUC International established CUC Software around the [[Torrance, California]]-based operations of Davidson & Associates to oversee the new video game properties.<ref name="Davidson">{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-02-10/business/fi-27220_1_cuc-software |title=Davidson Founders Make Quiet Exit |first=KAREN |last=KAPLAN |date=February 10, 1997 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref> Under that new umbrella, both Davidson & Associates and Sierra On-Line would act independently from CUC International.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-02-21/business/fi-38256_1_bob-davidson |title=Marketer CUC to Buy Davidson & Associates |first=LESLIE |last=HELM |date=February 21, 1996 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref> Bod Davidson, co-fonder of Davidson & Associates, became [[chairman]] and [[chief executive]] of the new establishment.<ref name="Knowledge">{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-11-06/business/fi-61744_1_knowledge-adventure |title=CUC Will Buy Knowledge Adventure |first=KAREN |last=KAPLAN |date=November 6, 1996 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref> On November 5 that year, CUC International announced that they would additionally acquire [[Knowledge Adventure]], another developer, in a stock deal valued between {{US$|50 million|long=no}} and {{US$|100 million}}.<ref name="Knowledge" /> The acquisition was completed on February 3, 1998.<ref name="Davidson" /> On February 10, Davidson announced that he had stepped down from his positions at CUC Software, while his wife, Jan, ceased being [[President (corporate title)|president]] of Davidson & Associates, while both Davidsons stayed on CUC International's [[board of directors]].<ref name="Davidson" /> Christopher McLeod, an [[executive vice-president]] for CUC International, took over CUC Software in Bob Davidson's place.<ref name="Davidson" /> In April 1997, CUC International acquired [[Berkeley Systems]] for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1997/04/cuc-buys-content-maker-berkeley-systems/ |title=CUC Buys Content Maker Berkeley Systems |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref>

On May 28, 1997, CUC International announced plans to merge with [[Hospitality Franchise Systems]] to create a single, "one-stop" entity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/28/business/11-billion-merger-plan-would-join-hfs-and-cuc.html |title=$11 Billion Merger Plan Would Join HFS and CUC |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-05-28/business/fi-63045_1_one-stop-shopping |title=CUC-HFS Merger Deal to Create Strong One-Stop-Shopping Entity |first=From Associated |last=Press |date=May 28, 1997 |publisher= |accessdate=July 20, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref> The merger was finalized in December that year and created [[Cendant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/cuc-gets-renamed/1100-2462150/ |title=CUC Gets Renamed |first=Harley |last=Jebens |date=April 28, 2000 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> As a result of the merger, CUC Software was renamed Cendant Software.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/GDM_March_1998#page/n3 |title=CUC Now Cendant |magazine=[[Game Developer (magazine)|Game Developer]] |publisher=[[UBM TechWeb]] |date=March 1998 |page=13}}</ref> On November 20, 1998, French media company [[Havas]] acquired Cendant Software for {{US$|800 million|long=no}} in cash and up to {{US$|200 million|long=no}} contingent on the performance of Cendant Software.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/20/business/cendant-said-to-near-sale-of-software-division.html |title=Cendant Said to Near Sale of Software Division |first=Saul |last=Hansell |date= |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1998/11/cendant-sells-software-unit/ |title=Cendant Sells Software Unit |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> Subsequently, the division was renamed Havas Interactive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2000/12/vivendi/ |title=Vivendi's High Wireless Act |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> On May 16, 2001, Havas Interactive was renamed Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing, while its direct parent, Havas, became Vivendi Universal Publishing.<ref name="Vivendi">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/91497/Havas_Interactive_Changes_Name_To_Vivendi.php |title=Havas Interactive Changes Name To Vivendi |author= |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> Under the new name, the company was split into to parts: Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing North America and Vivendi Universal Interactive Publishing International, both of which took responsibility for their respective publishing regions.<ref name="Vivendi" /> On November 13 that year, both parts were streamlined under the name Vivendi Universal Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2001/digital/news/viv-u-streamlines-games-1117855872/ |title=Viv U streamlines games |first=Marc |last=Graser |date=November 15, 2001 |website=variety.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> When Vivendi sold all of its media operations to [[General Electric]] in October 2003, Vivendi Universal held on to Vivendi Universal Games, which was re-organized as a direct division of the conglomerate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/general-electric-buys-vivendi-media-empire |title=General Electric buys Vivendi media empire |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref> On March 3, 2006, Vivendi Universal renamed itself Vivendi, and Vivendi Universal Games was parallely renamed Vivendi Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-to-shorten-company-name |title=Vivendi Universal to shorten company name |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> The same day, the company opened a [[mobile game]]s division known as Vivendi Games Mobile.<ref name="Mobile">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/99344/Vivendi_Starts_Mobile_Phone_Gaming_Division.php |title=Gamasutra - The Art & Business of Making Games |first=Nich |last=Maragos |date= |website=www.gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>

In December 2007, American publisher [[Activision]] announced a proposed merger deal with Vivendi Games that would create a new [[holding company]] named [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/02/vivendi-computer-guitar-tech-media-cx_rr_1202activision.html |title=Vivendi To Merge With Activision |first=Rachel |last=Rosmarin |date= |website=forbes.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Merger">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/5023049/activision-blizzard-merger-official |title=Activision Blizzard Merger Official |first=Leigh |last=Alexander |date= |website=kotaku.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> The deal was approved by Activision's [[shareholder]]s on July 8, 2008,<ref name="Merger" /> and the merger was finalized on July 10, creating Activision Blizzard while dissolving Vivendi Games.<ref name="Finalized">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/5023808/activision-blizzard-merger-finalized |title=Activision Blizzard Merger Finalized |first=Leigh |last=Alexander |date= |website=kotaku.com |accessdate=July 20, 2018}}</ref> Bruce Hack, who served as [[chief executive officer]] of Vivendi Games, became [[vice-chairman]] and chief corporate officer of the new company.<ref name="Finalized" />

== Subsidiaries ==

=== Publishing ===
* [[Coktel Vision]]; acquired by Sierra On-Line in May 1994,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/04/05/1994/LesEchos/16638-099-ECH_l-americain-sierra-on-line-absorbe-coktel-vision.htm |title=L'américain Sierra-On-Line absorbe Coktel Vision - Les Echos |author= |date= |website=www.lesechos.fr |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref> sold to [[Mindscape]] in October 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamekult.com/actualite/vu-games-cede-coktel-a-mindscape-44419.html |title=VU Games cède Coktel à Mindscape |author= |date=October 21, 2005 |website=gamekult.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Sierra Entertainment]]; acquired in February 1996.<ref name="Acquire" />
** Sierra Online
*** Sierra Online Seattle; acquired in September 2006.<ref name="Online">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/102004/Vivendi_Acquires_Secret_Lair_Studio_Chin.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Secret Lair, Studio Ch'in |first=Brandon |last=Boyer |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
*** Sierra Online Shanghai; acquired in September 2006.<ref name="Online" />
* Vivendi Games Mobile; established in March 2006.<ref name="Mobile" />
** Centerscore; acquired in September 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-acquires-centerscore |title=Vivendi acquires Centerscore |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/101792/Vivendi_Acquires_Centerscore_Expands_Mobile_Portfolio.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Centerscore, Expands Mobile Portfolio |first=Jason |last=Dobson |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Universal Interactive]], absorbed through the Vivendi–Universal merger in June 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2018/06/26/buy-low-sell-high-vivendis-history-in-video-games |title=Buy Low, Sell High: Vivendi's History in Video Games |author= |date= |website=Kotaku UK |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/jun/19/media1 |title=Vivendi seals merger |first=David |last=Teather |date=June 19, 2000 |website=the Guardian |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref>
* NDA Productions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/13/europe-gets-hard-early |title=Europe Gets Hard Early |first=I. G. N. |last=Staff |date=November 13, 2002 |website=ign.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref>
* Black Label Games, established in August 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-creates-new-studio/1100-2877275/ |title=Vivendi creates new studio |first=Giancarlo |last=Varanini |date=August 13, 2002 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/08/13/vu-creates-black-label-games |title=VU Creates Black Label Games |first=I. G. N. |last=Staff |date=August 13, 2002 |website=ign.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Fox Interactive]]; acquired in March 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/11/business/fi-rup11.8 |title=Fox Sells Video Game Division to Vivendi |first=Alex |last=Pham |date=March 11, 2003 |publisher= |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref>

=== Development ===
* [[Blizzard Entertainment]]; acquired by Davidson & Associates in March 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-01/business/fi-28733_1_video-game-developer |title=Technology |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |date=March 1, 1994 |publisher= |accessdate=July 22, 2018 |via=LA Times}}</ref>
* [[Davidson & Associates]]; acquired in February 1996.<ref name="Acquire" />
* [[Knowledge Adventure]]; acquired in February 1997,<ref name="Davidson" /> sold to [[Azure Capital Partners]] and [[Telesoft Partners]] in October 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-sells-educational-games-division |title=Vivendi Universal sells educational games division |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Berkeley Systems]]; acquired in April 1997.<ref name="Berkeley" />
* [[Massive Entertainment]]; acquired in October 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bluesnews.com/a/449/vivendi-universal-publishing-announces-the-acquisition-of-massive-entertainment |title=Vivendi Universal Publishing announces the acquisition of Massive Entertainment - Blue's News |author= |date= |website=www.bluesnews.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-universal-acquires-massive-entertainment/1100-2882366/ |title=Vivendi Universal acquires Massive Entertainment |first=Sam |last=Parker |date=October 3, 2002 |website=gamespot.com |accessdate=July 22, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Radical Entertainment]]; acquired in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vu-games-acquires-simpsons-hit-run-developer-radical-entertainment |title=VU Games acquires Simpsons: Hit & Run developer Radical Entertainment |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/96131/Vivendi_Universal_Acquires_Simpsons_Hit__Run_Developer.php |title=Gamasutra - The Art & Business of Making Games |first=David |last=Jenkins |date= |website=www.gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Swordfish Studios]]; acquired in June 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-nets-swordfish-in-new-acquisition-deal |title=Vivendi nets Swordfish in new acquisition deal |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
* [[High Moon Studios]]; acquired in January 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/vivendi-universal-acquires-high-moon-studios |title=Vivendi Universal acquires High Moon Studios |author= |date= |website=gamesindustry.biz |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Wanako Games]]; acquired in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/02/vivendi-acquire/ |title=Vivendi Acquires Assault Heroes Developer |author= |date= |website=wired.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103778/Vivendi_Acquires_Wanako_Games.php |title=Vivendi Acquires Wanako Games |first=Brandon |last=Boyer |date= |website=gamasutra.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/02/20/vivendi-acquires-wanako-games/ |title=Vivendi acquires Wanako Games |author= |date= |website=engadget.com |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>

== Games ==
* [[List of Vivendi Games video games]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1996 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:Activision Blizzard]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area]]
[[Category:Defunct video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Former Vivendi subsidiaries|Games]]
[[Category:Holding companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area]]
[[Category:Video game companies based in California]]
[[Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Video game publishers]]

Stephan Loewentheil

2018-07-29T03:52:30Z

KolbertBot: Bot: HTTP→HTTPS (v485)

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:StephanLoewentheil©TimurYork.jpg|thumb|Stephan Loewentheil, New York, 2018. Photograph by Timur York]]'''Stephan Loewentheil''' is an [[antiquarian]] and a [[rare books|rare book]] and photograph collector. He is the founder and president of the [http://www.19thshop.com/ 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop], located in [[Brooklyn, New York]] and [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. Over a career spanning more than three decades, Loewentheil “has excelled … in unearthing obscure bibliographic details leading to the acquisition of under-appreciated rarities, seminal documents and early historic photographic images.”<ref name=McKinney>{{cite web|last1=McKinney|first1=Bruce E.|title=Stephan Loewentheil, founder of the 19th Century Shop: a 3-decade perspective and an exceptional catalog to Celebrate 30 Years in the Trade|url=http://www.rarebookhub.com/articles/1632?id=1632|website=Rare Book Hub|accessdate=August 30, 2017}}</ref> Loewentheil has been described as a "super-collector,"<ref name=FineBooks /> whose clients include celebrities, [[heads of state]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Stephan Loewentheil: Corazon de Tinta|url=http://www.tendenciasdelarte.com/stephan-loewentheil-corazon-tinta/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Tendencias del Mercado del Arte}}</ref> American [[Presidents]],<ref name=Foster2013 /> and some of the most prominent private collectors and institutional clients of [[rare books]] and photographs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zalman|first1=Jonathan|title=New York Businessman Leon Black Buys Bomberg Talmud for $9.3 Million|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/196121/new-york-businessman-leon-black-buy-bomberg-babylonian-talmud-for-9-3-million|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Tablet Magazine|date=December 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Brawarsky>{{cite news|last1=Brawarsky|first1=Sandee|title=Record Breaking Judaica Sale at Sotheby's|url=http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/record-breaking-judaica-sale-at-sothebys-2/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Jewish Week|date=December 30, 2015}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Born in [[Brooklyn]] in 1950, Stephan Loewentheil was raised in [[New Rochelle, New York]], where he attended [[New Rochelle High School]]. In 1968, he enrolled in [[Washington & Jefferson College]], where he graduated [[cum laude]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in history. In 1975, Loewentheil graduated from [[Cornell University Law School]] with a [[Juris Doctor]].<ref name=Foster2013>{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Alisha|title='Follow Your Heart,' Says Cornell Antiquarian|url=http://cornellsun.com/2013/10/20/follow-your-heart-says-cornellian-antiquarian/}}</ref>

Soon after,{{when?|date=July 2018}} he moved to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], where he managed a historical neighborhood restoration and redevelopment project. He devoted increasing time and energy to [[rare books|collecting rare books]], a passion he had nurtured since his mid-20s.<ref name=McKinney /> Eventually, Loewentheil opened his rare book store in Baltimore, calling it the [http://www.19thshop.com/ 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop].<ref name=McKinney />

== Rare book and photograph acquisitions and sales ==

=== The White House===
During the 1980s, Loewentheil began selling books to the [[White House]], through a relationship with [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]], [[Chief of Protocol]] to [[President George H.W. Bush]].<ref name=Foster2013 /> Reed suggested that antique books on [[American history]] and [[Culture of the United States|culture]] be given as official state gifts to foreign dignitaries, and sought the help of Mr. Loewentheil to procure these gifts.<ref name=Foster2013 /> Upon Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]’s visit to Washington in 1990 to sign the [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord|Chemical Weapons Accord]], he was presented with an original 1804 edition of [[John Marshall]]'s [[John Marshall#Authorship_of_Washington_biography|biography of]] [[George Washington]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barringer|first1=Felicity|title=Summit in Washington; Raisa Gorbachev's Thaw in Relations|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/01/world/summit-in-washington-raisa-gorbachev-s-thaw-in-relations.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 24, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|date=June 1, 1990}}</ref> which was acquired from the 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop.<ref name=Foster2013 /> Loewentheil continued this relationship with the [[White House]] through the [[Obama administration]].<ref>http://white-house-logs.insidegov.com/d/a/Stephan-Loewentheil</ref>

=== Rare book acquisitions ===
Loewentheil has purchased several high-profile [[rare books]] and [[manuscripts]] at auction throughout his career.<ref name=Vasel /><ref name=AC2015 /><ref name=Talmud />

In 2010, Loewentheil purchased one of the few remaining privately owned copies<ref name=Folger>{{cite web|title=First Folios at the Folger|url=http://folgerpedia.folger.edu/First_Folios_at_the_Folger|website=Folgerpedia|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> of [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[First Folio]] at a Sotheby's auction in [[London]], one of multiple copies of the First Folio he has owned over the years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Audubon Book Sells for $11.6 Million|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/rare-audubon-book-sells-for-11-6m-1.970838|website=CBC News|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] has long been of particular interest to Loewentheil, who purchased a leaf of Darwin's original manuscript of [[On the Origin of Species]] for $250,000 at Sotheby's in 2016.<ref name=Vasel>{{cite news|last1=Vasel|first1=Kathryn|title=Darwin manuscript page sells for $250,000|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/14/luxury/darwin-origin-of-species-manuscript-sothebys/index.html|accessdate=September 25, 2017|publisher=CNN Money|date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

Loewentheil is a leading collector of and dealer in [[Edgar Allan Poe]] books and manuscripts.<ref name=eaPoe>{{cite web|title=Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827)|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/editions/taop.htm|website=eapoe.org|accessdate=September 25, 2017}}</ref> In 1991, he acquired the first edition of Poe's first book, ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', one of twelve extant copies.<ref name=eaPoe /> In 1992, Loewentheil published [https://www.amazon.com/Poe-Catalogue-Descriptive-Loewentheil-Collection/dp/B004G8JTJU/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1505767217&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3AStephan+Loewentheil ''The Poe Catalogue: A descriptive catalogue of the Stephan Loewentheil collection of Edgar Allan Poe material'']. He was awarded an [https://www.poestudiesassociation.org/awards/ honorary membership] by the [https://www.poestudiesassociation.org/ Poe Studies Association] in 2009 for his contribution to Poe scholarship.

=== Judaica ===
In 2015, Loewentheil purchased the eight-page [[Book of Esther]] from the [[Gutenberg Bible]] for $970,000 at Sotheby’s in [[New York City]], with the goal of preserving it as a whole rather than selling individual pages.<ref name=AC2015>{{cite news|last1=A.C.|title=Foiling the Thieves|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/07/rare-books|accessdate=August 24, 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> He also purchased, on behalf of a client,<ref name=Brawarsky /> a complete set of the [[Daniel Bomberg]] [[Daniel Bomberg#Publication_of_the_Babylonian_Talmud_.281519-23.29|Babylonian Talmud]] for $9.3 million in 2015,<ref name=Talmud>{{cite news|title=Daniel Bomberg's 16th-century printing of the Talmud sells for $9.3 million at Sotheby's New York|url=http://artdaily.com/news/83890/Daniel-Bomberg-s-16th-century-printing-of-the-Talmud-sells-for--9-3-million-at-Sotheby-s-New-York#.VpcHtvkrLIW|accessdate=August 24, 2017|publisher=Art Daily|date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> the highest price ever paid for an item of [[Judaica]] at auction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixteenth Century Talmud Sets New World Auction Record For Judaica|url=https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/sixteenth-century-talmud-setsnew-world-auction-record-for-judaica/}}</ref>

Loewentheil's personal collection includes some of the oldest surviving [[Hebrew Bible]] manuscript scrolls,<ref name=Flint>{{cite book|last1=Flint|first1=Peter W.|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls|date=2013|publisher=Abingdon Press|location=Nashville|page=38|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yANGpmSvBmwC&pg=PA38}}</ref> including the earliest Torah scroll sheet of [[the Exodus]] story,<ref name=Foster2013 /> the so-called "London Manuscript."<ref name=Flint /> The manuscript contains the text of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 9:18–13:2 ([[Plagues of Egypt|the Seventh through Tenth plagues]], the [[Passover]], and the Exodus).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Slobodkin|first1=Daniel|title=Fragments of 1,300-year-old Torah scroll reunited|url=http://www.mrbrklyn.com/resources/Fragments%20of%201,300-year-old%20Torah%20scroll%20reunited%20%7C%20Jerusalem%20Dispatch.html|website=Jerusalem Dispatch|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Loewentheil loaned the manuscript to the [[Israel Museum]] in 2010, where it was exhibited at the [[Shrine of the Book]] alongside another section from the same [[Torah]] scroll, the [http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_201.pdf Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript], containing the text of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 13:19 to 15:27.<ref name=Flint />

=== Photography ===
[[File:John C Calhoun daguerreotype Loewentheil Collection.png|thumb|''[[John C. Calhoun]]'', 1849. Whole-plate daguerreotype. Photograph by [[Mathew Brady]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Collection]]
Loewentheil's [[photography]] collection is rooted in early photographic methods of the [[19th century]] – [[daguerreotypes]], [[cartes de visite]], [[albumen]] prints, [[tintypes]], and [[cyanotype|cyanotypes]].<ref name=Voon /> Much like his [[rare book]] collection, Loewentheil's photography collection has a historical theme, featuring rare portraits of some of the most notable Americans of the [[19th century]] - [[John D. Rockefeller]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Icon of American Capitalism|url=http://www.19thshop.com/book/ambrotype-portrait-of-john-d-rockefeller/|website=19th Century Shop|accessdate=October 10, 2017}}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]],<ref name=Moskowitz /> [[Clara Barton]],<ref name=FineBooks /> and [[John C. Calhoun]],<ref name=Kinsella /> among many others.

Loewentheil has collected many images from the early American photographer [[Mathew Brady]].<ref name=FineBooks /> [[Mathew Brady|Brady]]'s whole-plate [[daguerrotype]] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_1849.jpg portrait] of American [[politician]] and states-rights advocate [[John C. Calhoun]], one of Loewentheil's most notable acquisitions, set a new record for the photographer upon its sale for $338,500 in a Sotheby's auction on April 6, 2011.<ref name=Kinsella>{{cite news|last1=Kinsella|first1=Eileen|last2=Grant|first2=Daniel|title=Market Rebound Continues at Spring Photo Sales|url=http://www.artnews.com/2011/04/19/market-rebound-continues-at-spring-photo-sales/|accessdate=August 29, 2017|publisher=ARTNEWS|date=April 19, 2011}}</ref> The Calhoun portrait, along with a rare image of [[Red Cross]] founder [[Clara Barton]] sitting with soldiers and a personal [[photograph album]] compiled by [[Mark Twain]], were featured in the 2011 [[Cornell University Library]] exhibition "Dawn's Early Light: The First 50 Years of American Photography."<ref name=FineBooks>{{cite news|title=Cornell Exhibition Celebrates Early Photography|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/press/2011/10/cornell-exhibition-celebrates-early-photography.phtml|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Fine Books Magazine|date=October 31, 2011}}</ref> Another [[Mathew Brady|Brady]] photograph from the Loewentheil Collection, "Collected for Burial" - taken at the [[Battle of Antietam]] - was loaned to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] for their 2014 traveling exhibition, [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/photography-and-the-american-civil-war "Photography and the American Civil War"], along with [[Mathew Brady|Brady]]'s [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7b9400f95d-89a4-4920-a05e-46ee3cedc9c0%7d&oid=302413&pkgids=205&pg=0&rpp=20&pos=17&ft=*&offset=20 own studio camera].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morgan|first1=David|title=The Civil War: The Birth of Photojournalism|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-civil-war-the-birth-of-photojournalism/36/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>

== Historical photography of China Collection ==
[[File:No. 47 in Sketches of Chinese Life and Character, William Saunders.jpg|thumb|left|No. 47 in ''Sketches of Chinese Life and Character'' series, Shanghai, 1860s-1870s. Original hand-tinted [[albumen]] silver print. Photograph by [[William Saunders (photographer)|William Saunders]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection.]]
Loewentheil owns the [http://www.19thshop.com/book/china-photography-collection-development/ Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection], the largest private collection of [[Photography in China|Chinese historical photographs]] outside of [[China]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare Early Photographs of Peking|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-34697724|accessdate=August 25, 2017|agency=BBC|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> The Collection is an invaluable window into nineteenth century [[Qing Dynasty]] [[China]], before the upheavals of modernity would change the country and its people irrevocably.<ref name=Pedersen2017>{{cite news|last1=Pedersen|first1=Nate|title=Masterpieces of Early Chinese Photography Headed to New York|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine_books_blog/2017/02/masterpieces-of-early-chinese-photography-headed-to-new-york.phtml|accessdate=August 25, 2017|date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> One highlight of the building of the collection over three decades<ref name=Apollo /> was the acquisition of an album of 56 [[albumen]] prints by [[Felice Beato]], which included some of the earliest photographic images of [[China]], at an auction in [[Pennsylvania]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cordier Auctions Sells Rare 1860 Photo Album of China for $410,000|url=https://www.antiquesandauctionnews.net/Article+Display/Cordier+Auctions+Sells+Rare+1860+Photo+Album+Of+China+For+$410,000/|website=Antiques and Auction News|accessdate=September 25, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Felice Beato, The Great Imperial Palace Before the Burning, 1860.jpg|thumb|right|''The Great Imperial Palace Before the Burning'', [[Beijing]], 1860. Photograph by [[Felice Beato]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection]]
The collection, numbering more than 15,000 photographs,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fernandez|first1=Milene|title=Glimpses of a Lost World Through Early Chinese Photography|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2235290-glimpses-of-a-lost-world-through-early-chinese-photography/|website=The Epoch Times}}</ref> includes work from both international and Chinese photographers, among them Italian-born [[Felice Beato]]; British expatriates Thomas Child and [[William Saunders (photographer)| William Saunders]]; Scottish traveling photographer [[John Thomson (photographer)| John Thomson]]; and native Chinese photographers Pun Lun, [[Lai Afong]] and Tung Hing, among many others.<ref name=Pedersen2017 />

The Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection has been exhibited both in the [[United States]]<ref name=Baruch /> and abroad.<ref name=Khan2016 /> The Collection’s extensive holdings of early Peking photographs by [[Thomas Child]] were exhibited in November 2015 at the [http://chinaexchange.uk/ China Exchange] in [[London]],<ref name=Khan2016>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Eve M.|title=Call Him an Early Adopter: Thomas Child, a 19th-Century Photographer in China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/arts/design/call-him-an-early-adopter-thomas-child-a-19th-century-photographer-in-china.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 25, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|date=September 22, 2016}}</ref> and in 2016 at the [http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/artsculture/mishkingallery/index.html Sidney Mishkin Gallery] at [[Baruch College]] in New York.<ref name=Baruch>{{cite web|title=Qing Dynasty Peking: Thomas Child's Photographs at Mishkin Gallery|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/qing-dynasty-baruch.htm}}</ref> Child, a British gas engineer sent to [[Peking]] to work for the Imperial Maritime Customs Service in 1870, brought his camera with him throughout his travels and created the most comprehensive photographic portrayal of 19th century [[Peking]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Voon|first1=Claire|title=A British Photographer in 19th-Century Peking|url=https://hyperallergic.com/253179/a-british-photographer-in-19th-century-peking/|website=Hyperallergic|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> A selection of 30 photographs from the Historical Photography of China Collection, including [[Felice Beato]]'s rare portrait of the [[Old Summer Palace]], taken just before its destruction by Anglo-French troops in the [[Second Opium War]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Freeze Frame|url=http://www.atimes.com/article/rare-photos-beijing-reveal-world-brink-change/|website=Asia Times|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> was displayed as part of [http://www.asiaweekny.com/ Asia Week New York] in March 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rothman|first1=Lily|title=These Rare Examples of Early Photography in China Captured a Disappearing World|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine_books_blog/2017/02/masterpieces-of-early-chinese-photography-headed-to-new-york.phtml|accessdate=August 25, 2017|publisher=Time Magazine|date=March 7, 2017}}</ref>

Loewentheil has been published on the subject of [[Photography in China|early Chinese photography]].<ref name=Apollo>{{cite news|last1=Loewentheil|first1=Stephan|title=Why Has it Taken Early Chinese Photography So Long to Emerge from the Shadows?|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/taken-early-chinese-photography-long-emerge-shadows/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Apollo Magazine|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

== Discovery and recovery of lost and stolen books ==

Loewentheil has assisted in the recovery of stolen rare books and artifacts several times over the course of his career.<ref name=AC2015 /> In 1990, Loewentheil was involved in the discovery and return to the [[University of Pennsylvania]] of several stolen early editions of [[William Shakespeare]]’s plays.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Terry|first1=Robert J.|last2=Ruane|first2=Michael E.|title=A Collector's Find Got Penn its Books Back|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=March 2, 1990}}</ref> A part-time employee of the [[Van Pelt Library]] had stolen nearly 120 rare books, including multiple quarto editions of [[Shakespeare]] plays, an [[incunable]] edition of [[Dante]]'s [[Divine Comedy]], a first edition of [[Thomas Paine]]'s [[Common Sense]], and many others.<ref name=ABAA>{{cite news|title=Book Theft is Front Page News in Philadelphia|url=https://www.abaa.org/images/newsletter_pdf/Spring%201990.pdf|accessdate=September 25, 2017|issue=Volume One, Number Two|publisher=The ABAA Newsletter|date=April 1990}}</ref> Loewentheil encountered the books at Bauman Rare Books in [[Philadelphia]], where his suspicions were aroused that they might be stolen.<ref name=ABAA /> After researching their [[provenance]], he discovered that they were the property of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and contacted the [[FBI]], leading to the thief's arrest and the return of the books to the [[Van Pelt Library]].<ref name=ABAA />

In 2013 Loewentheil returned two rare books on early [[Exploration of North America|American exploration]] and travel that had been stolen from the [[National Library of Sweden]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare Books On America’s Early Years Returned Years After Being Stolen, Resold|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/07/24/rare-books-on-americas-early-years-returned-years-after-being-stolen-resold|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=CBS New York|date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The theft was not uncovered until 2004, when a library patron requested to view a rare map of the [[Mississippi River]] that was discovered to be missing.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite web|last1=O'Brien|first1=Liam|title=Books stolen by the “Suicide Librarian” repatriated to Sweden|url=https://www.mhpbooks.com/books-stolen-by-the-suicide-librarian-repatriated-to-sweden/|website=Melville House|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Soon after, library employee [[:sv:Anders Burius|Anders Burius]] was arrested in a case that made international headlines.<ref name=Cohen2012>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Patricia|title=Swedes Find Stolen Atlas in New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/books/swedish-royal-library-recovers-stolen-1597-atlas-in-new-york.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> Further investigations revealed that Burius had stolen dozens of books, including a 1651 first edition of [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]]' [[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]] and a 1633 collection of [[John Donne]] sonnets, from the library between 1995 and 2004,<ref name="O'Brien" /> although the recovery of these volumes was hindered by Burius's [[suicide]] five days after his arrest.<ref name=Cohen2012 />

Years before the theft was discovered, Loewentheil unwittingly acquired two of the [[National Library of Sweden]]'s stolen volumes – a 19th-century illustrated text of the [[Mississippi River]] and a 17th-century French book on the [[Louisiana territory]] by [[Louis Hennepin]],<ref name=Cohen2013>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Patricia|title=National Library of Sweden to Recover Stolen Books|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/national-library-of-sweden-to-recover-stolen-books/?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|date=July 23, 2013}}</ref> – in an auction at Ketterer Kunst in [[Germany]] before selling them to a client in 1998.<ref name=Cohen2013 /> Loewentheil did not become aware of their theft until fourteen years later, when a stolen copy of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Descriptionis_Ptolemaic%C3%A6_avgmentvm_siue_Occidentis_notitia_breui_commentario_illustrata_p193.tif#/media/File:Descriptionis_Ptolemaic%C3%A6_avgmentvm_siue_Occidentis_notitia_breui_commentario_illustrata_p193.tif 1597 Wytfliet Atlas] – the earliest printed atlas of the Americas<ref name=Cohen2012 /> – was offered for sale in [[New York City|New York]], prompting the [[National Library of Sweden|Royal Library]] to finally release a [http://www.kb.se/english/about/news/Updated-list-of-stolen-books/ list of missing books].<ref name=Cohen2012 /> Loewentheil immediately set to work tracking down the books in order to purchase them back himself and donate them to the [[National Library of Sweden|Royal Library]], which he accomplished in 2013.<ref name=Cohen2013 />

Some of the returns of stolen books and artifacts Mr. Loewentheil has negotiated have gone unacknowledged, since the victimized institutions declined to report the theft publicly.<ref name=Sharpe2015 />

Loewentheil has been active in condemning theft and [[fraud]] in the rare book industry, and has been a featured speaker in conferences (including "The Written Heritage of Mankind in Peril" at the [[British Library]] in 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=The Written Heritage of Mankind in Peril|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/the-written-heritage-of-mankind-in-peril|website=British Library|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref>) and articles<ref name=Sharpe2015>{{cite web|last1=Sharpe|first1=Emily|title=‘You must guard your own henhouse and often from your own foxes’|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/news/you-must-guard-your-own-henhouse-and-often-from-your-own-foxes/|website=The Art Newspaper|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name=AC2015 /> on the subject.

== Organic and kosher farming ==

Loewentheil owns and operates an [[organic farm]] in the [[Catskills]] Region of Upstate [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=Dicker /> There he grows [[organic produce]] and fruit and breeds and raises cattle, sheep, turkeys, and chickens.<ref name=Gilmore>{{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Allyson|title=The Antiquarian|journal=W&J Magazine|issue=Spring 2014|page=16|url=https://issuu.com/washjeff/docs/w_j_magazine_spring_2014|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}</ref>

The animals are [[kosher]] processed with the help of a [[shochet]].<ref name=Dicker>{{cite news|last1=Dicker|first1=Ron|title=A Day of 'Conscious Kills'|url=http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/a-day-of-conscious-kills/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Jewish Week|date=November 25, 2009}}</ref> The farm was borne out of Loewentheil's desire to serve food to his family and friends that he was "personally responsible for"<ref name=Gilmore /> and to carry on the increasingly threatened traditions of [[Shechita]].<ref name=Dicker />

Loewentheil's farm reflects his belief in the necessity of taking accountability for our food in a world dominated by [[agribusiness]].<ref name=Dicker /> This is consistent with the [[Eco-Kashrut|Eco-Kosher Movement]], a growing farm philosophy that seeks to merge traditional [[Jewish dietary laws]] with modern [[Environmental sociology|socio-environmental]] concerns in an attempt to promote [[sustainability|sustainable]] farming and the highest quality meat.<ref name=Dicker />

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Comte de Paris, Mathew Brady 1862.jpg|thumb|upright|left|From the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] photographic album of [[Louis Philippe II|Louis Philippe d'Orleans Comte de Paris]]. ca. 1862 – The Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection, [[Cornell University]]]]
Loewentheil has maintained a close relationship with his alma mater, [[Cornell University]], and, through multiple donations, has established the [https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/7062654 Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection], the centerpiece of the [[Cornell Library]]'s collection of [[ fine-art photography]].<ref name=Cornell>{{cite journal|last1=Loewentheil|first1=Stephan|title=Stephan Loewentheil photograph collection|url=https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/7062654}}</ref><ref name=RareBook /><ref name=Kacapyr /> The Loewentheil Collection, which numbers over 16,000 images,<ref name=RareBook /> "includes [[19th century|19th-]] and [[20th-century]] [[photographs]] organized in several major groups: [[Daguerre]] ephemera and early photographic processes, [[African-American]] collection, [[Mathew Brady]] and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and the [[American Frontier|West]], [[hand-colouring of photographs|hand-colored photography]], and [[cartes de visite]]."<ref name=Cornell /> In 2014, Loewentheil donated a rare [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era [[photograph album]], containing 265 photographs from noted Civil War photographer [[Mathew Brady]] and others, to the [[Cornell University Library]], where it was celebrated as the library’s eight millionth volume.<ref name=Kacapyr>{{cite news|last1=Kacapyr|first1=Vasyl|title=Rare Civil War photo album is Cornell Library’s 8 millionth volume|url=http://mediarelations.cornell.edu/2014/02/18/rare-civil-war-photo-album-is-cornell-librarys-8-millionth-volume/|accessdate=August 28, 2017|agency=Cornell University}}</ref>

Photographs from the Collection have been featured in the Cornell exhibitions [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/DawnsEarlyLight/index.html ''Dawn’s Early Light: The First 50 Years of American Photography''] and [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lincoln/ ''The Lincoln Presidency: The Last Full Measure of Devotion''].<ref name=Foster2013 /> On the occasion of the retirement of Carl A. Kroch University Librarian Anne Kenney after 30 years at [[Cornell University Library]], Mr. Loewentheil donated a unique photograph of [[Abraham Lincoln]] by [[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]] to the library in Kenney's honor.<ref name=Moskowitz>{{cite news|last1=Lefkowitz|first1=Melanie|title=Rare Lincoln photo honors retiring university librarian|url=http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2017/02/rare-lincoln-photo-honors-retiring-university-librarian|accessdate=August 29, 2017|publisher=Cornell University|date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Marguerite, a former slave, 1880.jpg|thumb|upright|Hand-painted [[tintype]] of an [[African-American]] woman; verso reads "Marguerite, a former slave." ca. 1880 – The Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection, [[Cornell University]]]]
In 2012, Loewentheil established [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog?f%5Bcollection_tesim%5D%5B%5D=Loewentheil+Collection+of+African-American+Photographs The Loewentheil Collection of African-American Photographs]: a group of 645 photographs depicting [[African-American]] life from 1860 to the 1960s, to be housed at [[Cornell University Library]].<ref name=RareBook>{{cite news|title=Cornell Library Receives African-American Photography Collection|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/press/2012/02/cornell-library-receives-african-american-photography-collection.phtml|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=Rare Book Magazine|date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> The collection – which focuses on images of everyday [[African-American]] life and includes [[cartes de visite]], [[stereoviews]], [[tintype|hand-painted tintypes]], [[cyanotype|cyanotypes]], and [[daguerreotypes]]<ref name=Voon>{{cite web|last1=Voon|first1=Claire|title=Uncommon Photographs from 100 years of Daily African-American Life|url=https://hyperallergic.com/360281/uncommon-photographs-from-100-years-of-daily-african-american-life/|website=Hyperallergic|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> – was fully digitized in February 2017 and is available to view in its entirety on the library's [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/?f%5Bcollection_tesim%5D%5B%5D=Loewentheil+Collection+of+African-American+Photographs website].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cascone|first1=Sarah|title=See Rare Photographs of African American Life|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/rare-photographs-of-african-american-life-cornell-842153/amp-page|website=ArtNet News|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref>

Loewentheil is a member of the [[Board of Trustees]] for his undergraduate alma mater, [[Washington & Jefferson College]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees|url=http://wiki.washjeff.edu/display/PRES/Board+of+Trustees}}</ref>

Loewentheil has long{{clarify|date=June 2018}} been a supporter of the [[New York Public Library]], and joined in the endowment of the Library's annual [https://www.nypl.org/ylfa Young Lions Fiction Award], given each spring to an author under the age of 35 of a [[novel]] or collection of [[short stories]].<ref name=NYPL>{{cite news|title=Karan Mahajan Wins The New York Public Library’s 2017 Young Lions Fiction Award for 'The Association of Small Bombs'|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/june-2-2017/karan-mahajan-wins-new-york-public-librarys-2017-young-lions-fiction|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=New York Public Library|date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Since its inception in 2001, the award has honored such luminary young writers as [[Molly Antopol]], [[Karen Russell]], [[Jonathan Safran Foer]], and [[Uzodinma Iweala]].<ref name=NYPL /> Fellow donors to the award's endowment include [[Ethan Hawke]], [[Russell Abrams]], and [[Rick Moody]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finalists Chosen for The New York Public Library’s 2012 Young Lions Fiction Award|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/2012/03/08/finalists-chosen-new-york-public-library%E2%80%99s-2012young-lions-fiction-aw|website=www.nypl.org|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Loewentheil is married to Beth Farber Loewentheil.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/thecity/thats-32-years-and-maybe-not-counting.html</ref> His son, Nate, worked as a special assistant to [[Barack Obama]], and is running in the 2018 elections for the [[Maryland House of Delegates]].<ref>http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/dining/baltimore-diner-blog/bs-fo-mencken-cultured-pearl-revival-20170705-story.html</ref>
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== References ==
{{reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Loewentheil, Stephan}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Washington & Jefferson College alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell Law School alumni]]