Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Pikes Peak Goldrausch

2012-05-09T03:52:04Z

Knowledgeable Raven: Reverted edits by 125.24.207.253 (talk) to last revision by Moriori (HG)

[[Image:Pikes Peak miners.jpg|250px|thumb|Gold prospectors in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of western [[Kansas Territory]].]]
The '''Pike's Peak Gold Rush''' (later known as the '''Colorado Gold Rush''') was the boom in [[gold]] prospecting and mining in the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of western [[Kansas Territory]] and southwestern [[Nebraska Territory]] of the [[United States]] that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest [[gold rushes]] in [[North America]]n history.<ref name=ArapahoCamp>{{cite web | date = December 19, 2006 | url = http://www.denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | title = Denver History - The Arapaho Camp | format = [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]/[[HTML]] | work = Mile High City | author = Thomas J. Noel | publisher = City and County of Denver | accessdate = December 19, 2006 | authorlink = Thomas Noel (historian)}}</ref> The participants in the gold rush were known as "[[Fifty-Niner]]s" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto '''Pike's Peak or Bust!'''

==Overview==
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which followed the [[California Gold Rush]] by approximately one decade, produced a dramatic but temporary influx of [[immigrant]]s into the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of the [[Rocky Mountains|Southern Rocky Mountains]]. The rush was exemplified by the slogan "Pike's Peak or Bust!", a reference to the prominent mountain at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains that guided many early prospectors to the region westward over the [[Great Plains]]. The [[Prospecting|prospector]]s provided the first major [[White American|European-American]] population in the region. The rush created a few mining camps such as [[Denver, Colorado|Denver City]] and [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder City]] that would develop into cities. Many smaller camps such as [[Auraria, Colorado|Auraria]] and [[Denver, Colorado#History|Saint Charles City]] were absorbed by larger camps and towns. Scores of other mining camps have faded into [[ghost town]]s, but quite a few camps such as [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]], [[Georgetown, Colorado|Georgetown]], and [[Idaho Springs, Colorado|Idaho Springs]] survive.

==Discovery==
In 1849 and 1850, several parties of gold seekers bound for the [[California Gold Rush]] [[placer mining|panned]] small amounts of gold from various streams in the [[South Platte River|South Platte River Valley]] at the foot of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The Rocky Mountain gold failed to impress or delay men with visions of unlimited wealth in California, and the discoveries were not reported for several years.<ref name=PikesPeakGold>{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html | title = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | work = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | author = Gehling, Richard | publisher = Richard Gehling | accessdate = December 19, 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060215083309/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html|archivedate=2006-02-15}}</ref>

As the hysteria of the California Gold Rush faded, many discouraged gold seekers returned home. Rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] gold seekers from [[New Mexico]] worked a [[placer mining|placer deposit]] along the South Platte River about 5 miles (8 kilometers) above [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] in what is today [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]].<ref name=ArapahoCamp/>

[[William Greeneberry Russell|William Greeneberry "Green" Russell]] was a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgian]] who worked in the California gold fields in the 1850s. Russell was married to a [[Cherokee]] woman, and through his connections to the tribe, he heard about an 1849 discovery of gold along the South Platte River. Green Russell organized a party to prospect along the South Platte River, setting off with his two brothers and six companions in February 1858. They rendezvoused with Cherokee tribe members along the [[Arkansas River]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]] and continued westward along the [[Santa Fe Trail]]. Others joined the party along the way until their number reached 107.<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

Upon reaching [[Bent's Fort]], they turned to the northwest, reaching the confluence of [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] and the South Platte on May 23. The site of their initial explorations is in present-day [[Confluence Park]] in Denver. They began prospecting in the river beds, exploring Cherry Creek and nearby [[Ralston Creek (Colorado)|Ralston Creek]] but without success. In the first week of July 1858, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of [[Little Dry Creek (Englewood, Colorado)|Little Dry Creek]] that yielded about 20 troy ounces (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. The site of the discovery is in the present-day Denver suburb of [[Englewood, Colorado|Englewood]], just north of the junction of [[U.S. Highway 285]] and [[U.S. Highway 85]].<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>
[[Image:Pikes peak-gold rush-map01.jpg|360px|thumb|A map from the late 1850s showing prominent routes to the gold regions.]]

==The initial boom==
The first decade of the boom was largely concentrated along the South Platte River at the base of the mountains, the canyon of [[Clear Creek (Colorado)|Clear Creek]] in the mountains west of Golden City, at [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] and in [[South Park (Colorado basin)|South Park]] at [[Como, Colorado|Como]], [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], and [[Alma, Colorado|Alma]]. By 1860, Denver City, [[Golden, Colorado|Golden City]], and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines. Rapid population growth led to the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] in 1861.

===Free gold===
{{Main|Gold mining in Colorado}}
Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their [[Patio process|amalgamation]] mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.<ref>A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) ''Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States'', US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.</ref> This problem was eventually solved and [[gold mining in Colorado|gold and silver mining in Colorado]] became a major industry.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Colorado}}
{{Wild West}}

[[Category:American gold rushes]]
[[Category:Pre-state history of Colorado]]
[[Category:Economy of Colorado]]
[[Category:Colorado Mining Boom]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:Jefferson Territory]]
[[Category:Mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Pikes Peak]]
[[Category:Kansas Territory]]

[[fr:Ruée vers l'or de Pikes Peak]]

Queen Elizabeth’s Men

2011-05-02T21:31:27Z

Knowledgeable Raven: Reverted edits by 75.97.24.49 (talk) to last revision by Chris the speller (HG)

{{TOCright}}
'''Queen Elizabeth's Men''' was a [[playing company]] or troupe of actors in [[English Renaissance theatre]]. Formed in [[1583]] at the express command of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]], it was the dominant acting company for the rest of the 1580s, as the [[Admiral's Men]] and the [[Lord Chamberlain's Men]] would be in the decade that followed.

==Foundation==
Since the Queen instigated the formation of the company, its inauguration is well documented by Elizabethan standards. The order came down on 10 March 1583 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|new style]]) to [[Edmund Tilney]], then the [[Master of the Revels]]; though Sir [[Francis Walsingham]], head of intelligence operations for the Elizabethan court, was the official assigned to assemble the personnel.<ref>Chambers, Vol. 2, pp. 104 ff.</ref> At that time the [[Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex|Earl of Sussex]], who had been the court official in charge of the Lord Chamberlain's Men in its first Elizabethan incorporation, was nearing death. The Queen's Men assumed the same functional role in the Elizabethan theatrical landscape as the Lord Chamberlain's Men before and [[Lord Chamberlain's Men|after]] them did: it was the company most directly responsible for providing entertainment at court (although other companies also performed before the Queen).

The task of convening the new troupe apparently needed Walsingham's strong arm, since it was assembled by raiding the best performers from the companies existing at the time. But it also signaled a new awareness on behalf of the Queen and the privy council of the potential for combining theatrical and espionage activities, since players frequently traveled, both nationally and internationally, and could serve the crown in multiple ways, including the collection of information useful to Walsingham's spy network.<ref>ref needed</ref> [[Leicester's Men]], till then the leading company of the day, lost three to the new assemblage (Robert Wilson, John Laneham, and William Johnson), while Oxford's troupe lost both of its leading men, the brothers John and Laurence Dutton; [[Sussex's Men]] were pillaged of leader John Adams and star clown [[Richard Tarlton]].<ref>McMillin and MacLean, pp. 5, 11-12.</ref> Other prominent members of the new company were John Singer and the "inimitable" John Bentley. Tarlton quickly became the star of the Queen's Men — "for a wondrous plentiful pleasant extemporal wit, he was the wonder of his time."<ref>Chambers, Vol. 2, p. 105.</ref>

It has been proposed that Elizabeth had a specific political motive behind the formation of the company. [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]] and [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford]] were using their companies of players to compete for attention and prestige at each year's Christmas festivities at Court; Elizabeth and her councillors apparently judged the competition, and the noblemen's egos, to be getting out of hand. By culling the best players in their troupes to form her own, she slapped down ambitious aristocrats and asserted her own priority.<ref>Gurr, pp. 28, 32.</ref>

==Status==
Their genesis made Queen Elizabeth's Men unique among the acting companies of the age: "The Queen's Men were a deliberately political company in origin, and their repertory appears to have followed the path no doubt pointed out for them by Sir Francis Walsingham." In the plays they acted, "one finds no conflict or disturbance that is not settled in the interests of Tudor conservatism."<ref>McMillin, p. 59.</ref> The political controversies that marked later companies and plays — ''[[The Isle of Dogs (play)|The Isle of Dogs]],'' ''[[The Isle of Gulls]],'' and others — did not occur with the Queen's Men. They may, however, have run afoul of higher authorities in 1589, shortly before their dissolution, for involving themselves too vigorously in the [[Martin Marprelate]] episode by parodying Martin on the public stage.<ref>The author of one anonymous tract of the controversy, ''Martin’s Months minde, That is, A Certaine report, and true description of the Death and Funeralls of Old Martin Marre-prelate, the great makebate of England, and father of the Factious,'' boasts that "hir maiesties men" were among those pleased to "returne [the Martinists] the cuffe, instead of the glove, and hiss the fooles from off the stage." London: Printed by Thomas Orwin, 1589. S108299, D3.</ref>

The Queen's company was officially authorized to play at two locations in London, the [[Inn-yard theatre|Bel Savage Inn]] on [[Ludgate Hill]], and the [[Inn-yard theatre|Bell Inn]] in [[Gracechurch Street]], within the City near [[Bishopsgate]] in the western wall. The former was a large open-air venue, but the latter may have been enclosed. With this arrangement, Queen Elizabeth's Men may have anticipated the dual summer and winter playing sites that the [[King's Men (playing company)|King's Men]] achieved only a quarter-century later with the [[Globe Theatre|Globe]] and [[Blackfriars Theatre]]s.<ref>Gurr, pp. 119-20.</ref>

==Dominance==
The creation of the company took advantage of the growing versatility and professionalism of the community of actors in this era. Elizabeth's Court had had a troupe of interlude players in previous years and decades; but they were judged unsatisfactory, and the Court depended on the companies of [[boy player|child actors]] for better-quality entertainment. But as [[John Stow]] wrote of this period in his ''Annals'' ([[1615]]):

:"Comedians and stage-players of former times were very poor and ignorant...but being
:now grown very skillful and exquisite actors for all matters, they were entertained into
:the service of diverse great lords: out of which there were twelve of the best chosen,
:and...were sworn the Queen's servants and were allowed wages and liveries as Grooms
:of the Chamber."<ref>Chambers, Vol. 2, p. 104; Halliday, p. 398.</ref>

The company entertained at Court primarily in the winter, and during the summer they toured the towns of the shires; they may have reached as far as [[Scotland]] in [[1589]]. In [[London]] they were initially allowed to perform only at the Bull and Bell Inns — though in later years they may have acted at [[James Burbage]]'s [[The Theatre|Theatre]] too.

The number of twelve founding members is more revealing than it seems at first: Queen Elizabeth's Men was the first ''large'' company of actors in English Renaissance theatre, twice the size of its predecessors. (Sussex's Men had six members in the 1570s. When Elsinore Castle receives a troupe of touring players in ''[[Hamlet]],'' Act II, scene ii, their number is only "four or five." The players in ''[[Sir Thomas More (play)|Sir Thomas More]]'' are "four men and a boy....") The size of the new company enabled it to act a new kind of play, built on a larger scale than ever before. In particular, the development of the history play, which was such a distinctive feature of the later 1580s and the 1590s, would not have been possible without a large company to handle the performances. ''[[Famous Victories of Henry V]]'' (c. 1583), one of the earliest of this type of play, has twenty speaking parts in the first 500 lines; and the plays that were to follow, including Shakespeare's histories, are constructed on a similar scale. These were, in effect, the "Hollywood spectaculars" of their era, and represent a leap to a new level of complexity and professionalism; prior to the establishment of the Queen's Men, such plays would have been unactable.<ref>McMillin, pp. 55-60.</ref> When the Queen's Men were finally supplanted at Court in the winter of 1591–92, it required an assemblage of personnel from both the [[Admiral's Men]] and [[Lord Strange's Men]] to fill their place.<ref>For more on the relative sizes of acting companies in this era, see the entry on [[Sir Thomas More (play)#The play|''Sir Thomas More'']].</ref>

An extreme instance of the above phenomenon may be found in the example of the Queen's Men's production of ''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]''. By one reconstruction, four actors were required to play seven roles each, and the [[boy player|boy actors]], unusually, also had to double roles, for the Queen's Men to fill the 68 separate roles in the play.<ref>McMillin and MacLean, p. 105.</ref>

==Decline==
Richard Tarlton died in [[1588]], at a time when Queen Elizabeth's Men were facing new competition from the Admiral's Men, who were playing the plays of [[Christopher Marlowe]] with [[Edward Alleyn]] in the leads. The character of the troupe also changed around this time; they were joined by John Symons and other acrobats from Lord Strange's Men. And with this different emphasis and orientation, they appear to have lost the high regard they previously enjoyed. They played only once at Court in the [[1591]] Christmas season, while a combination of Admiral's and Lord Strange's Men performed six times in the same period. The disruption of the 1592–93 period, when the London theatres were closed due to [[bubonic plague]] and the companies of actors struggled to survive, hit the Queen's company hard. When the actors re-organized themselves in [[1594]], primarily in the re-formed Lord Chamberlain's and Admiral's companies, Queen Elizabeth's Men were passé. John Singer completed his stage career with a decade with the Admiral's Men; the others toured the provinces and sold off their play books to London stationers.

(A nucleus of the company may have continued on for some years, under other names and with other patrons. Two of the Queen's Men, John Garland and Francis Henslowe, were later with Lennox's Men, under the patronage of [[Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]]; that company toured the countryside from 1604 to 1608.)<ref>Halliday, p. 277.</ref>

==Plays==
Because of the publication of some of their plays in the early 1590s, the repertory of Queen Elizabeth's Men is known to a limited degree. The following plays were acted by the company:

*''[[The Famous Victories of Henry V]]''
*''[[Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay]]'' ([[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]])
*''James IV'' (Robert Greene)
*''[[King Leir]]''
*''[[A Looking Glass for London and England]]'' (Robert Greene and [[Thomas Lodge]])
*''The Old Wives' Tale'' ([[George Peele]])
*''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]''
*''[[The Troublesome Reign of King John]]''
*''[[The True Tragedy of Richard III]]''

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Edmund Kerchever Chambers|Chambers, E. K.]] ''The Elizabethan Stage.'' 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
* [[Andrew John Gurr|Gurr, Andrew]]. ''The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642.'' Third edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
* [[F. E. Halliday|Halliday, F. E.]] ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964.'' Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.
* McMillin, Scott. ''The Elizabethan Theatre and "The Book of Sir Thomas More."'' Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press, 1987.
* McMillin, Scott, and Sally-Beth MacLean. ''The Queen's Men and Their Plays''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

[[Category:English early modern theatre companies]]
[[Category:1583 establishments in England]]
[[Category:William Shakespeare]]

[[nl:Queen Elizabeth's Men]]

Carter G. Woodson

2011-02-21T17:34:17Z

Knowledgeable Raven: Reverted edits by 170.211.211.161 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{Infobox person
|name = Carter Godwin Woodson
|image = Carter Woodson.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Carter G. Woodson
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1875|12|19}}
|birth_place = [[New Canton, Virginia]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|4|3|1875|12|9}}
|death_place = [[Washington, DC]]
|other_names =
|known_for = Founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, Established Negro History Week.<br> Now called Association for the Study of African American Life and History.
|occupation = [[Historian]]
|nationality =
|education = B.Litt, [[Berea College]] (1903)<br> M.A., [[University of Chicago]] (1908)<br> Ph.D., [[Harvard University]] (1912)
}}
'''Carter Godwin Woodson''' (December 19, 1875 - April 3, 1950)<ref>''Current Biography 1944'', pp741-44; Herbert Aptheker, ed., ''The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois'', (U. of Massachusetts Press, 1997) p182</ref> was an [[African-American|African]]-[[United States|American]] [[historian]], [[author]], [[journalist]] and the founder of the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]]. He was one of the first scholars to value and study [[African American history|Black History]]. He recognized and acted upon the importance of a people having an awareness and knowledge of their contributions to humanity, and left behind an impressive legacy. A founder of ''[[The Journal of Negro History|Journal of Negro History]]'', Dr. Woodson is known as the [[List of people known as the father or mother of something|Father of Black History]].<ref>[http://www.buckinghamcountyva.org/history/historyofbuckingham.html "History of Buckingham County"], Buckingham County Website</ref>

==Early life==
{{African American topics sidebar|right}}
He was born December 19, 1875, in [[New Canton, Virginia]], the son of former slaves James and Elizae Riddle Woodson. His father helped [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] soldiers during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and he moved his family to [[West Virginia]] when he heard that [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]] was building a high school for blacks. Coming from a large, poor family, Carter Woodson could not regularly attend school. Through self-instruction, Woodson mastered the fundamentals of common school subjects by age 17.

Wanting more education, Carter went to [[Fayette County, West Virginia|Fayette County]] to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields. He was able to devote only a few months each year to his schooling. In 1895, at age 20, Woodson entered Douglass High School where he received his diploma in less than two years. From 1897 to 1900, Woodson taught in Fayette County. In 1900 he was selected as the principal of Douglass High School. He earned his Bachelor of Literature degree from [[Berea College]] in [[Kentucky]].

From 1903 to 1907 Woodson was a school supervisor in the [[Philippines]]. Later, he attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he was awarded an M.A. in 1908. He was a member of the first black fraternity [[Sigma Pi Phi]] and a member of [[Omega Psi Phi]].<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 1904-2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration | Ebony | Find Articles at BNET.com]</ref>. He completed his Ph.D. in history at [[Harvard University]] in 1912, where he was only the second African-American (after [[W.E.B. DuBois]]) to earn a doctorate.<ref>http://www.newsweek.com/id/232818</ref> His doctoral dissertation,''The Disruption of Virginia'', was based on research he did at the [[Library of Congress]] while teaching high school in Washington, D.C. After earning the doctoral degree, he continued teaching in the public schools, later joining the faculty at [[Howard University]] as a professor and served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.
[[File:Carter G Woodson portrait.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Portrait of Carter G. Woodson as a young man]]
Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was either being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into the neglected past of African Americans. Along with Alexander L. Jackson and three associates, he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History September 9, 1915, in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]].<ref>[http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1141/Jesse_Moorland_civic_leader_and_much_more African American Registry - Your Source for African American History]</ref> That was also the year Woodson published ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861''. His other books followed: ''A Century of Negro Migration'' (1918) and ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1927). His work ''The Negro in Our History'' has been reprinted in numerous editions and was revised by [[Charles H. Wesley]] after Woodson's death in 1950.

In January 1916, Woodson began publication of the scholarly ''[[The Journal of Negro History|Journal of Negro History]]''. It has never missed an issue, despite the [[Great Depression]], loss of support from foundations and two World Wars. In 2002, it was renamed the ''Journal of African American History'' and continues to be published by the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]] (ASALH).

==The NAACP==
Woodson became affiliated with the [[Washington, D.C.]] branch of the [[NAACP]], and its Chairman [[Archibald Grimké]]. On January 28, 1915, he wrote a letter to Grimké expressing his dissatisfaction with the way things were going. Woodson made two proposals:
#That the branch secure an office for a center to which persons may report whatever concerns the black race may have, and from which the Association may extend its operations into every part of the city; and
#That a canvasser be appointed to enlist members and obtain subscriptions for ''[[The Crisis]]'', the NAACP magazine edited by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].

W. E. B. Du Bois added the daring proposal of "diverting patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike." He wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month. The NAACP did not welcome Dr. Woodson's ideas.

In a letter to Grimké on March 18, 1915, responding to comments about his proposals, Woodson wrote,
:"I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am a radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me."{{Citation needed|reason=Apr 2008|date=April 2008}}
This difference of opinion with Grimké contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.
[[File:CGWoodson roadside marker.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Roadside historical marker biography of Woodson]]

==Black History Month==
After leaving Howard University because of differences with its president,{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Dr. Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted that African American contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them."<ref>''Current Biography 1944'', p.742</ref> Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind."<ref>Ibid.</ref>
In 1926, Woodson single-handedly pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week", for the second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Frederick Douglass]].<ref>Delilah L. Beasley, "Activities Among Negroes, ''Oakland Tribune'', Feb. 14, 1926, pX-5</ref>. The week was later extended to the full month of February and renamed [[Black History Month]].

==Colleagues==
Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with [[Marcus Garvey]]. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly ''Negro World''.

Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], [[John Edward Bruce|John E. Bruce]], [[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]], [[Hubert Harrison|Hubert H. Harrison]], and [[Timothy Thomas Fortune|T. Thomas Fortune]] among others. Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson made time to write academic works such as ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1922), ''[[The Mis-Education of the Negro]]'' (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership.

Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of ''Negro World'' to contribute to debates. One issue related to West Indian/African American relations. Woodson summarized that "the West Indian Negro is free." He observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and genuinely emancipate people. Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.

Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful. Today the United States celebrates the Black History Month.

==Woodson's legacy==
[[File:CGWoodson statue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statue of Woodson in Huntington, West Virginia]]
That schools have set aside a time each year, to focus upon African American history, is Dr. Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Negro in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as a man of vision and understanding. Although Dr. Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.{{Citation needed|reason=Apr 2008|date=April 2008}} The Association and journal which he started in 1915 continue, and both have earned intellectual respect.

Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of the Associated Publishers, the oldest African-American publishing company in the United States. This enabled publication of books concerning blacks which may not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the ''Negro History Bulletin'', developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs and books on Blacks. ''The Negro in Our History'' reached its eleventh edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies.

[[Dorothy Porter Wesley]] stated that "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA." He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, "No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work". Dr. Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume ''Encyclopedia Africana'', lay incomplete at his death on April 3, 1950 at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in [[Suitland-Silver Hill, Maryland]].

==Legacy and honors==
In 1992, the [[Library of Congress]] held an exhibition entitled "Moving Back Barriers: The Legacy of Carter G. Woodson". Woodson had donated his collection of 5,000 items from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries to the Library.

His [[Washington, D.C.]] home has been preserved and designated the [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site]].

In [[2002]], scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] named Carter G. Woodson on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
[[File:History of the Negro Church.jpg|right|thumb|Second edition of ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)]]
* ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861'' (1915)
* ''A Century of Negro Migration'' (1918)
* ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)
* ''The Negro in Our History'' (1922)
* ''Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together With Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830'' (1924)
* ''Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States in 1830, Together With a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro'' (1925)
* ''Negro Orators and Their Orations'' (1925)
* ''The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written During the Crisis, 1800-1860'' (1927)
* ''Negro Makers of History'' (1928)
* ''African Myths, Together With Proverbs'' (1928)
* ''The Rural Negro'' (1930)
* ''The Negro Wage Earner'' (1930)
* ''The Mis-Education of the Negro'' (1933)
* ''The Negro Professional Man and the Community, With Special Emphasis on the Physician and the Lawyer'' (1934)
* ''The Story of the Negro Retold'' (1935)
* ''The African Background Outlined: Or, Handbook for the Study of the Negro'' (1936)
* ''African Heroes and Heroines'' (1939)
* ''The Works of Francis J. Grimké'' (1942)
* ''Carter G. Woodson's Appeal: The Lost Manuscript Edition'' (2008)

==Places named after Woodson==
[[File:carter woodson.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Carter Woodson biographical cartoon by [[Charles Alston]], 1943]]

* The Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the [[University of Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], [[Virginia|VA]] [http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/woodson/]
* [[Woodson K-8 School]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
* [[Carter G. Woodson Regional Library|Woodson Regional Library]] in [[Chicago]] [http://www.chipublib.org/002branches/woodson/woodson.html]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Chicago]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Crisfield, MD]] [http://www.somerset.k12.md.us/WES/]
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Baltimore, MD]] [http://www.bcps.k12.md.us/]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Atlanta, GA]]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[New Orleans]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Los Angeles]].
* Woodson Institute for Student Excellence [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota|MN]].
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Hopewell, Virginia|Hopewell]], [[Virginia|VA]]
* C.G. Woodson Road in his home town of [[New Canton, Virginia]]
* Friendship Collegiate Academy in [[Washington, DC]] is located on the Carter G. Woodson Campus
* Carter G. Woodson Park, in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaklandparkfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_EV&SEC={5BD110B8-7DD4-4AE1-A07C-043D46927297}&DE={4225AAD7-7EF2-4FD3-BF09-F068949400E4} |title=Dr. Carter G. Wilson Festival |publisher=The City of Oakland Park |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School was a former school located in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]. It was closed in 1965 when the [[Broward County Public Schools]] system was desegregated.
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Jacksonville, Florida]] [http://www.duvalschools.org/woodson/]
* PS 23 Carter G. Woodson School in [[Brooklyn, New York]] [http://www.ps23woodson.org/home]

==References==

{{Ibid|date=December 2010}}
[http://www.ps23woodson.org/home]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://www.asalh.org/ The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)]
* [http://www.themiseducationofthenegro.net/ Audiobook version of "The Mis-Education of the Negro"]
* [http://www.lostmanuscript.com/ Homepage for Carter G. Woodson's Appeal]
* [http://www.asalh.net/blackhistorymonthorigins.html/ The History of Black History Month by Daryl Michael Scott on ASALH's website]
* [http://www.woodsonmuseum.org/ Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum]

===Woodson's writings===
{{wikiquote}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Carter+Godwin+Woodson |name=Carter G. Woodson}}
* {{cite book|title=The History of the Negro Church |isbn=0-87498-000-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Mis-Education of the Negro |isbn=0-9768111-0-3}}

===Other information about Woodson===
* [http://www.unia-acl.org/archive/Dr.htm/ Dr. Carter G. Woodson]
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/woodson.html/ "Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson & the Observance of African History"]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-083.html/ Library of Congress Initiates Traveling Exhibits Program]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-123.html/ Library of Congress Traveling Exhibit re Dr. C.G. Woodson]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms000014) Carter G. Woodson Collection of Negro Papers and Related Documents]
* [http://www.ngbiwm.com/Exhibits/Carter%20GWoodson.htm/ Carter G. Woodson Wax Figure at the National Great Blacks in Wax Museum]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Woodson, Carter G.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =December 19, 1875
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[New Canton, Virginia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =April 3, 1950
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Washington, DC]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodson, Carter G.}}
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:African American history]]
[[Category:African American writers]]
[[Category:Negro World contributors]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:People from Huntington, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Fayette County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Buckingham County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Writers from West Virginia]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Spingarn Medal winners]]

[[tl:Carter G. Woodson]]

Ellesse

2009-11-04T18:14:15Z

Knowledgeable Raven: took away "new unreviewed tag" and replaced it with a "cleanup" tag

{{cleanup}}

'''Ellesse''' is a sports apparel company founded in [[Italy]] in 1959.

== History ==
Ellesse was founded by Leonardo Servadio in [[Perugia]] in 1959. The name Ellesse derives from the initials of Servadio's name, “L.S.”

Ellesse grew in popularity during the 1970s as a producer of skiwear such as quilted jackets and ski pants. In 1979, Ellesse's Jet Pant, a ski pant featuring padded knees and a wide lower leg to fit around a ski boot, was included in an event at the Pompidou Centre in Paris celebrating Italian design. <ref>[http://www.ellesse.com/press-room/did-you-know.aspx Ellesse: Did You Know?] Retrieved 2009-11-04</ref>

Another sport with which Ellesse has been closely associated since its early years is tennis. The Ellesse logo references the form of a tennis ball with the shape of the tips of a pair of skis.

Through the 1970s and 1980s, Ellesse gained a reputation for combining sportswear functionality with street-level fashion styling. It was one of the first sportswear brands to feature their logo prominently on the outside of its garments. During the mid-1980s, French designer [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] worked with Ellesse, an early collaboration between a sportswear company and a fashion designer.

== Celebrity endorsements ==
A number of sports celebrities have endorsed Ellesse, including tennis players [[Chris Evert]], [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Boris Becker]], [[Arantxa Sanchez]] and [[Anna Kournikova]], skiers [[Marc Girardelli]] and [[Jean-luc Cretier]], and Formula 1 driver [[Alain Prost]].

Other celebrities associated with the brand include boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] and actors [[Brigitte Nielsen]] and [[Roger Moore]].

== Purchase by Pentland Group ==
In 1994 UK brand management company [[Pentland Group]] purchased a ninety per cent share of Ellesse for £20 million. Pentland had been Ellesse's UK distributor since 1981. Servadio retained a 10 per cent share.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/pentland-group-spends-pounds-20m-on-italian-sportswear-manufacturer-uk-company-in-charge-after-13year-link-with-ellesse-1404922.html Pentland Group spends pounds 20m on Italian sportswear manufacturer: UK company in charge after 13-year link with Ellesse (5 January 1994)] Retrieved 2009-11-04</ref>

Pentland Group also owns other well-known sportswear brands such as [[Lacoste]], [[Berghaus]], and [[Speedo]].<ref>[http://www.pentland.com/brands Our Brands] Retrieved 2009-11-04</ref> It currently licenses the Ellesse brand to partners in countries around the world, who manufacture and distribute Ellesse products in their territory.

Ellesse celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2009 with a party in Rome in July 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ellesse.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.pentland.com/brands/ellesse/ Pentland Group website]


[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]