Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Soyo

2007-06-26T18:32:06Z

Kevs:

{{otheruses4|the city in Angola|the electronics company|Soyo Group Inc|}}
{{coor title dm|6|08|S|12|22|E}}
[[Image:AO-Soyo.png|right|250px|Location of Soyo in Angola]]
'''Soyo''' (formerly known as '''''Santo António do Zaire''''') is a city located in the [[Provinces of Angola|province]] of [[Zaire (province)|Zaire]] in [[Angola]] and a major port on for the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Congo River]]. Soyo is the second largest oil-producing region in the country, with an estimate of 700 000 barrels per day.

== Early History ==

Soyo (originally spelled "Sonho" and pronounced Sonyo) was a province of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], which stretched south from the mouth of the Congo River to the River Loze, and inland from about 100 kilometers. It was already an administrative entity whose ruler or governor bore the title ''mwene Soyo'' or "lord of Soyo when the Portuguese arrived in this part of Africa in 1483. The ruler was the first Kongo lord to be baptized when Christianity arrived in the kingdom of Kongo in 1491.

Soyo was typically ruled in the sixteenth century by a member of Kongo's royal family, presumably appointed by the king and serving for a limited term. The ruler at the time of the Portuguese, baptized as Manuel, was said to be the uncle of the ruling king. Within Kongo's oversight, Soyo was permitted to expand and conquer other regions under royal rule. Thus, Nzinga a Nkuwu, ruling king of Kongo in 1491 permitted an expansion of Soyo's territory following the baptism of the ruler. This expansion allowed Soyo to control several sub-provinces including Pambala, Kimi, Tubii, along the Congo River, and Lovata (among others) along the Atlantic coast.

Soyo's port of Mpinda, located near the mouth of the Congo River, became an important port in the sixteenth century trade of Kongo. A community of Portuguese settled there and conducted a trade in slaves, ivory and copper from the port. A Kongo royal inquest of 1548 revealed that as many as 4,000 slaves passed through Mpinda en route to the island colony of São Tomé, and the to Brazil every year.

In the early 1590s Miguel was designated as a Count when Kongo's king [[Álvaro II]] introduced European style titles of nobility. He was, however, not entirely supportive of Álvaro's ambitions and there was a long period of considerable tension between Kongo and Soyo, resulting in the recognition of Miguel as a more or less indendent ruler.

Subsequent kings, however, reversed this, and continued to place their own candidates in Soyo, Paulo, placed in Soyo by King Pedro II, served a very long term 1626 to 1641. Paulo, who was related to King Pedro II, who placed him in office, often was a partisan of Pedro's family, and as such was often involved in the complex civil wars that plagued Kongo in the 1620s and 1630s.
Soyo, produce more than 800.000 barrels of oil(offshore & onshore)

== Independence ==

In 1641 Daniel da Silva replaced Paulo and was immediately opposed by the newly enthroned King [[Garcia II of Kongo]], who sought to replace him. Count Daniel resisted, claiming that the counts of Soyo had a right to be selected through election of their own noble subordinates. Garcia tried to return Soyo to his control by wars, but Garcia's attempts, in 1641, 1643, 1645 and 1656 all failed, often with heavy losses. This was primarily because the royal armies could not attack the fortified wooded area of Soyo called Nfinda Ngula near the capital.

As Soyo became more independent, its rulers took the title Prince, and then Grand Prince of Soyo in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Soyo was actively involved in Kongo's politics during and after Garcia II's reign, especially as defenders of the [[Kimpanzu]] branch of the family. Counts of Soyo protected them and gave them refuge, as they did in 1656 when a conspiracy to overthrow Garcia organized by sons of Pedro II failed.

In 1670, the Portuguese governor sought to take over Kongo, then involved in a civil war, and invaded Soyo. After a first victory, the Portuguese forces were defeated and utterly routed by Soyo in the Battle of Kitombo, in Nfinda Ngula near the capital. The day of this victory, 18 October 1670, and St. Luke's day, was considered an important holiday.
{{Angola-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Cities in Angola]]

[[fi:Soyo]]

Arsen (Arzanene)

2007-06-14T06:35:54Z

Kevs:

'''Arzen''' was a small [[islam|Muslim]] [[emirate]] created c. [[820]]. Arzen region (East [[Turkey]]) was conquered partially by the emir of [[Mardastan]] in [[868]], and was occupied by [[Shaybanid]] dynasty c. [[897]]/[[898]].

==Emirs==
*[[Musa Ibn Zorara]] c. [[820]]-[[853]]
*[[Abul Makhra Ibn Musa]] [[853]]-[[897]]/[[898]] (emir of Arzen and Mounts [[Khoit]] of [[Sasun]])

==See also==
* [[Erzurum]]

[[Category:9th century establishments]]
[[Category:History of Turkey]]

{{EAnatolia-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Arzen]]

John Collier (Reformer)

2007-04-26T04:08:44Z

Kevs: Undid revision 125524627 by 137.28.185.107 (talk)

John Collier (1884-1968) was social reformer and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] advocate.

==Early Life and Career==
John Collier was born on May 4, 1884 and grew up in [[Atlanta]] where his father was a prominent banker, businessman, and civic leader. He was educated at [[Columbia University]] and at the [[College de France]] in [[Paris]]. At Columbia, Collier began to develop a social philosophy that would shape his later work on behalf of [[American Indians]]. He was concerned with the adverse effects of the industrial age on mankind. He thought society was becoming too materialistic and individualistic and argued that American culture needed to reestablish a sense of community and responsibility. Collier centered his career on trying to realize the power of social institutions to make and modify personalities. In 1908 Collier made his first significant contribution to a national magazine when an article which described the [[Socialist]] municipal government in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] was published in [[Harper's Weekly]]. Collier moved to [[California]] in October 1919 where he worked for the California Housing and Immigration Commission organizing institutes to train people who would then teach [[Americanization]] to immigrants.

==Indian Advocate (1919-1933)==
In 1919 Collier experienced his first contact with [[American Indians]] while visiting a friend, artist [[Mabel Dodge]] at the [[Taos Pueblo]] in [[Taos, New Mexico]]. For much of the next two years he spent time at an art colony near Taos where he studied the history and current life of American Indians. When Collier left Taos in 1921 for a teaching job in [[San Francisco]] he believed that Indians and their culture should not be lost to the encroachment of the dominant white culture. He now rejected the forced [[assimilation]] and [[americanization]] policies that were prevalent at the time and demanded [[cultural pluralism]] be accepted when dealing with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes. Collier identified Indian survival with retention of their land base and expressed this by lobbying for the repeal of [[Indian General Allotment Act of 1887]]. Also known as the [[Dawes Act]], this legislation was an attempt at Indian assimilation by dividing up Indian reservation land into individual parcels of private property. In Collier's opinion, the general allotment of Indian reservation land was a complete failure leading to the increasing loss of Indian land. John Collier's emergence as a federal Indian policy reformer in 1922 marked a turning point in Indian affairs. As a proponent of [[cultural pluralism]] and repeal of the Dawes Act, Collier directly attacked the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. Prior to Collier, criticism of the Bureau was directed at corrupt and incompetent officials and not the actual policies implemented. For the next decade Collier fought against legislation and policies that were detrimental to the well-being of Native Americans. Collier's efforts led to a monumental study in 1926-1927 of the overall condition of Indians in the United States. The results of the study became known as the [[Meriam Report]]. Published in 1928 as ''[[The Problem of Indian Administration]]'', the [[Meriam Report]] revealed failures of federal Indian policies and how they had contributed to severe problems with Indian education, health, and poverty.

==Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1933-1945)==
With the publishing of the [[Meriam Report]] in 1928 and with Collier's continuous effort, Indian affairs once again became a prominent issue for the federal government. As a result of the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]], economic and social conditions worsened for most Americans including [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The Administration of [[Herbert Hoover]] did reorganize the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and also provided it with major funding increases. However, lasting reform of federal Indian policy did not occur until the election of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1932 and the introduction of his [[New Deal]] policies. As a reform-minded president, Roosevelt nominated John Collier as [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]] in 1933. To alleviate the conditions brought on by the [[Great Depression]], Collier set up the [[Indian Civilian Conservation Corps]]. The Corps provided jobs to Native Americans in soil erosion control, forestation, range development, and other [[public works]] projects. Coinciding with Roosevelt's [[New Deal]], Collier introduced the [[Indian New Deal]] with the passing of the [[Indian Reorganization Act of 1934]] which became one of the most influential and lasting pieces of legislation relating to federal Indian policy. Also know as the [[Wheeler-Howard Act]], this legislation reversed fifty years of [[assimilation]] policies by emphasizing Indian [[self-determination]] and a return of communal Indian land which was in direct contrast with the objectives of the [[Indian General Allotment Act of 1887]]. Collier was also responsible for getting the [[Johnson-O'Malley Act]] passed which allowed the [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] to sign contracts with state governments in an effort to share responsibility for the social and economic well-being of [[American Indians]]. While Collier emphasized and vocally expressed support for Indian [[self-determination]], his [[Indian New Deal]] policies were often seen by [[American Indians]] as just another [[paternalistic]] program forced upon them by the federal government. Criticism aside, John Collier did more to protect Native American land and culture than any other Indian Affairs Commissioner. After serving the longest tenure in American history, John Collier resigned as [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]] in 1945. He remained active as the director of the National Indian Institute and as a sociology professor. John Collier died in [[Taos, New Mexico]] on May 8, 1968.

==References==

Parman, Donald L. (1994). ''Indians and the American West in the Twentieth Century''. Indiana University Press.

Prucha, Francis Paul. (1986). ''The Great Father''. University of Nebraska Press.

Schwartz, E. A. (1994). Red Atlantis Revisited: Community and Culture in the Writings of John Collier. ''American Indian Quarterly''. 18(4), 507-531.

Encyclopedia of World Biography on John Collier [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/john-collier/]

[[Category:Native American history]]
[[Category:Native American law]]
[[Category:New Deal agencies]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1918–1945)]]

Waffenknecht

2007-04-21T06:55:38Z

Kevs:

{{Otheruses4|the medieval term for a soldier|the [[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]] character|Man-At-Arms}}
'''Man-at-arms''' (or sometimes '''armsman''') was a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] term for a [[soldier]], almost always a professional. It was most often used to refer to men in a [[knight]]'s or [[lord]]'s retinue who were well-equipped and well-trained (deriving from having men ''under arms'' - meaning to be trained in the use of [[weapon|arms]]).

Due to the military hierarchy of Medieval Europe, and the importance of the Knight in the European [[Feudalism|Feudal system]], professional soldiers were of great importance and social significance. The military equipment of the time was highly expensive, and high-quality wargear such as a mail [[hauberk]] represented a huge investment. Therefore a professional soldier who wore full metal gear to battle (including a [[Helmet|helm]] and [[coif]]) was a representation of wealth and status. The more well equipped men a Knight had in his retinue, the better his local standing. Due to the endemic in-fighting and civil disruptions of the 12th-14th Centuries, especially across the borderlands of [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]], military status was incredibly important, and could assure the survival of some families.

The next 'step up' in the military hierarchy from the man-at-arms was the [[Serjeant-at-Arms|Serjeant]], a man of lesser rank and wealth to a Knight, but with comparable equipment and training. Although the social structure of the [[Normans|Norman]] society of [[England]] was generally static, the easiest manner for a man to attain social rank and improve his standing was through military service, as the Norman states, unlike the Germanic ones, believed in Knighting men of common birth who demonstrated nobility and courage on the field. Although this was rare, it was known, and therefore some Men-at-Arms would advance socially to the status of [[serjeant]]s, and possibly knights if they performed a great notable deed and received reward. The knighting of squires and men-at-arms was sometimes done in an ignoble manner, simply to increase the number of knights within an army (such practice was common during the Hundred Year's War).

The term was used during the [[Hundred Years' War]] to refer to men not of the higher order, who fought either on horseback or on foot with swords and armour. A knight was technically a man-at-arms, but a man-at-arms was not a knight. In this way it was understood that a 'man-at-arms' was a man of the higher echelon of the military scale, but neither of noble birth nor a knight himself. By this time, the term was only ever used to refer to professional soldiers, usually of a distinctly higher order than [[Archery|archers]] or [[Bill (weapon)|billmen]] and serving in roughly the same tactical role as knights, differing only in legal and social status. The term was phased out during the [[16th century]].

When used in allusion to a professional soldier in a regular [[National Army|national army]], the term is an honorary denotation and could be considered unusual usage.

In some countries, such as France, the Men-at-arms ([[Gendarmerie]]) is a branch of the police.

==See also==
* [[Gendarmerie]]

[[Category:Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Military occupations]]

GP2X

2007-01-24T01:58:50Z

Kevs:

{{Infobox CVG system
|title = GP2X
|logo = [[Image:Gp2xlogo.gif]]
|image = [[Image:GP2X_taras.jpg|220px]]
|manufacturer = [[GamePark Holdings]]
|type = [[Handheld game console]]
|generation = [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|Seventh generation era]]
|lifespan = [[November 10]], [[2005]]
|CPU = [[Dual CPU]]:
200MHz Host ARM920T
200MHz ARM940T
|media = [[Secure Digital card]]}}


The '''GP2X''' is an open-source, [[Linux (kernel)|Linux]]-based handheld [[video game console]] and media player created and sold by [[GamePark Holdings]] of [[South Korea]].

==Overview==
Released on [[November 10]], [[2005]] in South Korea, the GP2X is designed to play video and music, view photos, and play games. It has an open architecture, allowing anybody to develop and run software. Also, there is the possibility for additional features (such as support for new media formats) to be added in the future due to the upgradeable [[firmware]].

A popular use of the GP2X is for running [[emulator]]s, which allow one to use software from another system on the GP2X.

==History==
Shortly after the release of the [[GP32]] in 2001, its maker [[GamePark]] began to design their next handheld. A disagreement within the company about the general direction of this system prompted many of the staff (including all but one GP32 engineer) to leave and create their own company, GamePark Holdings, to produce a [[2D computer graphics|2D]]-based handheld system which they saw as the sequel to the GP32. In contrast, GamePark is developing the [[XGP]] and GPKiDS systems.

GamePark Holdings spoke to previous GP32 distributors and developers to determine the specifications for the new machine and how it should be promoted. Meetings were held in Seoul, Korea, where the final design of the new console was agreed upon.

The first name of this console was the '''GPX2'''. However, it couldn't be used as a final name due to a possible trademark violation with the name of a Japanese printer, the GPX. Confusion with a potential second generation printer needed to be avoided, so a contest for a new name was announced on [[August 3]], [[2005]]. Around 1500 names were submitted in total, but further trademark issues prevented the registration of the top 15 names. Eventually, during discussions in Seoul with the UK distributor it was decided to simply reverse the last two characters of the original name to give the final '''GP2X'''.

The GP2X has seen several minor hardware updates, most notably the changes from the First Edition to Normal Edition and the Normal Edition to the MK2. The differences between editions are detailed on the GP2X [[wiki]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wiki.gp2x.org/wiki/FirstEditionChanges | title=FirstEditionChanges | publisher=GP2X Wiki | accessdate=2006-05-23}}</ref>

As of October 16th, 2006, the GP2X has sold 30000 units, and is expected that sales will reach to 50000 by Christmas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6159783.html | title=Q&A: GP2X chief Craig Rothwell - News at GameSpot | publisher=Game Spot | accessdate=2006-10-30}}</ref> Due to the open nature of the console, several applications were made for it and has become a versatile device that may end up supplanting older game consoles which it emulates.

==Hardware==
===Specifications===
* Chipset: [http://www.mesdigital.com/english/Products/product_mmsp2.asp MagicEyes MMSP2] MP2520F System-on-a-Chip
* CPU: 200MHz [http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/ARM920T.html ARM920T] host, 200MHz ARM940T
* NAND Flash ROM: 64 MB
* RAM: [[SDRAM]] 64 MB
* Operating System: Linux-based OS
* Storage: [[SD Card]]
* Connection to PC: [[USB 2.0]] High Speed
* USB Host: [[USB 1.1]]
* Power: 2 × [[AA battery]] or via AC adapter
* Display: 320×240 3.5 inch, 260,000 colors [[TFT LCD]]
* TV output
* Physical size: 143.6 [[millimeter|mm]] wide, 82.9 mm high, 27 mm (excl. joystick approx.) / 34 mm deep
* Weight: 161 [[gram|g]] (without battery)

Despite advertising and general blogosphere consensus to the contrary, the GP2X is ''not'' a dual-core device as far as the provided Linux OS is considered---it sees only the ARM920T.

===Expandability===
The GP2X has a proprietary EXT port on the base of the unit into which a special USB cable or break out box can be plugged, allowing for USB devices to be connected to and used on the GP2X directly. The only thing limiting what can be used through this interface is the availability of drivers.

The connector used to expand the GP2X is hard to come by on its own but it is used with a few other devices. The Samsung e810/e730 and LG U8110/20/30/36/38 mobile telephone data cables, along with the official GP2X TV-Out adapter are suitable connectors.

===TV Output===
The GP2X also supports TV-out with a special cable that plugs into the EXT port. This allows videos that are normally scaled down to fit the GP2Xs screen to be played at native resolution on a TV. It also lets software be displayed on the higher resolution TV rather than the screen. Not all software supports this, but with a special application it is possible to enable TV-out functionality in all applications. This is done by launching a background process.

===Power===
The GP2X requires 2 AA-sized batteries if not running off mains power. Due to the high current drain, standard alkaline batteries will not function for very long in the GP2X so [[NiMH]] or Lithium batteries are recommended.
Battery life varies depending on the type of activity being performed on the console and can last anywhere from 10 minutes (using alkaline batteries) to over 6 hours using high capacity NiMH batteries. When listening to music, power can be conserved by turning off the backlight and display.

The GP2X has a socket for an external power source. If a main power supply is used, it must be rated 3.3V DC at 1A with a standard center grounded connector. The power supply must be regulated as voltage spikes will permanently damage the unit.

===Storage===
The GP2X's primary storage device is the [[Secure Digital card]], which can be placed into a socket at the top of the unit. The firmware currently supports SD cards up to 4 [[gigabyte|GB]] in capacity. SD cards must be formatted as either [[FAT16]], [[FAT32]] (FAT32 is more reliable), or [[ext2]]. The GP2X also has 64 [[megabyte|MB]] of internal [[flash memory]] storage, of which 32MB can be used for user data.

===[[Overclocking]]===
The two ARM cores in the GP2X can be overclocked beyond their rated speed in software. The maximum speed one can reach through overclocking varies from system to system, with some occasionally reaching over 300MHz{{fact}} and others barely reaching 240MHz (many systems can be overclocked beyond 240MHz with no problems{{fact}}). Some distributors have started to sell pre-tested GP2Xs, pricing them based on the maximum speed one can reach on that particular unit (though their testing is not guaranteed and has been proved not to be always correct due to the maximum speed possible is influenced by many factors including temperature and battery power).

==Multimedia support==
===Video===
* Video formats: [[DivX]] 3/4/5, [[XviD]] ([[MPEG4]])
* Audio formats: MP3 and Vorbis
* Container files: AVI and [[Ogm|OGM]]
* Maximum Resolution: 720*480
* Captions: SMI, SRT
* Battery Life: 4-5 hours average, longer times possible with high capacity batteries and with use of the power saving modes within.

===Audio===
* Audio Formats: [[MP3]], [[Ogg Vorbis]]
* Channels: Stereo
* Frequency Range: 20Hz - 20kHz
* Power output: 100mA
* Sample Resolution/Rate: 16bit/8-48 kHz
* Equalizer: includes "Normal", "Classic", "Rock", "Jazz", "Pop" presets
* Battery Life: ~10 hours ('''information given by manufacturer''': 2 x 2850mAh [[AA battery]])

==Software==
Due to the fact that the tools required for development on the GP2X are freely available, there is a wealth of software available for the GP2X, much of which is free. Types of software available includes emulators, games, PDA applications and multimedia players.
*[http://archive.gp2x.de/cgi-bin/cfiles.cgi archive.gp2x.de] - Provides downloads for most of the software available for the GP2X

===Built-in Software===
The GP2X has several pieces of software built directly into the firmware. There is a version of [[MPlayer]] which is used to play music and video, an image viewer, an e-book reader (which can display the contents of standard text documents on-screen) and a utility to adjust the LCD update frequency to eliminate any flickering.

Also available in the firmware (though not accessible directly through the menu) is a [[Samba_(software)|Samba]] server, for transferring files to the machine using the default Windows network file sharing protocol; an [[HTTP]] server, for providing web pages; an [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] server, a different way of transferring files; and finally, [[telnet]] access allowing for direct command line access from outside the machine.
These servers operate over the included USB networking functionality, allowing one to connect the GP2X to a wider network through a PC.

Version of the Firmware 3.0.0 comes with 5 games preinstalled in the NAND memory. The games are Payback (demo), Noiz2sa, Flobopuyo, Supertux, and Vektar (freeware version). This firmware is currently shipped with new GP2Xs.

===Emulators===
There are many emulators available for the GP2X which allow you to run software from other systems on the GP2X as long as you possess a copy of the software you wish to run (generally in the form of a ROM dump). Many emulators will run most software perfectly and at the intended speed, but some others may have various issues (often to do with speed or sound). Popular emulators include [[GnGeo]] which emulates the [[Neo Geo (console)|Neo Geo]]; gnuboy2x, [[Game Boy Color]] emulator; [[MAME]], an emulator of various arcade machines and DrMD, which emulates the [[Master System]], [[Game Gear]] and [[Mega Drive]].

*[http://wiki.gp2x.org/wiki/Software_Directory#Emulators List of Emulators] - a very complete list of emulators for the GP2X
*[http://wiki.gp2x.org/wiki/Emulation Emulation speculation] - Speculation on the ability for computer hardware to be emulated on GP2X.

===Games===
Since the GP2X has a much smaller following than other handheld consoles, such as the [[Sony PSP]] or the [[Nintendo DS]], there are very few commercial games available for it. At the time of writing, only ''[[Vektar]]'', ''[[Payback (game)|Payback]]'', ''Retrovirus RTS'' and ''Blazar'' have been released as commercial games for the GP2X, though other games such as ''Odonata'' are set to be released soon (exact dates not yet confirmed).

However, there are many ports of games from other platforms, mostly Linux, to the GP2X. Popular ports include Super Tux and the Duke Nukem 3D, Quake and Doom engines (which can run the original games if you own a copy with the correct data files). There are also dozens of 'homebrew' games such as Tile Match and Beat2x, made by programmers at home in their spare time.

*[[:Category:GP2X games]] - A (rather incomplete) list of games available for the GP2X
*[http://wiki.gp2x.org/wiki/Games Games List] - A list of games hosted at the GP2X Wiki

===Multimedia Players===
There are several unofficial multimedia players available for the GP2X, intended to support more formats than the built-in music and video players can handle. One such program is a [http://archive.gp2x.de/cgi-bin/cfiles.cgi?0,0,0,0,6,1267 port] of [[FFmpeg|FFPlay]] that allows you to play several RealMedia and Windows Media formats. Since the release of the MPlayer source code, several unofficial builds have been released for various purposes. [http://archive.gp2x.de/cgi-bin/cfiles.cgi?0,0,0,0,6,1679 One of these] adds support for playing music in the AAC format.

===PDA Applications===
Two popular PDA desktop environments have been ported to the GP2X: [[Qtopia]] and [[GPE Palmtop Environment|GPE]]. Both contain a range of programs such as a web browser, word processor, etc. and can be controlled with either the GP2X controls or a USB mouse and keyboard connected through a USB cable attached to the EXT port.

===Open source development===
SDKs (software development kits) are freely and easily available for the GP2X allowing anybody with the required skills to write an application or game. Most SDKs are based around a gcc cross-compiler toolchain and [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]]. SDL is available for many systems, allowing for very good cross-compatibility of code with other platforms such as Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux.

A port of the [[Allegro project|Allegro]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glost.eclipse.co.uk/gfoot/gp2x/allegro.html | title=GP2X Allegro | publisher=George Foot | accessdate=2006-05-23}}</ref> game programming library is also available for the GP2X, as is a port of the [[Fenix Project|Fenix]] game toolkit.

Other libraries under development include [http://www.retrodev.info/forum/viewforum.php?f=26 Minimal Library SDK], which allows for direct hardware access inside the GP2X Linux environment, and [http://www.cobbleware.com/files/sdk2x_191205d.tar.gz sdk2x] a set of libraries and a program which allows you to leave Linux completely for total control of all the hardware with no operating system to interfere.

===GP2X Executables===
GP2X [[executable files]] have one of two 3 letter file extensions. For games, the .gpe extension is used. These are listed in the Games section of the menu. Utilities have the extension .gpu, and appear in the Utilities section of the menu.

==Controversy==
===DRM===
There has been debate [http://www.boingboing.net/2005/09/20/linuxbased_handheld_.html] over the inclusion of [[Digital rights management|DRM]] in the GP2X. As yet, there's no information on how exactly this DRM restricts the rights of users. Gamepark Holdings has however stated [http://www.gpx2.com/support/support_sugest_view.asp?indexNo=1722&page=1&bunho=17&part=00] that DRM will be used only to restrict commercial games made for the system, and will not be used to restrict user-loaded content. Two possible protection schemes are locking software to operate only from the Secure Digital (SD) card on which it is shipped, or locking it to the unique hardware ID of a single GP2X unit.

However, it is possible to find the serial number of a device. This could be used in DRM technology.
[http://wiki.gp2x.org/wiki/I2C]

===Copyright violations===
The GP2X firmware utilizes a significant amount of [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]] code, including [[MPlayer]] for its media functions and the [[Linux (kernel)|Linux]] kernel for its OS. The GPL requires for the release of the source code to users of the binary application (i.e. GP2X users); however, the source code was not released when the GP2X was released to consumers.<ref>"[http://bjimba.blogspot.com/2006/01/gp2x-needs-gpl-lesson.html GP2X needs a GPL lesson]", Jim Russell, 10 January 2006</ref>
*[[February 18]], [[2006]] - Kernel source for [http://svn.gp2x.com/gp2x/tag/kernel/1.4.0/ Firmware 1.4.0] released.
*[[July 6]], [[2006]] - Modified MPlayer source code released, however without significant bits to use the hardware Mpeg-4 decoder, and since that was statically linked into the MPlayer binary, currently it has been moved out to a precompiled closed source kernel module, a GPL violation in itself.
*The kernel source for [http://svn.gp2x.com/gp2x/tag/kernel/2.0.0/ Firmware 2.0] has also been released, however the i2c code had been removed, so a copyright violation is still present.
* Much of the uboot code is missing from what they have released.<sup title="Needs citation">[''[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citation needed]]'']</sup>

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==See also==
{{Dedicated video game handheld consoles}}
{{portalpar|free software}}
* [[GamePark Holdings]]
* [[:Category:GP2X games|GP2X Games]]
* [[GP32]]

==External links==
===Community and news websites===
*{{en icon}} [http://gp32x.com/ GP32X] - news and forums covering all Gamepark handhelds
*{{de icon}} [http://www.gp2x.de/ GP2X.de] - news, forums and file archive
*{{en icon}} [http://www.emuholic.com/ Emuholic] - homebrew news for all major handhelds, including the GP2X
*{{es icon}} [http://www.gp32spain.com/ GP32Spain] - news and forums
*{{nl icon}} {{en icon}} [http://gp2x.info/ gp2x.info] - news and forums (English and Dutch)

===Development===
* [http://www.gp2xdev.org www.GP2Xdev.org] - GP2X developer's portal
* [http://game-editor.com game-editor.com] - Game creator tool for GP2X

===Help===
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Marie Luv

2007-01-18T21:41:53Z

Kevs: categories

{{Female adult bio|
|photo= [[Image:Marie Luv.jpg|250px]]
|birth= [[November 1]], [[1981]]
|location= [[Hacienda Heights, California]]
|height= 5' 8" (1.73 cm)
|weight= 134 lbs. (61 kg)
|eye color= Brown
|hair color= Black
|films= 172 (per IAFD)
|iafd= MarieLuv
|imdb= 1651433
|afdb = 34072/Marie_Luv
}}
'''Marie Luv''' (born [[November 1]], [[1981]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[pornographic actor|pornographic actress]], [[exotic dancer]] and [[glamour model]].

Born in [[Hacienda Heights, California]] as Quiana Marie Bryant, her first job was a cashier on an [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] base commissary at 14. After graduating high school from Cheviot Hills(Culver City,CA), she was a so-called [[model (person)|mainstream model]] who was approached by representatives from ''[[Hustler]]'' magazine. Through them, she started off with seven movies under the [[stage name]] of "Destiny". After her initial work was discovered by her loved ones, she ceased doing it until she got the support of her mother. As Marie Luv, she re-entered the industry, beginning with pictorials then working into [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] movies. <ref name="xrentdvd">[http://www.xrentdvd.com/Porn_Star_Interviews/Marie_Luv.html Inside Marie Luv]</ref>

Unlike other [[African American]] pornographic actresses, she is not [[typecast]] in the "ghetto booty" or in other stereotypical pornographic venues. In this, she works in the same videos as non-African American actresses. She primarily shoots with [[Digital Playground]] and has worked both feature and [[gonzo]] pornographic films. She mainly works with male porn stars, and is admittedly uncomfortable doing [[lesbian]] film work (i.e. the "girl/girl scenes"). <ref name="xrentdvd"/>

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

[[Category:Living people|Luv, Marie]]
[[Category:1981 births|Luv, Marie]]
[[Category:African American porn stars|Luv, Marie]]
[[Category:American porn stars|Luv, Marie]]
[[Category:Female porn stars|Luv, Marie]]
[[Category:California porn stars]]

[[pt:Marie Luv]]

Rhosllannerchrugog

2006-07-24T08:17:32Z

Kevs: Stubsensor cleanup project; you can help!

{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 300px; font-size: 90%; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;"
!colspan="2"|<div style="position: relative; background:#ffffff" class="toccolours">[[Image:WalesWrexham.png]]<div style="position: absolute; left: 195px; top: 55px">[[Image:Red Dot.svg]]</div></div>
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"|Ordnance Survey
|-
|style="width:50%;"|[[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]:||SJ295465
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"|Administration
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Constituent country|Country]]:||[[Wales]]
|-
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Subdivisions of Wales|Principal area]]:||[[Wrexham County Borough]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Preserved counties of Wales|Ceremonial county]]:||[[Clwyd]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Traditional counties of Wales|Historic county]]:||[[Denbighshire]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"|Post office and telephone
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Post town]]:||WREXHAM
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[UK postcodes|Postal district]]:||LL14 1xx
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[UK telephone numbering plan|Dialling code]]:||01978
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"|Politics
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]]:||[[Clwyd South (UK Parliament constituency)|Clwyd South]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[National Assembly for Wales|National Assembly]]:||Clwyd South <br />& North Wales
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[European Parliament]]:|| [[Wales (European Parliament constituency)|Wales]]
|-
!colspan="2" bgcolor="#efefef"|[[Image:Flag of Wales 2.svg|40px|Flag of Wales]]
|}
'''Rhosllanerchrugog''' ({{lang-cy|Rhosllannerchrugog}}) is a village in the county borough of [[Wrexham (county borough)|Wrexham]] in north-east [[Wales]]. It is often known simply as ''Rhos''. Literally translated the name comes from the [[Welsh language|Welsh]]: '''rhos''' "''moor''"; '''llannerch''' "''glade''"; '''grugog''' "''heathery''" hence "Moor of the Heathery Glade." Rhos has a population of approximately 10,000 which makes it one of the largest villages in Wales.

==History==
The village was part of the ancient parish of [[Ruabon]] and the district was referred to as '''Moreton Above''' (i.e. Moreton, or moor town, above [[Offa's Dyke]]) or '''Moreton Wallichorum''' (the “Welsh Moreton”). In 1844 Moreton Above became part of the newly created parish of Rhosllanerchrugog.

Residents of Rhosllanerchrugog are often referred to as 'Jackos'. The original settlers in the area were believed to be [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], possibly banished from Wrexham town centre. {{Citation needed}}

The development of the village may be largely attributed to the [[coal]] seams of north-east Wales that pass beneath the village. A large mining community was established during the 18th century. A symbol of Rhos' coal-mining and labour movement heritage is seen in the "Stiwt", the Miners' Institute of Broad Street. This fine structure was erected and paid for by the miners as a social and cultural centre for the community. It was built during the [[UK General Strike of 1926|general strike of 1926]].

The Welsh Religious Revival of 1904 left a major impact on Rhosllanerchrugog. The famous bardic line ''Beibl a Rhaw i Bobl y Rhos'' (a Bible and a Spade - i.e. the mining implement - for the people of Rhos) reflect the importance of both coal-mining and the chapels on the village's culture and heritage.

The influence of the - predominantly [[Welsh language]] - churches and chapels impacted greatly on the linguistic and cultural profile of the area, and until the early [[1980s]] chapel-going was significantly higher in Rhos than in most other parts of Wales or the UK. One result of this is that although only nine miles from the English border and surrounded by English-speaking villages, Welsh is still spoken as a community language in Rhosllanerchrugog.

The village had its own weekly newspaper, the [[Rhos Herald]]. The paper was founded by Richard Mills, originally from [[Llanidloes]], who set up his printing business in Hall Street. He produced 3737 issues between 18 August 1894 and 31 December 1966. Since the mid-1970s, a Welsh language community newspaper featuring local news and other features, ''[[Nene]]'', has been produced in the village.

Approximately 40% of the village is Welsh Speaking. (2001 Census)

Rhosllanerchrugog hosted the [[National Eisteddfod]] in [[1945]] and [[1961]] and the [[Celtic League (political organisation)|Celtic League]] was founded here in [[1961]] during the Eisteddfod.
The 1961 event was immortalised in the poem and song ''The Cross Foxes'' by [[Harri Webb]] remembering the night when "In Rhosllanerchrugog we drank the pub dry"!

==Architecture==
[[Image:HighSt1Rhosllanerchrugog.jpg|left|thumb|200px|High Street]]
[[Image:CoachAndHorsesRhosllanerchrugog.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Coach & Horses Public House, Vinegar Hill]]
[[Image:StiwtTheatreRhosllanerchrugog.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Stiwt Theatre, Broad Street]]
<br style="clear:both;" />
Notable buildings include:
* The Stiwt Theatre. Formerly the "Miner's Institute" (Plas Mwynwyr) which was built in 1926 and dominated the social and cultural life of the village until 1977 when it closed. The local council, which had purchased the building in 1978, decided to demolish the building in 1985, but the building was saved as a result of local campaigning. As a result of local fundraising efforts, the building has been renovated and reopened, and now operates as a community theatre.

* Church of St John Evangelist. A grade II listed building, built in 1852. Norman style in coursed and squared sand stone with slate roofs. It has a cruciform plan with nave, transept and chancel and bell tower in angle of south transept and chancel. A good example of a Romanesque Revival Church.

==Musical Heritage==
Rhos is also renowned for its rich musical heritage.

Composers from the village include the Welsh composer of hymn-tunes Dr [[Caradog Roberts]], most well known as composer of the hymn tune "Rachie". [[Arwel Hughes]], father of the conductor [[Owain Arwel Hughes]], and composer of the hymn tune "Tydi a Roddaist" also came from the village.

Notable performers from the village include the baritone [[James Sauvage]] and pianist [[Llyr Williams]].

Rhos is also home of several choirs, including the Rhos Male Voice Choir/Côr Meibion Rhosllannerchrugog; the Rhos Orpheus Male Voice Choir/Côr Orffiws Y Rhos; a Pensioner's Choir, Côr Pensiynwyr Rhosllannerchrugog; a Girl's Choir, Côr Merched Rhosllanerchrugog, and formerly a Brass Band, the Rhos Silver Band. Unfortunately, lack of rehearsal facilities saw the Brass Band move to the neighbouring town of Wrexham, under the new name, Wrexham Brass, but they continue to excel at competitions throughout Wales and the United Kingdom consistently.

Today the village has its own concert hall at the Stiwt Theatre.

==Notable people==
Notable people from Rhosllanerchrugog include:
* [[John Tudor Davies]] - composer
* [[Meredith Edwards]] - actor
* [[Rosemarie Frankland]] - Miss World, 1961 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/showbiz/rosemarie_frankland.shtml]
* [[Isaac Daniel Hooson]] - poet
* [[Arwel Hughes]] - composer
* [[Stifyn Parri]] - actor, presenter, producer
* [[Caradog Roberts]] - composer
* [[Llyr Williams]] - pianist [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/guides/halloffame/showbiz/llyr_williams.shtml]

==Transport==
The village was once linked to the [[Great Western Railway]] by a branch line which ran to the village from nearby [[Wrexham]] via Rhostyllen and Legacy. The passenger service continued for a short period to halts at Brook Street, Pant and [[Wynn Hall]] although goods trains ran through to [[Pontcysyllte]] wharf on the [[Shropshire Union Canal]] via Plas Bennion and Acrefair. A second line also passed through nearby [[Ponciau]], branching off from Legacy, with halts at Fennant Road, Aberderfyn and Ponkey Crossing, and joining the main line again at Wynnville, [[Ruabon]]. Since the closure of regular passenger service on all of these lines by the 1930s, the village has relied on road transport.

The village was also the end of the line of the [[Wrexham and District Electric Tramway Company]]. The tram service began operating in 1903 and originally ran from Penybryn in [[Wrexham]] to the New Inn in [[Johnstown]] but this was soon extended up Gutter Hill to Duke Street in Rhos. The company had its depot and staging area in nearby [[Johnstown]]. The trams were eventually and gradually replaced by buses owned by the same company which was renamed The Wrexham & District Transport Company.

Several local companies operted bus services in the village. The red and cream buses of '''Phillips & Son''' of Rhostyllen ran from Wrexham to Rhos via Johnstown and, at one time on to Tainant, from 1927 until it was taken over by '''Crosville''' in 1979. '''T. Williams & Sons''' ran a service from Rhos to Wrexham from the 1920s until 1986. The last surviving independent local company, '''Wright & Son''', ran a service from Penycae to Wrexham via Rhos, and later via Ponciau also. When the bus industry was de-regulated in 1986 there was fierce competition between Wright's and the much larger Crosville. Wrights' ceased operations in 1993 leaving Crosville as the sole service provider in the area. Crosville itself became part of the [[Arriva]] group, who still operate a frequent bus service between Rhos and Wrexham town centre.
[[Image:rhos_bus_tickets.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Tickets from local bus services]]
<br style="clear:both;" />

The nearby [[A483 road]] provides links to [[Liverpool]] and [[Manchester]] to the north and [[Birmingham]], [[Swansea]] and [[Cardiff]] to the south.

==Bibliography==
Books about Rhosllannerchrugog include:
* "Hanes Rhosllannerchrugog" (The History of Rhosllannerchrugog) (1945) J. Rhosydd Williams
* "Through These Windows, A Place and Its People" (1981) Bill Portmadoc-Jones.
* "Rhos-Llannerch-Rugog: Atgofion" (Memories of Rhosllannerchrugog) (1955) William Phillips
* "Rhosllannerchrugog, Johnstown, Ponciau, Pen-y-cae, a collection of pictures" (2 Volumes, 1991-92), Dennis W Gilpin
* "Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities" (1998) Mari Jones (study of the language of Rhosllanerchrugog)

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/gogleddddwyrain/safle/rhos/ Gwefan Rhosllannerchrugog (BBC)]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northeast/sites/wrexham/pages/rhos.shtml Rhos/Wrexham History (BBC)]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/gogleddddwyrain/papurau_bro/nene/ Nene (BBC)]
*[http://www.rmvc.co.uk/ Rhos Male Voice Choir]
*[http://www.rhosorpheus-mc.co.uk/ Rhos Orpheus Male Voice Choir]
*[http://www.stiwt.co.uk/ Y Stiwt]
*[http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item1/20433 'Twm Sbaen' (LLGC)]
*[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/DEN/Rhosllanerchrugog/ GenUKI page for Rhos]
*[http://www.bangor.ac.uk/is/llyfrcym/newspapers.htm#R Rhos Herald index at Bangor]
*{{oscoor gbx|SJ295465}}

[[Category:Traditional county of Denbighshire]]
[[Category:Villages in Wrexham county borough]]

[[cy:Rhosllanerchrugog]]
[[no:Rhosllanerchrugog]]