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Shi Zhengli

2020-04-12T17:12:54Z

Jonpatterns: s

{{short description|Chinese researcher at the Wuhan Institute of Virology}}
{{Chinese name|[[Shi (surname)|Shi]]}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image =
| caption =
| name = Shi Zhenglii
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|05|26}}
| birth_place = [[Xixia County]], [[Henan]], China
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence =
| fields = [[Virology]]
| workplaces = [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS)
| patrons =
| education = [[Wuhan University]] [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] [[Montpellier 2 University]]
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = 
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| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
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| website = 
| footnotes =
| module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes
|s = {{linktext|石|正|丽}}
|t = {{linktext|石|正|麗}}
|p = Shí Zhènglì
|w =
}}
}}
'''Shi Zhengli''' ({{zh|s=石正丽|t=石正麗}}; born 26 May 1964) is a Chinese virologist and writer. She is a researcher at the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] (WIV), which is part of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS). Shi and her colleague Cui Jie found that the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] virus originated in [[bat]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Yang Wanli |title=Scientists close in on origin of SARS |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201712/07/WS5a288e90a310fcb6fafd2a17.html |accessdate=6 February 2019 |work=Chinadaily |date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072350/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201712/07/WS5a288e90a310fcb6fafd2a17.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |url=http://news.163.com/07/0525/17/3FBT6UN80001124J.html |script-title=zh:一位女科学家的风采——武汉病毒研究所石正丽博士 |work=163.com |date=2007-05-25 |language=zh |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015506/http://news.163.com/07/0525/17/3FBT6UN80001124J.html |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shi is a member of the Virology Committee of the Chinese Society for Microbiology. She is an editor of the Board of ''Virologica Sinica'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial Board |url=https://www.virosin.org/news/EditorialBoard.htm |website=Virologica Sinica |accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> the ''Chinese Journal of Virology'', and the ''Journal of Fishery Sciences of China''.

==Early life==
Shi was born in May 1964 in [[Xixia County]], [[Henan]], China.<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/3/216816.html |script-title=zh:石正丽：与病毒相伴的女科学家 |work=sciencenet.cn |date=2009-03-10 |language=zh |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020202/http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/3/216816.html |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> She graduated from [[Wuhan University]] in 1987. She received her master's degree from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]], [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) in 1990 and her Ph.D. from [[Montpellier 2 University]] in France in 2000.

==Research==
In 2005, a team led by Shi Zhengli and Cui Jie found that the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] virus originated in [[bat]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author1=David Cyranoski |title=Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus — and suggests new outbreak could occur |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07766-9 |accessdate=26 January 2020 |work=nature.com |date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117043400/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-07766-9 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The results were published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' in 2005<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wendong |last2=Shi |first2=Zhengli |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Ren |first4=Wuze |last5=Smith |first5=Craig |last6=Epstein |first6=Jonathan H |last7=Wang |first7=Hanzhong |last8=Crameri |first8=Gary |last9=Hu |first9=Zhihong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huajun |last11=Zhang |first11=Jianhong |last12=McEachern |first12=Jennifer |last13=Field |first13=Hume |last14=Daszak |first14=Peter |last15=Eaton |first15=Bryan T |last16=Zhang |first16=Shuyi |last17=Wang |first17=Lin-Fa |title=Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses |journal=Science |date=28 Oct 2005 |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |pmid=16195424 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L }}</ref> and ''[[Journal of General Virology]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Lu Wei ({{lang|zh|鲁伟}}) |author2=Liu Zheng ({{lang|zh|刘铮}}) |url=http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/3/216816.html |script-title=zh:石正丽：与病毒相伴的女科学家 |work=sciencenet.cn |date=10 March 2009 |accessdate=26 January 2020 |language=zh |title=Archived copy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020202/http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/3/216816.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Wuze |last2=Li |first2=Wendong |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Hao |first4=Pei |last5=Zhang |first5=Yuan |last6=Zhou |first6=Peng |last7=Zhang |first7=Shuyi |last8=Zhao |first8=Guoping |last9=Zhong |first9=Yang |last10=Wang |first10=Shengyue |last11=Wang |first11=Lin-Fa |last12=Shi |first12=Zhengli |title=Full-length genome sequences of two SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis |journal=J Gen Virol |date=1 November 2006 |volume=87 |issue=11 |pages=3355–3359 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.82220-0 |pmid=17030870 }}</ref>

In 2014, Shi Zhengli was involved in an investigation of bat coronaviruses, specifically gain of function experiments involving both the SARS and bat coronaviruses, a joint research of University of North Carolina and Wuhan Institute of Virology, with Ralph S. Baric as principal investigator.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menachery|first=Vineet D.|last2=Yount|first2=Boyd L.|last3=Debbink|first3=Kari|last4=Agnihothram|first4=Sudhakar|last5=Gralinski|first5=Lisa E.|last6=Plante|first6=Jessica A.|last7=Graham|first7=Rachel L.|last8=Scobey|first8=Trevor|last9=Ge|first9=Xing-Yi|last10=Donaldson|first10=Eric F.|last11=Randell|first11=Scott H.|date=Nov 11, 2015|title=A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=21|issue=12|pages=1508–1513|doi=10.1038/nm.3985|pmid=26552008|pmc=4797993|issn=1546-170X}}</ref> That same year funding for the project in the US had been paused<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/documents/43088final.pdf|title=Letters from NIH and NIAID telling 14 institutions to halt projects|last=Kaiser|first=Jocelyn|date=Nov 13, 2014|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> due to the moratorium on risky virology studies involving influenza, MERS & SARS viruses, that was announced by the US government that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/11/moratorium-risky-virology-studies-leaves-work-14-institutions-limbo|title=Moratorium on risky virology studies leaves work at 14 institutions in limbo|last=Kaiser|first=Jocelyn|date=2014-11-17|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-26}}</ref> Similar work, however, continued in Wuhan, China.

During the [[2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]], Shi and twelve other Institute scientists formed an expert group on the research of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Zhang Juan ({{lang|zh|张隽}})|author2=Guan Xiyan ({{lang|zh|关喜艳}})|url=http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2020/0124/c194063-33743385.html |script-title=zh:石正丽等13位专家组队攻关新型肺炎研究 |work=people.com.cn |date=24 January 2020 |accessdate=26 January 2020 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins | title=Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins | magazine=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | author=Jon Cohen | date=1 February 2020 | accessdate=4 February 2020 | quote= team led by Shi Zheng-Li, a coronavirus specialist at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, reported on 23 January on bioRxiv that 2019-nCoV’s sequence was 96.2% similar to a bat virus and had 79.5% similarity to the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a disease whose initial outbreak was also in China more than 15 years ago.}}</ref> In February 2020, researchers led by Shi Zhengli published an article in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' titled "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin",<ref>{{cite journal | title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin | journal=[[Nature (journal) | Nature]] | author1=Shi Zhengli | author2=Team of 29 researchers at the WIV | date=3 February 2020| volume=579 | issue=7798 | pages=270–273 | doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 | pmid=32015507 | pmc=7095418 }}</ref> and in a post on [[bioRxiv]], said that the SARS-CoV 2 is in the same family as SARS and closest to one found in bats.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952v1 |accessdate=26 January 2020 |journal=bioRxiv |date=23 January 2020|doi=10.1101/2020.01.22.914952 |last1=Zhou |first1=Peng |last2=Yang |first2=Xing-Lou |last3=Wang |first3=Xian-Guang |last4=Hu |first4=Ben |last5=Zhang |first5=Lei |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Si |first7=Hao-Rui |last8=Zhu |first8=Yan |last9=Li |first9=Bei |last10=Huang |first10=Chao-Lin |last11=Chen |first11=Hui-Dong |last12=Chen |first12=Jing |last13=Luo |first13=Yun |last14=Guo |first14=Hua |last15=Jiang |first15=Ren-Di |last16=Liu |first16=Mei-Qin |last17=Chen |first17=Ying |last18=Shen |first18=Xu-Rui |last19=Wang |first19=Xi |last20=Zheng |first20=Xiao-Shuang |last21=Zhao |first21=Kai |last22=Chen |first22=Quan-Jiao |last23=Deng |first23=Fei |last24=Liu |first24=Lin-Lin |last25=Yan |first25=Bing |last26=Zhan |first26=Fa-Xian |last27=Wang |first27=Yan-Yi |last28=Xiao |first28=Geng-Fu |last29=Shi |first29=Zheng-Li |pages=2020.01.22.914952 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Antonio Regalado |title=Virus in Chinese outbreak is closest to one from bats, not snakes |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/615087/virus-in-chinese-outbreak-is-closest-to-one-from-bats-not-snakes/ |accessdate=26 January 2020 |work=technologyreview |date=23 January 2020}}</ref> In February 2020, her team published a paper in ''[[Cell Research]]'' showing that [[remdesivir]], an experimental drug owned by [[Gilead Sciences]], had a positive effect in inhibiting the virus [[in vitro]], and applied for a patent for the drug in China on behalf of the WIV.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro | date=4 February 2020 | journal=[[Cell Research]] | author1=Shi Zhengli | author2=Team of 10 researchers at the WIV| volume=30 | issue=3 | pages=269–271 | doi=10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 | pmid=32020029 | pmc=7054408 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-is-trying-to-patent-gilead-s-experimental-coronavirus-drug|title=China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-treatments.html | title=China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients | author=Denise Grady | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | date=6 February 2020 | accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref> Shi co-authored a paper labelling the virus as the first [[Disease X]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=The First Disease X is Caused by a Highly Transmissible Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. | author1=Shi Zhengli | author2=Jiang Shibo | doi=10.1007/s12250-020-00206-5 | journal=Virologica Sinica |year = 2020|pmid = 32060789}}</ref>

In February 2020, the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' reported that Shi's decade-long work to build up one of the world's largest databases of bat-related viruses gave the scientific community a "head start" in understanding the virus.<ref name=SCMP/> The ''SCMP'' also reported that Shi was the focus of personal attacks in Chinese social media who claimed the WIV was the source of the virus, leading Shi to post: "I swear with my life, [the virus] has nothing to do with the lab", and when asked by the ''SCMP'' to comment on the attacks, Shi responded: "My time must be spent on more important matters".<ref name=SCMP>{{cite newspaper | newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] | url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3049397/bat-ladys-cave-exploits-offer-hope-beat-virus-sneakier-sars | title=Coronavirus: bat scientist's cave exploits offer hope to beat virus 'sneakier than Sars' | author=Stephen Chen | date=6 February 2020 | accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref> ''[[Caixin]]'' reported Shi made further public statements against "perceived [[Tinfoil hat|tinfoil-hat]] theories about the new virus's source", quoting her as saying: "The novel 2019 coronavirus is nature punishing the human race for keeping uncivilized living habits. I, Shi Zhengli, swear on my life that it has nothing to do with our laboratory".<ref>{{cite website | url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-07/wuhan-virology-lab-deputy-director-again-slams-coronavirus-conspiracies-101512828.html | title=Wuhan Virology Lab Deputy Director Again Slams Coronavirus Conspiracies | website=[[Caixin]] | author1=Yang Rui | author2=Feng Yuding | author3=Zhao Jinchao | author4=Matthew Walsh | date=7 February 2020 | accessdate=8 February 2020}}</ref>

==Honours==
* 2016 Chevalier of the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques]]<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:法国驻华大使亲临武汉病毒所为袁志明、石正丽研究员授勋 |url=http://www.whiov.cas.cn/xwdt_160278/tpxw_160279/201911/t20191103_5419696.html |date=2016-06-20|publisher=Wuhan Institute of Virology|language=zh}}</ref>
* 2018 State Natural Science Award (Second Class)<ref>{{cite news|author1=Huang Haihua ({{lang|zh|黄海华}})|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-01-24/doc-iihnzahk6109929.shtml |script-title=zh:新型冠状病毒可能来源于蝙蝠！“蝙蝠女侠”石正丽发现其与蝙蝠冠状病毒同源性为96% |work=sina |date=24 January 2020 |accessdate=26 January 2020 |language=zh}}</ref>
* February 2019 Fellow of the [[American Academy of Microbiology]] (AAM)<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.xincailiao.com/news/news_detail.aspx?id=416531 |script-title=zh:学界大牛！12位华人学者当选2019年美国微生物科学院院士 |work=xincailiao.com |date=2019-02-03 |language=zh |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015138/http://www.xincailiao.com/news/news_detail.aspx?id=416531 |archive-date=2019-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.ws-virology.org/dt_team/zhengli-shi/ Profile: Shi Zhengli], from the ''World Society of Virology''
* [http://gd.whiov.cas.cn/dsjs/bssdsjj/201410/t20141013_261920.html Profile: Shi Zhengli], from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] {{in lang|zh}}

{{Authority control}}
{{2019–20 coronavirus pandemic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shi, Zhengli}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Chinese virologists]]
[[Category:Chinese women biologists]]
[[Category:Biologists from Henan]]
[[Category:Montpellier 2 University alumni]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China science writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Nanyang, Henan]]
[[Category:Wuhan University alumni]]

BitChute

2018-11-03T19:03:51Z

Jonpatterns: /* Technology */ title

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com BitChute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = [[Ray Vahey]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2017|1|3}}
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country =
}}
{{File sharing sidebar}}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] technology.<ref name="torrentfreak" />in order to diffuse, redistribute, and ease bandwidth and issues of centralized streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== History ==

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018.]]

The company was founded by [[Ray Vahey]]. He described it as a way to avoid hard [[censorship]] and softer [[demonetization]] by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref name="torrentfreak">{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

Posted on January 3, 2017, ''"This is the first video on #BitChute"'' was the first sample video and test of the uploading process featuring a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's [[demonetization]] of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> Southern has automatically mirrored her YouTube channel on BitChute since March 23, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Lauren |title=Lauren Southern |url=https://www.bitchute.com/LaurenSouthern/ |website=BitChute |accessdate=August 16, 2018 |language=en |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigned and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Technology ==

BitChute is based on the [[peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] system; a [[JavaScript]] torrenting program that can run in a [[web browser]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ernesto |title=WebTorrent Desktop Hits a Million Downloads |url=https://torrentfreak.com/webtorrent-desktop-hits-a-million-downloads-180104/ |website=TorrentFreak.com |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=2018-01-04 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> Users watching a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. Despite similar functionally, WebTorrent is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]]<ref name=alt1>{{cite web |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative}}</ref> since WebTorrent only uses the same [[Communication protocol|protocol]] as BitTorrent but uses a different [[Transport layer|transport]]. However, the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] stand alone version is able to bridge the [[WebRTC]]-based WebTorrent and [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]/[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]-based BitTorrent serverless networks.<ref name="Demuxed">{{cite web |title=Demuxed - Ep. #5, WebTorrent: Bringing BitTorrent to the Web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6eIOsvP6Jw |author=Heavybit |publisher=Heavybit |website=YouTube |date=2017-07-06 |accessdate=2018-11-03}} @4:35+ </ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Reception ==

There has been conflict between YouTube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel "[[demonetization]]". As a response, some popular creators have started BitChute channels. These include Dave Cullen (''Computing Forever'' channel)<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: Dave Cullen |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=dave%20cullen |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> and various [[conservative]] channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref><ref name="bitchutearchives">{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: bitchute |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=bitchute |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Comparison of BitTorrent clients]]
* [[InterPlanetary File System]] and [[DTube]]
* [[List of video hosting services]]
* "tube" sites of the [[MindGeek]] porn monopoly

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}}
* [https://webtorrent.io/ WebTorrent.io]

{{File systems|state=collapsed}}
{{File sharing|state=collapsed}}
{{Internet censorship circumvention technologies|state=collapsed}}
{{Cryptocurrencies|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BitChute}}
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:BitTorrent]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2017]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Distributed file systems]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:File sharing software]]
[[Category:File transfer protocols]]
[[Category:Free network-related software]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer software]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:WebTorrent]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-11-03T19:02:48Z

Jonpatterns: /* Reception */ ce and delink Dave Cullen (not the same people as Dave Cullen)

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com BitChute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = [[Ray Vahey]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2017|1|3}}
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country =
}}
{{File sharing sidebar}}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] technology.<ref name="torrentfreak" />in order to diffuse, redistribute, and ease bandwidth and issues of centralized streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== History ==

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018.]]

The company was founded by [[Ray Vahey]]. He described it as a way to avoid hard [[censorship]] and softer [[demonetization]] by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref name="torrentfreak">{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

Posted on January 3, 2017, ''"This is the first video on #BitChute"'' was the first sample video and test of the uploading process featuring a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's [[demonetization]] of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> Southern has automatically mirrored her YouTube channel on BitChute since March 23, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Lauren |title=Lauren Southern |url=https://www.bitchute.com/LaurenSouthern/ |website=BitChute |accessdate=August 16, 2018 |language=en |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigned and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Technology ==

BitChute is based on the [[peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] system; a [[JavaScript]] torrenting program that can run in a [[web browser]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ernesto |title=WebTorrent Desktop Hits a Million Downloads |url=https://torrentfreak.com/webtorrent-desktop-hits-a-million-downloads-180104/ |website=TorrentFreak.com |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=2018-01-04 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> Users watching a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. Despite similar functionally, WebTorrent is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]]<ref name=alt1>{{cite web |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/}}</ref> since WebTorrent only uses the same [[Communication protocol|protocol]] as BitTorrent but uses a different [[Transport layer|transport]]. However, the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] stand alone version is able to bridge the [[WebRTC]]-based WebTorrent and [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]/[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]-based BitTorrent serverless networks.<ref name="Demuxed">{{cite web |title=Demuxed - Ep. #5, WebTorrent: Bringing BitTorrent to the Web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6eIOsvP6Jw |author=Heavybit |publisher=Heavybit |website=YouTube |date=2017-07-06 |accessdate=2018-11-03}} @4:35+ </ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Reception ==

There has been conflict between YouTube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel "[[demonetization]]". As a response, some popular creators have started BitChute channels. These include Dave Cullen (''Computing Forever'' channel)<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: Dave Cullen |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=dave%20cullen |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> and various [[conservative]] channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref><ref name="bitchutearchives">{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: bitchute |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=bitchute |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Comparison of BitTorrent clients]]
* [[InterPlanetary File System]] and [[DTube]]
* [[List of video hosting services]]
* "tube" sites of the [[MindGeek]] porn monopoly

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}}
* [https://webtorrent.io/ WebTorrent.io]

{{File systems|state=collapsed}}
{{File sharing|state=collapsed}}
{{Internet censorship circumvention technologies|state=collapsed}}
{{Cryptocurrencies|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BitChute}}
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:BitTorrent]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2017]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Distributed file systems]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:File sharing software]]
[[Category:File transfer protocols]]
[[Category:Free network-related software]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer software]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:WebTorrent]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-15T17:36:32Z

Jonpatterns: ref

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.{{r|alt1}}
==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Technology==
BitChute is based on the peer-to-peer WebTorrent system; a torrent program that can run in a [[web browser]]. Users watching the a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. WebTorrent, despite similar functionally, is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]].<ref name=alt1>https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/
</ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website. BitChute acts as a peer of last resort (if no other user is seeding a video).{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

==Reception==
There has been conflict between Youtube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T15:57:53Z

Jonpatterns: Undid revision 854334924 by 104.175.26.26 (talk) no guess involve, just placing context

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T13:08:40Z

Jonpatterns: /* Reception */ s

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T13:08:24Z

Jonpatterns: /* Reception */ s

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some case by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T13:08:14Z

Jonpatterns: /* Reception */ between Youtube and the content of some videos uploaded by creators. The company responded in some case by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel de

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and creator over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some case by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T13:07:27Z

Jonpatterns: There ha

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and the content of some videos uploaded by creators. The company responded in some case by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T13:06:42Z

Jonpatterns: restore ref with more neutral tone

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

==Reception==
There has be conflict between Youtube and some content creators have uploaded. The company responded in some case by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel demonetisation. In turn some creators, including [[alt-right]] and [[conservative]] ones have started Bitchute channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

{{website-stub}}

BitChute

2018-08-10T12:57:45Z

Jonpatterns: Reverted to revision 849622300 by 37.144.85.116 (talk): Reference adequate, not in source. (TW)

BitChute

2018-04-15T11:09:30Z

Jonpatterns: industry factor

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo = BitChute.png
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| developer = Ray Vahey
| launch_date = January 3, 2017
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==

The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018]]

The first video on BitChute was posted on January 3, 2017. It was called "This is the first video on #BitChute", It was a sample video of a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]]. The video was uploaded to test the uploading process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[Conservative|conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigning and got a brand new logo.

As of March 2018, "Styxhexenhammer666" is the most subscribed BitChute channel with over 11,300 subscribers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://bitchute.com}}

{{website-stub}}
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

BitChute

2017-12-19T10:17:24Z

Jonpatterns: Reverted good faith edits by 72.224.97.1 (talk): No reason given for removal of referenced information. (TW)

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://bitchute.com bitchute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| launch_date =
| current status = active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==
The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative|last=|first=|date=2017-01-29|work=TorrentFreak|access-date=2017-12-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

BitChute

2017-12-08T15:07:11Z

Jonpatterns: /* History */ wordo

BitChute

2017-12-08T15:06:49Z

Jonpatterns: /* History */ better word

BitChute

2017-12-08T15:04:56Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ fix link

BitChute

2017-12-08T15:02:18Z

Jonpatterns: fix external and cats

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://bitchute.com Vidme.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| launch_date =
| current status = active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==
The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation on larger services like [[YouTube]].<ref>https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/</ref><ref>https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html</ref>

In September 2017, [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]

BitChute

2017-12-08T15:01:13Z

Jonpatterns: Minds

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://bitchute.com Vidme.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| launch_date =
| current status = active
| location_city =
| location_country = }}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] technology.

==History==
The company was founded by Ray Vahey. He described it as a way to avoid censorship and demonetisation on larger services like [[YouTube]].<ref>https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/</ref><ref>https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html</ref>

In September 2017, [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's demonetisation of political videos.<ref>http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T</ref>

==See also==
* [[DailyMotion]]
* [[Vidme]]
* [[Vimeo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://vidme.com}}

[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Internet properties disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:American websites]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in California]]

Missbrauchsskandal von Rochdale

2016-06-13T11:45:03Z

Jonpatterns: Undid revision 725071961 by 137.191.240.200 (talk) removal of ref material - please use talk page to discuss removal

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
The '''Rochdale sex trafficking gang''' preyed on under-age white teenage girls in [[Rochdale]], Greater Manchester, England. Gang members were convicted of [[sex trafficking]] and other offences including rape, trafficking girls for sex and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with a child, on 8 May 2012.<ref name=Telegraph/> Forty-seven girls were identified as victims of [[Child sexual abuse|child sexual exploitation]] during the police investigation.<ref name=Respected/><ref name=BBC120508/><ref name=teleg120508/> The men were all [[British Pakistanis]] except for one man from [[Afghans in the United Kingdom|Afghanistan]]. The girls were all [[white British]] which led to a nation wide discussion of whether the crimes were racially motivated, and whether the failure to investigate them was linked to the authorities' fear of being accused of racism.<ref name=week120928/> In March 2015, [[Greater Manchester Police]] apologised for its failure to investigate the child sexual exploitation allegations more thoroughly between 2008 and 2010.<ref name=bbc130315>{{cite news|title=Police 'sorry' over Rochdale child sex abuse failures|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-31857066|accessdate=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

In April 2016, a [[Operation Doublet|second Rochdale sex trafficking gang]], consisting of 10 men, was convicted to a total of 125 years in prison.<ref>http://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/8/news-headlines/97655/child-sex-beasts-caged-for-125-years</ref>

==Gang members==
Twelve men were charged with [[sex trafficking]] and other offences including rape, trafficking girls for sex and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with a child. Of the nine men convicted, eight were of British Pakistani origin and one was an Afghan [[asylum-seeker]]; of the three not convicted, one was cleared of all charges, the jury was unable to reach a verdict in the case of the second, and the third was not present at the trial after fleeing to Pakistan while on bail.<ref name=Telegraph/><ref name=Vulnerable/> Most of the men were married and well-respected within their community.<ref name=Respected/> One gang member convicted of sex trafficking was a religious studies teacher at a mosque and a married father of five. The men were aged between 24 and 59 and all knew each other. Two worked for the same taxi firm and another two worked at a takeaway restaurant; some came from the same village in Pakistan and another pair shared a flat.<ref name=teleg120509/> The gang worked to secure underage girls for sex.<ref name=sky120509sent/><ref name=sky120509prof/>

==Abuse==
The abuse of under-age white girls that occurred in 2008 and 2009 centered around two [[Take-out|takeaways]] in [[Heywood, Greater Manchester|Heywood]] near Rochdale. Despite one victim going to the police in 2008 to report the grooming, and the detectives involved giving her support, the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] decided not to prosecute two men, invoking the witnesses' credibility. As a result of the CPS dropping the case, the police halted its investigation, which was resumed when a second girl made complaints of a similar nature in December 2009.<ref name=bbcdropped/> The CPS's original decision was overturned in 2011 when a new chief prosecutor for the region, Nazir Afzal, a first generation British-Pakistani,<ref name=indepafzal/> was appointed.<ref name=Respected/>

The victims, vulnerable teenagers from deprived, dysfunctional backgrounds were targeted in "honeypot locations" where young people congregated, such as takeaway food shops. One victim, a 15-year-old known as the Honey Monster, acted as a recruiter, procuring girls as young as 13 for the gang. The victims were coerced and bribed into keeping quiet about the abuse by a combination of alcohol and drugs, food, small sums of money and other gifts.<ref name=Telegraph/><ref name=Respected/>

The oldest member of the gang to be convicted, Shabir Ahmed,<ref name=guardianname/> was for a while the main trafficker of the victims. On one occasion he ordered a girl aged 15 to have sex with a member of the gang, Kabeer Hassan, as a "treat" for his birthday — Hassan then raped the girl.<ref name=guardcon/> Abdul Aziz, a married father of three, took over from Shabir Ahmed as the main trafficker and was paid by various men to supply underage girls for sex.<ref name=guardcon/>

Although some victims willingly had sex with their abusers, others were physically assaulted and raped by as many as five men at a time,<ref name=Telegraph/> or obliged to having sex with "several men in a day, several times a week".<ref name=Vulnerable/> The victims, plied with drugs and alcohol, were passed around friends and family,<ref name=IBT120508/> and taken to various locations in the north of England, including [[Rochdale]], [[Oldham]], [[Nelson, Lancashire|Nelson]], [[Bradford]] and [[Leeds]].<ref name=Telegraph/> The abusers paid small sums of money for the encounters.<ref name=Telegraph/> One 13-year-old victim recounted that, after being forced to have sex in exchange for vodka, her abuser immediately raped her again and gave her £40 to not say anything about the incident.<ref name=IBT120508/> Among the incidents that police recorded were: a 15-year old victim too drunk to recall being raped by 20 men, one after the other; another victim so drunk that she vomited over the side of the bed as she was being raped by two men.<ref name=Respected/> One thirteen-year-old victim had an abortion after becoming pregnant.<ref name=Vulnerable/>

==Trial and sentences==
Some gang members told the court the girls were willing participants and happy having sex with the men. The ring-leader, 59-year-old Shabir Ahmed, claimed the girls were "prostitutes" who had been running a "business empire" and it was all "white lies". He shouted in court, "Where are the white people? You have only got my kind here."<ref name=Respected/><ref name=sky120509sent/> Shabir Ahmed's threatening behaviour and calling Judge Gerald Clifton a "racist bastard" resulted in him being banned from the court for the sentencing hearing.<ref name=guardianname/>

The trial concluded in May 2012 with the nine convictions. Shabir Ahmed<ref name=bbc120621/> received the longest sentence, 19 years for rape, aiding and abetting a rape, sexual assault, trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Mohammed Sajid was sentenced to 12 years for rape, sexual activity with a girl under 16, trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Kabeer Hassan was sentenced to nine years for rape and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Abdul Aziz received a similar sentence years for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Abdul Rauf was sentenced to six years for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Adil Khan was sentenced to eight years for the same offences. Mohammed Amin received a five year sentence for sexual assault and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Another five year sentence was given to Abdul Qayyum for conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children while Hamid Safi received four years for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children.

==Second sex ring and Operation Doublet==
{{main|Operation Doublet}}
Following the break up of the first sex ring in May 2012, the police made arrests in relation to another child sexual exploitation ring in Rochdale. Nine men between 24 and 38 years old were arrested on suspicion of sexual activity with a child.<ref name=second/> Operation Doublet was launched at the same time, as an investigation into [[child grooming]] and sexual abuse in the region. Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said that about 550 officers were working on Operation Doublet in May 2013. He said the investigation was at "an extremely sensitive stage" and street grooming was the force's top priority, "a bigger priority than gun crime". He said the investigation was looking at cases in Rochdale dating back to 2003.<ref name="evening news">{{cite news | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/police-vow-arrest-even-more-4002537 | title= Police vow to arrest even more child sex suspects | first = Chris | last = Jones| work = Manchester Evening News | location = Manchester | date = 23 May 2013 | accessdate=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

In March 2015, ten men aged between 26 and 45 were charged with serious sex offences against seven females aged between 13 and 23 at the time. The alleged offences that took place in Rochdale between 2005 and 2013 included rape, conspiracy to rape, inciting a child to engage in sexual activity, sexual activity with a child, and sexual assault.<ref name=bbc31695832>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-31695832| title= Ten men charged over Rochdale child abuse claims | work = BBC News | location = | date = 2 March 2015 | accessdate=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Reaction and public debate==
The case raised a serious debate about whether the crimes were racially motivated.<ref name=second/> Suggestions emerged that police and social work departments failed to act when details of the gang emerged for [[Political correctness|fear of appearing racist]], and vulnerable white teenagers being groomed by Pakistani men were ignored.<ref name=timesreport/><ref name=police/><ref name=Asian/> About a dozen more cases involving Asian Muslims in Northern England were investigated.<ref name=dh120628/> A report by the deputy children's commissioner in 2012 said that 33% of child sex abuse by gangs in Britain was committed by [[British Asian]], where Asians are 7% of the population, but concluded that it was "irresponsible" to dwell on the data.<ref name=afp122021/>

[[Ann Cryer]], Labour MP for Keighley, recalled in a BBC documentary filmed in 2012 that she had worked with the families of the victims involved, and had been "round at the police station virtually every week" and was "begging" both the police and social services to do something. Cryer said, "neither the police nor social services would touch those cases...I think it was they were afraid of being called racist."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b03ghfyp/Quitting_the_English_Defence_League_When_Tommy_Met_Mo/ "Quitting the English Defence League: When Tommy Met Mo"] BBC One, Producer/Director: Amanda McGlynn: video from 18:14. Broadcast 28 October 2013. Accessed 31 October 2013</ref> Cryer had attempted to reach the Muslim community and persuade it to take action: "I went to a friend of mine, who was a local councillor and happened to be a Muslim and therefore able to represent me to the elders, because I thought it was a good move to try to get those elders involved. I hoped that I would be able to persuade the elders to go knocking on doors and say 'this behaviour is un-Islamic and I want it to stop because I'm going to tell the whole community about you and what you’re doing if you don’t'. Now they weren’t prepared to do that."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b03ghfyp/Quitting_the_English_Defence_League_When_Tommy_Met_Mo/ "Quitting the English Defence League: When Tommy Met Mo"] BBC One: video from 19:13. Broadcast 28 October 2013. Accessed 31 October 2013</ref>

[[Tim Loughton]], the [[Department for Education|Minister for Children and Families]], said that while there was no evidence that ethnic communities condoned child sexual abuse, he was concerned that some had been slow to report it to the police, and urged police and social workers not to allow "political correctness around ethnicity" to hinder their work to apprehend such criminals.<ref name=PCguardian/>

In late-2011 the [[Children's Commissioner for England|Office of the Children's Commissioner]] started a two-year long inquiry into child sexual exploitation by street gangs.<ref name=indegrooming/> The inquiry issued its final report in November 2013.<ref name=Berelowitz /> After members of the Rochdale gang were sentenced, the UK's Department of Education announced new funding for a specialist foster care scheme to protect vulnerable children in residential care, where some victims had been.<ref name=guard120606/>

===''The Times'' report of 5 January 2011===
A report compiled by ''[[The Times]]'' on 5 January 2011, related to convictions for child sex grooming in [[North of England|the North]] and Midlands. Of the 56 offenders convicted since 1997 for crimes relating to on-street grooming of girls aged 11 to 16, three were white, 53 were Asian of which 50 were Muslim, and most were from the British Pakistani community.<ref name=timesreport/> Furthermore, ''The Times'' article alleged: "with the exception of one town there is scant evidence of work being undertaken in British Pakistani communities to confront the problem" of "pimping gangs" largely consisting of "members of the British Pakistani community".<ref name=timesreport/>

The findings have been questioned by researchers Ella Cockbain and Helen Brayley, from whose work for the [[UCL Jill Dando Institute|UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science]] ''The Times'' report had drawn much of its evidence.<ref name=jillguard/> "The citations are correct but they have been taken out of context," Cockbain told ''The Independent''; "Nor do they acknowledge the small sample size of the original research, which focused on just two large cases." Cockbain and Brayley expressed concern that "findings were being overextended from a small, geographically concentrated sample to characterise an entire crime type".<ref name=indegrooming/>

===Coalition for the Removal of Pimping===
Hilary Willmer, representing a Leeds-based support group for parents of sexually exploited girls, the Coalition for the Removal of Pimping (Crop), was quoted as saying "The vast majority [of] perpetrators are Pakistani Asians",<ref name=jillguard/> with sources inside Crop claiming a percentage as high as 80 per cent although, ''The Independent'' noted, "Kurdish, Romanian and Albanian gangs were also involved". Willmer added: "We think this is the tip of the iceberg", although she cautioned against treating the matter as a race crime. "It's a criminal thing."<ref name=jillguard/> By May 2012, according to ''The Independent'', Crop had "gone suddenly silent" concerning the percentage of abusers of Asian origin who had come to the organisation's attention: Willmer explained to the paper: "We've been accused of being a cover for the [[British National Party|BNP]]".<ref name=indegrooming/>

===Child protection organisations===
In 2011 the [[Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre]] launched a five-month long investigation into whether there was a link between racial profile and the crime of underage grooming. The organisation defined underage grooming as any situation where a child or young person received a gift in exchange for sexual favours. It drew statistics from organisations such as Barnardo's but the findings were considered inconclusive by expert academics because not all the figures had been compiled in the same way and ethnicity had not always been noted with each reported crime.<ref name=indegrooming/> Ella Cockbain and Helen Brayley pointed out, "There is no criminal offence of 'on-street grooming' and as a result it is very difficult to measure the extent of the crime based on court statistics."<ref name=indegrooming/> Further research has been pursued since late 2011 by the Office of the Children's Commissioner.<ref name=indegrooming/>

Wendy Shepherd, child sexual exploitation project manager for Barnardo's in the north of England, said that since she started working with the organisation, there has been "a shift from the men selling children in ones or twos to something that is much more organised in groups and networks. The networks of men come from different backgrounds: in the North and Midlands many have been British Asians; in Devon it was white men; in Bath and Bristol, Afro-Caribbeans; in London, all ethnic mixes, whites, Iraqis, Kurds, Afghans, Somalis.” She noted that white male predators on the street tend to work alone. She added: "The danger with saying that the problem is with one ethnicity is that then people will only be on the lookout for that group – and will risk missing other threats."<ref name=indegrooming/>

The former head of Barnardo's, Martin Narey, said on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Today (BBC Radio 4)|Today]]'' programme: "For this particular type of crime, the street grooming of teenage girls in northern towns … there is very troubling evidence that Asians are overwhelmingly represented in the prosecutions for such offences."<ref name=guardnarey/> Narey rejected the idea that such gangs were specifically targeting white girls, but suggested vulnerable girls on the street were more likely to be white since Asian girls were subjected to strict parenting and were more likely to be kept off the streets.<ref name=guardnarey/>

===Response from Muslim spokesmen===
In a BBC documentary investigating grooming young girls for sex by some Pakistani men, Imam Irfan Chishti from the [[Rochdale Council of Mosques]] deplored the practice, saying it was "very shocking to see fellow [[Islam in the United Kingdom|British Muslims]] brought to court for this kind of horrific offence."<ref name=rdol111207/><ref name=bbccentre/> [[Mohammed Shafiq]], chief executive of the [[Ramadhan Foundation]], accused elders of the Pakistani community of "burying their heads in the sand" on the matter of sexual grooming. He said that of convictions involving child sexual exploitation, 87% were of British Pakistani men and it was a significant problem for that community. He said the actions of criminals who thought "white teenage girls are worthless and can be abused" were "bringing shame on our community."<ref name=BBC120508/>

[[Sayeeda Warsi]], co-chairperson of the Conservative Party, in an interview with the ''[[Evening Standard]]'', said "You can only start solving a problem if you acknowledge it first," and added, "This small minority who see women as second class citizens, and white women probably as third class citizens, are to be spoken out against." She described the Rochdale case as "even more disgusting" than cases of girls being passed around street gangs, as the perpetrators "were grown men, some of them religious teachers or running businesses, with young families of their own."<ref name=til120518/>

Nazir Afzal, who as the newly appointed chief [[Crown Prosecution Service|crown prosecutor]] decided to bring the case to trial, said that gender, not race, was the key issue: "There is no community where women and girls are not vulnerable to sexual attack and that's a fact."<ref name=guardnotab/>

===Far-right protests===
Protestors from far-right organisations, the [[British National Party]] and [[English Defence League]], held demonstrations with slogans like: "Our girls are not Halal meat."<ref name=dh120628/><ref name=indegrooming/>

===Hindu and Sikh objections===
Hindu and Sikh groups have objected to media use of the "Asian" description saying that the culprits were "almost always of Pakistani origin" and Muslim. They contend that clouding the issue by calling them "Asians" is unfair towards other groups and detrimental to a frank discussion.<ref name=bbc120516/><ref name=teleg120608/><ref name=dc120508/>

===Taxi controversy===
Two of the convicted gang members worked at Eagle Taxis, which was taken over by Car 2000 after the scandal. The company's owner said that due to requests, clients could choose to have a white driver but this was reversed after 50 Asian drivers protested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rochdale taxi firm boss in 'race choice' U-turn|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-29785062|accessdate=2 November 2014|work=BBC News|date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

===Moral panic===
Researchers have suggested that the British media’s portrayal of South Asian men as perpetrators of sexual violence against white victims is an example of a [[moral panic]].<ref name=Gill /> In particular they point out that the inquiry by the Office of the Children's Commissioner<ref name=Berelowitz /> found that, "perpetrators and their victims were ethnically diverse."<ref name=Gill />

==Review of police actions==
On 13 March 2015, Greater Manchester Police apologised for its failure to investigate child sexual exploitation allegations more thoroughly between 2008 and 2010. The apology was made after a review by the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] "examined the conduct and actions of 13 officers who were involved in Operation Span and the policing of Rochdale Division." Operation Span was the investigation launched in December 2009 into allegations made against the individuals who were convicted in 2012, and others. Assistant Chief Constable Dawn Copley said that, at the time of the earlier investigation, "there was a strong target driven focus, predominantly on serious acquisitive crime. At best this was distracting for leaders and influenced the areas that resources were focussed on." She said that seven officers had been served with misconduct notices, but no further disciplinary action would be taken against them. Copley said: "We apologise to the victims and we give them our assurance that lessons have been learned, changes have been made and we are determined to use this to continue making improvements."<ref name=bbc130315/><ref>[http://www.gmp.police.uk/Content/WebsitePages/5852C2381F45C0A080257E07002FA81A?OpenDocument Greater Manchester Police, Report into Rochdale CSE investigation, 13 March 2015]. Retrieved 13 March 2015</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Crime|Greater Manchester}}
* [[Derby sex gang]]
* [[Oxford sex gang]]
* [[Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal]]
* [[Bristol Sex Gang|Bristol sex gang]]
* [[Telford sex gang]]
* [[Peterborough sex abuse case]]
* [[Banbury sex gang]]
* [[Aylesbury sex gang]]
* [[Keighley sex gang]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=BBC120508>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-17989463 | title = Rochdale grooming trial: Nine found guilty of child sex charges | publisher = BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbcdropped>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17853560 | title = Rochdale child sex grooming case originally dropped | first= Paul | last = Burnell | publisher= BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 27 August 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbc120516>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18092605 | title = Complaints over use of 'Asian' label in grooming cases | publisher = BBC News | date = 16 May 2012 | accessdate = 12 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbc120621>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-18540902 | title = Rochdale grooming leader guilty of child rape | publisher = BBC News | date = 21 June 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbccentre>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17899841 | title= Heywood: Rochdale town at the centre of child sex ring | first = Emma | last= Stanley | publisher= BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Berelowitz>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berelowitz | first1 = Sue | last2 = Clifton | first2 = Jenny | last3 = Firimin | first3 = Carlene | last4 = Gulyurtlu | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Edwards | first5 = Gareth | title = "If only someone had listened": Office of the Children's Commissioner's Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups: final report | publisher = [[Children's Commissioner for England|Office of the Children's Commissioner]] | url = http://socialwelfare.bl.uk/subject-areas/services-client-groups/children-young-people/childrenscommissioner/ifonly13.aspx | date = November 2013 }} [http://www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/files/chidrens-commission.pdf Pdf.]</ref>

<ref name=Gill>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gill | first1 = Aisha K. | last2 = Harrison | first2 = Karen | title = Child grooming and sexual exploitation: are South Asian men the UK media’s new folk devils? | journal = International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 34-49 | publisher = [[Public Knowledge Project]] | doi = 10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.214 | date = 2015 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.214 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://www.crimejusticejournal.com/article/view/214/pdf Pdf.]</ref>

<ref name=rdol111207>{{cite news | url = http://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/news-features/2/news/64181/rochdale-featured-in-sex-grooming-documentary | title= Rochdale featured in sex grooming documentary | work= Rochdale Online | date= 7 December 2011 | accessdate= 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Respected>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/may/08/rochdale-child-sex-ring-case?intcmp=239 | title = Rochdale child sex ring case: respected men who preyed on the vulnerable | first = Helen | last = Carter | work = The Guardian | location= London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardianname>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/21/ringleader-rochdale-paedophiles-named | title = Rochdale paedophile ringleader is named | agency = Press Association | work= The Guardian | location= London | date = 21 June 2012 | accessdate= 21 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardcon>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/may/09/rochdale-child-sex-ring-jailed | title = Rochdale child sex ring: nine men jailed | agency = Press Association | work = The Guardian | date=9 May 2012 | accessdate = 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Vulnerable>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/may/08/men-guilty-abusing-girls-rochdale | title = Nine men found guilty of sexually abusing vulnerable girls in Rochdale | first = Helen | last = Carter | work = The Guardian | location = London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=PCguardian>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2012/jul/03/cameron-grilled-mps-eurozone-live-blog | title = Politics Live with Andrew Sparrow | first = Andrew | last = Sparrow | work = The Guardian | location = London | date = 3 July 2012 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=jillguard>{{cite news | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/jan/06/child-sex-trafficking-racial-stereotyping | title= Child sex trafficking study sparks exaggerated racial stereotyping | work= The Guardian | date= 6 January 2011 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardnarey>{{cite news | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/may/09/grooming-girls-asian-men-barnados | title= Grooming offences committed mostly by Asian men, says ex-Barnardo's chief | first=Haroon | last=Siddique | work = The Guardian | location=London | date= 9 May 2012 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guard120606>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jun/06/sexually-exploited-children-barnados | title= Sexually exploited children are at further risk in care, says Barnardo's | first=Alexandra | last=Topping | work=The Guardian | location=London | date=6 June 2012 | accessdate= 26 August 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardnotab>{{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/may/09/rochdale-grooming-trial-race | title = Why the Rochdale 'grooming trial' wasn't about race | first = Jane | last = Martinson | work = The Guardian | date = 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=police>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253250/Rochdale-grooming-trial-Police-accused-of-failing-to-investigate-paedophile-gang-for-fear-of-appearing-racist.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: Police accused of failing to investigate paedophile gang for fear of appearing racist | first = Nigel | last = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location = London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9239126/Rochdale-grooming-trial-gang-convicted-for-sex-trafficking.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: gang convicted for sex trafficking | first= Nigel | last = Bunyan | work= The Telegraph | location=London | date=8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120508>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253267/Rochdale-grooming-trial-how-the-case-unfolded.html | title=Rochdale grooming trial: how the case unfolded | first= Nigel | last = Bunyan | work= The Telegraph | location=London | date=8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120509>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9254232/Members-of-paedophile-gang-treated-victims-as-worthless.html | title= Members of paedophile gang treated victims as 'worthless' | first1 = Victoria | last1 = Ward | first2 = Nigel | last2 = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location= London | date= 9 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=second>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9261748/Arrests-made-in-second-Rochdale-sex-grooming-scandal.html | title= Arrests made in second Rochdale sex grooming scandal | first = Julie | last = Henry | work = The Telegraph | location = London | date = 12 May 2012 | accessdate=12 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Asian>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253016/Rochdale-grooming-trial-Asian-grooming-gangs-the-uncomfortable-issue.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: Asian grooming gangs, the uncomfortable issue | first = Nigel | last = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location= London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120608>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9314448/Its-time-to-stop-using-the-word-Asians.html | title = It's time to stop using the word 'Asians' | first = Hardeep | last = Singh | work = The Telegraph | date = 8 June 2012 | accessdate = 12 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=indegrooming>{{cite web | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/child-sex-grooming-the-asian-question-7729068.html | title = Child sex grooming: the Asian question | first = Paul | last = Vallely | work = The Independent | date = 10 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=indepafzal>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/nazir-afzal-we-tackled-grooming-gangs-now-we-have-to-confront-forced-marriage-among-travellers-7769697.html | title = Nazir Afzal: 'We tackled grooming gangs. Now we have to confront forced marriage among Travellers' | first = Jonathan | last = Brown | work = The Independent | date = 21 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=sky120509sent>{{cite news | url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16224161 | title=Gang To Be Sentenced Over Child Sex Crimes | publisher=Sky News | date=9 May 2012|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=sky120509prof>{{cite news | url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16224243 | title=Profiles of Child Sex Abuse Gang Members | publisher=Sky News | accessdate=8 May 2012|date = 9 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=dh120628>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20120628/news/706289541/ | title = British sex grooming cases spark racial tensions | agency = [[Associated Press]] | work = Daily Herald | date = 29 June 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=afp122021>{{cite news | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hZBG8KaAHpyMtDXe4S1_RZwzzJGw?docId=CNG.9836f256180055c58ccd50568c16ee9e.251 | title = Report 'downplays sex abuse by Asian men' | agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] | publisher = Google | date = 21 November 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=timesreport>{{cite web | url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2863058.ece | title=Revealed: conspiracy of silence on UK sex gangs | work=The Times | date= 5 January 2011 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=week120928>{{cite news | url = http://www.theweek.co.uk/crime/49280/rochdale-child-sex-ring-did-political-correctness-delay-justice | title = Rochdale child sex ring: did political correctness delay justice? | publisher = TheWeek.co.uk | date = 28 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=IBT120508>{{cite news | url= http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/338573/20120508/nine-men-being-tried-sexual-exploitation-charges.htm | title= Rochdale Child Sex Ring: 'Master', 'Tiger' and Seven Others Guilty of Rape and Trafficking | first= Jamie | last=Lewis | work=International Business Times | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=dc120508>{{cite news | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/europe/uk-hindus-sikhs-protest-%E2%80%98asian%E2%80%99-label-culprits-670 | title = UK Hindus, Sikhs protest 'Asian' label for culprits | first = Sarju | last = Kaul | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 30 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=til120518>{{cite news | url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/politics/full-interview-with-baroness-warsi-father-asked-me-why-be-a-leader-if-you-dont-take-the-lead-7766362.html | title = Full interview with Baroness Warsi | work = London Evening Standard | date = 18 May 2012 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rbscb.org/CSEReport.pdf The Rochdale Borough Safeguarding Children Board, Review of Multi-Agency Responses to the Sexual Exploitation of Children]
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/68/68i.pdf House of Commons Home Affairs Committee ''Child sexual exploitation and the response to localized grooming: Second Report of Session 2013–14, Vol. 1'']
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/68/68ii.pdf House of Commons Home Affairs Committee ''Child sexual exploitation and the response to localized grooming: Second Report of Session 2013–14, Vol. 2'']

[[Category:Child prostitution]]
[[Category:Crime in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Forced prostitution]]
[[Category:Modern street gangs]]
[[Category:Rape in England]]
[[Category:Rochdale]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in England]]
[[Category:Sex gangs]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2012 in England]]
[[Category:2008 in England]]
[[Category:2009 in England]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Pakistani-British gangs]]

Werner Dilger

2016-05-01T13:13:52Z

Jonpatterns: /* Einzelnachweise */

'''Werner Dilger''' (* [[24. März]] [[1942]] in [[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]; † [[17. Juli]] [[2007]] in [[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]) war ein deutscher Professor für [[Informatik]] und hatte den Lehrstuhl für [[künstliche Intelligenz]] an der [[TU Chemnitz]] inne.
Sein letztes Hauptforschungsgebiet war die Erforschung künstlicher [[Immunsystem]]e.

== Lebenslauf ==
Dilger studierte evangelische Theologie und absolvierte ein Grundstudium der Mathematik. Anschließend wandte er sich der Informatik zu, deren Studium er 1974 in Karlsruhe als Diplom-Informatiker beendete. An der [[Universität Kaiserslautern]] promovierte und habilitierte er.

Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Professor für [[Praktische Informatik]] an der [[EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht]] [[Schloss Reichartshausen]]. 1993 wurde er an die [[Technische Universität Chemnitz]] berufen, wo er die Professur künstliche Intelligenz innehatte.
Er ertrank einen Monat nach seiner Verabschiedung im [[Stausee Oberrabenstein]] infolge eines Herzinfarktes.

== Tätigkeiten ==
* Mitgründer und Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der prudsys AG (2002–2006)
* Initiator des [[Data-Mining-Cup]]s
* Mitinitiator der Robotik-AG an der TU Chemnitz

== Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) ==
* Dilger, W.; Strangfeld, S.: ''Properties of the Bersini experiment on self-assertion. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA. 95-102, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Schadwinkel, S., Dilger, W.: ''A dynamic approach to artificial immune systems utilizing neural networks. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA, 131-134, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Dilger, W.: ''Structural properties of shape-spaces. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 178-192, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Lehmann, M., Dilger, W.: ''Controlling the heating system of an intelligent home with an artificial immune system. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 335-348, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Dilger, W.: ''Analyse räumlicher Daten (Spatial Data Mining)''. In: Koch, W.G. (Hrsg.): ''Theorie 2003 - 8. Dresdner Sommerschule für Kartographie'', September 2003. TU Dresden, Institut für Kartographie, 2004, 29 - 41, ISBN 3-86005-410-4.
* Dilger, W.: ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997)<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/tu/presse/aktuell/2/1031 Pressemeldung zum Tode Dilgers an der TU Chemnitz]

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=141271302|VIAF=120875101}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilger, Werner}}
[[Kategorie:Informatiker]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Chemnitz)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Oestrich-Winkel)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1942]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2007]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Dilger, Werner
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Informatiker und Hochschullehrer
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. März 1942
|GEBURTSORT=[[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]
|STERBEDATUM=17. Juli 2007
|STERBEORT=[[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]
}}

Werner Dilger

2016-05-01T13:13:20Z

Jonpatterns:

'''Werner Dilger''' (* [[24. März]] [[1942]] in [[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]; † [[17. Juli]] [[2007]] in [[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]) war ein deutscher Professor für [[Informatik]] und hatte den Lehrstuhl für [[künstliche Intelligenz]] an der [[TU Chemnitz]] inne.
Sein letztes Hauptforschungsgebiet war die Erforschung künstlicher [[Immunsystem]]e.

== Lebenslauf ==
Dilger studierte evangelische Theologie und absolvierte ein Grundstudium der Mathematik. Anschließend wandte er sich der Informatik zu, deren Studium er 1974 in Karlsruhe als Diplom-Informatiker beendete. An der [[Universität Kaiserslautern]] promovierte und habilitierte er.

Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Professor für [[Praktische Informatik]] an der [[EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht]] [[Schloss Reichartshausen]]. 1993 wurde er an die [[Technische Universität Chemnitz]] berufen, wo er die Professur künstliche Intelligenz innehatte.
Er ertrank einen Monat nach seiner Verabschiedung im [[Stausee Oberrabenstein]] infolge eines Herzinfarktes.

== Tätigkeiten ==
* Mitgründer und Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der prudsys AG (2002–2006)
* Initiator des [[Data-Mining-Cup]]s
* Mitinitiator der Robotik-AG an der TU Chemnitz

== Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) ==
* Dilger, W.; Strangfeld, S.: ''Properties of the Bersini experiment on self-assertion. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA. 95-102, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Schadwinkel, S., Dilger, W.: ''A dynamic approach to artificial immune systems utilizing neural networks. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA, 131-134, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Dilger, W.: ''Structural properties of shape-spaces. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 178-192, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Lehmann, M., Dilger, W.: ''Controlling the heating system of an intelligent home with an artificial immune system. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 335-348, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Dilger, W.: ''Analyse räumlicher Daten (Spatial Data Mining)''. In: Koch, W.G. (Hrsg.): ''Theorie 2003 - 8. Dresdner Sommerschule für Kartographie'', September 2003. TU Dresden, Institut für Kartographie, 2004, 29 - 41, ISBN 3-86005-410-4.
* Dilger, W.: ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997)<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

== Einzelnachweise ==
{{reflist}}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/tu/presse/aktuell/2/1031 Pressemeldung zum Tode Dilgers an der TU Chemnitz]

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=141271302|VIAF=120875101}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilger, Werner}}
[[Kategorie:Informatiker]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Chemnitz)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Oestrich-Winkel)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1942]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2007]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Dilger, Werner
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Informatiker und Hochschullehrer
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. März 1942
|GEBURTSORT=[[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]
|STERBEDATUM=17. Juli 2007
|STERBEORT=[[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]
}}

Werner Dilger

2016-05-01T13:12:10Z

Jonpatterns: /* Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) */ {{reflink}}

'''Werner Dilger''' (* [[24. März]] [[1942]] in [[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]; † [[17. Juli]] [[2007]] in [[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]) war ein deutscher Professor für [[Informatik]] und hatte den Lehrstuhl für [[künstliche Intelligenz]] an der [[TU Chemnitz]] inne.
Sein letztes Hauptforschungsgebiet war die Erforschung künstlicher [[Immunsystem]]e.

== Lebenslauf ==
Dilger studierte evangelische Theologie und absolvierte ein Grundstudium der Mathematik. Anschließend wandte er sich der Informatik zu, deren Studium er 1974 in Karlsruhe als Diplom-Informatiker beendete. An der [[Universität Kaiserslautern]] promovierte und habilitierte er.

Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Professor für [[Praktische Informatik]] an der [[EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht]] [[Schloss Reichartshausen]]. 1993 wurde er an die [[Technische Universität Chemnitz]] berufen, wo er die Professur künstliche Intelligenz innehatte.
Er ertrank einen Monat nach seiner Verabschiedung im [[Stausee Oberrabenstein]] infolge eines Herzinfarktes.

== Tätigkeiten ==
* Mitgründer und Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der prudsys AG (2002–2006)
* Initiator des [[Data-Mining-Cup]]s
* Mitinitiator der Robotik-AG an der TU Chemnitz

== Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) ==
* Dilger, W.; Strangfeld, S.: ''Properties of the Bersini experiment on self-assertion. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA. 95-102, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Schadwinkel, S., Dilger, W.: ''A dynamic approach to artificial immune systems utilizing neural networks. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA, 131-134, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Dilger, W.: ''Structural properties of shape-spaces. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 178-192, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Lehmann, M., Dilger, W.: ''Controlling the heating system of an intelligent home with an artificial immune system. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 335-348, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Dilger, W.: ''Analyse räumlicher Daten (Spatial Data Mining)''. In: Koch, W.G. (Hrsg.): ''Theorie 2003 - 8. Dresdner Sommerschule für Kartographie'', September 2003. TU Dresden, Institut für Kartographie, 2004, 29 - 41, ISBN 3-86005-410-4.
* Dilger, W.: ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997)<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

{{reflink}}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/tu/presse/aktuell/2/1031 Pressemeldung zum Tode Dilgers an der TU Chemnitz]

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=141271302|VIAF=120875101}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilger, Werner}}
[[Kategorie:Informatiker]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Chemnitz)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Oestrich-Winkel)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1942]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2007]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Dilger, Werner
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Informatiker und Hochschullehrer
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. März 1942
|GEBURTSORT=[[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]
|STERBEDATUM=17. Juli 2007
|STERBEORT=[[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]
}}

Werner Dilger

2016-05-01T13:11:21Z

Jonpatterns: /* Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) */ Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system

'''Werner Dilger''' (* [[24. März]] [[1942]] in [[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]; † [[17. Juli]] [[2007]] in [[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]) war ein deutscher Professor für [[Informatik]] und hatte den Lehrstuhl für [[künstliche Intelligenz]] an der [[TU Chemnitz]] inne.
Sein letztes Hauptforschungsgebiet war die Erforschung künstlicher [[Immunsystem]]e.

== Lebenslauf ==
Dilger studierte evangelische Theologie und absolvierte ein Grundstudium der Mathematik. Anschließend wandte er sich der Informatik zu, deren Studium er 1974 in Karlsruhe als Diplom-Informatiker beendete. An der [[Universität Kaiserslautern]] promovierte und habilitierte er.

Von 1989 bis 1993 war er Professor für [[Praktische Informatik]] an der [[EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht]] [[Schloss Reichartshausen]]. 1993 wurde er an die [[Technische Universität Chemnitz]] berufen, wo er die Professur künstliche Intelligenz innehatte.
Er ertrank einen Monat nach seiner Verabschiedung im [[Stausee Oberrabenstein]] infolge eines Herzinfarktes.

== Tätigkeiten ==
* Mitgründer und Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates der prudsys AG (2002–2006)
* Initiator des [[Data-Mining-Cup]]s
* Mitinitiator der Robotik-AG an der TU Chemnitz

== Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl) ==
* Dilger, W.; Strangfeld, S.: ''Properties of the Bersini experiment on self-assertion. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA. 95-102, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Schadwinkel, S., Dilger, W.: ''A dynamic approach to artificial immune systems utilizing neural networks. Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO) 2006'', Seattle, WA, 131-134, ISBN 1-59593-186-4
* Dilger, W.: ''Structural properties of shape-spaces. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 178-192, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Lehmann, M., Dilger, W.: ''Controlling the heating system of an intelligent home with an artificial immune system. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Immune Systems (ICARIS 2006)'', Oeiras, Portugal, Springer LNCS, 335-348, ISBN 3-540-37749-2
* Dilger, W.: ''Analyse räumlicher Daten (Spatial Data Mining)''. In: Koch, W.G. (Hrsg.): ''Theorie 2003 - 8. Dresdner Sommerschule für Kartographie'', September 2003. TU Dresden, Institut für Kartographie, 2004, 29 - 41, ISBN 3-86005-410-4.
* Dilger, W.: ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997)<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/tu/presse/aktuell/2/1031 Pressemeldung zum Tode Dilgers an der TU Chemnitz]

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=141271302|VIAF=120875101}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilger, Werner}}
[[Kategorie:Informatiker]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Chemnitz)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Oestrich-Winkel)]]
[[Kategorie:Deutscher]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1942]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2007]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Dilger, Werner
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutscher Informatiker und Hochschullehrer
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. März 1942
|GEBURTSORT=[[Winterbach (Remstal)|Winterbach]]
|STERBEDATUM=17. Juli 2007
|STERBEORT=[[Chemnitz-Rabenstein|Chemnitz]]
}}

Dezentralisierte Autonome Organisation

2016-05-01T13:02:08Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ fixos

{{merge to|Block chain (database)|date=May 2016|discuss=Talk:Block chain (database)#Merge in decentralized autonomous organization}}
'''Decentralized autonomous organization''' is associated with a specific use of a type of distributed [[database]] called a [[Block chain (database)|Block chain]].

== Terminology ==

=== Firm ===

In its typical implementation as publicly auditable rules distributed across the computers of the stakeholders, the DAO can be thought of in a [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] sense as a [[production function]] or [[Production–possibility frontier|production possibilities set]], a black box that transforms inputs into outputs. The DAO can be modeled as a single actor, facing a series of mathematical calculations, implicit in the non-self-verifying data, determined by the characteristics of the production function. The reason that the DAO can exist is because market coordination without it fails due to lack of necessary intersubjective points of orientation, that is, lack of so-called [[Focal point (game theory)|Schelling points]]. The emergence of behavior-coordinating Schelling points is a characteristic of the way that the DAO is coded.<ref name=h-malmgren1>Malmgren, H. B. (1961). "Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm". ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' '''75''': 399-421.</ref>

=== Entrepreneur ===

The entrepreneurship of the DAO's development process can be thought of in a [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeterian]] sense as an exceptional occurrence of massive importance. The programmers who develop and launch the DAO are persons who by introducing "new combinations" shake the economy out of its previous equilibrium, starting a process Schumpeter termed [[creative destruction]].<ref name=marcus-becker1>Becker, Marcus C.; Thorbjørn Knudsen (2003). "The Entrepreneur at a Crucial Juncture in Schumpeter’s Work: Schumpeter’s 1928 Handbook Entry Entrepreneur". ''Advances in Austrian Economics'' '''6''': 199–234.</ref> This speaks to the tenuous relationship between the developers and the DAO they own or contract with, because Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is ''[[sui generis]]'' (independent of its environment).<ref name=nicolai-foss1>Foss NJ, Klein PG. ''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. Cambridge University Press. (2012). ISBN 9780521874427</ref><ref>Foss NJ, Klein PG. Authors Forum:''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. 2012 Austrian Scholars Conference, recorded 8 March 2012 at the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0rJtEBjTA4]</ref>

== Legal issues ==

{{Asof|2014}}, DAOs had no way to indemnify users since they lack [[legal personality]] and may have either no cash-flow or no assets. Accordingly, recovery in the event that a given DAO fails could turn out to be extremely difficult in practice. Consequently, for example, if a DAO had funds, they would typically be able to indemnify specific users (namely exchanges) through corporate insurance (a [[Bond (finance)|bond]]).<ref name=swanson1>{{cite web|last1=Swanson|first1=Tim|title=Mitigating the Legal Risks of Issuing Securities on a Cryptoledger|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/112034/mitigating-the-legal-risks-of-issuing-securities-on-a-cryptoledger|website=[[CoinTelegraph]]|publisher=Cointelegraph|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>
According to Austin Brister, a Houston-based attorney:
<blockquote class="templatequote">Consumer protection laws can be far-reaching and quite unforgiving. Ordinary businesses do just fine in navigating these laws, even if they don't realize it, because they can adjust their interactions with consumers in "real-time" in order to be reasonable, well-centered, and act in good faith in dealing with consumers. However, the problem with smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations, and the like, is that they are hard-wired to act in one way, whether it makes sense or not.

Unforeseeable circumstances practically always present themselves to businesses of all types, and by definition, these circumstances cannot be foreseen or planned for. These systems need to adequately plan for this possibility, and be prepared to be properly insured or adequately bonded in the event things go wrong, and customers are hurt. Similarly, consumers should be aware that they are not dealing with living breathing people, but rather a machine subject only to 0's and 1's.<ref name="swanson1"/>
</blockquote>

=== Self-modification layer ===
This layer also allows the DAO to set an upper bound on the losses caused by any malicious collusion.<ref>DeFigueiredo, Dimitri do B. [http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~defigued/index_files/trustdavis.pdf "TrustDavis: A Non-Exploitable Online Reputation System"]. Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</ref>

== Hiring employees ==

Making a fine-grained evaluation of an individual human employee is likely impossible. The best solution is likely to simply use monetary incentives to direct people’s actions on a coarse level, and then let the community self-organize to make the fine-grained adjustments. The extent to which a DAO targets a community for investment and participation, rather than discrete individuals, is the choice of its original developers.<ref>{{cite AV media
| year=2014
| title=Engineering Economic Security
| medium=YouTube
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFlA8TdWmk&feature=youtu.be
| accessdate=August 11, 2014
| location=Silicon Valley Ethereum Meetup
| publisher=EtherCasts
}}</ref> On the one hand, targeting a community can allow your human support to work together to solve problems in large groups. On the other hand, keeping everyone separate prevents collusion, and in that way reduces the likelihood of a hostile takeover.<ref name=vitalik-buterin1>Buterin, Vitalik. [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7119/bootstrapping-an-autonomous-decentralized-corporation-part-2-interacting-with-the-world/ "Bootstrapping An Autonomous Decentralized Corporation, Part 2: Interacting With the World"]. ''Bitcoin Magazine™''. Coin Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col||30em}}
* [[Bitcoin protocol]]
* [[Cybernetics]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Ethereum]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[Merkle tree]]
* [[Monero (cryptocurrency)|Monero]]
* [[Serious game]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{External links|section|date=December 2015}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* [http://aeon.co/magazine/technology/are-we-ready-for-companies-that-run-themselves/ RoboCorp - Get ready for companies that run themselves. But will the autonomous economy set us all free, or just make the rich richer?], David Z. Morris, ''[[Aeon (digital magazine)]]''
* [http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/01/382648685/in-sweden-remote-control-airport-is-a-reality In Sweden, Remote-Control Airport Is A Reality], Ari Shapiro, ''[[National Public Radio (United States)|National Public Radio]]''
* [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] bitcoin.org
* [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7050/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i/ Bootstrapping a DAC Part 1] Bitcoin Magazine
* [http://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?topic=297.0 Topic on bitsharestalk] bitsharestalk.org
* [http://ethereum.org/ethereum.html Ethereum]: A Next-Generation Generalized Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Dagger Dagger] is a proof of work algorithm, intended to provide a memory-hard proof of work based on moderately connected directed acyclic graphs. wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Patricia_Tree Patricia Tree] wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Literature/Daemon TV Tropes Analysis of Daemon] tvtropes.org
* [http://wavism.net/group3/distributed-autonomous-virtual-state-davs/ Distributed Autonomous Virtual State] wavism.net
* [http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~avivz/pubs/13/btc_scalability_full.pdf Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing] Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains, cs.huji.ac.il
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y Mike Hearn's talk on autonomous agents, Turing Festival 2013] YouTube
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#heading=h.v3px1rgmf10o Colored Coins]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories/WWF Distributed Production Network] wikibooks.org
* [https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/spec The Master Protocol - Mastercoin Complete Specification] github.com
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchism]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]

Dezentralisierte Autonome Organisation

2016-05-01T12:57:48Z

Jonpatterns: information potentially suitable for merge rather than quick delete{{merge to|Block chain (database)|date=May 2016|discuss=Block chain (database)#Merge in decentralized autonomous organization}}

{{merge to|Block chain (database)|date=May 2016|discuss=Block chain (database)#Merge in decentralized autonomous organization}}
''Decentralized autonomous organization'' is associated with a specific use of a type of distributed [[database]] called a [[Block chain (database)|Block chain]].

== Terminology ==

=== Firm ===

In its typical implementation as publicly auditable rules distributed across the computers of the stakeholders, the DAO can be thought of in a [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] sense as a [[production function]] or [[Production–possibility frontier|production possibilities set]], a black box that transforms inputs into outputs. The DAO can be modeled as a single actor, facing a series of mathematical calculations, implicit in the non-self-verifying data, determined by the characteristics of the production function. The reason that the DAO can exist is because market coordination without it fails due to lack of necessary intersubjective points of orientation, that is, lack of so-called [[Focal point (game theory)|Schelling points]]. The emergence of behavior-coordinating Schelling points is a characteristic of the way that the DAO is coded.<ref name=h-malmgren1>Malmgren, H. B. (1961). "Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm". ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' '''75''': 399-421.</ref>

=== Entrepreneur ===

The entrepreneurship of the DAO's development process can be thought of in a [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeterian]] sense as an exceptional occurrence of massive importance. The programmers who develop and launch the DAO are persons who by introducing "new combinations" shake the economy out of its previous equilibrium, starting a process Schumpeter termed [[creative destruction]].<ref name=marcus-becker1>Becker, Marcus C.; Thorbjørn Knudsen (2003). "The Entrepreneur at a Crucial Juncture in Schumpeter’s Work: Schumpeter’s 1928 Handbook Entry Entrepreneur". ''Advances in Austrian Economics'' '''6''': 199–234.</ref> This speaks to the tenuous relationship between the developers and the DAO they own or contract with, because Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is ''[[sui generis]]'' (independent of its environment).<ref name=nicolai-foss1>Foss NJ, Klein PG. ''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. Cambridge University Press. (2012). ISBN 9780521874427</ref><ref>Foss NJ, Klein PG. Authors Forum:''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. 2012 Austrian Scholars Conference, recorded 8 March 2012 at the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0rJtEBjTA4]</ref>

== Legal issues ==

{{Asof|2014}}, DAOs had no way to indemnify users since they lack [[legal personality]] and may have either no cash-flow or no assets. Accordingly, recovery in the event that a given DAO fails could turn out to be extremely difficult in practice. Consequently, for example, if a DAO had funds, they would typically be able to indemnify specific users (namely exchanges) through corporate insurance (a [[Bond (finance)|bond]]).<ref name=swanson1>{{cite web|last1=Swanson|first1=Tim|title=Mitigating the Legal Risks of Issuing Securities on a Cryptoledger|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/112034/mitigating-the-legal-risks-of-issuing-securities-on-a-cryptoledger|website=[[CoinTelegraph]]|publisher=Cointelegraph|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>
According to Austin Brister, a Houston-based attorney:
<blockquote class="templatequote">Consumer protection laws can be far-reaching and quite unforgiving. Ordinary businesses do just fine in navigating these laws, even if they don't realize it, because they can adjust their interactions with consumers in "real-time" in order to be reasonable, well-centered, and act in good faith in dealing with consumers. However, the problem with smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations, and the like, is that they are hard-wired to act in one way, whether it makes sense or not.

Unforeseeable circumstances practically always present themselves to businesses of all types, and by definition, these circumstances cannot be foreseen or planned for. These systems need to adequately plan for this possibility, and be prepared to be properly insured or adequately bonded in the event things go wrong, and customers are hurt. Similarly, consumers should be aware that they are not dealing with living breathing people, but rather a machine subject only to 0's and 1's.<ref name="swanson1"/>
</blockquote>

=== Self-modification layer ===
This layer also allows the DAO to set an upper bound on the losses caused by any malicious collusion.<ref>DeFigueiredo, Dimitri do B. [http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~defigued/index_files/trustdavis.pdf "TrustDavis: A Non-Exploitable Online Reputation System"]. Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</ref>

== Hiring employees ==

Making a fine-grained evaluation of an individual human employee is likely impossible. The best solution is likely to simply use monetary incentives to direct people’s actions on a coarse level, and then let the community self-organize to make the fine-grained adjustments. The extent to which a DAO targets a community for investment and participation, rather than discrete individuals, is the choice of its original developers.<ref>{{cite AV media
| year=2014
| title=Engineering Economic Security
| medium=YouTube
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFlA8TdWmk&feature=youtu.be
| accessdate=August 11, 2014
| location=Silicon Valley Ethereum Meetup
| publisher=EtherCasts
}}</ref> On the one hand, targeting a community can allow your human support to work together to solve problems in large groups. On the other hand, keeping everyone separate prevents collusion, and in that way reduces the likelihood of a hostile takeover.<ref name=vitalik-buterin1>Buterin, Vitalik. [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7119/bootstrapping-an-autonomous-decentralized-corporation-part-2-interacting-with-the-world/ "Bootstrapping An Autonomous Decentralized Corporation, Part 2: Interacting With the World"]. ''Bitcoin Magazine™''. Coin Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col||30em}}
* [[Bitcoin protocol]]
* [[Cybernetics]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Ethereum]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[Merkle tree]]
* [[Monero (cryptocurrency)|Monero]]
* [[Serious game]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{External links|section|date=December 2015}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* [http://aeon.co/magazine/technology/are-we-ready-for-companies-that-run-themselves/ RoboCorp - Get ready for companies that run themselves. But will the autonomous economy set us all free, or just make the rich richer?], David Z. Morris, ''[[Aeon (digital magazine)]]''
* [http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/01/382648685/in-sweden-remote-control-airport-is-a-reality In Sweden, Remote-Control Airport Is A Reality], Ari Shapiro, ''[[National Public Radio (United States)|National Public Radio]]''
* [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] bitcoin.org
* [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7050/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i/ Bootstrapping a DAC Part 1] Bitcoin Magazine
* [http://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?topic=297.0 Topic on bitsharestalk] bitsharestalk.org
* [http://ethereum.org/ethereum.html Ethereum]: A Next-Generation Generalized Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Dagger Dagger] is a proof of work algorithm, intended to provide a memory-hard proof of work based on moderately connected directed acyclic graphs. wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Patricia_Tree Patricia Tree] wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Literature/Daemon TV Tropes Analysis of Daemon] tvtropes.org
* [http://wavism.net/group3/distributed-autonomous-virtual-state-davs/ Distributed Autonomous Virtual State] wavism.net
* [http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~avivz/pubs/13/btc_scalability_full.pdf Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing] Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains, cs.huji.ac.il
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y Mike Hearn's talk on autonomous agents, Turing Festival 2013] YouTube
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#heading=h.v3px1rgmf10o Colored Coins]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories/WWF Distributed Production Network] wikibooks.org
* [https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/spec The Master Protocol - Mastercoin Complete Specification] github.com
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchism]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]

Dezentralisierte Autonome Organisation

2016-05-01T12:42:07Z

Jonpatterns: /* See also */ format

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = No real evidence of notability. Appears to be largely original research
|timestamp = 20160501124124
|help =
}}
{{missing lead|date=April 2016}}
== Terminology ==

=== Firm ===

In its typical implementation as publicly auditable rules distributed across the computers of the stakeholders, the DAO can be thought of in a [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] sense as a [[production function]] or [[Production–possibility frontier|production possibilities set]], a black box that transforms inputs into outputs. The DAO can be modeled as a single actor, facing a series of mathematical calculations, implicit in the non-self-verifying data, determined by the characteristics of the production function. The reason that the DAO can exist is because market coordination without it fails due to lack of necessary intersubjective points of orientation, that is, lack of so-called [[Focal point (game theory)|Schelling points]]. The emergence of behavior-coordinating Schelling points is a characteristic of the way that the DAO is coded.<ref name=h-malmgren1>Malmgren, H. B. (1961). "Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm". ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' '''75''': 399-421.</ref>

=== Entrepreneur ===

The entrepreneurship of the DAO's development process can be thought of in a [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeterian]] sense as an exceptional occurrence of massive importance. The programmers who develop and launch the DAO are persons who by introducing "new combinations" shake the economy out of its previous equilibrium, starting a process Schumpeter termed [[creative destruction]].<ref name=marcus-becker1>Becker, Marcus C.; Thorbjørn Knudsen (2003). "The Entrepreneur at a Crucial Juncture in Schumpeter’s Work: Schumpeter’s 1928 Handbook Entry Entrepreneur". ''Advances in Austrian Economics'' '''6''': 199–234.</ref> This speaks to the tenuous relationship between the developers and the DAO they own or contract with, because Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is ''[[sui generis]]'' (independent of its environment).<ref name=nicolai-foss1>Foss NJ, Klein PG. ''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. Cambridge University Press. (2012). ISBN 9780521874427</ref><ref>Foss NJ, Klein PG. Authors Forum:''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. 2012 Austrian Scholars Conference, recorded 8 March 2012 at the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0rJtEBjTA4]</ref>

== Legal issues ==

{{Asof|2014}}, DAOs had no way to indemnify users since they lack [[legal personality]] and may have either no cash-flow or no assets. Accordingly, recovery in the event that a given DAO fails could turn out to be extremely difficult in practice. Consequently, for example, if a DAO had funds, they would typically be able to indemnify specific users (namely exchanges) through corporate insurance (a [[Bond (finance)|bond]]).<ref name=swanson1>{{cite web|last1=Swanson|first1=Tim|title=Mitigating the Legal Risks of Issuing Securities on a Cryptoledger|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/112034/mitigating-the-legal-risks-of-issuing-securities-on-a-cryptoledger|website=[[CoinTelegraph]]|publisher=Cointelegraph|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>
According to Austin Brister, a Houston-based attorney:
<blockquote class="templatequote">Consumer protection laws can be far-reaching and quite unforgiving. Ordinary businesses do just fine in navigating these laws, even if they don't realize it, because they can adjust their interactions with consumers in "real-time" in order to be reasonable, well-centered, and act in good faith in dealing with consumers. However, the problem with smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations, and the like, is that they are hard-wired to act in one way, whether it makes sense or not.

Unforeseeable circumstances practically always present themselves to businesses of all types, and by definition, these circumstances cannot be foreseen or planned for. These systems need to adequately plan for this possibility, and be prepared to be properly insured or adequately bonded in the event things go wrong, and customers are hurt. Similarly, consumers should be aware that they are not dealing with living breathing people, but rather a machine subject only to 0's and 1's.<ref name="swanson1"/>
</blockquote>

=== Self-modification layer ===
This layer also allows the DAO to set an upper bound on the losses caused by any malicious collusion.<ref>DeFigueiredo, Dimitri do B. [http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~defigued/index_files/trustdavis.pdf "TrustDavis: A Non-Exploitable Online Reputation System"]. Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</ref>

== Hiring employees ==

Making a fine-grained evaluation of an individual human employee is likely impossible. The best solution is likely to simply use monetary incentives to direct people’s actions on a coarse level, and then let the community self-organize to make the fine-grained adjustments. The extent to which a DAO targets a community for investment and participation, rather than discrete individuals, is the choice of its original developers.<ref>{{cite AV media
| year=2014
| title=Engineering Economic Security
| medium=YouTube
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFlA8TdWmk&feature=youtu.be
| accessdate=August 11, 2014
| location=Silicon Valley Ethereum Meetup
| publisher=EtherCasts
}}</ref> On the one hand, targeting a community can allow your human support to work together to solve problems in large groups. On the other hand, keeping everyone separate prevents collusion, and in that way reduces the likelihood of a hostile takeover.<ref name=vitalik-buterin1>Buterin, Vitalik. [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7119/bootstrapping-an-autonomous-decentralized-corporation-part-2-interacting-with-the-world/ "Bootstrapping An Autonomous Decentralized Corporation, Part 2: Interacting With the World"]. ''Bitcoin Magazine™''. Coin Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997) [[de:Werner Dilger]] Werner Dilger<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col||30em}}
* [[Bitcoin protocol]]
* [[Cybernetics]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Ethereum]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[Merkle tree]]
* [[Monero (cryptocurrency)|Monero]]
* [[Serious game]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{External links|section|date=December 2015}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* [http://aeon.co/magazine/technology/are-we-ready-for-companies-that-run-themselves/ RoboCorp - Get ready for companies that run themselves. But will the autonomous economy set us all free, or just make the rich richer?], David Z. Morris, ''[[Aeon (digital magazine)]]''
* [http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/01/382648685/in-sweden-remote-control-airport-is-a-reality In Sweden, Remote-Control Airport Is A Reality], Ari Shapiro, ''[[National Public Radio (United States)|National Public Radio]]''
* [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] bitcoin.org
* [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7050/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i/ Bootstrapping a DAC Part 1] Bitcoin Magazine
* [http://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?topic=297.0 Topic on bitsharestalk] bitsharestalk.org
* [http://ethereum.org/ethereum.html Ethereum]: A Next-Generation Generalized Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Dagger Dagger] is a proof of work algorithm, intended to provide a memory-hard proof of work based on moderately connected directed acyclic graphs. wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Patricia_Tree Patricia Tree] wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Literature/Daemon TV Tropes Analysis of Daemon] tvtropes.org
* [http://wavism.net/group3/distributed-autonomous-virtual-state-davs/ Distributed Autonomous Virtual State] wavism.net
* [http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~avivz/pubs/13/btc_scalability_full.pdf Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing] Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains, cs.huji.ac.il
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y Mike Hearn's talk on autonomous agents, Turing Festival 2013] YouTube
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#heading=h.v3px1rgmf10o Colored Coins]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories/WWF Distributed Production Network] wikibooks.org
* [https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/spec The Master Protocol - Mastercoin Complete Specification] github.com
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchism]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]

Dezentralisierte Autonome Organisation

2016-05-01T12:40:31Z

Jonpatterns: /* Hiring employees */ further reading

{{missing lead|date=April 2016}}
== Terminology ==

=== Firm ===

In its typical implementation as publicly auditable rules distributed across the computers of the stakeholders, the DAO can be thought of in a [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] sense as a [[production function]] or [[Production–possibility frontier|production possibilities set]], a black box that transforms inputs into outputs. The DAO can be modeled as a single actor, facing a series of mathematical calculations, implicit in the non-self-verifying data, determined by the characteristics of the production function. The reason that the DAO can exist is because market coordination without it fails due to lack of necessary intersubjective points of orientation, that is, lack of so-called [[Focal point (game theory)|Schelling points]]. The emergence of behavior-coordinating Schelling points is a characteristic of the way that the DAO is coded.<ref name=h-malmgren1>Malmgren, H. B. (1961). "Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm". ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' '''75''': 399-421.</ref>

=== Entrepreneur ===

The entrepreneurship of the DAO's development process can be thought of in a [[Joseph Schumpeter|Schumpeterian]] sense as an exceptional occurrence of massive importance. The programmers who develop and launch the DAO are persons who by introducing "new combinations" shake the economy out of its previous equilibrium, starting a process Schumpeter termed [[creative destruction]].<ref name=marcus-becker1>Becker, Marcus C.; Thorbjørn Knudsen (2003). "The Entrepreneur at a Crucial Juncture in Schumpeter’s Work: Schumpeter’s 1928 Handbook Entry Entrepreneur". ''Advances in Austrian Economics'' '''6''': 199–234.</ref> This speaks to the tenuous relationship between the developers and the DAO they own or contract with, because Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is ''[[sui generis]]'' (independent of its environment).<ref name=nicolai-foss1>Foss NJ, Klein PG. ''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. Cambridge University Press. (2012). ISBN 9780521874427</ref><ref>Foss NJ, Klein PG. Authors Forum:''Organizing Entrepreneurial Judgment: A New Approach to the Firm''. 2012 Austrian Scholars Conference, recorded 8 March 2012 at the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0rJtEBjTA4]</ref>

== Legal issues ==

{{Asof|2014}}, DAOs had no way to indemnify users since they lack [[legal personality]] and may have either no cash-flow or no assets. Accordingly, recovery in the event that a given DAO fails could turn out to be extremely difficult in practice. Consequently, for example, if a DAO had funds, they would typically be able to indemnify specific users (namely exchanges) through corporate insurance (a [[Bond (finance)|bond]]).<ref name=swanson1>{{cite web|last1=Swanson|first1=Tim|title=Mitigating the Legal Risks of Issuing Securities on a Cryptoledger|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/112034/mitigating-the-legal-risks-of-issuing-securities-on-a-cryptoledger|website=[[CoinTelegraph]]|publisher=Cointelegraph|accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>
According to Austin Brister, a Houston-based attorney:
<blockquote class="templatequote">Consumer protection laws can be far-reaching and quite unforgiving. Ordinary businesses do just fine in navigating these laws, even if they don't realize it, because they can adjust their interactions with consumers in "real-time" in order to be reasonable, well-centered, and act in good faith in dealing with consumers. However, the problem with smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organizations, and the like, is that they are hard-wired to act in one way, whether it makes sense or not.

Unforeseeable circumstances practically always present themselves to businesses of all types, and by definition, these circumstances cannot be foreseen or planned for. These systems need to adequately plan for this possibility, and be prepared to be properly insured or adequately bonded in the event things go wrong, and customers are hurt. Similarly, consumers should be aware that they are not dealing with living breathing people, but rather a machine subject only to 0's and 1's.<ref name="swanson1"/>
</blockquote>

=== Self-modification layer ===
This layer also allows the DAO to set an upper bound on the losses caused by any malicious collusion.<ref>DeFigueiredo, Dimitri do B. [http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~defigued/index_files/trustdavis.pdf "TrustDavis: A Non-Exploitable Online Reputation System"]. Department of Computer Science, University of California at Davis. Retrieved 2 July 2014.</ref>

== Hiring employees ==

Making a fine-grained evaluation of an individual human employee is likely impossible. The best solution is likely to simply use monetary incentives to direct people’s actions on a coarse level, and then let the community self-organize to make the fine-grained adjustments. The extent to which a DAO targets a community for investment and participation, rather than discrete individuals, is the choice of its original developers.<ref>{{cite AV media
| year=2014
| title=Engineering Economic Security
| medium=YouTube
| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFlA8TdWmk&feature=youtu.be
| accessdate=August 11, 2014
| location=Silicon Valley Ethereum Meetup
| publisher=EtherCasts
}}</ref> On the one hand, targeting a community can allow your human support to work together to solve problems in large groups. On the other hand, keeping everyone separate prevents collusion, and in that way reduces the likelihood of a hostile takeover.<ref name=vitalik-buterin1>Buterin, Vitalik. [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7119/bootstrapping-an-autonomous-decentralized-corporation-part-2-interacting-with-the-world/ "Bootstrapping An Autonomous Decentralized Corporation, Part 2: Interacting With the World"]. ''Bitcoin Magazine™''. Coin Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Decentralized autonomous organization of the intelligent home according to the principle of the immune system'' (1997) [[de:Werner Dilger]] Werner Dilger<ref>http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=625775&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D625775</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bitcoin protocol]]
* [[Ethereum]]
* [[Decentralized computing]]
* [[Incentive-centered design]]
* [[Merkle tree]]
* [[Monero (cryptocurrency)|Monero]]
* [[Serious game]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{External links|section|date=December 2015}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* [http://aeon.co/magazine/technology/are-we-ready-for-companies-that-run-themselves/ RoboCorp - Get ready for companies that run themselves. But will the autonomous economy set us all free, or just make the rich richer?], David Z. Morris, ''[[Aeon (digital magazine)]]''
* [http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/01/382648685/in-sweden-remote-control-airport-is-a-reality In Sweden, Remote-Control Airport Is A Reality], Ari Shapiro, ''[[National Public Radio (United States)|National Public Radio]]''
* [http://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System] bitcoin.org
* [http://bitcoinmagazine.com/7050/bootstrapping-a-decentralized-autonomous-corporation-part-i/ Bootstrapping a DAC Part 1] Bitcoin Magazine
* [http://bitsharestalk.org/index.php?topic=297.0 Topic on bitsharestalk] bitsharestalk.org
* [http://ethereum.org/ethereum.html Ethereum]: A Next-Generation Generalized Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Dagger Dagger] is a proof of work algorithm, intended to provide a memory-hard proof of work based on moderately connected directed acyclic graphs. wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://wiki.ethereum.org/index.php/Patricia_Tree Patricia Tree] wiki.ethereum.org
* [http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Literature/Daemon TV Tropes Analysis of Daemon] tvtropes.org
* [http://wavism.net/group3/distributed-autonomous-virtual-state-davs/ Distributed Autonomous Virtual State] wavism.net
* [http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~avivz/pubs/13/btc_scalability_full.pdf Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing] Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains, cs.huji.ac.il
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4PAMFPo5Y Mike Hearn's talk on autonomous agents, Turing Festival 2013] YouTube
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit#heading=h.v3px1rgmf10o Colored Coins]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories/WWF Distributed Production Network] wikibooks.org
* [https://github.com/mastercoin-MSC/spec The Master Protocol - Mastercoin Complete Specification] github.com
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Distributed Computing}}
[[Category:Anarcho-capitalism]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Applications of cryptography]]
[[Category:Computer law]]
[[Category:Computer networking]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchism]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Distributed computing]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Payment systems]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]

Earl William Muntz

2016-04-02T12:22:09Z

Jonpatterns: /* Legacy */ Jacque Fresco - S

{{pp-move-indef}}
''' '''{{Infobox person
|birth_name = Earl William Muntz
|image = Earlmuntz.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = "Madman" Muntz in one of his many television advertisement performances
|birth_date = {{birth date|1914|1|3}}
|birth_place = [[Elgin, Illinois]], United States
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1987|6|21|1914|1|3}}
|death_place = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], United States
|occupation = [[Electrical engineer]] [[Businessman]] [[Entrepreneur]] Television commercial actor
|salary =
|networth =
|spouse =
|children = James Muntz Tee Vee "Teena" Muntz
|website =
}}
'''Earl William "Madman" Muntz''' (January 3, 1914 – June 21, 1987)<ref name="nyt900">{{cite news| author = The Associated Press| title = Earl Muntz is dead; as radio 'Madman,' he sold used cars| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D91E39F932A15755C0A961948260| publisher = ''The New York Times''| date = 1987-06-21| accessdate = 2008-04-11}}</ref> was an American [[businessman]] and [[engineer]] who sold and promoted cars and [[consumer electronics]] in the United States from the 1930s until his death in 1987. He was a pioneer in [[television commercial]]s with his oddball "Madman" [[persona]] – an [[alter ego]] who generated publicity with his unusual costumes, stunts, and outrageous claims. Muntz also pioneered car stereos<ref name="nyt900" /> by creating the Muntz [[Stereo-Pak]], better known as the 4-track cartridge, a predecessor to the [[Stereo 8|8-track cartridge]] developed by [[Bill Lear|Lear Industries]].<ref name="goldmine">{{cite news
| first = Dave
| last = Thompson
| title = Whatever happened to 8-track's 'four'runner?
| publisher = ''Goldmine''
| date = 2008-04-11
}}</ref>

He invented the practice that came to be known as [[Muntzing]], which involved simplifying otherwise complicated electronic devices. Muntz produced and marketed the first black-and-white television receivers to sell for less than $100, and created one of the earliest functional [[widescreen]] [[projection TV]]s.<ref name="jhup">{{cite journal
| author= Robert C. Post
|date=October 2005
| title = Henry Kaiser, Troy Ruttman, and Madman Muntz: three originals
| journal = Technology and Culture
| volume= 46
| issue= 4
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| issn= 0040-165X
}}</ref> He was credited with coining the abbreviation "TV" for ''television'',<ref name="lat001">{{cite news
| first = Chris
| last = Erskine
| title = And the pitch is ... wild
| url = http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/cars/la-hy-125sales21jun21,0,7373526.story
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 2006-06-21
| accessdate = 2008-04-09
}}</ref> although the term had earlier been in use in call letters for stations such as [[WCBS-TV]]. A high school [[Dropping out|dropout]],<ref name="dht999">{{cite news
| first = Mark
| last = Zaloudek
| title = Madcap millionaire Muntz
| url = http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050313/FEATURES/503130373/1022
| publisher = ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune''
| date = 2005-03-13
| accessdate = 2008-05-17
}}</ref>
Muntz made fortunes by selling automobiles, TV receivers, and car stereos and tapes.<ref name="cn090">{{cite news
| first = Janelle
| last = Walker
| title = First 'crazy' car dealer focus of movie
| publisher = Sun-Times News Group, (Illinois ''Courier News'')
| date = 2005-02-07
}}</ref> A 1968 ''Los Angeles Times'' article noted that in one year he sold $72 million worth of cars, that five years later he sold $55 million worth of TV receivers, and that in 1967 he sold $30 million worth of car stereos and tapes.<ref name="nyt900" />

After his success as a used car salesman and with [[Kaiser-Frazer]] dealerships in [[Los Angeles]] and [[New York City]],<ref name="nyt900" /><ref name="Grahampaige">{{cite news
| author = Staff
| title = Muntz Car Co. to handle Graham-Paige products
| publisher = ''New York Times''
| date = 1946-10-10
}}</ref> Muntz founded the [[Muntz Car Company]], which made the "[[#Muntz Jet|Muntz Jet]]", a [[sports car]] with jet-like contours. The car was manufactured between 1951 and 1953, although fewer than 400 were produced.

Muntz married seven times.<ref name="dh001">{{cite news
| first = Jerry
| last = Turnquist
| title = A one-in-a-million 'Madman' movie spotlights Elgin's Earl Muntz, quintessential entrepreneur
| publisher = ''Daily Herald''
| date = 2005-07-17
}}</ref> His wives included actress Joan Barton (who appeared in ''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' with [[John Wayne]]) and Patricia Stevens of the Patricia Stevens [[Finishing school|Finishing Schools]].<ref name="lat876">{{cite news
| title = Mad Man Muntz weds model agency director
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = January 29, 1956
}}</ref> [[Phyllis Diller]] was among his many girlfriends. He was friends with celebrities such as singer [[Rudy Vallee]], comedian [[Jerry Colonna (entertainer)|Jerry Colonna]], actor [[Bert Lahr]],<ref name="cn090" /> television presenter [[Dick Clark]], and cowboy actor [[Gene Autry]].<ref name="dh001" />

==Early career: 1922–1953==
Muntz was fascinated by electronics from an early age. He built his first radio at age 8 and built another for his parents' car at age 14.<ref name="dht999" /> During the [[Great Depression]], at age 15, he dropped out of [[Elgin High School (Illinois)|Elgin High School]] to work in his parents' hardware store in Elgin, Illinois.<ref name="dht999" />

===Car sales===
[[Image:Muntzmatchbook.JPG|thumb|upright|An example of a matchbook ad for Muntz car lots in the 1950s]]

In 1934, Muntz opened his first used car lot, in Elgin, with a $500 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|500|1934|r=-3}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) line of credit.<ref name="cn090" /> He was only 20 years old, and his mother had to sign the car-sale papers because legally he was too young to close his own deals.<ref name="dht999" /> During a vacation in [[California]], Muntz discovered that used cars sold there for far higher prices; so he moved to California in 1940 at age 26 to open a used car lot in [[Glendale, California|Glendale]].<ref name="cn090" /> On a hunch, he purchased 13 brand-new right-hand-drive vehicles to resell. These vehicles had been built for customers in Asia, but could not be delivered due to [[World War II]]. One vehicle was a custom-made [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] built for [[Chiang Kai-shek]].<ref name="time01">{{cite news
| title = Dig that crazy man
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,806735,00.htm
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = July 13, 1953
| accessdate = 2008-04-11
}}</ref> Local newspapers ran stories about the unusual cars, and Muntz sold them all within two weeks, still in their original shipping crates.<ref name="time01" /> Muntz soon opened a second lot in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and closed his lot in Elgin.<ref name="time01" />

Muntz rejected the then common opinion that used car salesmen should project a staid image.<ref name="nyt900" /> He realized the possibilities of generating publicity with odd stunts, and developed a "Madman" persona as a result.<ref name="time01" /> His flamboyant billboards and oddball television and radio commercials soon made him famous. In his used auto commercials, he marketed one model as the "daily special"; Muntz claimed that if the car did not sell that day, he would smash it to pieces on camera with a [[sledgehammer]].<ref name="pease" /> Another infamous Muntz used-car TV pitch was "I buy 'em retail and sell 'em wholesale ... it's more fun that way!"<ref name="lat001" /> His commercials generated so much publicity that comedians such as [[Bob Hope]], [[Jack Benny]], and [[Steve Allen]] often tried to outdo each other during television appearances by telling "Madman" Muntz jokes.<ref name="nyt900" /> [[University of Southern California]] fans would spell out Muntz's name during halftime as a prank.<ref name="time01" />

Muntz's car lots became tourist attractions due to the widespread publicity from his television commercial appearances. A 1946 survey by ''Panner Motor Tours'' revealed that they ranked seventh among tourist attractions in Southern California.<ref name="nyt900" /> Muntz was willing to take large risks in his attempts to generate publicity. During the era of [[McCarthyism]], he asked one of his advisers, "Do you think I'd make the front pages if I joined the Communist Party?"<ref name="wp100">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Rosenblatt
| title = 'Madman' Muntz, the master of hard sell, is still at it
| publisher = ''Washington Post''
| date = 1976-01-04
}}</ref>

===Muntz Jet===
{{main|Muntz Car Company}}
[[Image:Muntzjetblack.jpg|thumb|left|A mint-condition 1953 Muntz Jet at a Monterey, California, classic car auction]]

In 1948, race car designer and [[Kurtis-Kraft]] founder [[Frank Kurtis]] attempted to market a new [[sports car]], the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport. Only 36 units had been sold by 1950.<ref name="kkraft">{{cite book
| last = Hitze
| first = Ed
| title = The Kurtis-Kraft story: History of Frank P. Kurtis whose Racing Cars Dominated American Auto Racing for Three Decades
| location= Danville, IL
| publisher = Interstate
| year = 1974
| oclc = 7670426
}}</ref> In 1951, for just $200,000<ref name="stone">{{cite book
| last = Stone
| first = Matt
| title = 365 cars you must drive
| publisher = Motorbooks
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0-7603-2414-1
}}</ref> ($ {{formatprice|{{inflation|US|200000|1951|r=-5}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) Kurtis sold the cars' manufacturing license to Muntz, who quickly [[badge engineering|rebadged]] them as the "Muntz Jet".<ref name="bookz01">{{cite book
| editor = David Lillywhite
| title = The encyclopedia of classic cars
| year = 2003
| publisher = Thunder Bay
| isbn = 978-1-57145-990-9
}}</ref> Initial production of the Jet took place in Glendale, where Muntz extended the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport's body by {{convert|13|in|cm}}, making it a four-seater, and exchanged the [[Ford Flathead engine|Ford V8]] engine for a larger [[Cadillac]] [[V8 engine|V8]].<ref name="stone" /> Later, after making just 28 Jets in California, Muntz moved production to a new factory in [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], [[Illinois]], extended the body further by {{convert|3|in|cm|0}}, and replaced the Cadillac V8 with a less expensive Lincoln [[Flathead engine|sidevalve]] V8.

The Jet was featured on the cover of the September 1951 issue of ''[[Popular Science]]'' along with a [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and an [[MG Cars|MG]].<ref name="popsci001">{{cite news
| title = Cover
| publisher = ''Popular Science''
| date = September 1951
}}</ref> It featured its own design, with [[aluminum]] body panels and a removable [[fiberglass]] top.<ref name="bookz01" /> Paint schemes were extravagant, with names like "Mars Red", "Stratosphere Blue", and "Lime Mist", and interior options included alligator or Spanish [[leatherette]]. The backseat armrests contained a full cocktail bar.<ref name="flortimes001">{{cite news
| first = Dan
| last = Scanlan
| title = Purple passion: '52 Muntz Jet a simply cool classic
| url = http://www.jacksonville.com/autos/stories/120205.shtml
| publisher = ''Florida Times-Union''
| date = 2005-12-02
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref>

The Jet was capable of a top speed of {{convert|125|mph|km/h}} and acceleration of 0–50 mph (0–80 km/h) in 6 seconds, a significant achievement for a road car at the time.<ref name="flortimes001" /> The fastest production car in 1953 was the [[Pegaso Z-102|Pegaso Z-102 Supercharged]] sports car at {{convert|155|mph|km/h}}.<ref name="candriv001">{{cite news
| first = Bill
| last = Vance
| title = Motoring memories: Pegaso, 1951–1958
| url = http://www.canadiandriver.com/articles/bv/pegaso.htm
| publisher = ''Canadian Driver''
| date = 2006-06-30
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref> Jet owners included then-CEO of [[CBS]] [[Frank Stanton (executive)|Frank Stanton]],<ref name="Salant">{{cite book
|editor = Susan Buzenberg, Bill Buzenberg
|title = Salant, CBS, and the battle for the soul of broadcast journalism: the memoirs of Richard S. Salant
|edition = Paperback
|year = 1999
|publisher = Basic Books
|isbn = 978-0-8133-3703-6
}}</ref> and actors [[Mickey Rooney]]<ref name="dht999" /> and [[Lash La Rue]].<ref name="flortimes001" />

The labor and materials required to produce the Jet resulted in a high price for the end product and, in 1954, after selling about 400 cars and losing about $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|1000|1954|r=-3}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) on each, Muntz closed the company.<ref name="bookz01" /> Today, Muntz Jets are prized collector cars and are recognized as predecessors to the [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Ford Thunderbird]].<ref name="flortimes001" />

===Muntz TV===
Muntz started plans to sell television receivers in 1946,<ref name="pease" /> and sales began in 1947.<ref>{{cite news
| title = The Muntz Jet: A life too short
| url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7474705.html
| publisher = ''Chicago Sun-Times''
| date = June 18, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-05-27
| first=Dan
| last=Jedlicka}}</ref> Muntz played the madman in his unorthodox television commercials, but in fact he was a shrewd businessman and a self-taught [[electrical engineer]]. By trial and error, taking apart and studying [[Philco]], [[RCA]], and [[DuMont Laboratories|DuMont]] televisions, he figured out how to reduce the devices' electrical components to their minimum functional number.<ref name="sickels">{{cite book
| last = Sickels
| first = Robert
| title = The 1940s (American popular culture through history)
| publisher = Greenwood Press
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-313-31299-1
}}</ref> This practice became known as "[[Muntzing]]".<ref name="pease" />

In the 1940s and 1950s, most brands of television receivers were complicated pieces of equipment, commonly containing about 30 [[vacuum tube]]s, as well as [[rheostat]]s, [[transformer]]s, and other heavy components. As a result, they were usually very expensive: the cheapest U.S.-manufactured receiver made before [[World War II]] used a {{convert|3|in|cm|0|adj=on}} screen and cost $125 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|125|1939}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}); the cheapest model with a {{convert|12|in|cm|0|adj=on}} screen cost $445 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|445|1939}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref name="abramson">{{cite book
| last = Abramson
| first = Albert
| title = The history of television, 1880 to 1941
| publisher = McFarland & Co
| year = 1987
| isbn = 0-89950-284-9
}}</ref> By 1954, although [[History of television#United States|broadcast television in the United States]] had existed in various forms since 1928, only 55 percent of U.S. households owned a receiver.<ref name="abramson2">{{cite book
| last = Abramson
| first = Albert
| title = The history of television, 1942 to 2000
| publisher = McFarland & Co
| year = 2003
| isbn = 0-7864-1220-8}}</ref> By contrast, eight years later, 90 percent of U.S. households had one.<ref name="abramson2" />

[[Image:MuntzTV 1951.jpg|thumb|right|A 1951 Muntz TV model 17A3A]]

Muntz developed a television chassis that produced an acceptable [[monochrome]] picture with 17 tubes. He often carried a pair of wire clippers, and when he thought that one of his employees was "[[overengineering]]" a circuit, he would begin snipping components out until the picture or sound stopped working. At that point, he would tell the engineer "Well, I guess you have to put that last part back in" and walk away.<ref name="pease"/>

Marketed under the name "Muntz" by his company Muntz TV, Inc.,<ref name="time01" /> the simplified units were the first black and white TV receivers to retail in the U.S. for less than $100.<ref name="dht999" /> Muntz was also the first retailer to measure his screens from corner to corner rather than by width.<ref name="sickels" /> The receivers sold well and were reliable partly because fewer tubes created less heat. The sets worked well in metropolitan areas that were close to television transmission towers where signals were strong. They worked poorly with weaker signals, as most of the components that Muntz had removed were intended to boost performance in fringe areas. This was a calculated decision: Muntz preferred to leave the low-volume, high-performance television receiver market to firms such as RCA and [[Zenith Electronics]], as his intended customers were primarily urban dwellers with limited funds.<ref name="pease" /> Additionally, many urban apartment buildings had rules prohibiting external television aerials, and installation of an aerial, even if allowed, cost as much as $150. Muntz solved this problem by adding a built-in aerial to his receivers.<ref name="timeonthebeam">{{cite news
| title = On the beam
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794948,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = August 1, 1949
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref> In 1952, Muntz TV Inc. grossed $49.9 million (${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|49900000|1952}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref name="time01" />

Muntz continued with his "Madman" persona in many of his advertisements. In one TV commercial that normally aired after ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'',<ref name="pease">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Pease
| title = What's all this Muntzing stuff, anyhow?
| publisher = ''Electronic Design''
| date = 1992-07-23
}}</ref> Muntz, dressed in red [[Long underwear|long johns]] and a [[Napoleon]] hat, promoted his new {{convert|14|in|cm|0|adj=on}} televisions by saying, "I wanna give 'em away, but Mrs. Muntz won't let me. She's crazy!"<ref name="pease" /> Another TV commercial presented a marching-band song with lyrics about Muntz TVs and incorporated animations by [[Oskar Fischinger]]. His radio commercials, which Muntz ran up to 170 times a day, initially followed a classical music theme built around the spelling of Muntz's name.<ref name="nyt900" /> However, he soon convinced radio stations to run ads more in line with his persona. In one spot, Muntz screamed "Stop staring at your radio!"<ref name="lynn">{{cite news
| first = Lynn
| last = O'Shaughnessy
| title = Earl Muntz, 'Madman' of zany ads, dies
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1987-06-21
}}</ref> He followed up his radio ads with a direct mail campaign, collecting thousands of TV knobs and mailing them to prospective customers with a note saying, "Call us and we'll show up with the rest of the set!"<ref name="lynn" />

Some sources credit Muntz with inventing the abbreviation "TV".<ref name="lat001" /><ref name="dht999" /><ref name="tdnews001">{{cite news
| first = Richard
| last = Wright
| title = Sarasota museum instills a passion for cars in its visitors
| url = http://info.detnews.com/joyrides/story/index.cfm?id=539
| publisher = ''Detroit News''
| date = 2005-04-05
| accessdate = 2008-08-20
}}</ref> Muntz used [[skywriting]] as one of his marketing tactics, but, after watching one of his ads being created, he noted that the letters began to blur and dissipate before the pilot could finish spelling out "Muntz Televisions". So Muntz came up with the abbreviation "TV".<ref name="dht999" /> However, "TV" had earlier been used in the call letters of television stations, such as [[WCBS-TV]], which adopted those call letters in 1946.<ref>[[Fred R. Shapiro]], [http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0808D&L=ADS-L&P=R4855 Antedating of TV] (quoting ''[[New York Times]]'', Aug. 31, 1946) (accessed Aug. 27, 2008).</ref> Muntz also named his daughter "Tee Vee", although she normally went by "Teena" and, later, "Tee".<ref name="dh001" />

==Audio and video: 1954–1985==
Despite his early success, sales later declined and Muntz's creditors refused to provide further financing in 1954.<ref name="time1954xx">{{cite news
| title = Time clock
| url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857428,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date= March 15, 1954
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref> Muntz admitted his business lost $1,457,000 from April to August 1953,<ref name="time1954xx" /> and although he tried to reorganize, Muntz TV filed bankruptcy and went out of business in 1959.<ref name="sound001">{{cite book
|author = David Morton
|title = Sound recording: the life story of a technology
|date=September 2004
|publisher = Greenwood Press
|isbn = 978-0-313-33090-2
}}</ref> (The company would be reorganized and last through the 1960s, but without its namesake at the helm.) However, Muntz's success continued in the sales of cars and general consumer electronics.

===4-track cartridge===
{{main|Stereo-Pak}}
Attempting to combine his two main product lines, cars and stereos, Muntz invented the Muntz Stereo-Pak [[4-track cartridge|4-track tape cartridge]].<ref name="klein">{{cite news
| first = Howard
| last= Klein
| title= Highway stereo: Sprechen vous Italiano, Senor?
| publisher = ''New York Times''
| date = 1967-05-28
}}</ref> 4-track was the direct predecessor of the [[Stereo 8]] cartridge, also known as the 8-track, later developed by American inventor [[Bill Lear]].<ref name="nyt900" /> The Stereo-Pak cartridge was based on the endless-loop [[Fidelipac]] cartridge, which was being used by radio stations, designed by inventor [[George Eash]]. Muntz chose [[Stereophonic|stereo]] recording as a standard feature because of its wide availability.<ref name="sound001" /> Before Muntz developed the Stereo-Pak, the only in-car units capable of recorded playback were phonograph-based players, such as the [[Highway Hi-Fi]] invented by [[Peter Carl Goldmark|Peter Goldmark]].<ref name="goldmark">{{cite book
| last = Goldmark
| first = Peter
| title = Maverick inventor: my turbulent years at CBS
| year = 1973
| publisher = Saturday Review Press
| isbn = 0-8415-0046-0
}}</ref> These units played special 16{{fraction|2|3}} rpm records or [[Gramophone record|45 rpm]] records, however they tended to skip whenever the vehicle hit a bump in the road, and attempts to alleviate this by increasing the pressure on the arm caused discs to wear out prematurely.<ref name="sound001" />

Muntz designed a stereo tape player called the Autostereo for cars and had it inexpensively manufactured in Japan.<ref name="sound001" /> The Autostereo could play a complete album without changing tracks or turning the tape over, did not suffer from skipping or premature wear as the phonograph-based players did, and its number of knobs and controls were minimized to allow the driver to concentrate on the road.<ref name="sound001" /> The tape player gave customers greater control over their listening experiences, because the tapes never ran advertisements or public service announcements, unlike radio broadcasts.<ref name="sound001" /> Muntz sold the players and cartridges from his own stores and through [[Franchising|franchise]]s in Florida and Texas.<ref name="sound001" />

Muntz audio products were so profitable by 1962 that he cancelled his agreements with tape-duplicating companies and founded his own company to manufacture prerecorded Stereo-Pak cartridges.<ref name="goldmine" /><ref name="sound001" /> Most record companies did not manufacture Stereo-Pak cartridges themselves; however, the [[Muntz Electronics Corporation]] licensed music from all the major record labels and issued hundreds of different tapes in the mid to late 1960s. Muntz exhibited his Autostereo players and Stereo-Pak cartridges under the trade name ''Stereo-Pak'' at the 1967 [[Consumer Electronics Show]].<ref name="ceguide">{{cite news
| author = Consumer Electronics Association
| title = 40 years of CES
| url = http://www.cesweb.org/shared_files/edm/MediaReports/dealerscope_ces40.pdf
| format = PDF
| work = Consumer Electronics Show 2007 Brochure
| year = 2007
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref>
[[Image:Stereo-pak advertisement.jpg|thumb|right|Muntz Stereo-Pak ads tended to feature attractive young models and suggestive tag lines.]]

The Autostereo player, which retailed from $129 in 1963 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|129|1963|r=-1}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) was a popular [[aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] addition to cars among the [[Beverly Hills]] rich and famous.<ref name="time1963x">{{cite news
| title = A tape for the road
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870410,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = August 9, 1963
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref> [[Frank Sinatra]] used one in his [[Buick Riviera]], [[Dean Martin]] in his Corvette, and [[Peter Lawford]] in his [[Carrozzeria Ghia|Ghia]]. [[James Garner]], [[Red Skelton]], and [[Lawrence Welk]] also used Autostereo players in their cars. [[Barry Goldwater]] purchased one for his son, and [[Jerry Lewis]] recorded his scripts onto Stereo-Pak cartridges to learn his lines while driving.<ref name="time1963x" />

Muntz attempted to establish a modern, trendy image for his players and cartridges. His print advertisements often showed the player installed in an appealing sports car and usually incorporated a young, attractive model with a suggestive tagline. Most of his employees in his California shops were attractive young women dressed in overbright clothing.<ref name="sanjek">{{cite book
| last = Sanjek
| first = Russell
| title = American popular music and its business: the first four hundred years volume III: from 1900 to 1984
| year = 1988
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-504311-2
}}</ref>

Bill Lear distributed the Stereo-Pak in 1963, intending to install units in his [[Learjet]] aircraft. However, he soon decided to re-engineer and customize the units to suit his own wishes, the result of which became the Stereo 8 system.<ref name="sound001" /> The market for Muntz's 4-track system had faded by 1970 due to competition from Stereo 8, which reduced costs by using less magnetic tape and a less-complex cartridge mechanism. Although the 4-track system had higher fidelity since the tape speed was double the speed of the Stereo 8 system (and the 4-track had wider heads for better bandwidth), the Stereo 8 quickly became the dominant format for car stereo systems during the late 1960s. [[Ford Motor Company]] began featuring Stereo 8 players in their 1965 automobiles, and it became a standard option by 1966.<ref name="daniel001">{{cite book
|editor = Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark
|title = Magnetic recording: the first 100 years
|date=August 1998
|publisher = Wiley-IEEE Press
|isbn = 978-0-7803-4709-0
}}</ref>

In a 1979 interview in ''The Videophile'' newsletter, Muntz revealed the biggest problem for the Stereo-Pak business was returned merchandise.<ref name="vid001">{{cite news
| title = Earl Muntz interview
| publisher = ''The Videophile''
| year = 1979
}}</ref> He explained that when reproducing the work of major artists like [[The Beatles]], the Stereo-Pak plant had to make hundreds of thousands of cartridges. But once a popular album became less popular, retailers would return the unsold cartridges, expecting credit towards new titles. Muntz was unprepared for the returns and said the huge cost of unsold merchandise eventually made his Stereo-Pak business unprofitable.<ref name="vid001" />

===Home video===
In late 1970, Muntz closed his Stereo-Pak audio business after a fire severely damaged his main offices. He then entered the growing home-video market. During the mid-1970s, Muntz thought of taking a {{convert|15|in|cm|0|adj=on}} [[Sony]] color [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) television receiver, fitting it with a special lens and reflecting mirror, then projecting the magnified image onto a larger screen. He housed these primitive units in a large wooden [[entertainment center|console]], making it one of the first successful widescreen projection TV receivers marketed for home use.<ref name="jhup" /><ref name="lamnmn">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Rosenblatt
| title = 'Madman' Muntz rides again
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1975-10-26
}}</ref>

The receivers were built in Muntz's headquarters in [[Van Nuys]], California. Sony's U.S. sales division was unaware that Muntz was dealing directly with Sony's Tokyo [[original equipment manufacturer]] (OEM) department, which shipped him the TV chassis directly.<ref name="jhup" /> Thanks to Muntz's talent for mass-market advertising and self-promotion, by 1977 the projection receivers were a multimillion-dollar business.<ref name="jhup" /> Muntz was quick to feature [[Sony]]'s [[Betamax]] as well as [[JVC]]'s and [[RCA]]'s [[VHS]] recorders in his store, setting up a showroom to demonstrate the potential for a "theater experience in the home".<ref name="jhup" />

In 1979, Muntz decided to sell blank tapes and VCRs as [[loss leader]]s to attract customers to his showroom, where he would then try to sell them his projection TV systems. His success continued through the early 1980s<ref name="jhup" /> until he invested heavily in the [[Technicolor]] [[Compact Video Cassette]] (CVC), a 1/4 in (0.6 cm) system designed to compete with Betamax, VHS, and the [[Super 8 mm film|Super 8]] film home-movie system. The CVC format failed in the marketplace, sales quickly eroded, and Muntz's store closed soon after.<ref name="jhup" />

==Later years==
Shortly before dying of [[lung cancer]] in 1987, Muntz centered his retail business on [[cellular phone]]s, [[satellite dish]]es, a [[motorhome]] rental company dubbed "Muntz Motor Mansions",<ref name="lat333xx">{{cite news
| first = Fisher
| last = Dan
| title = Recycled Madman Muntz rides again
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1971-07-18
}}</ref> and prefabricated aluminum houses.<ref name="dh001" /> He made headlines in February 1985 as the first retailer to offer a [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] cellular phone for less than $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|1000|1985|r=-2}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}), when just two years earlier most cellular phones had cost about $3,000<ref name="murray">{{cite book
|last = Murray
|first = James
|title = Wireless nation: the frenzied launch of the cellular revolution
|year = 2002
|publisher = Basic Books
|isbn = 978-0-7382-0688-2
}}</ref> (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|3000|1983|r=-2}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}). At the time of his death, he was the leading retailer of cellular phones in Los Angeles.<ref name="dh001" /> During his final years, Muntz drove a customized [[Lincoln Continental]] with a television installed in the dashboard: Muntz claimed it helped him "drive better".<ref name="cn090" />

After he died, his children, James and Tee, continued to operate two Muntz stores in [[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]] and [[Newhall, Santa Clarita, California|Newhall]]; the remainder of the stores were [[Chain store|franchise]]d businesses. James employed his father's advertising techniques to create splashy ads featuring prices that annoyed his competitors so much that they referred to them as "[[Cut-throat|cutthroat]]".<ref name="lat334231">{{cite news
| first = James
| last = Bates
| title = Philosophy's same, but pitch for car phones in some ways 'more sedate' Madman Muntz's heirs keep the volume up
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1988-09-13
}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The "Madman" method pioneered by Muntz was later copied by other retailers, including California car salesman [[Cal Worthington]]<ref name="nyt90901">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Lindsey
| title = For that big model, try a used car
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 1977-10-16
}}</ref> and New York area electronics chain [[Crazy Eddie]].<ref name="nyt100">{{cite news
| first = Stuart
| last = Elliott
| title = Fake products and the movies that loved them
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/09/business/media/09adcol.html
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 2006-01-08
| accessdate = 2008-04-11
}}</ref> In Crazy Eddie TV commercials, radio personality [[Jerry Carroll]] leapt at the camera and jumped around while jabbering at high speed, always ending with the line, "Crazy Eddie: Our prices are insaaaaaane!"<ref name="nyt123">{{cite news
| first = Anthony
| last = Ramirez
| title = The media business: advertising; the man folks thought was Crazy Eddie is back. He seems saner.
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DF1638F93BA2575BC0A963958260
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 1995-08-18
| accessdate = 2008-05-19
}}</ref> As a result of his Crazy Eddie commercials, Carroll became a significant 80s icon, even appearing in the film ''[[Splash (film)|Splash]]''.<ref name="nyt123" />

Muntz's cultural impact was such that he was mentioned in novels, including [[Children's literature|children's book]] ''The Neddiad: How Neddie Took The Train, Went To Hollywood, And Saved Civilization'' by [[Daniel Manus Pinkwater]],<ref name="pinkwater">{{cite book
| last = Pinkwater
| first = Daniel
| title = The Neddiad: How Neddie Took The Train, Went To Hollywood, And Saved Civilization
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0-618-59444-3}}</ref> ''The Lost Get-Back Boogie'' by [[James Lee Burke]],<ref name="burke">{{cite book
| last = Burke
| first = James
| title = The lost get-back boogie
| publisher = Pocket Star
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1-4165-1706-1}}</ref> and Franklin Mason's ''Four Roses in Three Acts ''.<ref name="mason">{{cite book
| last = Mason
| first = Franklin
| title = Four roses in three acts
| publisher = Fiction Collective 2
| year = 1981
| isbn = 978-0-914590-65-1
}}</ref>

A production called ''Madman Muntz: American Maverick'' was screened at film festivals through 2007.<ref name="dh001" /> Directed by Dan Bunker and Judy ver Mehr, it was produced by Jim Castoro, an owner of an original Muntz Jet. The film was an official 2005 selection at the San Fernando Valley International Film Festival and the Ole Muddy Film Festival.<ref name="dh001" /> The film documents Muntz's life, paying particular attention to his colorful career, and includes interviews with people who knew him and home movie footage contributed by his children.<ref name="dh001" />

The [[KCET]] 1997 documentary ''More Things That Aren't Here Anymore'' has a segment on Muntz and is broadcast by the station regularly during pledge periods.

In 2001, Madman Muntz was posthumously inducted into the [[Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame]].<ref name="lat333">{{cite news
| first = Cecilia
| last = Rasmussen
| title = An L.A. legend you've never seen or heard
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 2007-12-16
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jacque Fresco]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ce.org/Events/Awards/438.htm Earl Muntz Biography], a short biography from the Consumer Electronics Association website
*[http://www.madmanmuntzmovie.com/index.php?m=2 Madman Muntz: American Maverick], a biography from the website of a biopic about him
*[http://www.gatsbyonline.com/main.aspx?page=text&id=260&cat=auto History of the Muntz Jet]
*[http://www.8trackheaven.com/muntz.html Earl Muntz, the 4-Track Madman], from a website maintained by fans of 8-track tapes
*[http://www.freeenterpriseland.com/MUNTZ.html Madman Muntz Story], a biography at FreeEnterpriseLand.com

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muntz, Madman}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Elgin, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Glendale, California]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics retail companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Advertising characters]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:American founders of automobile manufacturers]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]

TunnelBear

2016-03-22T19:53:01Z

Jonpatterns: format

{{Infobox software
| name = TunnelBear
| title = TunnelBear
| logo = File:TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo caption = The logo for '''TunnelBear'''
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = File:TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| caption = {{center|The '''TunnelBear''' client when connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]}}
| screenshot size =
| screenshot alt =
| collapsible = no
| author =
| developer = [[TunnelBear Inc]]
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status = Released
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], [[iOS]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Virtual private network|VPN]]
| license =
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a [[virtual private network]] (VPN) developed by [[TunnelBear Inc]]. TunnelBear is currently available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] [[Chrome Web Store|extension]].<ref name="extension">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html|title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension|publisher=[[PC World]]|date=19 May 2015|first1=Ian|last1=Paul|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear, similar to other VPNs, has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|publisher=[[Lifehacker]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear includes 20 different countries the user can appear in; including [[Internet censorship in Ireland|Ireland]], America, Sweden and [[Internet censorship in Italy|Italy]]. There is also the ability to connect to the closest "tunnel". The [[Application software|desktop client]] uses [[AES-256]] encryption while the extension uses [[AES 128|AES 128-bit]] encryption.<ref name="VB1">{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/05/12/meet-tunnelbear-the-gorgeous-vpn-app-that-wants-to-bring-online-privacy-to-everyone/|title=Meet TunnelBear, the gorgeous VPN app that wants to bring online privacy to everyone|publisher=[[VentureBeat]]|date=12 May 2015|first1=Paul|last1=Sawers|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> When connected, the users real IP address will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/|title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |publisher=[[Digital Trends]]|date=13 May 2015|first1=Andy|last1=Boxall|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
==See also==
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|250px|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely]]
*[[Avast! SecureLine VPN]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[TOR (anonymity network)]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}

[[Category:Virtual private networks]]

Nestlé-Boykott

2015-08-19T00:01:01Z

Jonpatterns: /* External links */ {{Food industry criticism}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2011}}
A [[boycott]] was launched in the United States on July 7, 1977, against the Swiss-based [[Nestlé]] corporation. It spread in the United States, and expanded into Europe in the early 1980s. It was prompted by concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of [[breast milk]] substitutes, particularly in [[Developing country|less economically developed countries]] (LEDCs), largely among the poor. The boycott has been canceled and renewed based upon scrutiny of the business practices of Nestlé and other substitute manufacturers monitored by the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN). Organizers of the boycott encourage the practice of newborn nutrition via natural [[breast milk]] and claim that use of the substitutes represent a health risk for infants. As of 2013, the Nestlé boycott is coordinated by the ''International Nestlé Boycott Committee'', the secretariat for which is the UK group ''Baby Milk Action''.

==Baby milk issue==
Groups such as the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN) and [[Save the Children]] claim that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led to health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed countries.<ref>{{cite web | title = What is the Problem? | work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/site2005/Pages/article.php?art_id=23&iui=1| accessdate = June 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="savechildren">[http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/a-generation-on-baby-milk-marketing-still-putting-childrens-lives-at-risk A Generation On: Baby milk marketing still putting children’s lives at risk] Save the Children report, May 2007 (pdf).</ref> There are four problems that can arise when poor mothers in developing countries switch to formula:

*Formula must normally be mixed with water, which is often [[Water pollution|polluted]] in poor countries, leading to disease in vulnerable infants.<ref name="Moorhead_2007">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/medicine/story/0,,2079757,00.html Milking it] Joanna Moorhead, The Guardian, May 15, 2007</ref> Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations, many mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the preparation of bottles. Even mothers able to read in their native language may be unable to read the language in which sterilization directions are written.

*Although some mothers can understand the sanitation standards required, they often do not have the means to perform them: fuel to boil water, electric (or other reliable) light to enable sterilisation at night. [[UNICEF]] estimates that a formula-fed child living in disease-ridden and unhygienic conditions is between 6 and 25 times more likely to die of [[diarrhea]] and four times more likely to die of [[pneumonia]] than a breastfed child.<ref name=unicef>{{cite web | title = Infant and Young Child Feeding and Care| work = UNICEF | url = http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_breastfeeding.html| accessdate = June 8, 2007 }}</ref>

*Many poor mothers use less formula powder than is necessary, in order to make a container of formula last longer. As a result, some infants receive inadequate [[nutrition]] from weak solutions of formula.<ref>[http://www.WorldConcern.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?&pid=1556&srcid=596 World Concern website describes mothers' needs to dilute formula]</ref>

*Breast milk has many natural benefits lacking in formula. [[Nutrient]]s and [[Antibody|antibodies]] are passed to the baby while [[hormones]] are released into the mother's body.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title=Breastfeeding | work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/ | accessdate=January 23, 2007}}</ref> Breastfed babies are protected, in varying degrees, from a number of illnesses, including diarrhea, [[bacterial meningitis]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[Otitis media|ear infection]], and [[respiratory infection]].<ref name="Gartner_2005">{{cite journal | author=Gartner LM | title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk | journal=Pediatrics | year=2005 | pages=496–506 | volume=115 | issue=2 | url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/2/496 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | pmid= 15687461 |name-list-format=vanc| display-authors=1 | last2=Morton | first2=J | last3=Lawrence | first3=RA | last4=Naylor | first4=AJ | last5=O'Hare | first5=D | last6=Schanler | first6=RJ | last7=Eidelman | first7=AI | author8=American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding}}</ref><ref name=HHS>{{cite web|title=Mothers and Children Benefit from Breastfeeding|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|publisher=Womenshealth.gov|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|archivedate=16 Mar 2009|date=27 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch122/ch122a.html "Gastroenteritis"]. ''Merck Manuals Online Medical Library''. February 1, 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2006.</ref> Breast milk contains the right amount of the nutrients essential for [[neuronal]] (brain and nerve) development.<ref name="Atkinson_1989">{{cite book | author = Atkinson, S |author2=Bo Lönnerdal | title = Proteins and non-protein nitrogens in human milk | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1989 | pages = 131 | isbn = 0-8493-6795-6 }}</ref> The bond between baby and mother can be strengthened during breastfeeding.<ref name="HHS" /> Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can also [[lactational amenorrhea|delay the return of fertility]], which can help women in developing countries to space their births.<ref>{{cite web | title = Comparison of Effectiveness | work = Planned Parenthood |date=April 2005 | url = http://www.PlannedParenthood.org/birth-control-pregnancy/birth-control/effectiveness.htm | accessdate = August 12, 2006 }}, which cites: :{{cite book | first=RA | last=Hatcher | year=2000 | title=Contraceptive Technology | edition=18th | publisher=Ardent Media | location=New York | isbn=0-9664902-6-6 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Trussel J | author3=Stewart F | display-authors=2 }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] recommends that, in the majority of cases, babies should be exclusively breast fed for the first six months.<ref>[http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf World Health Organization], "Global strategy for infant and young child feeding," section titled "EXERCISING OTHER FEEDING OPTIONS" November 24, 2001</ref>

Advocacy groups and charities have accused Nestlé of unethical methods of promoting infant formula over breast milk to poor mothers in developing countries.<ref>[http://www.InFactCanada.ca/nestle_boycott_product.htm Nestlé Products to Boycott]</ref><ref name="history">[http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/pages/history.html History of the campaign] Baby Milk Action Group</ref> For example, IBFAN claim that Nestlé distributes free formula samples to hospitals and maternity wards; after leaving the hospital, the formula is no longer free, but because the supplementation has interfered with lactation, the family must continue to buy the formula. IBFAN also allege that Nestlé uses "humanitarian aid" to create markets, does not label its products in a language appropriate to the countries where they are sold, and offers gifts and sponsorship to influence health workers to promote its products.<ref>{{cite web | title = How breastfeeding is undermined | work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/english/issue/bfundermined01.html | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070415171525/http://www.ibfan.org/english/issue/bfUndermined01.html  |archivedate = April 15, 2007}}</ref> Nestlé denies these allegations.<ref name=Nestle_response>{{cite web | title = WHO Code Violation Allegations | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Allegations/ | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070409144431/http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Allegations/  |archivedate = April 9, 2007}}</ref>

==History of the boycott==
Nestlé's marketing strategy was first written about in ''[[New Internationalist]]'' magazine in 1973 and in a booklet called ''[[The Baby Killer]]'', published by the British NGO [[War On Want]] in 1974. Nestlé attempted to sue the publisher of a German-language translation (Third World Action Group) for [[libel]]. After a two-year trial, the court found in favour of Nestlé because they could not be held responsible for the infant deaths 'in terms of criminal law'.<ref name="Sethi_1994">{{cite journal | author=Sethi, S. Prakash |title= Multinational Corporations and the Impact of Public Advocacy on Corporate Strategy: Nestlé and the Infant Formula Controversy| journal= Journal of International Business Studies| year=1994 | pages= 658–660 | volume= 25 | issue=3 | doi=10.1057/jibs.1994.41 | jstor=155364}}</ref>
Because the defendants were only fined 300 Swiss Francs (just over US$400, adjusted for inflation<ref>http://www.forecasts.org/data/data/EXSZUS.htm</ref>), and Judge Jürg Sollberger commented that Nestlé "must modify its publicity methods fundamentally", ''[[TIME]]'' magazine declared this a "moral victory" for the defendants.<ref name="TIME_1976">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914298,00.html The Formula Flap] TIME Magazine, Jul. 12, 1976</ref> This led to similar court challenges brought against other milk companies in the U.S. spearheaded by the Roman Catholic order Sisters of the Precious Blood in conjunction with the Interfaith Centre for Corporate Responsibility.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/nestle-baby-milk-scandal-food-industry-standards</ref>

The widespread publicity led to the launch of the boycott in [[Minneapolis]], USA, by the [[Corporate_Accountability_International#History|Infant Formula Action Coalition]] (INFACT) and this boycott soon spread to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Europe. In May 1978, the US Senate held a public hearing into the promotion of breast milk substitutes in developing countries and joined calls for a Marketing Code. In 1979, WHO and UNICEF hosted an international meeting that called for the development of an international code of marketing, as well as action on other fronts to improve infant and early child feeding practices. The International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) was formed by six of the campaigning groups at this meeting.<ref name ="history"/>

In 1981, the 34th [[World Health Assembly]] (WHA) adopted Resolution WHA34.22 which includes the [[International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes]]. The Code covers infant formula and other milk products, foods and beverages, when marketed or otherwise represented to be suitable as a partial or total replacement of breast milk. It bans the promotion of breast milk substitutes and gives health workers the responsibility for advising parents. It limits manufacturing companies to the provision of scientific and factual information to health workers and sets forth labeling requirements.<ref>{{cite web | title = The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes | work = WHO| year=1981|url = http://www.WHO.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |format=PDF}}</ref>

In 1984, boycott coordinators met with Nestlé, which agreed to implement the code, and the boycott was officially suspended. In 1988 IBFAN alleged that formula companies were flooding health facilities in the developing world with free and low-cost supplies, and the boycott was relaunched the following year.<ref name="Moorhead_2007"/>

In May 1999 a ruling against Nestlé was issued by the UK [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA). Nestlé claimed in an anti-boycott advertisement that it markets infant formula “ethically and responsibly”. The ASA found that Nestlé could not support this nor other claims in the face of evidence provided by the campaigning group Baby Milk Action.<ref name="Ferriman_1999">{{cite journal | last = Ferriman| first = Annabel | title= Advertising Standards Authority finds against Nestlé | journal=BMJ| date = February 13, 1999| pages= 417| url= http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7181/417/a | pmid= 9974443 | volume = 318 | issue = 7181 | pmc=1114895 | doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7181.417a}}</ref>

In November 2000 the [[European Parliament]] invited IBFAN, UNICEF, and Nestlé to present evidence to a Public Hearing before the Development and Cooperation Committee. Evidence was presented by the IBFAN group from [[Pakistan]] and UNICEF's legal officer commented on Nestlé's failure to bring its policies into line with the World Health Assembly Resolutions. Nestlé declined an invitation to attend, claiming scheduling conflicts, although it sent a representative of the auditing company it had commissioned to produce a report on its Pakistan operation.<ref>{{cite press release | title = European Parliament public hearing on Nestlé's baby food marketing | publisher = Breast Feeding Promotion Network of India | date = November 22, 2000 | url = http://www.bpni.org/Press_Releases/pr-nov.22,2000.pdf | accessdate = June 8, 2007 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = MEPs shocked as Nestlé and Adidas snub Public Hearing on corporate responsibility | publisher = Baby Milk Action | date = November 23, 2000 | url = http://www.ibfan.org/english/news/press/press23nov00.html | accessdate = June 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = European Parliament Committee on Development | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/News/All+Countries/Other/European+Parliament+Committee+on+Development.htm | accessdate = June 7, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927020154/http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/News/All+Countries/Other/European+Parliament+Committee+on+Development.htm  |archivedate = September 27, 2007}}</ref>

==Current status of the boycott==

{{As of|2013}}, the Nestlé boycott is coordinated by the ''International Nestlé Boycott Committee'', the secretariat for which is the UK group ''Baby Milk Action''.<ref>[http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/ Baby Milk Action]</ref> Company practices are monitored by the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN), which consists of more than 200 groups in over 100 countries.

In parallel with the boycott, campaigners work for implementation of the Code and Resolutions in legislation, and claim that 60 countries have now introduced laws implementing most or all of the provisions.<ref>{{cite web | title = The role of regulations in protecting infant health| work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/site2005/Pages/article.php?art_id=310&iui=1| accessdate = June 7, 2007}}</ref>

Some universities, colleges, and schools have banned the sale of Nestlé products from their shops and vending machines in the period since the revelations.<ref>http://www.universityobserver.ie/2009/03/24/students-to-vote-on-coca-cola-boycott/</ref><ref>http://www.leedsstudent.org/2011-10-21/article/no-to-nestle</ref><ref>http://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/42510/Statesman,%20V.%2025,%20n.%2042.pdf?sequence=1</ref> In the United Kingdom, 73 students' unions, 102 businesses, 30 faith groups, 20 health groups, 33 consumer groups, 18 local authorities, 12 trade unions, education groups, 31 MPs and many celebrities support the Nestlé boycott.{{when|date=September 2013}}<ref>{{cite web | title = UK groups endorsing the boycott| work = Baby Milk Action | url = http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/pages/endorsers.html#education |accessdate = November 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ousu.org/content/index.php?page=4113 An example of one such ban] Council of the Oxford University Student Union, June 9, 2006</ref>

Nestlé claims that it is in full compliance with the International Code.<ref>{{cite web | title = The "International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes"| work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Nestle+Code+Compliance/Nestle+code+compliance.htm | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070516200307/http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Nestle+Code+Compliance/Nestle+code+compliance.htm  |archivedate = May 16, 2007}}</ref> According to Nestlé [[CEO]] [[Peter Brabeck-Letmathe]], "we also carry out annual audits on WHO Code compliance with a sample of Nestlé companies, and we investigate any substantiated claims made by those who believe we have broken the Code.... If we find that the Code has been deliberately violated, we take disciplinary action."<ref>{{cite web | title = Foreword by Peter Brabeck | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Developping+World/Foreword/
| accessdate = June 11, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070409050111/http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Developping+World/Foreword/  |archivedate = April 9, 2007}}</ref> The company maintains that many of the allegations are unsubstantiated, out of date, or use IBFAN's own non-standard interpretation of the Code.<ref name=Nestle_response/>

In May 2011, the debate over Nestlé's unethical marketing of infant formula was relaunched in the Asia-Pacific region. Nineteen leading [[Laos]]-based international NGOs, including [[Save the Children]], [[Oxfam]], [[CARE International]], [[Plan International]] and [[World Vision]] have launched a boycott of Nestlé and written an open letter to the company.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Letter from NGOs to Nestlé
| url = http://info.babymilkaction.org/sites/info.babymilkaction.org/files/Aid%20Agencies%20in%20Laos%20refuse%20to%20apply%20for%20Nestle%20cash_30%20May%202011.pdf
| accessdate = 2014-09-05
}}</ref> Among other unethical practices, the NGOs criticised the lack of labelling in Laos and the provision of incentives to doctors and nurses to promote the use of infant formula.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The "LAOS: NGOs flay Nestlé’s infant formula strategy
| url = http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=93040
| accessdate = {{date | 26 nov 2014}}
}}</ref> An independent audit of Nestlé's marketing practices in Laos was commissioned by Nestlé and carried out by Bureau Veritas in late 2011. The audit found that "the requirements of the WHO Code and Lao PDR Decree are well embedded throughout the business", but that "promotional materials in 4% of the retail outlets visited" violated either the Lao PDR Decree or the WHO Code.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bureau Veritas report|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:nNXbq5IKee8J:www.nestle.com/asset-library/Documents/R_and_D/Compliance/Independent_Assurance_Statement_by_Bureau_Veritas_Laos.pdf+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk}}</ref>

==Boycott in the media==
An episode of the TV show ''[[The Mark Thomas Comedy Product]]'' produced by the British [[Channel Four]] in 1999 investigated the boycott and Nestlé's practices concerning baby milk. [[Mark Thomas]] attempted to find evidence for claims against Nestlé and to speak to heads of the company. In one portion of the show he "received a tin of baby milk from [[Mozambique]]. All instructions are in English. 33 languages and dialects are recognised in Mozambique. Portuguese is the official language. However, only about 30% of the population can speak it.<ref>[http://www.MarkThomasInfo.com/info/series4.asp Website for the Mark Thomas Product TV show]</ref>

In 2001, comedian [[Robert Newman (comedian)|Robert Newman]] and actress [[Emma Thompson]] called for a boycott of the [[Perrier Comedy Award]], because [[Perrier]] is owned by Nestlé.<ref>{{cite news | last = Scott | first = Kirsty | title = Spoof horror writer wins £5,000 Perrier award: Fringe comedy contest soured by baby milk protests | publisher = ''The Guardian'' | date = August 27, 2001| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/edinburghfestival2001/story/0,,543033,00.html| accessdate = June 11, 2007 }}</ref> An alternative competition called the Tap Water Awards was set up the following year.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Tap Water Awards| url = http://www.TapWaterAwards.org/| accessdate = June 11, 2007 }}</ref>

In 2002, authors [[Germaine Greer]] and [[Jim Crace]] withdrew from the [[Hay Festival]] in protest over Nestlé's sponsorship of the event.<ref>{{cite news | title = Writers boycott literary festival| publisher = BBC News| date = May 27, 2002| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2010324.stm| accessdate = June 7, 2007}}</ref>

A 2007 article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' highlighted aggressive marketing practices by Nestlé in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Moorhead_2007"/>

==See also==
*[[H2NO]] (a campaign by Coca-Cola to offer diners alternatives to drinking water)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ibfan.org/ International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN)]
*[http://www.babymilkaction.org/ Baby Milk Action]
*[http://www.ibfan.org/english/pdfs/btr04/btr04nestle.pdf Nestlé marketing profile], from Breaking the Rules Stretching the Rules, IBFAN, 2004
*[http://babymilk.8k.com/ Edinburgh University Néstle Boycott Campaign]
*[http://www.babymilk.nestle.com Nestlé's response to the baby milk issue]

{{Nestlé}}
{{Food industry criticism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nestle Boycott}}
[[Category:Boycotts of organizations]]
[[Category:Consumer boycotts]]
[[Category:Breastfeeding advocacy]]
[[Category:Nestlé|Boycott]]

Andrew Simms

2015-06-21T10:25:43Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ ref ex

'''Andrew Simms''' is an author and Fellow at the [[New Economics Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/andrewsimms Guardian: Andrew Simms]</ref> He also served as Policy Director for ten years, Communications Director, and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation. He co-authored ''The Green New Deal'' and co-founded the [[Green New Deal Group]],<ref>[http://www.greennewdealgroup.org Green New Deal group]</ref> the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org <ref>[http://www.onehundredmonths.org One hundred months]</ref> and cooperative think tank the New Weather Institute.<ref>[http://www.newweather.org/ newweather.org]</ref> He was a [[Principal Speaker]] of the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]].<ref name=NEFBiog>[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_contactdetail.aspx?page=877&folder=142&cid=8 New Economics Foundation biography]</ref>

A political economist and environmentalist, Simms studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a masters degree in development and international political economy, and has written a number of reports on climate change, [[Economic globalization|globalisation]] and [[localisation (economics)|localisation]], development issues, debt (conventional and [[ecological debt]]), finance and banking, corporate accountability, [[genetic engineering]] and [[food security]]. He coined the term 'clone towns' to describe the economic and homogenising effects of chain retailers on town centres.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/21/communities.supermarkets communities supermarkets]</ref>

Simms advocates the notion of 'ecological debt' as an illustration of the degree to which economies operate beyond environmental thresholds,<ref name=bbc /> and initiated the annual marking of the day when the world is estimated to enter 'overshoot'.<ref>[http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/blog/earth_overshoot_day_2013_around_the_world Earth overshoot day 2013]</ref>

==Publications==
Simms is the author of several books including:
*''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'' (2005, 2009) [[Pluto Press]]
*''Tescopoly: How one shop came out on top and why it matters'' (2007)
*''Do Good Lives Have to Cost the Earth?'' (co-author)(2008)
*''The New Economics'' co-authored with [[David Boyle]] (2009) Routledge ISBN 978-1844076758{{r|bigger}}
*''Eminent Corporations: the Rise and Fall of the Great British Corporation'' (co-author)(2010)
*''Cancel the Apocalypse: the New Path to Prosperity'' (2013) [[Little, Brown and Company]]

==See also==
* [[Tesco]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|title=Ecological debt: No way back from bankrupt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7988648.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=bigger>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|last2=Boyle|first2=David|title=The New Economics A Bigger Picture|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781844076758/|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ Home of the New Economics Foundation]
*[http://www.word-power.co.uk/catalogue/0745324045 From World Power: ''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'']

{{GPEW|Leadership}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Simms, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Simms, Andrew}}
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

{{UK-economist-stub}}

Andrew Simms

2015-06-21T10:25:20Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ ref ex

'''Andrew Simms''' is an author and Fellow at the [[New Economics Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/andrewsimms Guardian: Andrew Simms]</ref> He also served as Policy Director for ten years, Communications Director, and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation. He co-authored ''The Green New Deal'' and co-founded the [[Green New Deal Group]],<ref>[http://www.greennewdealgroup.org Green New Deal group]</ref> the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org <ref>[http://www.onehundredmonths.org One hundred months]</ref> and cooperative think tank the New Weather Institute.<ref>[http://www.newweather.org/]</ref> He was a [[Principal Speaker]] of the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]].<ref name=NEFBiog>[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_contactdetail.aspx?page=877&folder=142&cid=8 New Economics Foundation biography]</ref>

A political economist and environmentalist, Simms studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a masters degree in development and international political economy, and has written a number of reports on climate change, [[Economic globalization|globalisation]] and [[localisation (economics)|localisation]], development issues, debt (conventional and [[ecological debt]]), finance and banking, corporate accountability, [[genetic engineering]] and [[food security]]. He coined the term 'clone towns' to describe the economic and homogenising effects of chain retailers on town centres.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/21/communities.supermarkets communities supermarkets]</ref>

Simms advocates the notion of 'ecological debt' as an illustration of the degree to which economies operate beyond environmental thresholds,<ref name=bbc /> and initiated the annual marking of the day when the world is estimated to enter 'overshoot'.<ref>[http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/blog/earth_overshoot_day_2013_around_the_world Earth overshoot day 2013]</ref>

==Publications==
Simms is the author of several books including:
*''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'' (2005, 2009) [[Pluto Press]]
*''Tescopoly: How one shop came out on top and why it matters'' (2007)
*''Do Good Lives Have to Cost the Earth?'' (co-author)(2008)
*''The New Economics'' co-authored with [[David Boyle]] (2009) Routledge ISBN 978-1844076758{{r|bigger}}
*''Eminent Corporations: the Rise and Fall of the Great British Corporation'' (co-author)(2010)
*''Cancel the Apocalypse: the New Path to Prosperity'' (2013) [[Little, Brown and Company]]

==See also==
* [[Tesco]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|title=Ecological debt: No way back from bankrupt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7988648.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=bigger>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|last2=Boyle|first2=David|title=The New Economics A Bigger Picture|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781844076758/|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ Home of the New Economics Foundation]
*[http://www.word-power.co.uk/catalogue/0745324045 From World Power: ''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'']

{{GPEW|Leadership}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Simms, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Simms, Andrew}}
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

{{UK-economist-stub}}

Andrew Simms

2015-06-21T10:24:13Z

Jonpatterns: /* References */ add

'''Andrew Simms''' is an author and Fellow at the [[New Economics Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/andrewsimms Guardian: Andrew Simms]</ref> He also served as Policy Director for ten years, Communications Director, and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation. He co-authored ''The Green New Deal'' and co-founded the [[Green New Deal Group]],<ref>[http://www.greennewdealgroup.org Green New Deal group]</ref> the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org <ref>[http://www.onehundredmonths.org One hundred months]</ref> and cooperative think tank the New Weather Institute.<ref>[http://www.newweather.org/]</ref> He was a [[Principal Speaker]] of the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]].<ref name=NEFBiog>[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_contactdetail.aspx?page=877&folder=142&cid=8 New Economics Foundation biography]</ref>

A political economist and environmentalist, Simms studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a masters degree in development and international political economy, and has written a number of reports on climate change, [[Economic globalization|globalisation]] and [[localisation (economics)|localisation]], development issues, debt (conventional and [[ecological debt]]), finance and banking, corporate accountability, [[genetic engineering]] and [[food security]]. He coined the term 'clone towns' to describe the economic and homogenising effects of chain retailers on town centres.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/21/communities.supermarkets]</ref>

Simms advocates the notion of 'ecological debt' as an illustration of the degree to which economies operate beyond environmental thresholds,<ref name=bbc /> and initiated the annual marking of the day when the world is estimated to enter 'overshoot'.<ref>[http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/blog/earth_overshoot_day_2013_around_the_world]</ref>

==Publications==
Simms is the author of several books including:
*''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'' (2005, 2009) [[Pluto Press]]
*''Tescopoly: How one shop came out on top and why it matters'' (2007)
*''Do Good Lives Have to Cost the Earth?'' (co-author)(2008)
*''The New Economics'' co-authored with [[David Boyle]] (2009) Routledge ISBN 978-1844076758{{r|bigger}}
*''Eminent Corporations: the Rise and Fall of the Great British Corporation'' (co-author)(2010)
*''Cancel the Apocalypse: the New Path to Prosperity'' (2013) [[Little, Brown and Company]]

==See also==
* [[Tesco]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|title=Ecological debt: No way back from bankrupt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7988648.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=bigger>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|last2=Boyle|first2=David|title=The New Economics A Bigger Picture|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781844076758/|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ Home of the New Economics Foundation]
*[http://www.word-power.co.uk/catalogue/0745324045 From World Power: ''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'']

{{GPEW|Leadership}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Simms, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Simms, Andrew}}
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

{{UK-economist-stub}}

Andrew Simms

2015-06-21T10:23:30Z

Jonpatterns: /* Publications */ book info

'''Andrew Simms''' is an author and Fellow at the [[New Economics Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/andrewsimms Guardian: Andrew Simms]</ref> He also served as Policy Director for ten years, Communications Director, and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation. He co-authored ''The Green New Deal'' and co-founded the [[Green New Deal Group]],<ref>[http://www.greennewdealgroup.org Green New Deal group]</ref> the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org <ref>[http://www.onehundredmonths.org One hundred months]</ref> and cooperative think tank the New Weather Institute.<ref>[http://www.newweather.org/]</ref> He was a [[Principal Speaker]] of the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]].<ref name=NEFBiog>[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_contactdetail.aspx?page=877&folder=142&cid=8 New Economics Foundation biography]</ref>

A political economist and environmentalist, Simms studied at the [[London School of Economics]] for a masters degree in development and international political economy, and has written a number of reports on climate change, [[Economic globalization|globalisation]] and [[localisation (economics)|localisation]], development issues, debt (conventional and [[ecological debt]]), finance and banking, corporate accountability, [[genetic engineering]] and [[food security]]. He coined the term 'clone towns' to describe the economic and homogenising effects of chain retailers on town centres.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/21/communities.supermarkets]</ref>

Simms advocates the notion of 'ecological debt' as an illustration of the degree to which economies operate beyond environmental thresholds,<ref name=bbc /> and initiated the annual marking of the day when the world is estimated to enter 'overshoot'.<ref>[http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/blog/earth_overshoot_day_2013_around_the_world]</ref>

==Publications==
Simms is the author of several books including:
*''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'' (2005, 2009) [[Pluto Press]]
*''Tescopoly: How one shop came out on top and why it matters'' (2007)
*''Do Good Lives Have to Cost the Earth?'' (co-author)(2008)
*''The New Economics'' co-authored with [[David Boyle]] (2009) Routledge ISBN 978-1844076758{{r|bigger}}
*''Eminent Corporations: the Rise and Fall of the Great British Corporation'' (co-author)(2010)
*''Cancel the Apocalypse: the New Path to Prosperity'' (2013) [[Little, Brown and Company]]

==See also==
* [[Tesco]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|title=Ecological debt: No way back from bankrupt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7988648.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ Home of the New Economics Foundation]
*[http://www.word-power.co.uk/catalogue/0745324045 From World Power: ''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'']

{{GPEW|Leadership}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Simms, Andrew
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Simms, Andrew}}
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

{{UK-economist-stub}}

Poes Gesetz

2015-05-15T20:11:06Z

Jonpatterns: /* See also */

'''Poe's law''', named after its author Nathan Poe,<ref name="origpost">{{cite web|last=Poe|first=Nathan|title=Big contradictions in the evolution theory|url=http://www.christianforums.com/t1962980-6/#post17606580|work=christianforums.com|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PywlKJF3|archivedate=May 31, 2014|date=11 August 2005|quote=Originally Posted by Pete Harcoff "Good thing you included the winky. Otherwise people might think you are serious." - Response - POE'S LAW: Without a winking smiley or other blatant display of humor, it is utterly impossible to parody a Creationist in such a way that ''someone'' won't mistake for the genuine article.|accessdate= August 20, 2011}}</ref> is a literary [[adage]] which stipulates that, without a clear indicator of an author's intention, it is often impossible to tell the difference between an expression of sincere [[extremism]] and a parody of such extremism.<ref name=aiken>{{cite journal|last=Aikin|first=Scott F.|title=Poe's Law, Group Polarization, and the Epistemology of Online Religious Discourse|journal=Social Science Research Network|date=January 23, 2009|ssrn=1332169}}</ref> Someone will likely mistake the parody for a genuine article, or vice-versa.<ref name=tele>{{cite news| last = Chivers| first = Tom| date =Oct 23, 2009 | title = Internet rules and laws: the top 10, from Godwin to Poe | newspaper = The Telegraph | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/6408927/Internet-rules-and-laws-the-top-10-from-Godwin-to-Poe.html}}: "Without a winking smiley or other blatant display of humour, it is impossible to create a parody of fundamentalism that someone won't mistake for the real thing."</ref>

==History==
The name "Poe's Law" refers to a reply posted in 2005 by Nathan Poe on an [[internet forum]] about [[Christianity]] (christianforums.com), in the context of a debate about [[creationism]].<ref name="origpost"/> The original sentence referred specifically to creationism, but the "law" has been generalized to apply to any kind of [[fundamentalism]] or [[extremism]].

Poe's remark was actually a concise restatement of advice often posted on internet forums, about the need to clearly mark [[sarcasm]] and parody (e.g., with a smiling [[emoticon]]) to avoid confusion. As early as 1983, [[Jerry Schwarz]], in a post on [[Usenet]], wrote:
{{quote|
8. Avoid sarcasm and facetious remarks.

Without the voice inflection and body language of personal communication these are easily misinterpreted. A sideways smile, :-), has become widely accepted on the net as an indication that "I'm only kidding". If you submit a satiric item without this symbol, no matter how obvious the satire is to you, do not be surprised if people take it seriously.<ref name="usenet">{{cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!msg/net.announce/8CsYPJuZ4Hg/8em44sgCCVYJ | newsgroup=net.announce | title = Emily Post for Usenet | date = November 1, 1983}} ([[Emily Post]])</ref>}}

==Morgan's Maxim==

Another precedent posted on Usenet dates to 2001. Following the well-known schema of [[Arthur C. Clarke]]'s [[Clarke's three laws|third law]], Alan Morgan wrote:
{{quote|"Any sufficiently advanced [[troll (Internet)|troll]] is indistinguishable from a genuine [[kook (person)|kook]]."<ref name="usenetpost">{{cite newsgroup | url = https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!msg/talk.origins/r7ksugaCs8c/JAhLWMzw1VYJ | newsgroup =talk.origins| title = Bush's testing plan. | date = February 1, 2001}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Irony punctuation]]
* [[List of Internet phenomena]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{use mdy dates|date=August 2011}}

[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Internet terminology]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Stub-Class Internet culture articles]]

Andrew Simms

2015-02-17T21:09:39Z

Jonpatterns:

'''Andrew Simms''' is an author and Fellow at the [[New Economics Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/andrewsimms Guardian: Andrew Simms]</ref> He also served as Policy Director for ten years, Communications Director, and established the Climate Change Programme for the foundation. He co-authored ''The Green New Deal'' and co-founded the [[Green New Deal Group]], <ref>[http://www.greennewdealgroup.org Green New Deal group] </ref> and the climate campaign onehundredmonths.org <ref>[http://www.onehundredmonths.org One hundred months]</ref> He was a [[Principal Speaker]] of the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]].<ref name=NEFBiog>[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_contactdetail.aspx?page=877&folder=142&cid=8 New Economics Foundation biography]</ref>

A political economist and environmentalist, Simms studied at the [[London School of Economics]] although he is evasive on the question of what degree (if any) he obtained and has written a number of reports on climate change, [[Economic globalization|globalisation]] and [[localisation (economics)|localisation]], development issues, debt (conventional and [[ecological debt]]), finance and banking, corporate accountability, [[genetic engineering]] and [[food security]].

In 2009 Simms was the policy director at the New Economics Foundation.<ref name=bbc />

==Publications==
Simms is the author of several books including:
*''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'' (2005, 2009) [[Pluto Press]]
*''Tescopoly: How one shop came out on top and why it matters'' (2007)
*''Do Good Lives Have to Cost the Earth?'' (co-author)(2008)
*''The New Economics'' (co-author)(2009)
*''Eminent Corporations: the Rise and Fall of the Great British Corporation'' (co-author)(2010)
*''Cancel the Apocalypse: the New Path to Prosperity'' (2013) [[Little, Brown and Company]]

==See also==
* [[Tesco]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last1=Simms|first1=Andrew|title=Ecological debt: No way back from bankrupt|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7988648.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ Home of the New Economics Foundation]
*[http://www.word-power.co.uk/catalogue/0745324045 From World Power: ''Ecological Debt: The Health of the Planet & the Wealth of Nations'']

{{GPEW|Leadership}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simms, Andrew}}
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Green Party of England and Wales politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]

{{UK-economist-stub}}

Andrew Simms

2015-02-17T21:08:15Z

Jonpatterns:

Paul Hirst

2014-05-13T19:23:40Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ f

{{refimprove|date=May 2014}}

'''Paul Quentin Hirst''' (20 May 1946 - 17 June 2003) was a British sociologist and political theorist. He became Professor of Social Theory at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] in 1985 and held the post until his death from a stroke and brain haemorrhage.<ref name=Guardian>http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/20/guardianobituaries.highereducation</ref>

He studied at the [[University of Leicester]] and the [[University of Sussex]] before taking up a lectureship at Birkbeck College in 1969. In 1972, he was one of the founding members of the Department of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck. He was appointed Reader in Social Theory in 1978 and Professor seven years later.<ref name="Guardian"/>

During the 1970s he became well known (along with [[Barry Hindess]]) as the main figure in [[British Althusserianism]]. By the late 1970s and 1980s, however, Hirst had become a critic of [[Louis Althusser|Louis Althusser]]'s brand of [[Marxism]]. Drawing upon [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] but also [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]], he criticised essentialism, epistemological discourses and the possibility of any general theory, in a move against careless sociological constructionist imperialism. In his work on [[democratic governance]], he turned towards the ideas of the English political pluralists: [[J. N. Figgis]], [[G. D. H. Cole]], and [[Harold Laski]]. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hirst developed a theory of [[associationalism]] which attempted to revive [[social democracy]] by providing an alternative to [[state socialism]] and [[Neoliberalism|free-market liberalism]]. He also made important contributions to critical legal theory.

His later work, with [[Grahame Thompson]] resulted in an influential criticism of fashionable theories of economic [[globalisation]], demonstrating the continued importance of the nation-state. His book 'War and Power' is a historical-sociological analysis of the development of the modern state and state system and addresses some of current political challenges including climate change. His last book 'Space and Power' clearly demonstrated his intellectual scope. In the book he investigates the relationship between space and power, arguing that the exercise of power is both constrained by and shapes the character of the built environment.

With [[Mark Cousins (writer)|Mark Cousins]], [[Colin MacCabe]], and [[Richard Humphreys (writer)|Richard Humphreys]], he founded the [[London Consortium]] in 1993. He chaired the Executive Committee of Charter 88 and was an early and regular contributor to [[openDemocracy]].

==Selected bibliography==
*Hirst, P. and Hindess, B. ''Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
*Hirst, P. ''On Law and Ideology''. London: MacMillan, 1979.
*Hirst, P. and Woolley, P. ''Social Relations and Human Attributes''. London: Routledge, 1982.
*Hirst, P. ''Law, Socialism and Democracy''. London: Harper Collins, 1986.
*Hirst, P. “Carl Schmitt's Decisionism”. [http://www.telospress.com ''Telos''] 72 (Summer 1987). New York: Telos Press.
*Hirst, P. ''Representative Democracy and its Limits''. Cambridge: Polity, 1990.
*Hirst, P. ''Associative Democracy''. Cambridge: Polity, 1993.
*Hirst, P. ''From Statism to Pluralism''. London: UCL Press, 1997.
*Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. ''[[Globalisation in Question]]''. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.
*Hirst, P. ''War and Power in the 21st Century''. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
*Hirst, P. ''Space and Power: Politics, War and Architecture''. Cambridge: Polity, 2005.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cotterrell, Roger "Paul Hirst (1946-2003)", ''Socio-Legal Newsletter'' No. 41, Winter 2003, pp. 6–7.

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,981060,00.html Guardian Obituary]
*[http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/the-challenge-of-paul-hirst openDemocracy memoire]

{{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=108913432}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hirst, Paul
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British sociologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hirst, Paul}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:British sociologists]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]

Paul Hirst

2014-05-13T19:23:04Z

Jonpatterns: /* top */ fx ref

{{refimprove|date=May 2014}}

'''Paul Quentin Hirst''' (20 May 1946 - 17 June 2003) was a British sociologist and political theorist. He became Professor of Social Theory at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] in 1985 and held the post until his death from a stroke and brain haemorrhage.<ref anme=Guardian>http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/20/guardianobituaries.highereducation</ref>

He studied at the [[University of Leicester]] and the [[University of Sussex]] before taking up a lectureship at Birkbeck College in 1969. In 1972, he was one of the founding members of the Department of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck. He was appointed Reader in Social Theory in 1978 and Professor seven years later.<ref name="Guardian"/>

During the 1970s he became well known (along with [[Barry Hindess]]) as the main figure in [[British Althusserianism]]. By the late 1970s and 1980s, however, Hirst had become a critic of [[Louis Althusser|Louis Althusser]]'s brand of [[Marxism]]. Drawing upon [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] but also [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]], he criticised essentialism, epistemological discourses and the possibility of any general theory, in a move against careless sociological constructionist imperialism. In his work on [[democratic governance]], he turned towards the ideas of the English political pluralists: [[J. N. Figgis]], [[G. D. H. Cole]], and [[Harold Laski]]. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hirst developed a theory of [[associationalism]] which attempted to revive [[social democracy]] by providing an alternative to [[state socialism]] and [[Neoliberalism|free-market liberalism]]. He also made important contributions to critical legal theory.

His later work, with [[Grahame Thompson]] resulted in an influential criticism of fashionable theories of economic [[globalisation]], demonstrating the continued importance of the nation-state. His book 'War and Power' is a historical-sociological analysis of the development of the modern state and state system and addresses some of current political challenges including climate change. His last book 'Space and Power' clearly demonstrated his intellectual scope. In the book he investigates the relationship between space and power, arguing that the exercise of power is both constrained by and shapes the character of the built environment.

With [[Mark Cousins (writer)|Mark Cousins]], [[Colin MacCabe]], and [[Richard Humphreys (writer)|Richard Humphreys]], he founded the [[London Consortium]] in 1993. He chaired the Executive Committee of Charter 88 and was an early and regular contributor to [[openDemocracy]].

==Selected bibliography==
*Hirst, P. and Hindess, B. ''Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
*Hirst, P. ''On Law and Ideology''. London: MacMillan, 1979.
*Hirst, P. and Woolley, P. ''Social Relations and Human Attributes''. London: Routledge, 1982.
*Hirst, P. ''Law, Socialism and Democracy''. London: Harper Collins, 1986.
*Hirst, P. “Carl Schmitt's Decisionism”. [http://www.telospress.com ''Telos''] 72 (Summer 1987). New York: Telos Press.
*Hirst, P. ''Representative Democracy and its Limits''. Cambridge: Polity, 1990.
*Hirst, P. ''Associative Democracy''. Cambridge: Polity, 1993.
*Hirst, P. ''From Statism to Pluralism''. London: UCL Press, 1997.
*Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. ''[[Globalisation in Question]]''. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.
*Hirst, P. ''War and Power in the 21st Century''. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
*Hirst, P. ''Space and Power: Politics, War and Architecture''. Cambridge: Polity, 2005.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cotterrell, Roger "Paul Hirst (1946-2003)", ''Socio-Legal Newsletter'' No. 41, Winter 2003, pp. 6–7.

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,981060,00.html Guardian Obituary]
*[http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/the-challenge-of-paul-hirst openDemocracy memoire]

{{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=108913432}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hirst, Paul
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British sociologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hirst, Paul}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:British sociologists]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]

Paul Hirst

2014-05-13T19:21:29Z

Jonpatterns: add reflist

{{refimprove|date=May 2014}}

'''Paul Quentin Hirst''' (20 May 1946 - 17 June 2003) was a British sociologist and political theorist. He became Professor of Social Theory at [[Birkbeck, University of London]] in 1985 and held the post until his death from a stroke and brain haemorrhage.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/20/guardianobituaries.highereducation</ref>

He studied at the [[University of Leicester]] and the [[University of Sussex]] before taking up a lectureship at Birkbeck College in 1969. In 1972, he was one of the founding members of the Department of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck. He was appointed Reader in Social Theory in 1978 and Professor seven years later.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/20/guardianobituaries.highereducation</ref>

During the 1970s he became well known (along with [[Barry Hindess]]) as the main figure in [[British Althusserianism]]. By the late 1970s and 1980s, however, Hirst had become a critic of [[Louis Althusser|Louis Althusser]]'s brand of [[Marxism]]. Drawing upon [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]] but also [[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]], he criticised essentialism, epistemological discourses and the possibility of any general theory, in a move against careless sociological constructionist imperialism. In his work on [[democratic governance]], he turned towards the ideas of the English political pluralists: [[J. N. Figgis]], [[G. D. H. Cole]], and [[Harold Laski]]. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hirst developed a theory of [[associationalism]] which attempted to revive [[social democracy]] by providing an alternative to [[state socialism]] and [[Neoliberalism|free-market liberalism]]. He also made important contributions to critical legal theory.

His later work, with [[Grahame Thompson]] resulted in an influential criticism of fashionable theories of economic [[globalisation]], demonstrating the continued importance of the nation-state. His book 'War and Power' is a historical-sociological analysis of the development of the modern state and state system and addresses some of current political challenges including climate change. His last book 'Space and Power' clearly demonstrated his intellectual scope. In the book he investigates the relationship between space and power, arguing that the exercise of power is both constrained by and shapes the character of the built environment.

With [[Mark Cousins (writer)|Mark Cousins]], [[Colin MacCabe]], and [[Richard Humphreys (writer)|Richard Humphreys]], he founded the [[London Consortium]] in 1993. He chaired the Executive Committee of Charter 88 and was an early and regular contributor to [[openDemocracy]].

==Selected bibliography==
*Hirst, P. and Hindess, B. ''Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
*Hirst, P. ''On Law and Ideology''. London: MacMillan, 1979.
*Hirst, P. and Woolley, P. ''Social Relations and Human Attributes''. London: Routledge, 1982.
*Hirst, P. ''Law, Socialism and Democracy''. London: Harper Collins, 1986.
*Hirst, P. “Carl Schmitt's Decisionism”. [http://www.telospress.com ''Telos''] 72 (Summer 1987). New York: Telos Press.
*Hirst, P. ''Representative Democracy and its Limits''. Cambridge: Polity, 1990.
*Hirst, P. ''Associative Democracy''. Cambridge: Polity, 1993.
*Hirst, P. ''From Statism to Pluralism''. London: UCL Press, 1997.
*Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. ''[[Globalisation in Question]]''. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.
*Hirst, P. ''War and Power in the 21st Century''. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
*Hirst, P. ''Space and Power: Politics, War and Architecture''. Cambridge: Polity, 2005.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cotterrell, Roger "Paul Hirst (1946-2003)", ''Socio-Legal Newsletter'' No. 41, Winter 2003, pp. 6–7.

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,981060,00.html Guardian Obituary]
*[http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/the-challenge-of-paul-hirst openDemocracy memoire]

{{Globalization|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=108913432}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hirst, Paul
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British sociologist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hirst, Paul}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:British sociologists]]
[[Category:Writers about globalization]]