Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kelly Link

2018-11-21T04:56:44Z

Jmcgnh: /* Biography */ section lacks references

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kelly Link
| image =
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| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = Miami, Florida, United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kellylink.net/pretty-monsters-bio |title=About Kelly |publisher=Kelly Link |accessdate=1 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315010831/http://kellylink.net/pretty-monsters-bio |archivedate=March 15, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
| death_date = 
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| occupation = Writer
| nationality = United States
| ethnicity =
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| education =
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Fantasy literature|Fantasy]], [[Horror fiction|horror]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = [[Gavin Grant (editor)|Gavin Grant]]
| partner =
| children = Ursula Annabel Link Grant.<ref name="smallbeer">{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Gavin |url= http://smallbeerpress.com/not-a-journal/2009/05/20/small-beer-little-baby/ |title=Small Beer, little baby
|work=Small Beer Press |date=May 20, 2009 |accessdate=12 August 2011}}</ref>
| relatives =
| influences = [[M. R. James]], [[Eudora Welty]], [[Georgette Heyer]], [[Theodore Sturgeon]], [[Joan Aiken]], [[Carol Emshwiller]], [[Angela Carter]]
| influenced =
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}}

'''Kelly Link''' (born 1969) is an American editor and author of short stories.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2015/02/04/get_in_trouble_going_back_inside_the_weird_and_wonderful_world_of_kelly_link/{{cite web|author=Laura Miller |url=http://archive.salon.com/audio/col/mill/2001/11/19/kelly_link/index.html |title=An interview with Kelly Link |work=Salon |date=November 19, 2001 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307164703/http://archive.salon.com/audio/col/mill/2001/11/19/kelly_link/index.html |archivedate=March 7, 2008 |df= }}</ref> While some of her fiction falls more clearly within genre categories, many of her stories might be described as [[Slipstream (genre)|slipstream]] or [[magic realism]]: a combination of science fiction, [[fantasy]], [[horror fiction|horror]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], and [[Realism (arts)|realism]]. Among other honors, she has won a [[Hugo award]], three [[Nebula awards]], and a [[World Fantasy Award]] for her fiction, and she was one of the recipients of the 2018 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur "Genius" Grant]].<ref name="macarthur">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/short-story-writer-kelly-link-wins-macarthur-genius-grant/2018/10/04/75b53be8-c768-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html | title=Short-story writer Kelly Link wins MacArthur ‘genius’ grant | work=The Washington Post | date=October 4, 2018 | accessdate=October 4, 2018 | author=Charles, Ron}}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2018}}
Link is a graduate of [[Columbia University]] in New York and the MFA program of [[UNC Greensboro]]. In 1995, she attended the [[Clarion Workshop|Clarion East Writing Workshop]].

Link and husband [[Gavin Grant (editor)|Gavin Grant]] manage [[Small Beer Press]], based in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. The couple's imprint of Small Beer Press for intermediate readers is called Big Mouth House. They also co-edited [[St. Martin's Press]]'s ''[[Year's Best Fantasy and Horror]]'' anthology series with [[Ellen Datlow]] for five years, ending in 2008. (The couple inherited the "fantasy" side from [[Terri Windling]] in 2004.) Link was also the [[slush pile|slush]] reader for ''[[Sci Fiction]]'', edited by Datlow.

Link taught at [[Lenoir-Rhyne College]] in [[Hickory, North Carolina]], with the Visiting Writers Series for spring semester 2006. She has taught or visited at a number of schools and workshops including [[Bard College]], [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]]; [[Brookdale Community College]], [[Lincroft, New Jersey]]; the Imagination Workshop at [[Cleveland State University]]; New England Institute of Art & Communications, [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]; Clarion East at [[Michigan State University]]; Clarion West in [[Seattle]], Washington; and [[Smith College]], near her home in Northampton. She has participated in the Juniper Summer Writing Institute at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]'s [[MFA Program for Poets & Writers]].

==Awards==

* 2018 MacArthur Fellowship<ref>https://www.macfound.org/fellows/1017/</ref>
* 2017 [[World Fantasy Convention|World Fantasy Award]] for contributions to the genre (nominee)

===Books===
* ''Get in Trouble'': 2016 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction|Pulitzer Prize (fiction) finalist]].
* ''Pretty Monsters'': 2008 World Fantasy<ref>{{cite web|author=World Fantasy Convention |year=2010 |title=Award Winners and Nominees |url=http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html/ |accessdate=February 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |df= }}</ref> and Locus Award finalist.
* ''[[Magic for Beginners (anthology)|Magic for Beginners]]'': 2006 [[Locus Award]] for best short story collection
* ''Stranger Things Happen'': [[Salon.com|Salon]] [[Salon Book Awards|Book of the Year]], [[Village Voice]] favorite (available here [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220010942/http://www.lcrw.net/kellylink/sth/] as a free download, under a [[Creative Commons]] license)

===Selected stories (award winners)===
* "The Game of Smash and Recovery": 2016 [[Theodore Sturgeon Award]] for Best Short Fiction
* "The Summer People": 2011 [[Shirley Jackson Award]] for best [[Novella|Novelette]], 2013 [[O'Henry Prize|The O'Henry Prize Stories]]
* "Pretty Monsters": 2009 [[Locus Award]] for Best Novella
* "[[Magic for Beginners (novella)|Magic for Beginners]]": 2005 [[Nebula Award]] for Best Novella
* "[[The Faery Handbag]]": 2005 [[Hugo Award|Hugo]] and Nebula Award for Best [[Novella|Novelette]], [[Locus Award]] winner
* "Stone Animals": 2005 [[Best American Short Stories]]
* "Louise's Ghost": 2001 [[Nebula Award for Best Novelette]]
* "The Specialist's Hat": 1999 [[World Fantasy Award]]
* "Travels with the Snow Queen": 1997 [[James Tiptree, Jr. Award]]

==As author==
*''4 Stories ([[chapbook]])'', Small Beer Press, 2000
*''Stranger Things Happen'', Small Beer Press, 2001
*''Magic For Beginners'', Small Beer Press, 2005, reprinted by Harcourt, 2005
*''Catskin: a swaddled zine'', Jelly Ink Press, date unknown
*''Pretty Monsters: Stories'', Viking Juvenile, 2008
*''The Wrong Grave'', 2009
*''Get in Trouble: Stories'', Random House, 2015

==As editor==
*''Trampoline'' Small Beer Press, 2003
*''The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror'' volume 17– (with Ellen Datlow and Gavin J. Grant) St. Martin's Press, 2004–2008

In addition, Link and Grant have edited a semiannual [[small press]] fantasy magazine: ''[[Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]]'' (or ''LCRW'') since 1997. An anthology, ''The Best of Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet'', was published by [[Del Rey Books]] in 2007.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature}}
*[http://www.kellylink.net/ Official website]
*[http://www.lcrw.net/lcrw/ Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]
*{{isfdb name|id=Kelly_Link|name=Kelly Link}}
*Kelly Link's [http://www.sfadb.com/Kelly_Link awards and nominations] at the Science Fiction Awards Database
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125045740/http://www.fantasticmetropolis.com/i/va-link/ Essay] on Link's story "Lull" at [[Fantastic Metropolis]]
*[http://www.kcrw.com/cgi-bin/db/kcrw.pl?show_code=bw&air_date=1/5/06&tmplt_type=Show RealAudio Interview] from KCRW's Bookworm show
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070404000859/http://www.apublicspace.org/issue1/link.shtml An excerpt from Origin Story] from the magazine ''[[A Public Space]]''
*[http://mainehumanities.org/podcasts/stonecoast.html Reading by Kelly from the Stonecoast MFA program's Winter 2008 residency]
{{James Tiptree, Jr. Award Winners}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Link, Kelly}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award-winning writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winners]]
[[Category:Print editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:Chapbook writers]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Greensboro alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Creative Commons-licensed authors]]
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]

Benutzer:Jmcgnh

2018-05-21T20:08:10Z

Jmcgnh: erste

Ich bin Amerikaner. Kann Deutsch etwas lesen und verstehen aber nur ein bisschen sprechen und schrieben.

Vaxxed – Die schockierende Wahrheit!?

2017-01-13T03:48:51Z

Jmcgnh: Reverted to revision 759758288 by Roxy the dog (talk): Ongoing discussion on talk page, reach consensus there before remaking this edit. (TW)

{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = ''Vaxxed''
| image = Vaxxed poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| film name = 
| director = [[Andrew Wakefield]]
| producer = Del Bigtree
| writers = Andrew Wakefield Del Bigtree
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = 
| starring =
| narrator = 
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Cinema Libre Studio
| released = {{film date|2016|04|01}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe''''' is a 2016 American film alleging a cover-up by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) of a purported link between [[MMR vaccine controversy|the MMR vaccine and autism]].<ref name=NYTW/><ref name="nymag-antivax">{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaxx.html/ |title=Why Is an Anti-Vaccine Documentary by a Proven Quack Being Taken Seriously? |author=June, Laura |date=March 22, 2016 |work=[[New York Magazine]] |accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> According to [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine";<ref name="VarietyPickedUp"/> critics derided it as an anti-vaccine [[propaganda film]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-20160401 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe' is Designed to Trick You (Review) |last=Kohn |first=Eric |date=April 1, 2016 |website=[[Indiewire]] |access-date=April 3, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kommentarer/Robert-De-Niro-har-gjort-seg-til-vaksinemotstandernes-nyttige-idiot--Ingeborg-Senneset-8407950.html |title=Robert De Niro har gjort seg til vaksinemotstandernes nyttige idiot |author=Senneset, Ingeborg |date=March 28, 2016 |work=[[:no:Aftenposten|Aftenposten (Norway)]] |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/03/28/no-andrew-wakefield-youre-not-being-censored-and-you-dont-deserve-due-process/#7cf2b545225d |title=No Andrew Wakefield, You're Not Being Censored And You Don't Deserve Due Process |author=Senapathy, Kavin |date=March 28, 2016 |work=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref><ref name="gorski1">{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/25/mystery-solved-it-was-robert-de-niro-who-got-andrew-wakefields-antivaccine-film-selected-by-the-tribeca-film-festival/ |title=Mystery solved: It was Robert De Niro who got Andrew Wakefield’s antivaccine propaganda film selected for screening at the Tribeca Film Festival |date=March 25, 2016 |website=Respectful Insolence |author=Gorski, David (Orac) |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref>

The film was directed by discredited anti-vaccine activist [[Andrew Wakefield]], whose license to practice medicine in the United Kingdom was revoked due to ethical violations related to his fraudulent research into the role of vaccines in autism.<ref name=NYTW/><ref name=age-vaxxed>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/comment/antiimmunisation-movie-vaxxed-is-a-platform-for-its-maker-not-its-message-20160425-goetem.html |title=Anti-immunisation movie Vaxxed is a platform for its maker, not its message |author=Gill, Sarah |date=April 27, 2016 |work=[[The Age]] (Vic. Australia) |accessdate=April 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704022804575041544115791952 |title=The Lancet's Vaccine Retraction |date=February 3, 2010 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |author=. |accessdate=April 4, 2016 |subscription=yes}}</ref> It was scheduled to premiere at the 2016 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] before being withdrawn by the festival.<ref name="ew-pulled">{{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/26/tribeca-film-festival-vaxxed-pulled-schedule |title=Tribeca Film Festival: Vaxxed pulled from schedule |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |date=March 26, 2016 |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> In reviewing the film, Indiewire said that "Wakefield doesn’t just have a dog in this fight; he is the dog".<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-21896/ ‘Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe’ is Designed to Trick You (Review)], Indiewire</ref>

==Background==
{{further|MMR vaccine controversy}}
In 1998 Wakefield published a study in ''[[The Lancet]]'' suggesting that vaccines caused autism. In 2010 the study was retracted, and Wakefield's UK medical license was revoked due to "ethical violations and a failure to disclose financial conflicts of interest" and for his invention of evidence linking the [[MMR vaccine]] to autism.<ref name=NYTW>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/vaccines-autism-robert-de-niro-tribeca-film-festival-andrew-wakefield-vaxxed.html |title=Robert De Niro Defends Screening of Anti-Vaccine Film at Tribeca Festival |author1=Belluck, Pam |author2=Ryzik, Melena |date=March 25, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=March 25, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=LAT>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-tribeca-vaccine-20160323-snap-htmlstory.html |title=Column: How Robert De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival sold out to anti-vaccine crackpots [UPDATED] |last=Hiltzik |first=Michael |date=March 25, 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> A substantial body of subsequent research has established that there is [[MMR vaccine controversy#Full retraction and fraud allegations|no link between vaccines and autism]].<ref name=Cochrane>{{cite journal
|vauthors=Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Di Pietrantonj C |title=Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children
|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev
|volume=2
|issue=
|pages=CD004407
|date=February 2012
|pmid=22336803
|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3}}</ref><ref name=Taylor2014>{{cite journal
|authors=Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD
|title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies
|journal=Vaccine
|volume=32
|issue=29
|pages=3623–9
|date=June 2014
|pmid=24814559
|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|vauthors=Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, etal
|title=Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review
|journal=Pediatrics
|volume=134
|issue=2
|pages=325–37
|date=August 2014
|pmid=25086160
|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1079 }}</ref> Wakefield went on to become a leader in the anti-vaccination movement that his discredited study helped create.<ref name=NYTpulled>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/movies/pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-vaccination-film-vaxxed-will-run-in-theater.html |title=Pulled From Festival, Anti-Vaccination Film Will Run in Theater |author=Ryzik, Melena |date=March 30, 2016 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

Del Bigtree, a producer of ''Vaxxed'', was formerly a producer of ''The Doctors'', a daytime US talk show.<ref name=hollywoodreporter/> The ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' conducted a study on ''[[The Doctors (talk show)|The Doctors]]'' and ''[[The Dr Oz Show]]'' and concluded with this warning about the shows: "Consumers should be skeptical about any recommendations provided ... as details are limited and only a third to one half of recommendations are based on believable or somewhat believable evidence".<ref name=BMJ>{{cite journal |last=Koronyk |first=C. |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Televised medical talk shows-what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations: a prospective observational study |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7346| journal=The [[British Medical Journal]] |doi=10.1136/bmj.g7346 |accessdate=March 3, 2016|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

The movie was produced by Autism Media Channel,<ref name=VarietyPickedUp/> of which Wakefield is a director.<ref name="hannaford">{{cite news |author=Hannaford, Alex |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 2, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/what-happened-man-mmr-panic |title=Andrew Wakefield: autism inc |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}</ref>

==Narrative==
[[Image:CDC Vaccine Information Statement for MMR Vaccine.pdf|thumb|right|CDC Info Statement for MMR Vaccine, 2012 - Challenged in film.]]
According to [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine."<ref name="VarietyPickedUp"/> The film features the so-called "CDC whistleblower" narrative that is based on anti-vaccination activist<ref name=hollywoodreporter/> and associate professor [[Brian Hooker (bioengineer)|Brian Hooker]]'s paper describing claims by senior CDC scientist William Thompson that he and his co-authors had omitted mention of a correlation they found between vaccination and autism in African-American boys in a CDC study. Thompson's claimed correlations are reported likely to be biologically implausible and probably spurious.<ref name="Snopes">{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/cdcwhistleblower.asp |title=Bad Medicine - Claim: Data suppressed by the CDC proved that the MMR vaccine produces a 340% increased risk of autism in African-American boys. FALSE |author=. |date=August 26, 2014 |work=[[Snopes]] |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> The film contains edited excerpts of several phone calls between Hooker and Thompson recorded without Thompson's knowledge.<ref name=hollywoodreporter>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/vaxxed-cover-up-catastrophe-film-879960 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe': Film Review |author=Scheck, Frank |date=April 1, 2016 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/01/vaxxed-autism-movie-review/ |title=We watched the movie ‘Vaxxed’ so you don’t have to |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Stat News |author=Robins, Rebecca |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref> Hooker's 2014 paper on the narrative was subsequently retracted due to "serious concerns about the validity of its conclusions"<ref name="RetractionWatch-Hooker">{{cite web |url=http://retractionwatch.com/2014/08/27/journal-takes-down-autism-vaccine-paper-pending-investigation/ |title=Journal takes down autism-vaccine paper pending investigation |date=August 27, 2014 |author=. |work=[[Retraction Watch]] |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3222008/paper-questioning-cdc-autism-study-retracted/ |title=Journal Retracts Paper that Questioned CDC Autism Study |author=Park, Alice |date=August 29, 2014 |work=[[Time (magazine)]] |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> and in 2015 the CDC had confirmed that any such initial correlation had ceased to exist once they performed a more in-depth analysis of the children in the study.<ref name="M-D">{{cite news |url=http://www.medicaldaily.com/vaxxed-andrew-wakefield-anti-vaccination-380555 |title=Controversial Documentary 'Vaxxed' Premiered In NYC This Weekend; We Decided To See It |work=[[Medical Daily]] |last=Cara, Ed |date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}</ref>

These sometimes spliced-together<ref name="M-D" /> unauthorized phone recordings of Thompson, according to the ''[[Houston Press]]'', form the "crux of the entire movie... And...that’s it".<ref name="HoustonPress" /> On the "CDC whistleblower" narrative, Dr. Philip LaRussa, a professor of paediatric medicine at [[Columbia University Medical Center]], said the film-makers "were saying, there’s this silver bullet here, and the CDC is hiding it, and no one else has looked at this issue, which is not the case".<ref name="LaRussa" /> Thompson does not appear in the film and did not see it before it was released.<ref name=NYTpulled/> Thompson had released a statement on the controversy in 2014 which the ''New York Times'' discussed in its coverage of ''Vaxxed''; the ''Times'' described it as "saying that while he questioned the 2004 study’s presentation of some data, he would never advise people not to get vaccinated."<ref name=NYTpulled/><ref name=pr>{{cite web |url=http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |title=Press Release, Statement of William W. Thompson, Ph.D., Regarding the 2004 Article Examining the Possibility of a Relationship Between MMR Vaccine and Autism |author=Thompson, William W. |date=August 27, 2014 |work=Morgan Verkamp LLC |accessdate=April 26, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828211540/http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |archivedate=August 28, 2014}}</ref>

== Premiere ==
The film had been scheduled to premiere at the 2016 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] but this was the subject of public outcry and widespread criticism, particularly for allowing Wakefield to distribute his discredited theories.<ref name=verge>{{cite news |url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/3/25/11306458/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaccine-documentary-robert-deniro |title=The Tribeca Film Festival is screening an anti-vaccine documentary |last=Alessandra |first=Potenza |date=March 25, 2016 |work=[[The Verge]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="jezebel">{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/robert-de-niro-defends-anti-vax-film-screening-at-tribe-1767104869 |title=Robert De Niro Defends Anti-Vax Film Screening at Tribeca; Says It Will Allow for 'Conversation' |last=Merlan |first=Annie |date=March 25, 2016 |work=[[Jezebel (website)]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news |author =Haelle T|authorlink=Tara Haelle|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2016/03/25/robert-deniro-just-broke-my-heart/#55b2f48b3539|title=Robert DeNiro Just Broke My Heart |date=March 25, 2016 |work=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/97862-an-open-letter-to-the-tribeca-film-festival-about-vaxxed/ |title=An Open Letter to the Tribeca Film Festival about Vaxxed |last=Lane |first=Penny |date=March 24, 2016 |work=[[Filmmaker (magazine)]] |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}</ref> Actor [[Robert De Niro]], who co-founded the festival, initially defended the decision to show the film, writing on [[Facebook]] that the film was "very personal" to him due to him having a child with autism,<ref name="fortunevaxxed">{{cite news |last1=Tarkan |first1=Laurie |title=Why Robert De Niro Promoted - then Pulled - Anti-Vaccine Documentary |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/29/robert-de-niro-anti-vaccine-documentary/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)]] |date=March 29, 2016 |accessdate=March 30, 2016 }}</ref> and saying that he hoped the film would open a dialog about the controversy.<ref name="fortunevaxxed"/> But shortly before the evening of March 26 De Niro announced that the film would not screen, stating that consultation with other film festival representatives, and members of the scientific community, had led him to conclude that screening the film would not contribute to or further the discussion of the topic presented.<ref name="ew-pulled"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b596c28b662e4fabbca69e16589ed1a2/de-niros-tribeca-festival-pulls-anti-vaccination-film |title=De Niro's Tribeca festival pulls anti-vaccination film |author=Moody, Nekesa Mumbi |date=March 27, 2016 |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=March 27, 2016 }}</ref>

After the film was dropped from the Tribeca Film Festival, it was picked up for distribution by Cinema Libre.<ref name="VarietyPickedUp">{{Cite news |url=http://variety.com/2016/film/news/vaxxed-anti-vaccine-documentary-cinema-libre-1201741603/|title=Controversial Anti-Vaccination Documentary Gets Release From Cinema Libre (EXCLUSIVE) |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 29, 2016 |work=[[Variety (magazine)]] |access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Angelika Film Center]] in [[New York City]] on April 1, 2016<ref name="wsjlunacy">{{cite news
|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-vaccination-lunacy-wont-stop-1459721652
|title=Anti-Vaccination Lunacy Won’t Stop
|author=Lipkin, W. Ian
|date=April 3, 2016
|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]
|subscription=yes
|accessdate=April 4, 2016 }}</ref> to an audience of "a few dozen."<ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-premieres-new-york-anti-vaccination |title=Controversial Vaxxed film premieres in New York despite scientists' outcry |date=April 3, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Glenza |first1=Jessica |accessdate=April 3, 2016 }}</ref>

In reaction to Cinema Libre's decision to distribute the film, [[Todd Drezner]], the father of an autistic son and creator of a [[neurodiversity]]-themed movie that was distributed by Cinema Libre, wrote an open letter to Cinema Libre criticizing ''Vaxxed'' and Cinema Libre's decision to distribute it, writing: "By releasing ''Vaxxed'', Cinema Libre is actively harming thousands of autistic people. While we should be discussing ways to best support autistic people and help them lead fulfilling lives, you would instead have us follow a discredited scientist and dishonest filmmaker down a rabbit hole that leads only to long-debunked conspiracy theories. I am profoundly disappointed."<ref name="drezner">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2016/03/todd-drezners-open-letter-to-cinema.html
|title=Todd Drezner's Open Letter to Cinema Libre Studio Regarding "Vaxxed"
|author=Drezner, Todd
|date=March 30, 2016
|work=Thinking Person's Guide To Autism
|accessdate=April 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytshowing">{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/nyregion/anti-vaccine-film-pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-draws-crowd-at-showing.html
|title=Anti-Vaccine Film, Pulled From Tribeca Film Festival, Draws Crowd at Showing
|author=Ryzik, Melena
|date=April 1, 2016
|work=[[New York Times]]
|accessdate=April 4, 2016}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Quote box
|quote ="In his film debut, Wakefield has cast himself as the victim of a massive conspiracy to hide the truth... What drove Wakefield from being a respected researcher to a conspiracy theorist?"'|source=[[Paul Offit]] in ''[[Hollywood Reporter]]''.<ref name=HRoffit>{{cite news |title=Anti-Vaccine Doc 'Vaxxed': A Doctor's Film Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-a-882651 |work=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 11, 2016 |author=Offit, Paul |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref>
|width = 30%
|align = right
}}

Documentary director Penny Lane stated: {{quotation|Issues around truth and ethics in documentary can get thorny. But this one is easy. This film is not some sort of disinterested investigation into the 'vaccines cause autism' hoax; this film is directed by the person who perpetuated the hoax.|Penny Lane (director).<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/26/entertainment/vaxxed-movie-tribeca-festival-feat/ |title=Robert De Niro pulls anti-vaccine film from Tribeca after controversy |work=[[CNN]] |accessdate=March 31, 2016 |date=March 27, 2016 |author=Grinberg, Emanuella}}</ref>}}

A review by the health and science news-site ''[[Medical Daily]]'' states: {{quotation|[''Vaxxed''] doesn’t care about convincing its audience with evidence. Instead, Wakefield, Hooker, and producer Del Bigtree run the viewer through a well-trod gauntlet of emotional pleas, context-free statistics ... and shadowy conspiracies, with Bigtree claiming that "all of television" has been bought out by the pharmaceutical industry.|Ed Cara, the ''Medical Daily''.<ref name="M-D"/>}}

Independent film news-site ''[[Indiewire]]'' concludes the film pushes an outrageous agenda, and says: {{quotation|Wakefield's by-the-numbers approach to didactic storytelling relies on tons of random factoids positioned out of context to drive home his agenda. An end credit declares that "every seven minutes, a child in the U.S. is diagnosed with autism," the kind of tenuous data set that passes for hard evidence in Wakefield's bizarro universe.|Eric Kohn, ''Indiewire''.<ref name=":5"/>}}

The film's review in [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] magazine describes it as a "slickly produced but scientifically dubious hodgepodge of free-floating paranoia" and warns of its: {{quotation|anti-Big Pharma conspiracy mongering ... [which] too often resembles the kind of one-sided, paranoia-stoking agitprop that political activists construct to sanctify true believers and assault infidels. [''Vaxxed''] should be taken with several grains of industrial-strength salt.|Joe Leydon, Film Critic ''Variety''.<ref name="JLvariety">{{cite news |url=http://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-review-1201744442/ |title=Film Review: 'Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe' |work=[[Variety (magazine)]] |accessdate=April 22, 2016 |date=April 3, 2016 |author=Leydon, Joe}}</ref>}}

[[Mick LaSalle]] of the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] was described by Ariana Eun Cha as giving a "generous" review and said that he "appeared to be moved by the footage and personal stories of the children and their parents."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cha|first1=Ariana Eunjung|title=7 things about vaccines and autism that the movie ‘Vaxxed’ won’t tell you|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/05/25/7-things-about-vaccines-and-autism-that-the-movie-vaxxed-wont-tell-you/?utm_term=.bf56d91f3216|work=Washington Post|date=May 25, 2016}}</ref> He wrote:

{{quotation| The vast majority of people who see this film will not have the scientific knowledge to assess the film’s veracity. But it’s fair to say that the documentary, though characterized as antivaccination, isn’t quite that. The point of view is more nuanced. It’s against the vaccination of children ages 2 and younger. And it’s particularly against the MMR — that is, the giving of three vaccines at once ... it’s a passionate advocate for its viewpoint, and that makes for compelling viewing.... Of course, it’s possible that the children would have developed autism anyway, and that one event didn’t cause the other. But the parents presented here are convinced otherwise.<ref name="San Francisco Chronicle">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Vaxxed-Vaccination-critics-take-their-case-7381710.php |title=‘Vaxxed’: Vaccination critics take their case to film |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=January 12, 2017 |date=April 28, 2016 |author=LaSalle, Mick}}</ref>}}

Pediatrician Philip LaRussa wrote that "Wakefield’s film acts as if his research had not been revealed as fraudulent":
{{quotation|[Wakefield] didn’t mention the fact that he lost his license in Great Britain, he didn’t mention the fact that [11] of his co-authors withdrew their names from his paper. He didn’t mention the fact that there was a series of investigative articles by [''Sunday Times'' journalist] Brian Deer. None of that existed in this film.|''Vaxxed: an expert view on controversial film about vaccines and autism''.<ref name="LaRussa">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-scientist-interview-vaccines-autism?CMP=share_btn_fb |title=Vaxxed: an expert view on controversial film about vaccines and autism |author=Glenza, Jessica |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 2, 2016 |accessdate=April 2, 2016 }}</ref>}}

The ''[[Houston Press]]'' described the film as a "tragic fraud",<ref name="HoustonPress">{{cite news |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/anti-vaccination-doc-vaxxed-booted-from-tribeca-is-a-tragic-fraud-8302709 |title=Anti-Vaccination Doc Vaxxed, Booted From Tribeca, Is a Tragic Fraud |date=April 7, 2016 |work=[[Houston Press]] |author=Vonder Haar, Pete |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref> noting:
{{quotation|The Booker, Wakefield and Bigtree segments are spliced with testimonials from parents describing their own ordeals with late-onset autism, which only points to another insidious aspect of Wakefield’s fraud. These interviews are heartbreaking. There may be few tragedies as great as a parent watching a child’s future rapidly contract. But it's another tragedy altogether to give these desperate mothers and fathers this straw at which to grasp.|Pete Vonder Haar, ''Houston Press''.<ref name="HoustonPress" />}}

Professor [[David Gorski]] calls the film's 'CDC whistleblower' affair "the central conspiracy theory of the antivaccine movement" and in response asks: {{quotation|... How on earth did this documentary full of antivaccine lies ... get into Tribeca?|David H. Gorski, Oncologist & scientific watchdog - ''[[The LA Times]]''.<ref name=LAT/>}}

''[[The Age]]'' newspaper critiques Wakefield's film ''Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe'' and states: {{quotation|It's not a stretch to say that the title of this new film could well describe the shenanigans of Wakefield himself in the late `90s – the cover-up being the secret contract with lawyers who paid him to construct a case against the MMR, and the catastrophe, of course, the worldwide slump in vaccination... There is something profoundly ironic about Wakefield pointing to the commercial interests of the pharmaceutical industry or accusing the CDC of data manipulation when you consider his own undisclosed financial interests behind the 1998 ''Lancet'' study and his role in what has been called one of the most flagrant frauds in medical history.|Sarah Gill, ''The Age'', Melbourne Australia.<ref name=age-vaxxed/>}}

==See also==
*[[Big Pharma conspiracy theory]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://vaxxedthemovie.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|5562652|Vaxxed}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=vaxxed_from_cover_up_to_catastrophe_2016|title=Vaxxed}}
* {{metacritic film|vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe}}
* {{mojo title|vaxxed}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:MMR vaccine controversy]]
[[Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]

John Ioannidis

2016-12-05T07:57:16Z

Jmcgnh: /* Research findings */ Update URL for a ref; provide accessdate (today, since it's an updated URL and no earlier date provided)

{{Infobox scientist
|name = John P. A. Ioannidis
|image =


|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age |1965|8|21|mf=y}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
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|nationality = [[Greek American]]
|fields = [[Medicine]]
|workplaces = [[Stanford School of Medicine]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Athens Medical School]] [[Athens College]]
|doctoral_advisor = 
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
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|influences =
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|awards =
}}

'''John P. A. Ioannidis''' (born August 21, 1965 in [[New York City]]) is a Professor of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] and a Professor of Statistics at Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences. He is director of the Stanford Prevention Research Center, and co-director, along with [[Steven N. Goodman]], of the [[Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford]] (METRICS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis|title=John P. A. Ioannidis|publisher=[[Stanford School of Medicine]] CAP Profiles|accessdate=May 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prevention.stanford.edu/|title=Prevention Research Center|publisher=[[Stanford School of Medicine]]|accessdate=May 24, 2014}}</ref> He was chairman at the Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, [[University of Ioannina]] School of Medicine as well as [[adjunct professor]] at [[Tufts University School of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=John P. A. Ioannidis|url=http://users.uoi.gr/hyepilab/people.php|publisher=Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, [[University of Ioannina School of Medicine]]|accessdate=December 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ioannidis|first=John P.A.|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.dhe.med.uoi.gr/data/cv/CV102010D.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=November 4, 2010}}</ref> He is best known for his research and published papers on scientific studies, particularly the 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False|journal=[[PLoS Medicine]]|date=August 1, 2005|issn=1549-1277|pmc=1182327|pmid=16060722|volume=2|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis|pages=e124}}</ref> Ioannidis is one of the most-cited scientists across the scientific literature, especially in the fields of clinical medicine and social sciences, according to Thomson Reuters' Highly Cited Researchers 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home {{!}} Highly Cited Researchers|url=http://highlycited.com/|website=Highly Cited Researchers|accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Ioannidis (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False..pdf|thumb|Ioannidis (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.<ref name=Ioannidis2005/>]]
Born in New York City in 1965, Ioannidis was raised in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].<ref>[http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/john-ioannidis/ John Ioannidis] Harvard School of Public Health</ref> He was [[Valedictorian]] of his class at [[Athens College]], graduating in 1984, and won a number of awards, including the National Award of the Greek Mathematical Society.<ref>[http://www.dhe.med.uoi.gr/data/cv/CV102010D.pdf Short biosketch 2010]</ref> He also graduated in the top rank of his class at the [[University of Athens Medical School]], then attended [[Harvard University]] for his [[medical residency]] in [[internal medicine]]. He did a [[fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] at [[Tufts University]] for [[infectious disease]]<ref name=wrong>{{cite book|author=[[David H. Freedman]]|title=Wrong: Why Experts Keep Failing Us|year=2010|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|quote=Born in 1965 in the United States to parents who were both physicians, he was raised in Athens, where he showed unusual aptitude in mathematics and snagged Greece's top student math prize. ...|isbn=0-316-02378-7}}</ref> and came to Stanford in 2010.

===Press coverage===
The Atlantic wrote a lengthy piece on Ioannidis in 2010.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=[[David H. Freedman]]|title=Lies, damned lies, and medical science.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/lies-damned-lies-and-medical-science/308269/|volume=306|issue=4|year=2010|pages=76–84}}</ref>

The Economist wrote a shorter piece on Ioannidis in 2014 about the foundation, with [[Steven Goodman]], of the [[Meta-Research Innovation Centre]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Combating bad science: Metaphysicians|work=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21598944-sloppy-researchers-beware-new-institute-has-you-its-sights-metaphysicians/}}</ref>

==Research findings==
Ioannidis's 2005 paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False"<ref name=Ioannidis2005>{{cite journal|last1=Ioannidis|first1=J. P. A.|authorlink1=John P. A. Ioannidis|title=Why Most Published Research Findings Are False|journal=PLoS Medicine|volume=2|issue=8|pages=e124|year=2005|pmid=16060722|pmc=1182327|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124}}</ref> has been the most downloaded technical paper from the journal ''[[PLoS Medicine]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Robert Lee Hotz]]|title=Most Science Studies Appear to Be Tainted By Sloppy Analysis|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118972683557627104|work=Science Journal WSJ.com|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|date=September 14, 2007 |accessdate=2016-12-05 }}</ref>

In another 2005 paper, Ioannidis analyzed "49 of the most highly regarded research findings in medicine over the previous 13 years". The paper compared the 45 studies that claimed to have uncovered effective interventions to subsequent studies with larger sample sizes: 7 (16%) of the studies were contradicted, 7 (16%) had effects that were smaller in the second study than in the first, 20 (44%) were replicated, and 11 (24%) remained largely unchallenged.<ref name="Ioannidis2005b">{{cite journal|last1=Ioannidis|first1=J. P. A.|title=Contradicted and Initially Stronger Effects in Highly Cited Clinical Research|doi=10.1001/jama.294.2.218|journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=294|issue=2|pages=218–228|year=2005|pmid=16014596}}</ref>

He has made many other influential empirical evaluations addressing the validation and replication performance of different types of studies in diverse scientific fields, including genetics,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Replication validity of genetic association studies|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v29/n3/abs/ng749.html|journal=Nature Genetics|date=November 1, 2001 |issn=1061-4036|pages=306–309|volume=29|issue=3|doi=10.1038/ng749|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis|first2=Evangelia E.|last2=Ntzani|first3=Thomas A.|last3=Trikalinos|first4=Despina G.|last4=Contopoulos-Ioannidis|pmid=11600885}}</ref> clinical trials,<ref>{{cite journal|title=REanalyses of randomized clinical trial data|url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.9646|journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]|date=September 10, 2014|issn=0098-7484|pages=1024–1032|volume=312|issue=10|doi=10.1001/jama.2014.9646}}</ref> and neuroscience.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience|url=http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n5/full/nrn3475.html|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date=May 1, 2013|issn=1471-003X|pages=365–376|volume=14|issue=5|doi=10.1038/nrn3475|first=Katherine S.|last=Button|first2=John P. A.|last2=Ioannidis|first3=Claire|last3=Mokrysz|first4=Brian A.|last4=Nosek|first5=Jonathan|last5=Flint|first6=Emma S. J.|last6=Robinson|first7=Marcus R.|last7=Munafò}}</ref> His work has also aimed to identify solutions on how to optimize research practices<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research|journal=[[Circulation Research]]|date=January 2, 2015|issn=1524-4571|pmid=25552691|pages=116–126|volume=116|issue=1|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303819|first=C. Glenn|last=Begley|first2=John P. A.|last2=Ioannidis}}</ref> and to increase the yield of validated and useful scientific findings.<ref>{{cite journal|title=How to Make More Published Research True|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747|journal=PLoS Med|date=October 21, 2014|pmc=4204808|pmid=25334033|pages=e1001747|volume=11|issue=10|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747|first=John P. A.|last=Ioannidis}}</ref>

He also coined the term [[Proteus phenomenon]] for the occurrence of extreme contradictory results in the early studies performed on the same research question. He has also made a number of contributions in
the field of meta-analysis (the science of combining data from multiple studies on the same research question) and has been President of the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology.

==See also==
* [[Reproducibility]]
* [[Reproducibility Project]]
* [[Publication bias]]
* [[Meta-analysis]]
* [[Replication crisis]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://prevention.stanford.edu/ Prevention Research Center] Stanford School of Medicine
* [https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/john-ioannidis?tab=publications Publications of John Ioannidis] Stanford University Profile
* [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62227-8/fulltext Increasing value and reducing waste in research design, conduct, and analysis] The Lancet, Volume 383, Issue 9912, Pages 166 - 175, 11 January 2014 John P A Ioannidis, Sander Greenland, Mark A Hlatky, Muin J Khoury, Malcolm R Macleod, David Moher, Kenneth F Schulzand Robert Tibshirani
* ''[http://www.szgene.org/ Szgene.org]'', meta-analytic database of schizophrenia gene studies of which Dr. Ioannidis helped create.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ioannidis, John P. A.}}
[[Category:Greek physicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Greek physicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Greek physicians]]

John M. Hayes

2016-07-04T20:59:55Z

Jmcgnh: Unlinked: Extraterrestrial - no suitable dab link

{{For|other people called John Hayes|John Hayes}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata
| name = John Hayes
|birth_name=| dateformat = dmy
| module= {{Infobox scientist
| embed=yes
| thesis_title = Techniques for high resolution mass spectrometric analysis of organic constituents of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples
| thesis_url = http://search.proquest.com/docview/302307231
| thesis_year = 1966
| doctoral_advisor = [[Klaus Biemann]]<ref name=frs/>
| doctoral_student =
| website = {{URL|http://www.whoi.edu/profile/jhayes/}}
}}}}'''John Michael Hayes''' (born 6 September 1940)<ref name=cv>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523092716/http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/vita/JHCVmstr_203464.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-23|url=http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/vita/JHCVmstr_203464.pdf|publisher=whoi.edu|location=Woods Hole|title=Curriculum Vitae: John Michael Hayes, born 6 September 1940}}</ref> [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]]<ref name=frs/> is a scientist [[emeritus]] at [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] in [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]].<ref name=woodshole>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523092734/http://www.whoi.edu/profile/jhayes/|archivedate=2016-05-23|url=http://www.whoi.edu/profile/jhayes/|publisher=whoi.edu|location=[[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]]|title=People Finder: John Hayes, Scientist Emeritus}}</ref><ref name=HayesHinrichs1999>{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=John M.|last2=Hinrichs|first2=Kai-Uwe|last3=Sylva|first3=Sean P.|last4=Brewer|first4=Peter G.|last5=DeLong|first5=Edward F.|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=398|issue=6730|year=1999|pages=802–805|pmid=10235261|doi=10.1038/19751|title=Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments}}</ref><ref name=scopus>{{Scopus|id=7403555652}}</ref>

==Education==
Hayes was educated at [[Iowa State University]] graduating with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Chemistry]] in 1962. He completed his postgraduate education in [[analytical chemistry]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]] where he was awarded a [[PhD]] in 1966 for analysis of organic constituents of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples using [[mass spectrometry]] supervised by [[Klaus Biemann]].<ref name=frs/><ref name=hayesphd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=John Michael|last=Hayes |title=Techniques for high resolution mass spectrometric analysis of organic constituents of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=1966 |url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/302307231 |oclc=18679992}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Career and research==
Hayes made the first measurements of the distribution of the [[isotopes of carbon]] within [[biolipid]]s. This innovation provided a foundation for new studies of the pathways of carbon in natural environments, both modern and ancient.<ref name=Kelley2005>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=D. S.|title=A Serpentinite-Hosted Ecosystem: The Lost City Hydrothermal Field|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=307|issue=5714|year=2005|pages=1428–1434|pmid=15746419|doi=10.1126/science.1102556}}</ref><ref name=Hayes2001>{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=John M.|title=Fractionation of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes in Biosynthetic Processes|journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry|volume=43|issue=1|year=2001|pages=225–277|doi=10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.225}}</ref><ref name="HayesStrauss199">{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=John M.|last2=Strauss|first2=Harald|last3=Kaufman|first3=Alan J.|title=The abundance of ¹³C in marine organic matter and isotopic fractionation in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon during the past 800 Ma|journal=Chemical Geology|volume=161|issue=1-3|year=1999|pages=103–125|doi=10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00083-2}}</ref><ref name=HayesFreeman1990>{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=J.M.|last2=Freeman|first2=Katherine H.|last3=Popp|first3=Brian N.|last4=Hoham|first4=Christopher H.|title=Compound-specific isotopic analyses: A novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes|journal=Organic Geochemistry|volume=16|issue=4-6|year=1990|pages=1115–1128|pmid=11540919|doi=10.1016/0146-6380(90)90147-R}}</ref>

Because the production of [[organic matter]] requires concomitant production of [[Oxygen|O₂]] or some other [[redox|oxidized product]], Hayes’s studies of the [[carbon cycle]]<ref name=HayesWaldbauer2006>{{cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=John M|last2=Waldbauer|first2=Jacob R|title=The carbon cycle and associated redox processes through time|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]]: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1470|year=2006|pages=931–950|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1840|pmid=16754608|pmc=1578725|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578725/}} {{open access}}</ref> bear strongly on the development of the global environment and provide evidence about the timing of evolutionary events such as the development of [[oxygen evolution|O₂-producing]] [[photosynthesis]].<ref name=frs/>

For 26 years he was [[Professor]] in the departments of chemistry and [[geology]] at [[Indiana University Bloomington]], then moved to [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]].<ref name=frs/> During his career he has held academic appointments at [[Harvard University]], the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] and the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name=cv/>

==Awards and honours==
Hayes was elected a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] of the [[United States]]{{when|date=May 2016}} and received the [[Alfred E. Treibs]] Award and [[V. M. Goldschmidt Award]] from the [[Geochemical Society]].{{when|date=May 2016}} With [[Geoffrey Eglinton]] he was awarded the [[Urey Medal]] from the [[European Association for Geochemistry]] in 1997.<ref name=frs/> He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2016|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2016]].<ref name=frs>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/john-hayes-12875/ |title = Dr John Hayes ForMemRS |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |archivedate=2016-04-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121306/https://royalsociety.org/people/john-hayes-12875/|location=London}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{quote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{Wayback|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/|title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies|date=20150925220834}}}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{FRS 2016}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayes, John Michael}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Iowa State University alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indiana University faculty]]

Aeolis (Gradfeld)

2016-05-19T21:12:46Z

Jmcgnh: 3012 obviously should be 2012 for date.

{{MarsGeo
|name=Aeolis [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]]
|image=[[File:USGS-Mars-MC-23-AeolisRegion-mola.png|300px]]
|caption=Map of Aeolis quadrangle from [[Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter]] (MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue. The [[Spirit (rover)|''Spirit'' rover]] landed in [[Gusev crater]]. [[Aeolis Mons]] is in [[Gale Crater]].
|location=
|latitude=15
|N_or_S=S
|longitude=202.5
|E_or_W=W
|type=
|dimensions=
|discoverer=
|naming=
}}
[[File:PIA00183-MC-23-AeolisRegion-19980605.jpg|thumb|300px|Image of the Aeolis Quadrangle (MC-23). The northern part contains [[Elysium Planitia]]. The northeastern part includes [[Apollinaris Patera]]. The southern part mostly contains heavily cratered highlands.]]
The '''Aeolis [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]]''' is one of a series of [[list of quadrangles on Mars|30 quadrangle maps of Mars]] used by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) [[Astrogeology Research Program]]. The Aeolis quadrangle is also referred to as MC-23 (Mars Chart-23).<ref>Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. "Geodesy and Cartography" in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. ''Mars.'' University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.</ref>
The Aeolis quadrangle covers 180° to 225° W and 0° to 30° south on [[Mars]], and contains parts of the regions [[Elysium Planitia]] and [[Terra Cimmeria]]. A small part of the [[Medusae Fossae Formation]] lies in this quadrangle.

It is famous as the site of two spacecraft landings: the [[Spirit Rover]] landing site ({{Coord|14.5718|S|175.4785|E|globe:Mars}}) in [[Gusev crater]] (January 4, 2004), and the [[Curiosity Rover]] in [[Gale Crater]] ({{Coord|4.591817|S|137.440247|E|globe:Mars}}) (August 6, 2012).<ref>{{cite web
|author=NASA Staff
|title=NASA Lands Car-Size Rover Beside Martian Mountain
|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2012-230
|date=6 August 2012
|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[JPL]]
|accessdate=2012-08-07
}}</ref>

A large, ancient river valley, called [[Ma'adim Vallis]], enters at the south rim of Gusev Crater, so Gusev Crater was believed to be an ancient lake bed. However, it seems that a volcanic flow covered up the lakebed sediments.<ref name="msnbc.msn.com">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6785665 Spirit rover follows up on scientific surprises]</ref> [[Apollinaris Patera]], a large volcano, lies directly north of Gusev Crater.<ref name="ReferenceA">U.S. department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Map of the Eastern Region of Mars M 15M 0/270 2AT, 1991</ref>

Gale Crater, in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle, is of special interest to geologists because it contains a 2–4 km (1.2–2.5 mile) high mound of layered sedimentary rocks, named [[Aeolis Mons|"Mount Sharp"]] by NASA in honor of [[Robert P. Sharp]] (1911–2004), a planetary scientist of early Mars missions.<ref name="NASA-20120327">{{cite web |author=NASA Staff|title='Mount Sharp' on Mars Compared to Three Big Mountains on Earth|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292-Fig2.html|date=27 March 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20120328">{{cite web |last=Agle |first=D. C.|title='Mount Sharp' On Mars Links Geology's Past and Future|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20120328.html|date=28 March 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Space-20120329">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=NASA's New Mars Rover Will Explore Towering 'Mount Sharp'|url=http://www.space.com/15097-mars-mountain-sharp-curiosity-rover.html|date=29 March 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=30 March 2012 }}</ref> More recently, on 16 May 2012, "Mount Sharp" was officially named [[Aeolis Mons]] by the [[USGS]] and [[IAU]].<ref name="IAU-20120516">{{cite web |author=USGS|title=Three New Names Approved for Features on Mars|url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/447-Three-New-Names-Approved-for-Features-on-Mars.html|date=16 May 2012|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>

Some regions in the Aeolis quadrangle show inverted relief.<ref>Ori, G., I. Di Pietro, F. Salese. 2015. A WATERLOGGED MARTIAN ENVIRONMENT: CHANNEL PATTERNS AND SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENTS OF THE ZEPHYRIA ALLUVIAL PLAIN. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015) 2527.pdf</ref> In these locations, a stream bed may be a raised feature, instead of a valley. The inverted former stream channels may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or due to cementation. In either case erosion would erode the surrounding land but leave the old channel as a raised ridge because the ridge will be more resistant to erosion

[[Yardang]]s are another feature found in this quadrangle They are generally visible as a series of parallel linear ridges, caused by the direction of the prevailing wind.

== [[Spirit Rover]] discoveries ==
The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of [[basalt]]. They contain the [[mineral]]s [[olivine]], [[pyroxene]], [[plagioclase]], and magnetite, and they look like volcanic basalt as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).<ref>McSween, etal. 2004. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the [[Spirit Rover]] in [[Gusev Crater]]. Science : 305. 842-845</ref><ref name="Arvidson, R. E. 2004">Arvidson, R. E., et al. (2004) Science, 305, 821-824</ref>
Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of [[nickel]] were found in some soils; probably from [[meteorites]].<ref>Gelbert, R., et al. 2006. The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): results from Gusev crater and calibration report. J. Geophys. Res. – Planets: 111.</ref>
Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe [[bromine]] compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder kinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the [[Rock Abrasion Tool]] (RAT).<ref>Christensen, P. Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover. Science: 305. 837-842.</ref>
[[File:MOLA spirit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An overall view of MER-A ''Spirit'' landing site (denoted with a star)]]
{{Wide image|Main Apollo Hills.jpg|1750px|Apollo Hills panorama from the ''Spirit'' landing site}}
There are a variety of rocks in the [[Columbia Hills (Mars)]], some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.

The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the [[magnetism]] was caused by the mineral [[magnetite]], especially magnetite that contained the element [[titanium]]. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.<ref>Bertelsen, P., et al. 2004. Magnetic Properties on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater. Science: 305. 827-829</ref> The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like [[Tharsis]] and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.<ref name="Bell, J 2008">Bell, J (ed.) The Martian Surface. 2008. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86698-9</ref><ref>Gelbert, R. et al. Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer. Science: 305. 829-305</ref>

===Plains===
{{MarsGeo
|name=Adirondack
|image=[[File:Adirondacksquare.jpg|322px]]
[[File:Rat post grind.jpg|right|204px]]
|caption='''Above''': An approximate [[true-color]] view of Adirondack, taken by Spirit's pancam. '''Right''':Digital camera image (from Spirit's [[Pancam]]) of Adirondack after a [[Rock Abrasion Tool|RAT]] grind (Spirit's rock grinding tool)
|type=Rock
|latitude=
|N_or_S=
|longitude=
|E_or_W=
}}
Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic [[komatiites]]. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic [[shergottite]]s, meteorites which came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, [[picrobasalt]], and tephite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.<ref name="McSween 2004">McSween, etal. 2004. Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. Science : 305. 842-845</ref>
Plain’s rocks have been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes.<ref name="Arvidson, R. E. 2004"/><ref name="McSween 2004"/>
Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.
One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.

The first rock that Spirit studied was Adirondack. It turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains.

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Spirit's First Color Photograph Mars.jpg|First color picture from Gusev crater. Rocks were found to be basalt. Everything was covered with a fine dust that Spirit determined was magnetic because of the mineral magnetite.
Image:Rockgusev.jpg|Cross-sectional drawing of a typical rock from the plains of Gusev crater. Most rocks contain a coating of dust and one or more harder coatings. Veins of water-deposited veins are visible, along with crystals of olivine. Veins may contain bromine salts.
</gallery>

===Columbia Hills===
Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other.<ref>Squyres, S., et al. 2006 Rocks of the Columbia Hills. J. Geophys. Res – Planets. 111</ref> Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids.<ref>Ming,D., et al. 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, Mars. J. Geophys: Res.111</ref>
They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills’ rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and [[sulfate]]s.<ref name="Schroder, C. 2005">Schroder, C., et al. (2005) European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, Geophysical Research abstr., Vol. 7, 10254, 2005</ref><ref>Christensen, P.R. (2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, 23–27 May 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html</ref>
The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates.

Acid fog is believed to have changed some of the Watchtower rocks. This was in a 200 meter long section of Cumberland Ridge and the Husband Hill summit. Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous. Acidic water vapor from volcanoes dissolved some minerals forming a gel. When water evaporated a cement formed and produced small bumps. This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.<ref>http://spaceref.com/mars/signs-of-acid-fog-found-on-mars.html</ref><ref>https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2015AM/webprogram/Paper266774.html</ref><ref>COLE, Shoshanna B., et al. 2015. IN-SITU EVIDENCE FOR ALTERATION BY ACID FOG ON HUSBAND HILL, GUSEV CRATER, MARS. 2015 GSA Annual Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, USA (1–4 November 2015)
Paper No. 94-10</ref>

The Clovis group is especially interesting because the [[Mössbauer spectrometer]](MB) detected [[goethite]] in it.<ref>Klingelhofer, G., et al. (2005) Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI abstr. 2349</ref> Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence,<ref name="Schroder, C. 2005"/>
although the rocks probably once contained much olivine.<ref>Morris,S., et al. Mossbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit’s journal through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. J. Geophys. Res: 111</ref> Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.
Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and [[anhydrate]] (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed [[sulfur]] and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form.
One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, [[phosphorus]], [[calcium]], and [[iron]].<ref>Ming,D., et al. 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, Mars. J. Geophys. Res.111</ref>
Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe+++ form, which would happen if water had been present.<ref name="Bell, J 2008"/>

Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure [[silica]] were found in the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment.<ref>
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/mer-20070521.html</ref>

After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or [[Mini-TES]] and confirmed the presence of large amounts of [[carbonate]]-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called "Comanche."<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100603140959.htm</ref><ref>
Richard V. Morris, Steven W. Ruff, Ralf Gellert, Douglas W. Ming, Raymond E. Arvidson, Benton C. Clark, D. C. Golden, Kirsten Siebach, Göstar Klingelhöfer, Christian Schröder, Iris Fleischer, Albert S. Yen, Steven W. Squyres. Identification of Carbonate-Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover. Science, June 3, 2010 {{doi|10.1126/science.1189667}} PMID 20522738</ref>

In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering. The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates which only form in the presence of water. It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials. All the dust contains a magnetic component which was identified as magnetite with some titanium. Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars.

==Ma'adim Vallis==
A large, ancient river valley, called [[Ma'adim Vallis]], enters at the south rim of [[Gusev Crater]], so Gusev Crater was believed to be an ancient lake bed. However, it seems that a volcanic flow covered up the lakebed sediments.<ref name="msnbc.msn.com"/> [[Apollinaris Patera]], a large volcano, lies directly north of Gusev Crater.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Recent studies lead scientists to believe that the water that formed [[Ma'adim Vallis]] originated in a complex of lakes.<ref>Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier. NY.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rossman | first1 = R. | year = 2002 | title = A large paleolake basin at the head of Ma'adim Vallis, Mars | journal = Science | volume = 296 | pages = 2209–2212 |doi=10.1126/science.1071143 | pmid=12077414|display-authors=etal|bibcode = 2002Sci...296.2209I }}</ref><ref>http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_037142_1430</ref> The largest lake is located at the source of the [[Ma'adim Vallis]] outflow channel and extends into [[Eridania quadrangle]] and the [[Phaethontis quadrangle]].<ref>{{cite journal| journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=21 June 2002| volume=296| issue= 5576| pages= 2209–2212| doi=10.1126/science.1071143| title=A Large Paleolake Basin at the Head of Ma'adim Vallis, Mars| last=Rossman | first=P. Irwin III|author2=Ted A. Maxwell |author3=Alan D. Howard |author4=Robert A. Craddock |author5=David W. Leverington | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5576/2209| pmid=12077414|bibcode = 2002Sci...296.2209I }}</ref> When the largest lake spilled over the low point in its boundary, a torrential flood would have moved north, carving the sinuous Ma'adim Vallis. At the north end of Ma'adim Vallis, the flood waters would have run into [[Gusev Crater]].<ref>http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020627.html</ref>

There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the Mariner 9 orbiter.<ref>Baker, V. 1982. The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baker | first1 = V. | last2 = Strom | first2 = R. | last3 = Gulick | first3 = V. | last4 = Kargel | first4 = J. | last5 = Komatsu | first5 = G. | last6 = Kale | first6 = V. | date = 1991 | title = Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars | journal = Nature | volume = 352 | pages = 589–594 | doi=10.1038/352589a0|bibcode = 1991Natur.352..589B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Carr | first1 = M | date = 1979 | title = Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 84 | pages = 2995–300 | doi=10.1029/jb084ib06p02995 | bibcode=1979JGR....84.2995C}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Komar | first1 = P | date = 1979 | title = Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth | journal = Icarus | volume = 37 | pages = 156–181 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(79)90123-4 | bibcode=1979Icar...37..156K}}</ref>
'''''Vallis''''' (plural ''valles'') is the [[Latin]] word for ''[[valley]]''. It is used in [[planetary geology]] for the naming of [[landform]] features on other planets, including what could be old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about [[water on Mars]]; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.<ref name="Kieffer1992">{{cite book|author=Hugh H. Kieffer|title=Mars|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7}}</ref><ref>Raeburn, P. 1998. Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet Mars. National Geographic Society. Washington D.C.</ref><ref>Moore, P. et al. 1990. The Atlas of the Solar System. Mitchell Beazley Publishers NY, NY.</ref> Some valles on Mars ([[Mangala Vallis]], [[Athabasca Vallis]], Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Carr | first1 = M | date = 1979 | title = Formation of martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 84 | pages = 2995–3007 | doi=10.1029/jb084ib06p02995 | bibcode=1979JGR....84.2995C}}</ref><ref>Hanna, J. and R. Phillips. 2005. Tectonic pressurization of aquifers in the formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars. LPSC XXXVI. Abstract 2261.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Maadim Vallis.JPG|Section of [[Ma'adim Vallis]] as seen by HiRISE. A more recent flow of water may have formed the smaller, deeper channel to the right.
Image:Apollinaris Patera (PIA02006).jpg|[[Apollinaris Patera]]
</gallery>

== Gale Crater ==
[[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]], in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle, is of special interest to geologists because it contains a 2–4 km (1.2–2.5 mile) high mound of layered sedimentary rocks. On 28 March 2012 this mound was named [[Mount Sharp (Mars)|"Mount Sharp"]] by [[NASA]] in honor of [[Robert P. Sharp]] (1911–2004), a [[planetary scientist]] of early [[Exploration of Mars|Mars missions]].<ref name="NASA-20120327"/><ref name="NASA-20120328"/><ref name="Space-20120329"/> More recently, on 16 May 2012, Mount Sharp was officially named [[Aeolis Mons]] by the [[USGS]] and [[IAU]].<ref name="IAU-20120516"/> The mound extends higher than the rim of the crater, so perhaps the layering covered an area much larger than the crater.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_008437_1750</ref> These layers are a complex record of the past. The rock layers probably took millions of years to be laid down within the crater, then more time to be eroded to make them visible.<ref>http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/dec00_seds/slides/265L/</ref> The 5 km high mound is probably the thickest single succession of sedimentary rocks on Mars.<ref>Milliken, R. et al. 2010. Paleoclimate of Mars as captured by the stratigraphic record in Gale Crater. Geophysical Research Letters. 37: L04201</ref> The lower formation may date from near the Noachian age, while the upper layer, separated by an erosional unconformity, may be as young as the Amazonian period.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thompson | first1 = B. | date = 2011 | title = Constraints on the origin and evolution of the layered mound in Gale Crater, Mars using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data | journal = Icarus | volume = 214 | pages = 413–432 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.002 | bibcode=2011Icar..214..413T|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The lower formation may have formed the same time as parts of Sinus Meridiani and Mawrth Vallis. The upper layer may be similar to layers in [[Arabia Terra]]. Sulfates and Iron oxides have been detected in the lower formation and anhydrous phases in the upper layer.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken. 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> There is evidence that the first phase of erosion was followed by more cratering and more rock formation.<ref>http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/dec00_seds/slides/265E</ref> Also of interest in Gale Crater is [[Peace Vallis]], officially named by the [[IAU]] on September 26, 2012,<ref name="IAU-20120926">{{cite web |author=[[IAU]] Staff |title=Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Peace Vallis |url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15036?__fsk=-365499458 |date=September 26, 2012|publisher=[[IAU]] |accessdate=September 28, 2012 }}</ref> which 'flows' down out of the Gale Crater hills to the [[Aeolis Palus]] below, and which seems to have been carved by flowing [[Water on Mars|water]].<ref name="NASA-20120927">{{cite web |last1=Brown|first1=Dwayne |last2=Cole |first2=Steve |last3=Webster |first3=Guy |last4=Agle |first4=D.C.|title=NASA Rover Finds Old Streambed On Martian Surface|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/sep/HQ_12-338_Mars_Water_Stream.html |date=September 27, 2012|publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=September 28, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20120927a">{{cite web|author=NASA|author-link=NASA |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Old Streambed on Mars - video (51:40)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYo31XjoXOk |date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=[[NASA]]television|accessdate=September 28, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="AP-20120927">{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Alicia |title=Mars rover Curiosity finds signs of ancient stream |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120927/DA1IDOO00.html|date=September 27, 2012 |publisher=[[AP News]] |accessdate=September 27, 2012 }}</ref> On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from ''Curiosity'' studying [[Aeolis Palus]], [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]] contained an ancient [[freshwater lake]] which could have been a hospitable environment for [[microbial life]].<ref name="NYT-20131209">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=On Mars, an Ancient Lake and Perhaps Life |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/science/space/on-mars-an-ancient-lake-and-perhaps-life.html |date=December 9, 2013 |work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=December 9, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20131209">{{cite journal |author=Various |title=Science - Special Collection - Curiosity Rover on Mars |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/curiosity/ |date=December 9, 2013 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |accessdate=December 9, 2013 }}</ref> Gale Crater contains a number of fans and deltas that provide information about lake levels in the past. These formations are: Pancake Delta, Western Delta, Farah Vallis delta and the Peace Vallis Fan.<ref>Dietrich, W., M. Palucis, T. Parker, D. Rubin, K.Lewis, D. Sumner, R. Williams. 2014. Clues to the relative timing of lakes in Gale Crater. Eighth International Conference on Mars (2014) 1178.pdf.</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:PIA19674-Mars-GaleCrater-SurfaceMaterials-20150619.jpg|Gale crater - surface materials (false colors; [[Thermal Emission Imaging System|THEMIS]]; [[2001 Mars Odyssey]]).
Image:Topographic Map of Gale Crater.jpg|[[Gale Crater]] with [[Aeolis Mons]] rising from the center. The noted [[Curiosity Rover]] landing area is near [[Peace Vallis]] in [[Aeolis Palus]].
Image:Curiosity Cradled by Gale Crater.jpg|[[Aeolis Mons]] rises from the middle of [[Gale Crater]] - Green dot marks the [[Curiosity Rover]] landing site in [[Aeolis Palus]].
Image:PIA19080-MarsRoverCuriosity-AncientGaleLake-Simulated-20141208.jpg|Ancient Lake fills Gale Crater on Mars (simulated view).
Image:PIA17596-MarsCuriosityRover-AncientLake-20131209.jpg|Ancient Lake on [[Aeolis Palus]] in [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]] - possible size (December 9, 2013).<ref name="NYT-20131209" /><ref name="SCI-20131209" />
Image:PIA16158-Mars_Curiosity_Rover-Water-AlluvialFan.jpg|[[Peace Vallis]] and [[alluvial fan]] near the [[Curiosity rover]] landing ellipse and site (noted by +).
</gallery>

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:PIA16064-Mars Curiosity Rover Treasure Map.jpg|[[Curiosity Rover]] landing site (green dot) - Blue dot marks ''[[Glenelg, Mars|Glenelg Intrigue]]'' - Blue spot marks "Base of [[Aeolis Mons|Mount Sharp]]" - a planned area of study.
Image:Curiosity Rover Landing Site - Quadmapping Yellowknife.jpg|[[Curiosity Rover]] landing site - "[[Quadrangle (geography)|Quad Map]]" includes "Yellowknife" ''Quad 51'' of [[Aeolis Palus]] in [[Gale Crater]].
Image:Gale Crater Grand Canyon.JPG|[[Gale Crater]] ''[[Grand Canyon]]'', as seen by [[HiRISE]] - Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Gale crater layers.JPG|[[Gale Crater]] [[sediment|sediment layers]] may have formed by lake or windblown particle deposition.
Image:676029main pia16052-color-full full.jpg|[[Gale Crater]] rim about {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} North of the [[Curiosity Rover]] on August 9, 2012.
Image:673885main PIA15986-full full.jpg|[[Aeolis Mons]] and [[Aeolis Palus]] in [[Gale Crater]] as viewed by the [[Curiosity Rover]] on August 6, 2012.
Image:Moundshigh.jpg|[[Aeolis Mons]] may have formed from the erosion of [[sediment|sediment layers]] that once filled [[Gale Crater]].
Image:PIA16068 - Mars Curiosity Rover - Aeolis Mons - 20120817.jpg|[[Aeolis Mons]] as viewed from the [[Curiosity Rover]] (August 9, 2012) ([[Color balance|white balanced image]]).
Image:PIA16105 malin04ano-br2.jpg|Layers at the base of ''Aeolis Mons'' - dark rock in inset is same size as the [[Curiosity Rover]] ([[Color balance|white balanced image]]).
Image:PIA16134-Mars Curiosity Rover Wheels.jpg|[[Curiosity rover#Specifications|Wheels]] on the [[Curiosity Rover]] - "[[Aeolis Mons|Mount Sharp]]" is in the background ([[Curiosity rover#Mars Hand Lens Imager .28MAHLI.29|MAHLI]], September 9, 2012).
Image:PIA17085-MarsCuriosityRover-TraverseMap-Sol351-20130801.jpg|First-Year & First-Mile [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/ Traverse Map] of the ''Curiosity'' rover on Mars (August 1, 2013) ([http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16210.jpg 3-D]).
</gallery>
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{{wide image |PIA16768-MarsCuriosityRover-AeolisMons-20120920.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''{{'s}} view of "[[Aeolis Mons|Mount Sharp]]" (September 20, 2012; [[Color balance|white balanced]]) ([http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16769.jpg raw color]).}}
{{wide image|PIA16918-MarsCuriosityRover-RockNest-HiRezWB-20121116.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''{{'s}} view of the "[[Rocknest (Mars)|Rocknest]]" area - South is center/North at both ends; "[[Aeolis Mons|Mount Sharp]]" at SE horizon (somewhat left-of-center); "[[Glenelg, Mars|Glenelg]]" at East (left-of-center); rover tracks at West (right-of-center) (November 16, 2012; [[Color balance|white balanced]]) ([http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16919 raw color]) ([http://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/interactives/billionpixel/ interactives]).}}
{{wide image|PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-20121126.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''{{'s}} view of [[Gale Crater]] walls from [[Aeolis Palus]] at ''"[[Rocknest (Mars)|Rocknest]]"'' looking eastward toward ''"Point Lake"'' (center) on the way to "[[Glenelg, Mars|Glenelg Intrique]]" - [[Aeolis Mons]] is on the right (November 26, 2012; [[Color balance|white balanced]]) ([[:File:PIA16453-MarsCuriosityRover-RocknestPanorama-Raw-20121126.jpg|raw color]]).}}

{{wide image|PIA19912-MarsCuriosityRover-MountSharp-20151002.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''{{'s}} view of "Mount Sharp" (September 9, 2015).}}

{{wide image|Martian-Sunset-O-de-Goursac-Curiosity-2013.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]''{{'s}} view of [[Extraterrestrial skies#Mars|Mars sky]] at [[Sunset#Planets|sunset]] (February 2013; sun simulated by artist).}}
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==Other craters==
Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak.<ref>http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/stones/</ref> The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact.<ref name="Kieffer1992"/> Sometimes craters will display layers. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed onto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface.

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Boeddicker Crater Floor.JPG|[[Boeddicker Crater]] Floor, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Molesworth Crater Central Uplift of Unamed Crater.JPG|Central uplift of an Unnamed crater on the floor of [[Molesworth Crater]], as seen by HiRISE. Dark sand dunes are on left side of image. The scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Reuyl Crater Central Peak.JPG|[[Reuyl Crater]] Central Peak, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Galdakao Crater.JPG|[[Galdakao Crater]],as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see [[Dark Slope Streaks]].
Image:ESP 025591craterlayers.jpg|Layers in crater wall, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]]. Area in box is enlarged in the next image.
Image:25591thinlayers.jpg|Enlargement from previous image, showing many thin layers. Note that the layers do not seem to be formed from rocks. They may be all that is left of a deposit that once filled the crater. Image was taken with HiRISE, under HiWish program.
Image:ESP 038713 1295gullies.jpg|Gullies on wall of impact crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Curved ridges on the floor are remains of old glaciers.
Wikigraffeast.jpg|[[Graff Crater (Martian Crater)]], as seen by CTX camera (on [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]).
</gallery>

== Mars Science Laboratory discoveries ==
{{Main|Mars Science Laboratory|Curiosity (rover)|Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory}}
The aim of the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission, and its surface robotic payload [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' rover]], is to search for signs of ancient life. It is hoped that a later mission could then return samples that the laboratory identified as probably containing remains of life. To safely bring the craft down, a 12 mile wide, smooth, flat circle was needed. Geologists hoped to examine places where water once ponded<ref>http://themis.asu.edu/features/ianichaos</ref> and to examine [[Sedimentary structures|sedimentary layers]].

On August 6, 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory landed on [[Aeolis Palus]] near [[Aeolis Mons]] in [[Gale Crater]].<ref name="NASA-20120327"/><ref name="NASA-20120328"/><ref name="Space-20120329"/><ref name="IAU-20120516" /><ref>http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/11/21/mars-landing-sites-02.html</ref><ref>http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-landing-sites-100615.htm</ref> The landing was {{convert|2.279|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the target ({{Coord|4.591817|S|137.440247|E|globe:Mars}}), closer than any previous rover landing and well within the target area.

On September 27, 2012, [[NASA|NASA scientists]] announced that the ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity rover]]'' found evidence for an ancient [[streambed]] suggesting a "vigorous flow" of [[water on Mars]].<ref name="NASA-20120927"/><ref name="NASA-20120927a"/><ref name="AP-20120927"/>
[[File:PIA17603-MarsCuriosityRover-SheepbedMudstone-20130214.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover - view of "[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|Sheepbed]]" [[mudstone]] (lower left) and surroundings (February 14, 2013).]] <ref>http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70047207</ref><ref>Williams, R., et al. 2013. Martian fluvial conglomerates at Gale Crater. {{DOI|10.1126/science.1237317}}</ref>
On October 17, 2012, at ''[[Rocknest (Mars)|Rocknest]]'', the first [[X-ray crystallography#Mineralogy and metallurgy|X-ray diffraction analysis]] of [[Martian soil]] was performed. The results revealed the presence of several minerals, including [[feldspar]], [[pyroxene]]s and [[olivine]], and suggested that the Martian soil in the sample was similar to the weathered basaltic soils of [[Hawaii Volcanoes|Hawaiian volcanoes]]. The sample used is composed of [[dust]] distributed from [[Martian soil#Atmospheric dust|global dust storms]] and local fine sand. So far, the materials ''Curiosity'' has analyzed are consistent with the initial ideas of deposits in Gale Crater recording a transition through time from a wet to dry environment.<ref name="NASA-20121030">{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Dwayne |title=NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html |date=October 30, 2012|publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref>

On December 3, 2012, NASA reported that ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' performed its first extensive [[soil analysis]], revealing the presence of [[Water on Mars|water molecules]], [[sulfur]] and [[chlorine]] in the [[Martian soil]].<ref name="NASA-20121203">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Dwayne |last2=Webster |first2=Guy|last3=Neal-Jones |first3=Nancy |title=NASA Mars Rover Fully Analyzes First Martian Soil Samples|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1399 |date=December 3, 2012|publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=December 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20121203">{{cite web |last=Chang|first=Ken |title=Mars Rover Discovery Revealed|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/mars-rover-discovery-revealed |date=December 3, 2012|work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=December 3, 2012 }}</ref> The presence of [[perchlorates]] in the sample seems highly likely. The presence of [[sulfate]] and [[sulfide]] is also likely because [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]] were detected. Small amounts of [[chloromethane]], [[dichloromethane]] and [[trichloromethane]] were detected. The source of the carbon in these molecules is unclear. Possible sources include contamination of the instrument, organics in the sample and inorganic [[carbonates]].<ref name="NASA-20121203" /><ref name="NYT-20121203" />
[[File:PIA17604-MarsCuriosityRover-ScarpRetreatModel-20131209.png|thumb|left|300px|[[Scarp retreat]] by [[History of Mars observation|windblown sand]] over time on [[Mars]] (Yellowknife Bay, December 9, 2013).]]
On March 18, 2013, NASA reported evidence of [[mineral hydration]], likely hydrated [[calcium sulfate]], in several [[Rock (geology)|rock samples]] including the broken fragments of [[Tintina (rock)|"Tintina" rock]] and [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|"Sutton Inlier" rock]] as well as in [[Vein (geology)|veins]] and [[Nodule (geology)|nodules]] in other rocks like [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|"Knorr" rock]] and [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|"Wernicke" rock]].<ref name="NASA-20130318a">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown|first2=Dwayne |title=Curiosity Mars Rover Sees Trend In Water Presence|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1446 |date=March 18, 2013|work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=March 20, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20130319">{{cite web |last=Rincon |first=Paul|title=Curiosity breaks rock to reveal dazzling white interior|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21340279 |date=March 19, 2013 |publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=March 19, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="MSN-20130120">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Red planet coughs up a white rock, and scientists freak out|url=http://now.msn.com/white-mars-rock-called-tintina-found-by-curiosity-rover |date=March 20, 2013|work=[[MSN]] |accessdate=March 20, 2013 }}</ref> Analysis using the rover's [[Curiosity (rover)#Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)|DAN instrument]] provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, in the rover's traverse from the ''[[Bradbury Landing]]'' site to the ''Yellowknife Bay'' area in the [[Glenelg, Mars|''Glenelg'']] terrain.<ref name="NASA-20130318a" />

In March 2013, NASA reported ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' found evidence that [[Geochemistry|geochemical]] conditions in [[Gale Crater]] were once suitable for [[microbial life]] after analyzing the first drilled sample of [[list of rocks on Mars|Martian rock]], [[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|"John Klein" rock]] at ''Yellowknife Bay'' in [[Gale Crater]]. The rover detected [[water]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[oxygen]], [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[hydrogen sulfide]].<ref name="NASA-20130312">{{cite web|last1=Agle |first1=DC |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-092 |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=March 12, 2013 |accessdate=March 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Space-20130312">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know|url=http://www.space.com/20187-ancient-mars-life-curiosity-faq.html |date=March 12, 2013 |work=[[Space.com]]|accessdate=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130312">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/science/space/mars-could-have-supported-life-nasa-says.html |date=March 12, 2013 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=March 12, 2013 }}</ref> [[Chloromethane]] and [[dichloromethane]] were also detected. Related tests found results consistent with the presence of [[Clay minerals|smectite clay minerals]].<ref name="NASA-20130312" /><ref name="Space-20130312" /><ref name="NYT-20130312" /><ref name="SFN-20130312">{{cite news |last=Harwood |first=William |title=Mars rover finds habitable environment in distant past |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/130312life/ |date=March 12, 2013|work=[[Spaceflightnow]] |accessdate=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="HP-20130312">{{cite news |last=Grenoble|first=Ryan |title=Life On Mars Evidence? NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Essential Ingredients In Ancient Rock Sample |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/12/life-on-mars-evidence-nasa-curiosity_n_2861505.html|date=March 12, 2013 |work=[[Huffington Post]] |accessdate=March 12, 2013 }}</ref>

In the journal Science from September 2013, researchers described a different type of rock called "''[[Jake M (rock)|Jake M]]''" or "''[[Jake M (rock)|Jake Matijevic (rock)]]'',” It was the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, and it was different from other known martian igneous rocks as it is alkaline (>15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. ''Jake M'' is similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. ''Jake M{{'s}}'' discovery may mean that alkaline magmas may be more common on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and [[trachytes]]).<ref name="SCI-2013-Stolper">{{cite journal |author=Stolper, E. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=The Petrochemistry of ''Jake M'': A Martian Mugearite. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=341 |page=6153 |doi=10.1126/science.1239463 }}</ref>

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|width=200|image1=PIA17594-MarsCuriosityRover-JohKleinMudstoneDrillHole-20130510.jpg|image2=PIA17599-MarsCuriosityRover-CumberlandRock-Spectra-20121209.jpg|image3=PIA17598-MarsCuriosityRover-Mudstone-ClayMineralStructure-20131209.jpg|caption1=[[Curiosity rover#Robotic arm|Hole ({{convert|1.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}) drilled]] into "[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|John Klein]]" [[mudstone]].|caption2=[[Sample Analysis at Mars|Spectral Analysis (SAM)]] of "[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|Cumberland]]" [[mudstone]].|caption3=[[Clay minerals|Clay mineral]] structure of [[mudstone]].|footer=The [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] examines [[mudstone]] near Yellowknife Bay on [[Mars]] (May 2013).}}

On December 9, 2013, NASA researchers described, in a series of six articles in the journal [[Science (journal)|Science]], many new discoveries from the Curiosity rover. Possible organics were found that could not be explained by contamination.<ref name="SCI-2013-Blake">{{cite journal |author=Blake, D. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Curiosity at Gale crater, Mars: characterization and analysis of the Rocknest sand shadow - Medline |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=341 |doi=10.1126/science.1239505 |pages=1239505}}</ref><ref name="SCI-2013-Leshin">{{cite journal |author=Leshin, L. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Volatile, isotope, and organic analysis of martian fines with the Mars Curiosity rover - Medline |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=341 |doi=10.1126/science.1238937 |pages=1238937}}</ref> Although the organic carbon was probably from Mars, it can all be explained by dust and meteorites that have landed on the planet.<ref name="SCI-2013-McLennan">{{cite journal |author=McLennan, M.|display-authors=etal|date=2013 |title=Elemental geochemistry of sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.1244734 |volume=343 |pages=1244734|bibcode = 2014Sci...343C.386M }}</ref><ref name="SCI-1996-Flynn">{{cite journal |author=Flynn, G. |date=1996 |title=The delivery of organic matter from asteroids and comets to the early surface of Mars. |journal=Earth Moon Planets - Medline |volume=72 |pages=469–474 |doi=10.1007/BF00117551 |bibcode=1996EM&P...72..469F}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-2000-Benner">{{cite journal |author=Benner, S. |author2=K.Devine |author3=L. Matveeva |author4=D. Powell. |date=2000 |title=The missing organic molecules on Mars - Medline |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=97 |pages=2425–2430 |doi=10.1073/pnas.040539497 |pmid=10706606 |pmc=15945|bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.2425B }}</ref> Because much of the carbon was released at a relatively low temperature in Curiosity’s [[Sample Analysis at Mars]] (SAM) instrument package, it probably did not come from carbonates in the sample. The carbon could be from organisms, but this has not been proven. This organic-bearing material was obtained by drilling 5 centimeters deep in a site called ''Yellowknife Bay'' into a rock called “''[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|Sheepbed mudstone]]''”. The samples were named ''[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|John Klein]]'' and ''[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|Cumberland]]''. Microbes could be living on Mars by obtaining energy from chemical imbalances between minerals in a process called [[chemolithotrophy]] which means “eating rock.”<ref name="SCI-2013-Grotzinger">{{cite journal |author=Grotzinger, J. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|doi=10.1126/science.1242777 |volume=343 |pages=1242777|bibcode = 2014Sci...343A.386G |pmid=24324272}}</ref> However, in this process only a very tiny amount of carbon is involved — much less than was found at ''Yellowknife Bay''.<ref name="SCI-2013-Kerr">{{cite journal |author=Kerr, R. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=New Results Send Mars Rover on a Quest for Ancient Life. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=342 |number=6164|pages=1300–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6164.1300 |pmid=24337267}}</ref><ref name="SCI-2013-Ming">{{cite journal |author=Ming, D. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Volatile and Organic Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|doi=10.1126/science.1245267 |volume=343 |pages=1245267|bibcode = 2014Sci...343E.386M }}</ref>

Using SAM’s [[mass spectrometer]], scientists measured [[isotopes]] of [[helium]], [[neon]], and [[argon]] that [[cosmic rays]] produce as they go through rock. The fewer of these isotopes they find, the more recently the rock has been exposed near the surface. The 4-billion-year-old lakebed rock drilled by Curiosity was uncovered between 30 million and 110 million years ago by winds which sandblasted away 2 meters of overlying rock. Next, they hope to find a site tens of millions of years younger by drilling close to an overhanging outcrop.<ref name="SCI-2013-Farley">{{cite journal |author=Farley, K. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=In Situ Radiometric and Exposure Age Dating of the Martian Surface. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|doi=10.1126/science.1247166 |volume=343 |pages=1247166|bibcode = 2014Sci...343F.386H }}</ref>

The absorbed dose and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic rays and [[solar energetic particle]]s on the Martian surface for ~300 days of observations during the current solar maximum was measured. These measurements are necessary for human missions to the surface of Mars, to provide microbial survival times of any possible extant or past life, and to determine how long potential organic [[biosignature]]s can be preserved. This study estimates that a 1-meter depth drill is necessary to access possible viable [[radioresistant]] microbe cells. The actual absorbed dose measured by the [[Radiation assessment detector|Radiation Assessment Detector]] (RAD) is 76 mGy/yr at the surface. Based on these measurements, for a round trip Mars surface mission with 180 days (each way) cruise, and 500 days on the Martian surface for this current solar cycle, an astronaut would be exposed to a total mission dose equivalent of ~1.01 [[sievert]]. Exposure to 1 sievert is associated with a 5 percent increase in risk for developing fatal cancer. NASA's current lifetime limit for increased risk for its astronauts operating in low-Earth orbit is 3 percent.<ref name="SREF-20131209">{{cite web|author=Staff |title=Understanding Mars' Past and Current Environments|url=http://spaceref.com/mars/understanding-mars-past-and-current-environments.html|date=December 9, 2013 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=December 20, 2013 }}</ref> Maximum shielding from galactic cosmic rays can be obtained with about 3 meters of [[Martian soil]].<ref name="SCI-2013-Hassler">{{cite journal |author=Hassler, D. |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover.|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|doi=10.1126/science.1244797 |pmid=24324275 |volume=343 |issue=6169 |pages=1244797|bibcode = 2014Sci...343D.386H }}</ref>

The samples examined were probably once mud that for millions to tens of millions of years could have hosted living organisms. This wet environment had neutral [[pH]], low [[salinity]], and variable [[redox]] states of both [[iron]] and [[sulfur]] species.<ref name="SCI-2013-McLennan" /><ref name="SCI-2013-Vaniman">{{cite journal |author=Vaniman, D. |display-authors=etal |date=2013|title=Mineralogy of a mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.1243480 |volume=343 |pages=1243480|bibcode = 2014Sci...343B.386V }}</ref><ref name="SCI-2006-Bibring">{{cite journal |author=Bibring, J. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data. Medline |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=312 |pages=400–404 |doi=10.1126/science.1122659 |pmid=16627738 |issue=5772|bibcode = 2006Sci...312..400B }}</ref><ref name="SCI-LET-2005-Squyres">{{cite journal |author=Squyres, S. |author2=A. Knoll. |date=2005 |title=Sedimentary rocks and Meridiani Planum: Origin, diagenesis, and implications for life of Mars. Earth Planet.|journal=Sci. Lett. |volume=240 |pages=1–10. |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.038 |bibcode=2005E&PSL.240....1S}}</ref> These types of iron and sulfur could have been used by living organisms.<ref name="PHIL-1999-Nealson">{{cite journal |author=Nealson, K. |author2=P. Conrad. |date=1999 |title=Life: past, present and future. Medline. |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B |volume=354 |pages=1923–1939 }}</ref> [[Carbon|C]], [[Hydrogen|H]], [[Oxygen|O]], [[Sulfur|S]], [[Nitrogen|N]], and [[Phosphorus|P]] were measured directly as key biogenic elements, and by inference, P is assumed to have been there as well.<ref name="SCI-2013-Grotzinger" /><ref name="SCI-2013-Ming" /> The two samples, ''[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|John Klein]]'' and ''[[List of rocks on Mars#Curiosity|Cumberland]]'', contain basaltic minerals, Ca-sulfates, Fe oxide/hydroxides, Fe-sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral [[smectite]]s (a type of clay). Basaltic minerals in the [[mudstone]] are similar to those in nearby [[aeolian processes|aeolian]]deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-[[forsterite]] plus [[magnetite]], so Fe-forsterite (type of [[olivine]]) was probably altered to form smectite (a type of clay) and [[magnetite]].<ref name="GEO-1994-Keller">{{cite journal |author=Keller, L. |display-authors=etal |date=1994|title=Aqueous alteration of the Bali CV3 chondrite: Evidence from mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and oxygen isotopic compositions. Medline. |journal=Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta|volume=58 |pages=5589–5598 |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(94)90252-6 |pmid=11539152 |issue=24|bibcode = 1994GeCoA..58.5589K }}</ref> A Late [[Noachian]]/Early[[Hesperian]] or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time; therefore, in this location neutral pH lasted longer than previously thought.<ref name="SCI-2013-Vaniman" />

In a press conference on December 8, 2014, Mars scientists discussed observations by Curiosity Rover that show Mars' Mount Sharp was built by sediments deposited in a large lake bed over tens of millions of years. This finding suggests the climate of ancient Mars could have produced long-lasting lakes at many places on the Planet. Rock layers indicate that a huge lake was filled and evaporated many times. The evidence was many deltas that were stacked upon each other.<ref name="NASA-20141208">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Dwayne |last2=Webster |first2=Guy |title=Release 14-326 - NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to How Water Helped Shape Martian Landscape |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/december/nasa-s-curiosity-rover-finds-clues-to-how-water-helped-shape-martian-landscape/ |date=December 8, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=December 8, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141208">{{cite news |last=Kaufmann |first=Marc |title=(Stronger) Signs of Life on Mars |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/09/science/-stronger-signs-of-life-on-mars.html |date=December 8, 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=December 8, 2014 }}</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141208122903.htm</ref><ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1346</ref><ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4398</ref>

Also in December 2014, it was announced that Curiosity had detected sharp increases in methane four times out of twelve during a 20-month period with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) of theSample Analysis at Mars instrument (SAM). Methane levels were ten times the usual amount. Due to the temporary nature of the methane spike, researchers believe the source is localized. The source may be biological or non-biological.<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/december/nasa-rover-finds-active-ancient-organic-chemistry-on-mars/#.VJL_2F4AAC</ref><ref>Webster1, C. et al. 2014. Mars methane detection and variability at Gale crate. Science. 1261713</ref><ref>http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Mars-Rover-Curiosity-Methane-285996081.html?utm_source=Explore+Mars+Newsletter&utm_campaign=46650445b1-December12_4_2014&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c4f9e110c3-46650445b1-30671213</ref>

On December 16, 2014, a team of researchers described how they have concluded that [[organic compounds]] have been found on Mars by Curiosity. The compounds were found in samples from drilling into Sheepbed mudstone. Chlorobenzene and several dichloroalkanes, such as dichloroethane, dichloropropane and dichlorobutane were discovered in the samples.<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141216144137.htm</ref><ref>http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/mars-organic-matter/#.VJB9o3vX1a8</ref>

On March 24, 2015, a paper was released describing the discovery of nitrates in three samples analysed by Curiosity. The nitrates are believed to have been created from diatomic nitrogen in the atmosphere during meteorite impacts.<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150325082341.htm</ref><ref>Stern, J., B. Sutter, C. Freissinet, R. Navarro-González, C. McKay, P. Archer, A. Buch, A. Brunner, P. Coll, J. Eigenbrode, A. Fairen, H. Franz, D. Glavin, Srishti Kashyap, A. McAdam, D. Ming, A. Steele, C. Szopa, J. Wray, F. Martín-Torres, Maria-Paz Zorzano, P. Conrad, P. Mahaffy. Evidence for indigenous nitrogen in sedimentary and aeolian deposits from the Curiosityrover investigations at Gale crater, Mars" ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 2015; 201420932 {{DOI|10.1073/pnas.1420932112}}</ref> Nitrogen is needed for all forms of life because it is used in the building blocks of larger molecules like DNA and RNA. Nitrates contain nitrogen in a form that can be used by living organisms; nitrogen in the air can not be used by organisms. This discovery of nitrates adds to the evidence that Mars once had life.<ref>http://astrobiology.com/2015/03/curiosity-rover-finds-biologically-useful-nitrogen-on-mars.html</ref><ref>http://www.space.com/28899-mars-life-nitrogen-carbon-monoxide.html?cmpid=514630_20150324_42568376&adbid=10152715032851466&adbpl=fb&adbpr=17610706465</ref>

The [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] announced in April 2015 the discovery of a network of two-tone mineral veins at an area called "Garden City" on lower Mount Sharp. The veins stand about 2.5 inches above the surface and are composed of two different minerals formed from at least two different fluid flows.<ref>http://www.space.com/29001-mars-rover-curiosity-ice-cream-rocks.html?cmpid=NL_SP_weekly_2015-04-03</ref> In Pahrump Hills, an area about 39 feet lower, the minerals [[clay]], [[hematite]], [[jarosite]], [[quartz]], and [[cristobalite]] were found.<ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4536&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20150401-3</ref><ref>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html</ref>

Measurements made by Curiosity allowed researchers to determine that Mars has liquid water at times. Because the humidity goes to 100% at night, salts, like [[calcium perchlorate]], will absorb water from the air and form a brine in the soil. This process in which a salt absorbs water form the air is called [[deliquescence]]. Liquid water results even though the temperature is very low, as salts lower the freezing point of water. This principle is used when salt is spread on roads to melt snow/ice. The liquid brine produced in the night evaporates after sunrise. Much more liquid water is expected in higher latitudes where the colder temperature and more water vapor can result in higher levels of humidity more often.<ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4549&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20150413-3</ref><ref>University of Copenhagen - Niels Bohr Institute. "Mars might have salty liquid water." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 April 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150413130611.htm>.</ref> The researchers cautioned that the amount of water was not enough to support life, but it could allow salts to move around in the soil.<ref>http://www.space.com/29072-mars-liquid-water-at-night.html?cmpid=NL_SP_weekly_2015-04-13</ref> The brimes would occur mostly in the upper 5 cm of the surface; however, there is evidence that the effects of liquid water can be detected down to 15 cm. Chlorine-bearing brines are corrosive; therefore design changes may need to be made for future landers.<ref>Martin-Torre, F. et al. 2015. Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars. Nature geoscienceDOI:10.1038/NGEO2412</ref>

French and U.S. scientists found a type of [[granite]] by studying images and chemical results of 22 rock fragments. The composition of the rocks was determined with the ChemCam instrument. These pale rocks are rich in [[feldspar]] and may contain some [[quartz]]. The rocks are similar to Earth's granitic continental crust. They are like rocks called TTG (Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite). On the Earth, TTG was common in the terrestrial continental crust in the Archean era (more than 2.5 billion years ago). By landing in Gale crater, Curiosity was able to sample a variety of rocks because the crater dug deep into the crust, thus exposing old rocks, some of which may be about 3.6 billion years old. For many years, Mars was thought to be composed of the dark, igneous rock [[basalt]], so this is a significant discovery.<ref>http://spaceref.com/mars/evidence-of-mars-primitive-continental-crust.html</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150714142051.htm</ref><ref>Sautter, V., M. Toplis, R. Wiens, A. Cousin, C. Fabre, O. Gasnault, S. Maurice, O. Forni, J. Lasue, A. Ollila, J. Bridges, N. Mangold, S. Le Mouélic, M. Fisk, P.-Y. Meslin, P. Beck, P. Pinet, L. Le Deit, W. Rapin, E. Stolper, H. Newsom, D. Dyar, N. Lanza, D. Vaniman, S. Clegg, J. Wray. In situ evidence for continental crust on early Mars. Nature Geoscience, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2474
</ref>

On October 8, 2015, a large team of scientists confirmed the existence of long-lasting lakes in Gale Crater.
The conclusion of Gale having lakes was based on evidence of old streams with coarser gravel in addition to places where streams appear to have emptied out into bodies of standing water. If lakes were once present, Curiosity would start seeing water-deposited, fine-grained rocks closer to Mount Sharp. That is exactly what happened.

Finely laminated mudstones were discovered by Curiosity; this lamination represents the settling of plumes of fine sediment through a standing body of water. Sediment deposited in a lake formed the lower portion of Mount Sharp, the mountain in Gale crater.<ref>http://astrobiology.com/2015/10/wet-paleoclimate-of-mars-revealed-by-ancient-lakes-at-gale-crater.html></ref><ref name="NASA-20151008">{{cite web |last=Clavin |first=Whitney |title=NASA's Curiosity Rover Team Confirms Ancient Lakes on Mars |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4734 |date=October 8, 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=October 9, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20151009">{{cite journal |author=Grotzinger, J.P.|display-authors=etal |title=Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/350/6257/aac7575 |date=October 9, 2015 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=350 |number=6257 |doi=10.1126/science.aac7575 |accessdate=October 9, 2015 |bibcode = 2015Sci...350.7575G }}</ref>

At a press conference in San Francisco at the [[American Geophysical Union]] meeting, a group of scientists told of a discovery of very high concentrations of [[silica]] at some sites, along with the first ever discovery of a silica mineral called [[tridymite]]. The scientific team believes that water was involved with putting the silica in place.
Acidic water would tend transport other ingredients away and leave silica behind, whereas alkaline or neutral water could carry in dissolved silica that would be deposited. This finding used measurements from ChemCam, the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometeter (APXS), and the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument inside the rover. Tridymite was found in a rock named "Buckskin."<ref>DOE/Los Alamos National Laboratory. "New Mars rover findings revealed: Much higher concentrations of silica indicate 'considerable water activity'." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 December 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151217143352.htm>.</ref> ChemCam and APXS measurements displayed high silica in pale zones along fractures in the bedrock beyond Marias Pass; hence silica may have been deposited by fluids that flowed through the fractures. CheMin found high silica levels in drilled material from a target called "Big Sky" and in another rock called "Greenhorn."<ref>http://spaceref.com/mars/high-concentrations-of-silica-indicate-considerable-water-activity-on-mars.html</ref>

As of the beginning of 2016, Curiosity had discovered seven hydrous minerals. The minerals are [[actinolite]], [[montmorillonite]], [[saponite]], [[jarosite]], [[halloysite]], [[szomolnokite]] and [[magnesite]]. In some places the total concentration of all hydrous minerals was 40 vol%. Hydrous minerals help us understand the early water environment and possible biology on Mars. <ref>Lin, H. et al. 2016. Abundance retrieval of hydrous minerals around the Mars Science Laboratory landing site in Gale crater, Mars. Planetary and Space Science: 121, 76-82.</ref>

== Inverted Relief ==
Some places on Mars show [[inverted relief]]. In these locations, a stream bed may be a raised feature, instead of a valley. The inverted former stream channels may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or due to cementation. In either case erosion would erode the surrounding land but leave the old channel as a raised ridge because the ridge will be more resistant to erosion. An image below, taken with [[HiRISE]] shows sinuous ridges that may be old channels that have become inverted.<ref name="hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu">http://hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu/images/PSP/diafotizo.php?ID=PSP_002279_1735</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Meandering Ridges.JPG|Meandering Ridges that are probably inverted stream channels. Image taken with [[HiRISE]].
Image:Ridge in crater in Terra Sirenum.JPG|CTX image of craters with black box showing location of next image.
Image:Crater ridge in Aeolis.JPG|Image from previous photo of a curved ridge that may be an old stream that has become inverted. Image taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
Image:Sinuous Ridges in Medusae Formation.jpg|Sinuous Ridges within a branching fan in lower member of Medusae Fossae Formation, as seen by HiRISE.
</gallery>

== Yardangs ==
[[Yardang]]s are common on Mars.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM</ref> They are generally visible as a series of parallel linear ridges. Their parallel nature is thought to be caused by the direction of the prevailing wind. Two [[HiRISE]] images below show a good view of yardangs in the Aeolis quadrangle.<ref name="hiroc.lpl.arizona.edu"/> Yardangs are common in the [[Medusae Fossae Formation]] on Mars.

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Ridges in Aeolis.JPG|Stream channels in inverted relief and yardangs, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Aeolis Mensae Yardangs.JPG|[[Aeolis Mensae]] Yardangs, as seen by HiRISE. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Click on image for better view of yardangs.
Image:Apollinarisandmedusae.JPG|[[Medusae Fossae Formation]] southeast of [[Apollinaris Patera]], as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Yardangs in Medusae.jpg|Yardangs in Medusae Fossae Formation with caprock labeled, as seen by HiRISE.
</gallery>

== Layered terrain ==

Researchers, writing in Icarus, have described layered units in the Aeolis quadrangle at Aeolis Dorsa. A deposit that contains yardang was formed after several other deposits. The yardangs contain a layered deposit called "rhythmite" which was thought to be formed with regular changes in the climate. Because the layers appear harden, a damp or wet environment probably existed at the time. The authors correlate these layered deposits to the upper layers of Gale crater’s mound (Mt. Sharp).<ref>Kite, E., A. Howard, A. Lucas, J. Armstrong, O.Aharonson, M. Lamb. 2015. Stratigraphy of Aeolis Dorsa, Mars: Stratigraphic context of the great river deposits. Icarus: 253, 223–242</ref>

Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like [[sulfates]]. The [[Mars Rover]] Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into find dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. [[Basalt]], a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected [[clay]] (also called [[phyllosilicate]]) in some layers. Recent research with an orbiting near-infrared [[spectrometer]], which reveals the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in Columbus crater.<ref>Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier.NY.</ref> This is exactly what would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.<ref>Wray, J. et al. 2009. Columbus Crater and other possible plaelakes in Terra Sirenum, Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 40: 1896.</ref> Moreover, because some layers contained [[gypsum]], a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, life could have formed in the crater.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html |title=Martian "Lake Michigan" Filled Crater, Minerals Hint |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>

Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as [[sulfates]] and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themis.asu.edu/features/nilosyrtis |title=Target Zone: Nilosyrtis? | Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS |publisher=Themis.asu.edu |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref> Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_004046_2080 |title=HiRISE | Craters and Valleys in the Elysium Fossae (PSP_004046_2080) |publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref>

Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750 |title=HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment |publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750 |accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref> Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of [[salts]] and other [[mineral]]s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars. One location this occurs on Earth is the [[Great Artesian Basin]] of [[Australia]].<ref>Habermehl, M. A. (1980) The Great Artesian Basin, Australia. J. Austr. Geol. Geophys. 5, 9–38.</ref> On Earth the hardness of many [[sedimentary rock]]s, like [[sandstone]], is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
Image:Medusae Formation Layers.jpg|Layers in lower member of Medusae Fossae Formation, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Buttes and layers in Aeolis.jpg|Buttes and layers in Aeolis, as seen by [[Mars Global Surveyor]].
Image:Layers near crater rim.JPG|Layers along crater rim in [[Terra Sirenum]], as seen by HiRIS under the HiWish program.
Image:ESP 036510 1735layers.jpg|Layered terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is East of Gale Crater in the Aeolis quadrangle.
Wikiesp036510 1735layersmedussa.jpg|Layers and mounds in Medusae Fossae Formation, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is East of Gale Crater in the Aeolis quadrangle.
Wikiesp036510 1735moundsmedussa.jpg|Layers and a field of small mounds Medusae Fossae Formation, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is East of Gale Crater in the Aeolis quadrangle.
Wikiesp036510 1735layersmound.jpg|Mound showing layers at the base, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is East of Gale Crater in the Aeolis quadrangle.
ESP 039740 1730layeredpyramid.jpg|Layered structure, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
ESP 043552 1775layers.jpg|Layered features northeast of Gale Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Layers may be similar to the many layers that are being examined by the Curiosity rover.

ESP 045029 1785moundlayers.jpg|Wide view of layered terrain, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Location is northeast of Gale Crater.
45029 1785layerswide.jpg|Close view of mound with layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement from the previous image.
45029 1785layersclose.jpg|Close view of mound with layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement from a previous image.

</gallery>

== Other Mars quadrangles ==

{{Mars Quads - By Name}}

==See also==
{{cmn|30em|
* [[Adirondack (Mars)]]
* [[Carbonates on Mars]]
* [[Climate of Mars]]
* [[Columbia Hills (Mars)]]
* [[Composition of Mars]]
* [[Curiosity (rover)]]
* [[Equatorial Layered Deposits]]
* [[Geology of Mars]]
* [[Groundwater on Mars]]
* [[Impact crater]]
* [[Inverted relief]]
* [[Jake Matijevic (rock)]]
* [[Lakes on Mars]]
* [[List of quadrangles on Mars]]
* [[List of rocks on Mars]]
* [[Martian soil]]
* [[Peace Vallis]]
* [[Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission]]
* [[Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory]]
* [[Water on Mars]]
* [[Yardangs on Mars]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Recommended reading==
* Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.
* Lakdawalla, E. 2011. Target: Gale Curiosity Will Soon Have a New Home. The Planetary Report. 31 (4), 15-21

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Aeolis quadrangle}}
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr1Xu2i-Uc0 Video (04:32) - Evidence: Water "Vigorously" Flowed On Mars - September, 2012]
{{Clear}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq65TVKDZXs -- Lakes, Fans, Deltas and Streams: Geomorphic Constraints ...]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGBbke1wJRk] Lakes on Mars - Nathalie Cabrol (SETI Talks)

{{Mars quadrangle layout}}
{{Mars}}
{{portal bar|Mars|Astrobiology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aeolis Quadrangle}}
[[Category:Aeolis quadrangle| ]]
[[Category:Rocks on Mars]]