Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

OpenAI

2016-01-04T04:34:01Z

Jerryobject: Cut needless carriage returns between items. WP:LINK: cut needless WP:PIPE. Nonlead-word nonproper noun MOS:CAPS WP:HEADINGS-WP:SECTIONCAPS > low-case.

{{for|the audio API|OpenAL}} 
{{Infobox non-profit
| name = OpenAI
| image = OpenAI Logo.png
| caption =
| founders = [[Elon Musk]], [[Sam Altman]], and others
| type = [[501(c) organization#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] [[Nonprofit organization]]<ref name="medium">{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/backchannel/how-elon-musk-and-y-combinator-plan-to-stop-computers-from-taking-over-17e0e27dd02a |title=How Elon Musk and Y Combinator Plan to Stop Computers From Taking Over |first1=Steven |last1=Levy |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=[[Medium (publishing platform)|Medium]]/''[[Backchannel (blog)|Backchannel]]'' |access-date=December 11, 2015 |quote="Elon Musk: ...we came to the conclusion that having a 501(c)(3)... would probably be a good thing to do"}}</ref>
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| founded_date = {{Start date|2015|12|11}}
| location = [[San Francisco]], California, USA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/science/artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-founded-by-silicon-valley-investors.html |title=Artificial-Intelligence Research Center Is Founded by Silicon Valley Investors |first1=John |last1=Markoff |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |access-date=December 12, 2015 }}</ref>
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| products =
| services =
| focus =
| mission = [[Friendly artificial intelligence]]
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment = $1 billion pledged (2015)
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| motto =
| former name =
| homepage = {{URL|www.openai.com}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
|board_of_directors = |leader_title = }}
[[File:Elon Musk 2015.jpg|thumbnail|Business magnate Elon Musk, co-chair of OpenAI]]
'''OpenAI''' is a non-profit [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) research company, associated with business magnate [[Elon Musk]], that aims to carefully promote and develop [[open-source software|open-source]] [[Friendly artificial intelligence|friendly AI]] in such a way as to benefit, rather than harm, humanity as a whole. The organization aims to "freely collaborate" with other institutions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popsci.com/new-openai-artificial-intelligence-group-formed-by-elon-musk-peter-thiel-and-more |title=New ‘OpenAI’ Artificial Intelligence Group Formed By Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, And More |first1=Dave |last1=Gershgorn |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=''[[Popular Science]]'' |access-date=December 12, 2015 }}</ref> and researchers by making its patents and research open to the public.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lewontin|first1=Max|title=Open AI: Effort to democratize artificial intelligence research?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/1214/Open-AI-Effort-to-democratize-artificial-intelligence-research|accessdate=19 December 2015|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> The company is supported by over US$1 billion in commitments; however, only a tiny fraction of the $1 billion pledged is expected to be spent in the first few years.<ref name=bbc-giants/> Many of the employees and board members are motivated by concerns about [[existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence]].

==Motives==
Some scientists, such as [[Stephen Hawking]], controversially believe that if advanced AI someday gains the ability to re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "[[intelligence explosion]]" could lead to human extinction. Business magnate Elon Musk characterizes AI as humanity's biggest [[existential threat]]. OpenAI's founders structured it as a non-profit free of financial stockholder obligations, so that they could focus its research on creating a positive long-term human impact.<ref name=bbc-giants>{{cite news|title=Tech giants pledge $1bn for 'altruistic AI' venture, OpenAI|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35082344|accessdate=19 December 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=12 December 2015}}</ref>

Musk poses the question: "what is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." Musk acknowledges that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about";<ref name="seattle-investors">{{cite news|title=Silicon Valley investors to bankroll artificial-intelligence center|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/silicon-valley-investors-to-bankroll-artificial-intelligence-center/|accessdate=19 December 2015|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=13 December 2015}}</ref> nonetheless, the best defense is "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."<ref name="seattle-investors"/>

OpenAI states that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society," and that it's equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly".<ref name=bbc-giants/> Research on safety cannot safely be postponed: "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mendoza|first1=Jessica|title=Tech leaders launch nonprofit to save the world from killer robots|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2015/1214/Tech-leaders-launch-nonprofit-to-save-the-world-from-killer-robots|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref> OpenAI states that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible..."<ref name=bbc-giants/> Co-chair [[Sam Altman]] expects the decades-long project to surpass human intelligence.<ref name=wired_far_more>{{cite news|last1=Metz|first1=Cade|title=Elon Musk’s Billion-Dollar AI Plan Is About Far More Than Saving the World|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/12/elon-musks-billion-dollar-ai-plan-is-about-far-more-than-saving-the-world/|accessdate=19 December 2015|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=15 December 2015|quote="Altman said they expect this decades-long project to surpass human intelligence."}}</ref>

[[Vishal Sikka]], the CEO of [[Infosys]], stated that an "openness" where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity" was a fundamental requirement for his support, and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work".<ref>{{cite web|author1=[[Vishal Sikka]]|title=OpenAI: AI for All|url=http://www.infosysblogs.com/infytalk/2015/12/openai_ai_for_all.html|website=InfyTalk|publisher=[[Infosys]]|accessdate=22 December 2015|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> Cade Metz of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' suggests that corporations such as [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] may be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations like [[Google]] and [[Facebook]] that own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman states that [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]] companies will share their data with OpenAI.<ref name=wired_far_more/>

==Participants==
The two co-chairs of the project are:<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kraft|first1=Amy|title=Elon Musk invests in $1B effort to thwart the dangers of AI|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-invests-in-non-profit-to-thwart-the-dangers-of-ai/|accessdate=19 December 2015|date=14 December 2015|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>

* [[Tesla Motors]] founder [[Elon Musk]], whose 2015 assets are estimated at $13 billion<ref name=mercury-back>{{cite news|last1=Liedtke|first1=Michael|title=Elon Musk, Peter Thiel, Reid Hoffman, others back $1 billion OpenAI research center|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_29256196/elon-musk-peter-thiel-reid-hoffman-others-back|accessdate=19 December 2015|work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]}}</ref>
* [[Sam Altman]], president of the startup accelerator [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]]

Other backers of the project include:<ref name="seattle-investors"/>

* [[LinkedIn]] co-founder [[Reid Hoffman]], whose 2015 assets are estimated at $4 billion<ref name=mercury-back/>
* [[PayPal]] co-founder [[Peter Thiel]], whose 2015 assets are estimated at $3 billion<ref name=mercury-back/>
* [[Greg Brockman]], former chief technology officer at [[Stripe (company)|Stripe]]
* [[Jessica Livingston]], a founding partner of the startup accelerator [[Y Combinator (company)|Y Combinator]]
* [[Amazon Web Services]], Amazon’s cloud-services subsidiary
* [[Infosys]], an Indian IT consulting firm

===Notable staff===
* Research director: [[Ilya Sutskever]], a Google expert on machine learning<ref name="seattle-investors"/>
* CTO: Greg Brockman<ref name="seattle-investors"/>

The group will begin with seven researchers.<ref name="seattle-investors"/>

==See also==
* [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]
* [[Future of Humanity Institute]]
* [[Future of Life Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.openai.com}}
* Interviews
** [https://medium.com/backchannel/how-elon-musk-and-y-combinator-plan-to-stop-computers-from-taking-over-17e0e27dd02a with chairs Musk and Altman]
** [http://singularityhub.com/2015/12/20/inside-openai-will-transparency-protect-us-from-artificial-intelligence-run-amok/ with employee Andrej Karpathy]

{{Elon Musk}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:OpenAI}}
[[Category:501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence associations]]
[[Category:Elon Musk]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the United States]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence laboratories]]
[[Category:Existential risk organizations]]

{{Nonprofit-org-stub}}

Imperia Online

2015-09-11T23:38:50Z

Jerryobject: WP:Disambiguate WP:LINK. Sentence-nonlead-word nonproper noun MOS:CAPS > low-case. Mea culpa: should have been seen and done in one of my last edits.

{{Infobox company
| name = Imperia Online Ltd.
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 2009
| location_city = [[Sofia]]
| location_country = [[Bulgaria]]
| key_people = Moni Dochev Dobroslav Dimitrov
| industry = [[Mobile games]], [[video game development]], [[multiplayer video game]]s, [[social network game]]s, [[browser game]]s
| homepage = {{URL|www.imperiaonline.bg}}
}}

'''Imperia Online Ltd.''' is a Bulgarian game production company and publisher founded by Moni Dochev and Dobroslav Dimitrov.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Official History of IO|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/from-hobby-to-professional-game-studio/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=facts>{{cite web|title=Impeia Online's History in a Few Facts|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/our-history-in-a-few-facts/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Based in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], the company originally concentrated primarily on browser-based games with their main title being [[Imperia Online]], but later started developing mobile games as well.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=Timeline of IO's games|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/timeline/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg}}</ref><ref name=launchub>{{cite news|title=Imperia Online and the Global Invasion of The Great People|url=http://launchub.com/imperia-online-and-the-global-invasion-of-the-great-people/|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

As of January 2015 the company has 10 games in its portfolio with several more in development. Imperia Online Ltd. now develops games for web browsers, [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]], and social networks like [[Facebook]] and [[Odnoklassniki]].<ref name=reddit>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Co-Founder Dobroslav Dimitrov - reddit AMA|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ne2ny/i_am_dobroslav_dimitrov_cofounder_and_lead_game/|website=reddit.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

== History ==

* Imperia Online Ltd. was officially founded in September 2009, but the idea for it was born along with its main product - the [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]] Imperia Online. Detailed research and crafting of the gameplay, mechanics and programming for the company’s main product were done by the game’ and company’s founders Dobroslav Dimitrov - Gameplay Designer, and Moni Dochev - Freelance Developer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with Imperia Online: How to Build a Game for 25 Million Users?|url=http://80.lv/articles/interview-with-imperia-online-how-to-build-a-game-for-25-million-users/|accessdate=16 March 2015}}</ref>
* On August 23, 2005 the [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]] Imperia Online went live.
* In 2007 Imperia Online Ltd. launched Galactic Imperia - a new web-based project with Modern Military context.

* In March 2008 Imperia Online Ltd. launched Global Wars - yet another similar game, this time in a Space setting.
* In 2009, Imperia Online Ltd. launched its first [[role-playing game]] - Imperial Hero. The [[Role-playing game|RPG]] was published аfter a year of conceptual and technical development.
* Again in 2009 Ludo was launched for [[iOS]] and [[Facebook]].
* A few months later - still in 2009 - Imperia Online Ltd. launched Online Artillery.
* In 2011 Imperia Online’s World Cup tournament was held for the first time with the Bulgarian national team winning the first place.
* In 2012 the second World Cup was held, won again by the Bulgarians.
* In 2012 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at On!Fest.
* In 2013 the third Imperia Online tournament was conducted and this time it was won by the Croatians.
* By that time - in 2013 - there were more than 100 people working in the company and the first of its kind school for game developers – Imperial Training Camp - was opened.
* Throughout 2013 the main product of the company - Imperia Online - kept spreading by getting released on [[iOS]]<ref name=appstore>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online on the AppStore|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/imperia-online-medieval-multiplayer/id733757567?mt=8|website=https://itunes.apple.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and in the largest Russian [[social network]] [[Odnoklassniki]].

* Later in 2013 the newest - and current - version of Imperia Online is launched - Version 6, called ‘The Great People’.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at [[Gamescom]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at Dubai World Game Expo.
* In October 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sposored the Bulgarian Boogie Woogie Dance team for the World Championship in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored Sofia Game Jam.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored Intergame, [[Tallinn]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the main sponsors of #archHackaton.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at On!Fest.
* In 2014 ‘IO: The Great People’ is also launched for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]],<ref name=windowsphone>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online in Windows Store|url=http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/imperia-online-free-medieval-strategy-game/4a7482e0-48e2-44f5-97fe-f29346198999|website=www.windowsphone.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and [[Facebook]]; [[Microsoft]] chose Imperia Online for its ‘Featured’ section in [[Windows Store]].<ref name=featured>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online in 'Featured' in Windows Store|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/bg/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/10728735_10201851371125846_133683349_n.jpg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In the second half of 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. launched several mobile games, starting with Mad Moles and Online Artillery 2 in August - both of them for [[iOS]] and [[Facebook]].<ref name=OAFacebook>{{cite web|title=Online Artillery Now Conquering Facebook|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=305|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Later that year Mad Moles received an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version as well.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at [[Gamescom]].
* In October 2014 Rocket Chameleon was released for [[iOS]]<ref name=RCiOS>{{cite web|title=Rocket Chameleon Available On Тhe App Store|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=106|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and later got an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version as well.<ref name=RCAndroid>{{cite web|title=Rocket Chameleon Successfully Landed on Google Play|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=288|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In November 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. released Egg Tales for [[iOS]].<ref name=EggTalesiOS>{{cite web|title=Start Your Eggciting Adventure With Egg Tales!|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=160|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> The arcade game quickly rose to the top of the Bulgarian App Store in the ‘Free’ category.
* In the meantime - from mid-October until the end of November 2014 the fourth Imperia Online World Cup was held, this time won by Brazil.<ref name=wc>{{cite news|title=Brazil Is The New World Champion Of Imperia Online!|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=254|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In December 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. released Seasons of War for [[Android (operating system)|Android]].<ref name=Seasons>{{cite web|title=‘Seasons of War’ Now Available On Google Play|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=258|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. sposored the Black Sea Solo Kayak Expedition.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored HackFMI.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at Intergame, [[Tallinn]].
* Imperia Online Ltd. is among the main sponsors of Launchub.<ref name=launchub />
* Imperia Online Ltd. is a member of BAIT (Bulgarian Association of Information Technologies) and BASSCOM (Bulgarian Association of Software Technologies)

== Figures ==
* As of 2015 Imperia Online Ltd., has more than 25 million registered users in its main product - Imperia Online.
* The company and its games have nearly 600,000 fans across their [[Facebook]] pages.
* The annual revenue of Imperia Online Ltd. for 2014 is 6 Million Euro.
* The revenue for the period 2005-2014 is 22.7 Million Euro.
* The game production company currently resides on 3,000 square meters of office space in Bulgaria’s most luxurious office building - Infinity Tower.<ref name=mdm>{{cite web|title=A Look Inside Bulgaria's Most Luxurious Office Building (Gallery)|url=http://mdm.bg/infinity-tower/|website=mdm.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015|language=Bulgarian}}</ref>
* As of January 2015 Imperia Online Ltd. has more than 160 employees.
* Imperia Online Ltd. and its products are popular in more than 170 countries.

== Games ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Platform(s) !! Genre
|-
| Imperia Online|| 2005|| Browser, iOS, Android, Windows Phone|| [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]]
|-
| Galactic Imperia|| 2007|| Browser|| MMORTS
|-
| Global Wars|| 2008|| Browser|| MMORTS
|-
| Imperial Hero|| 2009|| Browser|| [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]]
|-
| Ludo|| 2009|| iOS, Browser|| Family board game
|-
| Online Artillery|| 2010|| Browser|| Turn-based cannon shooter
|-
| Mad Moles|| 2014|| iOS, Android, Browser|| [[whac-a-mole]]
|-
| Online Artillery 2|| 2014|| iOS, Browser|| Turn-based cannon shooter
|-
| Rocket Chameleon|| 2014|| iOS, Android|| [[Tile-matching video game|Color matching]], [[Side-scrolling video game|Side-scroller]]
|-
| Egg Tales|| 2014|| iOS, Android|| Arcade, [[Platform game|Jumper]]
|-
| Seasons of War|| 2014|| Android|| [[Turn-based strategy|TBS]]
|}

== Training and education ==
In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. established the first tuition-free school for game developers in Bulgaria. It was originally named Imperial Training Camp and its first season prepared 40 enthusiasts for the professional [[PHP]]/[[MySQL]] and [[Java]]/[[Android (operating system)|Android]] fields. 20 of those 40 graduates were hired by Imperia Online Ltd., and the rest were recommended to other software companies.

The second season of IO’s Training Camp drew even higher interest and this time there were 80 students, divided into 4 groups of 20: 62 graduated, 30 were hired by Imperia Online Ltd.

For the third season Imperia Online Ltd. was joined by another Bulgarian company - Trader.bg - and the school was renamed to “IT Talents Training Camp”. By that time the courses are [[PHP]]/ [[MySQL]], [[Java]]/ [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[JavaScript]], [[Objective-C]]/[[iOS]], and [[Java SE]] / [[Java EE]]. As of January 2015 the third season is ending with a big part of the 115 participants getting hired.

== Awards and nominations ==

* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated for the ‘Education’ and ‘Corporate and Social Responsibility’ Categories of BAIT’s 2013 Awards.
* Imperia Online Ltd. was proclaimed ‘A Rising Star’ in [[Deloitte]]’s Fastest Growing IT companies ranking for 2014 with a growth of 498%.<ref name=delloite2>{{cite journal|title=Technology Fast 50 Powerful connections|journal=Delloite: Technology Fast 50 Powerful connections|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/CE_FAST50_2014.pdf|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=delloite1>{{cite web|title=Delloite: Mnemonica AD and Imperia Online are Bulgaria’s fastest growing technology company|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/bg/en/pages/finance/articles/tf50-2014-bg.html|website=www2.deloitte.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated in three categories of the 2014 Game Connection Awards:<ref name=GameConnection>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Competing For Three Awards in Paris|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=129|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
** ‘Promising IP’
** ‘Desktop Downloadable’
** ‘Hardcore Game’
* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated for ‘App Developer of 2014’ at The Appsters.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Appsters 2014 Shortlist|url=http://www.the-appsters.com/index.php/details/shortlist|website=www.the-appsters.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=appsters>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Running for App Developer of 2014|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=155|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Official website|www.imperiaonline.bg}}

[[Category:Browser-based game websites]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:Video game publishers]]

Imperia Online

2015-09-11T01:26:50Z

Jerryobject: WP:LINKs: update, WP:RED > real. Nonacronym WP:ALLCAPS > low-case. WP:OVERLINKs cut. Add: section, Template:Official website.

{{Infobox company
| name = Imperia Online Ltd.
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 2009
| location_city = [[Sofia]]
| location_country = [[Bulgaria]]
| key_people = Moni Dochev Dobroslav Dimitrov
| industry = [[Mobile games]], [[Video game development]], [[Social gaming]], [[Social network game]]s, [[Browser game]]s
| homepage = {{URL|www.imperiaonline.bg}}
}}

'''Imperia Online Ltd.''' is a Bulgarian game production company and publisher founded by Moni Dochev and Dobroslav Dimitrov.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Official History of IO|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/from-hobby-to-professional-game-studio/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=facts>{{cite web|title=Impeia Online's History in a Few Facts|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/our-history-in-a-few-facts/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Based in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], the company originally concentrated primarily on browser-based games with their main title being [[Imperia Online]], but later started developing mobile games as well.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=Timeline of IO's games|url=http://www.imperiaonline.bg/company/timeline/|website=www.imperiaonline.bg}}</ref><ref name=launchub>{{cite news|title=Imperia Online and the Global Invasion of The Great People|url=http://launchub.com/imperia-online-and-the-global-invasion-of-the-great-people/|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

As of January 2015 the company has 10 games in its portfolio with several more in development. Imperia Online Ltd. now develops games for web browsers, [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]], and social networks like [[Facebook]] and [[Odnoklassniki]].<ref name=reddit>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Co-Founder Dobroslav Dimitrov - reddit AMA|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ne2ny/i_am_dobroslav_dimitrov_cofounder_and_lead_game/|website=reddit.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

== History ==

* Imperia Online Ltd. was officially founded in September 2009, but the idea for it was born along with its main product - the [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]] Imperia Online. Detailed research and crafting of the gameplay, mechanics and programming for the company’s main product were done by the game’ and company’s founders Dobroslav Dimitrov - Gameplay Designer, and Moni Dochev - Freelance Developer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with Imperia Online: How to Build a Game for 25 Million Users?|url=http://80.lv/articles/interview-with-imperia-online-how-to-build-a-game-for-25-million-users/|accessdate=16 March 2015}}</ref>
* On August 23, 2005 the [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]] Imperia Online went live.
* In 2007 Imperia Online Ltd. launched Galactic Imperia - a new web-based project with Modern Military context.

* In March 2008 Imperia Online Ltd. launched Global Wars - yet another similar game, this time in a Space setting.
* In 2009, Imperia Online Ltd. launched its first [[role-playing game]] - Imperial Hero. The [[Role-playing game|RPG]] was published аfter a year of conceptual and technical development.
* Again in 2009 Ludo was launched for [[iOS]] and [[Facebook]].
* A few months later - still in 2009 - Imperia Online Ltd. launched Online Artillery.
* In 2011 Imperia Online’s World Cup tournament was held for the first time with the Bulgarian national team winning the first place.
* In 2012 the second World Cup was held, won again by the Bulgarians.
* In 2012 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at On!Fest.
* In 2013 the third Imperia Online tournament was conducted and this time it was won by the Croatians.
* By that time - in 2013 - there were more than 100 people working in the company and the first of its kind school for game developers – Imperial Training Camp - was opened.
* Throughout 2013 the main product of the company - Imperia Online - kept spreading by getting released on [[iOS]]<ref name=appstore>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online on the AppStore|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/imperia-online-medieval-multiplayer/id733757567?mt=8|website=https://itunes.apple.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and in the largest Russian [[social network]] [[Odnoklassniki]].

* Later in 2013 the newest - and current - version of Imperia Online is launched - Version 6, called ‘The Great People’.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at [[Gamescom]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at Dubai World Game Expo.
* In October 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sposored the Bulgarian Boogie Woogie Dance team for the World Championship in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored Sofia Game Jam.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored Intergame, [[Tallinn]].
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the main sponsors of #archHackaton.
* In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at On!Fest.
* In 2014 ‘IO: The Great People’ is also launched for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]],<ref name=windowsphone>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online in Windows Store|url=http://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/store/app/imperia-online-free-medieval-strategy-game/4a7482e0-48e2-44f5-97fe-f29346198999|website=www.windowsphone.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and [[Facebook]]; [[Microsoft]] chose Imperia Online for its ‘Featured’ section in [[Windows Store]].<ref name=featured>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online in 'Featured' in Windows Store|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/bg/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/10728735_10201851371125846_133683349_n.jpg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In the second half of 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. launched several mobile games, starting with Mad Moles and Online Artillery 2 in August - both of them for [[iOS]] and [[Facebook]].<ref name=OAFacebook>{{cite web|title=Online Artillery Now Conquering Facebook|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=305|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Later that year Mad Moles received an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version as well.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at [[Gamescom]].
* In October 2014 Rocket Chameleon was released for [[iOS]]<ref name=RCiOS>{{cite web|title=Rocket Chameleon Available On Тhe App Store|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=106|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> and later got an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version as well.<ref name=RCAndroid>{{cite web|title=Rocket Chameleon Successfully Landed on Google Play|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=288|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In November 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. released Egg Tales for [[iOS]].<ref name=EggTalesiOS>{{cite web|title=Start Your Eggciting Adventure With Egg Tales!|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=160|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> The arcade game quickly rose to the top of the Bulgarian App Store in the ‘Free’ category.
* In the meantime - from mid-October until the end of November 2014 the fourth Imperia Online World Cup was held, this time won by Brazil.<ref name=wc>{{cite news|title=Brazil Is The New World Champion Of Imperia Online!|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=254|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In December 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. released Seasons of War for [[Android (operating system)|Android]].<ref name=Seasons>{{cite web|title=‘Seasons of War’ Now Available On Google Play|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=258|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. sposored the Black Sea Solo Kayak Expedition.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. sponsored HackFMI.
* In 2014 Imperia Online Ltd. was among the exhibitors at Intergame, [[Tallinn]].
* Imperia Online Ltd. is among the main sponsors of Launchub.<ref name=launchub />
* Imperia Online Ltd. is a member of BAIT (Bulgarian Association of Information Technologies) and BASSCOM (Bulgarian Association of Software Technologies)

== Figures ==
* As of 2015 Imperia Online Ltd., has more than 25 million registered users in its main product - Imperia Online.
* The company and its games have nearly 600,000 fans across their [[Facebook]] pages.
* The annual revenue of Imperia Online Ltd. for 2014 is 6 Million Euro.
* The revenue for the period 2005-2014 is 22.7 Million Euro.
* The game production company currently resides on 3,000 square meters of office space in Bulgaria’s most luxurious office building - Infinity Tower.<ref name=mdm>{{cite web|title=A Look Inside Bulgaria's Most Luxurious Office Building (Gallery)|url=http://mdm.bg/infinity-tower/|website=mdm.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015|language=Bulgarian}}</ref>
* As of January 2015 Imperia Online Ltd. has more than 160 employees.
* Imperia Online Ltd. and its products are popular in more than 170 countries.

== Games ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Platform(s) !! Genre
|-
| Imperia Online|| 2005|| Browser, iOS, Android, Windows Phone|| [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game|MMORTS]]
|-
| Galactic Imperia|| 2007|| Browser|| MMORTS
|-
| Global Wars|| 2008|| Browser|| MMORTS
|-
| Imperial Hero|| 2009|| Browser|| [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]]
|-
| Ludo|| 2009|| iOS, Browser|| Family board game
|-
| Online Artillery|| 2010|| Browser|| Turn-based cannon shooter
|-
| Mad Moles|| 2014|| iOS, Android, Browser|| [[whac-a-mole]]
|-
| Online Artillery 2|| 2014|| iOS, Browser|| Turn-based cannon shooter
|-
| Rocket Chameleon|| 2014|| iOS, Android|| [[Tile-matching video game|Color matching]], [[Side-scrolling video game|Side-scroller]]
|-
| Egg Tales|| 2014|| iOS, Android|| Arcade, [[Platform game|Jumper]]
|-
| Seasons of War|| 2014|| Android|| [[Turn-based strategy|TBS]]
|}

== Training and education ==
In 2013 Imperia Online Ltd. established the first tuition-free school for game developers in Bulgaria. It was originally named Imperial Training Camp and its first season prepared 40 enthusiasts for the professional [[PHP]]/[[MySQL]] and [[Java]]/[[Android (operating system)|Android]] fields. 20 of those 40 graduates were hired by Imperia Online Ltd., and the rest were recommended to other software companies.

The second season of IO’s Training Camp drew even higher interest and this time there were 80 students, divided into 4 groups of 20: 62 graduated, 30 were hired by Imperia Online Ltd.

For the third season Imperia Online Ltd. was joined by another Bulgarian company - Trader.bg - and the school was renamed to “IT Talents Training Camp”. By that time the courses are [[PHP]]/ [[MySQL]], [[Java]]/ [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[JavaScript]], [[Objective-C]]/[[iOS]], and [[Java SE]] / [[Java EE]]. As of January 2015 the third season is ending with a big part of the 115 participants getting hired.

== Awards and nominations ==

* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated for the ‘Education’ and ‘Corporate and Social Responsibility’ Categories of BAIT’s 2013 Awards.
* Imperia Online Ltd. was proclaimed ‘A Rising Star’ in [[Deloitte]]’s Fastest Growing IT companies ranking for 2014 with a growth of 498%.<ref name=delloite2>{{cite journal|title=Technology Fast 50 Powerful connections|journal=Delloite: Technology Fast 50 Powerful connections|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/CE_FAST50_2014.pdf|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=delloite1>{{cite web|title=Delloite: Mnemonica AD and Imperia Online are Bulgaria’s fastest growing technology company|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/bg/en/pages/finance/articles/tf50-2014-bg.html|website=www2.deloitte.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated in three categories of the 2014 Game Connection Awards:<ref name=GameConnection>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Competing For Three Awards in Paris|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=129|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>
** ‘Promising IP’
** ‘Desktop Downloadable’
** ‘Hardcore Game’
* Imperia Online Ltd. was nominated for ‘App Developer of 2014’ at The Appsters.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Appsters 2014 Shortlist|url=http://www.the-appsters.com/index.php/details/shortlist|website=www.the-appsters.com|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=appsters>{{cite web|title=Imperia Online Running for App Developer of 2014|url=http://blog.imperiaonline.bg/en/?p=155|website=blog.imperiaonline.bg|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Official website|www.imperiaonline.bg}}

[[Category:Browser-based game websites]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:Video game publishers]]

Immunet

2015-03-25T22:04:22Z

Jerryobject: /* See also */ WP:LINK update.

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=January 2010}}
{{advert|date=March 2012}}
}}

{{Infobox software
|name = Immunet Protect
|screenshot =
|caption =
|developer = Immunet Corporation
|latest_release_version = 3.0.8.9025
|latest_release_date ={{release date and age|2012|09|18}}
|operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows]] XP/Vista/7
|genre = [[Antivirus software]]
|license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] ([[freeware]], [[commerce|commercial]])
|website = http://www.immunet.com/plus/index.html
}}
''''''Immunet''' Protect Free''' is a free, [[Cloud computing|cloud-based]], community-driven [[Antivirus software|antivirus]] application, using the [[ClamAV]] and own engine. The software is complementary with existing [[antivirus software]]. On 5 January 2011 it was announced that Immunet had been acquired by [[Sourcefire]].<ref name="Immunet Acquired by Sourcefire">{{cite web|last=Friedrichs|first=Oliver|title=Immunet Acquired by Sourcefire|url=http://blog.immunet.com/blog/2011/1/5/immunet-acquired-by-sourcefire.html|publisher=Immunet|accessdate=10 April 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xqqCKRkQ|archivedate=10 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sourcefire Announces Acquisition of Immunet|url=http://investor.sourcefire.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=204582&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1513329&highlight=|accessdate=10 April 2011|date=5 January 2011|agency=Business Wire|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xqqA23bE|archivedate=10 April 2011|location=Columbia, MD}}</ref>

The application occupies 10[[megabyte|MB]] of disk space, is free of charge, and claims to be fast and to provide up-to-date protection against threats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immunet.com/main/index.html |title=Free Antivirus Software Download and Endpoint Security |publisher=Immunet |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref> Virus [[File signature|signature files]] are stored in the cloud, not on individual computers, so update downloads are not required. Once a virus is detected and blocked for one user, all other Immunet users receive the same protection almost instantly.

== Products ==
Immunet as provided by Sourcefire comes in 2 versions:-

1. Immunet Free (Free for commercial and personal use)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clamav.net/lang/en/faq/faq-win32/ |title=Clam AntiVirus |publisher=Clamav.net |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/vrtadmin/clamav-faq/blob/master/faq/faq-win32.md |title=Clam Anti-Virus FAQ |publisher=Clamav.net |date=2014-09-11 |accessdate=2014-09-11}}</ref>

2. Immunet Plus (Commercial, paid version)

At version 3.0 {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, Immunet Free offers protection based upon the virus definitions in the cloud, and an option to include the [[ClamAV]] off-line virus definitions for use when not connected to the Internet. Immunet advises that the free version be used alongside another antivirus program, and supports several particular such programs in the sense that that they co-install properly and work in tandem during normal operations without any obvious interference or resource drag.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.immunet.com/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=4&highlight=companion%20prodducts |title=Immunet Protect 2.0 Requirements & Compatible Security Package List : Immunet Support Site |publisher=Support.immunet.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-23}}</ref>

Immunet Plus offers additional features such as Advanced Offline Protection, Advanced detection and removal, Advanced File Management Protection, and Mail Database Scanning. Immunet Plus does not require another product for complete protection, as it uses the [[BitDefender]] scan engine to provide conventional anti-virus protection.

== Effectiveness ==
While independent testing has been performed, PCMag<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365103,00.asp#fbid=bpkKrAsRi0U | work=PC Magazine | first=Neil J. | last=Rubenking | title=Immunet Protect Free 2.0}}</ref> rates the product to be fair in its effectiveness.
Immunet's virus definitions are stored on servers available over the Internet, requiring less memory and system resource than antivirus programs that reside on the user's computer. Cloud protection has been known to give better protection and detection, on the other hand, offline protection is not particularly good. Overall, the effectiveness of the Free product is average{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}; the company recommends that users employ the Free product as an additional protection, rather than using it alone.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Computer security}}
* [[AntiVirus]]
* [[Comparison of antivirus software]]
* [[Comparison of computer viruses]]
* [[Panda Cloud Antivirus]]
* [[BitDefender]]
* [[ClamAV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.clamav.net/lang/en/about/win32/ Download Immunet Protect Free on ClamAV.net]
* [http://download.cnet.com/Immunet-Protect/3000-2239_4-10965674.html Download Immunet Protect Free on CNet.com]
* Rosenblatt, Seth. [http://download.cnet.com/8301-2007_4-20007995-12.html "Cloud security upstart Immunet aims for antiviruses"]. ''cNET''. June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
* Rubenking, Neil j. [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365103,00.asp "Immunet Protect Free 2.0"]. ''[http://www.pcmag.com/ PC Magazine]''. June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.

== External links ==
* [http://www.immunet.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.immunet.com/about/index.html Immunet About]
* [http://www.clamav.net/ ClamAV website]
* [http://www.clamav.net/lang/en/about/ ClamAV About]

[[Category:Antivirus software]]
[[Category:Windows security software]]

Zenonia

2012-01-07T08:29:21Z

Jerryobject: Links: game console grouped with other consoles. Section heading: carriage return added after to match page norms.

{{Infobox video game
| title =
| image = [[File:zenonia start screen.jpg|250px|''Zenonia'' start screen]]
| resolution = 320×480
| developer = [[Gamevil]]
| publisher = Gamevil
| distributor = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Tectoy]]
| designer =
| license =
| engine =
| released = '''Mobile''' August 28, 2008 ([[South Korea]]) September 16, 2009 ([[Europe]]) '''iOS''' May 24, 2009 ([[United States|USA]]) '''Zeebo''' October 31, 2009 ([[Brazil]]) November 4, 2009 ([[Mexico]]) '''Android''' March 27, 2010 (world-wide) '''DSiWare''' {{video game release|NA=September 27, 2010|PAL=December 24, 2010}}
| genre = [[Action role-playing game]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings = [[App Store (iOS)|Apple]]: 9+ {{video game ratings |GRB=All |ESRB=E10+}}[[DJCTQ]]: General
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Mobile]], [[DSiWare]], [[Bada]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Zeebo]]
| media = [[Online distribution]]
| requirements = iOS 2.0 or higher, Bada 1.0 or higher, Android 1.6 or higher, or Nintendo DSi system with Wi-Fi broadband connection
| input = [[Multi-touch]], [[Zeebo|Z-Pad]]
}}
'''''Zenonia''''' ({{Lang-ko|제노니아}}) is an [[action role-playing game]] created, developed, and published by [[Gamevil]] for the [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Nintendo DSi]], [[Zeebo]] and [[Windows Mobile]]. It was released on the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] on May 24, 2009<ref>{{cite press release |title=Gamevil Launches Zenonia on Apple App Store |publisher=Gamevil |date=2009-05-24 |url=http://www.developmag.com/press-releases/47580/GAMEVIL-Launches-ZENONIA-on-Apple-App-Store |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> and on the [[Android Market]] on March 27, 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=GAMEVIL announces ZENONIA now available on the Android Market |publisher=Gamevil |date=2010-03-27 |url=http://www2.gamevil.com/eng_new/about/bbs_view.jsp?seq=226&category=GAMEVIL |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> It was released for the [[PlayStation Portable]] on October 12, 2010.

== Gameplay ==

The game features real time combat and exploration. The main character, Regret, is controlled through use of an on-screen [[d-pad]], which is located in the lower left corner of the screen.<ref name="ipgn-preview"/> There are many side [[quest (video gaming)|quests]] that the player can choose to complete in order to further explore the world. The main storyline can be changed by the player depending on whether they decide to make certain choices that will cause their character's alignment to shift more quickly towards good or evil. There are three classes in which the player can choose from: Paladin, Warrior, or Assassin, each having a unique fighting style. The game also features literally hundreds of different weapons, and a full class [[skill tree]] for each of classes. Gamevil claims that ''Zenonia'' has 40 hours of gameplay.

Regret's in-game appearance changes based upon his equipped weapon and armor set.<ref name="ipgn-podcast-23">{{Cite podcast |url=http://m.podshow.com/demia/19495/episodes/150891/iphonegamesnetwork-150891-04-13-2009.mp3 |title=iPGN Unleashed episode 23 |website=iPhoneGamesNetwork.com |publisher= |host=Nigel and Nacho |date=2009-04-23 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==

''Zenonia'''s protagonist is Regret, a young man whose origins are initially unknown. His primary mission in the game is to find the reason for the death of his adoptive father at the hands of a demon and subsequently a more powerful evil that is at work.<ref name="ipgn-preview"/>

== Development ==

''Zenonia'' was developed and published by Gamevil. It is a [[porting|port]] of a popular [[mobile game]] from [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Levi |last=Buchanan |title=Zenonia iPhone Preview |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/969/969635p1.html |work=[[IGN.com]] |date=2009-04-03 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> Much of the time spent porting the game to iPhone was spent on [[translation]].<ref name="ipgn-preview"/>

Version 1.1 was released on June 29, 2009. The update improved the touch controls as well as making certain on-screen buttons larger and semi-transparent, making them easier to press accurately without restricting the view of the in-game action.<ref name="touch arcade 1.1">{{cite web |first=Eli |last=Hodapp |title='Zenonia' 1.1 - Controls and Balancing Improved |url=http://toucharcade.com/2009/06/30/zenonia-11-controls-and-balancing-improved/ |work=TouchArcade.com |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref><ref name="appgamer 1.1">{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Thomas |title=Zenonia Update Improves Controls and the Game in General |url=http://appgamer.net/news/2009/jun/30/zenonia-update-improves-controls-and-generall-improves-game/ |work=AppGamer.net |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> Also, the need to eat and repair weapons and armor has been decreased in order to improve the overall playability of the game by lowering the frequency with which the player must return to towns.<ref name="touch arcade 1.1"/><ref name="appgamer 1.1"/> Features of Apple's [[iOS]] 3.0, which was released on June 17, 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Erica |last=Ogg |title=Live blog: WWDC 2009 keynote |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10257637-37.html |work=[[CNET Networks|CNet.com]] |date=2009-06-08 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> were implemented into the game as well, allowing the user to listen to [[MP3]]s in lieu of the in-game soundtrack.<ref name="appgamer 1.1"/>

The game was also translated to Portuguese (Brazil) and released for the Zeebo, a Brazilian video-game in January 2010.

Zenonia was released for the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] OS on March 27, 2010. It supports both HVGA and WVGA screen resolutions and runs on Android versions 1.5 and greater. It was later released for Nintendo's [[DSiWare]] in North America on September 27, 2010 and in the PAL region on December 24, 2010. On October 12, 2010, it was also released on the PSP.

== Reception ==

{{video game reviews |title=Reception (iOS edition) |state=autocollapse |1UP= |AdvGamers= |Allgame= |Atrip= |CVG= |Edge= |EGM= |EuroG= |Fam= |G4= |GameFan= |GamePro= |GRadar= |GameRev= |GMaster= |GI= |GSpot= |GSpy= |GT= |GTM= |GW= |GZebo= |GameZone= |IGN=9.0/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Levi |last=Buchanan |title=Zenonia iPhone Review |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/986/986564p1.html |work=IGN.com |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |Hyper= |NG= |NGC= |Play= |Playr= |PSM= |PSM3= |VG=8/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Rory |last=Muldoon |title=Zenonia Review |url=http://www.videogamer.com/iphone/zenonia/review.html |work=[[VideoGamer.com]] |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |XPlay= |rev1=[[Pocket Gamer]] |rev1Score=8/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Tracy |last=Erickson |title=Zenonia: An excellent vintage |url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/Zenonia/review.asp?c=13447 |work=PocketGamer.co.uk |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |rev2=SlideToPlay.com |rev2Score=4/4<ref>{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Palley |title=Zenonia Review |url=http://www.slidetoplay.com/story/zenonia-review |work=SlideToPlay.com |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |rev3= |rev3Score= |rev4= |rev4Score= |rev5= |rev5Score= |rev6= |rev6Score= |rev7= |rev7Score= |rev8= |rev8Score= |GR= |GRO= |GMS=8.3<ref>{{cite web |title=Zenonia |url=http://www.gamestats.com/objects/143/14337223/ |work=[[GameStats]] |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |MC= |MG= |TTR=}}
''Zenonia'' has largely received positive reviews and has been compared graphically with earlier games in [[The Legend of Zelda (series)|''The Legend of Zelda'']] and [[Final Fantasy (series)|''Final Fantasy'']] series.<ref name="ipgn-preview">{{cite web |title=Zenonia first look |url=http://www.iphonegamenetwork.com/zenonia-first-look |work=iPhoneGamesNetwork.com |publisher= |date=2009-04-05 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> The game's script has been praised for being well-written and humorous.<ref name="ipgn-podcast-23"/> ''[[PC Magazine]]'' named the game as one of the "must-have" games for iPhone.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Kyle |last=Monson |title=10 More Must-Have iPhone Games |url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2348468,00.asp |work=[[PC Magazine]] |date=2009-06-10 |page=2 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref>
As of June 24, 2009, version 1.0 of the game had received a 4½ star rating in the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], based on 1,979 ratings. Version 1.1 has a 4 star rating as of August 20, 2009, based on 2,032 ratings. As of January 29, 2010, Version 1.3 had received a 4 star rating from 2,297 ratings.

==Sequels==

Gamevil developed a sequel to Zenonia, ''[[Zenonia 2]]: The Lost Memories''. It features four new characters with their own special abilities and combat tactics: Lu, the paladin (melee class), Ecne, the shooter (gunner class), Morpice, the mage (ranged mage class), and Daza, the warrior (melee class). The sequel features a new interface for character customization with over 1200 new items which, in addition to raising your character's fighting statistics, change his or her appearance. New landscapes have also been added to challenge the player even more than in the prior game. New terrain include ice to skid across, ledges to climb and flowing lava. The game also features [[player versus player]] (PvP) battles in a small arena. Each of the game's four towns have a different Arena layout.

The sequel was released in the iOS App Store on March 29, 2010 and the Android Market on December 24, 2010.

A further sequel, ''[[Zenonia 3]]'', was released in the Apple App Store on April 28, 2011, and the Android market on August 1, 2011.

The sequel to ''Zenonia 3'', called ''Zenonia 4'', was released in Korea on September 26, 2011. It was released in the Apple App Store on December 22, 2011. A release date for the Android market is still TBA.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|us.gamevil.com}}
*[http://www.igamestats.com/iphone-game/2002-zenonia.html iGameStats Average Score: 8.6 (based on 14 reviews)]

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in South Korea]]
[[Category:iOS games]]
[[Category:Android games]]
[[Category:DSiWare games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Portable games]]
[[Category:Zeebo games]]

[[ko:제노니아]]
[[pt:Zenonia]]

Zenonia

2012-01-07T08:23:03Z

Jerryobject: Templates: updated per Template:Infobox video game, added. Links: updated (namespace too); non-proper nouns decapitalized WP:MOSCAPS; plural forms fixed; needless pipes cut. Minor copy edits WP:EoS. Items italicized WP:ITALIC.

{{Infobox video game
| title =
| image = [[File:zenonia start screen.jpg|250px|''Zenonia'' start screen]]
| resolution = 320×480
| developer = [[Gamevil]]
| publisher = Gamevil
| distributor = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Tectoy]]
| designer =
| license =
| engine =
| released = '''Mobile''' August 28, 2008 ([[South Korea]]) September 16, 2009 ([[Europe]]) '''iOS''' May 24, 2009 ([[United States|USA]]) '''Zeebo''' October 31, 2009 ([[Brazil]]) November 4, 2009 ([[Mexico]]) '''Android''' March 27, 2010 (world-wide) '''DSiWare''' {{video game release|NA=September 27, 2010|PAL=December 24, 2010}}
| genre = [[Action role-playing game]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings = [[App Store (iOS)|Apple]]: 9+ {{video game ratings |GRB=All |ESRB=E10+}}[[DJCTQ]]: General
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Zeebo]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Mobile]], [[DSiWare]], [[Bada]], [[PlayStation Portable]]
| media = [[Online distribution]]
| requirements = iOS 2.0 or higher, Bada 1.0 or higher, Android 1.6 or higher, or Nintendo DSi system with Wi-Fi broadband connection
| input = [[Multi-touch]], [[Zeebo|Z-Pad]]
}}
'''''Zenonia''''' ({{Lang-ko|제노니아}}) is an [[action role-playing game]] created, developed, and published by [[Gamevil]] for the [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Zeebo]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Nintendo DSi]] and [[Windows Mobile]]. It was released on the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] on May 24, 2009<ref>{{cite press release |title=Gamevil Launches Zenonia on Apple App Store |publisher=Gamevil |date=2009-05-24 |url=http://www.developmag.com/press-releases/47580/GAMEVIL-Launches-ZENONIA-on-Apple-App-Store |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> and on the [[Android Market]] on March 27, 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=GAMEVIL announces ZENONIA now available on the Android Market |publisher=Gamevil |date=2010-03-27 |url=http://www2.gamevil.com/eng_new/about/bbs_view.jsp?seq=226&category=GAMEVIL |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> It was released for the [[PlayStation Portable]] on October 12, 2010.

== Gameplay ==
The game features real time combat and exploration. The main character, Regret, is controlled through use of an on-screen [[d-pad]], which is located in the lower left corner of the screen.<ref name="ipgn-preview"/> There are many side [[quest (video gaming)|quests]] that the player can choose to complete in order to further explore the world. The main storyline can be changed by the player depending on whether they decide to make certain choices that will cause their character's alignment to shift more quickly towards good or evil. There are three classes in which the player can choose from: Paladin, Warrior, or Assassin, each having a unique fighting style. The game also features literally hundreds of different weapons, and a full class [[skill tree]] for each of classes. Gamevil claims that ''Zenonia'' has 40 hours of gameplay.

Regret's in-game appearance changes based upon his equipped weapon and armor set.<ref name="ipgn-podcast-23">{{Cite podcast |url=http://m.podshow.com/demia/19495/episodes/150891/iphonegamesnetwork-150891-04-13-2009.mp3 |title=iPGN Unleashed episode 23 |website=iPhoneGamesNetwork.com |publisher= |host=Nigel and Nacho |date=2009-04-23 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==

''Zenonia'''s protagonist is Regret, a young man whose origins are initially unknown. His primary mission in the game is to find the reason for the death of his adoptive father at the hands of a demon and subsequently a more powerful evil that is at work.<ref name="ipgn-preview"/>

== Development ==

''Zenonia'' was developed and published by Gamevil. It is a [[porting|port]] of a popular [[mobile game]] from [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Levi |last=Buchanan |title=Zenonia iPhone Preview |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/969/969635p1.html |work=[[IGN.com]] |date=2009-04-03 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> Much of the time spent porting the game to iPhone was spent on [[translation]].<ref name="ipgn-preview"/>

Version 1.1 was released on June 29, 2009. The update improved the touch controls as well as making certain on-screen buttons larger and semi-transparent, making them easier to press accurately without restricting the view of the in-game action.<ref name="touch arcade 1.1">{{cite web |first=Eli |last=Hodapp |title='Zenonia' 1.1 - Controls and Balancing Improved |url=http://toucharcade.com/2009/06/30/zenonia-11-controls-and-balancing-improved/ |work=TouchArcade.com |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref><ref name="appgamer 1.1">{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Thomas |title=Zenonia Update Improves Controls and the Game in General |url=http://appgamer.net/news/2009/jun/30/zenonia-update-improves-controls-and-generall-improves-game/ |work=AppGamer.net |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> Also, the need to eat and repair weapons and armor has been decreased in order to improve the overall playability of the game by lowering the frequency with which the player must return to towns.<ref name="touch arcade 1.1"/><ref name="appgamer 1.1"/> Features of Apple's [[iOS]] 3.0, which was released on June 17, 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Erica |last=Ogg |title=Live blog: WWDC 2009 keynote |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10257637-37.html |work=[[CNET Networks|CNet.com]] |date=2009-06-08 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref> were implemented into the game as well, allowing the user to listen to [[MP3]]s in lieu of the in-game soundtrack.<ref name="appgamer 1.1"/>

The game was also translated to Portuguese (Brazil) and released for the Zeebo, a Brazilian video-game in January 2010.

Zenonia was released for the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] OS on March 27, 2010. It supports both HVGA and WVGA screen resolutions and runs on Android versions 1.5 and greater. It was later released for Nintendo's [[DSiWare]] in North America on September 27, 2010 and in the PAL region on December 24, 2010. On October 12, 2010, it was also released on the PSP.

== Reception ==

{{video game reviews |title=Reception (iOS edition) |state=autocollapse |1UP= |AdvGamers= |Allgame= |Atrip= |CVG= |Edge= |EGM= |EuroG= |Fam= |G4= |GameFan= |GamePro= |GRadar= |GameRev= |GMaster= |GI= |GSpot= |GSpy= |GT= |GTM= |GW= |GZebo= |GameZone= |IGN=9.0/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Levi |last=Buchanan |title=Zenonia iPhone Review |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/986/986564p1.html |work=IGN.com |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |Hyper= |NG= |NGC= |Play= |Playr= |PSM= |PSM3= |VG=8/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Rory |last=Muldoon |title=Zenonia Review |url=http://www.videogamer.com/iphone/zenonia/review.html |work=[[VideoGamer.com]] |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |XPlay= |rev1=[[Pocket Gamer]] |rev1Score=8/10<ref>{{cite web |first=Tracy |last=Erickson |title=Zenonia: An excellent vintage |url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/Zenonia/review.asp?c=13447 |work=PocketGamer.co.uk |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |rev2=SlideToPlay.com |rev2Score=4/4<ref>{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Palley |title=Zenonia Review |url=http://www.slidetoplay.com/story/zenonia-review |work=SlideToPlay.com |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |rev3= |rev3Score= |rev4= |rev4Score= |rev5= |rev5Score= |rev6= |rev6Score= |rev7= |rev7Score= |rev8= |rev8Score= |GR= |GRO= |GMS=8.3<ref>{{cite web |title=Zenonia |url=http://www.gamestats.com/objects/143/14337223/ |work=[[GameStats]] |accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |MC= |MG= |TTR=}}
''Zenonia'' has largely received positive reviews and has been compared graphically with earlier games in [[The Legend of Zelda (series)|''The Legend of Zelda'']] and [[Final Fantasy (series)|''Final Fantasy'']] series.<ref name="ipgn-preview">{{cite web |title=Zenonia first look |url=http://www.iphonegamenetwork.com/zenonia-first-look |work=iPhoneGamesNetwork.com |publisher= |date=2009-04-05 |accessdate=2009-06-26}}</ref> The game's script has been praised for being well-written and humorous.<ref name="ipgn-podcast-23"/> ''[[PC Magazine]]'' named the game as one of the "must-have" games for iPhone.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Kyle |last=Monson |title=10 More Must-Have iPhone Games |url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2348468,00.asp |work=[[PC Magazine]] |date=2009-06-10 |page=2 |accessdate=2009-07-01}}</ref>
As of June 24, 2009, version 1.0 of the game had received a 4½ star rating in the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], based on 1,979 ratings. Version 1.1 has a 4 star rating as of August 20, 2009, based on 2,032 ratings. As of January 29, 2010, Version 1.3 had received a 4 star rating from 2,297 ratings.

==Sequels==

Gamevil developed a sequel to Zenonia, ''[[Zenonia 2]]: The Lost Memories''. It features four new characters with their own special abilities and combat tactics: Lu, the paladin (melee class), Ecne, the shooter (gunner class), Morpice, the mage (ranged mage class), and Daza, the warrior (melee class). The sequel features a new interface for character customization with over 1200 new items which, in addition to raising your character's fighting statistics, change his or her appearance. New landscapes have also been added to challenge the player even more than in the prior game. New terrain include ice to skid across, ledges to climb and flowing lava. The game also features [[player versus player]] (PvP) battles in a small arena. Each of the game's four towns have a different Arena layout.

The sequel was released in the iOS App Store on March 29, 2010 and the Android Market on December 24, 2010.

A further sequel, ''[[Zenonia 3]]'', was released in the Apple App Store on April 28, 2011, and the Android market on August 1, 2011.

The sequel to ''Zenonia 3'', called ''Zenonia 4'', was released in Korea on September 26, 2011. It was released in the Apple App Store on December 22, 2011. A release date for the Android market is still TBA.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|us.gamevil.com}}
*[http://www.igamestats.com/iphone-game/2002-zenonia.html iGameStats Average Score: 8.6 (based on 14 reviews)]

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in South Korea]]
[[Category:iOS games]]
[[Category:Zeebo games]]
[[Category:Android games]]
[[Category:DSiWare games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Portable games]]

[[ko:제노니아]]
[[pt:Zenonia]]

Liste von Werkzeugen zur statischen Codeanalyse

2011-08-26T08:32:48Z

Jerryobject: /* JavaScript */ Minor copy edits.

This is a list of tools for [[static code analysis]].

==Historical ==
* [[lint (software)|Lint]] — The original static code analyzer of [[C (programming language)|C code]].
* NuMega Code Review — now part of [[Micro Focus]] [[DevPartner]] suite.

== Open-source or non-commercial ==
=== Multi-language ===
* [[Moose (analysis)|Moose]] — Moose started as a software analysis platform with many tools to manipulate, assess or visualize software. It can evolve to a more generic data analysis platform. Supported languages are C/C++, Java, Smalltalk, .NET, more may be added.
* [[PMD (software)#Copy/Paste Detector (CPD)|Copy/Paste Detector (CPD)]] — [[PMD (software)|PMDs]] [[duplicate code]] detection for (e.g.) [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]] and [[PHP]] code.
* [[Sonar (software quality)|Sonar]] — A continuous inspection engine to manage the technical debt: unit tests, complexity, duplication, design, comments, coding standards and potential problems. Supports languages: COBOL, Flex, Java, PHP, PL/SQL, and Visual Basic 6.
* [[Yasca]] — Yet Another Source Code Analyzer, a plugin-based framework to scan arbitrary file types, with plugins for C/C++, Java, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, HTML/CSS, ColdFusion, [[COBOL]], and other file types. It integrates with other scanners, including [[FindBugs]], [[JLint]], [[PMD (software)|PMD]], and Pixy.

=== [[.NET Framework|.NET]] ([[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[VB.NET]] and all .NET compatible languages) ===
* [[FxCop]] — Free static analysis for Microsoft .NET programs that compile to [[Common Intermediate Language|CIL]]. Standalone and integrated in some [[Microsoft Visual Studio]] editions; by Microsoft.
* [[Mono (software)|Gendarme]] — Open-source ([[MIT License]]) equivalent to FxCop created by the [[Mono (software)|Mono]] project. Extensible rule-based tool to find problems in .NET applications and libraries, especially those containing code in ECMA CIL format.
* [[StyleCop]] — Analyzes C# source code to enforce a set of style and consistency rules. It can be run from inside of [[Microsoft Visual Studio]] or integrated into an [[MSBuild]] project. Free download from Microsoft.

=== [[ActionScript]] ===
* [[Apparat (computer science)|Apparat]] — A language manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate representations for ActionScript.

=== [[C (programming language)|C]] ===
* Antic — C/C++ analyzer, can detect errors such as division by 0 and array index bounds; a part of [[JLint]], but can be used alone.
* [[BLAST model checker|BLAST]] — (Berkeley Lazy Abstraction Software verification Tool) — A software model checker for C programs based on lazy abstraction.
* [[Clang]] — A compiler that includes a static analyzer.
* [[Coccinelle (software)|Coccinelle]] — Source code pattern matching and transformation
* [[Frama-C]] — A static analysis framework for C.
* [[lint (software)|Lint]] — The original static code analyzer for C.
* [[Sparse]] — A tool designed to find faults in the [[Linux]] kernel.
* [[Splint (programming tool)|Splint]] — An open source evolved version of Lint, for C.

=== [[C++]] ===
* [[Clang]] — A compiler that includes a static analyzer.
* [[cppcheck]] — Open-source tool that checks for several types of errors, including use of [[Standard Template Library|STL]].
* [http://code.google.com/p/google-styleguide/ cpplint] Open source, automated checker to make sure a C++ file follows Google's C++ style.
* [[Eclipse (software)]] — An IDE that includes a static code analyzer (CODAN).

=== [[Java (programming language)|Java]] ===
* [[Checkstyle]] — Besides some static code analysis, it can be used to show violations of a configured coding standard.
* [[FindBugs]] — An open-source static bytecode analyzer for Java (based on [[Jakarta Project|Jakarta]] [[Byte Code Engineering Library|BCEL]]) from the University of Maryland.
* [[Hammurapi code review tool|Hammurapi]] — Versatile code review program; free for non-commercial use.
* [[PMD (software)|PMD]] — A static ruleset based Java source code analyzer that identifies potential problems.
* [[Soot (software)|Soot]] — A language manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate languages for Java.
* [[Squale (Software Quality)|Squale]] — A platform to manage software quality (also available for other languages, using commercial analysis tools though).

=== [[JavaScript]] ===
* [[Google Closure Tools#Closure Compiler|Closure Compiler]] — JavaScript optimizer that rewrites code to be faster and smaller, and checks use of native JavaScript functions.
* [[JSLint]] — JavaScript [[syntax checker]] and validator.
* [http://jshint.com/ JSHint] — JavaScript [[syntax checker]] and validator; a fork of JSLint; compatible with more JavaScript environments.

=== [[Objective-C]] ===
* [[Clang]] — The free Clang project includes a static analyzer. As of version 3.2, this analyzer is included in [[Xcode]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/featuredarticles/StaticAnalysis/index.html | title=Static Analysis in Xcode | publisher=Apple | accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>

=== [[Python (programming language)|Python]] ===
* [[Pylint]] — Static code analyzer for the Python language.

=== [[CSS]] ===
* [[CSS Lint]] A tool to help point out problems with CSS code. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://csslint.net/about.html | title=Static A}}</ref>

==Commercial ==
===Multi-language===
* [[Axivion Bauhaus Suite]] — A tool for Ada, C, C++, C#, and Java code that comprises various analyses such as architecture checking, interface analyses, and clone detection.
* [[Black Duck Software|Black Duck Suite]] — Analyze the composition of software source code and binary files, search for reusable code, manage [[open source]] and third-party code approval, honor the legal obligations associated with mixed-origin code, and monitor related security vulnerabilities.
* [[Buguroo_Offensive_Security#bugScout|BugScout]] — Detects security flaws in Java, PHP, ASP and C# web applications.
* [[CAST Application Intelligence Platform]] — Detailed, audience-specific dashboards to measure quality and productivity. 30+ languages, C/C++, Java, .NET, Oracle, PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, Spring, Struts, Hibernate and all major databases.
* [[Checkmarx]] — Finds security vulnerabilities in source code, by analyzing source files and storing their meta data in a queryable database. Supports .NET family (C#, VB.NET), Java, C\C++, Visual Basic 6, Apex+VF, PHP, ASP.
* [[Coverity]] Static Analysis (formerly Coverity Prevent) — Identifies security vulnerabilities and code defects in C, C++, C# and Java code. Complements Coverity Dynamic Code Analysis and Architecture Analysis.
* [[DevPartner]] Code Review. Offered by [[Micro Focus]]. Static metrics and bug pattern detection for C#, VB.NET, and ASP.NET languages. Plugin to [[Visual Studio]]. Customized parsers provide extension through regular expressions and tailored rulesets.
* [[DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit]] — Supports custom analysis of C, C++, C#, Java, COBOL, PHP, VisualBasic and many other languages. Also COTS tools for clone analysis, dead code analysis, and style checking.
* [[Compuware]] DevEnterprise — Analysis of COBOL, PL/I, JCL, CICS, DB2, IMS and others.
* [[GrammaTech]] CodeSonar — Analyzes C, C++.
* [[Fortify Software|HP Fortify Source Code Analyzer]] — Helps developers identify software security vulnerabilities in C/C++, Java, JSP, .NET, ASP.NET, ColdFusion, classic ASP, PHP, Visual Basic 6, VBScript, JavaScript, PL/SQL, T-SQL, Python and COBOL and configuration files.
* [[Imagix 4D]] — Identifies problems in variable use, task interaction and concurrency, especially in embedded applications, as part of an overall system for understanding, improving and documenting C, C++ and Java code.
* [[Intel]] - Intel Parallel Studio XE: Contains '''Static Security Analysis''' (SSA) feature supports C/C++ and Fortran
* [[JustCode]] — Code analysis and refactoring productivity tool for JavaScript, C#, Visual Basic.NET, and ASP.NET
* [[Klocwork]] Insight — Provides security vulnerability, defect detection, architectural and build-over-build trend analysis for C, C++, C#, Java.
* [[Lattix, Inc.]] LDM — Architecture and dependency analysis tool for Ada, C/C++, Java, .NET software systems.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for C, C++, Ada83, Ada95 and Assembler (Intel, Freescale, Texas Instruments).
* [[Logiscope]]<ref>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/awdtools/logiscope/</ref> — Logiscope is a software quality assurance tool that automates code reviews and the identification and detection of error-prone modules for software testing.
* [[MALPAS Software Static Analysis Toolset|MALPAS]]; A software static analysis toolset for a variety of languages including Ada, C, Pascal and Assembler (Intel, PowerPC and Motorola). Used primarily for safety critical applications in Nuclear and Aerospace industries.
* [[Micro Focus]] (formerly Relativity Technologies) Modernization Workbench — Parsers included for C/C++, COBOL (multiple variants including IBM, Unisys, MF, ICL, Tandem), Java, PL/I, Natural (inc. ADABAS), Visual Basic, RPG, and other legacy languages; Extensible SDK to support 3rd party parsers. Supports automated metrics (including function points), business rule mining, componentisation and SOA analysis. Rich ad hoc diagramming, AST search & reporting)
* [[Ounce Labs]] (from 2010 IBM Rational Appscan Source) — Automated source code analysis that enables organizations to identify and eliminate software security vulnerabilities in languages including Java, JSP, C/C++, C#, ASP.NET and VB.NET.
* [[Parasoft]] — Analyzes Java (Jtest), JSP, C, C++ (C++test), .NET (C#, ASP.NET, VB.NET, etc.) using .TEST, WSDL, XML, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript/ASP, and configuration files for security,<ref>[http://www.parasoft.com/jsp/solutions/application_security_solution.jsp?itemId=322 Parasoft Application Security Solution]</ref> compliance,<ref>[http://www.parasoft.com/jsp/solutions/compliance.jsp?itemId=339 Parasoft Compliance Solution]</ref> and defect prevention.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]] for C, C++, and Ada
* ProjectCodeMeter<ref>[http://www.projectcodemeter.com Project Code Meter site]</ref> — Warns on code quality issues such as insufficient commenting or complex code structure. Counts code metrics, gives cost & time estimations. Analyzes C, C++, C#, J#, Java, PHP, Objective-C, JavaScript, UnrealEngine script, ActionScript, DigitalMars D.
* [[Rational Software]] Analyzer — Supports Java, C, C++, others available via extensions
* [[ResourceMiner]] — Architecture down to details multipurpose analysis and metrics, develop own rules for masschange and generator development. Supports 30+ legacy and modern languages and all major databases.
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Static detection of logic errors, [[race condition]]s, and redundant code for [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]; automatically extracts [[precondition|pre]]/[[postcondition]]s from code.
* [http://www.softwarediagnostics.com Software Diagnostics] — Analyzes and integrates metrics from code (C, C++, C#, Java, ABAP, COBOL, …), executed applications (performance, test coverage, …), and repositories (SCM, Bug/Issue-Tracking, …). Results are presented to managers and team leaders as [http://www.softwarediagnostics.com "software maps"] that reveal costly and risky parts of code.
* [[Sotoarc|Sotoarc/Sotograph]] — Architecture and quality in-depth analysis and monitoring for C, C++, C#, Java
* [[Syhunt]] Sandcat — Detects security flaws in PHP, Classic ASP and ASP.NET web applications.
* [[Understand (software)|Understand]] — Analyzes Ada, C, C++, Java, Fortran, Jovial, Delphi, VHDL, HTML, CSS, PHP, and JavaScript — reverse engineering of source, code navigation, and metrics tool.
* [[Veracode]] — Finds security flaws in application binaries and bytecode without requiring source. Supported languages include C, C++, .NET (C#, [[C++/CLI]], VB.NET, ASP.NET), Java, JSP, [[ColdFusion]], [[PHP]], and [[Objective-C]], including mobile applications on the [[Windows Mobile]], [[BlackBerry]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] platforms.
* [[Visual Studio Team System]] — Analyzes C++, C# source codes. only available in team suite and development edition.

===[[.NET Framework|.NET]]===
Products covering multiple .NET languages.
* [[CodeIt.Right]] — Combines static code analysis and automatic refactoring to best practices which allows automatically correct code errors and violations; supports C# and VB.NET.
* [[CodeRush]] — A plugin for [[Visual Studio]], it addresses a multitude of shortcomings with the popular IDE. Including alerting users to violations of best practices by using static code analysis.
* [[Parasoft | Parasoft dotTEST]] — A static analysis, unit testing, and code review plugin for [[Visual Studio]]; works with languages for Microsoft .NET Framework and .NET Compact Framework, including C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET and Managed C++.
* [[JustCode]] — Add-on for Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 for real-time, system-wide code analysis for C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET, XAML, JavaScript, HTML and multi-language systems.
* [[NDepend]] — Simplifies managing a complex .NET code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions of the code. Integrates into [[Visual Studio]].
* [[ReSharper]] — Add-on for Visual Studio 2003/2005/2008/2010 from the creators of [[IntelliJ IDEA]], which also does static code analysis of C#.
* [[Kalistick]] — Mixing from the Cloud: static code analysis with best practice tips and collaborative tools for Agile teams.

=== [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] ===
* Ada-ASSURED — A tool that offers coding style checks, standards enforcement and pretty printing features.
* [[AdaCore]] CodePeer — Automated code review and bug finder for Ada programs that uses control-flow, data-flow, and other advanced static analysis techniques.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for Ada83/95.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]]
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Static detection of logic errors, [[race condition]]s, and redundant code for Ada; automatically extracts [[precondition|pre]]/[[postcondition]]s from code.

=== [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]] ===
* [[Astrée (static analysis)|Astrée]]; exhaustive search for runtime errors and assertion violations by [[abstract interpretation]]; tailored towards critical code (avionics)
* FlexeLint — A multiplatform version of [[PC-Lint]].
* [[Green Hills Software]] DoubleCheck — A software analysis tool for C/C++.
* [[Intel]] - Intel Parallel Studio XE: has static security analysis (SSA) feature.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for C/C++.
* [[Monoidics]] INFER — A sound tool for C/C++ based on Separation Logic.
* [[Parasoft| Parasoft C/C++test]]— A C/C++ tool that does static analysis, unit testing, code review, and runtime error detection; plugins available for [[Visual Studio]] and [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]]-based IDEs.
* [[PC-Lint]] — A software analysis tool for C/C++.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]]
* [[PVS-Studio]] — A software analysis tool for C/C++/C++0x.
* [[QA-C]] (and QA-C++) — Deep static analysis of C/C++ for quality assurance and guideline enforcement.
* [[Red Lizard Software|Red Lizard]]'s Goanna — Static analysis for C/C++ in [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] and [[Visual Studio]].
* CppDepend — Simplifies managing a complex C\C++ code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions of the code. Integrates into [[Visual Studio]].

===[[Java (programming language)|Java]]===
* [[Jtest]] — Testing and static code analysis product by [[Parasoft]].
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for Java.
* [[SemmleCode]] — Object oriented code queries for static program analysis.
* [[SonarJ]] — Monitors conformance of code to intended architecture, also computes a wide range of software metrics.
* [[Kalistick]] — A Cloud-based platform to manage and optimize code quality for Agile teams with DevOps spirit

==Formal methods tools==
Tools that use a [[formal methods]] approach to static analysis (e.g., using static [[assertion (computing)|program assertions]]):

* [[ESC/Java]] and [[ESC/Java2]] — Based on [[Java Modeling Language]], an enriched version of Java.
* [[MALPAS Software Static Analysis Toolset|MALPAS]]; A formal methods tool that uses [[Graph (mathematics)|directed graphs]] and [[regular algebra]] to prove that software under analysis correctly meets its mathematical specification.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]], a formal methods based technique,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4343908%2F4343909%2F04343930.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4343930&authDecision=-203 |title=The Role of Abstract Interpretation in Formal Methods |first=Patrick |last=Cousot |year=2007 |publisher=IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods |accessdate=2010-11-08}}</ref> to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]] for C/C++, and Ada
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Statically determines and documents [[precondition|pre]]- and [[postcondition]]s for [[Java (programming language)|Java]] methods; statically checks [[precondition]]s at all call sites; also supports [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].
* [[SPARK Toolset]] including the [[SPARK Examiner]] — Based on the [[SPARK (programming language)|SPARK]] language, a subset of [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Software Testing}}
*[[Automated code review]]
*[[Best Coding Practices]]
*[[Dynamic code analysis]]
*[[Software metrics]]
*[[Static code analysis]]
*[[Integrated development environment]] (IDE) and [[Comparison of integrated development environments]]. IDEs will usually come with build-in support for static code analysis, or with an option to integrate such support. [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] offers such integration mechasism for most different types of extensions (plug-ins).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Languages/Java/Development_Tools/Performance_and_Testing/Static_Checkers|Java Static Checkers}}
* [http://www.eclipseplugincentral.com/Web_Links-index-req-viewcatlink-cid-14-orderby-rating.html List of Java static code analysis plugins for Eclipse]
* [http://www.spinroot.com/static/ List of static source code analysis tools for C]
* [https://www.cert.org/secure-coding/tools.html List of static source code analysis tools] at [[CERT Coordination Center|CERT]]
* [http://samate.nist.gov/index.php/Source_Code_Security_Analyzers.html SAMATE-Source Code Security Analyzers]
* [http://samate.nist.gov/SATE.html SATE - Static Analysis Tool Exposition]
* [http://www.cs.umd.edu/~jfoster/papers/issre04.pdf “A Comparison of Bug Finding Tools for Java”], by Nick Rutar, Christian Almazan, and Jeff Foster, [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]. Compares Bandera, [[ESC/Java]] 2, [[FindBugs]], [[JLint]], and PMD.
* [http://www.oreillynet.com/digitalmedia/blog/2004/03/minireview_of_java_bug_finders.html “Mini-review of Java Bug Finders”], by Rick Jelliffe, [[O'Reilly Media]].
* [http://www.ddj.com/218000153 Parallel Lint], by Andrey Karpov
* [http://www.embedded.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=193500830 Integrate static analysis into a software development process] Explains how one goes about integrating static analysis into a software development process

[[Category:Static program analysis tools| ]]

Liste von Werkzeugen zur statischen Codeanalyse

2011-08-26T08:29:14Z

Jerryobject: Minor copy edits. Formatting changed to equivalent punctuation. Links: updated, some reds checked and removed.

This is a list of tools for [[static code analysis]].

==Historical ==
* [[lint (software)|Lint]] — The original static code analyzer of [[C (programming language)|C code]].
* NuMega Code Review — now part of [[Micro Focus]] [[DevPartner]] suite.

== Open-source or non-commercial ==
=== Multi-language ===
* [[Moose (analysis)|Moose]] — Moose started as a software analysis platform with many tools to manipulate, assess or visualize software. It can evolve to a more generic data analysis platform. Supported languages are C/C++, Java, Smalltalk, .NET, more may be added.
* [[PMD (software)#Copy/Paste Detector (CPD)|Copy/Paste Detector (CPD)]] — [[PMD (software)|PMDs]] [[duplicate code]] detection for (e.g.) [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]] and [[PHP]] code.
* [[Sonar (software quality)|Sonar]] — A continuous inspection engine to manage the technical debt: unit tests, complexity, duplication, design, comments, coding standards and potential problems. Supports languages: COBOL, Flex, Java, PHP, PL/SQL, and Visual Basic 6.
* [[Yasca]] — Yet Another Source Code Analyzer, a plugin-based framework to scan arbitrary file types, with plugins for C/C++, Java, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, HTML/CSS, ColdFusion, [[COBOL]], and other file types. It integrates with other scanners, including [[FindBugs]], [[JLint]], [[PMD (software)|PMD]], and Pixy.

=== [[.NET Framework|.NET]] ([[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[VB.NET]] and all .NET compatible languages) ===
* [[FxCop]] — Free static analysis for Microsoft .NET programs that compile to [[Common Intermediate Language|CIL]]. Standalone and integrated in some [[Microsoft Visual Studio]] editions; by Microsoft.
* [[Mono (software)|Gendarme]] — Open-source ([[MIT License]]) equivalent to FxCop created by the [[Mono (software)|Mono]] project. Extensible rule-based tool to find problems in .NET applications and libraries, especially those containing code in ECMA CIL format.
* [[StyleCop]] — Analyzes C# source code to enforce a set of style and consistency rules. It can be run from inside of [[Microsoft Visual Studio]] or integrated into an [[MSBuild]] project. Free download from Microsoft.

=== [[ActionScript]] ===
* [[Apparat (computer science)|Apparat]] — A language manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate representations for ActionScript.

=== [[C (programming language)|C]] ===
* Antic — C/C++ analyzer, can detect errors such as division by 0 and array index bounds; a part of [[JLint]], but can be used alone.
* [[BLAST model checker|BLAST]] — (Berkeley Lazy Abstraction Software verification Tool) — A software model checker for C programs based on lazy abstraction.
* [[Clang]] — A compiler that includes a static analyzer.
* [[Coccinelle (software)|Coccinelle]] — Source code pattern matching and transformation
* [[Frama-C]] — A static analysis framework for C.
* [[lint (software)|Lint]] — The original static code analyzer for C.
* [[Sparse]] — A tool designed to find faults in the [[Linux]] kernel.
* [[Splint (programming tool)|Splint]] — An open source evolved version of Lint, for C.

=== [[C++]] ===
* [[Clang]] — A compiler that includes a static analyzer.
* [[cppcheck]] — Open-source tool that checks for several types of errors, including use of [[Standard Template Library|STL]].
* [http://code.google.com/p/google-styleguide/ cpplint] Open source, automated checker to make sure a C++ file follows Google's C++ style.
* [[Eclipse (software)]] — An IDE that includes a static code analyzer (CODAN).

=== [[Java (programming language)|Java]] ===
* [[Checkstyle]] — Besides some static code analysis, it can be used to show violations of a configured coding standard.
* [[FindBugs]] — An open-source static bytecode analyzer for Java (based on [[Jakarta Project|Jakarta]] [[Byte Code Engineering Library|BCEL]]) from the University of Maryland.
* [[Hammurapi code review tool|Hammurapi]] — Versatile code review program; free for non-commercial use.
* [[PMD (software)|PMD]] — A static ruleset based Java source code analyzer that identifies potential problems.
* [[Soot (software)|Soot]] — A language manipulation and optimization framework consisting of intermediate languages for Java.
* [[Squale (Software Quality)|Squale]] — A platform to manage software quality (also available for other languages, using commercial analysis tools though).

=== [[JavaScript]] ===
* [[Google Closure Tools#Closure Compiler|Closure Compiler]] — JavaScript optimizer that rewrites code to make it faster and smaller, and checks use of native JavaScript functions.
* [[JSLint]] — JavaScript [[syntax checker]] and validator.
* [http://jshint.com/ JSHint] — JavaScript [[syntax checker]] and validator. A fork of JSLint. Compatible with more JavaScript environments.

=== [[Objective-C]] ===
* [[Clang]] — The free Clang project includes a static analyzer. As of version 3.2, this analyzer is included in [[Xcode]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/featuredarticles/StaticAnalysis/index.html | title=Static Analysis in Xcode | publisher=Apple | accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>

=== [[Python (programming language)|Python]] ===
* [[Pylint]] — Static code analyzer for the Python language.

=== [[CSS]] ===
* [[CSS Lint]] A tool to help point out problems with CSS code. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://csslint.net/about.html | title=Static A}}</ref>

==Commercial ==
===Multi-language===
* [[Axivion Bauhaus Suite]] — A tool for Ada, C, C++, C#, and Java code that comprises various analyses such as architecture checking, interface analyses, and clone detection.
* [[Black Duck Software|Black Duck Suite]] — Analyze the composition of software source code and binary files, search for reusable code, manage [[open source]] and third-party code approval, honor the legal obligations associated with mixed-origin code, and monitor related security vulnerabilities.
* [[Buguroo_Offensive_Security#bugScout|BugScout]] — Detects security flaws in Java, PHP, ASP and C# web applications.
* [[CAST Application Intelligence Platform]] — Detailed, audience-specific dashboards to measure quality and productivity. 30+ languages, C/C++, Java, .NET, Oracle, PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, Spring, Struts, Hibernate and all major databases.
* [[Checkmarx]] — Finds security vulnerabilities in source code, by analyzing source files and storing their meta data in a queryable database. Supports .NET family (C#, VB.NET), Java, C\C++, Visual Basic 6, Apex+VF, PHP, ASP.
* [[Coverity]] Static Analysis (formerly Coverity Prevent) — Identifies security vulnerabilities and code defects in C, C++, C# and Java code. Complements Coverity Dynamic Code Analysis and Architecture Analysis.
* [[DevPartner]] Code Review. Offered by [[Micro Focus]]. Static metrics and bug pattern detection for C#, VB.NET, and ASP.NET languages. Plugin to [[Visual Studio]]. Customized parsers provide extension through regular expressions and tailored rulesets.
* [[DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit]] — Supports custom analysis of C, C++, C#, Java, COBOL, PHP, VisualBasic and many other languages. Also COTS tools for clone analysis, dead code analysis, and style checking.
* [[Compuware]] DevEnterprise — Analysis of COBOL, PL/I, JCL, CICS, DB2, IMS and others.
* [[GrammaTech]] CodeSonar — Analyzes C, C++.
* [[Fortify Software|HP Fortify Source Code Analyzer]] — Helps developers identify software security vulnerabilities in C/C++, Java, JSP, .NET, ASP.NET, ColdFusion, classic ASP, PHP, Visual Basic 6, VBScript, JavaScript, PL/SQL, T-SQL, Python and COBOL and configuration files.
* [[Imagix 4D]] — Identifies problems in variable use, task interaction and concurrency, especially in embedded applications, as part of an overall system for understanding, improving and documenting C, C++ and Java code.
* [[Intel]] - Intel Parallel Studio XE: Contains '''Static Security Analysis''' (SSA) feature supports C/C++ and Fortran
* [[JustCode]] — Code analysis and refactoring productivity tool for JavaScript, C#, Visual Basic.NET, and ASP.NET
* [[Klocwork]] Insight — Provides security vulnerability, defect detection, architectural and build-over-build trend analysis for C, C++, C#, Java.
* [[Lattix, Inc.]] LDM — Architecture and dependency analysis tool for Ada, C/C++, Java, .NET software systems.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for C, C++, Ada83, Ada95 and Assembler (Intel, Freescale, Texas Instruments).
* [[Logiscope]]<ref>http://www-01.ibm.com/software/awdtools/logiscope/</ref> — Logiscope is a software quality assurance tool that automates code reviews and the identification and detection of error-prone modules for software testing.
* [[MALPAS Software Static Analysis Toolset|MALPAS]]; A software static analysis toolset for a variety of languages including Ada, C, Pascal and Assembler (Intel, PowerPC and Motorola). Used primarily for safety critical applications in Nuclear and Aerospace industries.
* [[Micro Focus]] (formerly Relativity Technologies) Modernization Workbench — Parsers included for C/C++, COBOL (multiple variants including IBM, Unisys, MF, ICL, Tandem), Java, PL/I, Natural (inc. ADABAS), Visual Basic, RPG, and other legacy languages; Extensible SDK to support 3rd party parsers. Supports automated metrics (including function points), business rule mining, componentisation and SOA analysis. Rich ad hoc diagramming, AST search & reporting)
* [[Ounce Labs]] (from 2010 IBM Rational Appscan Source) — Automated source code analysis that enables organizations to identify and eliminate software security vulnerabilities in languages including Java, JSP, C/C++, C#, ASP.NET and VB.NET.
* [[Parasoft]] — Analyzes Java (Jtest), JSP, C, C++ (C++test), .NET (C#, ASP.NET, VB.NET, etc.) using .TEST, WSDL, XML, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript/ASP, and configuration files for security,<ref>[http://www.parasoft.com/jsp/solutions/application_security_solution.jsp?itemId=322 Parasoft Application Security Solution]</ref> compliance,<ref>[http://www.parasoft.com/jsp/solutions/compliance.jsp?itemId=339 Parasoft Compliance Solution]</ref> and defect prevention.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]] for C, C++, and Ada
* ProjectCodeMeter<ref>[http://www.projectcodemeter.com Project Code Meter site]</ref> — Warns on code quality issues such as insufficient commenting or complex code structure. Counts code metrics, gives cost & time estimations. Analyzes C, C++, C#, J#, Java, PHP, Objective-C, JavaScript, UnrealEngine script, ActionScript, DigitalMars D.
* [[Rational Software]] Analyzer — Supports Java, C, C++, others available via extensions
* [[ResourceMiner]] — Architecture down to details multipurpose analysis and metrics, develop own rules for masschange and generator development. Supports 30+ legacy and modern languages and all major databases.
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Static detection of logic errors, [[race condition]]s, and redundant code for [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]; automatically extracts [[precondition|pre]]/[[postcondition]]s from code.
* [http://www.softwarediagnostics.com Software Diagnostics] — Analyzes and integrates metrics from code (C, C++, C#, Java, ABAP, COBOL, …), executed applications (performance, test coverage, …), and repositories (SCM, Bug/Issue-Tracking, …). Results are presented to managers and team leaders as [http://www.softwarediagnostics.com "software maps"] that reveal costly and risky parts of code.
* [[Sotoarc|Sotoarc/Sotograph]] — Architecture and quality in-depth analysis and monitoring for C, C++, C#, Java
* [[Syhunt]] Sandcat — Detects security flaws in PHP, Classic ASP and ASP.NET web applications.
* [[Understand (software)|Understand]] — Analyzes Ada, C, C++, Java, Fortran, Jovial, Delphi, VHDL, HTML, CSS, PHP, and JavaScript — reverse engineering of source, code navigation, and metrics tool.
* [[Veracode]] — Finds security flaws in application binaries and bytecode without requiring source. Supported languages include C, C++, .NET (C#, [[C++/CLI]], VB.NET, ASP.NET), Java, JSP, [[ColdFusion]], [[PHP]], and [[Objective-C]], including mobile applications on the [[Windows Mobile]], [[BlackBerry]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] platforms.
* [[Visual Studio Team System]] — Analyzes C++, C# source codes. only available in team suite and development edition.

===[[.NET Framework|.NET]]===
Products covering multiple .NET languages.
* [[CodeIt.Right]] — Combines static code analysis and automatic refactoring to best practices which allows automatically correct code errors and violations; supports C# and VB.NET.
* [[CodeRush]] — A plugin for [[Visual Studio]], it addresses a multitude of shortcomings with the popular IDE. Including alerting users to violations of best practices by using static code analysis.
* [[Parasoft | Parasoft dotTEST]] — A static analysis, unit testing, and code review plugin for [[Visual Studio]]; works with languages for Microsoft .NET Framework and .NET Compact Framework, including C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET and Managed C++.
* [[JustCode]] — Add-on for Visual Studio 2005/2008/2010 for real-time, system-wide code analysis for C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET, XAML, JavaScript, HTML and multi-language systems.
* [[NDepend]] — Simplifies managing a complex .NET code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions of the code. Integrates into [[Visual Studio]].
* [[ReSharper]] — Add-on for Visual Studio 2003/2005/2008/2010 from the creators of [[IntelliJ IDEA]], which also does static code analysis of C#.
* [[Kalistick]] — Mixing from the Cloud: static code analysis with best practice tips and collaborative tools for Agile teams.

=== [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] ===
* Ada-ASSURED — A tool that offers coding style checks, standards enforcement and pretty printing features.
* [[AdaCore]] CodePeer — Automated code review and bug finder for Ada programs that uses control-flow, data-flow, and other advanced static analysis techniques.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for Ada83/95.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]]
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Static detection of logic errors, [[race condition]]s, and redundant code for Ada; automatically extracts [[precondition|pre]]/[[postcondition]]s from code.

=== [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]] ===
* [[Astrée (static analysis)|Astrée]]; exhaustive search for runtime errors and assertion violations by [[abstract interpretation]]; tailored towards critical code (avionics)
* FlexeLint — A multiplatform version of [[PC-Lint]].
* [[Green Hills Software]] DoubleCheck — A software analysis tool for C/C++.
* [[Intel]] - Intel Parallel Studio XE: has static security analysis (SSA) feature.
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for C/C++.
* [[Monoidics]] INFER — A sound tool for C/C++ based on Separation Logic.
* [[Parasoft| Parasoft C/C++test]]— A C/C++ tool that does static analysis, unit testing, code review, and runtime error detection; plugins available for [[Visual Studio]] and [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]]-based IDEs.
* [[PC-Lint]] — A software analysis tool for C/C++.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]] to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]]
* [[PVS-Studio]] — A software analysis tool for C/C++/C++0x.
* [[QA-C]] (and QA-C++) — Deep static analysis of C/C++ for quality assurance and guideline enforcement.
* [[Red Lizard Software|Red Lizard]]'s Goanna — Static analysis for C/C++ in [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] and [[Visual Studio]].
* CppDepend — Simplifies managing a complex C\C++ code base by analyzing and visualizing code dependencies, by defining design rules, by doing impact analysis, and by comparing different versions of the code. Integrates into [[Visual Studio]].

===[[Java (programming language)|Java]]===
* [[Jtest]] — Testing and static code analysis product by [[Parasoft]].
* [[LDRA Testbed]] — A software analysis and testing tool suite for Java.
* [[SemmleCode]] — Object oriented code queries for static program analysis.
* [[SonarJ]] — Monitors conformance of code to intended architecture, also computes a wide range of software metrics.
* [[Kalistick]] — A Cloud-based platform to manage and optimize code quality for Agile teams with DevOps spirit

==Formal methods tools==
Tools that use a [[formal methods]] approach to static analysis (e.g., using static [[assertion (computing)|program assertions]]):

* [[ESC/Java]] and [[ESC/Java2]] — Based on [[Java Modeling Language]], an enriched version of Java.
* [[MALPAS Software Static Analysis Toolset|MALPAS]]; A formal methods tool that uses [[Graph (mathematics)|directed graphs]] and [[regular algebra]] to prove that software under analysis correctly meets its mathematical specification.
* [[Polyspace]] — Uses [[abstract interpretation]], a formal methods based technique,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F4343908%2F4343909%2F04343930.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4343930&authDecision=-203 |title=The Role of Abstract Interpretation in Formal Methods |first=Patrick |last=Cousot |year=2007 |publisher=IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods |accessdate=2010-11-08}}</ref> to detect and prove the absence of certain [[run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time errors]] in [[source code]] for C/C++, and Ada
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] — Statically determines and documents [[precondition|pre]]- and [[postcondition]]s for [[Java (programming language)|Java]] methods; statically checks [[precondition]]s at all call sites; also supports [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].
* [[SPARK Toolset]] including the [[SPARK Examiner]] — Based on the [[SPARK (programming language)|SPARK]] language, a subset of [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Software Testing}}
*[[Automated code review]]
*[[Best Coding Practices]]
*[[Dynamic code analysis]]
*[[Software metrics]]
*[[Static code analysis]]
*[[Integrated development environment]] (IDE) and [[Comparison of integrated development environments]]. IDEs will usually come with build-in support for static code analysis, or with an option to integrate such support. [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] offers such integration mechasism for most different types of extensions (plug-ins).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Languages/Java/Development_Tools/Performance_and_Testing/Static_Checkers|Java Static Checkers}}
* [http://www.eclipseplugincentral.com/Web_Links-index-req-viewcatlink-cid-14-orderby-rating.html List of Java static code analysis plugins for Eclipse]
* [http://www.spinroot.com/static/ List of static source code analysis tools for C]
* [https://www.cert.org/secure-coding/tools.html List of static source code analysis tools] at [[CERT Coordination Center|CERT]]
* [http://samate.nist.gov/index.php/Source_Code_Security_Analyzers.html SAMATE-Source Code Security Analyzers]
* [http://samate.nist.gov/SATE.html SATE - Static Analysis Tool Exposition]
* [http://www.cs.umd.edu/~jfoster/papers/issre04.pdf “A Comparison of Bug Finding Tools for Java”], by Nick Rutar, Christian Almazan, and Jeff Foster, [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]. Compares Bandera, [[ESC/Java]] 2, [[FindBugs]], [[JLint]], and PMD.
* [http://www.oreillynet.com/digitalmedia/blog/2004/03/minireview_of_java_bug_finders.html “Mini-review of Java Bug Finders”], by Rick Jelliffe, [[O'Reilly Media]].
* [http://www.ddj.com/218000153 Parallel Lint], by Andrey Karpov
* [http://www.embedded.com/shared/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=193500830 Integrate static analysis into a software development process] Explains how one goes about integrating static analysis into a software development process

[[Category:Static program analysis tools| ]]

Software Freedom Conservancy

2011-08-21T03:07:05Z

Jerryobject: Templates: updated, added, removed. Links: disambiguated, updated, needless underscores removed. Citations: updated, added.

{{primary sources|date=March 2011}}

The '''Software Freedom Conservancy''' is an organization that provides a non-profit home and infrastructure for [[free software|free]]/[[open source software]] projects.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/overview/
|title=Overview - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=4 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://twit.tv/floss171 |title=FLOSS Weekly 171: Software Freedom Conservancy |first1=Randal |last1=Schwartz |first2=Dan |last2=Lynch |date=22 June 2011 |work=TWiT.tv |publisher=TWiT LLC}}</ref> The conservancy was established in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |author=ScuttleMonkey |title=New Conservancy Offers Gratis Services to FOSS |publisher=Slashdot |url=http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/04/03/1847227 |date=2006-04-03 |language=en |accessdate=2008-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mozilla.org/grants/software-freedom-conservancy.html |title=Mozilla Grants: Software Freedom Conservancy |work=Mozilla.org |publisher=Mozilla Foundation |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref> As of June 2011, the conservancy had 26 member projects, including [[Boost C++ Libraries|Boost]], [[BusyBox]], [[Git (software)|Git]], [[Inkscape]], [[jQuery]], [[Samba (software)|Samba]], [[Sugar Labs]] and [[Wine (software)|Wine]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/members/current/
|title=Current Member Projects - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2011-6-13}}</ref> In October 2010, the conservancy hired its first [[Executive Director]], [[Bradley M. Kuhn]].<ref name="sfc-ed">{{Cite web |url=http://sfconservancy.org/news/2010/oct/04/kuhn-executive-director/ |title=Software Freedom Conservancy Appoints Full-Time Executive Director |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

== Directors ==
As of October 2010, the conservancy's directors were:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/about/board/
|title=Directors: Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=4 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/about/officers/
|title=Officers - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=4 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Jeremy Allison]]
* [[Loïc Dachary]]
* [[Mark Galassi]] (Vice President)
* [[Bradley M. Kuhn]] (President and Chair)
* [[Axel Metzger]]
* [[Eben Moglen]]
* [[Dan Ravicher]]
* [[Ian Lance Taylor]]
* [[Tom Tromey]]
* [[Matthew S. Wilson]]

==Member projects==
The following projects are members of the Software Freedom Conservancy:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sfconservancy.org/members/current/
|title=Current Member Projects - Software Freedom Conservancy
|accessdate=2011-8-1}}</ref>
* [[Amarok (software)|Amarok]]
* [[ArgoUML]]
* [[Hula (software)|Bongo]]
* [[Boost C++ Libraries|Boost]]
* [[BusyBox]]
* [[Darcs]]
* [[Evergreen (software)|Evergreen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/196-zonker/458776-vergreen-joins-the-software-freedom-conservancy |title=Evergreen Joins the Software Freedom Conservancy |first=Joe 'Zonker' |last=Brockmeier |date=16 June 2011 |work=Linux.com}}</ref>
* [[Gevent]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/conservancy-adds-25th-project |title=Software Freedom Conservancy adds 25th member project: Things looking bright for Conservancy |first=Joe |last=Brockmeier |date=18 January 2011 |work=Network World |publisher=IDG Communications, Inc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dissociatedpress.net/2011/01/18/software-freedom-conservancy-adds-25th-member-project/ |title=Software Freedom Conservancy adds 25th member project |first=Joe |last=Brockmeier |date=18 January 2011 |work=Dissociated Press}}</ref>
* [[Git (software)|Git]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://git-scm.com/sfc |title=Git and The Software Freedom Conservancy |work=Git |accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>
* [[Inkscape]]
* [[K-3D]]
* [[Kohana (web framework)|Kohana]]
* [[Libbraille]]
* [[Mercurial]]
* [[OpenChange]]
* [[PyPy]]
* [[SWIG]]
* [[Samba]]
* [[Selenium]]
* [[Squeak]]
* [[SurveyOS]]
* [[Twisted (software)|Twisted]]
* [[Wine (software)|Wine]]
* [[jQuery]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.jquery.com/2009/01/14/jquery-13-and-the-jquery-foundation/ |title=Blog: jQuery 1.3 and the jQuery Foundation |first=John |last=Resig |date=14 January 2009 |work=jQuery}}</ref>
* [[uCLibc]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== See also ==
* [[Apache Software Foundation]] (ASF)
* [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF)
* [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI)
* [[Software Freedom Law Center]] (SFLC)
* [[Software in the Public Interest]] (SPI)

==External links==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* {{Official website|www.sfconservancy.org}}

{{FOSS}}
[[Category:Free and open source software organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2006]]

[[he:מוסד חופש התוכנה]]
[[ja:Software Freedom Conservancy]]

Adobe PhoneGap

2011-07-16T04:37:48Z

Jerryobject: Links: updated, non-proper nouns decapitalized, abbreviation 1st instance fixed, removed needless: piping, underscores. Template added. References: punctuation moved before. Needless carriage return in reference removed.

'''PhoneGap''' is an open-source [[multiple phone web based application framework|mobile development framework]] developed by Nitobi Software and IBM.<ref>[http://www.quora.com/Andre-Charland/PhoneGap/answers]</ref><ref>[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/zones/portal/portletfactory/proddoc/phonegap/]</ref> It enables [[computer software|software]] [[programmer]]s to build [[application software|applications]] for mobile devices using [[JavaScript]], [[HTML]] and [[CSS]], instead of often less-known languages such as [[Objective-C]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/tech/giga_om/tech_insider/2009/04/05/phonegap_seeks_to_bridge_the_gap_between_mobile_app_platforms/], PhoneGap Seeks to Bridge the Gap Between Mobile App Platforms, Salon.com, April 5, 2009</ref> The resulting applications are hybrid, meaning that they are neither truly native (all layout rendering is done via the webview instead of Objective-C or [[Corona (software development kit)|Corona]] apps) nor purely web based (much of the functions would be supported by [[HTML5]]). One disadvantage is that hybrid applications do not have full access to the device [[application programming interface]] (API).

PhoneGap currently supports development for the [[operating system]]s Apple [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]], Google [[Android (operating system)|Android]], HP [[webOS]], Microsoft [[Windows Mobile]], Nokia [[Symbian]] OS<ref>[http://androidandme.com/2009/12/news/using-phonegap-and-the-sony-ericsson-websdk-to-develop-android-apps/], Using PhoneGap and the Sony Ericsson WebSDK to develop Android apps, Android and Me, December 15, 2009</ref> and RIM [[BlackBerry]]. Support for recent versions, such as BlackBerry 5 and 6 and Windows Phone 7, is being implemented now.<ref name="wp7">{{cite web|url=http://github.com/mrlacey/phonegap-wp7|title=Attempt to implement PhoneGap on Windows Phone 7 |accessdate=24 Sept 2010}}</ref><ref name="bb5">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/phonegap/phonegap-blackberry-webworks/tree/master/framework/ext/src/com/phonegap |title=PhoneGap BlackBerry WebWorks (for BlackBerry OS 5.0 and 6.0) |accessdate=31 Jan 2011}}</ref> [[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] (the operating system used by the [[Samsung]] [[Samsung Wave|Wave S8500]]) support is "coming soon".<ref>https://build.phonegap.com/</ref>

First developed at an iPhoneDevCamp event in San Francisco,<ref>[http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Application-Development/PhoneGap-Simplifies-iPhone-Android-BlackBerry-Development-788189/], PhoneGap Simplifies iPhone, Android, BlackBerry Development, eWeek, March 13, 2009</ref> PhoneGap went on to win the People's Choice Award at [[O'Reilly Media]]'s 2009 Web 2.0 Conference.<ref>[http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/phone_gap_todays_peoples_choice_winner_at_launch_p.php], PhoneGap: People's Choice Winner at Web 2.0 Expo Launch Pad, ReadWriteWeb, April 2, 2009</ref>

The framework has been used to develop many apps.<ref>[http://www.phonegap.com/apps/], Apps developed with PhoneGap.</ref>

[[Apple Inc.]] has confirmed that the framework has its approval, even with the new 4.0 developer license agreement changes.<ref>[http://www.phonegap.com/2010/04/14/phonegap-and-the-apple-developer-license-agreement/], PhoneGap and the Apple developer license agreement, PhoneGap, April 14, 2010</ref>

The PhoneGap framework is used by several mobile application platforms such as Worklight<ref>[http://www.worklight.com],Worklight</ref><ref>[http://www.phonegap.com/2011/06/27/how-phonegap-plays-an-important-part-in-our-enterprise-offering/],How PhoneGap Plays an Important Part in Our Enterprise Offering</ref> and appMobi<ref>[http://www.appmobi.com],appMobi</ref> as the backbone of their mobile client development engine.

==See also==
*[[Multiple phone web based application framework]]
*[[List of rich Internet application frameworks]]
*[[Appcelerator Titanium]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.phonegap.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phonegap}}
[[Category:Communication software]]
[[Category:Integrated development environments]]
[[Category:Android development software]]
[[Category:BlackBerry development software]]
[[Category:Rich Internet application frameworks]]

[[ja:PhoneGap]]

Comodo Group

2011-04-30T00:13:27Z

Jerryobject: Minor copy edits.

{{Infobox company
| company_logo = [[File:Comodo logo.png|center|210px]]
| company_name = Comodo Group, Inc
| company_type = [[Private company]]
| company_slogan = Creating Trust Online
| foundation = 1998
| location = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], [[United States|USA]]
| key_people = President & CEO: [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]]
| num_employees = 600+
| industry = [[Computer security]], [[Internet security]]
| homepage = {{URL|www.comodo.com}}
}}
'''Comodo Group, Inc.''' is a privately held group of companies providing [[computer software]] and [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]] [[digital certificate]]s, based in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], in the United States. It has offices in United Kingdom, Ukraine, China, India and Salt Lake City, Utah.

== History ==
The company was founded in 1998, by Comodo CEO, [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]], based on his experience at [[University of Bradford]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.networkproductsguide.com/features/622008102101.html
|title = Layered security and rise of “Social Authentication” and “Social Protection”
|work = Network Products Guide Executive Interviews
|publisher = Network Products Guide
|date = 18 December 2010
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

== Products ==
The Comodo companies offer many [[freeware|free products]] through their website, available for public download.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.techsupportalert.com/content/best-free-vista-64-bit-software.htm
|title = Best Free Windows 7 / Vista 64-bit Software
|work = Gizmo's Freeware
|date = 2 December 2010
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> Most notable of Comodo's free products is the [[Comodo Internet Security]] freeware program, incorporating Comodo's firewall, ''Comodo Firewall Pro'', Host Intrusion Prevention System and antivirus.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.matousec.com/projects/proactive-security-challenge/results.php
|title = Proactive Security Challenge: Results and comments
|work = matousec.com
|publisher = Difinex Ltd
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

Other Comodo branded freeware security tools include an anti-malware tool, and a memory firewall, free software that protects against over 90% of [[buffer overflow]] attacks.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.techmixer.com/prevent-buffer-overflow-attack-with-comodo-memory-firewall/
|title = Prevent Buffer Overflow Attack with Comodo Memory Firewall
|work = TechMixer
|date = 26 September 2008 
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> For an additional fee, Comodo product users can subscribe to Comodo's computer cleaning and optimizing services for real-time computer assistance.

Comodo also offers a free registry cleaner program, now included within the Comodo System Cleaner.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/taxid;2109929404;pid;7064;pt;1
|title = Comodo Registry Cleaner (PCWorld)
|work = [[PC World (magazine)|PC World Australia]]
|publisher = [[IDG Communications]]
|date = 2 December 2008
|last = Gralla
|first = Preston
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

Comodo EasyVPN is a [[virtual private network]] (VPN).

Comodo SecureEmail incorporates a patent-pending technology{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} allowing S/MIME email users to send emails to any email user without exchanging keys beforehand. The product comes in both a limited free version and a more functional professional release.

=== Freeware products ===
{| class="wikitable" border="3"
|-
! Name
! Description
|-
| Comodo AntiSpam
| [[anti-spam techniques|Anti-spam]] software
|-
| Comodo Antivirus
| Antivirus for Windows
|-
| Comodo AV Scanner
| Online anti-malware scan
|-
| Comodo BackUp
| Backs up files
|-
| Comodo BoClean
| Detects and removes rootkits, hijackers, keyloggers, trojans
|-
| Comodo Disk Encryption
|
|-
| Comodo EasyVPN with Instant Messaging
|
|-
| Comodo Firewall
| Personal firewall
|-
| Comodo Free SSL Certificate
| Secure sockets layer functionality to secure websites
|-
| [[Comodo Internet Security]]
| Integrated antivirus, [[intrusion prevention system#Host-based|HIPS]], firewall
|-
| Comodo iVault
| Safe, encrypted storage of confidential information
|-
| Comodo Memory Firewall
| Protects against buffer-overflow attacks
|-
| Comodo PCI Scanning
|
|-
| Comodo SecureEmail
| Encrypts and digitally signs email
|-
| Comodo System-Cleaner
| System cleaner and tweaker
|-
| Comodo Time Machine
| Saves/recovers instant system snapshots
|-
| Comodo VerificationEngine
| Verifies legitimate web sites from fraudulent ones
|-
| [[Comodo Dragon (web browser)|Comodo Dragon]]
| Customized version of [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] web browser with security improvements to help protect users
|}

=== Business Products ===
Comodo is a [[certificate authority]], and is the second-largest issuer of business-validated certificates.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/112508_Comodo_Second_in_EV_SSL_Market
|title = Comodo Second in EV SSL Market
|work = THE WHIR
|publisher = Web Host Industry Review
|date = 25 November 2008
|first =Anastasia
|last = Tubanos
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> Comodo's certificate profile includes Organization Validation (OV) certificates, Domain Validation (DV) certificates, [[Extended Validation Certificate]] (EV SSL) certificates,<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.net-security.org/dl/insecure/INSECURE-Mag-19.pdf
|title = Extended validation and online security: EV SSL gets the green light
|work = (IN)SECURE Magazine
|issue = 19
|year = 2008
|month = December
|publisher = Help Net Security
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
|first = Melih
|last = Abdulhayoglu
|pages = 41 – 44
}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/8791324/Insecure-Mag-19 Mirror])</ref> Multi-Domain certificates, Unified Communications certificates,<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/prweb/20081211/bs_prweb/prweb1741074_1 Comodo Unified Communications Certificates (Yahoo.com)]{{Dead link|date = December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929395
|title = Unified Communications Certificate Partners for Exchange Server and for Communications Server (Revision 5.2)
|work = Microsoft Support
|publisher = Microsoft Corporation
|date = 15 April 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> email certificates and [[code signing]] certificates. Comodo CA undergoes an annual WebTrust audit by [[Ernst & Young]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.cabforum.org/WebTrustAuditGuidelines-Draft.pdf
|format = PDF
|title = Introduction to WebTrust for Certification Authorities – WebTrust for Extended Validation Audit Criteria
|first = Bryan
|last = Walker
|publisher = New Assurance Services Group
|date = 5 December 2006
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

SecureEmail Pro allows businesses to send encrypted or digitally signed emails with more control over their digital certificates than SecureEmail freeware. Comodo Certificate Manager allows IT departments to deploy and administer digital certificates centrally and remotely.

Comodo CA is an Approved Scanning Vendor that offers PCI scanning services to help merchants who take credit cards to comply with [[Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard|PCI DSS]] regulations.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.1888pressrelease.com/comodo-improves-hackerguardian-pci-scanning-tool-pr-78693.html
|title = Comodo Improves HackerGuardian PCI Scanning Tool
|work = 1888 Press Release Software News
|publisher = 1888 Press Release
|location = [[Newark, New Jersey]]
|date = 16 October 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}
</ref> Comodo also offers HackerProof, which is a daily vulnerability scanning solution. A logo is placed on third parties websites that show if they meet Comodo's HackerProof scans.

Comodo has offered Usertrust since early in 2008 as a customer feedback platform for online merchants. Usertrust gives [[electronic commerce|merchants]] a clearer picture of how they can serve their customers better by offering transaction evaluation and feedback services.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/022008_Comodo_Launches_UserTrust_Program
|title = Comodo Launches UserTrust Program
|work = THE WHIR
|publisher = Web Host Industry Review
|date = 20 February 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
|first = Lee
|last = Justin
}}</ref>

== Symantec vs. Comodo ==
In response to [[Symantec]]'s comment over the effectiveness of free Antivirus software, on September 18, 2010, the CEO of the Comodo group [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]] challenged Symantec to see which products can defend the consumer better against [[malware]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.melih.com/2010/09/18/challenge-to-symantec-from-comodo-ceo/
|title = Challenge to Symantec from Comodo CEO!
|first = Melih
|last = Abdulhayoğlu
|authorlink = Melih Abdulhayoğlu
|date = 18 September 2010
|publisher = Comodo Group
|accessdate = 22 September 2010
}}</ref> Symantec, the producer of [[Norton AntiVirus]], has responded that such direct tests are unnecessary: "Norton is included in a variety of independent, third-party tests from testing labs like AV-Test and AV Comparatives. We encourage Comodo to contact these testing labs if they are interested in having their product included in these tests."<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369524,00.asp
|title = Comodo Challenges Symantec to Antivirus Showdown
|first = Neil J.
|last = Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date = 22 September 2010
|accessdate = 22 September 2010
}}</ref>

On 29 September 2010, Neil J. Rubenking, the lead analyst for security of PC Magazine, published an article on Comodo Antivirus 5.0 that included a comparative chart.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369897,00.asp
|title = Comodo Antivirus 5.0
|first = Neil J.
|last = Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date=29 September 2010
|accessdate=29 September 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/image_popup/0,1871,iid=270708,00.asp
|title = Comodo Antivirus 5.0 malware blocking chart
|first = Neil J. Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date = 29 September 2010
|accessdate=29 September 2010
}}</ref> Neil concluded that Comodo Antivirus 5.0 did a better job than Norton Antivirus 2011 in his malware blocking tests.

==Iran SSL certificate controversy==
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"This is a nightmare scenario. You have to trust the companies selling these certificates and if we can't, then all bets are off.
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|—Mikko Hypponen, head of research at [[F-Secure]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Web Firm Suspects Iran Hacked Into It |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703362904576219321279603988.html |first=Christopher |last=Rhoads |date=March 24, 2011 |format=Wall Street Journal |accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>
|}
On March 15, 2011, Comodo reported that a user account with an affiliate registration authority had been compromised which was used to create a new user account that issued nine [[certificate signing request]]s.<ref name="comodo inc1">{{Cite web|title=Report of incident on 15-MAR-2011|url=https://www.comodo.com/Comodo-Fraud-Incident-2011-03-23.html|accessdate=2011-03-24|publisher=Comodo group}}</ref> Nine certificates for seven domains were issued: mail.google.com, login.live.com, www.google.com, login.yahoo.com (three certificates), login.skype.com, addons.mozilla.org, and global trustee.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> The attack was traced to IP address 212.95.136.18, which originates in Tehran, Iran.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> Though Comodo initially reported the breach was the result of a "state-driven attack", it subsequently stated that the origin of the attack may be the "result of an attacker attempting to lay a false trail."<ref name="comodo blog1">{{Cite web|title=The Recent RA Compromise|url=http://blogs.comodo.com/it-security/data-security/the-recent-ca-compromise/|first=Phillip|last= Hallam-Baker|date=March 23, 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-24|publisher=Comodo Blog}}</ref><ref name="comodo inc1"/>

The breach, which has been called "comodogate"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rogue SSL certificates ("case comodogate")|url=http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002128.html|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=F-secure}}</ref> has been widely reported, and has led to criticism of how certificates are issued and revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iranian hackers obtain fraudulent HTTPS certificates: How close to a Web security meltdown did we get?|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/iranian-hackers-obtain-fraudulent-https|first=Peter |last=Eckersley|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=EFF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iran accused in 'dire' net security attack|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12847072|date=March 24, 2011|format=BBC|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detecting Certificate Authority compromises and web browser collusion |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/detecting-certificate-authority-compromises-and-web-browser-collusion|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=TOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Google, Yahoo, Skype targeted in attack linked to Iran|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20046340-281.html|date=March 23, 2011|coauthors=Elinor Mills and Declan McCullagh|work=CNET|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>

All of the certificates have been revoked.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> Microsoft has issued a security advisory and update to address the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Security Advisory (2524375)|url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2524375.mspx|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|format=Microsoft}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Security Advisory: Fraudulent Digital Certificates could allow spoofing|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2524375|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=Microsoft}}</ref>

On March 26, 2011, an Iranian hacker under the username "ComodoHacker" made several posts to Pastebin.com claiming responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Independent Iranian Hacker Claims Responsibility for Comodo Hack|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/comodo_hack/|first=Peter |last=Bright|date=March 28, 2011|format=WIRED|accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ComodoHacker's Pastebin|url=http://pastebin.com/u/ComodoHacker}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.comodo.com}} Comodo Group
* [http://www.comodo.tv/ Comodo TV]
* [http://www.instantssl.com/ Comodo SSL certificates website]
* [http://www.livepcsupport.com/ Comodo Live PC Support]

[[Category:Companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Certificate authorities]]
[[Category:Computer security software companies]]
[[Category:Computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jersey City, New Jersey]]

[[es:Comodo]]
[[fa:کومودو گروپ]]
[[it:Comodo]]
[[he:Comodo]]
[[nl:Comodo]]
[[nn:Comodo Group]]
[[pl:Comodo Group]]
[[pt:Comodo]]
[[ru:Comodo]]
[[sv:Comodo Group]]
[[uk:Comodo Group]]
[[zh:科摩多集团]]

Comodo Group

2011-04-29T23:56:42Z

Jerryobject: Template updated. Reference: moved to sentence end. Links: non-proper nouns decapitalized. Copy edits.

{{Infobox company
| company_logo = [[File:Comodo logo.png|center|210px]]
| company_name = Comodo Group, Inc
| company_type = [[Private company]]
| company_slogan = Creating Trust Online
| foundation = 1998
| location = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], [[United States|USA]]
| key_people = President & CEO: [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]]
| num_employees = 600+
| industry = [[Computer security]], [[Internet security]]
| homepage = {{URL|www.comodo.com}}
}}
'''Comodo Group, Inc.''' is a privately held group of companies providing [[computer software]] and [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]] [[digital certificate]]s, based in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], in the United States. It has offices in United Kingdom, Ukraine, China, India and Salt Lake City, Utah.

== History ==
The company was founded in 1998, by Comodo CEO, [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]], based on his experience at [[University of Bradford]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.networkproductsguide.com/features/622008102101.html
|title = Layered security and rise of “Social Authentication” and “Social Protection”
|work = Network Products Guide Executive Interviews
|publisher = Network Products Guide
|date = 18 December 2010
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

== Products ==
The Comodo companies offer many [[freeware|free products]] through their website, available for public download.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.techsupportalert.com/content/best-free-vista-64-bit-software.htm
|title = Best Free Windows 7 / Vista 64-bit Software
|work = Gizmo's Freeware
|date = 2 December 2010
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> Most notable of Comodo's free products is the [[Comodo Internet Security]] freeware program, incorporating Comodo's firewall, ''Comodo Firewall Pro'', Host Intrusion Prevention System and antivirus.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.matousec.com/projects/proactive-security-challenge/results.php
|title = Proactive Security Challenge: Results and comments
|work = matousec.com
|publisher = Difinex Ltd
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

Other Comodo branded freeware security tools include an anti-malware tool, and a memory firewall, free software that protects against over 90% of [[buffer overflow]] attacks.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.techmixer.com/prevent-buffer-overflow-attack-with-comodo-memory-firewall/
|title = Prevent Buffer Overflow Attack with Comodo Memory Firewall
|work = TechMixer
|date = 26 September 2008 
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> For an additional fee, Comodo product users can subscribe to Comodo's computer cleaning and optimizing services for real-time computer assistance.

Comodo also offers a free registry cleaner program, now included within the Comodo System Cleaner.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/taxid;2109929404;pid;7064;pt;1
|title = Comodo Registry Cleaner (PCWorld)
|work = [[PC World (magazine)|PC World Australia]]
|publisher = [[IDG Communications]]
|date = 2 December 2008
|last = Gralla
|first = Preston
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

Comodo EasyVPN is a [[virtual private network]] (VPN).

Comodo SecureEmail incorporates a patent-pending technology{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} allowing S/MIME email users to send emails to any email user without exchanging keys beforehand. The product comes in both a limited free version and a more functional professional release.

=== Freeware products ===
{| class="wikitable" border="3"
|-
! Name
! Description
|-
| Comodo AntiSpam
| [[anti-spam techniques|Anti-spam]] software
|-
| Comodo Antivirus
| Antivirus for Windows
|-
| Comodo AV Scanner
| Online anti-malware scan
|-
| Comodo BackUp
| Backs up files
|-
| Comodo BoClean
| Detects and removes rootkits, hijackers, keyloggers, trojans
|-
| Comodo Disk Encryption
|
|-
| Comodo EasyVPN with Instant Messaging
|
|-
| Comodo Firewall
| Personal firewall
|-
| Comodo Free SSL Certificate
| Secure sockets layer functionality to secure websites
|-
| [[Comodo Internet Security]]
| Integrated antivirus, [[intrusion prevention system#Host-based|HIPS]], firewall
|-
| Comodo iVault
| Safe, encrypted storage of confidential information
|-
| Comodo Memory Firewall
| Protects against buffer-overflow attacks
|-
| Comodo PCI Scanning
|
|-
| Comodo SecureEmail
| Encrypts and digitally signs email
|-
| Comodo System-Cleaner
| System cleaner and tweaker
|-
| Comodo Time Machine
| Saves/recovers instant system snapshots
|-
| Comodo VerificationEngine
| Verifies legitimate web sites from fraudulent ones
|-
| [[Comodo Dragon (web browser)|Comodo Dragon]]
| Customized version of [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] web browser with security improvements to help protect users
|}

=== Business Products ===
Comodo is a [[certificate authority]], and is the second-largest issuer of business-validated certificates.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/112508_Comodo_Second_in_EV_SSL_Market
|title = Comodo Second in EV SSL Market
|work = THE WHIR
|publisher = Web Host Industry Review
|date = 25 November 2008
|first =Anastasia
|last = Tubanos
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> Comodo's certificate profile includes Organization Validation (OV) certificates, Domain Validation (DV) certificates, [[Extended Validation Certificate]] (EV SSL) certificates,<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.net-security.org/dl/insecure/INSECURE-Mag-19.pdf
|title = Extended validation and online security: EV SSL gets the green light
|work = (IN)SECURE Magazine
|issue = 19
|year = 2008
|month = December
|publisher = Help Net Security
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
|first = Melih
|last = Abdulhayoglu
|pages = 41 – 44
}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/8791324/Insecure-Mag-19 Mirror])</ref> Multi-Domain certificates, Unified Communications certificates,<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/prweb/20081211/bs_prweb/prweb1741074_1 Comodo Unified Communications Certificates (Yahoo.com)]{{Dead link|date = December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929395
|title = Unified Communications Certificate Partners for Exchange Server and for Communications Server (Revision 5.2)
|work = Microsoft Support
|publisher = Microsoft Corporation
|date = 15 April 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref> email certificates and [[code signing]] certificates. Comodo CA undergoes an annual WebTrust audit by [[Ernst & Young]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.cabforum.org/WebTrustAuditGuidelines-Draft.pdf
|format = PDF
|title = Introduction to WebTrust for Certification Authorities – WebTrust for Extended Validation Audit Criteria
|first = Bryan
|last = Walker
|publisher = New Assurance Services Group
|date = 5 December 2006
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}</ref>

SecureEmail Pro allows businesses to send encrypted or digitally signed emails with more control over their digital certificates than SecureEmail freeware. Comodo Certificate Manager allows IT departments to deploy and administer digital certificates centrally and remotely.

Comodo CA is an Approved Scanning Vendor that offers PCI scanning services to help merchants who take credit cards to comply with [[Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard|PCI DSS]] regulations.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.1888pressrelease.com/comodo-improves-hackerguardian-pci-scanning-tool-pr-78693.html
|title = Comodo Improves HackerGuardian PCI Scanning Tool
|work = 1888 Press Release Software News
|publisher = 1888 Press Release
|location = [[Newark, New Jersey]]
|date = 16 October 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
}}
</ref> Comodo also offers HackerProof, which is a daily vulnerability scanning solution. A logo is placed on third parties websites that show if they meet Comodo's HackerProof scans.

Comodo has offered Usertrust since early in 2008 as a customer feedback platform for online merchants. Usertrust gives [[electronic commerce|merchants]] a clearer picture of how they can serve their customers better by offering transaction evaluation and feedback services.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.thewhir.com/web-hosting-news/022008_Comodo_Launches_UserTrust_Program
|title = Comodo Launches UserTrust Program
|work = THE WHIR
|publisher = Web Host Industry Review
|date = 20 February 2008
|accessdate = 25 December 2010
|first = Lee
|last = Justin
}}</ref>

== Symantec vs. Comodo ==
In response to [[Symantec]]'s comment over the effectiveness of free Antivirus software, on September 18, 2010, the CEO of the Comodo group [[Melih Abdulhayoğlu]] challenged Symantec to see which products can defend the consumer better against [[malware]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.melih.com/2010/09/18/challenge-to-symantec-from-comodo-ceo/
|title = Challenge to Symantec from Comodo CEO!
|first = Melih
|last = Abdulhayoğlu
|authorlink = Melih Abdulhayoğlu
|date = 18 September 2010
|publisher = Comodo Group
|accessdate = 22 September 2010
}}</ref> Symantec, the producer of [[Norton AntiVirus]], has responded that such direct tests are unnecessary: "Norton is included in a variety of independent, third-party tests from testing labs like AV-Test and AV Comparatives. We encourage Comodo to contact these testing labs if they are interested in having their product included in these tests."<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369524,00.asp
|title = Comodo Challenges Symantec to Antivirus Showdown
|first = Neil J.
|last = Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date = 22 September 2010
|accessdate = 22 September 2010
}}</ref>

On 29 September 2010, Neil J. Rubenking, the lead analyst for security of PC Magazine, published an article on Comodo Antivirus 5.0 that included a comparative chart.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369897,00.asp
|title = Comodo Antivirus 5.0
|first = Neil J.
|last = Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date=29 September 2010
|accessdate=29 September 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.pcmag.com/image_popup/0,1871,iid=270708,00.asp
|title = Comodo Antivirus 5.0 malware blocking chart
|first = Neil J. Rubenking
|work = [[PC Magazine]]
|publisher = Ziff Davis, Inc.
|date = 29 September 2010
|accessdate=29 September 2010
}}</ref> Neil concluded that Comodo Antivirus 5.0 did a better job than Norton Antivirus 2011 in his malware blocking tests.

==Iran SSL certificate controversy==
{|class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"This is a nightmare scenario. You have to trust the companies selling these certificates and if we can't, then all bets are off.
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|—Mikko Hypponen, head of research at[[F-Secure]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Web Firm Suspects Iran Hacked Into It|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703362904576219321279603988.html|first=CHRISTOPHER |last=RHOADS |date=March 24, 2011|format=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>
|}
On March 15, 2011, Comodo reported that a user account with an affiliate registration authority had been compromised which was used to create a new user account that issued nine [[certificate signing request]]s.<ref name="comodo inc1">{{Cite web|title=Report of incident on 15-MAR-2011|url=https://www.comodo.com/Comodo-Fraud-Incident-2011-03-23.html|accessdate=2011-03-24|publisher=Comodo group}}</ref> Nine certificates for seven domains were issued: mail.google.com, login.live.com, www.google.com, login.yahoo.com (three certificates), login.skype.com, addons.mozilla.org, and global trustee.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> The attack was traced to IP address 212.95.136.18, which originates in Tehran, Iran.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> Though Comodo initially reported the breach was the result of a "state-driven attack", it subsequently stated that the origin of the attack may be the "result of an attacker attempting to lay a false trail."<ref name="comodo blog1">{{Cite web|title=The Recent RA Compromise|url=http://blogs.comodo.com/it-security/data-security/the-recent-ca-compromise/|first=Phillip|last= Hallam-Baker|date=March 23, 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-24|publisher=Comodo Blog}}</ref><ref name="comodo inc1"/>

The breach, which has been called "comodogate"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rogue SSL certificates ("case comodogate")|url=http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002128.html|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=F-secure}}</ref> has been widely reported, and has led to criticism of how certificates are issued and revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iranian hackers obtain fraudulent HTTPS certificates: How close to a Web security meltdown did we get?|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/iranian-hackers-obtain-fraudulent-https|first=Peter |last=Eckersley|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=EFF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iran accused in 'dire' net security attack|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12847072|date=March 24, 2011|format=BBC|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detecting Certificate Authority compromises and web browser collusion |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/detecting-certificate-authority-compromises-and-web-browser-collusion|date=March 22, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=TOR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Google, Yahoo, Skype targeted in attack linked to Iran|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20046340-281.html|date=March 23, 2011|coauthors=Elinor Mills and Declan McCullagh|work=CNET|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>

All of the certificates have been revoked.<ref name="comodo inc1"/> Microsoft has issued a security advisory and update to address the issue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Security Advisory (2524375)|url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2524375.mspx|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|format=Microsoft}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Security Advisory: Fraudulent Digital Certificates could allow spoofing|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2524375|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=2011-03-24|work=Microsoft}}</ref>

On March 26, 2011, an Iranian hacker under the username "ComodoHacker" made several posts to Pastebin.com claiming responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Independent Iranian Hacker Claims Responsibility for Comodo Hack|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/comodo_hack/|first=Peter |last=Bright|date=March 28, 2011|format=WIRED|accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ComodoHacker's Pastebin|url=http://pastebin.com/u/ComodoHacker}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.comodo.com}} Comodo Group
* [http://www.comodo.tv/ Comodo TV]
* [http://www.instantssl.com/ Comodo SSL certificates website]
* [http://www.livepcsupport.com/ Comodo Live PC Support]

[[Category:Companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Certificate authorities]]
[[Category:Computer security software companies]]
[[Category:Computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jersey City, New Jersey]]

[[es:Comodo]]
[[fa:کومودو گروپ]]
[[it:Comodo]]
[[he:Comodo]]
[[nl:Comodo]]
[[nn:Comodo Group]]
[[pl:Comodo Group]]
[[pt:Comodo]]
[[ru:Comodo]]
[[sv:Comodo Group]]
[[uk:Comodo Group]]
[[zh:科摩多集团]]

Always (Erasure-Lied)

2011-04-23T02:36:10Z

Jerryobject: Link disambiguated. Minor copy edit.

{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}}
{{Cleanup|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox single| 
| Name = Always
| Cover = Erasure single always.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Erasure]]
| from Album = [[I Say I Say I Say]]
| B-side = "Tragic"
| Released = 11 April 1994
| Format = [[12-inch single|12"]], [[7-inch single|7"]], [[Cassette single|cassette]], [[CD single|CD]]
| Recorded = 1994
| Genre = [[Synthpop]]
| Length = 3:57
| Label = [[Mute Records|Mute]] (UK) [[Elektra Records|Elektra]] (U.S.)
| Writer = [[Vince Clarke]], [[Andy Bell (singer)|Andy Bell]]
| Producer = [[Martyn Ware]]
| Last single = "[[Who Needs Love Like That]]" (Hamburg Mix) (1992)
| This single = "'''Always'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[Run to the Sun]]" (1994)
}}

"'''Always'''" is a [[synthpop]] [[ballad]] by British duo [[Erasure]]. It was released in [[1994 in music|1994]] as the first single from their sixth studio album ''[[I Say I Say I Say]]''. [[Mute Records]] issued the single in the UK, while [[Elektra Records]] released it in the U.S. "Always" was written by Erasure members [[Vince Clarke]] and [[Andy Bell (singer)|Andy Bell]], and is produced by [[Martyn Ware]].

The song is based around [[synthesizer|synthesized]] harmony by Clarke and Bell's subdued vocals and lyrics. The music video features Bell in a [[Chinese painting|Chinese scroll painting]]-inspired backdrop.

The song quickly became Erasure's 13th Top 10 on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number four. In the [[United States]], the single became Erasure's third Top 20 hit on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], peaking at number 20, six years after their last major U.S. pop hit. On the U.S. [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart, "Always" climbed to number six.

==Appearances==
The 2009 mix of the song (found on ''[[Total Pop! The First 40 Hits]]'') is featured in the "[[Robot Unicorn Attack]]" [[Flash game]] on [[Adult Swim]]'s website, the [[iPhone]] and [[Android Market]]. It is a simple side-scrolling platform game where the player controls a robot unicorn and helps it jump across platforms, collecting fairies and smashing through stars to earn extra points. The environment is a fantasy landscape consisting of purple grass, rainbow effects and flying sparkling dolphins. Numerous reviewers have noted how perfectly the song fits in the general theme of the game. The game has over 34 million plays as of December 2010 on adultswim.com.<ref>http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/editorials/alt-escape/7166-Alt-Escape-Robot-Unicorn-Attack</ref><ref>http://media.www.thestylus.net/media/storage/paper1380/news/2010/03/10/Lifestyles/Robot.Unicorn.Attack-3887229.shtml</ref><ref>http://games.adultswim.com/robot-unicorn-attack-twitchy-online-game.html</ref>

The song has been covered live as an intro piece by synthpop musician [[MNDR]].

== Track listings ==
=== 7" single (MUTE152), cassette single (CMUTE152) ===
# "Always"
# "Tragic"

=== 12" single (12MUTE152) ===
# "Always"
# "Tragic"
# "Always" ([[Cappella]] Club Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots Trance Dance Mix)

=== CD Single #1 (CDMUTE152) ===
# "Always"
# "Always" (Extended Mix)
# "Tragic"

=== CD Single #2 (LCDMUTE152) ===
# "Always" (Cappella Club Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots Trance Dance Mix)
# "Always" (Microbots In Your Brain Mix)
# "Always" (Hey Mix)

=== U.S. maxi-single (66225-2) ===
# "Always" (7" Mix)
# "Always" (Cappella Club Mix)
# "Always" (Hey Mix)
# "Tragic"

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1994)
!Peak position
!Total weeks
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>http://www.austriancharts.at/</ref>
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|14
|-
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart<ref>http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/</ref>
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|German Singles Chart<ref>http://www.musicline.de/</ref>
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|26
|-
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart<ref>http://www.irishcharts.ie/</ref>
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|20
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>http://www.swedishcharts.com/</ref>
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>http://www.swisscharts.com/</ref>
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart<ref>http://www.chartstats.com/</ref>
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|US Billboard Hot 100<ref>http://www.billboard.com/</ref>
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|US Dance/Club Play Singles<ref>http://www.billboard.com/</ref>
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|US Hot Dance Music Sales<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/</ref>
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|
|-
|align="left"|US Top 40 Mainstream Chart<ref>http://www.billboard.com/</ref>
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|20
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Erasure}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Always (Erasure Song)}}
[[Category:1994 singles]]
[[Category:Erasure songs]]
[[Category:Synthpop songs]]
[[Category:New Wave ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written by Vince Clarke]]
[[Category:Songs written by Andy Bell]]

[[es:Always (canción de Erasure)]]

Zenonia 2

2011-04-23T01:34:33Z

Jerryobject: Copy edited. References: bare URLs changed to citations. Template removed.

'''''Zenonia 2: The Lost Memories''''' is the sequel to Zenonia, an [[action role-playing game]] developed, created, and published by [[Gamevil]] for the operating systems [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. It was released in 2010 on March 29 in the [[App Store]] and on December 24 in [[Android Market]].

== Story ==
Zenonia 2: The Lost Memories, follows the storyline of its predecessor, but many years later. Users can play as one of four separate characters, each with a different background and personality. The leaves of a "Tree of Life" took everyone's memories a few years before the events of the game begin. Whichever character one chooses, they are forced to join a party against their will after being captured by the Royal soldiers. Users begin their quest to retrieve four gems, which will strengthen a monster's weakening seal and stop the demon Regret which is sealed away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.148apps.com/reviews/indepth-zenonia-2-review/ |title=Zenonia 2 In-Depth Review |author=Eisenman, Bonnie |date=2010-3-31 |work=148Apps |publisher=TrouserMac Industries |accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
Like its predecessor, Zenonia 2 still features real time combat and exploration. All characters are controlled by using the [[d-pad]], which is located in the lower left corner of the screen. It can be adjusted along with the action button located on the lower right of the screen. Zenonia 2 has adheres to the formula for action role-playing games, with questing, skill trees, leveling up, and battles. It also has a PvP system (Player verses Player), which is where users can test their characters against other players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wireless.ign.com/articles/108/1080760p1.html |title=Zenonia 2: The Lost Memories Review |author=Buchanan, Levi |date=30 March 2010 |work=IGN |publisher=IGN Entertainment |accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref>

== Characters ==

Version 2 has four main characters: Daza, the warrior (melee class), Ecne, the gunslinger (ranged class), Lu, the paladin (melee class), and Morpice, the magician (range class).

Daza is a powerful warrior. With melee attack and explosive force, he quickly brings down his enemies. Strength is the most important attribute for Daza's skills and abilities. Daza is also the last remaining member of the Minotaur tribe.

Ecne is the shooter, a range class who performs lighting fast attacks, and has high evasion skills along with long range skills. She has low stamina and is on a quest to find her brother.

Morpice is the magician. He is a long range class who uses his mystical powers to to avenge his family. He was taken in by Zealous after a devastating incident. You start in Deva the begging town, in search of a higher strength and power, he relies on intelligence to bring out his full potential.

Lu is a paladin and the youngest member of the party, possessing incredibly high defense, which allows him to withstand the onslaught of many enemy attacks. His attacks are well rounded and useful in battle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zenonia2.gamevil.com/?cat=4 |title=Archive for the ‘Game Details’ Category |work=Zenonia: The Lost Memories |publisher=Gamevil |accessdate=22 April 2011}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Official website|zenonia2.gamevil.com}}

[[Category:Fantasy role-playing games]]

Binärblob

2011-04-15T06:48:08Z

Jerryobject: /* See also */ Link updated.

{{About|drivers|the database data type|binary large object}}
In the [[free software community]], '''binary blob''' is a pejorative term for an [[object file]] [[Linker (computing)|loaded]] into the [[Kernel (computer science)|kernel]] of a [[free software|free]] or [[open-source software|open source]] [[operating system]] without publicly available [[source code]]. The term is not usually applied to code running outside the kernel, for example [[BIOS]] code, [[firmware]] images, or [[Userland (computing)|userland]] programs.

When [[computer hardware]] vendors provide complete technical documentation for their products, operating system developers are able to write hardware device drivers to be included in the operating system kernels. However, some vendors, such as [[NVIDIA#Documentation_and_drivers|NVIDIA]], do not provide complete documentation for some of their products and instead provide binary-only drivers (binary blobs); this practice is most common for [[accelerated graphics drivers]], networking devices and [[RAID]] controllers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://packages.debian.org/source/sid/firmware-nonfree | title = Debian packages built from the source package 'firmware-nonfree' - Binary firmware for various drivers in the Linux kernel | date = 2010 | accessdate = 2010-03-25}}</ref>

==Acceptance==

When they can get neither hardware documentation nor device driver source code from a hardware vendor, some operating system projects, including [[NetBSD]], [[FreeBSD]], [[DragonFly BSD]], and most [[GNU]]/[[Linux distribution]]s, accept binary blobs as a fast route to the missing or enhanced functionality these blobs provide.<ref name="bsdinterview">{{cite web | url = http://os.newsforge.com/os/05/06/09/2132233.shtml?tid=8&tid=2 | title = BSD cognoscenti on Linux | accessdate = 2006-07-07 | last = Matzan | first = Jem | date = 15 June 2005| publisher = NewsForge }} See Christos Zoulas's response to "Is sharing between Free/Open/NetBSD and the Linux kernel a common occurrence? And if so, does it go both ways?"</ref>

The [[OpenBSD]] project has a notable policy of not accepting any binary blobs into its source tree, citing not only the potential for undetectable or irreparable security flaws but also its encroachment onto the openness and freedom of its software.<ref>{{cite web|last = Music composed by Ty Semaka and Jonathan Lewis. Recorded, mixed and mastered by Jonathan Lewis of Moxam Studios (1-403-233-0350). Vocals and Lyrics by Ty Semaka & Theo de Raadt. Bass guitar, organ and bubbles by Jonathan Lewis. Guitar by Tom Bagley. Drums by Jim Buick|url = http://www.openbsd.org/lyrics.html#39|title = 3.9: "Blob!"|publisher = OpenBSD|accessdate = 2006-06-22}}</ref>
The [[Debian]] project includes both free and non-free binary blobs from the [[Linux kernel]], but it clearly marks and separates the non-free packages<ref>{{cite web | url = http://packages.debian.org/firmware-linux | title = Debian firmware-linux packages | date = 2010 | accessdate = 2010-03-25}}</ref> according to the [[Debian Social Contract]].

The [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) is actively campaigning against binary blobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/rms-ati-protest.html|title=Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS|date=27 April 2006|accessdate=2006-10-10|publisher=Free Software Foundation}}</ref>

==Problems==

There are a number of reasons why binary blobs can cause problems: users cannot modify the software and distribute modified versions; blobs are unportable and typically limited to a few hardware architectures; the correctness of the driver code cannot be checked; the code cannot be audited for security by users or third parties; users are forced to trust vendors not to put backdoors and spyware into the blob; in case of bugs or vulnerabilities, the driver cannot be repaired by operating system developers; and the hardware vendor can decide not to support some operating systems or to abandon driver maintenance at any time.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 | first = Jeremy | last = Andrews | title = Interview with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini | accessdate = 2008-01-06 | date = 2006-04-19 | publisher = kerneltrap.org }}</ref>

==Use via wrappers==

In order to make use of binary blob drivers available for other operating systems, some projects include software [[Driver wrapper|wrapper]]s: examples include [[NdisWrapper]] for [[Linux]] and [[Project Evil]] for [[FreeBSD]] and [[NetBSD]], both of which implement [[Microsoft]]'s [[Network Driver Interface Specification|NDIS]] [[Application programming interface|API]] to allow the use of network drivers written for [[Microsoft Windows]].

==Device firmware==

[[Firmware]], the software required by the onboard [[microcontroller]]s that accompany some hardware, is generally not considered to be a binary blob. In many devices, firmware is stored in [[non-volatile]] onboard [[flash memory]], but to decrease costs and ease upgrades, some devices contain only [[static RAM]] and require the host operating system to upload firmware each time they are connected (especially [[USB]] devices). Although the firmware is thus present in the operating system driver, it is merely copied to the device and not executed by the CPU, lessening concerns about hidden security flaws. The OpenBSD project accepts binary firmware images and will redistribute these images if the license permits.<ref>{{cite web | title = OpenBSD Works To Open Wireless Chipsets|date = November 2, 2004|publisher=KernelTrap|url = http://kerneltrap.org/node/4118 | accessdate = 2006-06-23}}</ref>

==BIOS==
The [[BIOS]], which functions as a [[bootloader]] and supports legacy [[real mode]] applications, is a crucial component of many [[IBM-compatible]] computers. The FSF has begun campaigning for free BIOS firmware, such as [[coreboot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/free-bios.html|title=Campaign for Free BIOS|publisher=Free Software Foundation|date=2006-11-29|accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Free software}}

* [[Loadable kernel module]]
* [[Wireless security]]
* [[Proprietary firmware]]
* [[Proprietary software]]
* [[Opaque binary blob]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|last = McMillan|first = Robert|date = June 21, 2006|url = http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/06/21/79536_HNwifibreach_1.html|title = Researchers hack Wi-Fi driver to breach laptop|publisher = InfoWorld|accessdate = 2006-06-23}}
* [http://kerneltrap.org/node/6650 KernelTrap article] on Damien Bergamini's wpi(4) driver, a blobless ipw3945 alternative for OpenBSD
* [http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 KernelTrap interview] with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini regarding binary blobs
* [http://blog.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2006/08/the_macbook_wireless_exploit_i.html The Black Hat Wireless Exploit Interview, Verbatim] by Brian Krebs on the Washington Post's website, http://washingtonpost.com


{{FOSS}}

[[Category:OpenBSD]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]

[[es:Blob Binario]]
[[ja:バイナリ・ブロブ]]
[[pt:Binary blob]]
[[ru:Блоб]]

Das Venus Projekt

2011-03-28T06:04:42Z

Jerryobject: Templates added. Minor copy edits. Capitalizing fixed. Links: non-proper nouns decapitalized, plural form fixed.

{{Infobox organization
|name = The Venus Project
|image = TheVenusProjectLogo.jpg
|size = 200px
|motto = Beyond Politics, Poverty and War
|type = [[Social movement]]
|website = {{URL|www.thevenusproject.com}}
}}

'''The Venus Project''' is an organization that promotes and advocates American [[futurist]] [[Jacque Fresco]]'s visions of the future with the aim to improve society by moving towards a global sustainable social design that they call a "resource-based economy". Such a system incorporates [[sustainable development|sustainable]] cities and [[value (ethics)|values]], [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], [[collective farms]], [[natural resource management]] and advanced [[automation]], focusing on the benefits they claim it will bring to humanity as a whole.

The name of the organization originates from [[Venus, Florida|Venus]], [[Florida]], where its 21-acre (8.5-hectare) research center is located, near [[Lake Okeechobee]]. Within the center are ten buildings, designed by Fresco, which showcase the architecture of the project. ''Future by Design'', a film about the life and work of Jacque Fresco, was produced in 2006.

It works alongside [[the Zeitgeist Movement]], which functions as the activist arm of the Venus Project, allowing members to communicate and work on projects within the movement.

== History ==
[[File:Jacque Fresco with Roxanne Meadows.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Futurist Jacque Fresco (right) with Roxanne Meadows]]

The Venus Project was started around 1975 by Jacque Fresco<ref name="Forbes-Duranni">Durrani, Noni (2007-10-15). [http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/13/jacque-fresco-prediction-tech-future07-cx_1015fresco.html The Future: Jacque Fresco on the Future] Forbes.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-02.</ref> and by former portrait artist Roxanne Meadows in Venus, Florida, [[United States|U.S.]] Its research center is a {{convert|21|acre|m2|sing=on}} property with various domed buildings of his design, where they work on books and films to demonstrate their concepts and ideas. Fresco has produced an extensive range of [[scale model]]s based on his designs.<ref name="imdb-0870112" />

The Venus Project is a two-part business: a non-profit company called "Future by Design"<ref name="future by design">{{Better source|date=March 2011}}[http://www.thevenusproject.com/store-donate Browse]</ref> and a for-profit company called "Venus Project Inc./Global Cybervisions Inc."<ref name="venus project inc/global cybervisions inc">[http://www.manta.com/c/mmg0z3j/venus-project-inc Venus Project Inc - Venus, Florida (FL) | Company Profile]</ref>{{Better source|date=March 2011}}

The Venus Project was founded on the idea that poverty is caused by the stifling of progress in technology, which itself is caused by the present world's [[capitalism|profit-driven]] economic system.<ref name="Artivist">[http://www.artivists.org/index.htm Breaking News], Artivist Film Festival website.</ref>{{Citation broken|date=March 2011}} The advance of technology, if it were carried on independent of its [[profit (economics)|profitability]], Fresco theorizes, would make more resources available to more people thereby reducing [[political corruption|corruption]] and greed, and instead make people more likely to help each other.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddMovieimdb">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1332128/ |title=IMDb Profile |publisher=Imdb.com |accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zeitgeist Addendum | url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263093157&referer=brief_results |publisher=WorldCat | accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref> Fresco advocates against a money-based economy in favor of what he refers to as a resource-based economy.<ref name="whatistvp">{{cite web | title=What is The Venus Project | url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/intro_main/whatis_tvp.htm | publisher=The Venus Project | accessdate=2009-03-26}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== Theory ==
According to Fresco, poverty, crime, [[political corruption|corruption]] and war are the result of scarcity created by the present world's profit-based economic system. He theorizes that the [[profit motive]] also stifles [[technological progress|the progress]] of socially beneficial technology. Fresco claims that the advance of technology, if it were carried on independently of its [[profit (economics)|profitability]], would make more resources available to more people by producing an abundance of products and materials. This new-found abundance of resources would, according to Fresco, reduce the human tendency toward individualism, corruption, and greed, and instead rely on people helping each other.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddMovie">{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7065205277695921912 |title=Zeitgeist: Addendum |publisher=Video.google.com |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>{{Better source|date=July 2010}} Fresco believes it is now possible to achieve a society in which people would live "longer, healthier, and more meaningful lives."
<ref name="Beyond Utopia">{{cite web|url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/a-new-social-design/essay#beyond |title=The Future and Beyond}}</ref> Fresco believes the monetary system and the processes associated with it, such as labour and competition, damages society and holds people back from their true potentials. He states his ideas would [[greatest happiness principle|maximally benefit the greatest number of people]]. He claims some of his ideas stem from his formative years during the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="imdb-0870112">{{IMDb title|0870112|Future by Design}}</ref> Fresco believes the current global economic system will have to see a major crisis before people start to lose the confidence in the monetary system and start looking for other directions.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIhIT_lNLjs
|title= Red Ice Radio - Jacque Fresco & Roxanne Meadows - Pt 1 - The Venus Project
|publisher= youtube.com
|accessdate=2011-01-05}}
</ref>
Fundamental to the project is what Fresco calls a "resource-based economy". Such a system uses existing resources, rather than money, to provide an equitable method of distribution in the most humane and efficient manner. It is a system in which all goods and services are available to everyone without the use of money, credits, barter, or any other form of debt or servitude.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://thevenusproject.com/the-venus-project-introduction/faq
|title= Frequently Asked Questions From Over 25 Years
|publisher= thevenusproject.com
|accessdate=2011-01-05}}
</ref>

==Resource-based economy==
[[Image:Fresco circular city.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Circular City]]
A resource-based economy would replace the need for the current monetary economy, which is "[[scarcity]]-oriented" or "scarcity-based". Fresco argues that the world is rich in natural resources and energy and that, with modern technology and judicious efficiency, the needs of the global population can be met with abundance, while at the same time removing the current limits of what is deemed possible due to notions of economic viability.

Fresco provides an example of this confusion in the following quote:

:"At the beginning of World War II the U.S. had a mere 600 or so first-class fighting aircraft. We rapidly overcame this short supply by turning out more than 90,000 planes a year. The question at the start of World War II was: Do we have enough funds to produce the required implements of war? The answer was No, we did not have enough money, nor did we have enough gold; but we did have more than enough resources. It was the available resources that enabled the US to achieve the high production and efficiency required to win the war. Unfortunately this is only considered in times of war."<ref>{{cite web | title=Resource-Based Economy | url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/a-new-social-design/resource-based-economy | publisher=Venus Project | accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref>

Fresco states that for this to work, all of Earth's resources must be held as the common heritage of all people and not just a select few; and the practice of rationing resources through monetary methods is irrelevant and counter-productive to the survival of human civilization.

One of the key points in Fresco’s solution is that without the conditions created in a monetary system, vast amounts of resources would not be wasted unproductively.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web | title=Jacque Fresco on Larry King Live (Full - 1974) | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN6puH9DYnQ | accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref> Instead Fresco’s contention is that without the waste of resources on ends that would become irrelevant there would be no scarcity of necessary products such as food and education (environmentalism).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Apart from the Venus Project, other projects have later started up with the intent of promoting a resource-based economy or similar. These include the so-called Resource-Based Economy Foundation,<ref>http://www.rbefoundation.com/ - retrieved on 15/02/2011</ref> the New Z-Land Project,<ref>http://thenzp.com/ - retrieved on 15/02/2011</ref> and the Atlas Initiative Group.<ref>http://atlasinitiativegroup.org/acp/acp.html - retrieved on 15/02/2011</ref> None of these seem to be affiliated with the Venus Project or Jacque Fresco.

==The Zeitgeist Movement==
{{Main|The Zeitgeist Movement}}
The Venus Project was featured prominently in the 2008 documentary film ''[[Zeitgeist: Addendum]]'', as a possible solution to the global problems explained in the first film and first half of the second film.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddMovie" /> The film premiered at the 5th Annual [[Artivist Film Festival]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], California on October 2, 2008, winning their highest award, and it was released online for free on Google video<ref>{{cite web | title=Zeitgeist: Addendum | url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7065205277695921912 | work=Video | publisher=Google | accessdate=2009-03-26 }}</ref> on October 4, 2008.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/5th-annual-artivist-film-festival/story.aspx?guid={0A616A0D-1997-45BC-ADE5-D9BC9FD14AEA}&dist=hppr The Wall Street Journal Digital Network's Market Watch], Press release.</ref> Following the movie, an organization called the Zeitgeist Movement was established to promote the aims of the Venus Project. In 2011, an additional film, ''[[Zeitgeist: Moving Forward]]'', was also released.

== See also ==
* [[Technocracy Movement]]
* [[Post scarcity]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://icarusfilms.com/new2007/gre.html Great Expectations: A Journey through the History of Visionary Architecture (2007)] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=498XZbrJmug]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.thevenusproject.com}}

[[Category:Organizations based in Florida]]
[[Category:Zeitgeist]]

[[br:Venus project]]
[[bg:Проект Венера]]
[[es:Proyecto Venus]]
[[fr:The Venus Project]]
[[hr:Projekt Venus]]
[[it:Venus Project]]
[[no:Venus prosjektet]]
[[pl:The Venus Project]]
[[pt:Projeto Venus]]
[[ro:Proiectul Venus]]
[[tr:Venüs Projesi]]

XL (eXtensible Language)

2010-11-08T01:20:33Z

Jerryobject: Finished edits before prematurely hitting carriage return.

{{distinguish|XL (XML programming language)}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = XL
| logo =
| caption =
| paradigm =
[[multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]], [[concept programming|Concept-oriented]], [[imperative programming|imperative]]
| year = 2000
| designer = Christophe de Dinechin
| developer = Christophe de Dinechin
| latest release version = 0.1
| latest release date = {{start date and age|mf=yes|2010|2}}
| latest test version =
| latest test date = {{start date and age|mf=yes|2010|2|27}}
| typing = [[strong typing|strong]]
| implementations =
| dialects =
| influenced by = [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[C++]]
| license = [[GPLv2]]
| operating system = [[Unix-like]]
| website = {{URL|http://xlr.sf.net}}
}}
'''XL''' stands for eXtensible Language. It is a [[computer]] [[programming language]] designed to support [[concept programming]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/16/concept_programming|last=Manchester|title="Dip into Concept Programming"|first=Phil|publisher=The Register|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref>

XL features programmer-reconfigurable syntax and semantics. Compiler ''plug-ins'' can be used to add new features to the language. A base set of plug-ins implements a relatively standard [[imperative programming|imperative language]]. Programmers can write their own plug-ins to implement application-specific notations, such as [[derivative|symbolic differentiation]], which can then be used similarly to built-in language features.

==Language==
XL is defined at four different levels:
* XL0 defines how an input text is transformed into a [[parse tree]].
* XL1 defines a base language with features comparable to [[C++]]
* XL2 defines the standard library, which includes common data types and operators.
* XLR defines a dynamic runtime for XL based on XL0

XL has no [[primitive types]] nor keywords. All useful operators and data types, like integers or addition, are defined in the standard library (XL2). XL1 is [[Porting|portable]] between different execution environments. There is no such guarantee for XL2: if a particular [[central processing unit|CPU]] does not implement floating-point multiplication, the corresponding operator definition may be missing from the standard library, and using a floating-point multiply may result in a [[compile-time]] error.

The [[Hello World]] program in XL looks like the following:

use XL.TEXT_IO
WriteLn "Hello World"

An alternative form in a style more suitable for large-scale programs would be:

import IO = XL.TEXT_IO
IO.WriteLn "Hello World"

A recursive implementation of [[factorial]] in XLR looks like the following:

0! -> 1
N! -> N * (N-1)!

==Syntax==
Syntax is defined at the XL0 level. The XL0 phase of the compiler can be configured using a syntax description file, where properties like the text representation and precedence of operators are defined. A basic syntax file defines common mathematical notations, like + for addition, with the usually accepted [[order of operations]].

The parse tree consists of 7 node types, 4 [[leaf node]] types (integer, real, text and symbol) and 3 [[internal node]] types (infix, prefix and block).

* ''integer'' nodes represent an integer [[literal (computer science)|literal]], such as <code>2</code>. The <code>#</code> sign can be used to specify a base other than 10, as in (<code>2#1001</code>). A separating underscore can be used to improve readability, as in <code>1_000_000</code>.
* ''real'' nodes represent non-integral numbers, such as <code>2.5</code>. Based-notations and separators can be used, as for integer nodes, for example <code>16#F.FFF#E-10</code> is a valid real literal.
* ''text'' nodes represent textual contents. They are normally surrounded by simple or double quotes, like <code>"Hello"</code> or <code>'a'</code>, but the syntax file can be used to add other separators, including for multi-line textual contents.
* ''symbol'' nodes represent names or operators. Names are sequence of alphanumeric characters beginning with a letter, like <code>Hello</code>. XL0 preserves case, but XL1 ignores case and underscores, so that <code>JohnDoe</code> and <code>john_doe</code> are the same name. Symbols are sequence of non-alphanumeric characters, like <code>*</code> or <code>=/=</code>.
* ''infix'' nodes represent two nodes related by an infix symbol, like <code>A+1</code> or <code>2 and 3</code>. Infix nodes are in particular used to separate lines, with an infix "new-line" symbol.
* ''prefix'' nodes represent two consecutive nodes, like <code>Write "Hello"</code>. It is also used for postfix notations, like <code>3!</code> or <code>Open?</code>.
* ''block'' nodes represent a node surrounded by grouping symbols, like <code>(A)</code>, <code>[Index]</code>. Indentation is internally represented by a block node.

With the default syntax file, the following is valid XL0, irrespective of any semantics.

A = B + "Hello"

It parses as:

infix("=",
symbol("A"),
infix("+",
symbol("B"), text("Hello")))

==Semantics of XL1 ==
The XL1 phase is defined as a sequence of operations on the XL0 parse tree. These operations are provided by various compiler plug-ins, that are triggered based on the shape of the parse tree.

Special constructs, <code>translate</code> and <code>translation</code>, are provided by a plug-in designed to facilitate the writing of other plug-ins. The <code>quote</code> construct generates a parse tree. Here is how these notations can be used to implement a plug-in called <code>ZeroRemoval</code> that eliminates superfluous additions and multiplications by zero.

translation ZeroRemoval
when
'X' + 0
then
return X
when
'X' * 0
then
return parse_tree(0)

A plug-in can be invoked on a whole file from the command line, or more locally in the source code using the ''pragma'' notation, as follows:

X := {Differentiate} d(sin(omega * T) * exp(-T/T0)) / dT

The XL1 phase contains a large set of plug-ins, notably <code>XLSemantics</code>, that provide common abstractions like [[subroutine]], [[data type]] and [[variable (programming)|variable]] [[declaration (computer science)|declaration]] and [[definition]], as well as basic [[structured programming]] statements, like conditionals or loops.

===Type system===
XL1 type checking is [[data type|static]], with [[generic programming]] abilities that are beyond those of languages like Ada or C++. Types like arrays or pointers, which are primitive in languages like C++, are declared in the library in XL. For instance, a one-dimensional array type could be defined as follows:

generic [Item : type; Size : integer] type array

A ''validated generic type'' is a generic type where a condition indicates how the type can be used. Such types need not have generic parameters. For instance, one can declare that a type is <code>ordered</code> if it has a less-than operator as follows:

// A type is ordered if it has a less-than relationship
generic type ordered if
A, B : ordered
Test : boolean := A ordered</code> itself is generic.

// Generic function for the minimum of one item
function Min(X : ordered) return ordered is
return X

This also applies to generic types that have parameters, such as <code>array</code>. A function computing the sum of the elements in any array can be written as follows:

function Sum(A : array) return array.Item is
for I in 0..array.Size-1 loop
result += A[I]

===Type-safe variable argument lists===
Functions can be [[Polymorphism (computer science)|overloaded]]. A function can be declared to use a variable number of arguments by using <code>other</code> in the parameter list. In such a function, <code>other</code> can be used to pass the variable number of arguments to another subroutine:

// Generic function for the minimum of N item
function Min(X : ordered; ...) return ordered is
result := Min(...)
if X < result then
result := X

When such a function is called, the compiler recursively instantiates functions to match the parameter list:

// Examples of use of the Min just declared
X : real := Min(1.3, 2.56, 7.21)
Y : integer := Min(1, 3, 6, 7, 1, 2)

===Expression reduction: operator overloading===
Operators can be defined using the <code>written</code> form of function declarations. Below is the code that would declare the addition of integers:

function Add(X, Y: integer) return integer written X+Y

Such ''written forms'' can have more than two parameters. For instance, a matrix linear transform can be written as:

function Linear(A, B, C : matrix) return matrix written A+B*C

A written form can use constants, and such a form is more specialized than a form without constants. For example:

function Equal(A, B : matrix) return boolean written A=B
function IsNull(A : matrix) return boolean written A=0
function IsUnity(A : matrix) return boolean written A=1

The mechanism is used to implement all basic operators. An expression is progressively reduced to function calls using written forms. For that reason, the mechanism is referred to as ''expression reduction'' rather than operator overloading.

===Iterators===

XL iterators allow programmers to implement both [[Generator (computer science)|generators]] and [[iterators]].

<source lang="Pascal">
import IO = XL.UI.CONSOLE

iterator IntegerIterator (var out Counter : integer; Low, High : integer) written Counter in Low..High is
Counter := Low
while Counter <= High loop
yield
Counter += 1

// Note that I needs not be declared, because declared 'var out' in the iterator
// An implicit declaration of I as an integer is therefore made here
for I in 1..5 loop
IO.WriteLn "I=", I
</source>

==Development status and history==
XL is the result of a long language design work that began around 1992. The language was designed and implemented primarily by Christophe de Dinechin.

Historically, the XL compiler was written in C++. It had achieved a point where most of the features described above worked correctly, but writing plug-ins was a nightmare, because C++ itself is not extensible, so implementing <code>translate</code>-like statements was impossible. The parse tree was more complicated, with dozens of node types, because it was designed for cross-language support. Moka was a Java-to-Java extensible compiler using the same infrastructure.

Abandoning the cross-language objectives and complex parse-tree structure, a [[Rewrite (programming)|complete rewrite]] of the compiler was started in 2003. The parse tree was vastly simplified down to the 7 XL0 nodes types now in use. This new compiler [[Bootstrapping (compilers)|bootstrapped]] in 2004, and all new development is now written in XL. However, this new compiler still has somewhat incomplete XL1 support, although its abilities already exceed C++ in a few areas.

===Ancestry===
XL1 was inspired by a large number of other languages. In alphabetical order:

* [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] inspired some of large-scale program support, exception handling, tasking, and supportability aspects.
* [[BASIC]], notably in the more modern variants that dispense of line numbers and support structured programming, showed how simple the syntax of a programming language could be.
* [[C (programming language)|C]] was used as the standard to expect in terms of runtime and machine-level support. XL will not require a virtual machine to run.
* [[C++]] and the [[standard template library]] demonstrated the need for good support of generic types, including implicit instantiation of generics (which Ada lacks).
* [[Fortran]]'s continued performance lead over C and C++ for numerical-intensive applications helped identify which language constructs would prevent useful optimizations.
* [[Java (programming language)|Java]] demonstrated the importance of a large, portable support library. Java containers also showed the limitations of an approach not based on generic programming. Interfacing with Java code remains an interesting challenge for XL.
* [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] extensibility was considered as a key factor in its survival and relevance to this day. Lisp was the first language to normalize object-oriented features, despite having been designed years before object-oriented ideas were invented.
* [[Prolog]] demonstrated that alternative programming models are sometimes useful and highly productive. Every effort was made to ensure that a Prolog-style plug-in could be written for XL.
* [[Visual Basic]] showed how the parse tree representation can be dissociated from its visual presentation. Few people edit VB Forms textually. It is expected that XL edit-time plug-ins will one day provide similar abilities, by directly manipulating the parse tree.

==Semantics==

XLR is a dynamic language, originally intended as a back-end for the XL1 compiler, hence the name, which stands for XL runtime. It shares the basic XL0 syntax with XL1, but its behavior is much closer to a functional language, whereas XL1 is intended to look mostly like an imperative language. XLR has practically only one built-in operator, "->", which denotes a rewrite. The notation on the left of the rewrite is transformed into the notation on the right of the rewrite.

This mechanism is used to implement standard notations:

if true then TrueBody else FalseBody -> TrueBody
if false then TrueBody else FalseBody -> FalseBody

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://xlr.sf.net}}
* [http://mozart-dev.sf.net The historical development site]
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/16/concept_programming/ Coverage on XL and Concept programming at The Register]
* [http://www.byte.com/documents/s=7784/byt1070853295820/1208_heller.html Article in Byte] (dead link)
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/java/184404696 Article in Dr. Dobbs]
* [http://xlr.sourceforge.net/Concept%20Programming%20Presentation.pdf Slides presenting XL and Concept Programming]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xl (Programming language)}}
[[Category:Extensible syntax programming languages]]

[[fa:ایکس ال (زبان برنامه نویسی)]]
[[fr:XL (langage)]]
[[ru:XL (язык программирования)]]
[[fi:XL (ohjelmointikieli)]]

XL (eXtensible Language)

2010-11-08T01:11:18Z

Jerryobject: Per Wikipedia Style Manual: Headings: fixed capitalizing, removed words duplicating article title. Links: updated, corrected, removed reds.

{{distinguish|XL (XML programming language)}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = XL
| logo =
| caption =
| paradigm =
[[multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]], [[concept programming|Concept-oriented]], [[imperative programming|imperative]]
| year = 2000
| designer = Christophe de Dinechin
| developer = Christophe de Dinechin
| latest release version = 0.1
| latest release date = 2010
| latest test version = 2-27-2010
| latest test date = {{start date and age|mf=yes|2010|2|27}}
| typing = [[strong typing|strong]]
| implementations =
| dialects =
| influenced by = [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[C++]]
| license = [[GPLv2]]
| operating system = [[Unix-like]]
| website = {{URL|http://xlr.sf.net}}
}}
'''XL''' stands for eXtensible Language. It is a [[computer]] [[programming language]] designed to support [[concept programming]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/16/concept_programming|last=Manchester|title="Dip into Concept Programming"|first=Phil|publisher=The Register|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref>

XL features programmer-reconfigurable syntax and semantics. Compiler ''plug-ins'' can be used to add new features to the language. A base set of plug-ins implements a relatively standard [[imperative programming|imperative language]]. Programmers can write their own plug-ins to implement application-specific notations, such as [[derivative|symbolic differentiation]], which can then be used similarly to built-in language features.

==Language==
XL is defined at four different levels:
* XL0 defines how an input text is transformed into a [[parse tree]].
* XL1 defines a base language with features comparable to [[C++]]
* XL2 defines the standard library, which includes common data types and operators.
* XLR defines a dynamic runtime for XL based on XL0

XL has no [[primitive types]] nor keywords. All useful operators and data types, like integers or addition, are defined in the standard library (XL2). XL1 is [[Porting|portable]] between different execution environments. There is no such guarantee for XL2: if a particular [[central processing unit|CPU]] does not implement floating-point multiplication, the corresponding operator definition may be missing from the standard library, and using a floating-point multiply may result in a [[compile-time]] error.

The [[Hello World]] program in XL looks like the following:

use XL.TEXT_IO
WriteLn "Hello World"

An alternative form in a style more suitable for large-scale programs would be:

import IO = XL.TEXT_IO
IO.WriteLn "Hello World"

A recursive implementation of [[factorial]] in XLR looks like the following:

0! -> 1
N! -> N * (N-1)!

==Syntax==
Syntax is defined at the XL0 level. The XL0 phase of the compiler can be configured using a syntax description file, where properties like the text representation and precedence of operators are defined. A basic syntax file defines common mathematical notations, like + for addition, with the usually accepted [[order of operations]].

The parse tree consists of 7 node types, 4 [[leaf node]] types (integer, real, text and symbol) and 3 [[internal node]] types (infix, prefix and block).

* ''integer'' nodes represent an integer [[literal (computer science)|literal]], such as <code>2</code>. The <code>#</code> sign can be used to specify a base other than 10, as in (<code>2#1001</code>). A separating underscore can be used to improve readability, as in <code>1_000_000</code>.
* ''real'' nodes represent non-integral numbers, such as <code>2.5</code>. Based-notations and separators can be used, as for integer nodes, for example <code>16#F.FFF#E-10</code> is a valid real literal.
* ''text'' nodes represent textual contents. They are normally surrounded by simple or double quotes, like <code>"Hello"</code> or <code>'a'</code>, but the syntax file can be used to add other separators, including for multi-line textual contents.
* ''symbol'' nodes represent names or operators. Names are sequence of alphanumeric characters beginning with a letter, like <code>Hello</code>. XL0 preserves case, but XL1 ignores case and underscores, so that <code>JohnDoe</code> and <code>john_doe</code> are the same name. Symbols are sequence of non-alphanumeric characters, like <code>*</code> or <code>=/=</code>.
* ''infix'' nodes represent two nodes related by an infix symbol, like <code>A+1</code> or <code>2 and 3</code>. Infix nodes are in particular used to separate lines, with an infix "new-line" symbol.
* ''prefix'' nodes represent two consecutive nodes, like <code>Write "Hello"</code>. It is also used for postfix notations, like <code>3!</code> or <code>Open?</code>.
* ''block'' nodes represent a node surrounded by grouping symbols, like <code>(A)</code>, <code>[Index]</code>. Indentation is internally represented by a block node.

With the default syntax file, the following is valid XL0, irrespective of any semantics.

A = B + "Hello"

It parses as:

infix("=",
symbol("A"),
infix("+",
symbol("B"), text("Hello")))

==Semantics of XL1 ==
The XL1 phase is defined as a sequence of operations on the XL0 parse tree. These operations are provided by various compiler plug-ins, that are triggered based on the shape of the parse tree.

Special constructs, <code>translate</code> and <code>translation</code>, are provided by a plug-in designed to facilitate the writing of other plug-ins. The <code>quote</code> construct generates a parse tree. Here is how these notations can be used to implement a plug-in called <code>ZeroRemoval</code> that eliminates superfluous additions and multiplications by zero.

translation ZeroRemoval
when
'X' + 0
then
return X
when
'X' * 0
then
return parse_tree(0)

A plug-in can be invoked on a whole file from the command line, or more locally in the source code using the ''pragma'' notation, as follows:

X := {Differentiate} d(sin(omega * T) * exp(-T/T0)) / dT

The XL1 phase contains a large set of plug-ins, notably <code>XLSemantics</code>, that provide common abstractions like [[subroutine]], [[data type]] and [[variable (programming)|variable]] [[declaration (computer science)|declaration]] and [[definition]], as well as basic [[structured programming]] statements, like conditionals or loops.

===Type system===
XL1 type checking is [[data type|static]], with [[generic programming]] abilities that are beyond those of languages like C++ or Ada. Types like arrays or pointers, which are primitive in languages like C++, are declared in the library in XL. For instance, a one-dimensional array type could be defined as follows:

generic [Item : type; Size : integer] type array

A ''validated generic type'' is a generic type where a condition indicates how the type can be used. Such types need not have generic parameters. For instance, one can declare that a type is <code>ordered</code> if it has a less-than operator as follows:

// A type is ordered if it has a less-than relationship
generic type ordered if
A, B : ordered
Test : boolean := A ordered</code> itself is generic.

// Generic function for the minimum of one item
function Min(X : ordered) return ordered is
return X

This also applies to generic types that have parameters, such as <code>array</code>. A function computing the sum of the elements in any array can be written as follows:

function Sum(A : array) return array.Item is
for I in 0..array.Size-1 loop
result += A[I]

===Type-safe variable argument lists===
Functions can be [[Polymorphism (computer science)|overloaded]]. A function can be declared to use a variable number of arguments by using <code>other</code> in the parameter list. In such a function, <code>other</code> can be used to pass the variable number of arguments to another subroutine:

// Generic function for the minimum of N item
function Min(X : ordered; ...) return ordered is
result := Min(...)
if X < result then
result := X

When such a function is called, the compiler recursively instantiates functions to match the parameter list:

// Examples of use of the Min just declared
X : real := Min(1.3, 2.56, 7.21)
Y : integer := Min(1, 3, 6, 7, 1, 2)

===Expression reduction: operator overloading===
Operators can be defined using the <code>written</code> form of function declarations. Below is the code that would declare the addition of integers:

function Add(X, Y: integer) return integer written X+Y

Such ''written forms'' can have more than two parameters. For instance, a matrix linear transform can be written as:

function Linear(A, B, C : matrix) return matrix written A+B*C

A written form can use constants, and such a form is more specialized than a form without constants. For example:

function Equal(A, B : matrix) return boolean written A=B
function IsNull(A : matrix) return boolean written A=0
function IsUnity(A : matrix) return boolean written A=1

The mechanism is used to implement all basic operators. An expression is progressively reduced to function calls using written forms. For that reason, the mechanism is referred to as ''expression reduction'' rather than operator overloading.

===Iterators===

XL iterators allow programmers to implement both [[Generator (computer science)|generators]] and [[iterators]].

<source lang="Pascal">
import IO = XL.UI.CONSOLE

iterator IntegerIterator (var out Counter : integer; Low, High : integer) written Counter in Low..High is
Counter := Low
while Counter <= High loop
yield
Counter += 1

// Note that I needs not be declared, because declared 'var out' in the iterator
// An implicit declaration of I as an integer is therefore made here
for I in 1..5 loop
IO.WriteLn "I=", I
</source>

==Development status and history==
XL is the result of a long language design work that began around 1992. The language was designed and implemented primarily by Christophe de Dinechin.

Historically, the XL compiler was written in C++. It had achieved a point where most of the features described above worked correctly, but writing plug-ins was a nightmare, because C++ itself is not extensible, so implementing <code>translate</code>-like statements was impossible. The parse tree was more complicated, with dozens of node types, because it was designed for cross-language support. Moka was a Java-to-Java extensible compiler using the same infrastructure.

Abandoning the cross-language objectives and complex parse-tree structure, a [[Rewrite (programming)|complete rewrite]] of the compiler was started in 2003. The parse tree was vastly simplified down to the 7 XL0 nodes types now in use. This new compiler [[Bootstrapping (compilers)|bootstrapped]] in 2004, and all new development is now written in XL. However, this new compiler still has somewhat incomplete XL1 support, although its abilities already exceed C++ in a few areas.

===Ancestry===
XL1 was inspired by a large number of other languages. In alphabetical order:

* [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] inspired some of large-scale program support, exception handling, tasking, and supportability aspects.
* [[BASIC]], notably in the more modern variants that dispense of line numbers and support structured programming, showed how simple the syntax of a programming language could be.
* [[C (programming language)|C]] was used as the standard to expect in terms of runtime and machine-level support. XL will not require a virtual machine to run.
* [[C++]] and the [[Standard template library]] demonstrated the need for good support of generic types, including implicit instantiation of generics (which Ada lacks).
* [[Fortran]]'s continued performance lead over C and C++ for numerical-intensive applications helped identify which language constructs would prevent useful optimizations.
* [[Java (programming language)|Java]] demonstrated the importance of a large, portable support library. Java containers also showed the limitations of an approach not based on generic programming. Interfacing with Java code remains an interesting challenge for XL.
* [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] extensibility was considered as a key factor in its survival and relevance to this day. Lisp was the first language to normalize object-oriented features, despite having been designed years before object-oriented ideas were invented.
* [[Prolog]] demonstrated that alternative programming models are sometimes useful and highly productive. Every effort was made to ensure that a Prolog-style plug-in could be written for XL.
* [[Visual Basic]] showed how the parse tree representation can be dissociated from its visual presentation. Few people edit VB Forms textually. It is expected that XL edit-time plug-ins will one day provide similar abilities, by directly manipulating the parse tree.

==Semantics==

XLR is a dynamic language, originally intended as a back-end for the XL1 compiler, hence the name, which stands for XL runtime. It shares the basic XL0 syntax with XL1, but its behavior is much closer to a functional language, whereas XL1 is intended to look mostly like an imperative language. XLR has practically only one built-in operator, "->", which denotes a rewrite. The notation on the left of the rewrite is transformed into the notation on the right of the rewrite.

This mechanism is used to implement standard notations:

if true then TrueBody else FalseBody -> TrueBody
if false then TrueBody else FalseBody -> FalseBody

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://xlr.sf.net}}
* [http://mozart-dev.sf.net The historical development site]
* [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/16/concept_programming/ Coverage on XL and Concept programming at The Register]
* [http://www.byte.com/documents/s=7784/byt1070853295820/1208_heller.html Article in Byte] (dead link)
* [http://www.drdobbs.com/java/184404696 Article in Dr. Dobbs]
* [http://xlr.sourceforge.net/Concept%20Programming%20Presentation.pdf Slides presenting XL and Concept Programming]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xl (Programming language)}}
[[Category:Extensible syntax programming languages]]

[[fa:ایکس ال (زبان برنامه نویسی)]]
[[fr:XL (langage)]]
[[ru:XL (язык программирования)]]
[[fi:XL (ohjelmointikieli)]]

Tett-Geschützturm

2010-10-14T18:09:36Z

Jerryobject: Per Wikipedia Style Manual, copy edited: Decapitalized common nouns in links. Clarified statement time (year).

[[Image:Tett Turret Close up - geograph.org.uk - 168509.jpg|thumb|right|Surviving Tett Turret at RAF Hornchurch. Light coming through one of several spy-holes can be seen opposite the embrasure.]]
__NOTOC__
The '''Tett turret''' is a type of [[British hardened field defences of World War II|hardened field fortification built in Britain]] during the [[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II|invasion crisis of 1940-1941]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=365&term_no=123566
| title = Tett Turret
| accessdate = 26 August 2010
| work = Thesaurus
| publisher = English Heritage
}}</ref> It was a small circular pillbox named after its inventor H.L. Tett and manufactured as a private commercial venture by Burbridge Builders Ltd of [[Surrey]]. It comprised a revolving concrete turret mounted on a [[rolling-element bearing|ball race]] that allowed it to be turned easily. The turret was set above a pit; in early designs, the pit was formed by a standard section of [[pipe (material)|concrete pipe]] {{convert|4|ft|m|1}} in diameter.{{sfn|Wills|1985|pp=21-22}}<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://s134542708.websitehome.co.uk/pillboxes/html/tett_turret_0.html
| title = Images of extant Tett Turret.
| work = Pillboxes UK
| accessdate = 4 September 2010
}}</ref>

The turret was a {{convert|20|in|cm|-1|adj=on}} high truncated cone of [[reinforced concrete]] weighting {{convert|1456|lb|kg}} with a single [[embrasure]] and several spy holes.<ref name = "TTB" >Revolving turret pillbox. H. L. Tett and Burbridge Builders Ltd. - [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/ExternalRequest.asp?RequestReference=AVIA22/1550 AVIA 22/1550], [[The National Archives]]</ref>

The design had a number of advantages. Compared with a conventional [[bunker#Pillbox|pillbox]], it used relatively little concrete and steel, it was easy to conceal and being largely prefabricated it could be quickly installed. Because the turrets could be rotated, a group of soldiers in turrets could all bring their weapons to bear on an enemy whereas the same soldiers in a conventional pillbox might only be able to fire from one or two embrasures. In addition, it was relatively cheap at just £18 for the turret assembly [equivalent to £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|18|1940|r=-1}}}} in 2010{{Inflation-fn|UK}}].<ref name = "TTB" />

[[File:Tett turret sketch.jpg|thumb|left|Tett turret accessible via slit trench]]

However, the [[War Office]] judged the Tett turret to be too cramped and not bulletproof against heavy fire, its isolated nature did not allow adequate command and control{{sfn|Pollard|Oliver|2003|p=295}} and the open top was vulnerable to a well-thrown grenade.{{sfn|Ruddy|2003|p=23}} The most striking feature was that the only way in and out was through the top – there was no way to escape without being exposed to enemy fire – it was to be a fight to the death.{{sfn|Pollard|Oliver|2003|p=295}} Burbridge went back to the drawing board and came up with a new version that instead of being positioned over a pipe was placed on a concrete slab over an underground chamber of brick or concrete slabs. This allowed access from a tunnel or slit trench to the rear.{{sfn|Pollard|Oliver|2003|pp=293-299}} The company's brochure shows a wooden seat suspended from the turret by a metal frame.<ref name = "TTB" />

Burbridge also proposed that the turret be mounted on improvised armoured vehicles such as the [[Armadillo armoured car|Armadillo]] and the [[Bison concrete armoured lorry]].<ref>Pillboxes; employment in defence - [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/ExternalRequest.asp?RequestReference=WO199/1779 WO 199/1779], [[The National Archives]]</ref>

Despite initial enthusiasm by those who saw the design, Burbridge had difficulty getting orders for substantial numbers and consequently, amid wartime shortages and restrictions, could not get even the modest amounts of steel and concrete required to manufacture many turrets.<ref name = "TTB" /> In November 1940, they received an order for just four turrets and even these could not be delivered until February 1941. Eventually, the company manufactured 100 turrets, but only sold 31 of them.{{sfn|Pollard|Oliver|2003|p=295}} Only six sites are recorded in the Defence of Britain database.<ref name=dob_review >{{cite web
| url = http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/specColl/dob/overview.cfm
| title = Overview
| work = Defence of Britain database
| pages =
| accessdate = 4 September 2010
}}</ref>

Today, extant examples are very rare.{{sfn|Wills|1985|pp=21-22}}<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/custom_pages/monument_detail.asp?kids=1&monument_id=31830
| title = Tett Turret (destroyed), Coalhouse Fort
| accessdate = 21 September 2010
| work = Unlocking Essex's Past
| publisher = Essex County Council
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/custom_pages/monument_detail.asp?content_page_id=89&monument_id=31797&content_parents=61,80
| title = Tett Turret (destroyed), S of Chadwell St. Mary
| accessdate = 21 September 2010
| work = Unlocking Essex's Past
| publisher = Essex County Council
}}</ref> Two Tett turrets can easily been seen at [[RAF Hornchurch]] which is now [[Hornchurch Country Park]]. These known Tett turrets were examined closely for the [[BBC]] series ''[[Two Men in a Trench]]''. During filming, three previously unrecognised turrets were discovered in the undergrowth.{{sfn|Pollard|Oliver|2003|pp=293-299}}
{{clear}}
== See also ==
{{Commons category|Tett turret}}

*[[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II]]
*[[British hardened field defences of World War II]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

===General references===

*{{cite book
| last = Foot
| year = 2006
| first = William
| title = Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940
| publisher = Council for British Archaeology
| isbn = 1-902771-53-2
| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Pollard
| first1 = Tony
| authorlink1= Tony Pollard
| last2 = Oliver
| first2 = Neil
| authorlink2= Neil Oliver
| title = Two Men in a Trench II: Uncovering the Secrets of British Battlefields
| publisher = Michael Joseph
| year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0718145941
| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Osborne
| first = Mike
| title = Defending Britain ... twentieth century military structures in the landscape
| publisher = Tempus Publishing
| year = 2004
| isbn = 0-7524-3134-X
| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Ruddy
| first = Austin
| title = British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945
| publisher = Historic Military Press
| year = 2003
| isbn = 1-901313-20-4
| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Wills
| first = Henry
| authorlink = Henry Wills
| title = Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences
| publisher = Leo Cooper
| year = 1985
| isbn = 0-436-57360-1
| ref = harv
}}

===Collections===
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
| title = The National Archives
| accessdate = 2 August 2010
| work = Repository of UK government records
}}



[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century forts in England]]

C−−

2010-09-26T07:40:15Z

Jerryobject: Removed needless piping in 1 link. Corrected stub tag.

{{Infobox programming language
| name = C--
| paradigm = [[imperative programming|imperative]]
| year = 1997
| typing = [[Type system|static]], [[Weak typing|weak]]
| designer = [[Simon Peyton Jones]] and [[Norman Ramsey (computer scientist)|Norman Ramsey]]
| influenced_by = [[C (programming language)|C]]
}}

'''C--''' (pronounced "cee minus minus") is a [[C (programming language)|C]]-like [[programming language]]. Its creators, [[functional programming]] researchers [[Simon Peyton Jones]] and [[Norman Ramsey (computer scientist)|Norman Ramsey]], designed it to be generated mainly by [[compiler]]s for very high-level languages rather than written by human programmers. Unlike many other [[intermediate language]]s, its representation is plain [[ASCII]] text, not [[bytecode]] or another [[Binary data|binary]] format.

== Design ==
C-- is a "portable [[assembly language]]", designed to ease the task of implementing a compiler which produces high-quality machine code by having the compiler generate C-- code, delegating the harder work of low-level code generation and [[optimisation (computer science)|optimisation]] to a C-- compiler.

Work on C-- began in the late 1990s. Since writing a custom [[Code generation (compiler)|code generator]] is a challenge in itself, and the compiler [[Front-end and back-end#Computer science|back ends]] available to researchers at that time were complex and poorly documented, several projects had written compilers which generated [[C (programming language)|C]] code (for instance, the original [[Modula-3]] compiler). However, C is a poor choice for functional languages: it does not support [[tail recursion]], accurate [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] or efficient [[exception handling]]. C-- is a simpler, tightly-defined alternative to C which does support all of these things. Its most innovative feature is a run-time interface which allows writing of portable garbage collectors, exception handling systems and other run-time features which work with any C-- compiler.

The language's syntax borrows heavily from C. It omits or changes standard C features such as [[variadic function]]s, [[pointer (computing)|pointer]] [[syntax]], and aspects of C's [[type system]], because they hamper certain essential features of C-- and the ease with which [[code-generation]] tools can produce it.

The name of the language is an in-joke, indicating that C-- is a reduced form of C, in the same way that [[C++]] is basically an expanded form of C. (In C and C++, "--" and "++" are operators meaning "subtract 1 from" and "add 1 to".)

C-- is a target platform for the [[Glasgow Haskell Compiler]], and an adaptation of C-- will eventually become the main code-generation path. Some of C--'s developers, including [[Simon Peyton Jones]], João Dias, and [[Norman Ramsey (computer scientist)|Norman Ramsey]], also work or have worked on the Glasgow Haskell Compiler. The GHC codebase and development are based at [[Microsoft Research]] in [[Cambridge]], though it is not a [[Microsoft]] project.

== Type system ==

The C-- [[type system]] is deliberately designed to reflect constraints imposed by hardware rather than conventions imposed by higher-level languages. In C-- a value stored in a register or memory may have only one type: bit vector. However, bit vector is a [[Type polymorphism|polymorphic]] type and may come in several widths, e.g., <tt>bits8</tt>, <tt>bits32</tt>, or <tt>bits64</tt>. In addition to the bit-vector type C-- also provides a Boolean type <tt>bool</tt>, which can be computed by expressions and used for control flow but cannot be stored in a register or in memory. As in an assembly language, any higher type discipline, such as distinctions between signed, unsigned, float, and pointer, is imposed by the C-- operators or other syntactic constructs in the language.

== Sphinx C-- ==
The name "C--" was also used for an earlier programming language developed in the 1990s by Peter Cellik for [[x86 architecture|x86]] computers. [http://c--sphinx.narod.ru/indexe.htm Sphinx C--] mixes C with x86 assembly language.

==See also==

* [[BCPL]]
* [[Low Level Virtual Machine]]

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.cminusminus.org/}} -([http://web.archive.org/web/20080822062234/http://www.cminusminus.org/ Archive])

[[Category:C programming language family]]
[[Category:Compilers]]

{{prog-lang-stub}}

[[fr:C-- (langage intermédiaire)]]
[[it:C--]]
[[pl:C--]]
[[pt:C--]]
[[ru:C--]]
[[fi:C--]]

Alef (Programmiersprache)

2010-09-22T01:31:29Z

Jerryobject: Added links to related topics. Corrected: introduction sentence, stub name, link capitalization. Updated link.

{{Infobox programming language
| name = Alef
| logo =
| caption =
| file_ext =
| paradigm =
| year =
| designer = [[Phil Winterbottom]]
| developer =
| latest_release_version =
| latest_release_date =
| latest_test_version =
| latest_test_date =
| typing =
| implementations =
| dialects =
| influenced_by = [[Newsqueak]]
| influenced = [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]]
| operating_system = [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]]
| license =
| website =
| wikibooks =
}}
The '''Alef''' [[programming language]] was designed as part of the [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs|Plan 9]] [[operating system]] by [[Phil Winterbottom]] of [[Bell Labs]].

In a February 2000 slideshow, [[Rob Pike]] noted: "…although Alef was a fruitful language, it proved too difficult to maintain a variant language across multiple architectures, so we took what we learned from it and built the thread library for C."

== Example ==

This example was taken from [http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/2nd_edition/papers/alef/ref Alef Language Reference Manual]. The piece illustrates the use of [[tuple]] data type.

<source lang="C">
(int, byte*, byte)
func()
{
return (10, "hello", ’c’);
}
void
main()
{
int a;
byte* str;
byte c;
(a, str, c) = func();
}
</source>

== See also ==
* [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], a direct successor of Alef, the most commonly used language in the [[Inferno (operating system)|Inferno]] operating system
* [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]], the original environment where Alef was developed

== References ==
* {{cite book
| first = Phil
| last = Winterbottom
| chapter = Alef Language Reference Manual
| title = Plan 9 Programmer's Manual: Volume Two
| publisher = AT&T
| location = Murray Hill
| year = 1995
| chapterurl = http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/2nd_edition/papers/alef/ref
}}
* {{cite book
| first = Bob
| last = Flandrena
| chapter = Alef Users' Guide
| title = Plan 9 Programmer's Manual: Volume Two
| publisher = AT&T
| location = Murray Hill
| year = 1995
| chapterurl = http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/2nd_edition/papers/alef/ug
}}
* {{cite newsgroup
| author = [[Phil Winterbottom]]
| title = Plan9 VM
| date = 1992-10-20
| newsgroup = comp.os.research
| id = 1c1denINN441@darkstar.UCSC.EDU
| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.research/msg/a7dce2f02eb44ffd?&hl=en
}}
* [http://tlc.discovery.com/convergence/hackers/bio/bio_02.html TLC Hackers' Hall of Fame]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alef (Programming Language)}}
[[Category:C programming language family]]
[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]
[[Category:Plan 9 from Bell Labs]]

{{prog-lang-stub}}

[[fr:Alef]]
[[it:Alef (linguaggio di programmazione)]]
[[ms:Alef]]
[[pt:Alef (linguagem de programação)]]

Richie meldet sich zurück

2010-09-19T04:40:05Z

Jerryobject: /* Episode recap */ Disambiguated 1 link.

{{Infobox Television episode | Title = Toodle Fucking-Oo
| Series = [[The Sopranos]]
| Season = 2
| Episode = 16
| Guests= ''see below''|
| Airdate = January 30, 2000 ([[HBO]])
| Production = 202 (2-3)
| Writer = [[Frank Renzulli]]
| Director = [[Lee Tamahori]]
| Episode list = [[List of The Sopranos episodes|Episode chronology]]
| Image =
| Prev = [[Do Not Resuscitate (The Sopranos episode)|Do Not Resuscitate]]
| Next = [[Commendatori]]
}}

"'''Toodle Fucking-Oo'''" is the sixteenth episode of the [[HBO]] original series ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and the third of the show's second season. It was written by [[Frank Renzulli]], directed by [[Lee Tamahori]] and originally aired on Sunday January 30, 2000.

==Starring==
* [[James Gandolfini]] as [[Tony Soprano]]
* [[Lorraine Bracco]] as [[Dr. Jennifer Melfi]]
* [[Edie Falco]] as [[Carmela Soprano]]
* [[Michael Imperioli]] as [[Christopher Moltisanti]]
* [[Dominic Chianese]] as [[Junior Soprano|Corrado Soprano, Jr.]]
* [[Vincent Pastore]] as [[Pussy Bonpensiero]]
* [[Steven Van Zandt]] as [[Silvio Dante]]
* [[Tony Sirico]] as [[Paulie Gualtieri]]
* [[Robert Iler]] as [[Anthony Soprano, Jr.]]
* [[Jamie-Lynn Sigler]] as [[Meadow Soprano]]
* [[Drea de Matteo]] as [[Adriana La Cerva]]
* [[David Proval]] as [[Richie Aprile]]
* [[Aida Turturro]] as [[Janice Soprano]]
* and [[Nancy Marchand]] as [[Livia Soprano]]

===Guest starring===
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Peter Bogdanovich]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]]
* [[Matthew Sussman]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Douglas Schreck|Dr. Schreck]]
* [[Paul Herman]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Beansie Gaeta]]
* [[Michele DeCesare|Michele de Cesare]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Hunter Scangarelo|Hunter Scangarelo]]
* Diana Agostini as Miriam
* Getchie Argetsinger as Yoga Instructor
* Leslie Beatty as Nancy
* Ed Crasnick as Comedian
* [[Vincent Curatola]] as [[Johnny Sack]]
* Catrina Ganey as Nurse
{{col-2}}
* Marc Freeman Hamm as Party Goer
* Linda Mann as Joint Copper
* Joe Pacheo as Policeman
* Charles Sammarco as Joey
* Antonette Schwartzberg as Beansie's Mother
* Mike Squicciarini as Big Frank
* Donna Smythe as Gia Gaeta
* Deirdre Sullivan as Hospital Patient
* Craig Wojcik as Pizza Kid
{{col-end}}

==Episode recap==
[[Richie Aprile]], the late [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Jackie Aprile, Sr.|Jackie]]'s brother, is paroled from prison after being incarcerated for 10 years. In his first few days out of jail, Richie manages to reunite and cause problems with old acquaintances and to put his message out to the other associates that he has returned. The first man Richie pays a visit to his respected pizzeria owner [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Beansie Gaeta]], who was once partnered with Richie in drug dealings and crime. Richie states to Beansie that he wants respect and what is owed to him. Beansie feels threatened and tells him to back off, which angers Richie; he smashes a coffee pot over Beansie's head, throws a chair at him, and hits him several times, eventually breaking his left cheek bone.

Meanwhile [[Tony Soprano]] is informed by the [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]] police that his daughter, [[Meadow Soprano|Meadow]], threw a party at [[Livia Soprano|Livia]]'s house. In addition to the house being trashed, there were several different [[designer drug]]s and alcohol found at the scene, explaining the overdoses of several partiers. Since the officer owed Tony a favor, he agreed not to expose what really happened at the party. Meadow and [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Hunter Scangarelo|Hunter]] are then driven home and interrogated by Tony. Meadow quickly defends herself with a flimsy excuse. At home, [[Carmela Soprano|Carmela]] expects an explanation, but Meadow just runs up the stairs when questioned. When discussing a punishment, Carmela tells Tony that there must be consequences and asks what kind of parents they would be if they don't punish her. Tony then says that there will be, and he also adds that "with the laws today, you can't restrain your kid physically. 'Cause then she would sue you for [[child abuse]]." Carmela insists on consequences, but then he replies to her, "Let's just not overplay our hand, because if she finds out that we're powerless, we're fucked!" Meadow later comes clean, but she selects her own punishment by allowing her parents to take away her [[Discover Card]] for three weeks. Meadow later reveals to her best friend that losing her credit card is no big deal, and she chose this punishment believing she really pulled one over on her Mom and Dad. This revelation occurs in two ways. First, she is shown with a wry smile leaving that conversation. Second, while Meadow and her friend are making dinner for themselves in the Soprano kitchen, touting how they are so grown up now, all the while blithely creating an enormous mess in the kitchen.

[[Janice Soprano|Janice]] is initially in support of the punishment decision, a sign that Meadow is growing independent. Carmela asks Janice nicely to not invade in her parenting of her daughter. However, when Janice discovers the mess at Livia's house, stained walls and vomit on the hardwood floors, she thinks that Meadow is getting away too easily. This annoys Tony, who curtly tells Janice to stop intruding on how they raise their kids. Tony then leaves when Carmela yells, "Mind your fucking business, keep your mouth shut when it comes to my kids!" A hurt Janice then leaves the house. Meadow overhears the argument. Janice and Carmela reconcile at the end of the episode.

While eating dinner at an elegant Italian restaurant, [[Jennifer Melfi]] shares a bottle of wine with some friends. As they are leaving the restaurant, Melfi sees Tony at a table with his "co-workers." She is taken aback, and nervously asks how he has been. Tony says that he is fine and exchanges the question with her. Melfi recommends a dish on the menu and Tony annoyingly asks if they are now making [[small talk (phatic communication)|small talk]]. Melfi continues to be nervous and unsure of herself, and in this state, all she can think of to say while leaving is "Toodle-oo." At a session with her therapist, [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]], she is annoyed at her behavior and because she feels that she acts differently when she is around Tony. Dr. Kupferberg asks her if she has feelings that are of a sexual nature for Tony, who is referred to simply as "the patient." The following night, Melfi has a dream that Tony suffers a car accident after running out of [[Prozac]]. As Tony crashes the car, music from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (''"[[Optimistic Voices]]"'') plays in the background. An alarmed Melfi wakes up from her dream and writes it down in her notebook.

Tony throws Richie a "welcome home" party after his long prison term. At the party, Richie's supporters all pay him homage with envelopes of money, except for Beansie Gaeta. When Richie asks if Beansie is present, Tony tells him to lay off Beansie. Hours after the party, Richie tracks down Beansie and attempts to shoot him for his disrespect. Beansie escapes and when he feels it is safe, he returns to his car, only to find Richie waiting. Richie runs over Beansie, severely injuring him. Tony later visits Beansie in the hospital where his wife becomes very confrontational over his injury. Beansie's doctor has minimal hope that he will walk again.

Tony later tells Richie that Beansie will never walk again and asks if he has any remorse. Richie reminds Tony that no one ever went to see him in jail—especially Beansie—and that he deserved what happened. Tony angrily reminds Richie by telling him "I'm the motherfuckin' fuckin' one who calls the shots" and demands Richie to respect his decisions, and the same way he gave his brother, otherwise there will be severe consequences. Richie says "Ok, Tony" and walks away. In an earlier discussion at the mall, Tony reminded Richie to slow down and wait for his business to come back to him and that things run a little differently now. Richie then changes the subject by asking how Tony's sister Janice is doing. Earlier, Richie had seen Janice at [[yoga]] class, where they reminisced and talked about their recent past and current status. Richie then tries to win Janice over by bringing a bouquet of flowers to Livia's bedside. Over sodas, Janice told Richie that they are both in very different places but Richie insisted that they give their relationship another chance.

When Tony goes to change the locks at Livia's, he discovers Meadow scrubbing the floors and tidying up the house. She is obviously in a great deal of distress, on her hands and knees. The stench of old vomit makes her choke. Tony turns away from the house and puts his arms on his hips, clearly perplexed by his daughter's display of remorse.

==First appearances==
* '''[[Richie Aprile]]''': The late Jackie Aprile's older brother, who is paroled from prison after a 10-year sentence.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Peter "Beansie" Gaeta]]''': a former mafia associate of Richie Aprile and pizzeria owner.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]]''': Dr. Melfi's colleague and pscyhotherapist.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Douglas Schreck|Dr. Douglas Schreck]]''': Junior Soprano's cardiologist.

==Title reference==
* "Toodle-oo" is a common form of "good-bye". An annoyed Melfi adds her own twist on the saying while mulling over her run-in with Tony.

==Production==
* Although this was the third episode of season two, it was the second to be produced.
* [[David Proval]] ([[Richie Aprile]]) is now billed in the opening credits.
* Proval originally auditioned to play the role of Tony Soprano. He was turned down because creator [[David Chase]] felt he looked "too right," for the part. He is credited within the main cast for season two.

==Connections with future episodes==
* When meeting with Tony at the mall, Richie reminds Tony that he helped him and his brother, Jackie, get a "pass" after robbing the card game of a mob capo from the 1970s named [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Michele "Feech" La Manna|"Feech" La Manna]]. This is the first reference to the story, which is retold with more details in later seasons. Feech La Manna is released from prison and becomes a pivotal character in season five.

==Music==
* The song played over the end credits is "Viking" by [[Los Lobos]].
* The song played while the girls cook in the kitchen is "[[No Scrubs]]" by [[TLC (band)|TLC]].
* The "[[Optimistic Voices]]" number from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', heard in Dr. Melfi's dream, comes from the [[Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz|original soundtrack]] of the film.

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0705288|title="The Sopranos" Toodle-Fucking-Oo}}

{{The Sopranos}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toodle Fucking-Oo}}
[[Category:The Sopranos episodes]]
[[Category:2000 television episodes]]
[[fr:Au Plaisir]]
[[hr:Toodle Fucking-Oo]]

Richie meldet sich zurück

2010-09-19T04:21:54Z

Jerryobject: Corrected heading capitalization, per Wikipedia Style Manual.

{{Infobox Television episode | Title = Toodle Fucking-Oo
| Series = [[The Sopranos]]
| Season = 2
| Episode = 16
| Guests= ''see below''|
| Airdate = January 30, 2000 ([[HBO]])
| Production = 202 (2-3)
| Writer = [[Frank Renzulli]]
| Director = [[Lee Tamahori]]
| Episode list = [[List of The Sopranos episodes|Episode chronology]]
| Image =
| Prev = [[Do Not Resuscitate (The Sopranos episode)|Do Not Resuscitate]]
| Next = [[Commendatori]]
}}

"'''Toodle Fucking-Oo'''" is the sixteenth episode of the [[HBO]] original series ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and the third of the show's second season. It was written by [[Frank Renzulli]], directed by [[Lee Tamahori]] and originally aired on Sunday January 30, 2000.

==Starring==
* [[James Gandolfini]] as [[Tony Soprano]]
* [[Lorraine Bracco]] as [[Dr. Jennifer Melfi]]
* [[Edie Falco]] as [[Carmela Soprano]]
* [[Michael Imperioli]] as [[Christopher Moltisanti]]
* [[Dominic Chianese]] as [[Junior Soprano|Corrado Soprano, Jr.]]
* [[Vincent Pastore]] as [[Pussy Bonpensiero]]
* [[Steven Van Zandt]] as [[Silvio Dante]]
* [[Tony Sirico]] as [[Paulie Gualtieri]]
* [[Robert Iler]] as [[Anthony Soprano, Jr.]]
* [[Jamie-Lynn Sigler]] as [[Meadow Soprano]]
* [[Drea de Matteo]] as [[Adriana La Cerva]]
* [[David Proval]] as [[Richie Aprile]]
* [[Aida Turturro]] as [[Janice Soprano]]
* and [[Nancy Marchand]] as [[Livia Soprano]]

===Guest starring===
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Peter Bogdanovich]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]]
* [[Matthew Sussman]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Douglas Schreck|Dr. Schreck]]
* [[Paul Herman]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Beansie Gaeta]]
* [[Michele DeCesare|Michele de Cesare]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Hunter Scangarelo|Hunter Scangarelo]]
* Diana Agostini as Miriam
* Getchie Argetsinger as Yoga Instructor
* Leslie Beatty as Nancy
* Ed Crasnick as Comedian
* [[Vincent Curatola]] as [[Johnny Sack]]
* Catrina Ganey as Nurse
{{col-2}}
* Marc Freeman Hamm as Party Goer
* Linda Mann as Joint Copper
* Joe Pacheo as Policeman
* Charles Sammarco as Joey
* Antonette Schwartzberg as Beansie's Mother
* Mike Squicciarini as Big Frank
* Donna Smythe as Gia Gaeta
* Deirdre Sullivan as Hospital Patient
* Craig Wojcik as Pizza Kid
{{col-end}}

==Episode recap==
[[Richie Aprile]], the late [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Jackie Aprile, Sr.|Jackie]]'s brother, is paroled from prison after being incarcerated for 10 years. In his first few days out of jail, Richie manages to reunite and cause problems with old acquaintances and to put his message out to the other associates that he has returned. The first man Richie pays a visit to his respected pizzeria owner [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Beansie Gaeta]], who was once partnered with Richie in drug dealings and crime. Richie states to Beansie that he wants respect and what is owed to him. Beansie feels threatened and tells him to back off, which angers Richie; he smashes a coffee pot over Beansie's head, throws a chair at him, and hits him several times, eventually breaking his left cheek bone.

Meanwhile [[Tony Soprano]] is informed by the [[West Orange, New Jersey|West Orange]] police that his daughter, [[Meadow Soprano|Meadow]], threw a party at [[Livia Soprano|Livia]]'s house. In addition to the house being trashed, there were several different [[designer drug]]s and alcohol found at the scene, explaining the overdoses of several partiers. Since the officer owed Tony a favor, he agreed not to expose what really happened at the party. Meadow and [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Hunter Scangarelo|Hunter]] are then driven home and interrogated by Tony. Meadow quickly defends herself with a flimsy excuse. At home, [[Carmela Soprano|Carmela]] expects an explanation, but Meadow just runs up the stairs when questioned. When discussing a punishment, Carmela tells Tony that there must be consequences and asks what kind of parents they would be if they don't punish her. Tony then says that there will be, and he also adds that "with the laws today, you can't restrain your kid physically. 'Cause then she would sue you for [[child abuse]]." Carmela insists on consequences, but then he replies to her, "Let's just not overplay our hand, because if she finds out that we're powerless, we're fucked!" Meadow later comes clean, but she selects her own punishment by allowing her parents to take away her [[Discover Card]] for three weeks. Meadow later reveals to her best friend that losing her credit card is no big deal, and she chose this punishment believing she really pulled one over on her Mom and Dad. This revelation occurs in two ways. First, she is shown with a wry smile leaving that conversation. Second, while Meadow and her friend are making dinner for themselves in the Soprano kitchen, touting how they are so grown up now, all the while blithely creating an enormous mess in the kitchen.

[[Janice Soprano|Janice]] is initially in support of the punishment decision, a sign that Meadow is growing independent. Carmela asks Janice nicely to not invade in her parenting of her daughter. However, when Janice discovers the mess at Livia's house, stained walls and vomit on the hardwood floors, she thinks that Meadow is getting away too easily. This annoys Tony, who curtly tells Janice to stop intruding on how they raise their kids. Tony then leaves when Carmela yells, "Mind your fucking business, keep your mouth shut when it comes to my kids!" A hurt Janice then leaves the house. Meadow overhears the argument. Janice and Carmela reconcile at the end of the episode.

While eating dinner at an elegant Italian restaurant, [[Jennifer Melfi]] shares a bottle of wine with some friends. As they are leaving the restaurant, Melfi sees Tony at a table with his "co-workers." She is taken aback, and nervously asks how he has been. Tony says that he is fine and exchanges the question with her. Melfi recommends a dish on the menu and Tony annoyingly asks if they are now making [[small talk]]. Melfi continues to be nervous and unsure of herself, and in this state, all she can think of to say while leaving is "Toodle-oo." At a session with her therapist, [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]], she is annoyed at her behavior and because she feels that she acts differently when she is around Tony. Dr. Kupferberg asks her if she has feelings that are of a sexual nature for Tony, who is referred to simply as "the patient." The following night, Melfi has a dream that Tony suffers a car accident after running out of [[Prozac]]. As Tony crashes the car, music from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (''"[[Optimistic Voices]]"'') plays in the background. An alarmed Melfi wakes up from her dream and writes it down in her notebook.

Tony throws Richie a "welcome home" party after his long prison term. At the party, Richie's supporters all pay him homage with envelopes of money, except for Beansie Gaeta. When Richie asks if Beansie is present, Tony tells him to lay off Beansie. Hours after the party, Richie tracks down Beansie and attempts to shoot him for his disrespect. Beansie escapes and when he feels it is safe, he returns to his car, only to find Richie waiting. Richie runs over Beansie, severely injuring him. Tony later visits Beansie in the hospital where his wife becomes very confrontational over his injury. Beansie's doctor has minimal hope that he will walk again.

Tony later tells Richie that Beansie will never walk again and asks if he has any remorse. Richie reminds Tony that no one ever went to see him in jail—especially Beansie—and that he deserved what happened. Tony angrily reminds Richie by telling him "I'm the motherfuckin' fuckin' one who calls the shots" and demands Richie to respect his decisions, and the same way he gave his brother, otherwise there will be severe consequences. Richie says "Ok, Tony" and walks away. In an earlier discussion at the mall, Tony reminded Richie to slow down and wait for his business to come back to him and that things run a little differently now. Richie then changes the subject by asking how Tony's sister Janice is doing. Earlier, Richie had seen Janice at [[yoga]] class, where they reminisced and talked about their recent past and current status. Richie then tries to win Janice over by bringing a bouquet of flowers to Livia's bedside. Over sodas, Janice told Richie that they are both in very different places but Richie insisted that they give their relationship another chance.

When Tony goes to change the locks at Livia's, he discovers Meadow scrubbing the floors and tidying up the house. She is obviously in a great deal of distress, on her hands and knees. The stench of old vomit makes her choke. Tony turns away from the house and puts his arms on his hips, clearly perplexed by his daughter's display of remorse.

==First appearances==
* '''[[Richie Aprile]]''': The late Jackie Aprile's older brother, who is paroled from prison after a 10-year sentence.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Peter "Beansie" Gaeta|Peter "Beansie" Gaeta]]''': a former mafia associate of Richie Aprile and pizzeria owner.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Elliot Kupferberg|Dr. Elliot Kupferberg]]''': Dr. Melfi's colleague and pscyhotherapist.
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Dr. Douglas Schreck|Dr. Douglas Schreck]]''': Junior Soprano's cardiologist.

==Title reference==
* "Toodle-oo" is a common form of "good-bye". An annoyed Melfi adds her own twist on the saying while mulling over her run-in with Tony.

==Production==
* Although this was the third episode of season two, it was the second to be produced.
* [[David Proval]] ([[Richie Aprile]]) is now billed in the opening credits.
* Proval originally auditioned to play the role of Tony Soprano. He was turned down because creator [[David Chase]] felt he looked "too right," for the part. He is credited within the main cast for season two.

==Connections with future episodes==
* When meeting with Tony at the mall, Richie reminds Tony that he helped him and his brother, Jackie, get a "pass" after robbing the card game of a mob capo from the 1970s named [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Michele "Feech" La Manna|"Feech" La Manna]]. This is the first reference to the story, which is retold with more details in later seasons. Feech La Manna is released from prison and becomes a pivotal character in season five.

==Music==
* The song played over the end credits is "Viking" by [[Los Lobos]].
* The song played while the girls cook in the kitchen is "[[No Scrubs]]" by [[TLC (band)|TLC]].
* The "[[Optimistic Voices]]" number from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', heard in Dr. Melfi's dream, comes from the [[Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz|original soundtrack]] of the film.

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0705288|title="The Sopranos" Toodle-Fucking-Oo}}

{{The Sopranos}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toodle Fucking-Oo}}
[[Category:The Sopranos episodes]]
[[Category:2000 television episodes]]
[[fr:Au Plaisir]]
[[hr:Toodle Fucking-Oo]]

Kaspersky Anti-Virus

2010-09-12T08:03:55Z

Jerryobject: Fixed errors in spelling, capitalization. Removed redundant wording, including merging two 1-sentence paragraphs.

{{Infobox software
| name = Kaspersky Anti-Virus
| logo= [[Image:KAV logo.png|64px]]

| screenshot =[[Image:Kaspersky Anti-Virus.png|300px]]
| caption = Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2011 (version 11.0) on Windows 7
| developer = [[Kaspersky Lab]]
| latest release version = 2011 (11.0.1.400)
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2010|7|20|df=yes}}
| operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Macintosh]], [[Linux]]
| genre = [[antivirus software|Antivirus]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://www.kaspersky.com/kaspersky_anti-virus www.kaspersky.com]
}}

'''Kaspersky Anti-Virus''' ({{lang-ru|Антивирус Касперского}}; formerly known as ''AntiViral Toolkit Pro''; often referred to as '''KAV''') is an [[antivirus software|antivirus]] program developed by [[Kaspersky Lab]]. It is designed to protect users from [[malware]] and is primarily designed for computers running [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[Mac OS X]], though a version for [[Linux]] is available for business consumers.

==Features==
Kaspersky Anti-Virus features include real-time protection, detection and removal of [[computer virus|viruses]], [[trojan horse (computing)|trojans]], [[computer worm|worms]], [[spyware]], [[adware]], [[keyloggers]] malicious tools and auto-dialers, as well as detection and removal of [[rootkits]]. It also includes instantaneous automatic updates via the "Kaspersky Security Network" service.

According to Kaspersky, "Kaspersky Security Network service allows users of Kaspersky Lab security products from around the world to help facilitate [[malware]] identification and reduce the time it takes to provide protection against new (“in the wild”) security risks targeting your computer." [[Kaspersky Lab]] maintains a strict privacy policy for use of this service and asserts that volunteering to use this service by sending certain information "contains no personally identifiable information about the user and is utilized by Kaspersky Lab for no other purposes but to enhance its security products and to further advance solutions against malicious threats and viruses."

[[Windows]] users may download an [[Anti-Virus]] Rescue Disk that scans the host computer during [[booting]] inside an isolated [[Linux]] environment. In addition, Kaspersky Anti-Virus prevents itself from being disabled by malware without user permission via password access prompts upon disabling protection elements and changing internal settings. It also scans incoming [[instant messenger]] traffic, automatically disables links to known [[malware]] hosting sites while using [[Internet Explorer]] or [[Firefox]] and includes free Technical Support and free product upgrades within paid-subcription periods. [[Kaspersky Lab]] currently offers 1 year, 2 year and 3 year subscriptions.

==Awards==
According to AV-Comparatives, Kaspersky Anti-Virus rates highly amongst virus scanners in terms of detection rates, even despite the fact that the program has failed two [[Virus Bulletin]] tests in 2007 and another two in 2008.<ref>http://www.virusbtn.com/vb100/archive/results?vendor=VE15</ref> In addition, [[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] awarded Kaspersky Anti-Virus 6 the Editor's Choice in its 2007 anti-virus comparative<ref>http://www.pcworld.com/article/130869/top_antivirus_performers.html</ref>. The well-known and highly regarded [[Ars Technica]] lists Kaspersky as one of the best choices for [[Anti-Virus]] on the [[Windows]] platform.<ref>[http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2008/04/five-security-apps-linux-osx-windows.ars Five important security apps for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows]</ref>

Kaspersky Anti-Virus was "A-listed" by the UK PC journal [[PC Pro]] in late 2007, where it scored very highly for detection and removal of malware<ref name="pcpro.co.uk">http://www.pcpro.co.uk/labs/120448/kaspersky-antivirus-7.html</ref>. PC Pro attributes this to “a combination of the software’s heuristic scanning and uncompromising approach to database updates<ref name="pcpro.co.uk"/>. While many packages check for new virus signatures on a daily basis, Kaspersky runs to an hourly schedule, improving your chances of being immunized before an infection reaches it.” <ref>[http://www.kaspersky.co.uk/news?id=207575542 Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0 wins top awards from PC Pro]</ref>

Kaspersky Anti-Virus was tested by PassMark in June 2008 and was accoladed as having "the industry's fastest scan times" on [[Windows Vista]].

==Limits==
Kaspersky Anti-Virus lacks certain features found in [[Kaspersky Internet Security]]. These missing features include a [[personal firewall]], [[Intrusion-prevention system|HIPS]], Anti[[Spam (electronic)|Spam]], AntiBanner and [[parental control]] tools.

Also, Kaspersky, like the majority of its competitors, is incompatible with many other [[anti-virus]] and [[anti-spyware]] software.<ref>[http://support.kaspersky.com/faq/?qid=208279751 Applications which are not compatible with Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2009\Kaspersky Internet Security 2009]</ref>

==Macintosh==
The newly released [[Macintosh]] capable edition of Kaspersky Anti-Virus is compatible on ([[Intel]] Processor Based) [[Mac OS X v.10.4]] and higher to include the brand new version [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard]], released in August 2009. [[Kaspersky Labs]] internal testing concludes consuming only 1% [[CPU]] impact on performance and is designed to maintain a user friendly Mac-like interface that Mac users are familiar with. Kaspersky Anti-Virus for Mac contains definitions to detect and block malware affecting [[Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[Mac OS X]] alike. Kaspersky Anti-Virus for Mac also scans shared folders of users running [[Windows]] using [[Virtual PC]] on capable [[Apple Macintosh]] personal computers.<ref>http://usa.kaspersky.com/products_services/anti-virus-for-mac.php</ref>

==Linux editions==
An edition of Kaspersky's anti-virus solution for [[Linux]] workstations is available to business consumers.<ref>[http://www.kaspersky.com/anti-virus_linux_workstation Kaspersky Anti-Virus for Linux Workstation]</ref> It offers many of the features included in the mainstream version for Windows, including on-access and on-demand scanners.

Specialized editions of Kaspersky Anti-Virus are also available for a variety of Linux servers and offer protection from most forms of malware.

==System requirements==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!
! [[Windows XP|XP]] (32/64-bit)
! [[Windows Vista]] (32/64-bit)
! [[Windows 7]] (32/64-bit)
! [[Mac OS X]] (v.10.4.11 "[[Tiger]]" or higher)
! [[Linux]] ([[Red Hat Linux|Red Hat]], [[Mandriva Linux|Mandriva]], [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[Debian]], [[SUSE Linux|SUSE]])
|-
! [[Central Processing Unit|Processor]]
| [[Intel]] [[Pentium]] 300 MHz or higher (or equivalent)
| Intel Pentium 800 MHz or higher (or equivalent)
| Intel Pentium 1 GHz or higher (or equivalent)
| Intel Pentium 1 GHz or higher (or equivalent)
| Intel Pentium 133 MHz or higher (or equivalent)
|-
! [[RAM]]
| 256 [[Megabyte|MB]]
| 512 MB
| 1 GB
| 512 MB
| 64 MB
|-
! Free [[hard drive]] space
| 50 MB
| 50 MB
| 50 MB
| 80 MB
| 100 MB
|}

A [[DVD-ROM]] or [[CD-ROM]] drive, [[Internet Explorer]] 5.5 or above and [[Windows Installer]] 2.0 or above are also required for the installation of Kaspersky Anti-Virus in Windows. The latest version can either be downloaded from their official website or purchased through retail.

The last version of Kaspersky Anti-Virus that still supported [[Windows Me]] was 6.0.2.621 and the last version that still supported Windows 2000 was 7.0.0.125.

==Security flaws==
* In 2005, two critical flaws were discovered in Kaspersky Anti-Virus. One could let attackers commandeer systems that use it.<ref>[http://news.zdnet.co.uk/security/0,1000000189,39225777,00.htm Kaspersky flaw 'opens back door']</ref> One allowed CHM files to insert malicious code.<ref>[http://www.techworld.com/security/news/index.cfm?newsid=4556 Kaspersky compromised by another security breach]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaspersky Lab]]
* [[Kaspersky Internet Security]]
* [[Kaspersky Mobile Security]]
* [[Eugene Kaspersky]]
*[[List of antivirus software]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.kaspersky.com/kaspersky_anti-virus Kaspersky Anti-Virus product page]
*[http://forum.kaspersky.com Kaspersky Lab Forum]

[[Category:Antivirus software]]
[[Category:Computer network security]]

[[ar:كاسبرسكي أنتي فيرس]]
[[ca:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[da:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[fa:ضدویروس کاسپرسکی]]
[[fr:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[ka:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[ja:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[pl:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[pt:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[ru:Антивирус Касперского]]
[[sk:Kaspersky Anti-Virus]]
[[uk:Антивірус Касперського]]
[[zh:卡巴斯基杀毒软件]]

Dynamische Programmiersprache

2010-09-02T22:56:58Z

Jerryobject: /* Examples */ Disambiuguated 2 terms. Corrected 1 unprintworthy capitalization. Added 1 item to list.

{{Expert-subject|computer science|date=February 2009}}
{{Confusing|date=October 2009}}
:''This article is about a class of programming languages, for the method for reducing the runtime of algorithms, see [[Dynamic programming]].''

'''Dynamic programming language''' is a term used broadly in [[computer science]] to describe a class of [[high-level programming language]]s that execute at [[Run time (computing)|runtime]] many common behaviors that other languages might perform during [[compiler|compilation]], if at all. These behaviors could include extension of the program, by adding new [[Code (computer programming)|code]], by extending [[Object (computer science)|object]]s and definitions, or by modifying the [[type system]], all during program execution. These behaviors can be emulated in nearly any language of sufficient complexity, but dynamic languages provide direct tools to make use of them.

Most dynamic languages are [[dynamic typing|dynamically typed]], but not all.

==Limitations and ambiguity in the definition==
The definition of a dynamic language is ambiguous because it attempts to make distinctions between ''code'' and ''data'' as well as between ''compilation'' and ''runtime'' which are not universal. [[Virtual machine]]s, [[just-in-time compilation]], and the ability of many programming languages on some systems to directly modify [[machine code]] make the distinction abstract. In general, the assertion that a language is dynamic is more an assertion about the ease of use of dynamic features than it is a clear statement of the capabilities of the language.

==Examples==

The following are generally considered dynamic languages:<ref>http://www.eclipse.org/dltk/</ref><ref>http://www.activestate.com/manage</ref>

* [[BeanShell]]<ref>http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/dynamic-language.html</ref>
* [[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]]<ref><http://groovy.codehaus.org/</ref>
* [[JavaScript]]
* [[Perl]]
* [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
* [[PHP]]
* [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
* [[Smalltalk]]
* [[Tcl]]

Some of these languages are supported in the [[.NET Framework]] by the Microsoft [[Dynamic Language Runtime]].

==Implementation==
{{Expand section|date=October 2009}}

===Eval===
Some dynamic languages offer an ''[[eval]]'' function. This function takes a string parameter containing code in the language, and executes it. If this code stands for an expression, the resulting value is returned.
====Higher-order functions====
However, [[Erik Meijer (computer scientist)|Erik Meijer]] and Peter Drayton suggest that programmers "use eval as a poor man's substitute for [[higher-order function]]s."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.69.5966&rep=rep1&type=pdf | title=Static Typing Where Possible, Dynamic Typing When Needed: The End of the Cold War Between Programming Languages | author=[[Erik Meijer (computer scientist)|Meijer, Erik]] and Peter Drayton | year=2005 | publisher=[[Microsoft]] Corporation }}</ref>

===Object runtime alteration===
A type or object system can typically be modified during runtime in a dynamic language. This can mean generating new objects from a runtime definition or based on [[mixin]]s of existing types or objects. This can also refer to changing the [[Inheritance (computer science)|inheritance]] or type tree, and thus altering the way that existing types behave (especially with respect to the invocation of [[Method (computer science)|methods]]).

===Functional programming===
[[Functional programming]] concepts are a feature of many dynamic languages, and also derive from Lisp.

====Closures====
One of the most widely used aspects of functional programming in dynamic languages is the [[Closure (computer science)|closure]], which allows creating a new instance of a function which retains access to the context in which it was created. A simple example of this is generating a function for scanning text for a word:

'''function''' new_scanner (word)
temp_function = '''function''' (input)
scan_for_text (input, word)
'''end function'''
'''return''' temp_function
'''end function'''

Note that the inner function has no name, and is instead ''stored'' in the variable <code>temp_function</code>. Each time <code>new_scanner</code> is executed, it will return a new function which remembers the value of the <code>word</code> parameter that was passed in when it was defined.

Closures<ref>
See example of use on p.330 of [[Larry Wall]]'s ''[[Programming Perl]]'' ISBN 0-596-00027-8
</ref> are one of the core tools of functional programming, and many languages support at least this degree of functional programming.

====Continuations====
Another feature of some dynamic languages is the [[continuation]]. Continuations represent execution state that can be re-invoked. For example, a parser might return an intermediate result and a continuation that, when invoked, will continue to parse the input. Continuations interact in very complex ways with scoping, especially with respect to closures. For this reason, many dynamic languages do not provide continuations.

===Reflection===
[[Reflection (computer science)|Reflection]] is common in many dynamic languages, and typically involves [[Introspection (computer science)|analysis]] of the types and metadata of generic or [[Type polymorphism|polymorphic]] data. It can, however, also include full evaluation and modification of a program's code as data, such as the features that Lisp provides in analyzing S-expressions.

===Macros===
A limited number of dynamic programming languages provide features which combine code introspection and eval in a feature called [[Macro (computer science)|macros]]. Most programmers today who are aware of the term ''macro'' have encountered them in [[C (programming language)|C]] or [[C++]], where they are a static feature which are built in a small subset of the language, and are capable only of string substitutions on the text of the program. In dynamic languages, however, they provide access to the inner workings of the compiler, ''and'' full access to the interpreter, virtual machine, or runtime, allowing the definition of language-like constructs which can optimize code or modify the syntax or grammar of the language.

[[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], early [[Java (programming language)|Java]], and [[FORTRAN]] do not generally fit into this category.

==See also==
*[[Comparison of programming languages]]
*[[Name binding]]
*[[Scripting language]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
[http://tratt.net/laurie/research/publications/papers/tratt__dynamically_typed_languages.pdf Laurence Tratt, ''Dynamically Typed Languages'', Advances in Computers,volume 77, July 2009, month = Jul, pages 149-184]



{{Programming language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dynamic Programming Language}}
[[Category:Programming evaluation]]

[[bn:চলমান প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা]]
[[fr:Langage de programmation dynamique]]
[[ja:動的プログラミング言語]]
[[pl:Dynamiczny język programowania]]
[[ru:Динамический язык программирования]]
[[uk:Динамічні мови програмування]]
[[zh:动态语言]]

Vertikale Landwirtschaft

2009-11-10T04:34:49Z

Jerryobject: Added missing spaces to ends of 2 sentences. Corrected grammar of some words. Conformed heading capitalization to Wikipedia Style Manual. Other copy editing.

{{Essay|date=October 2009}}
[[Image:Vertical farm2.jpg|thumb|right|375px|Proposed designs for vertical farms]]

'''Vertical farming''' is a proposal to conduct large-scale [[agriculture]] in [[Urban area|urban]] [[high-rise]]s or "farmscrapers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/4/23/104245/760#comment5 |title=Urbanism and the environment | Gristmill: The environmental news blog | Grist |publisher=Gristmill.grist.org |date= |accessdate=2009-03-14}}</ref> Using [[recycle]]d resources and greenhouse methods such as [[hydroponics]], these buildings would produce fruit, vegetables, edible mushrooms and algae year-round. Their proponents argue that, by allowing traditional outdoor farms to revert to a natural state and reducing the energy costs needed to transport foods to consumers, vertical farms could significantly alleviate climate change produced by excess atmospheric carbon.

[[Dickson Despommier]], a professor of [[environmental health]] sciences and microbiology at [[Columbia University]] in New York City, developed the idea of vertical farming in 1999 with graduate students in a medical ecology class. In an interview with Miller-McCune.com, Despommier described how vertical farms would function:

<blockquote>
"Each floor will have its own watering and nutrient monitoring systems. There'll be sensors for every single plant that tracks how much and what kinds of nutrients the plant has absorbed. You'll even have systems to monitor plant diseases by employing DNA chip technologies that detect the presence of plant pathogens by simply sampling the air and using snippets from various viral and bacterial infections. It's very easy to do.
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Moreover, a gas chromatograph will tell us when to pick the plant by analyzing which [[Flavonoid|flavenoids]] the produce contains. These flavenoids are what gives the food the flavors you're so fond of, particularly for more aromatic produce like tomatoes and peppers. These are all right-off-the-shelf technologies. The ability to construct a vertical farm exists now. We don't have to make anything new.<ref>{{cite news |last= Cooper |first= Arnie |title= Going Up? Farming in High-Rises Raises Hopes|pages= |publisher= Miller-McCune |date= [[05-19-2009]] |url= http://www.miller-mccune.com/science_environment/farming-in-high-rises-raises-hopes-1226 |accessdate= 2009-06-26 }}</ref> "
</blockquote>

Architectural designs have been produced by Chris Jacobs of United Future, Andrew Kranis at Columbia University and Gordon Graff <ref>{{cite news |last= Whyte |first= Murray |title= Is high rise farming in Toronto's future? |pages= |publisher= [[Toronto Star]] |date= [[2008-07-27]] |url= http://www.thestar.com/article/468023 |accessdate= 2008-08-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sky-farm.com |title=High Density Urban Agriculture |publisher=SkyFarm |date= |accessdate=2009-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/06/sky_farm_propos.php |title=Sky Farm Proposed for Downtown Toronto |publisher=TreeHugger |date= |accessdate=2009-03-14}}</ref> at the [[University of Waterloo]].

Mass media attention began with an article by Lisa Chamberlain in ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine.<ref name = "NYmag">{{cite news |last= Chamberlain |first= Lisa |title= Skyfarming |pages= |publisher= [[New York Magazine]] |date= [[2007-04-02]] |url= http://nymag.com/news/features/30020/ |accessdate= 2009-06-26}}</ref> Since 2007, articles have appeared in ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |last= Venkataraman |first= Bina |title= Country, the City Version: Farms in the Sky Gain New Interest |pages= |publisher= New York Times |date= [[2008-07-15]] |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/science/15farm.html }}</ref>, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''<ref>{{cite news |last= Shute |first= Nancy |title= Farm of the Future? Someday food may grow in skyscrapers |pages= |publisher= [[U.S. News & World Report]] |date= [[2007-05-20]] |url= http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/070520/28food.b1.htm }}</ref>, ''[[Popular Science]]''<ref>{{cite news |last= Feldman |first= Amy |title= Skyscraper Farms |pages= |publisher= [[Popular Science]] |date= [[2007-07-11]] |url= http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2007-07/skyscraper-farms }}</ref> and ''[[Maxim (magazine)]]'', among others, as well as radio and television features.

==Economic analysis==
The detailed analytical work needed to establish the feasibility of vertical farming has not yet been done. Nevertheless, Despommier has argued that the idea is plausible. He estimates that, using currently available technologies, one vertical farm occupying one square city block and rising 30 stories would feed 10,000 people.<ref name="verticalfarm1">{{cite web |last= Despommier |first= D. |title= Vertical Farm Essay I|pages= |publisher= Vertical Farm |date= 2008 |url= http://www.verticalfarm.com/essay_print.htm |accessdate= 2009-06-26 }}</ref> In other sources he claims this number to be up to 50,000<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Scs2SIeIkkM</ref>. Because the stacked growing surfaces of a vertical farm would receive far less sunlight than the equivalent land area in a rural farm, the vertical farm would require a significant level of artificial lighting and heating to operate in all seasons. Proponents of vertical farming have yet to demonstrate that the cost of producing and transporting energy from renewable sources which are mainly located in rural areas to an urban vertical farm can compete with the energy costs of directly growing food under sunlight in rural areas and then transporting it to cities.

The economic and environmental benefits of vertical farming rest primarily on the concept of minimizing [[food miles]], the distance that food travels from farm to consumer. However, a recent analysis suggests that transportation is only a minor contributor to the economic and environmental costs of supplying food to urban populations. The author of the report, University of Toronto professor Pierre Desrochers, concluded that "food miles are, at best, a marketing fad."<ref>Evans, P. (July 22, 2009). Local food no green panacea: professor. CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/consumer/story/2009/07/22/consumer-local-food.html</ref>

==Advantages==
Several potential advantages of vertical farming have been discussed by Despommier.<ref name="verticalfarm1"/> Many of these benefits are obtained from scaling up [[hydroponic]] or [[aeroponic]] growing methods. Others relate to vertical farming building designs that would allow the use of renewable energy sources (wind and solar) and the recycling of materials of production such as water.

===Continuous crop production===
Unlike traditional farming, indoor farming can produce crops year-round. All-season farming multiplies the productivity of the farmed surface by a factor of 4 to 6 depending on the crop. With some crops, such as strawberries, the factor may be as high as 30.<ref>{{cite web |last= Despommier |first= D. |title= Vertical Farm Essay I|pages= |publisher= Vertical Farm |date= 2008 |url= http://www.verticalfarm.com/essay2_print.htm |accessdate= 2009-06-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Vertical Farm Video|pages= |publisher= Discovery Channel |date= [[04-23-2009]] |url= http://watch.discoverychannel.ca/daily-planet/april-2009/daily-planet-april-23-2009/#clip164926 |accessdate= 2009-06-26 }}</ref>

===Protection from weather-related problems===
Crops grown in traditional outdoor farming suffer from the often suboptimal, and sometimes extreme, nature of geological and meteorological events such as being too hot or cold, dry or wet, earthquakes, monsoons, hailstorms, tornadoes, flooding, wildfires, and severe droughts.<ref name="verticalfarm1"/> These always reduce crop yields and sometimes cause crop failures.

Because it provides a controlled environment, the productivity of vertical farms would be mostly independent of weather and protected from extreme weather events. Protection from extreme weather may become a crucial feature as climate change increases the occurrence of such events. Although the controlled environment of vertical farming negates most of these factors, earthquakes and tornadoes still pose threats to the proposed infrastructure.

===Conservation of resources===
Each acre in a vertical farm could allow between 10 and 20 outdoor acres of farmland to return to its natural state<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/opinion/24Despommier.html A Farm on Every Floor], The New York Times, August 23, 2009</ref>, and recover farmlands due to development from original flat farmlands.

Vertical farming could reduce the need for new farmland due to [[overpopulation]], potentially saving many natural resources{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}. [[Deforestation]], [[desertification]], and other consequences of agricultural encroachment on natural [[biome]]s could be avoided. Because vertical farming lets crops be grown closer to consumers, it may substantially reduce the amount of fossil fuels currently used to transport and refrigerate farm produce. Producing food indoors reduces or eliminates conventional plowing, planting, and harvesting by farm machinery powered by fossil fuels. Burning less fossil fuel would reduce air pollution and the carbon dioxide emissions that cause climate change.

===Organic crops===
The controlled growing environment and recycling reduces the need for [[pesticide]]s, [[herbicide]]s, and [[fertilizer]]s. Advocates claim that producing organic crops in vertical farms is practical and the most likely production and marketing strategy.

===Water recycling===
Because water recycling is more practical and economic in a controlled agricultural environment, vertical farming would use much less water than traditional farming. New York City dumps 1.4 billion gallons of “treated waste water” into its rivers daily. However, a system of water recycling is already in use in the [[The Solaire|Solaire]] building in Battery Park.<ref name = "NYmag"/> Vertical farming would convert black and gray water into [[potable water]] by collecting the water released into the air by [[evapotranspiration]]. Today, over 70% of the liquid fresh water on Earth is used for conventional agriculture. The agriculture often pollutes the water with fertilizers and pesticides. Vertical farms will use less water, and recycle it. The recycling condenses water [[transpiration|transpired]] from the plants. This recycled water is pure, and can be used for crops or drinking.<ref>{{cite news |last= Pope |first= C.T. |title= Rethinking cities: Moving the farm indoors |pages= |publisher= Circle of Blue |date= [[2008-09-12]] |url= http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/science-tech/rethinking-cities-moving-the-farm-indoors/ }}</ref>

===Halting mass extinction===
Withdrawing human activity from large areas of the Earth's land surface may be necessary to slow and eventually halt the current [[anthropogenic]] [[Holocene extinction event|mass extinction]] of land animals. Because most of the Earth's human-occupied land is used for agriculture, vertical farming may be the only way to restore enough land for animal habitat to prevent extinction while continuing to sustain large human populations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Traditional agriculture is highly disruptive to wild animal populations that live in and around farmland and may become [[Ethics of eating meat#Argument that plant consumption also kills animals|unethical]] when there is a viable alternative. One study showed that [[wood mouse]] populations dropped from 25 per hectare to 5 per hectare after harvest, estimating 10 animals killed per hectare each year with conventional farming.<ref>{{cite conference
| author=S.L. Davis
| date=2001
| title=The least harm principle suggests that humans should eat beef, lamb, dairy, not a vegan diet
| booktitle=Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics
| pages=449-450
}}</ref> In comparison, vertical farming would cause very little destruction of insects and other wildlife deaths.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

===Impact on human health===
Traditional farming is a hazardous occupation with particular risks that often take their toll on the health of human laborers. Such risks include: exposure to infectious diseases such as malaria and schistosomes, exposure to toxic chemicals commonly used as pesticides and fungicides, confrontations with dangerous wildlife such as poisonous snakes, and the severe injuries that can occur when using large industrial farming equipment. Whereas the traditional farming environment inevitably contains these risks (particularly in the farming practice known as “slash and burn”), vertical farming – because the environment is strictly controlled and predictable – eliminates them altogether.<ref name="verticalfarm1"/>

===Urban growth===
Vertical farming, used in conjunction with other technologies and socioeconomic practices, could allow cities to expand while remaining largely self sufficient. This would allow for large urban centers that could grow without destroying considerably larger areas of forest to provide food for their people. Moreover, the industry of vertical farming will provide employment to these expanding urban centers. This may help displace the unemployment created by the dismantling of traditional farms, as more farm laborers move to cities in search of work.<ref name="verticalfarm1"/> It is unlikely that traditional farms will become obsolete, as there are many crops that are not suited for vertical farming.

===Energy production===
Proponents claim that vertical farms could generate power. Methane digesters could be built on site to transform the organic waste generated at the farm into [[biogas]] which is generally composed of 65% methane along with other gasses. This biogas could then be burned to generate electricity that can either be consumed at the farm or added to the grid.<ref>Case Study — Landfill Power Generation, H. Scott Matthews, Green Design Initiative, Carnegie Mellon University. http://gdi.ce.cmu.edu/gd/education/landfill-case.pdf Retrieved 07.02.09</ref>

The claim that vertical farms could contribute surplus power to the electric grid assumes that most light used by the plants is obtained from sunlight. In high density vertical farming, use of sunlight is problematic because natural light could only nourish plants near the surface of the building. Plants in the interior would need artificial lighting. If artificial light is used for most lighting needs, the building would not be capable of net power gain.

==Technologies and devices==
Vertical farming relies on the use of various physical methods to become effective. Combining these technologies and devices in an integrated whole is what a vertical farm consists of. Various types are proposed and under research. The most common technologies used are:

* [[Solar greenhouse (technical)]] / [[Greenhouse]]
* [[Aeroponics]] / [[Hydroponics]]
* [[Composting]]
* [[Grow light]]
* [[Phytoremediation]]
* [[Skyscraper]]

==Plans==
Professor Despommier argues that the technology to construct vertical farms currently exists. He also states that the system can be profitable and effective, a claim evidenced by some preliminary research posted on the project's website. Developers and local governments in the following cities have expressed serious interest in establishing a vertical farm: [[Inchon]] ([[South Korea]]), [[Abu Dhabi]] ([[United Arab Emirates]]), and [[Dongtan]] ([[China]]).<ref>{{cite web |last= McConnell |first= Kathryn |title= Vertical Farms Grow Food by Growing Up, Not Out |work= [[Bureau of International Information Programs]] |publisher= [[United States Department of State]] |date= [[2008-07-01]] |url= http://www.america.gov/st/foraid-english/2008/July/20080630192325AKllennoCcM0.5946161.html |doi= |accessdate= 2008-08-12 }}</ref>

==Criticisms==
Critics have noted that the energy needed for artificial lighting and other vertical farming operations might outweigh the benefit of the building’s close proximity to the areas of consumption. Artificial lighting would be needed for crops growing in areas of the building unexposed to sunlight.<ref>Nelson, B. (2008).[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21154137/ Could vertical farming be the future?] MSNBC.</ref> Bruce Bugbee, a crop physiologist at Utah State University, believes that the huge power demands of vertical farming would be too expensive and uncompetitive with traditional farms using only free natural light. He notes that the levels of light needed by growing crops is about 100 times the amount used by people working in offices.<ref>Roach, J. (June 30, 2009). High-Rise Farms: The Future of Food?. ''National Geographic News''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arcology]]
* [[Hydroponics]]
* [[Aeroponics]]
* [[Aquaculture]]
* [[Folkewall]]
* [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]]
* [[Horticulture]]
* [[Terrace (agriculture)]], [[Terrace (gardening)]], and [[Terrace (building)]]
* [[Rooftop farming]]
* [[Development Supported Agriculture]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.verticalfarm.com/ The Vertical Farm Project]
* [http://www.verticalfarm.com/Designs.aspx Various Vertical Farm Designs]
* [http://bigthink.com/dicksondespommier/ideas Dickson Despommier's Ideas]
* [http://www.nbm.org/media/video/greener-good/vertical-farming.html Vertical Farming: For the Greener Good]
* [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007000.html Rewilding Canada]
* [http://americancity.org/daily/entry/1405/ Meet Farming’s Future]
* [http://www.plentymag.com/features/2007/01/the_farmer_in_the_highrise.php?page=2 The Farmer in the High-Rise, Plenty Magazine ]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1865974,00.html Vertical Farming, Time Magazine ]
* [http://www.except.nl/consult/largescaleurbanargriculture/largescaleurbanagriculture1.html Vertical Farms & Large Scale Urban Agriculture Research - Except Consulting]
* [http://www.machinefilms.com/Reels/FT_hd.mov Animation of large Vertical Farm in city - Chris Jacobs and Dean Fowler]
* [http://www.chrisjacobs.com Chris Jacobs Vertical Farm Blog]
* [http://money.cnn.com/2007/09/10/technology/farming_vertical.biz2/index.htm?postversion=2007091105 CNN Vertical Farming]; [http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2007/11/19/intv.eco.sol.vertical.farming.cnn?iref=videosearch Sky Farming Video]
* [http://archive.columbiatribune.com/2005/aug/20050830busi010.asp "Professor sees vertical farms on horizon," Columbia Tribune, 8/30/2005, accessed 9/3/06]
* [http://www.eco-tower.fr "La Tour Vivante de l'agence soa architectes" (French and English)]
* [http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/4/23/104245/760#comment5 "Comment on article "Urbanism and the environment"] - Gar Lipow coins the term "farmscraper" 4/23/2007
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6752795.stm "Vertical farming in the big Apple"] BBC article from June 19, 2007
* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/vertical-farming.htm Howstuffworks - "Will there be farms in New York City's skyscrapers?"]
* [http://torontoist.com/2007/06/is_toronto_a_fu.php "Grow Up"] Pullquote: "If designer Gordon Graff gets his way, a new skyscraper in Toronto's Theatre District could be the unlikely source of food for 35,000 residents."

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vertical Farming}}
[[Category:Action on climate change]]
[[Category:Agricultural economics]]
[[Category:Farms]]
[[Category:Nanotech Age]]
[[Category:Sustainable agriculture]]
[[Category:Sustainable technologies]]
[[Category:Urban agriculture]]

[[ar:مزرعة رأسية]]
[[de:Vertical farming]]
[[es:Granja vertical]]
[[eo:Vertikala kultivado]]
[[fr:Ferme verticale]]
[[he:חקלאות אנכית]]
[[ka:ვერტიკალური ფერმა]]
[[ta:நிலைக்குத்து வேளாண்மை]]

NonStop

2008-03-09T03:21:01Z

Jerryobject: Repaired link to disambiguation page. Added Wiki-link to related article.

'''Tandem Computers''' was an early manufacturer of [[fault tolerant]] [[computer]] systems, marketed to the growing number of [[transaction processing]] customers who used them for [[Automatic teller machine|ATM]]s, [[bank]]s, [[stock exchange]]s and other similar needs. Tandem systems used a number of redundant processors and storage devices to provide high-speed "[[failover]]" in the case of a hardware failure, an architecture that they called '''NonStop'''. Over the two decades from the 1970s into the mid-90s, Tandem systems evolved from custom hardware to commodity CPU designs. The company was eventually purchased by [[Compaq]] in 1997 in order to provide that company with more robust [[Server (computing)|server]] offerings. Today it is still known as NonStop, as a separate product line offered by [[Hewlett-Packard]].

==History==

Tandem Computers was founded in 1974 by a group of engineers from [[Hewlett-Packard]]: [[James Treybig]], Mike Green, Jim Katzman, and Jack Loustaunou. Their business plan called for systems that were safe from "[[single-point failure]]s" that were only slightly more expensive than competing non-[[fault tolerant]] systems. Tandem considered this to be very important to their business model. Limiting the additional expense was important since customers often developed procedural solutions to failures when the price of fault tolerant hardware was too high.

The first system was the '''Tandem/16''' or '''T/16''' (later called '''NonStop I''' after the introduction of its successor, the NonStop II). The system design was complete in 1975, and the first example was sold to [[Citibank]] in 1976. The machine consisted of between 2 and 16 processors, each capable of about 0.7 [[Instructions per second|MIPS]] with their own memory, [[I/O]] buses, and dual connections to their custom inter-CPU [[computer bus]], '''Dynabus'''. The modules were constructed with dual paths so that any single failure would always leave at least one bus (both I/O and Dynabus), free for use by the other modules. The CPU was influenced by the [[HP3000]] CPU, a [[microcode|microprogrammed]] [[16-bit]] [[stack machine|stack-based machine]] with [[16-bit]] user addressing. Like the HP3000, the NonStop CPU added a number of [[processor register|registers]] for fast access, such as base addresses for global and local variables.

The Tandem NonStop series ran a custom [[operating system]], initially called '''T/TOS''' ('''Tandem Operating System'''), later '''Guardian''', and finally '''NonStop Kernel'''. It supported a "NonStop" programming paradigm that allowed a program to be completely fault tolerant. Several other companies introduced failover technologies but only Guardian supported completely fail-safe transaction processing. A properly constructed Guardian program could fail at any point and resume transaction processing without any loss of data.

While conventional systems of the era, including [[Mainframe computer|mainframes]], had failure rates on the order of a few days, the NonStop system was designed to fail 100 times less, with "uptimes" measured in years. Nevertheless the NonStop was deliberately designed to be price-competitive with conventional systems, with a simple 2-CPU system priced at just over two times that of a competing single-processor mainframe, as opposed to four or more times of most competing solutions.

NonStop I was followed by the '''NonStop II''' in 1981, a slight improvement in speed to 0.8 MIPS, but a more measurable upgrade in memory from a maximum of 1 MB per CPU in the later versions of the NonStop I, to 2 MB in the II, and the addition of a revamped [[virtual memory]] system allowing for considerably larger address spaces. The NonStop I was limited to 4 virtual memory segments (System Data, System Code, User Data, User Code) each limited to 128 kB in size.

The NonStop II increased the number of memory maps from 4 to 16, 8 of which were used for I/O, and provided a 32 bit address mode with user-accessible "extended segments" virtually unlimited in size. The same basic system, including the physical packaging, was used in 1983's '''NonStop TXP''' system that more than doubled the speed to 2.0 MIPS, and increased the physical memory to 8 MB. In all of these machines the same Dynabus system was used, which had been overdesigned in the NonStop I so they could avoid changing it in the future.

Introduced along with the TXP was a new [[fibre optic]] bus system, '''FOX'''. FOX allowed a number of TXP and NonStop II systems to be connected together to form a larger system with up to 14 nodes. Like the CPU modules within the computers, Guardian could failover entire task sets to other machines in the network.

The company attempted to grab a piece of the rapidly-growing [[personal computer]] market in 1985 with its introduction of the [[MS-DOS]] based '''Dynamite''' PC/workstation. Sadly, numerous design compromises (include a unique 8086-based hardware platform incompatible with expansion cards of the day and extremely limited compatibility with [[IBM]]-based PC's) relegated the Dynamite to serving primarily as a smart terminal. It was quietly withdrawn from the market within a short period of time.

In 1986 a major upgrade to the system was introduced, the '''NonStop VLX'''. VLX used a new Dynabus, increasing speed from 13 Mbit/s to 40 Mbit/s (total, 20 Mbit/s per independent bus). They also introduced '''FOX II''', increasing the size of the networks from 1 km to 4 km. Using the original FOX VLX systems could be used with the older NonStop II and TXP's, but these systems were not supported on FOX II.

VLX was partnered with the '''NonStop CLX''', a [[minicomputer]] sized machine for smaller installations. The CLX had roughly the same performance as the earlier TXP, but was much smaller and less expensive. By the end of its lifetime the CLX had increased in speed considerably, and competed with the VLX, 1991's CLX 800 was only about 20% slower than the VLX, with the main difference being more limited expansion abilities.

In 1986 Tandem also introduced the first fault-tolerant [[SQL]] database, [[NonStop SQL]]. Developed totally in-house, NonStop SQL included a number of features based on Guardian to ensure [[Consistency model|data validity]] across nodes. NonStop SQL was famous for [[scalability| scaling linearly ]] in [[speedup|performance]] with the number of nodes added to the system, whereas most databases of the era had performance that plateaued quite quickly, often after two CPUs. A later version released in 1989 added transactions that could be spread over nodes, a feature that remained unique for some time. Later, the SQL database group was first co-opted then absorbed into Microsoft's SQL development effort. One outcome of this collaboration was Microsoft's clustered system technology.

The '''NonStop Cyclone''' was introduced in 1989, introducing a new [[superscalar]] CPU design. It was otherwise similar to earlier systems, although much faster. In general terms the Cyclone was about four times as fast as the CLX 800, which Tandem used as their benchmark. On the downside the new CPU was complex and expensive, requiring four circuit boards to implement a single CPU.

In 1991 Tandem followed this with [[RISC]]-implementations of Guardian, running on [[MIPS Technologies|MIPS]] [[MIPS architecture|R3000]]-based CPU modules in the '''Cyclone/R''' and '''CLX/R'''. Programs written for the earlier stack-based CPU design were automatically translated on the fly into R3000 code in an [[Interpreter (computer software)|interpreter]], although they ran considerably slower than on earlier machines. Tandem also provided a number of tools to easily port existing [[object code]] to the new systems, resulting in code that was some 25% slower than the original Cyclone. [[Source code]] compilers were also available. While slower, the new system was considerably less expensive, and it was clear that RISC performance was outpacing CISC. By making the move when they did, they were banking on increases in MIPS performance quickly wiping out any performance disadvantages the system had at the time. In 1993 the '''NonStop Himalaya K-Series''' using the MIPS R4400 was shipped.

In 1997 Tandem introduced the NonStop Himalaya '''S-Series'''. The S-Series machines were the first systems that changed the underlying architecture of the NonStop family, basing both the I/O and inter-CPU communication on their new '''ServerNet''' interconnect. Whereas Dynabus and FOX linked the CPU's together into a [[ring network]], ServerNet was a true point-to-point network replacing both, and ran at much higher speeds. ServerNet later was used as the basis of the [[InfiniBand]] industry standard. The S-Series machines continued the use of MIPS processors, including the R4400 and R10000.

All the more recent systems were based on microprocessors, and the internal circuits of these chips are not fully checked. To assure correct computation, each logical processor had two microprocessors operating in [[lockstep (computing)|lockstep]]. If the results coming out ever disagreed, the processor was considered to be faulting and instantly stopped. At that point Guardian would move that task to another processor as in earlier systems, guaranteeing that bad data was never written out due to hardware failures.

A different approach was used in a separate family of computers, the '''Integrity''' line. These computers used additional redundant CPUs running the same instruction stream. When a fault was detected (e.g. by lockstep mismatch), the failing module was disabled but the redundant module continued processing the instruction stream without interruption. Since this was handled primarily in hardware, it could be used with a slightly modified conventional operating system; Integrity used a Unix variant rather than Guardian. The line was introduced in 1989, apparently as a response to the machines of [[Stratus Technologies]] (which were remarketed by IBM as ''IBM System/88''). Although distinct from the NonStop line, the Integrity designs were also based on the MIPS processors. With the introduction of the Integrity S4000 in 1995, the line was the first to use ServerNet and moved towards sharing hardware designs with the NonStop line.

Tandem was acquired by [[Compaq]] in [[1997]]. Compaq was in turn acquired by HP in 2002, bringing Tandem back to its original roots. As of 2003, the NonStop product line continues to be produced, under the HP name.

After being acquired by HP, the NonStop line has moved to [[Itanium]] based processors, called Integrity NonStop Servers. The original Integrity line is no longer produced but the name 'Integrity' has been adopted by HP for all Itanium based servers.

The NonStop Kernel (NSK) can run multiple OS's. In addition to the Guardian OS, the modern NonStop platform incorporates a [[POSIX]] compatible environment (OSS) and [[Java_(Sun)|Java]]. There is also an effort by HP to run [[Linux]] on the NonStop hardware.<ref>CNET article on HP bringing Linux to NonStop[http://news.com.com/HP+works+to+bring+Linux+to+NonStop+servers/2100-7344_3-5825765.html]</ref> Also, [[Linux]] or other [[Unix]] based operating systems could be installed on the NonStop platform via a [[virtual machine]] environment.

==Culture==

Tandem treated its employees with a great deal of respect, especially in the years leading to the company's first billion-dollar yearly sales figure. Innovative programs included:
* TOPS ("Tandem Outstanding PerformerS") - every employee in the company could be nominated for this award, which was awarded to about the top 5% of employees annually. Winners (and a guest of their choosing) were treated to an all-expense paid trip to locations such as Hawaii, Vail, and similar resort areas for several days of fun and teambuilding. Management actually worked the event as hosts. TOPS was known, among other things, for its 24-hour open bar, where one could encounter senior VPs and even the company CEO dishing out drinks and stories of the company's early years.
* Annual stock option - every employee of the company received a 100-share stock option each fall. As the company's stock rose (or split), employees could share in the company's financial success.
* Sabbaticals - all US employees earned a six-week paid '''sabbatical''' (contiguous vacation) every four years, which could be augmented with personal vacation. Employees who chose to perform public service during their sabbatical could apply for an additional three weeks.
* "First Friday" - the award-winning in-house Tandem TV staff produced a monthly program, broadcast live to all Tandem locations world-wide. While generally educational about some aspect of the company, the programs usually featured some member of the senior management team in a humorous way.
* "Beer Bust" - Tandem sponsored a weekly get-together for its employees world-wide. It was called "beer bust" due to the availability of beer and wine, paid for by the company, in addition to other beverages and prepared food. This gave employees a way to cross barriers. It was not uncommon to see employees from various functions huddled in a corner, beer in hand, working to solve a problem.
* "Third Class Mail" - Tandem was one of the first companies in which every employee had access to e-mail, which was divided into first, second, and third classes. Third Class mail allowed employees to buy and sell goods, ask questions, and share information that was not company-related. A wide variety of "SIGs" (Special Interest Groups) allowed employees to share a variety of interests with each other.

As the company entered the 90's, however, sales and profits slowed, and many of these innovative programs were either curtailed or eliminated totally. By the end, Tandem was pretty much a company like any other in the computer field, culminating in the buyout by Compaq, who wasted little time eliminating almost all of these. Only beer bust, in a greatly watered down form (literally - many sites banned alcohol), survived.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==See also==
*[[Stratus Technologies]]

==External links==
* [http://h20223.www2.hp.com/nonstopcomputing/cache/76385-0-0-0-121.aspx NonStop Computing Home] - the main Nonstop Computing page at HP
* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/tandem/ Tandem Technical Reports] - a page at HP with a number of Tandem white papers
* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/tandem/ Tandem Systems Review] PDFs 1983-1994

[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1974]]

[[de:Tandem Computers]]
[[fr:Tandem Computers]]
[[ja:タンデム・コンピュータ]]
[[fi:Tandem Computers]]
[[zh:天登電腦公司]]

GT.M

2008-03-09T02:30:11Z

Jerryobject: /* GT.M distributions */ Added Wiki-links to related topics.

'''GT.M''' is a high-performance [[database]] engine, optimized for [[transaction processing]]. GT.M is also an application development platform and a [[compiler]] for the [[ANSI]]/[[ISO]] standard [[MUMPS|M]] language, which was formerly known as [[MUMPS]].

GT.M originally stood for ''Greystone Technology M'' and was developed by Greystone Technology Corp. It is an implementation of ANSI standard M for various [[Unix|UNIX]] systems and for Hewlett-Packard's [[OpenVMS]] system. In addition to preserving the traditional features of M, GT.M also offers an optimized compiler that produces object code that does not require internal [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreters]] during execution.

== GT.M vs other implementations of M ==
GT.M differs from other implementations of M in the following ways.
* Data and code are maintained in separate files
* The [[source code]] is compiled rather than interpreted

== Working ==
GT.M compiles the M source code into the target [[machine language]]. These object files are [[dynamic linking|dynamically linked]] into an image. GT.M databases are UNIX files identified by a file called Global directory. By changing the Global Directories, one can make the same program access different databases.
Internally to these files, GT.M stores data in [[b-tree]] based multidimensional arrays (otherwise known as [[MUMPS]] globals, (similarly to most modern M implementations).

== GT.M distributions ==
GT.M is currently available on the [[IBM]] [[IBM System p|RS/6000]] [[IBM AIX (operating system)|AIX]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] [[DEC Alpha|Alpha/AXP]], [[Tru64 UNIX|Tru64]] [[Unix]] and [[OpenVMS]], HP Series [[HP 9000|9000]] [[HP-UX]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] [[SPARC]] [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] and x86 [[GNU]]/[[Linux]]. GT.M is [[open source]] [[freeware]] licensed under the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] on x86/Linux, HP Alpha/AXP, Tru64 Unix and HP Alpha/AXP OpenVMS.

Distributions for the IA64/HPUX and IA64/Linux platforms are currently under development.

== Common applications ==
GT.M is predominantly used in healthcare and financial services industry.

== History ==
According to the principal developer, K.S. Bhaskar, the first production use of GT.M was in 1986 at the Elvis Presley Memorial Trauma Center in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].

== External links ==
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fis-gtm/ Project page at SourceForge]
* [http://fis-gtm.com/ GT.M homepage]

[[Category:MUMPS implementations]]
[[Category:Open source database management systems]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-31T05:31:09Z

Jerryobject: Added Wiki-links to related article.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]] [[Fabrik]] [[visual programming language]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal [[Systems architect|architect]], designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in [[Scaling (geometry)|scaling]], [[rotation]], and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first well known research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]], and did his award winning work on Smalltalk. He then moved to [[Apple Inc.]] He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and then returned to Apple. Starting at Xerox, and then at Apple, he developed [[Fabrik]], a [[Visual programming language|visual programming]] environment consisting of a kit of computational and [[user interface]] components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful [[Application software|application]]s.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished [[Engineer]] at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on Smalltalk, Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives near the [[beach]] in [[Rio del Mar, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he contributes to development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and to JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-30T14:34:47Z

Jerryobject: Added information, Wiki-links to related topics, corrected work order.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal [[Systems architect|architect]], designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in [[Scaling (geometry)|scaling]], [[rotation]], and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first well known research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]], and did his award winning work on Smalltalk. He then moved to [[Apple Inc.]] He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and then returned to Apple. Starting at Xerox, and then at Apple, he developed Fabrik, a [[Visual programming language|visual programming]] environment consisting of a kit of computational and [[user interface]] components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful [[Application software|application]]s.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished [[Engineer]] at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on Smalltalk, Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives near the [[beach]] in [[Rio del Mar, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he contributes to development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and to JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-28T15:47:48Z

Jerryobject: Added Wiki-links to 3 related articles.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal [[Systems architect|architect]], designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in [[Scaling (geometry)|scaling]], [[rotation]], and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first substantive research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he did his award winning work on Smalltalk, and began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]]. He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. He developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on Smalltalk, Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives near the [[beach]] in [[Rio del Mar, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he contributes to development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and to JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-27T13:21:25Z

Jerryobject: /* Work */ Corrected residence, clarified text, removed 3nd instance of Smalltalk Wiki-link.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first substantive research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he did his award winning work on Smalltalk, and began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]]. He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. He developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on Smalltalk, Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives near the [[beach]] in [[Rio del Mar, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he contributes to development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and to JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-25T18:35:52Z

Jerryobject: Added Wiki-links to related topics.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first substantive research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], where he began a lifelong research association with [[Alan Kay]]. He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. He developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-21T19:16:53Z

Jerryobject: Added birth year.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date = [[1944]]
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first substantive research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]. He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. He developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-14T03:28:31Z

Jerryobject: Added information to work history, Wiki-links to related articles.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[Advanced Technology Group|ATG]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls first substantive research was at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]. He left research for a time to run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, in [[Virginia]]. He then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. He developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Then he moved to [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]], where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers.

He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project is a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

While best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-13T21:08:33Z

Jerryobject: In infobox, added to work history, Wiki-links to related articles.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney]] [[Walt Disney Imagineering|Imagineering]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-13T05:31:22Z

Jerryobject: /* External Links */ Changed heading capitalization to conform to Wikipedia standards.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-13T05:28:22Z

Jerryobject: /* Awards */ Corrected false plural, added more information.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER], for his Xerox PARC research, including Bit blit. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, and Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software System Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS], for his work on Smalltalk, the first fully object-oriented software system.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-13T05:19:39Z

Jerryobject: /* Awards */ Added 2 references, moved paragraph to more useful location.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2511802&srt=alpha&aw=145&ao=GMHOPPER]. In 1987, with Alan C. Kay, Adele Goldberg, he received the ACM Software Systems Award[http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4831113&srt=alpha&aw=149&ao=SOFTWSYS].

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-10T21:29:17Z

Jerryobject: Reorganized article to conform more to some other scientist entries; changed imprecise word I used in a prior edit to a more precise word; made headings; added Wiki-links to related topics.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

==Education==
Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

==Work==
Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, [[Interactivity|interactive]] [[World Wide Web|Web]] programming and objects from inside [[Web browser]]s.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for developing an optical character recognition system for [[Devanāgarī]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a [[professor]] of [[Sanskrit]].

==Awards==
In 1984, Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist. He has also received the ACM Software Systems Award.

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==Bibliography==
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site
* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].
* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.
* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-07T01:20:33Z

Jerryobject: Clarified point.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for the development of an optical character recognition system for [[Devanagari]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a professor of [[Sanskrit]].

Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist in 1984. He has also received the ACM Software Systems Award.

Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then worked at [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, real-time programming and objects in [[Web browser]]s.

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

===Bibliography===
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site

* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].

* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.

* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-07T00:54:13Z

Jerryobject: Added Infobox, more information.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Computer Science]]
| work_institutions = [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]] [[Interval Research Corporation]] [[Apple Inc.]] [[HP Labs]] [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]], [[Stanford University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Bit blit]] [[Context menu|Pop-up menus]] [[Smalltalk]] [[object-oriented programming]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] ACM Software Systems Award
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] [[Source-to-source compiler|translator]].

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for the development of an optical character recognition system for [[Devanagari]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a professor of [[Sanskrit]].

Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist in 1984. He has also received the ACM Software Systems Award.

Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his [[Master's degree|M.S.]] in [[Electrical engineering]] from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

Ingalls has worked at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]], run the family business, the Homestead Hotel, then [[Interval Research Corporation]], and [[Apple Inc.]]. At [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP Labs|Labs]] he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, real-time programming and objects in [[Web browser]]s.

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

===Bibliography===
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site

* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].

* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.

* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

Dan Ingalls

2007-10-06T23:53:59Z

Jerryobject: Added: Wiki-links to many related articles; recent information.

'''Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.''' is a pioneer of [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[computer]] [[Computer programming|programming]] and the principal architect, designer and implementor of five generations of [[Smalltalk]] environments. He designed the [[bytecode]]d [[virtual machine]] that made Smalltalk practical in 1976. He also invented [[Bit blit]], the general-purpose graphical operation that underlies most [[Raster graphics|bitmap]] [[Computer graphics|graphics]] systems today, and [[pop-up menus]]. He designed the generalizations of BitBlt to arbitrary color depth, with built-in scaling, rotation, and [[anti-aliasing]]. His major contributions to the [[Squeak]] system include the original concept of a Smalltalk written in itself and made [[Porting|portable]] and efficient by a Smalltalk-to-[[C (programming language)|C]] translator.

Ingalls also developed Fabrik, a visual programming environment consisting of a kit of computational and user-interface components that can be "wired" together to build new components and useful applications.

Although best known for his work on [[Smalltalk]], Ingalls is also known for the development of an optical character recognition system for [[Devanagari]] writing, which he did at the instigation of his father, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.]], a professor of [[Sanskrit]].

Ingalls received the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[Grace Murray Hopper Award]] for Outstanding Young Scientist in 1984. He has also received the ACM Software Systems Award.

Ingalls received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[Physics]] from [[Harvard University]], and his M.S. in Electrical Engineering from [[Stanford University]]. While working toward a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] at Stanford, he started a company, to sell a software measurement invention that he perfected and never returned to academia.

Dan Ingalls previously worked at [[Hewlett-Packard]] where he developed a module architecture for [[Squeak]]. He also started and still operates a small firm, [http://weather-dimensions.com/ Weather Dimensions Inc.], which displays local [[weather]] data on home computers. He currently works as a Distinguished Engineer at [[Sun Microsystems]], where he works in the [[Sun Microsystems Laboratories|Sun Labs]] research wing. His latest project involves a [[JavaScript]] environment called [http://research.sun.com/projects/lively/ Lively] [[Kernel (computer science)|Kernel]], which allows live, real-time programming and objects in [[Web browser]]s.

He lives at the beach in [[Aptos, California]] with his wife Cathleen Galas, from which he continues to contribute to the development of the Squeak implementation of Smalltalk, and JavaScript research at Sun.

==External Links==
* [http://homepage.mac.com/david.hoggan/iMovieTheater34.html Sanskrit and OCR] A video of Dan and his father recorded at Xerox PARC April 17, 1980
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2409496407757723940&q=dan+ingalls Dan Ingalls: Seven (give or take) Smalltalk implementations]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/DanIngal1989 Dan Ingalls: Lecture on object-oriented programming] video at archive.org
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/History/Pioneers/Ingalls,_Daniel/ Open Directory: Computers: History: Pioneers: Ingalls, Daniel]

===Bibliography===
* [http://squeakland.org/community/biography/ingalls.html Dan Ingalls Bio] biography on Squeak site

* Ingalls, Daniel (1975) [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BitBLT_Nov1975.pdf Untitled interoffice memo of November 19, 1975, Xerox PARC].

* Ingalls, Daniel H.H. and Daniel H.H. Ingalls 1985: The MahAbhArata: Stylistic study, computer analysis and concordance. Journal of South Asian Literature 20:17-46.

* Wujastyk, D. (1988) [http://www.lirika.lv/nagari/download/AUSTIN.pdf Report on the Sanskrit Text Archive Conference] Austin, Texas, October 28–29, 1988.

[[Category:American computer scientists|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:American computer programmers|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing|Ingalls, Dan]]
[[Category:Living people|Ingalls, Dan]]

[[fr:Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.]]

DTrace

2007-05-30T18:38:49Z

Jerryobject: Wiki-link: replaced redirect with direct.

{{Portal|Free software}}
'''DTrace''' is a comprehensive dynamic [[Tracing (software)|tracing]] framework created by [[Sun Microsystems]]. It was released under the [[Common Development and Distribution License]] (CDDL) in January [[2005]] and included in Sun's [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris 10]] for [[troubleshooting]] system problems in real time. DTrace was the first component of the [[OpenSolaris]] project to be released under the CDDL.

DTrace is designed for tuning and troubleshooting of applications and the OS itself, giving its user operational insights with which they can make performance gains. Special consideration has been taken to make it safe to use in a production environment. For example, there is minimal [[probe effect]] when tracing is underway, and no performance impact associated with any disabled probe; this is important since there are literally tens of thousands of DTrace probes that can be enabled.

Tracing programs (also referred to as scripts) can be written using the D programming language (not to be confused with [[D (disambiguation)#Computing|other programming languages named "D"]]). The D language for DTrace is a subset of [[C (programming language)|C]] with added functions and variables specific to tracing. D programs most resemble [[AWK (programming language)|awk]] programs in structure; they consist of a set of actions rather than a [[top-down]] structured program. In a DTrace program, one or more probes (instrumentation points) are enabled; whenever the condition for the probe is met (the probe "fires"), the action associated with the probe in the DTrace program is executed.

DTrace was designed and implemented by [[Bryan Cantrill]], [[Mike Shapiro (programmer)|Mike Shapiro]], and [[Adam Leventhal (programmer)|Adam Leventhal]].
The authors received recognition in 2005 for the innovations in DTrace from [[InfoWorld]] and [[Technology Review]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.technologyreview.com/tr35/Profile.aspx?Cand=T&TRID=91
| title = Tracing software in real time
| accessdate = 2007-03-31
| year = 2005
| work = Technology Review
| publisher = MIT
}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web
| url = http://www.infoworld.com/reports/31SRinnovators2005.html
| title = Innovation is alive and well in 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-31
| last = McAllister
| first = Neil
| year = 2005
| month = August
| work = InfoWorld
| publisher = IDG
}}</ref> DTrace won the top prize in the [[Wall Street Journal]]'s [[2006]] Technology Innovation Awards competition.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB115755300770755096-R2Ct41cQ4ZIPMwk4_xh0xU_HnQI_20061011.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top
| title = The Winners Are...
| accessdate = 2007-03-31
| last = Totty
| first = Michael
| year = 2006
| month = September
| work = The Wall Street Journal
| publisher = Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
}}</ref>

DTrace implementations require tight integration with the operating system [[kernel (computer science)|kernel]]. Although DTrace was initially written for Solaris, its source code is freely available as part of the OpenSolaris project, and work is in progress to port it to [[FreeBSD]] (in which there has been initial success<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/software/soa/DTrace-reaches-prime-time-on-FreeBSD/0,130061733,139257452,00.htm | title=DTrace reaches prime time on FreeBSD | first=Renai | last=LeMay | publisher=ZDNet Australia | date=[[2006-05-29]] | accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> as a substitute for the [[ktrace]] utility). On [[August 7]], [[2006]], Apple announced that DTrace will be built into [[Mac OS X 10.5]] "Leopard".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/xcode.html | title=Mac OS X Leopard Sneak Peek - Xcode 3.0 | publisher=Apple, Inc | accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>

== References ==
*{{cite journal
| author = Bryan Cantrill
| year = 2006
| month = February
| title = Hidden in Plain Sight
| journal = [[ACM Queue]]
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 26–36
| doi = 10.1145/1117389.1117401
| id = {{ISSN|1542-7730}}
| url = http://www.acmqueue.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=361
| accessdate = 2006-09-08
}}
*{{cite conference
| author = Bryan M. Cantrill, Michael W. Shapiro and Adam H. Leventhal
| year = 2004
| month = June
| title = Dynamic Instrumentation of Production Systems
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 2004 [[USENIX]] Annual Technical Conference
| url = http://www.usenix.org/event/usenix04/tech/general/full_papers/cantrill/cantrill_html/
| accessdate = 2006-09-08
}}
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/content/dtrace/ DTrace BigAdmin Forum]
* [http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/dtrace/ OpenSolaris DTrace Community]
* [http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-6223 Solaris Dynamic Tracing Guide]
* [http://www.genunix.org/wiki/index.php/DTrace_FAQ DTrace FAQ at Genunix]
* [http://people.freebsd.org/~jb/dtrace/index.html FreeBSDTrace porting project]
* [http://www.brendangregg.com/dtrace.html#DTraceToolkit DTraceToolkit]
* [http://prefetch.net/articles/solaris.dtracetopten.html Top Ten DTrace scripts]
* [http://prefetch.net/articles/dtracecookbook.html Understanding vmstat and mpstat output with DTrace]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

[[Category:Sun Microsystems software]]
[[Category:Free software]]

[[es:DTrace]]
[[ja:DTrace]]
[[pl:DTrace]]

Container (Solaris)

2007-05-30T16:33:17Z

Jerryobject: Heading capitalization conformed to Wikipedia style manual.

'''Solaris Containers''' (including '''Solaris Zones''') is a virtualization feature first available with [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris 10]]. This is an implementation of [[operating system-level virtualization]] technology.

== Description ==

Zones act as completely isolated virtual servers within a single machine. Zones were created to aid in the consolidation of under-utilized server farms. By consolidating servers into isolated virtual server Containers, system administrators can reduce [[Total cost of ownership|cost]] and provide all the same protection of separate machines on a single machine.

Zones can be created with a minimal amount of disk space called Sparse Zones. Alternatively, a Whole-Root Zone can be created in which the entire operating system is duplicated for the zone. Each zone has a security boundary surrounding it. This boundary prevents a process associated with one zone from interacting with or observing processes in other zones except through the use of network connections.

A zone can be assigned to a resource pool (processor set plus scheduling class) to guarantee certain usage, or can be given shares via [[Fair-share scheduling]], at which point it is referred to as a container.

Some programs cannot be executed from a zone : for example, you can't run an NFS server in a zone. As a zone is not a running kernel (comparing to what happens in hardware emulation), when things come close to kernel space, some limitations may be found.

== Terminology ==

There is always one zone defined, named the "global" zone. The global zone may contain other zones, but further nesting is not permitted. Zones hosted by a global zone are known as "Non-global zones" but are sometimes just called "zones." The term "local zone" is specifically discouraged, since "local" is not an antonym of "global."

== Resources needed ==

Zones induce a very low overhead on CPU and memory. Currently a maximum of 8191 non-global zones can be created on a single machine. "Sparse Zones" — in which most filesystem content is shared — can take as little as 50MB of disk space. Disk space requirements can be negligible when zones are based on ZFS clones, since only the blocks different from a snapshot image need to be stored on disk; this method also makes it possible to create zones in a few seconds. "Whole Root Zones" — in which all packages are copied from the global zone — may occupy anywhere from several hundred megabytes to several gigabytes, depending on installed software.

== Documentation ==

Sun provides several resources for Container Documentation, including the installed [[man pages]] and on-line technical documents called [http://www.sun.com/blueprints Sun BluePrints]. Containers are created with the ''zoneadm'' and ''zonecfg'' commands. Both can be found in section 1m of the [[man pages|manual pages]].

== Current implementation issues ==

As of the Solaris 10 11/06 release, the following limitations in Solaris Containers still exist. These issues may be resolved in the future.

* A zone cannot export a local directory via NFS.<ref>{{cite web | title = RFE: Zones should be able to be NFS servers | date = 2003-12-07 | work = OpenSolaris BugTracker | accessdate = 2007-02-20 | url = http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=4964859}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = NFS server in zones | date = 2007-02-14 | work = zones-discuss | accessdate = 2007-02-20 | url = http://www.opensolaris.org/jive/thread.jspa?threadID=24136&tstart=0}}</ref>

* Live Upgrade cannot be used to upgrade a Solaris system with non-global zones. It is still possible to upgrade such a system, but only offline via DVD/network. There is a project underway to provide this functionality (ZULU - Zone Update via Live Upgrade).

==Similar technologies==

Other implementations of [[operating system-level virtualization]] technology are [[OpenVZ]]/[[Virtuozzo]], [[Linux-VServer]], [[FreeBSD Jail]]s, and [[FreeVPS]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Operating system-level virtualization]]
* [[Comparison of virtual machines]]
* [[Virtual machines]]
* [[OpenSolaris]]
* [[Solaris (operating system)]]
* [[Logical Domains]]

== External links ==
* [http://opensolaris.org/os/community/zones/ OpenSolaris Zones Community]
* [http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/zones/faq/ Solaris Containers FAQ]
* [http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/ds/utilization.jsp Solaris Containers data sheet]
* [http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/howtoguides/moving_containers.jsp Moving a Container / Zone from one computer to another]
* [http://www.securitybulletins.com/mediawiki/index.php/Moving_Solaris_10_Zones Moving Solaris 10 Zones]

[[Category:Virtualization software]]
[[Category:Sun Microsystems software]]

== Server providers ==

Here is a list of providers that offer hosted virtualization solutions based on Solaris Containers/Zones

* [http://entic.net/servers Entic]
* [http://www.joyent.com Joyent]
* [http://www.gridzones.com/ GridZones]

Container (Solaris)

2007-05-30T16:32:08Z

Jerryobject: Wiki-links: replaced redirects with directs.

'''Solaris Containers''' (including '''Solaris Zones''') is a virtualization feature first available with [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris 10]]. This is an implementation of [[operating system-level virtualization]] technology.

== Description ==

Zones act as completely isolated virtual servers within a single machine. Zones were created to aid in the consolidation of under-utilized server farms. By consolidating servers into isolated virtual server Containers, system administrators can reduce [[Total cost of ownership|cost]] and provide all the same protection of separate machines on a single machine.

Zones can be created with a minimal amount of disk space called Sparse Zones. Alternatively, a Whole-Root Zone can be created in which the entire operating system is duplicated for the zone. Each zone has a security boundary surrounding it. This boundary prevents a process associated with one zone from interacting with or observing processes in other zones except through the use of network connections.

A zone can be assigned to a resource pool (processor set plus scheduling class) to guarantee certain usage, or can be given shares via [[Fair-share scheduling]], at which point it is referred to as a container.

Some programs cannot be executed from a zone : for example, you can't run an NFS server in a zone. As a zone is not a running kernel (comparing to what happens in hardware emulation), when things come close to kernel space, some limitations may be found.

== Terminology ==

There is always one zone defined, named the "global" zone. The global zone may contain other zones, but further nesting is not permitted. Zones hosted by a global zone are known as "Non-global zones" but are sometimes just called "zones." The term "local zone" is specifically discouraged, since "local" is not an antonym of "global."

== Required Resources ==

Zones induce a very low overhead on CPU and memory. Currently a maximum of 8191 non-global zones can be created on a single machine. "Sparse Zones" — in which most filesystem content is shared — can take as little as 50MB of disk space. Disk space requirements can be negligible when zones are based on ZFS clones, since only the blocks different from a snapshot image need to be stored on disk; this method also makes it possible to create zones in a few seconds. "Whole Root Zones" — in which all packages are copied from the global zone — may occupy anywhere from several hundred megabytes to several gigabytes, depending on installed software.

== Documentation ==

Sun provides several resources for Container Documentation, including the installed [[man pages]] and on-line technical documents called [http://www.sun.com/blueprints Sun BluePrints]. Containers are created with the ''zoneadm'' and ''zonecfg'' commands. Both can be found in section 1m of the [[man pages|manual pages]].

== Current implementation issues ==

As of the Solaris 10 11/06 release, the following limitations in Solaris Containers still exist. These issues may be resolved in the future.

* A zone cannot export a local directory via NFS.<ref>{{cite web | title = RFE: Zones should be able to be NFS servers | date = 2003-12-07 | work = OpenSolaris BugTracker | accessdate = 2007-02-20 | url = http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=4964859}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = NFS server in zones | date = 2007-02-14 | work = zones-discuss | accessdate = 2007-02-20 | url = http://www.opensolaris.org/jive/thread.jspa?threadID=24136&tstart=0}}</ref>

* Live Upgrade cannot be used to upgrade a Solaris system with non-global zones. It is still possible to upgrade such a system, but only offline via DVD/network. There is a project underway to provide this functionality (ZULU - Zone Update via Live Upgrade).

==Similar technologies==

Other implementations of [[operating system-level virtualization]] technology are [[OpenVZ]]/[[Virtuozzo]], [[Linux-VServer]], [[FreeBSD Jail]]s, and [[FreeVPS]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Operating system-level virtualization]]
* [[Comparison of virtual machines]]
* [[Virtual machines]]
* [[OpenSolaris]]
* [[Solaris (operating system)]]
* [[Logical Domains]]

== External links ==
* [http://opensolaris.org/os/community/zones/ OpenSolaris Zones Community]
* [http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/zones/faq/ Solaris Containers FAQ]
* [http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/ds/utilization.jsp Solaris Containers data sheet]
* [http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/howtoguides/moving_containers.jsp Moving a Container / Zone from one computer to another]
* [http://www.securitybulletins.com/mediawiki/index.php/Moving_Solaris_10_Zones Moving Solaris 10 Zones]

[[Category:Virtualization software]]
[[Category:Sun Microsystems software]]

== Server providers ==

Here is a list of providers that offer hosted virtualization solutions based on Solaris Containers/Zones

* [http://entic.net/servers Entic]
* [http://www.joyent.com Joyent]
* [http://www.gridzones.com/ GridZones]

C−−

2007-05-21T21:16:00Z

Jerryobject: Clarified idea by adding correct count. Wiki-link added to related article.

'''C--''', read as "'''C minus minus'''", is a name for at least two independently developed [[Computer programming|programming]] [[Programming language|language]]s. The goal of these languages is to replace the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]] with another portable target language that is more closely tied to [[computer hardware]]. This would allow compiling to more compact [[machine code]] while keeping C syntax, usage standards, and readability for ease of use by the many programmers already familiar with C.

Two examples are:
* [[C-- (intermediate language)|C--]], a portable [[Intermediate language|intermediate]] [[assembly language]] that serves as an interface between high-level compilers and retargetable, optimizing code generators.
* [[Sphinx C--]].

The name is formed from C's decrement operator --, as a response to C++, to emphasize the idea of C-- as a simpler subset of C.

==See also==
*[[C (programming language)|C programming language]]
*[[C++]]

==External links==
* [http://www.cminusminus.org C--] — the portable assembler used as a target language for the [[Glasgow Haskell Compiler]], for example

[[Category:Assemblers]]
[[Category:C programming language family]]
[[Category:Programming languages]]

{{compu-lang-stub}}

[[pl:C--]]
[[ru:C--]]