Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

IBMBIO.COM

2009-01-11T20:20:59Z

JeremyMcCracken: Undid revision 263304211 by Wtshymanski (talk)rv, discussion in progress

'''IBMBIO.COM''' is a filename used by the [[boot loader]] for several [[DOS]] operating systems. It serves the same purpose as [[IO.SYS]] in [[MS-DOS]], and it is part of [[PC-DOS]], [[DR DOS]], and earlier versions of MS-DOS.

In the [[Personal Computer|PC]] bootup sequence, the first sector of the boot disk is loaded into memory and executed. If this is the DOS [[boot sector]], it loads the first three sectors of IBMBIO.COM into memory and transfers control to it. IBMBIO.COM then:
#Loads the rest of itself into memory.
#Initializes each default [[device driver]] in turn ([[computer console|console]], disk, [[serial port]], et cetera). At this point, the default devices are available.
#Loads the DOS kernel and calls its initialization routine. The kernel is stored in [[IBMDOS.COM]].

==See also==
[[IBMDOS.COM]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}
[[Category:DOS on IBM PC compatibles]]

IBMBIO.COM

2009-01-10T23:16:33Z

JeremyMcCracken: Undid revision 263196564 by Wtshymanski (talk) will post at talk:IBM PC-DOS

Eternal Sonata

2008-08-20T10:34:20Z

JeremyMcCracken: rm {{3O}}, no request at WP:3O

{{Infobox VG
|title = Eternal Sonata
|image = [[Image:Eternal Sonata.jpg|256px]]
|developer = [[tri-Crescendo]]
|publisher = [[Namco Bandai]]
|distributor = [[Atari]] ([[Europe]], [[Australia]]) [[Microsoft]] ([[Asia]] Except [[Japan]])
|designer =
|engine =
|version =
|released = '''Xbox 360''' {{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[June 14]], [[2007]]}} {{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]] [[2007]]}} {{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[October 19]] [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356|title=www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356}}</ref> {{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 15]] [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html|title=http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html}}</ref> '''PlayStation 3''' {{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[September 18]] [[2008]]}} {{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[Q4]] [[2008]]}} 
|genre = [[Console role-playing game]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Cooperative gameplay|local co-op]]
|ratings = '''Xbox 360''': [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: T [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC (AU)]]: M [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC (NZ)]]: PG '''PlayStation 3''': [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: RP (Rating Pending)
|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]
|requirements =
|input = [[Xbox 360 Controller]], [[PlayStation 3 accessories|SIXAXIS]]
|media = [[DVD-DL]], [[Blu-ray Disc]]
}}
{{Nihongo|'''''Eternal Sonata'''''|トラスティベル～ショパンの夢～|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume|Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream }} is an original [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]] [[video game]] created by [[tri-Crescendo]], one of the developers of ''[[Baten Kaitos]]'' and ''[[Baten Kaitos Origins]]''. The [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] version of the game was released on [[June 14]], [[2007]] in Japan, [[September 17]], [[2007]] in North America, and [[October 19]], [[2007]] in Europe. The game will also be released for the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] with additional content as ''Trusty Bell ~Chopin no Yume~ Reprise'' (トラスティベル ~ショパンの夢~ ルプリーズ)　on [[September 18]], [[2008]] <ref name="nbgiannounce">{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai Announcement for PS3|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/820/820146p1.html}}</ref> in Japan, and a North American release will be available later in the fall. <ref name="Namco Bandai News">{{cite web|title=E3 - Namco Bandai News|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2008/071508b.html}}</ref> A European release is anticipated due to listings on various retailer and manufacturer websites, but no first-party information as to a EU release date has been published.<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/help-support/ps3/games/detail/item111148/Games-compatible-with-DUALSHOCK-3/ Games compatible with DUALSHOCK 3]</ref><ref>http://www.play.com/Games/PlayStation3/4-/6072225/Eternal-Sonata/Product.html Etenal Sonata european PS3 release date.]</ref>

The game is centered around the romantic [[pianist]] and [[composer]] [[Frédéric Chopin]], who died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopin's life and music, and in which he himself is a playable character, among others. The game features a selection of Chopin's compositions played by [[pianist]] [[Stanislav Bunin]], though most of the in-game music was composed by [[Motoi Sakuraba]]. The game's [[battle system]] centers around musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness plays a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, as well as the types of magic that can be cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3158051 | title=1UP.com - Eternal Sonata Preview | work=Alice Liang | accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref>

{{TOClimit|limit=3}}

==Story==
The game is presented in chapters and each main chapter is named after one of Chopin’s famous works (For example, the chapter ‘Revolution’ is named after the ‘Revolutionary Etude’). The plot of the game follows two distinct narrative strands; the first, and main narrative, is the story of the fictional world that Chopin is experiencing while on his death bed. The other narrative provides historical information on Chopin’s life that is considered relevant to current plot developments in the fictional world and is displayed at key points during the course of the game. This narrative is accompanied by a rendition of the piece the chapter draws inspiration from.

The fictional world contains two major kingdoms that are currently on the brink of war, Forte and Baroque. Polka, a young girl that resides in Tenuto, a village within Forte territory, has a terminal illness. A side effect of any terminal illness is the ability to do magic; this leads normal people to stay away from magic users for fear of catching the illness. Polka is constantly told by her Mother that she must one day throw herself into the sea and that she will understand why when the time comes. In the mean time, Polka tries to make a living selling floral powder as a healing agent but can’t compete with the price of the tax free ‘Mineral Powder’, an addictive miracle cure supplied by Forte Castle. She later meets with Frederic Chopin who offers to help escort her to Count Waltz, the ruler of Forte, so that she may plead with him to increase the price of Mineral Powder.

The pair later encounters two young orphan boys, Allegretto and Beat, who are also planning to ask Count Waltz to lower taxes so that they can feed other orphans in their town. As they travel, Allegretto and Polka draw close to one another, and they feel a strange connection. Polka also learns that strange creatures called "agogos" react completely differently around her than anyone else by radiating a strange glow.

The group is arrested once they reach Forte but they’re able to escape with the help of an underground resistance group who want to overthrow Count Waltz. The resistance informs the party that they are working for Prince Crescendo, the acting ruler of Baroque, and they set off together to inform him of the current developments. Once at Baroque Castle the party learns that Mineral Powder has devastating and deadly side effects and that Count Waltz is using its addictive nature to raise a powerful army with the sole intention of attacking Baroque. Polka, still troubled by her Mother’s words, decides to throw her most prized possession, a uniquely shaped rock given to her by ‘someone special’, into the sea instead of herself. Allegretto then surprises Polka by giving her an identically shaped rock to replace it.

After learning that Forte has placed a spy among his most trusted peers, Prince Crescendo decides that the only way to prevent bloodshed is to surrender himself to Count Waltz in return for Count Waltz sparing Baroque and its people. The party manages to stop Crescendo before he reaches Forte territory, but they soon discover that Count Waltz is already beginning his attack on Baroque. The party manages to defeat Waltz in battle and prevent the invasion of Baroque but are unable to stop his advisor Legato from using a stronger, experimental version of the Mineral Powder on himself. The new Mineral Powder causes him to transform into a creature so powerful it smashes into another dimension.

The party follows Legato into this new dimension and finds it occupied by the souls of all those who perished due to using Mineral Powder. Eventually tracking down Legato, they manage to defeat him and gain access to the very core of the world. Here, Frederic Chopin announces that he is still convinced that this entire world is just his dream, his final journey before death, and that he must face his own soul before he can travel into the afterlife. He then faces the party in one final battle and is defeated.

Realising that this is the end of her journey, Polka thanks the party for escorting her and then throws herself off the cliff into the sea. Allegretto is mortified and begins blaming Chopin for Polka’s death. We then see a younger, reborn Polka falling slowly from the sky into the arms of her mother, who is obviously expecting this event. The scene, mirroring the opening, portrays a younger Polka with her mother while Chopin narrates, finally realising the true nature of this world. Young Polka then tells her mother that she hears someone calling her and her mother informs her that she is hearing the call of her ‘special someone’. Young Polka wishes farewell to her mother as she is whisked back into the air by glowing agogos.

Rejoining the rest of the party, still mortified by previous events, we see Polka rise back over the cliff surrounded by glowing agogos. Polka knows that she has been reunited with her true love and embraces an ecstatic Allegretto. Finally, in the real world, Chopin’s spirit rises out of his body and he plays his piano one last time, in a blooming sea of nocturnal flowers 'Heaven's Mirror', composing a song that was inspired by Polka.

==Characters==
All of the characters in ''Eternal Sonata'', with the exception of real-world people such as Chopin, are named after musical terms.
:''Note: Character names link to their respective musical terms, not to articles on the characters themselves.''

;{{nihongo|[[Frédéric Chopin|Frédéric François Chopin]]|フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン|Furederikku Furansowa Shopan}}: As he lies dying of [[tuberculosis]] in the real world, Chopin dreams of this world. He appears as a tall gentleman in a long coat and top hat. He fights with a conductor's baton. ''Voiced by:'' [[Mitsuaki Madono]] (Japanese), [[Patrick Seitz]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Polka]]|ポルカ|Poruka}}: A 14-year old girl with a death sentence hanging over her head: she can use magic, a sign of disease in their world. Because of this, she is shunned by many, but still has a pretty upbeat and sweet personality. Chopin mentions she reminds him of his sister, who also died of tuberculosis. She fights with a parasol. ''Voiced by:'' [[Aya Hirano]] (Japanese), [[Erin Fitzgerald]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]|アレグレット|Areguretto}}: A 16-year old street urchin with a [[Robin Hood]] complex, willing to steal to feed the less fortunate. He's confident and strong, but not stupid. A revolutionary at heart, he does have a soft side, mostly shown with Beat, whom he has taken as a little brother, and Polka, whom he loves. He fights with a one-handed sword. ''Voiced by:'' [[Hiro Shimono]] (Japanese), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Beat (music)|Beat]]|ビート|Bīto}}: An 8 year old orphan whose most prized possession is his camera. While he often does not get the point of what Allegretto and the others are saying until later and maintains an air of innocence, he is no stranger to fighting. He wields a hooked rifle which can also function at close range as a hammer. ''Voiced by:'' [[Yumiko Kobayashi]] (Japanese), [[Mona Marshall]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Viola]]|ビオラ|Biora}}: A young farmer the party meets in the countryside. She's a tough-talker and can handle herself, being slightly older than the others in the party. She fights with a bow. She has a pet named Arco who tags along with the group. ''Voiced by:'' [[Houko Kuwashima]] (Japanese), [[Megan Hollingshead]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Salsa (music)|Salsa]]|サルサ|Sarusa}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest who the party meets while imprisoned in the Forte Castle dungeons. She is quite brash, outspoken and energetic at times. She fights with Solar Rings. ''Voiced by:'' [[Mika Kanai]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)

;[[March (music)|March]]: The guardian of Agogo Forest. Salsa's twin sister. She tends to be the more reasonable one of the two, making her a sharp contrast to Salsa. She fights with Luna Rings. ''Voiced by:'' [[Chiwa Saito]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Jazz]]|ジルバ|Jiruba|his Japanese name is a transliteration of "[[jitterbug]]"}}: Leader of the revolutionary group Andantino. Quiet and serious, he worries about the damage Count Waltz might be doing to the people with the mineral powder and the processes needed to mine it. He fights with a two-handed sword. ''Voiced by:'' [[George Nakata]] (Japanese), [[D.C. Douglas]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Falsetto]]|ファルセット|Farusetto}}: Jazz's lieutenant in Andantino, she's perceptive and tough, and inwardly dislikes Claves. She fights with brass knuckles. ''Voiced by:'' [[Tomoe Hanba]] (Japanese), [[Julie Ann Taylor]] (English)

;{{nihongo|[[Claves]]|クラベス|Kurabesu}}: Jazz's girlfriend and another soldier of Andantino. Later, she is shown to be a spy for Count Waltz and is killed for choosing to help Jazz instead. She fights with a rapier. ''Voiced by:'' [[Mie Sonozaki]] (Japanese), [[Tara Platt]] (English)

==Gameplay==
''Eternal Sonata'' follows many general conventions in a typical [[console role-playing game]]: the player controls a party of up to ten characters to explore the world, talking with its inhabitants, buying and selling equipment at shops, and encountering monsters while in the field. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, as well as gaining an edge on the monsters by approaching them from behind. Experience points are awarded to all members of the party, though at a reduced rate for those not involved in combat, and characters will improve in various statistics with each experience level as well as learning special combat skills. Weapons, armor, and accessories can be used to improve these statistics, which can be purchased through money earned in combat, found in chests, or by selling both equipment and [[photograph]]s which can be taken by the character Beat during battle. The player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various [[non-player character|NPC]]s in the game will offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC, with the resulting composition being ranked. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC.

===Combat===
[[Image:Eternal-sonata-screenshot.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Combat in ''Eternal Sonata'' takes place in both lit and shaded areas, affecting the skills the player can use]]
While the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an [[action game]]. Each character's turn is preceded by "Tactical Time", a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Once the player initiates an action or "Tactical Time" expires (a function of the Party Class Level), the player then has a limited amount of time denoted by an Action Gauge to move the character, attack the enemy, and use recovery skills or items. Regular attacks are made at melee or ranged distances depending on the weapon choice of the character, and add a small quantity of time back to the Action Gauge, and additionally add to the party's "Echoes" meter. Special skills which can include both offensive attacks and recovery skills will consume whatever Echoes have been generated to that point, and will have a more powerful effect relative to that number. When a character defends against an attack, there is a short period before the attack strikes where the player can press a button to block some of the damage for the attack, or to possibly even counterattack the blow and interrupt the monster's turn. Recovery and other one-time-use items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity; the player must "set" items in the pouch so that they can be cycled through and triggered during battle.

Light and dark areas on the battle field generated by the time of day, environment, and shadows of the characters and monsters will affect combat. Each party character has one or more special skills that are active in lit areas, and a similar number but with very different effects in a dark area. Monsters themselves may have a dissimilar set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in, while other monsters will actually change form when they move between lit and dark areas. The player can manipulate the nature of areas using special items, but this can also be affected by the monsters themselves, or through dynamic changes on the battlefield such as the shadow of a cloud moving across the ground.

As the player progresses through the game, they will increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat. For example, one Party Class improvement increases the number of slots for special skills for each character, but at the same time, cuts down the amount of Tactical Time and time available in the Action Gauge.

==Audio==
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
Eternal Sonata features a large soundtrack, mostly composed by Motoi Sakuraba, with seven of Chopin's compositions performed by Stanislav Bunin and presented in 5.1 surround sound. Featured music of Chopin's include [[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 12]], [[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 3]] and [[Polonaise Op. 53 (Chopin)|Polonaise Op. 53]]. A [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[aria]] composed by Sakuraba titled {{nihongo|"Heaven's Mirror"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}} is also performed by Akiko Shinada for the soundtrack. The game's background music was released in Japan as the four-disc album {{nihongo|''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream Original Score''|トラスティベル～ショパンの夢～オリジナルスコア|Torasuti Beru ~Shopan no Yume~ Orijinaru Sukoa}} on [[25 July]], [[2007]] under the [[King Records]] label.


==Development==
Says director Hiroya Hatsushiba:<ref>[http://kotaku.com/gaming/we-want-to-know/chopins-role-in-eternal-sonata-explained-287143.php We Want To Know: Chopin's Role in Eternal Sonata Explained]</ref>
{{cquote|People who play games and people who love classical music are not necessarily sharing [the] same type of interests. Most people in Japan know the name of Chopin; however, most of the people who know of Chopin think he is just some kind of a great music composer without knowing any more about him. Most of them have heard Chopin's music but not a lot could put his name to it immediately. By creating a colorful fantasy world in Chopin's dream, I was hoping that people would get into this game easily and also come to know how great Chopin's music is.}}

For the localization, the game's text was proofread by the Frederick Chopin Society in Warsaw. The localization team wanted to be as historically accurate as possible, without losing the original message of the script.<ref>[http://blogs.ign.com/EternalSonata/2007/09/12/66074/ Eternal Sonata - Lost in Translation]</ref>

On [[April 23]], [[2007]], the ESRB posted their rating for Eternal Sonata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/|title=www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/}}</ref> listing the game as being intended for release on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. However, when news of this quickly spread, the ESRB removed the listing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|title=N4G.com : ESRB pulls Eternal Sonata. listing|url=http://n4g.com/News-36536.aspx}}</ref> On [[September 11]], [[2007]], Bandai Namco's official site listed Eternal Sonata as coming soon to PlayStation 3, yet also listed the Xbox 360 version as being "available now." Again, as news quickly spread, the information was removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai site shows Eternal Sonata and Beautiful Katamari coming to PS3|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/11/namco-bandai-site-shows-eternal-sonata-and-beautiful-katamari-co/}}</ref> The following day, scans from [[Famitsu]] were released, confirming the game as being released for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famitsu Scans|url=http://www.jeux-france.com/images0_4_21765.html}}</ref> On September 14, 2007 Bandai Namco officially announced Eternal Sonata was coming to the PS3, during Spring 2008 in Japan.<ref name="nbgiannounce" />

In addition, Namco Bandai stated that there will be features exclusive for the PlayStation 3 version. This includes new playable characters, Crescendo and Serenade, who played a major role in the plot of the game, but were not playable in the Xbox 360 version. It will also include a new clothing system, in which the player can freely change his/her character's costume. {{Fact|date=March 2008}}

==Reception==
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
Anticipation for the game seemed high prior to release, with the game having reached number four in Amazon Japan video game pre-orders<ref>[http://news.punchjump.com/blog/2007/05/15/%20xbox-360-rpg-trusty-bell-reaches-no-4-in-pre-sales/ News Blog] entry. Retrieved [[May 16]], [[2007]]</ref> not long after a demo was made available on the Japanese Marketplace, and even number one on Amazon Japan's video game charts not long before the game's release.<ref>[http://www.xbox360fanboy.com/2007/06/05/eternal-sonata-no-1-on-amazon-japan/ Xbox 360 Fanboy Blog] entry. Retrieved [[June 5]], [[2007]]</ref> [[Famitsu]] rated the game 9/9/9/8, for a total score of 35/40.<ref name="famitsuscores">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7857|title=GamesAreFun Famitsu Scores|accessmonthday=June 20|accessyear=2007}}</ref>
During its release week, the game reached second place on the Japanese sales charts.<ref name="GAFweek1SALES">[http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7911 GamesAreFun Japanese Sales] 6/11-6/17. Retrieved [[June 20]], [[2007]]</ref>
The following week, it had placed 35th. [http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/1445.html][http://kotaku.com/gaming/soupy-sales/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-273421.php]

At [[E3 2007]], it won [[GameTrailers|GameTrailers.com's]] award for Best Role-Playing Game<ref name="GTcomE32007RPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/22619.html|title=GameTrailers Best of E3 2007|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> and [[IGN|IGN's]] award for Best Original Score on Xbox 360, and was a runner-up in Best RPG, Best Artistic Design on Xbox 360 and Best Use Of Sound on Xbox 360.<ref name="IGNbestE3">{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/806/806808p4.html|title= IGN: Xbox 360 Best of E3 2007 Awards|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref>

In Europe and the U.S., it received many high reviews. Metacritic has a score of 79% based on 53 reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eternalsonata?q=eternal%20sonata Metacritic - Eternal Sonata]</ref>

[[IGN]] gave the game an 8.3 claiming that it had some of the best visuals on the 360 and had great combat. They also stated that "the soundtrack is astounding" and claimed the story did a great job of teaching the player of [[Frederick Chopin]]'s life. However, the game was criticised for being too short for a [[JRPG]], and for the lack of exploration. [[Xplay]] gave the game a 3/5 praising the combat, soundtrack and visuals but complained that there were too many mini games, a poor story and too many [[RPG]] clichés.

==Notes and references==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist|1}}
</div>

==External links==
*[http://namco-ch.net/trusty_bell/index.php Official Japanese Site]
*[http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php Official Japanese Site for PlayStation 3 Version]
*[http://eternalsonata.namcobandaigames.com/ Official North American Site]
*[http://www.eternalsonata.eu Official European Site]

[[Category:2007 video games]]
[[Category:Cel-shaded video games]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:Tri-Crescendo games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]

[[ar:إترنال سوناتا (لعبة)]]
[[fr:Eternal Sonata]]
[[it:Eternal Sonata]]
[[ja:トラスティベル〜ショパンの夢〜]]
[[pl:Eternal Sonata]]
[[pt:Eternal Sonata]]

SYS (Kommandozeilenbefehl)

2008-08-07T04:59:22Z

JeremyMcCracken: wrong template

{{lowercase}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}
{{orphan|date=June 2008}}
'''SYS.COM''' is a component of [[DOS]] and [[Microsoft]] [[Windows 9x]] operating systems that will copy the [[shell (computing)|shell]] ([[COMMAND.COM]]), [[boot loader]] ([[IO.SYS]] or [[IBMBIO.COM]]), the [[kernel (computer science)|kernel]] ([[MSDOS.SYS]] or [[IBMDOS.COM]]), and the [[boot sector]] to the corresponding drive. You can apply this command to hard drives and floppy disks to repair or create a boot sector.

[[Category:DOS on IBM PC compatibles]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

SYS (Kommandozeilenbefehl)

2008-08-07T04:58:44Z

JeremyMcCracken: generic terms

{{lowercasetitle}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}
{{orphan|date=June 2008}}
'''SYS.COM''' is a component of [[DOS]] and [[Microsoft]] [[Windows 9x]] operating systems that will copy the [[shell (computing)|shell]] ([[COMMAND.COM]]), [[boot loader]] ([[IO.SYS]] or [[IBMBIO.COM]]), the [[kernel (computer science)|kernel]] ([[MSDOS.SYS]] or [[IBMDOS.COM]]), and the [[boot sector]] to the corresponding drive. You can apply this command to hard drives and floppy disks to repair or create a boot sector.

[[Category:DOS on IBM PC compatibles]]

{{compu-soft-stub}}

IBMBIO.COM

2008-08-07T04:58:31Z

JeremyMcCracken: wikilink

Calvary Chapel

2008-07-27T21:51:50Z

JeremyMcCracken: /* Criticisms */

[[Image:CalvaryChapelDove.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calvary Chapel's dove logo, which represents the [[Holy Spirit]]]]

'''Calvary Chapel''', a [[non-denominational]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] fellowship of [[Christianity | Christian]] churches, began in 1965 in [[Southern California]]. The term "fellowship of churches" is used in contrast to a [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. Churches who apply and qualify for affiliation through an extensive and thorough application process, are then free to use the name "Calvary Chapel", but in no way are required to do so. Calvary Chapel has over one thousand such congregations worldwide. <ref name=churchlist> {{cite web | title=Churches List Ordered By City | url=http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Churches.List&Page=1&StartRecord=1&Sort=City,ASC | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref> The original Calvary Chapel is [[Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa]] which is [[pastor]]ed by [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck Smith]]. Doctrinally, Calvary Chapel is [[evangelicalism|evangelical]], [[rapture|pretribulationist]], and strongly committed to the Reformational principle of ''[[sola scriptura]]''.

Calvary Chapels widely use a Pastor-led, sometimes referred to the "Moses" model, however some use an [[Episcopalian church governance|episcopal church governance]] structure. [[Glossolalia|Tongues]] and [[prophecy]] are not a normal part of typical Sunday morning church services, but they are held as doctrinally valid, as are all the gifts of the Spirit. Calvary Chapels faithfully uphold expository teaching, a "verse by verse, chapter by chapter, book by book" approach to teaching the [[Bible]]. This essentially means that their [[sermons]] are directly related to a passage of the Bible, and following sermons will start where the previous sermon left off (often this is done from [[Genesis]] to [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]). They hold the opinion that a steady diet of topical studies only largely fail to present the "whole counsel of God" (Acts 20:27) and that ministers who use this approach often choose topics that they have a certain inclination to teach, while leaving out important (and sometimes controversial) issues of the Bible. It is Calvary's desire to teach, not preach the word, in order to equip and train laymen for everyday ministry – as well as encourage development of a personal relationship with [[Christ]]. Calvary Chapel also maintains a number of radio stations around the world and operates many local [[Calvary Chapel Bible College]] programs. Chuck Smith's "Calvary Chapel Distinctives" is essential to understanding, holistically, the tenets for which Calvary Chapel stands.

== History ==

In December 1965 [[Chuck Smith (pastor) | Chuck Smith]] became the pastor of a 25-person [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]] and in 1968 broke away from the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]] [[Christian denomination|denomination]] in Santa Ana, [[California]]. 12 of the 25 members were in a [[prayer]] meeting, before Chuck became their pastor, about whether or not to close their church when the [[Holy Spirit]] spoke to them by [[prophecy]] and told them that Chuck would become their pastor, that he would want to elevate the platform area, that [[God]] would bless the church, that it would go on the radio, that the church would become overcrowded, and that he would become known throughout the world.<ref name=chuck_smith> {{cite web | title=History of Calvary Chapel (Extended) | url=http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.ExtendedHistory | accessdate=2007-11-05}} </ref>

Calvary Chapel then became associated with what is now known as the [[Jesus Movement]] when Chuck's daughter introduced him to her [[boyfriend]] John. John was a former [[hippie]] who had become a [[Christian]]. John then introduced Chuck to [[Lonnie Frisbee]], a hippie Christian who would eventually become a key figure in the Jesus Movement and in Calvary Chapel. Lonnie moved into Chuck's home, and in a few days, more hippies moved in with Chuck and his wife.

== Doctrine ==
=== General ===

Affiliates of Calvary Chapel believe in the fundamental doctrines of [[Evangelicalism | evangelical]] Christianity which include the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of the Bible]] and the [[Trinity]]. Within evangelical Christianity, they say that they stand in the "middle ground between [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalism]] and [[Pentecostalism]] in modern [[Protestant]] theology." While they applaud fundamentalism's staunch support of the inerrancy of the Bible, they believe Fundamentalists have become "rigid, legalistic, and unaccepting of [[Gifts of the Holy Spirit|spiritual gifts]]." On the other hand, they believe Pentecostals have become "enthusiastic and emotional at the expense of the teaching of God's Word." <ref name=teachings> {{cite book | title=What Calvary Chapel Teaches | last=Taylor | first=Larry | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/taylor-larry/text/wcct.htm}} </ref> In other words, a church service should be about being made into a disciple (Matthew 28 and the Great Commission), and less about the "experience".

=== Calvinism and Arminianism ===

In the much-debated matter of [[salvation]], two major perspectives have been created in [[Protestant]] Christianity: [[Calvinism]] and [[Arminianism]].

Calvary Chapel strives to "strik[e] a balance between extremes" when it comes to controversial theological issues such as this one. They also "try to avoid conclusions, terminology, and arguments which are not clearly presented in the Bible". For example, an argument or debate would not ensue simply because there is a claim that someone or some denomination is "Calvinist". But the points of Calvinism are argued based on solid biblical exegesis as addressed below:

On the first point of the [[five points of Calvinism]], Calvary Chapel agrees with [[Calvinism]]'s view that all men are "totally depraved" but holds that — with the gracious intervention of the [[Holy Spirit]] — man has the ability to choose righteousness.

On point number two, Calvinists believe that man's [[predestination|election to salvation]] lies completely in the choice of God, while Arminians believe it is completely the choice of man. Calvary Chapel has taken a middle ground approach by saying that "God clearly does choose, but man must also accept God's invitation to salvation."

On point number three, Calvary strongly sides with [[Arminianism]], which contends that Jesus died for the whole world; this contrasts with the Calvinist view that Jesus' death sufficiently covers every sin but was intended and therefore efficient only for those who would believe. Based on scriptures, Calvary states, "The atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ was clearly sufficient to save the entire human race."

Point four has to do with man's ability to resist God. Calvary sides with [[Arminianism]] here and believes that "God's grace can either be resisted or received by the exercise of human [[free will]]" upon God's desire for them to be saved. (Calvinists believe in [[irresistible grace]]).

On the final point, Calvary Chapels believe in the perseverance of the saints (true believers), but express deep concern about sinful lifestyles and rebellious hearts among those who call themselves "Christians" – based on the words of Jesus in Matthew 7:21-23.

Chuck Smith summed up Calvary Chapel's philosophy regarding these perspectives and the believer's understanding as follows:

<blockquote>
It is not easy to maintain the unity of the Spirit among us on these matters. It seems that the sovereignty of God and human responsibility are like two parallel lines that do not seem to intersect within our finite minds. God's ways are "past finding out" (Romans 11:33), and the Bible warns us to "lean not unto thy own understanding" (Proverbs 3:5). To say what God says in the Bible - no more and no less - is not always easy, comfortable, or completely understandable. But Scripture tells us that the wisdom from above will be loving and kind toward all, seeking the unity of the believers, not trying to find ways to divide and separate from one another .... In difficult doctrinal matters, may we have gracious attitudes and humble hearts, desiring most of all to please Him who has called us to serve Him in the body of Christ.<ref>
{{cite book | title=Calvinism, Arminianism and the Word of God | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/caatwog.htm}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Holy Spirit ===

Although Calvary Chapel believes in the continuing efficacy of [[Glossolalia | the gift of tongues]], it does not recognize uninterpreted tongues spoken in a congregational setting to necessarily be inspired (or at least directed) by the [[Holy Spirit]] because of their understanding of [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1st Corinthians]] 14. Interpreted tongues and modern [[prophecy]] are affirmed doctrinally by the Bible and held by Calvary Chapel accepted doctrine. Practicing tongues in private is more common. <ref name=charisma> {{cite book | title=Charisma vs. Charismania | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/cvc.htm | id=ISBN 0-936728-49-3 | publisher=Word for Today | year=1993}} </ref>

=== Baptism and Eucharist ===

Calvary Chapels practice [[baptism]] by immersion. Calvary Chapel does not believe baptism is necessary for salvation, but instead see it as an outward sign of an inward change. As a result, they do not [[infant baptism|baptize infants]], although they may dedicate them to God. [[Eucharist|Communion]] is viewed in a symbolic way, as shown in 1st Corinthians 11:23-26.

=== Church government ===

Some Calvary Chapels consider themselves to have more of an [[Episcopalian church governance|episcopal]] government than anything else. Calvary Chapels believe that scripture presents four forms of church government:

# [[Congregationalist church governance|congregationalist]]
# [[Presbyterian church governance|Presbyterian]]
# [[episcopal polity|episcopal]]
# theocratic

Immediately, congregational rule is discarded because they believe congregations made poor decisions in the [[Old Testament]]. They cite [[Exodus]] 16:2 as an example: "And the whole congregation of the children of [[Israel]] murmured against [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]] in the wilderness" ([[KJV]]). They believe the second two forms of New Testament church government, Presbyterian and episcopal, are clearly ordained in the [[New Testament]] (Acts 14:23 and 1 Timothy 3:1).

The fourth system, and one that the majority of Calvary Chapels have adopted, models its government after the [[theocracy]] that God created in the [[Old Testament]] — sometimes called the "Moses model". In this system, God was the head of the church, and under God was Moses who led the [[Israelites]] as God directed him. Moses also had a [[Kohen|priesthood]] and [[Sanhedrin|seventy elders]] under him for support. Calvary Chapel has adapted this to where their pastor has a role like Moses and their board of [[Elder (religious)|elders]] functions like the priesthood or the seventy elders. <ref name=government> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=Church Government}} </ref> <ref name=ministry> {{cite book | title=The Philosophy of Ministry of Calvary Chapel | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/tpomocc.htm}} </ref>

=== Eschatology ===

Calvary Chapel is strongly [[pretribulationist]] and [[Premillennialism | premillennialist]] in their [[Christian eschatology|eschatology]] (the study of the end times). They believe that the [[rapture]] of the Church will occur first, followed by a literal seven year period of [[tribulation|great tribulation]], followed by the [[second coming]] of [[Jesus Christ]], and then finally a literal thousand year reign of Jesus Christ on earth called the [[Millennialism|Millennial Kingdom]]. Calvary Chapel also rejects [[supersessionism]] and instead believes that Israel will play an important part in the [[end times]]. <ref name=rapture> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=The Rapture Of The Church}} </ref>

== Affiliation ==

The [http://www.ccofweb.com/ Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship (CCOF)] has the responsibility of affiliating churches with Calvary Chapel. A church that affiliates with Calvary Chapel often (but not always) uses the name "Calvary Chapel". Three requirements for becoming affiliated exist:

# the pastor must "embrace the characteristics of the Calvary Chapel movement as described in ''[http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.Ebooks.calvarychapeldistinctives Calvary Chapel Distinctives]''."
# the church must have the characteristics of a church as opposed to a less developed home fellowship.
# an applicant must be willing to spend the time to fellowship with other Calvary Chapels.<ref name=ccof> {{cite web | url=http://www.ccofweb.com/ | title=Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship Introduction | accessdate=2006-04-15}} </ref>

A notable omission of these requirements is a [[seminary]] degree.

Regional lead pastors exercise a measure of accountability.<ref name=ccofmission> {{cite web | url=http://www.ccofweb.com/missionstatement.htm | title=Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship Mission Statement | accessdate=2006-04-15}} </ref> Since there are no legal or financial ties between Calvary Chapels, the only disciplinary procedure available is [[disaffiliation]].

In accordance with Calvary's interpretation and understanding of the Bible (see [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/popup.pl?book=1Ti&chapter=3&verse=2 1 Timothy 3:2] and [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/popup.pl?book=1Ti&chapter=3&verse=12 1 Timothy 3:12]), Calvary Chapel does not ordain women or [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] as pastors.

== Practices ==

Calvary Chapel's overall philosophy of the purpose of the [[Body of Christ|Church]] takes as its basis [[Ephesians]] 4:9-13, which reads (in part), "And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ." They believe this to be in contrast to churches that focus only on [[evangelism]]. They believe the primary purpose of the Church is to bring glory to God by being God's instrument in ministry, and in a secondary sense, to equip the Church for that ministry. <ref name=ministry/>

Emphasis on the Bible forms perhaps Calvary Chapel's most defining practice. Calvary Chapel pastors tend to prefer expositional sermons rather than topical ones, and they will often give their sermons sequentially from the Bible from Genesis to Revelation. One of the reasons for their choice is people's tendency to speak only on topics which they like while leaving out topics that are uninspirational yet still important. They believe that by teaching through the entire Bible, they will be able to say that they have "declared unto you the whole counsel of God" (from [[Book of Acts|Acts]]: 20:27). Another advantage, they say, is that it makes difficult topics easier to address because members of the congregation won't feel like they are being singled out. That is to say, they won't feel that the pastor chose a particular sermon because of some flaw he saw in the congregation. They also see an advantage in the steady edification of the congregation. Rather than some preachers "who come in with a flash and a fire," they try to have consistent teaching that, over time, brings the "perfecting of the saints" which is part of their general philosophy for the Church. <ref name=priority> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=The Priority of the Word}} </ref> In teaching expositorily through scripture sequentially, it allows the Bible and/or the Lord/Holy Spirit to set the agenda, not the pastor.

Calvary Chapels believe that most churches have a "dependent, highly organized, [and] structured" environment, but that most people want an "independent and casual way of life". Calvary therefore has decided to have a casual and laid-back atmosphere in their churches. A practical implication of their philosophy is that people may wear street clothes to church. <ref name=ministry/> This "come as you are" atmosphere is consistent with the way the Bible describes Jesus teachings, and that of the early Christian church in the book of Acts.

[[Praise song|Praise]] and [[Worship music|worship]] usually consists of upbeat [[contemporary Christian music]] which differ from the [[hymns]] sung at more traditional churches (although many Calvarys also play hymns). The style of worship is generally regional and specific to the make-up of the congregation.

Calvary Chapel does not have a formalized system of church membership. Calling a Calvary Chapel one's church usually means regularly attending church services and becoming involved in fellowship with other "members" of the church.

== Ministries ==
=== Bible college ===
{{main|Calvary Chapel Bible College}}

Technically, Calvary Chapel has only one [[Bible college]]: , Calvary Chapel Bible College, located in [[Murrieta, California]]. However, this school also has at least 90 extension campuses throughout the world. <ref name=extension> {{cite web | title=CCBC Extension Campuses | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/extension-campuses.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref> Founded in 1975, it was originally a "short, intensive study program," <ref name=maincampus> {{cite web | title=CCBC Main Campus | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/ | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref> but it is now a two year school which awards Certificates of Completion, [[Associate's degree|Associate in Theology]] degrees, and [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor of Biblical Studies]] degrees depending on a student's educational history.<ref name=college>
{{ cite web | title=CCBC Undergraduate Program | url= http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/main-campus/academic-information/undergraduate-program.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}}
</ref>
No matter which degree or certificate is earned, the course requirements are the same. Calvary Chapel now offers a Master's degree program at the Costa Mesa campus.<ref name=requirements> {{cite web | title=CCBC Graduation Worksheet | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/ccbc/forms/GraduationWorksheet.pdf | accessdate=2006-04-16 | format=PDF}} </ref> The college is unaccredited as a whole, but CCBC credits are transferable to some major accredited Colleges such as Azusa Pacific and others. The decision to remain unaccredited is purposeful, as this allows Calvary Chapel to control 100% of the content of instruction and curriculum.<ref name=accredited> {{cite web | title=CCBC Accreditation | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/main-campus/general-information/accreditation.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref>

=== Broadcasting ===


A number of Calvary Chapel churches operate radio stations that broadcast Bible teaching and Christian music.
* [http://calvarychapelcostamesa.com/ Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa] operates [[KWVE]] near [[Los Angeles, California]]. Their programming consists mostly of Bible teaching, but it also includes some Christian music.<ref name=kwve> {{cite web | title=KWVE Programs | url=http://www.kwve.com/index.cfm?event=programs | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>
* [http://www.calvaryabq.org/ Calvary Chapel Albuquerque] (in [[New Mexico]]) operates [[KLYT]], known as M88 Radio. This station plays Christian music and has 16 broadcast translators around New Mexico.<ref name=m88> {{cite web | title=M88 Radio | url=http://www.m88.org/default.asp | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>
* [http://www3.calvarychapel.com/bishop/ Calvary Chapel Bishop] in [[Bishop, California]] operates the Living Proof Radio Network which broadcasts to much of Eastern California and the high desert on 88.5 [[KWTW]], 90.9 [[KWTM]], 91.3 [[KWTH]], 91.9 [[KWTD]] as well as using several translators. The station plays Christian worship music, jingles containing short scripture readings, and teaching from various Calvary Chapels and other churches as well as a weekend program called "God's Country" featuring Christian Country and Bluegrass.
* [http://www.calvarychapelbrandon.org/ Calvary Chapel Brandon] in Brandon, Florida broadcasts on 96.5 [http://www.wqrdfm.com/ The Word] FM. Popular Calvary Chapel speakers and Christian music appear daily on the broadcast.
* [http://www.calvarychapelchico.com/ Calvary Chapel Chico] in California operates KQIP-LP 107.1 FM, known as The Calvary Road. This station airs sermons from other Calvary pastors as well as live, weekly broadcasts of Saturday, Sunday and Wednesday Services. Calvary Chapel Chico also operates a webcast that broadcasts live services as well as past archived services.
* [http://www.ccfingerlakes.org/ Calvary Chapel of the Finger Lakes] in New York operates [http://www.ccfingerlakes.org/ WZXV] "The Word" at 99.7 FM in Palmyra, NY. The Word broadcasts through western New York on several translators, and throughout the world via streaming audio.<ref name=wzxv_stream> {{cite web | title=WZXV Streaming | url=http://www.wzxv.org/WZXV_TuneInOnline.aspx | accessdate=2007-02-15}} </ref> WZXV airs Bible Studies as well as Praise and Worship music.
* Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale in Fort Lauderdale, Florida broadcasts on [[WREH]] [http://www.reachfm.org/ Reach FM] on 90.5 FM, with repeater stations [[as of 2008 | currently]] dispersed throughout the Florida panhandle.
* [http://www3.calvarychapel.com/honolulu/ Calvary Chapel Honolulu] (in [[Hawaii]]) operates [[KLHT-AM]], known on-air as K-Light 1040 AM. This station offers inspirational programming.
* [http://www.calvaryoxnard.org/ Calvary Chapel of Oxnard] operates [http://www.worship101.org/Worship 101.5 FM] Cross Culture Radio from [[Oxnard, CA]]. It broadcasts Bible teaching from various Calvary Chapel teachers as well as contemporary Christian Praise and Worship music.
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/pocatello/ Calvary Chapel Pocatello] in Southeast Idaho operates KRTK 1490 AM, known as CrossTalk Radio. This station airs Bible teaching, contemporary Christian music, and worship music.
* Calvary Chapel Uncasville in Uncasville, Connecticut, broadcasts as [http://www.wcse.org WCSE "Spark the Dark"] on 94.9 FM, 101.1 FM, and 107.3 FM.
* [http://www.cstonecc.org/ Cornerstone Calvary Chapel] (in [[Howell, NJ]]), operates [http://www.bridgefm.org/ The Bridge] jointly with [http://www.ccob.org/ Calvary Chapel Old Bridge] (in [[Old Bridge, NJ]]), reaching a potential audience of over 6.5 million people in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York-New Jersey metro area]].

=== Harvest Crusades ===
{{main|Harvest Crusade}}

Harvest Crusades operates as a ministry of [[Harvest Christian Fellowship]] (a Calvary Chapel in [[Riverside, California]]). It is an evangelistic ministry similar to [[Billy Graham]]'s. They meet in stadiums and have Christian music bands play followed by an evangelical message normally given by [[Greg Laurie]]. They estimate three million people have attended since its inception in 1990. <ref name=harvest> {{cite web | title=Harvest Crusades | url=http://www.harvest.org/crusades/index.php/137.html | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>

== Criticisms ==

* In a 2006 article, ''[[Christianity Today]]'' criticized a lack of accountability and what it viewed as undue control exercised over a Calvary Chapel in New Mexico by its former pastor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html |title=Unaccountable at Calvary Chapel |last=Moll|first=Rob|date=2006-05-08|accessdate=2008-06-19 |publisher=''[[Christianity Today]]''}}</ref>
* [[Cult]]-researcher [[Rick Ross (consultant)|Rick Ross]] writes on his website of Calvary Chapel, "I wouldn't go so far as to call them a full-on cult. But I will say that Calvary Chapel is an extremely authoritarian group where lots of control is exercised over the members."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/calvary/calvary5.html|title=Losing My Religion|date=1998-04-02|last=Templeton|first=David}}</ref>
* A number of people have criticized Calvary Chapel's stance on Calvinism and Arminianism. Some critics contend that the doctrine of free will is unbiblical and that God alone chooses those who will be saved. <ref name=biblicalcritique> {{cite web | title=A Biblical Critique of Chuck Smith's Study: "Calvinism, Arminianism & The Word Of God" | url=http://acts413.org/freewill/calvarychapel.htm | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Kane | first=Ray}} </ref><ref name=synergism> {{cite web | title= Synergism & Freewillism Commonly Taught in Modern Pulpits | url=http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/smith.html | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Hendryx | first=John}} </ref><ref name=openletter> {{cite web | title=An Open Letter to Calvary Chapel of Ft. Lauderdale | url=http://www.apuritansmind.com/Arminianism/JohnNolanOpenLetter.htm | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Nolan | first=John}} </ref><ref name=lauderdale> {{cite web | title=Why I Am Not A 5 Point Calvinist | url=http://www.calvaryftl.org/AWMedia/MediaDesk.cfm?fn=G5146 | accessdate=2006-04-17 | format=mp3}} - the subject of the above open letter </ref> Others express concerns that the position is vague and used to reinforce [[group-think]].<ref>[http://www.rickross.com/reference/calvary/calvaryvisitor.html Calvary Chapel Visitor Comments]</ref>

* Various critical views regarding Calvary Chapel and Chuck Smith focus on potential misuse of End Times beliefs. Smith had suggested a time line for the rapture in 1981. According to Christian writer Richard Abanes, anticipation resulted in disappointment for many, some left the church.<ref> Gorenberg, Gershom. The End of Days:Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. p. 123.</ref><ref> Abanes,Richard. End-Time Visions : The Road to Armageddon. pp. 326, 412-413. .</ref><ref>DiSabatino, David. The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource. Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. p.68 </ref>

* A September 22nd, 2001, Los Angeles Times article "In Aftermath of Attacks, Talk of 'End Days' Soars," compared Smith’s sermons during the preceding week to widely denounced remarks by [[Jerry Falwell]]. According to staff writer William Lobdell, Smith told overflow crowds in Costa Mesa that homosexuality, Supreme Court decisions, and millions of abortions showed why God allowed the terrorist attacks to happen. “Such biblical interpretations of the end times…” Lobdell wrote ”… trouble both liberals and many conservatives.” .” <ref> Religion; In Aftermath of Attacks, Talk of 'End Days' Soars; * Many who await the apocalypse find fresh evidence that the turmoil prophesied in the Bible is upon us. But scholars urge caution. [Home Edition] Los Angeles Times - Los Angeles, Calif. Author: WILLIAM LOBDELL Date: Sep 22, 2001 Start Page: B.18 Section: California; Metro Desk Text </ref>

== See also ==

'''Related groups or movements'''
* [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]. Chuck Smith originated from this denomination.
* [[Jesus Movement]]. Calvary was a part of this movement in the late 60s and early 70s.
* [[Association of Vineyard Churches]] split from Calvary Chapel in 1982 over ideological differences about the Holy Spirit.

* [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck Smith]], founder.
* [[Lonnie Frisbee]], hippie evangelist, the key figure of the Jesus Movement. "The first Jesus freak"
* [[Greg Laurie]], pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship.
* [[Jon Courson]], pastor.
* [[Mike MacIntosh]], pastor of Horizon Christian Fellowship.
* [[Chuck Missler]], author and teacher.
* [[Bob Coy]], pastor of Calvary Chapel, Ft. Lauderdale.
* [[Jeff Johnson]], pastor of Calvary Chapel Downey

'''Musicians with Calvary Chapel background'''
* [[Jeremy Camp]], contemporary Christian artist.
* [[Richie Furay]], [[folk rock]] artist.
* [[Switchfoot]], popular alternative rock band.
* [[Phil Wickham]], contemporary Christian artist.
* [[Alejandro Alonso (musician)| Alejandro Alonso]], contemporary Christian-Latin artist.
* [[P.O.D.]], popular alternative rock band.

'''Related ideologies'''
* [[Calvinism]], Reformed theology which follows the teaching of [[John Calvin]]. Calvary Chapel agrees with some but not all of his teachings.
* [[Evangelicalism]], a stream of Christianity which stresses a dual commitment to the final and exclusive authority of the Bible and to the saving power of the gospel as achieved in the atoning death of Jesus Christ on the cross. Calvary Chapel is strongly evangelical.
* [[Christian fundamentalism|Fundamentalism]]. Calvary considers themselves to stand between this and [[Pentecostalism]] within Evangelical Protestantism.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Christianityportal}}
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/ Calvary Chapel - Official Site]
* [http://maps.calvarychapel.com/ Church Locations]
* [http://twft.com/?page=C2000 Chuck Smith's audio library]
* [http://www.calvarychapelpodcasting.com Sermon Podcasts]
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.Ebooks Chuck Smith's book library]
* [http://home.wmis.net/~ixthys/fabuqa.htm Frequently Asked But Unanswered Questions]
* [http://www.the-tiki-hut.com/streamguide.htm Calvary Chapel Stream Guide]
* [http://www.hotworship.com/ccstreams Calvary Chapel Streams - radio & churches]
* [http://www.calvarystreamingradio.com Calvary Streaming Radio]

=== Other Calvary Chapel organizations ===
* [http://www.twft.com/ The Word for Today - Official Site]
* [http://www.maranathamusic.com/ Maranatha! Music]
* [http://www.calvaryschools.org/ Calvary Costa Mesa Schools]
* [http://calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/ Calvary Chapel Bible College]
* [http://www.calvarymagazine.org/ Calvary Chapel Magazine]

[[Category:Calvinism|Calvinism]]
[[Category:Christian evangelicalism]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Jesus movement]]

[[de:Calvary Chapel]]
[[hu:Calvary Chapel]]

Calvary Chapel

2008-07-27T21:51:14Z

JeremyMcCracken: /* Criticisms */ it's the opinion of the magazine

[[Image:CalvaryChapelDove.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calvary Chapel's dove logo, which represents the [[Holy Spirit]]]]

'''Calvary Chapel''', a [[non-denominational]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] fellowship of [[Christianity | Christian]] churches, began in 1965 in [[Southern California]]. The term "fellowship of churches" is used in contrast to a [[Christian denomination|denomination]]. Churches who apply and qualify for affiliation through an extensive and thorough application process, are then free to use the name "Calvary Chapel", but in no way are required to do so. Calvary Chapel has over one thousand such congregations worldwide. <ref name=churchlist> {{cite web | title=Churches List Ordered By City | url=http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Churches.List&Page=1&StartRecord=1&Sort=City,ASC | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref> The original Calvary Chapel is [[Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa]] which is [[pastor]]ed by [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck Smith]]. Doctrinally, Calvary Chapel is [[evangelicalism|evangelical]], [[rapture|pretribulationist]], and strongly committed to the Reformational principle of ''[[sola scriptura]]''.

Calvary Chapels widely use a Pastor-led, sometimes referred to the "Moses" model, however some use an [[Episcopalian church governance|episcopal church governance]] structure. [[Glossolalia|Tongues]] and [[prophecy]] are not a normal part of typical Sunday morning church services, but they are held as doctrinally valid, as are all the gifts of the Spirit. Calvary Chapels faithfully uphold expository teaching, a "verse by verse, chapter by chapter, book by book" approach to teaching the [[Bible]]. This essentially means that their [[sermons]] are directly related to a passage of the Bible, and following sermons will start where the previous sermon left off (often this is done from [[Genesis]] to [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]). They hold the opinion that a steady diet of topical studies only largely fail to present the "whole counsel of God" (Acts 20:27) and that ministers who use this approach often choose topics that they have a certain inclination to teach, while leaving out important (and sometimes controversial) issues of the Bible. It is Calvary's desire to teach, not preach the word, in order to equip and train laymen for everyday ministry – as well as encourage development of a personal relationship with [[Christ]]. Calvary Chapel also maintains a number of radio stations around the world and operates many local [[Calvary Chapel Bible College]] programs. Chuck Smith's "Calvary Chapel Distinctives" is essential to understanding, holistically, the tenets for which Calvary Chapel stands.

== History ==

In December 1965 [[Chuck Smith (pastor) | Chuck Smith]] became the pastor of a 25-person [[Wiktionary:congregation|congregation]] and in 1968 broke away from the [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]] [[Christian denomination|denomination]] in Santa Ana, [[California]]. 12 of the 25 members were in a [[prayer]] meeting, before Chuck became their pastor, about whether or not to close their church when the [[Holy Spirit]] spoke to them by [[prophecy]] and told them that Chuck would become their pastor, that he would want to elevate the platform area, that [[God]] would bless the church, that it would go on the radio, that the church would become overcrowded, and that he would become known throughout the world.<ref name=chuck_smith> {{cite web | title=History of Calvary Chapel (Extended) | url=http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.ExtendedHistory | accessdate=2007-11-05}} </ref>

Calvary Chapel then became associated with what is now known as the [[Jesus Movement]] when Chuck's daughter introduced him to her [[boyfriend]] John. John was a former [[hippie]] who had become a [[Christian]]. John then introduced Chuck to [[Lonnie Frisbee]], a hippie Christian who would eventually become a key figure in the Jesus Movement and in Calvary Chapel. Lonnie moved into Chuck's home, and in a few days, more hippies moved in with Chuck and his wife.

== Doctrine ==
=== General ===

Affiliates of Calvary Chapel believe in the fundamental doctrines of [[Evangelicalism | evangelical]] Christianity which include the [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy of the Bible]] and the [[Trinity]]. Within evangelical Christianity, they say that they stand in the "middle ground between [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalism]] and [[Pentecostalism]] in modern [[Protestant]] theology." While they applaud fundamentalism's staunch support of the inerrancy of the Bible, they believe Fundamentalists have become "rigid, legalistic, and unaccepting of [[Gifts of the Holy Spirit|spiritual gifts]]." On the other hand, they believe Pentecostals have become "enthusiastic and emotional at the expense of the teaching of God's Word." <ref name=teachings> {{cite book | title=What Calvary Chapel Teaches | last=Taylor | first=Larry | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/taylor-larry/text/wcct.htm}} </ref> In other words, a church service should be about being made into a disciple (Matthew 28 and the Great Commission), and less about the "experience".

=== Calvinism and Arminianism ===

In the much-debated matter of [[salvation]], two major perspectives have been created in [[Protestant]] Christianity: [[Calvinism]] and [[Arminianism]].

Calvary Chapel strives to "strik[e] a balance between extremes" when it comes to controversial theological issues such as this one. They also "try to avoid conclusions, terminology, and arguments which are not clearly presented in the Bible". For example, an argument or debate would not ensue simply because there is a claim that someone or some denomination is "Calvinist". But the points of Calvinism are argued based on solid biblical exegesis as addressed below:

On the first point of the [[five points of Calvinism]], Calvary Chapel agrees with [[Calvinism]]'s view that all men are "totally depraved" but holds that — with the gracious intervention of the [[Holy Spirit]] — man has the ability to choose righteousness.

On point number two, Calvinists believe that man's [[predestination|election to salvation]] lies completely in the choice of God, while Arminians believe it is completely the choice of man. Calvary Chapel has taken a middle ground approach by saying that "God clearly does choose, but man must also accept God's invitation to salvation."

On point number three, Calvary strongly sides with [[Arminianism]], which contends that Jesus died for the whole world; this contrasts with the Calvinist view that Jesus' death sufficiently covers every sin but was intended and therefore efficient only for those who would believe. Based on scriptures, Calvary states, "The atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ was clearly sufficient to save the entire human race."

Point four has to do with man's ability to resist God. Calvary sides with [[Arminianism]] here and believes that "God's grace can either be resisted or received by the exercise of human [[free will]]" upon God's desire for them to be saved. (Calvinists believe in [[irresistible grace]]).

On the final point, Calvary Chapels believe in the perseverance of the saints (true believers), but express deep concern about sinful lifestyles and rebellious hearts among those who call themselves "Christians" – based on the words of Jesus in Matthew 7:21-23.

Chuck Smith summed up Calvary Chapel's philosophy regarding these perspectives and the believer's understanding as follows:

<blockquote>
It is not easy to maintain the unity of the Spirit among us on these matters. It seems that the sovereignty of God and human responsibility are like two parallel lines that do not seem to intersect within our finite minds. God's ways are "past finding out" (Romans 11:33), and the Bible warns us to "lean not unto thy own understanding" (Proverbs 3:5). To say what God says in the Bible - no more and no less - is not always easy, comfortable, or completely understandable. But Scripture tells us that the wisdom from above will be loving and kind toward all, seeking the unity of the believers, not trying to find ways to divide and separate from one another .... In difficult doctrinal matters, may we have gracious attitudes and humble hearts, desiring most of all to please Him who has called us to serve Him in the body of Christ.<ref>
{{cite book | title=Calvinism, Arminianism and the Word of God | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/caatwog.htm}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Holy Spirit ===

Although Calvary Chapel believes in the continuing efficacy of [[Glossolalia | the gift of tongues]], it does not recognize uninterpreted tongues spoken in a congregational setting to necessarily be inspired (or at least directed) by the [[Holy Spirit]] because of their understanding of [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1st Corinthians]] 14. Interpreted tongues and modern [[prophecy]] are affirmed doctrinally by the Bible and held by Calvary Chapel accepted doctrine. Practicing tongues in private is more common. <ref name=charisma> {{cite book | title=Charisma vs. Charismania | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/cvc.htm | id=ISBN 0-936728-49-3 | publisher=Word for Today | year=1993}} </ref>

=== Baptism and Eucharist ===

Calvary Chapels practice [[baptism]] by immersion. Calvary Chapel does not believe baptism is necessary for salvation, but instead see it as an outward sign of an inward change. As a result, they do not [[infant baptism|baptize infants]], although they may dedicate them to God. [[Eucharist|Communion]] is viewed in a symbolic way, as shown in 1st Corinthians 11:23-26.

=== Church government ===

Some Calvary Chapels consider themselves to have more of an [[Episcopalian church governance|episcopal]] government than anything else. Calvary Chapels believe that scripture presents four forms of church government:

# [[Congregationalist church governance|congregationalist]]
# [[Presbyterian church governance|Presbyterian]]
# [[episcopal polity|episcopal]]
# theocratic

Immediately, congregational rule is discarded because they believe congregations made poor decisions in the [[Old Testament]]. They cite [[Exodus]] 16:2 as an example: "And the whole congregation of the children of [[Israel]] murmured against [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]] in the wilderness" ([[KJV]]). They believe the second two forms of New Testament church government, Presbyterian and episcopal, are clearly ordained in the [[New Testament]] (Acts 14:23 and 1 Timothy 3:1).

The fourth system, and one that the majority of Calvary Chapels have adopted, models its government after the [[theocracy]] that God created in the [[Old Testament]] — sometimes called the "Moses model". In this system, God was the head of the church, and under God was Moses who led the [[Israelites]] as God directed him. Moses also had a [[Kohen|priesthood]] and [[Sanhedrin|seventy elders]] under him for support. Calvary Chapel has adapted this to where their pastor has a role like Moses and their board of [[Elder (religious)|elders]] functions like the priesthood or the seventy elders. <ref name=government> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=Church Government}} </ref> <ref name=ministry> {{cite book | title=The Philosophy of Ministry of Calvary Chapel | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/tpomocc.htm}} </ref>

=== Eschatology ===

Calvary Chapel is strongly [[pretribulationist]] and [[Premillennialism | premillennialist]] in their [[Christian eschatology|eschatology]] (the study of the end times). They believe that the [[rapture]] of the Church will occur first, followed by a literal seven year period of [[tribulation|great tribulation]], followed by the [[second coming]] of [[Jesus Christ]], and then finally a literal thousand year reign of Jesus Christ on earth called the [[Millennialism|Millennial Kingdom]]. Calvary Chapel also rejects [[supersessionism]] and instead believes that Israel will play an important part in the [[end times]]. <ref name=rapture> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=The Rapture Of The Church}} </ref>

== Affiliation ==

The [http://www.ccofweb.com/ Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship (CCOF)] has the responsibility of affiliating churches with Calvary Chapel. A church that affiliates with Calvary Chapel often (but not always) uses the name "Calvary Chapel". Three requirements for becoming affiliated exist:

# the pastor must "embrace the characteristics of the Calvary Chapel movement as described in ''[http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.Ebooks.calvarychapeldistinctives Calvary Chapel Distinctives]''."
# the church must have the characteristics of a church as opposed to a less developed home fellowship.
# an applicant must be willing to spend the time to fellowship with other Calvary Chapels.<ref name=ccof> {{cite web | url=http://www.ccofweb.com/ | title=Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship Introduction | accessdate=2006-04-15}} </ref>

A notable omission of these requirements is a [[seminary]] degree.

Regional lead pastors exercise a measure of accountability.<ref name=ccofmission> {{cite web | url=http://www.ccofweb.com/missionstatement.htm | title=Calvary Chapel Outreach Fellowship Mission Statement | accessdate=2006-04-15}} </ref> Since there are no legal or financial ties between Calvary Chapels, the only disciplinary procedure available is [[disaffiliation]].

In accordance with Calvary's interpretation and understanding of the Bible (see [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/popup.pl?book=1Ti&chapter=3&verse=2 1 Timothy 3:2] and [http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/popup.pl?book=1Ti&chapter=3&verse=12 1 Timothy 3:12]), Calvary Chapel does not ordain women or [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]] as pastors.

== Practices ==

Calvary Chapel's overall philosophy of the purpose of the [[Body of Christ|Church]] takes as its basis [[Ephesians]] 4:9-13, which reads (in part), "And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ." They believe this to be in contrast to churches that focus only on [[evangelism]]. They believe the primary purpose of the Church is to bring glory to God by being God's instrument in ministry, and in a secondary sense, to equip the Church for that ministry. <ref name=ministry/>

Emphasis on the Bible forms perhaps Calvary Chapel's most defining practice. Calvary Chapel pastors tend to prefer expositional sermons rather than topical ones, and they will often give their sermons sequentially from the Bible from Genesis to Revelation. One of the reasons for their choice is people's tendency to speak only on topics which they like while leaving out topics that are uninspirational yet still important. They believe that by teaching through the entire Bible, they will be able to say that they have "declared unto you the whole counsel of God" (from [[Book of Acts|Acts]]: 20:27). Another advantage, they say, is that it makes difficult topics easier to address because members of the congregation won't feel like they are being singled out. That is to say, they won't feel that the pastor chose a particular sermon because of some flaw he saw in the congregation. They also see an advantage in the steady edification of the congregation. Rather than some preachers "who come in with a flash and a fire," they try to have consistent teaching that, over time, brings the "perfecting of the saints" which is part of their general philosophy for the Church. <ref name=priority> {{cite book | title=Calvary Chapel Doctrine and Distinctives | last=Smith | first=Chuck | authorlink=Chuck Smith | publisher=The Word For Today | year=1993 | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/library/smith-chuck/books/ccd.htm | chapter=The Priority of the Word}} </ref> In teaching expositorily through scripture sequentially, it allows the Bible and/or the Lord/Holy Spirit to set the agenda, not the pastor.

Calvary Chapels believe that most churches have a "dependent, highly organized, [and] structured" environment, but that most people want an "independent and casual way of life". Calvary therefore has decided to have a casual and laid-back atmosphere in their churches. A practical implication of their philosophy is that people may wear street clothes to church. <ref name=ministry/> This "come as you are" atmosphere is consistent with the way the Bible describes Jesus teachings, and that of the early Christian church in the book of Acts.

[[Praise song|Praise]] and [[Worship music|worship]] usually consists of upbeat [[contemporary Christian music]] which differ from the [[hymns]] sung at more traditional churches (although many Calvarys also play hymns). The style of worship is generally regional and specific to the make-up of the congregation.

Calvary Chapel does not have a formalized system of church membership. Calling a Calvary Chapel one's church usually means regularly attending church services and becoming involved in fellowship with other "members" of the church.

== Ministries ==
=== Bible college ===
{{main|Calvary Chapel Bible College}}

Technically, Calvary Chapel has only one [[Bible college]]: , Calvary Chapel Bible College, located in [[Murrieta, California]]. However, this school also has at least 90 extension campuses throughout the world. <ref name=extension> {{cite web | title=CCBC Extension Campuses | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/extension-campuses.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref> Founded in 1975, it was originally a "short, intensive study program," <ref name=maincampus> {{cite web | title=CCBC Main Campus | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/ | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref> but it is now a two year school which awards Certificates of Completion, [[Associate's degree|Associate in Theology]] degrees, and [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor of Biblical Studies]] degrees depending on a student's educational history.<ref name=college>
{{ cite web | title=CCBC Undergraduate Program | url= http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/main-campus/academic-information/undergraduate-program.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}}
</ref>
No matter which degree or certificate is earned, the course requirements are the same. Calvary Chapel now offers a Master's degree program at the Costa Mesa campus.<ref name=requirements> {{cite web | title=CCBC Graduation Worksheet | url=http://www3.calvarychapel.com/ccbc/forms/GraduationWorksheet.pdf | accessdate=2006-04-16 | format=PDF}} </ref> The college is unaccredited as a whole, but CCBC credits are transferable to some major accredited Colleges such as Azusa Pacific and others. The decision to remain unaccredited is purposeful, as this allows Calvary Chapel to control 100% of the content of instruction and curriculum.<ref name=accredited> {{cite web | title=CCBC Accreditation | url=http://www.calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/pages/main-campus/general-information/accreditation.php | accessdate=2006-04-16}} </ref>

=== Broadcasting ===


A number of Calvary Chapel churches operate radio stations that broadcast Bible teaching and Christian music.
* [http://calvarychapelcostamesa.com/ Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa] operates [[KWVE]] near [[Los Angeles, California]]. Their programming consists mostly of Bible teaching, but it also includes some Christian music.<ref name=kwve> {{cite web | title=KWVE Programs | url=http://www.kwve.com/index.cfm?event=programs | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>
* [http://www.calvaryabq.org/ Calvary Chapel Albuquerque] (in [[New Mexico]]) operates [[KLYT]], known as M88 Radio. This station plays Christian music and has 16 broadcast translators around New Mexico.<ref name=m88> {{cite web | title=M88 Radio | url=http://www.m88.org/default.asp | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>
* [http://www3.calvarychapel.com/bishop/ Calvary Chapel Bishop] in [[Bishop, California]] operates the Living Proof Radio Network which broadcasts to much of Eastern California and the high desert on 88.5 [[KWTW]], 90.9 [[KWTM]], 91.3 [[KWTH]], 91.9 [[KWTD]] as well as using several translators. The station plays Christian worship music, jingles containing short scripture readings, and teaching from various Calvary Chapels and other churches as well as a weekend program called "God's Country" featuring Christian Country and Bluegrass.
* [http://www.calvarychapelbrandon.org/ Calvary Chapel Brandon] in Brandon, Florida broadcasts on 96.5 [http://www.wqrdfm.com/ The Word] FM. Popular Calvary Chapel speakers and Christian music appear daily on the broadcast.
* [http://www.calvarychapelchico.com/ Calvary Chapel Chico] in California operates KQIP-LP 107.1 FM, known as The Calvary Road. This station airs sermons from other Calvary pastors as well as live, weekly broadcasts of Saturday, Sunday and Wednesday Services. Calvary Chapel Chico also operates a webcast that broadcasts live services as well as past archived services.
* [http://www.ccfingerlakes.org/ Calvary Chapel of the Finger Lakes] in New York operates [http://www.ccfingerlakes.org/ WZXV] "The Word" at 99.7 FM in Palmyra, NY. The Word broadcasts through western New York on several translators, and throughout the world via streaming audio.<ref name=wzxv_stream> {{cite web | title=WZXV Streaming | url=http://www.wzxv.org/WZXV_TuneInOnline.aspx | accessdate=2007-02-15}} </ref> WZXV airs Bible Studies as well as Praise and Worship music.
* Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale in Fort Lauderdale, Florida broadcasts on [[WREH]] [http://www.reachfm.org/ Reach FM] on 90.5 FM, with repeater stations [[as of 2008 | currently]] dispersed throughout the Florida panhandle.
* [http://www3.calvarychapel.com/honolulu/ Calvary Chapel Honolulu] (in [[Hawaii]]) operates [[KLHT-AM]], known on-air as K-Light 1040 AM. This station offers inspirational programming.
* [http://www.calvaryoxnard.org/ Calvary Chapel of Oxnard] operates [http://www.worship101.org/Worship 101.5 FM] Cross Culture Radio from [[Oxnard, CA]]. It broadcasts Bible teaching from various Calvary Chapel teachers as well as contemporary Christian Praise and Worship music.
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/pocatello/ Calvary Chapel Pocatello] in Southeast Idaho operates KRTK 1490 AM, known as CrossTalk Radio. This station airs Bible teaching, contemporary Christian music, and worship music.
* Calvary Chapel Uncasville in Uncasville, Connecticut, broadcasts as [http://www.wcse.org WCSE "Spark the Dark"] on 94.9 FM, 101.1 FM, and 107.3 FM.
* [http://www.cstonecc.org/ Cornerstone Calvary Chapel] (in [[Howell, NJ]]), operates [http://www.bridgefm.org/ The Bridge] jointly with [http://www.ccob.org/ Calvary Chapel Old Bridge] (in [[Old Bridge, NJ]]), reaching a potential audience of over 6.5 million people in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York-New Jersey metro area]].

=== Harvest Crusades ===
{{main|Harvest Crusade}}

Harvest Crusades operates as a ministry of [[Harvest Christian Fellowship]] (a Calvary Chapel in [[Riverside, California]]). It is an evangelistic ministry similar to [[Billy Graham]]'s. They meet in stadiums and have Christian music bands play followed by an evangelical message normally given by [[Greg Laurie]]. They estimate three million people have attended since its inception in 1990. <ref name=harvest> {{cite web | title=Harvest Crusades | url=http://www.harvest.org/crusades/index.php/137.html | accessdate=2006-04-19}} </ref>

== Criticisms ==

* In a 2006 article, ''[[Christianity Today]]'' criticized a lack of accountability and what it viewed as undue control exercised over a Calvary Chapel in New Mexico by its former pastor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html |title=Unaccountable at Calvary Chapel |last=Moll|first=Rob|date=2006-05-08|accessdate=2008-06-19 |publisher=''[[Christianity Today]]''}}</ref>
* [[Cult]]-researcher [[Rick Ross (consultant)|Rick Ross]] writes on his website of Calvary Chapel, "I wouldn't go so far as to call them a full-on cult. But I will say that Calvary Chapel is an extremely authoritarian group where lots of control is exercised over the members."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/calvary/calvary5.html|title=Losing My Religion|date=1998-04-02|last=Templeton|first=David}}</ref>
* A number of people have criticized Calvary Chapel's stance on Calvinism and Arminianism. Some critics contend that the doctrine of free will is unbiblical and that God alone chooses those who will be saved. <ref name=biblicalcritique> {{cite web | title=A Biblical Critique of Chuck Smith's Study: "Calvinism, Arminianism & The Word Of God" | url=http://acts413.org/freewill/calvarychapel.htm | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Kane | first=Ray}} </ref><ref name=synergism> {{cite web | title= Synergism & Freewillism Commonly Taught in Modern Pulpits | url=http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/smith.html | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Hendryx | first=John}} </ref><ref name=openletter> {{cite web | title=An Open Letter to Calvary Chapel of Ft. Lauderdale | url=http://www.apuritansmind.com/Arminianism/JohnNolanOpenLetter.htm | accessdate=2006-04-15 | last=Nolan | first=John}} </ref><ref name=lauderdale> {{cite web | title=Why I Am Not A 5 Point Calvinist | url=http://www.calvaryftl.org/AWMedia/MediaDesk.cfm?fn=G5146 | accessdate=2006-04-17 | format=mp3}} - the subject of the above open letter </ref> Others express concerns that the position is vague and used to reinforce [[group-think]].<ref>[http://www.rickross.com/reference/calvary/calvaryvisitor.html Calvary Chapel Visitor Comments]</ref>

* Various critical views regarding Calvary Chapel and Chuck Smith focus on potential misuse of End Times beliefs. Smith had suggested a time line for the rapture in 1981. According to Christian writer Richard Abanes, anticipation resulted in disappointment for many, some left the church. .<ref> Gorenberg, Gershom. The End of Days:Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. p. 123.</ref>.<ref> Abanes,Richard. End-Time Visions : The Road to Armageddon. pp. 326, 412-413. .</ref>.<ref>DiSabatino, David. The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource. Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. p.68 </ref>

* A September 22nd, 2001, Los Angeles Times article "In Aftermath of Attacks, Talk of 'End Days' Soars," compared Smith’s sermons during the preceding week to widely denounced remarks by [[Jerry Falwell]]. According to staff writer William Lobdell, Smith told overflow crowds in Costa Mesa that homosexuality, Supreme Court decisions, and millions of abortions showed why God allowed the terrorist attacks to happen. “Such biblical interpretations of the end times…” Lobdell wrote ”… trouble both liberals and many conservatives.” .” <ref> Religion; In Aftermath of Attacks, Talk of 'End Days' Soars; * Many who await the apocalypse find fresh evidence that the turmoil prophesied in the Bible is upon us. But scholars urge caution. [Home Edition] Los Angeles Times - Los Angeles, Calif. Author: WILLIAM LOBDELL Date: Sep 22, 2001 Start Page: B.18 Section: California; Metro Desk Text </ref>

== See also ==

'''Related groups or movements'''
* [[International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]. Chuck Smith originated from this denomination.
* [[Jesus Movement]]. Calvary was a part of this movement in the late 60s and early 70s.
* [[Association of Vineyard Churches]] split from Calvary Chapel in 1982 over ideological differences about the Holy Spirit.

* [[Chuck Smith (pastor)|Chuck Smith]], founder.
* [[Lonnie Frisbee]], hippie evangelist, the key figure of the Jesus Movement. "The first Jesus freak"
* [[Greg Laurie]], pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship.
* [[Jon Courson]], pastor.
* [[Mike MacIntosh]], pastor of Horizon Christian Fellowship.
* [[Chuck Missler]], author and teacher.
* [[Bob Coy]], pastor of Calvary Chapel, Ft. Lauderdale.
* [[Jeff Johnson]], pastor of Calvary Chapel Downey

'''Musicians with Calvary Chapel background'''
* [[Jeremy Camp]], contemporary Christian artist.
* [[Richie Furay]], [[folk rock]] artist.
* [[Switchfoot]], popular alternative rock band.
* [[Phil Wickham]], contemporary Christian artist.
* [[Alejandro Alonso (musician)| Alejandro Alonso]], contemporary Christian-Latin artist.
* [[P.O.D.]], popular alternative rock band.

'''Related ideologies'''
* [[Calvinism]], Reformed theology which follows the teaching of [[John Calvin]]. Calvary Chapel agrees with some but not all of his teachings.
* [[Evangelicalism]], a stream of Christianity which stresses a dual commitment to the final and exclusive authority of the Bible and to the saving power of the gospel as achieved in the atoning death of Jesus Christ on the cross. Calvary Chapel is strongly evangelical.
* [[Christian fundamentalism|Fundamentalism]]. Calvary considers themselves to stand between this and [[Pentecostalism]] within Evangelical Protestantism.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Christianityportal}}
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/ Calvary Chapel - Official Site]
* [http://maps.calvarychapel.com/ Church Locations]
* [http://twft.com/?page=C2000 Chuck Smith's audio library]
* [http://www.calvarychapelpodcasting.com Sermon Podcasts]
* [http://www.calvarychapel.com/?show=Resources.Ebooks Chuck Smith's book library]
* [http://home.wmis.net/~ixthys/fabuqa.htm Frequently Asked But Unanswered Questions]
* [http://www.the-tiki-hut.com/streamguide.htm Calvary Chapel Stream Guide]
* [http://www.hotworship.com/ccstreams Calvary Chapel Streams - radio & churches]
* [http://www.calvarystreamingradio.com Calvary Streaming Radio]

=== Other Calvary Chapel organizations ===
* [http://www.twft.com/ The Word for Today - Official Site]
* [http://www.maranathamusic.com/ Maranatha! Music]
* [http://www.calvaryschools.org/ Calvary Costa Mesa Schools]
* [http://calvarychapelbiblecollege.com/wb/ Calvary Chapel Bible College]
* [http://www.calvarymagazine.org/ Calvary Chapel Magazine]

[[Category:Calvinism|Calvinism]]
[[Category:Christian evangelicalism]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Jesus movement]]

[[de:Calvary Chapel]]
[[hu:Calvary Chapel]]

Montagu House (Bloomsbury)

2008-05-10T19:12:29Z

JeremyMcCracken: coords

[[Image:The North Prospect of Mountague House JamesSimonc1715.jpg|thumb|The garden front of Montagu House.]]
[[Image:Montagu House, drawing by Sutton Nichols (published 1754).JPG|thumb|The entrance front.]]
[[Image:Pouget, Pierre Montagu 1709.jpg|thumb|A plan of Montagu House from [[Colen Campbell]]'s ''Vitruvius Britannicus''.]]
'''Montagu House''' (sometimes spelled "Montague") was a late 17th century mansion in [[Great Russell Street]] in the [[Bloomsbury]] district of [[London]], which became the first home of the [[British Museum]].

The house was actually built twice, both times for the same man, [[Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu]]. The late 17th century was Bloomsbury's most fashionable era, and Montagu purchased a site which is now in the heart of London but which then backed onto open fields. His first house was designed by the English architect [[Robert Hooke]], an architect of moderate ability whose style was influenced by French planning and Dutch detailing, and was built between 1675 and 1679. It has a central block and two service blocks flanking a large courtyard and featured murals by the Italian artist [[Antonio Verrio]], and was admired by contemporaries. In 1686, it was destroyed by fire.

The house was rebuilt to the designs of an otherwise little known Frenchman called Pouget. This Montagu House was by some margin the grandest private residence constructed in London in the last two decades of the 17th century. The main façade was of seventeen bays, with a slightly projecting three bay centre and three bay ends, which abutted the service wings of the first mansion. The house was of two main storeys, plus basement and a prominent mansard roof with a dome over the centre. The planning was in the usual French form of the time, with state apartments leading from a central saloon. The interiors, which were decorated by French artists, were admired by [[Horace Walpole]] and were probably comparable to the surviving state apartments at [[Boughton House]] in [[Northamptonshire]], which were built for the same patron at the same time.

In the early 18th century Bloomsbury began to decline gently from a fashionable aristocratic district to a more middle class enclave, and the 2nd Duke of Montagu abandoned his father's house to move to Whitehall. He built himself more modest residence which was later replaced with an opulent mansion by his Victorian descendant, [[Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch]]: ''see [[Montagu House, Whitehall]].''

Montagu House in Bloomsbury was sold to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1749 and was the home of that institution until it was demolished in the 1840s to make way for larger premises.

In fiction, the House appears in [[Neal Stephenson]]'s [[Baroque]] Cycle as [[Ravenscar]] House with [[Daniel Waterhouse]] as the architect in place of Hooke.

==References==
* [[Howard Colvin]], ''A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects''
* David Pearce, ''London's Mansions''.

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[[Category:British Museum]]
[[Category:Houses in London]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures of Camden]]

Poes Gesetz

2008-05-10T07:40:18Z

JeremyMcCracken: archive of deadlink

{{AfDM|page=Poe's law (2nd nomination)|date=2008 May 9|substed=yes}}



[[Image:Westboro Baptist Church in New York by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Westboro Baptist Church]] member protesting [[Pope Benedictus XVI]] outside the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]] (2008).]]
'''Poe's Law''' relates to the '''impossibility of parodying''' extremism. In particular, it addresses the difficulty of an independent observer being able to distinguish [[fundamentalism]] from [[parody|parodies]] of fundamentalism.

The Law states:

{{cquote|Without a winking smiley or other blatant display of humor, it is impossible to create a parody of Fundamentalism that SOMEONE won't mistake for the real thing.<ref>http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Poe's+Law</ref>}}

It was originally formulated by Christianforums.com user Nathan Poe.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20030810191829/http://www.christianforums.com/u4426</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Poe's+Law urbandictionary.com]
*[http://rationalwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Poe's_Law rationalwiki.com]

==See also==
*[[Hanlon's razor]]
*[[Landover Baptist Church]]
*[[Westboro Baptist Church]]
*[[Betty Bowers]]
*[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]

[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Religious parodies and satires]]

X87

2008-04-12T05:36:35Z

JeremyMcCracken: /* List of x87 generations */ unlink 187; made redirect

{{lowercase}}

{{Mergefrom|Intel 8087|date=March 2008}}
{{Mergefrom|Intel 80287|date=March 2008}}
{{Mergefrom|Intel 80387|date=March 2008}}
{{Mergefrom|Intel 80487|date=March 2008}}

'''x87''' is a math-related instruction subset of the [[Intel]] [[x86 architecture|x86]] family line of [[Central processing unit|processors]]. It is so called because initially such instructions were processed by an [[coprocessor#Intel coprocessors| external coprocessor]] chip [[8087| with a name ending in 87]]. Like other extensions to the basic processor instruction set, these instructions are not strictly needed to construct working programs, but provide hardware implementation of common mathematical tasks, allowing these tasks to be performed much faster. For example, the x87 instruction set includes instructions to calculate the [[Trigonometric function|sine]] or [[Trigonometric function|cosine]] of a value.

All Intel and AMD processors since the [[Intel 80486|80486DX]] have had these instructions built into the main CPU. The term 'x87' is still used to refer to that part of the instruction set that performs conventional floating point operations; [[compiler]]s may use these instructions to make code that operates faster than if it used library calls to perform floating-point operations.

The x87 instructions are compatible with the [[IEEE-754]] standard for floating-point. However, x87 does not perform operations according to strict IEEE-754 formats, since it uses wide registers internally. A given sequence of arithmetic operations may thus behave differently on a x87 and a processor implementing strict IEEE-754 formats.<ref>David Monniaux, ''[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00128124/en The pitfalls of verifying floating-point computations]'', to appear in ACM TOPLAS</ref>

Starting from the [[Pentium 4]], the [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]] unit implements single-precision, then in later versions double-precision, IEEE-754 formats. The x87 unit is largely deprecated on the 64-bit [[x86-64]] architecture and associated 64-bit implementations of operating systems such as [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], and [[Linux]] though it is still well supported for full compatibilty with older applications.

==List of x87 generations==
* [[Intel 8087]]
* Intel 80187
* [[Intel 80287]]
* [[Intel 80387]]
* [[Intel 80487]] - actually a full-blown [[Intel 80486|80486DX]] processor
* NexGen [[Nx587]] - the only member

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Intel Corporation|Intel Corp.]], ''IA-32 Intel® Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 1: Basic Architecture'', order number 253665-017

==See also==

*[[x86]]
*[[MMX]]
*[[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]], [[SSE2]], [[SSE3]], [[SSSE3]], [[SSE4]], [[SSE5]]
*[[3DNow!]]
*[[SIMD]]

==External links==
*[http://www.coprocessor.info Coprocessor.info : x86 Coprocessor development & history knowledge]

[[Category:X86 architecture]]

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