Natriumthiopental

2005-12-07T11:20:32Z

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| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[image:thiopentalsodium.png|chemical structure of thiopental sodium]] 
''sodium thiopental''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | ''sodium 5-ethyl-6-oxo-5-pentan-2-yl-2- sulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-olate''
|- align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"
| '''[[CAS number]]''' 71-73-8{{ref|cas}}
| '''[[ATC code]]''' [[ATC code N01|N01]]AF03
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Chemical formula]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C11H17N2NaO2S
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Molecular weight]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 264.321 g/mol
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Bioavailability]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Metabolism
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Hepatic
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Elimination half-life]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 11.5{{ref|half-life}}-26 hours{{ref|half-life2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Time to reach [[steady state]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Excretion]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical)|Pregnancy category]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Legal status]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | [[Schedule III]]
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Route(s) of administration
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Rectal, intravenous
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Formulation(s)
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
|}
'''Sodium thiopental''' also called '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''trapanal''' is a rapid-onset, short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anesthetic]].


==Uses==
It induces [[general anaesthesia]] within 60 seconds of [[intravenous]] [[injection]] and lasts around 10-30 minutes. Until fairly recently, it was the most popular anesthetic induction agent in many parts of the world. However, it has been overtaken by [[propofol]], particularly for [[surgery|day surgery]].

Thiopental has no [[analgesic]] effects so it is only used as a single agent for brief procedures. More commonly, it is used to induce anesthesia prior to the use of other anesthetic agents. It is also used to control intracranial pressure in head trauma patients, and has been reported to be more effective for this than [[pentobarbital]].{{ref|vspentobarbital}} and was used in [[narcotherapy]].

Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]] thiopental is used in some States of the [[United States|US]] as part of the [[lethal injection]]. In [[the Netherlands]], it is used to cause death after the induction of a coma by [[barbiturate|barbiturates]].

It is still used in some places as a [[truth serum]], most recently in Pakistan for [[Abu Faraj al-Libbi]].{{ref|telegraph}}

==Metabolism==
Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to pentobarbital,{{ref|metabolites1}} 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.{{ref|metabolites2}}

==Side Effects==
As with nearly all [[anaesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only [[anesthesiologist]]s and other suitably trained [[physician|doctors]] should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]] and [[nausea]]. The hangover effects may last up to 36 hours.

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and [[Donalee L. Tabern]], working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. [[Ralph M. Waters]]{{ref|waters1}} in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.{{ref|waters2}} Three months later,{{ref|lundy1}} Dr. [[John S. Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.{{ref|lundy2}}

It is famously associated with a number of anaesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after its discovery, were due to excessive doses given to [[shock]]ed trauma patients.

== External links ==

* [http://www.scienceweb.org/tv/highincident.html Scienceweb.org: Sodium Pentothal]

==References and End Notes==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]
* [http://www.hospira.com/Files/PDF/Pentothal-PI.pdf Pentothal] Abbott Laboratories. 1993.
# {{note|cas}} [http://www.biam2.org/www/Sub2380.html THIOPENTAL SODIQUE] ''Biam.''
# {{note|half-life}} Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. I: Studies in surgical patients." ''Anesthesiology.'' 1981 Jun;54(6):468-73. PMID 7235274
# {{note|half-life2}} Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section." ''Anesthesiology.'' 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. PMID 7235275
# {{note|vspentobarbital}} Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Peña A, Sahuquillo J, Ibáñez J. "Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]" [Article in Spanish] ''Neurocirugia (Astur).'' 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. PMID 15756405 [http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf Fulltext]
# {{note|telegraph}} Massoud Ansari in Karachi [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/08/walq08.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/08/ixworld.html Truth drug fails to get al-Qa'eda No 3 to talk]
# {{note|metabolites1}} WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE. "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite." ''Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics.'' 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. PMID 13243246
# {{note|metabolites2}} Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ. "[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]" [Article in French] ''C R Acad Sci III.'' 1986;303(1):7-12. PMID 3093002
# {{note|waters1}} [http://www.anes.uab.edu/march.htm This Month in Anesthesia History: March]
# {{note|waters2}} Steinhaus, John E. [http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/09_01/steinhaus.htm The Investigator and His ‘Uncompromising Scientific Honesty’] American Society of Anesthesiologists. ''NEWSLETTER.'' September 2001, Volume 65, Number 9.
# {{note|lundy1}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/imagine/1997/08imagine97.asp Imagining in Time—''From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD''] August 1997, AANA Archives-Library
# {{note|lundy2}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/pdf/0008CHP7.pdf History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist] ''Archives of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.'' 1953

[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Lethal injection]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]

[[fr:Sodium thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopental sodio]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]

Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Natriumthiopental