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Steve Wiebe

2011-02-05T23:46:41Z

Java13690:

{{Infobox person
| name = Steve Wiebe
| image = Steve Weibe.jpg
| alt = Wiebe speaking at [[Comic-Con International]] 2007 in San Diego
| caption = Wiebe speaking at [[Comic-Con International]] 2007 in San Diego
| birth_name = Steven J. Wiebe
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|1|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
| residence = [[Redmond, Washington]]
| nationality = American
| occupation = Competitive gamer, school teacher, musician
| education = [[University of Washington]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]], Mechanical Engineering; 1991) [[City University of Seattle|City University]] ([[Master of Education|M.Ed.]]; 2004)
| website = {{Url|www.stevewiebe.com}}
}}
'''Steven J. Wiebe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|iː|b|i}}) (born January 3, 1969) is an algebra teacher at [[Finn Hill Junior High]], a school in [[Kirkland, Washington]]. Wiebe is best known as a two time world champion of Donkey Kong, most recently holding the title from the 20th of September, 2010 to the 10th of January, 2011 with a high score of 1,064,500 points.<ref>http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=22&pi=2&gi=3852&vi=22</ref> Wiebe was the first person to achieve over a million points in the arcade game ''[[Donkey Kong (video game)|Donkey Kong]]'' with a score of 1,006,600 on July 4, 2004. He is one of the primary subjects of the 2007 documentary ''[[The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title='Kong' star struggles to win high score lead and respect|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20070831-9999-1c31kong.html|publisher=[[San Diego Union Tribune]]|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe's Game Plan|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20052595,00.html|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe, ‘King of Kong,’ on Living the Dream|url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2007/08/king_of_kongs_steve_wiebe_1.html|publisher=New York Entertainment|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref>

==Media appearances==
Wiebe was interviewed about the documentary ''[[The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters]]'' on the ''[[The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson]]''<ref>{{cite news |title= The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson | publisher=CBS |format= |work= }}</ref> and on [[G4 (TV channel)|G4]]'s ''[[Attack of the Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=One on One with Steve Wiebe|url=http://www.g4tv.com/attackoftheshow/theloop/61637/One-on-One-with-Steve-Wiebe.html|publisher=[[G4 (TV channel)|G4 TV]]|accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref>
He also voiced his own cartoon character on ''[[Code Monkeys]]'' in the episode "The Great Recession". He also appeared as "Jim" in the film ''[[Four Christmases]]'', which was directed by [[Seth Gordon]], the director of ''The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters''.

Similarly to his Donkey Kong rival [[Billy Mitchell (gamer)|Billy Mitchell]], Steve Wiebe was also put in a TOPPS Allen & Ginter baseball set, Wiebe being featured in the 2009 edition of the baseball product.<ref>http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=310154175976&ssPageName=ADME:X:RTQ:US:1123</ref>

==Current status of championship==
Wiebe was the record holder for highest score in ''Donkey Kong'' with a score of 1,064,500 at September 20, 2010 but was beaten by Hank Chien on January 10, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe regains Donkey Kong World Record from Billy Mitchell|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=19&id=2264|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=September 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=27&id=2343</ref>

Wiebe made six well-publicized attempts at regaining the Donkey Kong title in the last couple of years before recapturing it on September 20, 2010. They are:

*On August 19, 2007, at the Alamo Draft House in Austin, TX, Wiebe scored 695,500 points while [[Twin Galaxies]] Founder [[Walter Day]] served as the official referee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe Reaches 695,500 points during Donkey Kong World Record Attempt|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=19&id=1488|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=March 14, 2008}}</ref>

*On March 6, 2008, in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], Wiebe played in front of a fluctuating crowd of 1,900 party attendees in the TAO Nightclub in the [[The Venetian (Las Vegas)|Venetian Casino]] during Microsoft's MIX08 event. During that attempt, Wiebe achieved two scores: first scoring 929,800 points and reaching the "[[kill screen]]" and then 579,300 points on the second try. According to Twin Galaxies records, this is the sixth time someone had reached the "Kill Screen" during a public gaming performance ([[Billy Mitchell (gamer)|Billy Mitchell]] and he each have 3 times). Again, Wiebe performed under the supervision of Twin Galaxies Founder Walter Day, who noted: "Possibly the biggest challenges Wiebe had to overcome were the loud nightclub music, the chaotic environment and the late hours." <ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe Tries Twice But Falls Short|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=19&id=1585|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=March 14, 2008}}</ref>

*On July 17, 2008, Wiebe made his third attempt to break the ''Donkey Kong'' high score at the Twiistup 4 event in Santa Monica, but was unsuccessful on two consecutive attempts, scoring 340,500 and 466,100 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Galaxies Monitors Steve Wiebe Donkey Kong Attempt for Guinness World Records|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=19&id=1634|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=2008-07-19}}</ref>

*In October 2008, at the 2008 E for All Expo, he scored 1,000,200 in front of a large crowd. This is only the third time a 1 million point score has been achieved in public.

*On April 24, 2009, Steve Wiebe temporarily took command of the [[Donkey Kong Jr.]] title, eclipsing both Mitchell and previous record holder Icarus Hall with a score of 1,139,800 points. This was later passed by Mark L. Kiehl with a score of 1,147,800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=22&pi=2&gi=126&vi=24|title=Donkey Kong Junior|publisher=Twin Galaxies}}</ref>

*On June 2, 2009, Wiebe reached a score of 923,400 points at [[Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009|E3 2009]] during his first attempt that day. On his second attempt, he reached 653,700. A third attempt was interrupted by a brief power failure. After power was restored, Wiebe made a fourth attempt in which he reached 989,400 points before the [[kill screen]] ended his final attempt. These attempts were broadcast online via [[G4 (TV channel)|G4TV]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Chris Higgins|title=Live, Breaking News: Steve Wiebe Tries to Recapture Donkey Kong Record |url=http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/26090|publisher=''[[Mental Floss]]''|accessdate=June 2, 2009}}</ref>

*On February 17, 2010, Steve Wiebe recaptured the Donkey Kong Jr. high score title with a verified 1,190,400 points, beating out previous record holder Mark Kiehl. [[Twin Galaxies]] Founder [[Walter Day]] served as the official referee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wiebe Scores Again
|url=http://twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=46&id=1982|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=February 17, 2010}}</ref> On April 19, 2010, Mark Kiehl again recaptured the Donkey Kong Jr. high score with a verified 1,253,000 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mark Kiehl recaptures high score
|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=22&pi=2&gi=126&vi=24|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=June 23, 2010}}</ref>

*On September 20, 2010, Steve Wiebe regained the title of Donkey Kong champion, verified by Twin Galaxies through a DVD recording of play on August 30, 2010 with a score of 1,064,500 points.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Wiebe regains Donkey Kong World Record from Billy Mitchell|url=http://www.twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=19&id=2264|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=September 20, 2010}}</ref>

*On January 10, 2011, Steve Wiebe lost the title of world record holder when his previous high score of 1,064,500 points on Donkey Kong was beaten by plastic surgeon Hank Chien‘s 1,068,000 point high score. The attempt took two hours and forty five minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hank Chien reclaims Donkey Kong high score|url=http://twingalaxies.com/index.aspx?c=27&id=2343|publisher=[[Twin Galaxies]]|accessdate=January 12, 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Wiebe was born in [[Seattle]] to Ryan and Sandy Wiebe, and has a brother, Ryan Wiebe, and sister, Cathy Lowell. He attended [[Newport High School (Bellevue, Washington)|Newport High School]] in [[Bellevue, Washington]] and played for the school's basketball and baseball teams; Wiebe also played the drums for the school's symphonic and jazz bands.<ref name="Stevewiebe.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.stevewiebe.com/?page_id=2 |title=Steve's Bio |author= |date= |work= |publisher=stevewiebe.com |accessdate=23 December 2010}}</ref> Wiebe graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the [[University of Washington]] in 1991. From 1996 to 1999, he worked at [[Boeing]] as a testing and analysis engineer; and from 1999 to 2001, he worked at the BSquare Corporation in Bellevue as a software testing engineer. In 2004, Wiebe earned a Master of Education degree at [[City University of Seattle]].

Wiebe lives in [[Redmond]] with his wife Nicole, and has a daughter, Jillian, and son, Derek. In addition to his competitive gaming pursuits, Wiebe teaches mathematics and robotics, and coaches softball, basketball, and baseball, at [[Finn Hill Junior High School|Finn Hill Junior High]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stevewiebe.com/?page_id=146 |title=Welcome to SteveWiebe.com! |author=Wiebe, Steve |date= |work= |publisher=stevewiebe.com |accessdate=27 December 2010}}</ref> A committed Christian and interested in music from an early age, Wiebe released a [[Contemporary Christian]] album titled ''The King of Song'' in December 2009.<ref name="Stevewiebe.com"/>

{{Gallery
|title=Twin Galaxies Posters
|height=210
|lines=4
|Image:Donkeykongchampionwiebe 185.jpg|Twin Galaxies Poster #108 announcing Steve Wiebe's second attempt at re-taking the Donkey World Title.
|Image:Wiebe-twiistup 185.jpg|Twin Galaxies Poster #118 announcing Steve Wiebe's third Attempt at re-taking the Donkey World Title.
|Image:Steve_wiebe_all_games_2008_792.jpg|Twin Galaxies Poster #130 announcing Steve Wiebe's fourth Attempt at re-taking the Donkey World Title.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.Stevewiebe.com Steve's Official Website]
* {{IMDb name|2528248}}
* [http://www.ignoremagazine.com/features/sethgordon/index.php Article on the ''King of Kong'' mentioning Wiebe and interview with director] at ''Ignore'' Magazine.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b-QK8TxeXk Steve Wiebe tells movie goers not to talk trailer] at [[YouTube]]
* [http://blogs.msdn.com/mswanson/archive/2008/03/23/donkey-kong-at-mix08-behind-the-scenes.aspx Behind the scenes at one of Steve's record-breaking attempts] at M Swanson's Blog
* [http://g4tv.com/xplay/videos/26123/King-of-Kong-2-Trailer.html King of Kong 2 Trailer]
* [http://www.justin.tv/g4tv_wiebecam Video of his E3 2009 record-breaking attempts]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wiebe, Steve
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 3, 1969
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiebe, Steve}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American electronic sports players]]
[[Category:People from Redmond, Washington]]
[[Category:American Christians]]

[[pl:Steve Wiebe]]
[[pt:Steve Wiebe]]

Treme (Fernsehserie)

2010-04-14T14:58:28Z

Java13690:

{{infobox television
|show_name = Treme
|image = [[File:Treme-intertitle.jpg]]
|caption = ''Treme'' intertitle
|format = [[Drama]]
|camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
|picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|audio_format = [[Surround sound#5.1 Surround (discrete Dolby Digital, DTS)|Dolby Digital 5.1]]
|runtime = [[circa|c.]] 55 minutes
|creator = [[David Simon]] [[Eric Overmyer]]
|executive_producer = [[David Simon]] [[Nina Kostroff Noble]] [[Eric Overmyer]] Carolyn Strauss
|starring = [[Khandi Alexander]] [[Rob Brown (actor)|Rob Brown]] [[Kim Dickens]] [[Michiel Huisman]] [[Melissa Leo]] [[Lucia Micarelli]] [[Clarke Peters]] [[Wendell Pierce]] [[Steve Zahn]]
|opentheme = "The Treme Song" by [[John Boutté]]
|endtheme = "My Darling New Orleans" by Leigh Harris
|country = United States
|location = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
|network = [[HBO]]
|first_aired = {{Start date|2010|4|11}}
|last_aired = present
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 10
|list_episodes = List of Treme episodes
|website = http://www.hbo.com/treme
|}}
'''''Treme''''' ({{IPA2|tɹəˈmeɪ}}, {{respell|trə-MAY}}) is an American television [[drama]] series created by [[David Simon]] and [[Eric Overmyer]]. [[Treme]] is a neighborhood in the city of [[New Orleans]].<ref name="Treme Zap2It">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-hbopilots-tca,0,3595323.story#TheWireHBO|title=''Wire'' Creator Heads to New Orleans|accessdate=2008-07-13 |publisher=Zap2It|year=2008}}</ref> The series takes place three months after [[Hurricane Katrina]] where the residents of [[New Orleans]], including musicians, chefs, [[Mardi Gras Indians]], and ordinary New Orleanians try to rebuild their lives, their homes and their unique culture in the aftermath of the 2005 hurricane.<ref name="Treme Zap2It"/><ref name="futon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20100114hbo09|title=New HBO Drama Series Treme, Created and Executive Produced by David Simon and Eric Overmyer, to Debut in April| accessdate=2010-01-15 | publisher=The Futon Critic}}</ref><ref name="Stealing Life">{{Cite web| url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/10/22/071022fa_fact_talbot?currentPage=1|title=Stealing Life |accessdate=2007-10-14|publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''|year=2007|author=Margaret Talbot}}</ref>

The series premiered April 11, 2010, on [[HBO]].<ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/hbo_planning_series_set_in_pos.html#TheWireHBO|title=HBO planning series set in post-Katrina New Orleans|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=The Times-Picayune|year=2009|author=Dave Walker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=treme|title=Shows A-Z Treme on HBO |accessdate=2010-01-14 | publisher=The Futon Critic}}</ref> The first season will consist of 10 episodes, including an 80-minute pilot episode.<ref name="futon"></ref> On April 13, 2010, it was announced that HBO had renewed the show for a second season.<ref name="Treme Renewed">{{Cite web| url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/04/13/treme-renewed-hbo/|title=Treme renewed by HBO for a second season: Start a parade! |accessdate=2010-04-13|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|year=2010|author=Ken Tucker}}</ref>

==Production==
===Conception===

Simon and Overmyer first worked together as writers on the television series ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'' and became friends.<ref name="David Simon AOL interview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.borderline-productions.com/TheWireHBO/exclusive-17.html|title=Exclusive David Simon Q&A|accessdate=2007-10-14|publisher=AOL|year=2007}}</ref> They collaborated again on Simon's series ''[[The Wire]]'' when Overmyer joined the crew as a consulting producer and writer in 2006.<ref name="The Wire season 4 crew">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/season_4.shtml|title=Season 4 crew|accessdate=2007-10-14|publisher=HBO|year=2007}}</ref> ''Treme'' was put into development by HBO in 2008 shortly after the conclusion of ''The Wire''. The show was envisioned to focus on the working class [[Tremé]] neighborhood in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and will be smaller in scope than ''The Wire'', which examined an entire city.<ref name="Stealing Life"/><ref name="David Simon AOL interview"/>

Overmyer lives part-time in New Orleans and Simon believes his experience will be valuable in navigating the "ornate oral tradition" of the city's stories.<ref name="Stealing Life"/> Simon has stated that the series will explore New Orleans culture including and beyond the music scene to encompass political corruption, the public housing controversy, the criminal-justice system, clashes between police and [[Mardi Gras Indians]], and the struggle to regain the tourism industry after the storm.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 1">{{Cite web|url=http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2008/07/hbo_sets_drama_series_in_treme.html#TheWireHBO|title=HBO sets drama series in Treme with focus on city's musicians|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Times-Picayune|year=2008|author=Dave Walker}}</ref> Simon also consulted with New Orleans musicians [[Donald Harrison Jr.]], [[Kermit Ruffins]], and [[Davis Rogan]], and local chef [[Susan Spicer]] while developing the series.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 2">{{Cite web| url=http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2008/07/more_on_david_simons_treme.html#ThewireHBO|title=More on David Simon's 'Treme'|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Times-Picayune|year=2008|author=Dave Walker}}</ref><ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/>

===Development===

In 2008 HBO commissioned a pilot episode for the series but did not "green-light" a complete series at that time.<ref name="David Simon AOL interview"/> The pilot was announced at the 2008 Television Critics Association summer press tour.<ref name="Treme Zap2It"/> Simon initially hoped to film the pilot episode of the series in 2008 and to continue filming in 2009 if the series was commissioned.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 1"/> The series was planned to film on location and was predicted to be a boost to the New Orleans economy.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 1"/>

The pilot did not actually begin filming in New Orleans until March 9, 2009.<ref name="Variety Melissa Leo casting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118001012.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&TheWireHBO|title=Melissa Leo joins HBO pilot|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=Variety|year=2009|author=Cynthia Littleton}}</ref><ref name="Baton Rouge Advocate Business Briefs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/business/37853264.html#TheWirehBO|title=Business Briefs for Jan. 20, 2009|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=Baton Rouge Advocate|year=2009|author=Advocate Business Staff}}</ref> Award-winning Polish director [[Agnieszka Holland]] was hired to direct the pilot.<ref name="Variety Melissa Leo casting"/> Holland had worked with the creators previously on ''The Wire'', directing three episodes of that series. After the pilot was written HBO commissioned another ten scripts.

===Crew===
[[File:TremeOct07RuthCozyCornerBack.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A scene from the actual [[Treme]] part of [[New Orleans]]]]
Simon is a veteran of HBO having developed ''[[The Corner]]'', ''The Wire'' and ''[[Generation Kill (TV series)|Generation Kill]]'' with them and is the show runner and an executive producer. Overmyer is an experienced playwright and television writer/producer and is co-executive producer and writer.

Simon and Overmyer began to assemble a writing staff for the full series, <ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/> first hiring local writer [[Tom Piazza]], author of the non-fiction book ''[[Why New Orleans Matters]]''. Piazza and Overmyer had known one another for years and Simon had read and enjoyed Piazza's work. They also hired [[Times-Picayune]] reporter [[Lolis Eric Elie]]. Simon, himself a reporter before working in television, has been impressed with his expansive knowledge of local people and background. Elie was the writer of the documentary ''[[Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans|Faubourg Tremé: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans]]''.<ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/> Novelist [[George Pelecanos]] is also on board as part of the writing staff. Pelecanos was a writer on all five seasons of ''The Wire''.<ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/>

Simon also brought fellow reporter turned television collaborator [[David Mills (writer)|David Mills]] in for the project as co-executive producer and writer. Mills was a music enthusiast who had worked with Overmyer and Simon on both ''Homicide: Life on the Street'' and ''The Wire'' as well as co-writing ''The Corner'', the award-winning HBO miniseries, with Simon. On March 30, 2010, David Mills died suddenly in New Orleans, twelve days before the show's premiere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/31/AR2010033101772.html?hpid=topnews | title=Obituary: David Mills, 48, journalist, Emmy-winning TV writer | date=2010-04-01 | accessdate=2010-04-04 | publisher=Washington Post}}</ref>

[[Blake Leyh]] is the music supervisor for the show. He has worked on numerous other projects including HBO's ''The Wire.'' [[Skip Bolen]] is the unit stills photographer for the pilot episode. He has worked on projects including HBO's season finale of ''[[True Blood]]''.

===Casting===

''The Wire'' star [[Wendell Pierce]] was the first to be attached to star in the series. His involvement was announced shortly after the pilot in July 2008.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 3">{{Cite web|url=http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2008/07/treme_script_wowed_hbo_exec.html#TheWireHBO|title=New Orleans native Wendell Pierce set to star in 'Treme'|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Times-Picayune|year=2008|author=Dave Walker}}</ref> Pierce is a New Orleans native and will play Antoine Batiste, an accomplished trombonist.<ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/><ref name="THR casting">{{Cite web|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/hr/login/login_subscribe.jsp?id=gtoAnNf%2FyjZFISnGfC7tsYIoz3mrOHLyHHUCG457GvhQInr8R8vCifhZCN1TdhgpQpaDukQxI1TB%0ArDMTa0jyt4cKohYMS3Axt4rS%2FP533nCmABU5V6rwExnSIrtm4zuvXS5%2FIReGooLdSi%2FCk6a9LUvC%0AiSsUJ39cEH21bGYtP%2Fw0TQg%2Fc0hOSLXECiewCV8DSdmFDOSz65l1O1XM%2BtNGptg4wVopMRrbDpUH%0AxM8jRhATUzfGAfz%2B5X7A7EI9KbVVJZpuPJDWzfLYV98fdb%2FWoKH2c0BAU79yVjo5DrnyT4d2%2Bn6%2B%0A1SyW2MGsMxNrSPK3hwqiFgxLcDG3itL8%2FnfecNCnlgDPLSOq#TheWireHBO|title=Familiar faces in David Simon pilot|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|year=2008|author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref> Fellow ''Wire'' alumnus [[Clarke Peters]] was also attached to star in the project early in its development. Peters will play the leader of a Mardi Gras Indian tribe who is trying to bring his people home.<ref name="Zap2it casting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-wirecastmembersjointreme,0,4897307.story#TheWireHBO|title='Wire' Vets Join HBO's 'Treme'|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=Zap 2 it|year=2008}}</ref> [[Khandi Alexander]] will also star in the project. She previously worked with Simon on ''The Corner''. In August 2008 Alexander was cast as Ladonna Batiste, the estranged wife of Pierce's character and a bar owner.<ref name="THR casting"/>

Film actor [[Steve Zahn]] joined the project in February 2009. ''Treme'' is his first series commitment in television. Zahn will play a dancer, DJ and band member with anger management issues. The role will showcase the actor's singing and guitar playing talents.<ref name="THR Steve Zahn casting">{{Cite web| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i935c93ae37661420c9d6ed789a008b0b#TheWireHBO |title=Steve Zahn circles 'Treme'|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|year=2009|author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref><ref name="Zap2it Steve Zahn casting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-hbocasting-stevezahntreme,0,2802441.story#TheWireHBO|title=HBO's 'Treme,' 'Empire' Add to Casts |accessdate=2009-03-12 |publisher=Zap 2 It|year=2009|author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref> Zahn's character is based on series consultant [[Davis Rogan]] and will share his first name.<ref name="INDsider">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theind.com/content/view/3882/92/#TheWireHBO|title=Treme ready to roll|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=The Independent Weekly|year=2009|author=R. Reese Fuller}}</ref> [[Kim Dickens]] from HBO's ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'' and NBC/DirectTV's ''[[Friday Night Lights (TV series)|Friday Night Lights]]'' was also cast in February 2009. She will play a chef with a tumultuous relationship with Zahn's character.<ref name="THR Steve Zahn casting"/><ref name="Zap2it Steve Zahn casting"/> [[Rob Brown (actor)|Rob Brown]] was cast as Delmond Lambreaux in February 2009. Brown's character is a New York jazz musician and son of Peters' character who reluctantly returns home.<ref name="THR Rob Brown">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i435ae21676ac96708ff61773efabb0cf|title=Slew of castings for HBO drama pilots|accessdate=2009-03-24 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|year=2009|author=Nellie Andreeva}}</ref> Academy Award nominee and ''Homicide'' star [[Melissa Leo]] was cast as a civil rights lawyer just before the pilot began filming in March 2009.<ref name="Variety Melissa Leo casting"/><ref name="EW Melissa Leo casting">{{Cite web|url=http://news-briefs.ew.com/2009/03/melissa-leo-dav.html#TheWireHBO|title=Melissa Leo signs on to David Simon's HBO pilot, 'Treme'|accessdate=2009-03-12|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|year=2009|author=Mandi Bierly}}</ref> [[John Goodman]] was cast as her character's college professor husband when the show started filming its season order, and scenes featuring him were added to the pilot.<ref name="Times-Picayune Goodman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nola.com/treme-hbo/index.ssf/2010/01/hbos_treme_adds_john_goodman_t.html|title=HBO's Treme adds John Goodman to cast|accessdate=2010-01-11|publisher=The Times-Picayune|year=2010|author=Dave Walker}}</ref>

The series casting mirrored that of ''The Wire'' in using local actors wherever possible.<ref name="Treme Times Picayune 2"/> Local casting took place in January and February 2009 via RPM casting.<ref name="Baton Rouge Advocate Business Briefs"/> New Orleans native [[Phyllis Montana LeBlanc]] was cast as the girlfriend of Pierce's character. LeBlanc was recommended for the project by director [[Spike Lee]] who had worked with her on the HBO Hurricane Katrina documentary ''[[When the Levees Broke]]''.<ref name="Treme Times-Picayune 4"/> Additionally, well-known New Orleans musician [[Kermit Ruffins]] appears as himself in the pilot.<ref name="BBQ news">{{Cite web|url=http://blog.nola.com/davewalker/2009/03/kermit_ruffins_christens_start.html|title=HBO's 'Treme' christened with an impromptu barbecue by Kermit Ruffins|accessdate=2009-03-29|publisher=New Orleans Times Picayune|year=2009 |author=Dave Walker}}</ref> Other musical guests will include [[Allen Toussaint]], [[Dr. John]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Steve Earle]], [[Sammie Williams]], Donald Harrison Jr., Galactic, Trombone Shorty Andrews, Deacon John, and the Rebirth and Tremé Brass Bands. <ref name="Creative Loafing">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.creativeloafing.com/culturesurfing/2010/01/14/hbo-releases-treme-details/|title=HBO releases Treme details|accessdate=2010-01-14 |publisher=Creative Loafing Atlanta|year=2010|author=Wyatt Williams}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Khandi Alexander]] as LaDonna Batiste-Williams
*[[Rob Brown (actor)|Rob Brown]] as Delmond Lambreaux
*[[Kim Dickens]] as Janette Desautel
*[[Michiel Huisman]] as Sonny
*[[Melissa Leo]] as Toni Bernette
*[[Lucia Micarelli]] as Annie
*[[Clarke Peters]] as Albert Lambreaux
*[[Wendell Pierce]] as Antoine Batiste
*[[Steve Zahn]] as Davis McAlary
*[[John Goodman]] as Creighton Bernette

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Treme episodes}}

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.hbo.com/treme}}
*{{imdb title|1279972|Treme}}
*{{tv.com|75910|Treme}}
*[http://www.nola.com/treme-hbo/index.ssf Treme news and updates from New Orleans]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Treme}}
[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2010 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:African American culture]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:Black television drama series]]
[[Category:Culture of New Orleans, Louisiana]]
[[Category:HBO network shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Hurricane Katrina works]]

[[de:Treme (Fernsehserie)]]
[[it:Treme]]

American Pie (Filmreihe)

2009-07-01T14:50:30Z

Java13690: /* Characters */

The '''''American Pie'' film series''' is a [[teen film|teen comedy]] [[media franchise|film franchise]]. Produced by [[Universal Pictures]], the series started with the [[1999 in film|1999]] film ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'', which led to two film [[sequel]]s and three more [[direct-to-video]] [[spin-off]]s.

The original film trilogy:
* ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'' (1999)
* ''[[American Pie 2]]'' (2001)
* ''[[American Wedding]]'' (2003)

The DVD spin-offs:
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Band Camp]]'' (2005)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile]]'' (2006)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House]]'' (2007)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Book of Love]]'' (2009)

A new DVD-installment will be titled ''Book of Love'', directed by ''John Putch'', making it the only title in the series that is derived from the [[Don McLean]] [[American Pie (song)|song]]. [[Bug Hall]], Kevin M. Horton, and [[Brandon Hardesty]] will portray the lead characters. It is reported that this installment will attempt to stay true to the original film by combining comedic and dramatic elements together. [[Tara Reid]] could reportedly reprise her role as Vicki Lathum. <ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a152542/tara-reid-linked-to-more-american-pie.html Tara Reid linked to more 'American Pie']</ref> [[Louisa Lytton]] is to play an English character called Imogen.

==Characters==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99%
!rowspan="2" width="16%" | Character
!colspan="7" align="center" | Film
|-
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie 2]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Wedding]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Band Camp]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Book of Love]]''
|-
![[Noah Levenstein]]
|colspan="7" | [[Eugene Levy]]
|-
![[Jim Levenstein|Jim Emmanuel Levenstein]]
|colspan="3" | [[Jason Biggs]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Steve Stifler]]
|colspan="3" | [[Seann William Scott]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Kevin Myers]]
|colspan="3" | [[Thomas Ian Nicholas]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Paul Finch]]
|colspan="3" | [[Eddie Kaye Thomas]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Michelle Flaherty|Michelle Annabeth Flaherty]]
|colspan="3" | [[Alyson Hannigan]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Jeanine Stifler
|colspan="3" | [[Jennifer Coolidge]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Chuck Sherman
|colspan="2" | [[Chris Owen (actor)|Chris Owen]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|[[Chris Owen (actor)|Chris Owen]]
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Matt Stifler]]
|colspan="2" | [[Eli Marienthal]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="1" | [[Tad Hilgenbrink]]
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Vicky Lathum
|colspan="2" | [[Tara Reid]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Chris Ostreicher]]
|colspan="2" | [[Chris Klein (actor)|Chris Klein]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Nadia
|colspan="2" | [[Shannon Elizabeth]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Heather
|colspan="2" | [[Mena Suvari]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Jessica
|colspan="2" | [[Natasha Lyonne]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Erik Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[John White (actor)|John White]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Dwight Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Steve Talley]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Mike "Cooze" Coozeman
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Jake Siegel]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Mr. Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Christopher McDonald (actor)|Christopher McDonald]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Rob Shearson
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Bug Hall]]
|-
!Nathan Jenkyll
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | Kevin M. Horton
|-
!Marshall "Lube" Lubetsky
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Brandon Hardesty]]
|-
!Scott Stifler
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | John Patrick Jordan
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.americanpiemovie.com/ American Pie - Official website]

{{American Pie}}

[[Category:Media franchises]]
[[Category:Comedy films by series]]

[[cs:Prci, prci, prcičky (série filmů)]]
[[it:American Pie (serie)]]
[[he:אמריקן פאי (סדרת סרטים)]]

American Pie (Filmreihe)

2009-07-01T14:50:05Z

Java13690: /* Characters */

The '''''American Pie'' film series''' is a [[teen film|teen comedy]] [[media franchise|film franchise]]. Produced by [[Universal Pictures]], the series started with the [[1999 in film|1999]] film ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'', which led to two film [[sequel]]s and three more [[direct-to-video]] [[spin-off]]s.

The original film trilogy:
* ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'' (1999)
* ''[[American Pie 2]]'' (2001)
* ''[[American Wedding]]'' (2003)

The DVD spin-offs:
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Band Camp]]'' (2005)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile]]'' (2006)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House]]'' (2007)
* ''[[American Pie Presents: Book of Love]]'' (2009)

A new DVD-installment will be titled ''Book of Love'', directed by ''John Putch'', making it the only title in the series that is derived from the [[Don McLean]] [[American Pie (song)|song]]. [[Bug Hall]], Kevin M. Horton, and [[Brandon Hardesty]] will portray the lead characters. It is reported that this installment will attempt to stay true to the original film by combining comedic and dramatic elements together. [[Tara Reid]] could reportedly reprise her role as Vicki Lathum. <ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a152542/tara-reid-linked-to-more-american-pie.html Tara Reid linked to more 'American Pie']</ref> [[Louisa Lytton]] is to play an English character called Imogen.

==Characters==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99%
!rowspan="2" width="16%" | Character
!colspan="7" align="center" | Film
|-
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie 2]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Wedding]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Band Camp]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House]]''
!align="center" width="12%" | ''[[American Pie Presents: Book of Love]]''
|-
![[Noah Levenstein]]
|colspan="7" | [[Eugene Levy]]
|-
![[Jim Emmanuel Levenstein]]
|colspan="3" | [[Jason Biggs]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Steve Stifler]]
|colspan="3" | [[Seann William Scott]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Kevin Myers]]
|colspan="3" | [[Thomas Ian Nicholas]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Paul Finch]]
|colspan="3" | [[Eddie Kaye Thomas]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Michelle Annabeth Flaherty]]
|colspan="3" | [[Alyson Hannigan]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Jeanine Stifler
|colspan="3" | [[Jennifer Coolidge]]
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Chuck Sherman
|colspan="2" | [[Chris Owen (actor)|Chris Owen]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|[[Chris Owen (actor)|Chris Owen]]
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Matt Stifler]]
|colspan="2" | [[Eli Marienthal]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="1" | [[Tad Hilgenbrink]]
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Vicky Lathum
|colspan="2" | [[Tara Reid]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Chris Ostreicher]]
|colspan="2" | [[Chris Klein (actor)|Chris Klein]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Nadia
|colspan="2" | [[Shannon Elizabeth]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Heather
|colspan="2" | [[Mena Suvari]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Jessica
|colspan="2" | [[Natasha Lyonne]]
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Erik Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[John White (actor)|John White]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Dwight Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Steve Talley]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Mike "Cooze" Coozeman
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Jake Siegel]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Mr. Stifler
|colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Christopher McDonald (actor)|Christopher McDonald]]
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!Rob Shearson
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Bug Hall]]
|-
!Nathan Jenkyll
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | Kevin M. Horton
|-
!Marshall "Lube" Lubetsky
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | [[Brandon Hardesty]]
|-
!Scott Stifler
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|colspan="2" | John Patrick Jordan
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.americanpiemovie.com/ American Pie - Official website]

{{American Pie}}

[[Category:Media franchises]]
[[Category:Comedy films by series]]

[[cs:Prci, prci, prcičky (série filmů)]]
[[it:American Pie (serie)]]
[[he:אמריקן פאי (סדרת סרטים)]]

Selbstverbrennungsvorfall auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz

2009-02-14T17:12:08Z

Java13690:

[[Image:TiananmenSquareIMincident1.jpg|thumb| right|250px|Still from [[China Central Television|CCTV]] broadcast footage of the incident.]]
{{ChineseText}}
The '''Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident''' took place on [[23 January]] [[2001]]. Five people attempted to set themselves on fire in [[Tiananmen Square]], Beijing. Within hours, the news was publicised by [[China Central Television]] (CCTV), who claimed the immolators were [[Falun Gong]] practitioners.<ref name="Sunderland">Judith Sunderland. From the Household to the Factory: China's campaign against Falungong. Human Rights Watch, 2002. ISBN 1564322696</ref>

Falun Gong emphatically denied that the people could have been practitioners on the grounds that the teachings explicitly forbid suicide or any form of killing.<ref name="TheIssueOfKilling">[http://falundafa.org/book/eng/zfl_new_7.html#1 "The Issue of Killing"] from [[Zhuan Falun]], [[Falun Dafa]]</ref> In a press statement, issued on the same day of the incident, the Falun Dafa Information Center characterized the event as "another attempt by the PRC regime to defame the practice of Falun Gong" and called on China "to allow the world media and international human rights groups to investigate this case to clarify the facts."<ref name="Press Statement dated January 23, 2001 ">{{cite news|url=http://www.clearwisdom.net/eng/2001/jan/23/vsf012301_3.html|title=Press Statement Regarding Tiananmen Suicide|publisher=Falun Dafa Information Center|date=January 23, 2001|accessdate=January 23, 2009}}</ref> Falun Gong and third-party commentators, pointing to apparent discrepancies in the government's version of events, assert the incident was staged in order to turn public opinion against the practice and build support for the ongoing [[Persecution of Falun Gong|persecution]].<ref name="FalseFire"/><ref name="Sunderland" />

According to [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], the government's media war against [[Falun Gong]] gained significant traction following the act.<ref name=breakingpoint>Matthew Gornet, [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,165163,00.html The Breaking Point], [[Time (magazine)|Time]], June 25, 2001</ref><ref name=pomfret>John Pomfret and Philip Pan, Washington Post, 5 Aug 2001 at A1, [http://www.cesnur.org/2001/falun_aug01.htm#Anchor-49575 "Torture is Breaking Falun Gong, China Systematically Eradicating Group"], October 2004, retrieved July 8, 2006</ref> [[CNN]] commented that the campaign is probably the government's first effort to gain public support for the persecution of Falun Gong, and is reminiscent of its past political movements such as the [[Korean War]] and the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name=tense/>

==Background==
{{main|Persecution of Falun Gong}}
Since 1999, the Chinese government has conducted a widespread persecution of Falun Gong. Human Rights organizations including [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] have raised acute concerns over reports of torture and ill-treatment of practitioners in China and have also urged the UN and international governments to intervene to bring an end to the persecution<ref name=HRW1>[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/china/ China's Campaign Against Falungong], Human Rights Watch</ref><ref name=AI2000>[http://web.archive.org/web/20030711022606/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA170112000 The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called ''heretical organizations'']. The Amnesty International</ref> <ref>Human Rights Watch, [http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/22/china949.htm U.N. asked to intervene to protect Falun Gong's Rights]</ref><ref name="AI2000">Amnesty International, [http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/011/2000/cd9cf9bc-b65e-11dc-91ef-e7bbfd81dfbe/asa170112000en.html PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called ''heretical organizations''], 23 March 2000, accessed 11 September 2007</ref> David Ownby notes that human rights organizations "have unanimously condemned China's brutal campaign against the Falungong, and many governments around the world, including Canada's, have expressed their concern." <ref name=KMRR> [http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ Kilgour Matas Revised Reports into the Persecution of Falun gong] </ref>

Amnesty International states that despite the persecution, many Falun Gong practitioners continued to hold exercise sessions in public, usually as a form of silent protest against the persecution and imprisonment of practitioners. Some of these silent protests were held outside important seats of government or in places with political significance such as Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Amnesty points out that these were attended by large numbers of people, including significant numbers of elderly people and women, and that they have been entirely peaceful.<ref name=Amnesty1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20030711022606/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA170112000 The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called ''heretical organizations], The Amnesty International</ref>. The government declared these sessions to be "illegal assemblies" and the practitioners were put under detention or sent to forced labor.<ref name="HRW1"/> Amnesty states that among the thousands detained were ordinary workers, farmers, teachers and academics, university students, publishers, accountants, police officers , engineers, people from a variety of other professions and government officials <ref name=Amnesty1/> According to some sources over 35,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been arrested for peaceful protests in [[Beijing]] alone.<ref>Ian Johnson, [http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2001/international-reporting/works/falungong2.html Defiant Falun Dafa Members Converge on Tiananmen], 25 April 2000, [[The Wall Street Journal]] Page A21</ref>. In March, 2000 Amnesty International called on the Chinese government to stop "...mass arbitrary detentions, unfair trials and other human rights violations resulting from the crackdown on the Falun Gong...";<ref name="AI2000"/> Amnesty expressed acute concern that Falun Gong practitioners had been "...tortured or subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in detention."<ref name="AI2000" /> Another bulletin in December 2000 cited reports of torture, detention and ill-treatment, some ending in death, and condemned the authorities' "callous disregard for the lives of people detained solely for their peaceful activities."<ref name="AIdec2000">Amnesty International, [http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA170482000 China: Falun Gong deaths in custody continue to rise as crackdown worsens], accessed September 11 2007</ref>

Human-rights organizations state that an intense propaganda campaign has been used by the CCP to turn public opinion against Falun Gong<ref name="unhchr"> [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/D1D7C610CB97B340C1256AA9002678B0?opendocument Press release] Statement by United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 53rd session, 14 August 2001</ref><ref name="AI2000"/>. Reports by [[David Kilgour|Kilgour]] and [[David Matas|Matas]] state:

:"According to Amnesty International, the Chinese Government adopted three strategies to crush Falun Gong: violence against practitioners who refuse to renounce their beliefs; "brainwashing" to force all known practitioners to abandon Falun Gong and renounce it, and a media campaign to turn public opinion against Falun Gong. Local governments were authorized to implement Beijing's orders... Implementation meant, in part, staged attempts to demonstrate to China's population that practitioners committed suicide by self-immolation... Over time this campaign had the desired effect and many, if not most, Chinese nationals came to accept the Communist Party view about Falun Gong... This incitement to hatred is most acute in China"<ref name="kilgourmatas"> [http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc160145133 Incitement to hatred, Considerations specific to Falun Gong.] Bloody Harvest: Kilgour Matas Report on Allegation of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners in China, 14 August 2001</ref><ref name=wposttorture>John Pomfret and Philip P. Pan, "Torture is Breaking Falun Gong", Washington Post, 5 August 2001.</ref><ref name="kilgourmatas"> [http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc160145133 Incitement to hatred, Considerations specific to Falun Gong.] Bloody Harvest: Kilgour Matas Report on Allegation of Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners in China, 14 August 2001</ref>

According to TIME, prior to the event, many Chinese had felt that Falun Gong posed no threat, and that the persecution had gone too far, but the purported self-immolation marked a turning point in its anti-Falun Gong campaign.<ref name=breakingpoint/> A paper from Falun Gong human rights group ''World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong'' (''WOIPFG'') suggests that [[Jiang Zemin]] considered that the public was not responding as desired a year after initiating the crackdown: China had failed to "annihilate Falun Gong within three months", the persecution had met with international condemnation, as well as resistance from highly ranked Party officials.<ref name="WOIPFGpaper">World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, ''Investigation Reports on the Persecution of Falun Gong: Volume 1'', 2003-2004, p X</ref> Amnesty International states that the Chinese government's "propaganda campaign capitalised on an incident on 23 January 2001 when five alleged practitioners, including a 12 year-old girl and her mother, set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square."

==Reports and analysis==
===The incident===

On [[23 January]] [[2001]] ([[Chinese New Year]]'s eve) a group of men and women attempted to set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square,<ref name="Sunderland" /> five succeeded at ignition.<ref name="Peerenboom">Randall P. Peerenboom, Asian Discourses of Rule of Law: Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian countries, France the US, 2004. ISBN 0415326125</ref><ref name="Sunderland" /> A man sat down on the pavement northeast of the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]] at the center of the square, poured gasoline on his clothes and set himself on fire. Moments later four more people set themselves alight. CNN was in Tiananmen Square during the incident and reported the alleged suicides. <ref name=tense>Staff and wire reports, [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ Tiananmen tense after fiery protests], CNN, January 24, 2001, accessed 2007-02-09</ref> As they were taping, military police stepped in, detained the crew, and confiscated their tapes. Danny Schecter notes that video tapes confiscated from CNN are never aired. <ref name=mediachannel>Danny Schechter, [http://www.mediachannel.org/views/dissector/falungong2.shtml The Fires This Time: Immolation or Deception In Beijing?], Mediachannel, February 22, 2001</ref> Police with fire-extinguishers put out the flames, reportedly within the space of a minute.

Seven days later, China's official TV aired the footage of five people engulfed in flames. The footage, the state-controlled news claimed, was taken by nearby surveillance cameras.<ref name=schechter1>Falun Gong's Challenge to China - A report by Danny Schechter</ref> In later reports which appeared in state run media, the number of self-immolators rose from five to seven – two of whom apparently had failed to ignite themselves. One of the self-immolators, Liu Chun-ling reportedly died on the scene. A few months later, state media announced the death of Liu Si-ying, who, according to state-news, had been hospitalized with severe burns following the incident. The other three were reported to have been "severely disfigured". Beijing denied requests from western journalists to interview Liu Siying and the three other survivors; only China Central Television and the official New China News Agency were permitted to speak to their relatives or their colleagues. <ref name=schechter1/>

===Reports===
State-owned [[Xinhua News Agency]] claimed the self-immolators were practitioners of Falun Gong, allegedly having taken up the practice between 1995 and 1997. Initially, some western news organizations reported the Xinhua version that the immolators were practitioners, as, according to [[Danny Schechter]], there were no sources to verify facts independently given the tight state censorship.<ref name=mediachannel /> Falun Gong expressed its concern of western media's giving Xinhua's reports so much credibility and airtime, given that Xinhua openly admits it "disseminate[s] propaganda for the Chinese regime."<ref name="mhpressstate2001">Press Statement, [http://www.clearwisdom.net/eng/2001/feb/01/vsf020101_7.html Who's Behind Tiananmen Self-immolation -- Serious Doubts on China's Recent "News" Report], Falun Gong, February 1, 2001, Retrieved on September 11, 2007</ref>

On the very same day of the incident, Falun Gong in New York issued a press statement stating that the incident was "yet another attempt by the PRC regime to defame the practice of Falun Gong" and called for the "PRC regime to allow the world media and international human rights groups to investigate this case to clarify the facts."<ref name="Press Statement dated January 23, 2001 "/> Falun Gong says that practitioners could not have been involved in the incident, pointing out "...The teachings of Falun Gong prohibit any form of killing. Mr. Li Hongzhi... has explicitly stated that suicide is a sin." Falun Gong sources accused the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|PRC Government]] of attempting to discredit the practice of Falun Gong.<ref name="Press Statement dated January 23, 2001 "/> Falun Gong related commentators also pointed out that the main participants' account of the incident and other aspects of the participants' behaviour were inconsistent with the teachings of Falun Dafa.<ref>[http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S_I_second_report.htm Second Investigation Report on the "Tiananmen Square Self-immolation Incident"], World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, August 2003</ref>

Initially, the ''[[New York Times]]'' stated that conflicting claims were difficult to assess "[w]ith propaganda streaming in from seemingly opposite ends of the universe... especially since the remaining Falun Gong practitioners have been driven underground." The reporter opined that one of the victims was able to "fluidly perform" Falun Gong's signature slow-motion exercises in front of Western media.<ref>Elisabeth Rosenthal, "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEFD71F3AF936A35757C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Former Falun Gong Followers Enlisted in China's War on Sect]", [[New York Times]], 5 April 2002.</ref> CNN had reported that four of the victims were seen in flames, with their hands held "in a classic Falun Gong meditation pose", causing Falun Gong to file a complaint to CNN.<ref name="gittings"/> Schecter notes that among Falun Gong practitioners, a primary reason for suspicion that the event was staged is that the people shown in the footage are not conducting the exercises properly.<ref name=schechter1/> One western diplomat commented that the public changed from sympathising with Falun Gong to siding with the Government after the event; "human interest" stories and accounts of "rehabilitation" efforts of former practitioners shifted popular consensus.<ref name=ansfield>Jonathan Ansfield, [[Reuters]], [http://www.cesnur.org/2001/falun_july06.htm After Olympic win, China takes new aim at Falun Gong], [[CESNUR]], July 23, 2001</ref>

According to an initial Falun Gong press statement, "Much remains unclear and unknown about the circumstances surrounding the incident", including what took place in the week between the incident and when the "fully engineered news articles and television programs" were released.<ref name="mhpressstate2001"/> Schechter doubted Falun Gong would deny being involved in the incident if it was a genuine protest.<ref name="Schechter2001">Danny Schechter, ''Falun Gong's Challenge to China'', Akashic Books, New York, 2001, pp 20-23</ref>  Anthropologist Noah Porter opines that even if the participants considered themselves to be practitioners, they are no more representative of Falun Gong than Christianity is represented by people "who shoot and bomb abortion clinics."<ref name="Porter">Noah Porter (Masters thesis for the University of South Florida), ''[http://www.lib.usf.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06122003-113105/unrestricted/FalunGongInTheUS-NoahPorter-Thesis.pdf Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study]''. 2003. p 105</ref> In the ''[[National Review]]'', the [[Laogai Research Foundation]] suggested that it was "hardly a far-fetched hypothesis" that the government allowed or staged the incident to discredit Falun Gong, as the government vowed to crush the practice before the eightieth anniversary celebrations of the Communist Party in July. The article concluded that the "PRC's propaganda coup" against Falun Gong relies upon popular understandings of other immolations in recent Asian history such as the [[Thích Quảng Đức|73 year old Buddhist monk in Saigon]]. The foundation states that "...this situation is not clear", and for the Communists, this was just "another lie."<ref name=noonan>Ann Noonan in the ''[[National Review]]'', [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment021301a.shtml Beijing is Burning: More lies from the PRC], accessed 21/5/08</ref>

The Falun Gong human-rights group WOIPFG saw the incident as a major tool in the government's "global campaign to vilify Falun Gong practitioners to the Chinese people..."<ref name="WOIPFGpdf" /><ref name=woipfghighlights>WOIPFG, ''[http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S.I._highlights_report.htm Highlights of Investigation of the Alleged Self-Immolation in Tiananmen Square]'', accessed October 4, 2007.</ref> WOIPFG believed that hostility toward Falun Gong from the general public in China escalated, the campaign "clearly intensified," and that "hate crimes" targeting Falun Gong increased.<ref name="WOIPFGpaper" /> It further alleged the death toll during police arrests or in prisons, labor camps and "brainwashing centers" all sharply increased.<ref name="WOIPFGpdf">World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, [http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/s_i_investigation.pdf ''Investigation of the So-Called Self-Immolation in Tiananmen Square''], accessed 16 September, 2007</ref> Danny Schechter notes that CCP's claims are unsubstantiated by outside parties.<ref name=schechter1/>

===Analysis===
[[Image:ImmolaterStillfromFalseFire.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Images from the Falun Gong related analysis "False Fire", purporting to show Wang Jindong could not have been a Falun Gong practitioner]]
<div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#fffffa; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 35%; padding: 1em 1.5em 1.5em">

'''Discrepancies pointed out by NTDTV's ''False Fire''<ref name="FalseFire"/>'''

[[Image:Analysis Tianenmen False Fire GIF.gif|thumb|240px|center|Liu Chunling, the only self-immolator to have died on the scene, appears to collapse from being bludgeoned on the head by a man in military suit.]]
 
[http://www.falsefire.com False Fire], a [[NTDTV]] attempt to deconstruct the event<ref>Susan V. Lawrence, "Falun Gong Adds Media Weapons In Struggle With China's Rulers", Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition), April 14, 2004. pg. B.2I </ref> points out several inconsistencies in the Chinese Government's version of the story, including:<ref name="upholdjustice.org">[http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S_I_second_report.htm "Second Investigation Report on the 'Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Incident.'"], World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong (WOIPFalun Gong), August 2003. Accessed: 2007-02-06</ref><ref name="irb-cisr.gc.ca">[http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=416268 RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS "CHN43081.E"] Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Accessed: 2007-02-06</ref>

*Liu Chunling, the only self-immolator who died on the spot appears to fall from being bludgeoned on the head by a man in military suit. The programme argues that Liu could have died from a severe blow to the head.
*The self immolators appear to be wearing several layers of, possibly fire-protective, clothing and masks. The hair and bottle of gasoline at the feet of an alleged self-immolator is intact, although this should have caught fire first.
*Police, who normally are not known to carry fire extinguishers on duty, appeared to have used almost 25 pieces of fire-fighting equipment on hand on the day of the self-immolations. The nearest building is 10 minutes away and footage shows that only two police vehicles were at the scene. The flames were put out in less than a minute's time.
*The camera of the CCTV footage zooms in on the scene as it unfolds; surveillance cameras in Tiananmen Square are usually fixed.
*Wang Jindong shouts comments that do not form part of Falun Dafa teachings; his posture, including hand position and sitting position, does not reflect the full or half lotus position required in Falun Dafa exercises.
*The hospital treatment of the victims, as recorded by Chinese state media, is inconsistent with proper care of severe burn victims: for instance, patients were not kept in sterile rooms.
*The girl who allegedly underwent a tracheotomy appeared to be able to speak and sing clearly mere days after the surgery.
</div>

Many commentators, including Danny Schechter, Philip Pan, and Ian Johnson have pointed out discrepancies in the Chinese government's version of the events.<ref name=schechter1/> Falun Gong related sources have also pointed out several discrepancies in the state broadcast version of the events,<ref name=schechter1/> Reporters Sans Frontiers and Danny Schechter note that the a few days before the incident, the chinese authorities and media had launched a new campaign against Falun Gong.<ref name=schechter1/> <ref name=RSF> [http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=1468 Reporters Sans Frontiers, China annual Report]</ref>

Schechter notes that Chinese police "just happened to have fire extinguishers at hand", and the victims were "rushed" to the hospital after their agonies were "thoroughly photographed" for state television. He also notes that while the government controlled media uncharacteristically released the story at once, "it took a week of production" before the footage was finally aired. CNN was in Tiananmen square at this time but its video tapes were confiscated and never aired.<ref name=schechter1/>

[[Image:Selfimmowflag.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The hair and bottle of gasoline at the feet of an alleged self immolator is intact, although, analysts point out, this should have caught fire first<ref name=FalseFire/>]]
''False Fire'',<ref name="FalseFire">[http://www.falsefire.com "False Fire: China's Tragic New Standard in State Deception"], DVD, NTDTV, 2001.</ref> a video programme, produced by the Falun Gong related<ref>Susan V. Lawrence, "Falun Gong Adds Media Weapons In Struggle With China's Rulers",
Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition), April 14, 2004. pg. B.2I </ref> ''[[New Tang Dynasty TV]]'' attempts to deconstruct the event, and points out several apparent inconsistencies in the Chinese Government's version of the story.<ref name="upholdjustice.org"/><ref name="irb-cisr.gc.ca"/> The documentary won a Certificate of Honorable Mention at the 51st Columbus International Film & Video Festival.

International Educational Development (IED), a human rights [[NGO]], said, after viewing ''False Fire'', that it had "discovered that [the act] had in fact been staged".<ref name="unhchr"/> Charles A. Radin of the ''[[Boston Globe]]'' stated "In the slowed version, it appears that Liu Chunling . . . collapsed not from the flames but from being bludgeoned by a man in a military overcoat.”<ref>[http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa05/graduatefa05/gmj-fa05gradinv-yang.htm "Falun Gong Appeals for Help: Vigils Held on Eve of UN China Vote"], published on April 18, 2001, The Boston Globe cited in ''The Perfect Example of Political Propaganda: The Chinese Government’s Persecution against Falun Gong'' by Chin-Yunn Yang, Global media journal of Purdue University, accessed November 16, 2007</ref>

Philip Pan of Washington Post questioned why the Chinese government happened to have a camera crew in place to film the incident.<ref name=mulls>Philip Pan, The Washington Post, [http://www.fofg.org/news/news_story.php?doc_id=920 China Mulls Murder Charges for Foreign Journalists], February 8, 2001, publ by Friends of Falun Gong</ref> While the Chinese government claimed the close-up footage came from confiscated CNN tapes, CNN dismissed the possibility stating that their cameraman was arrested almost immediately after the incident began. Pan notes that "[t]he close-up shots shown on Chinese television appear to have been taken without any interference from police. In some, the camera is clearly behind police barricades and positioned directly above the apparent sect members. In addition, footage from overhead surveillance cameras in Tiananmen Square appears to show a man using a small hand-held video camera to film the scene, not a large TV news camera."<ref name=mulls/>

Wall Street Journal's Ian Johnson was skeptical due to the speed with which the story was covered, observing that the state media "..reported the victim's death with unusual alacrity, implying that the death took place earlier than reported or the usually cautious media had top-level approval to rush out electronic reports and a televised dispatch, The 7 p.m. local evening news, for example had a filmed report from Mr Tan's hometown of Changde, a small city in Hunan province. Most reports for the evening news are vetted by noon, so the daily broadcasts rarely carries reports from the same day, let alone an event that happened at noon and involved satellite feeds from relatively remote parts of the country." <ref name=schechter1/>

Falun Gong related sources note a European journalist based in Beijing as stating " I have never seen policemen patrolling on Tiananmenn Square carrying fire extinguishers. How come they all showed up today? The location of the incident is at least twenty minutes round-trip from the nearest building - the People's Great Hall."<ref name=schechter1/>

According to Beatrice Turpin of Associated Press TV who covered Falun Gong inside China for Associated Press TV, "[t]here was a big brouhaha with Falun Gong protests and footage of police beating practitioners last Chinese New Year and it would certainly fit in with typical China strategy to stage an event this year and make the show their own."<ref name=schechter1/>

[[The Age]] described the immolation incident as the Communist Party's main piece of "evidence" in its campaign to portray Falun Gong as "dangerous" similar to [[Aum Shinrikyo]] or Jim Jones' cult in Guyana. It states that this attempt has "fallen flat," and the "ready availability of fire-extinguishers and official TV teams and the lack of verification about the victims" raises questions about Falun Gong involvement, and whether the incident was staged.<ref name=hamish>Hamish Mcdonald, [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784013251.html?oneclick=true What's wrong with Falun Gong], The Age, October 16, 2004</ref>

In a CBC documentary, Clive Ansley, Chair of CIPFG and China Country Monitor for Lawyers Rights’ Watch Canada states: "You've got Falun Gong people this country.. oppressed over and over again, they are not allowed to speak, they are not allowed to assert any of their rights as citizens and the level of frustration must be terribly high... I can understand people doing that.. that does not mean.. the movement is evil. But, ironically, we ultimately found out that it was a fraud anyway. It wasn't real, the people involved weren't Falun Gong members, it was completely staged by the government."<ref>[http://www.david-kilgour.com/2007/Dec_06_2007_01a.htm "Beyond The Red Wall"] - The Persecution of Falun Gong, CBC Documentary</ref>

====Discrepancies surrounding the identity of the participants====
Analysts have pointed out several inconsistencies surrounding identities of the immolators as claimed by state controlled CCTV. Liu Chunling, the only "self-immolator" to have died on the spot seems to collapse from being bludgeoned on the head by a man in military suit. Analysts have also pointed out discrepancies surrounding Liu Siying, a girl when the state media claimed was a 12 year old victim of the tragedy. One of the CNN producers at Tiananmenn Square at the time of the incident, standing just fifty feet away, said she had not seen any children there. The government claims that the doctors performed a tracheotomy on the victim. Some analysts point out that if this were true the child wouldn't have been able to speak to the Chinese media so soon after the tragedy<ref name=schechter1/> While the tragedy, as projected by state broadcasts, outraged many, only state-approved media outlets in China were given access to the child and western reporters were barred from direct contact.<ref name=ownby08>David Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China, 2008</ref> Schechter notes that she was projected by the state as a "sympathetic symbol", even a "poster child" for the supposed abuses by the "cult".

Philip Pan of the ''Washington Post'' located the home of the two purported self-immolators, Liu Siying and Liu Chunling, who state media had claimed were daughter and mother, in Kaifeng, a town in a region that drew negative publicity after a recent fire in a disco killed hundred and scarred many others. Based on his reports, analysts opine that it is doubtful if the immolators could have been practitioners. Pan discovered that the young girl's mother, Liu Chunling, was not locally known as a practitioner but was depressed, mentally unstable, was accused of beating her daughter and mother and worked as an escort in a local night club.<ref name=schechter1/> David Ownby notes that "this is hardly a typical profile of a practitioner."<ref name=ownby08/>

One of the main discrepancies pointed out by practitioners is that the people shown on the footage are not performing the exercises correctly.<ref name=schechter1/> The video false-fire draws particular attention to Wang Jindong, pointing out that neither his sitting position nor hand position reflect the positions required in the exercises of Falun Gong.<ref name=FalseFire/> WOIPFG states that analysis of the broadcasts by Speech Processing Laboratory at [[National Taiwan University]] , indicates that the first person named as Wang Jindong who appeared on CCTV was not the person who appeared the second and third times.<ref name=woipfghighlights/> Falun Gong related sources also assert that images of Wang Jindong that appeared in different state controlled media reports seem to be of different people .<ref name="FalseFire"/><ref> Clearwisdom.net, ''[http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2003/9/5/39928.html Report from the "World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong" Reveals Chinese Government Lies -- Official Government Media Seriously Violate Basic Reporting Principles and Professional Ethics]'', accessed October 4, 2007</ref>

===The January 1 article===
On January 1, 2001, Li published an article called "''Beyond the Limits of Forbearance''", wherein, according to ''Time'', Li wrote that persecution of the Fa by "evil" (i.e. the Chinese authorities) could no longer be tolerated''. [[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' said that Mr Li’s new article could have had something to do with the incident;<ref name="gittings">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,,472339,00.html China prepares for new offensive against 'dangerous' sect ], [[The Guardian]], January 29, 2001</ref> that it was implausible for it to have been staged; that the article appealed to "radical" practitioners and those feeling "desperate or out of touch with the exiled leadership”; and that "a Beijing arm of Falun Gong strongly suggested the protesters... were devotees".<ref name=breakingpoint/><ref>Hannah Beech, [http://www.time.com/time/asia/news/magazine/0,9754,97124,00.html Too Hot to Handle], [[Time (magazine)|Time]], January 29, 2001, accessed 2007-02-09</ref>

''The Guardian'''s John Gittings thought that Li had confused his supporters in his New Year message "that the 'forbearance' taught by Buddha 'does not mean tolerating evil beings'." According to Gittings, ten days later, Falun Gong in New York said that "certain disciples had some extreme interpretations [and thought] we are going to resort to violence". Falun Gong said that Mr Li meant it was time to "bring the truth to light" about China's atrocities, using peaceful ways to expose and resist the persecution.<ref name="gittings" />

David Ownby, Professor of East Asian studies at the [[University of Montreal]], refers to the same article, and says that he finds no evidence of it being interpreted as a call to violence or retaliation: "[Li] assures his followers that they are right to want to eradicate the evil forces and that this evil will indeed be eradicated—although the form taken by such apparent militancy, beginning in the spring of 2001, was that of sitting in a meditative posture and 'emitting righteous thoughts.'"<ref name=ownbyfalungong>David Ownby, Falun Gong and the future of China, Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 215</ref> Based on his research, Ownby opines "violence of any sort is so alien to Falun Gong" that it is unlikely any practitioner would interpret the message as a call to violence. He states that the understanding of most North American practitioners he talked to was that practitioners could "insist that that Falun Gong was good and the persecution was bad without having to worry about violating the cardinal tenet of forbearance".<ref name=ownbyfalungong/>

The ''Asian [[Wall Street Journal]]'' wrote that the danger of putting Li's article as cause for the immolations "implies, insidiously, that the blame lies with the victims... the fundamental, human issue is the Chinese government's brutal campaign to wipe out Falun Dafa and the misery resulting from it."<ref name=awsjlimits>Asian Wall Street Journal, [http://interactive.wsj.com/archive/retrieve.cgi?id=SB980455599118352759.djm The Limits of Forbearance] (requires registration), January 26, 2001.</ref> They write that in the face of the "brutalities" visited on practitioners, "it's not so difficult to imagine why a few persons would have succumbed to despair. And that makes them deserving of our pity rather than our cynicism."

==Chinese government's actions==

[[Image:Wjd3photos.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Three pictures broadcast by state-media, presented by Falun Gong as evidence purporting that Wang Jindong "was played by different people".]]
Following the incident, Tiananmen Square was shut down. Seven days after the event, China Central TV aired their footage of five people in flames, said to be taken by nearby surveillance cameras.<ref name=mediachannel/>

===Propaganda campaign===
Reporters Sans Frontiers, in their China annual report 2002, note that a few days before the immolation, the authorities and Chinese media had launched a new campaign against the movement.<ref name=RSF>[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=1468 The China annual report, 2002 from Reporters sans frontières]</ref>

According to Amnesty International: "[An] important part of the government’s propaganda campaign has been publicizing statements from people claiming to be former Falun Gong practitioners who denounce Falun Gong, speak of the damage the practice has brought to Chinese society, praise the government for its firm action against the movement, and eventually show their deepest gratitude towards the government’s saving them from being brainwashed by the 'evil cult'."<ref>Amnesty International. (2000). People’s republic of China: The Crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called “heretical organizations.” New York: Amnesty International USA Publications. Referenced in [http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa05/graduatefa05/gmj-fa05gradinv-yang.htm The Perfect Example of Political Propaganda: The Chinese Government’s Persecution against Falun Gong], Global Media Journal, Purdue University</ref>

Associated Press writer Christopher Bodeen wrote that "China's government is seizing on the dramatic suicide attempt by purported members of the Falun Gong sect to try and sway a public that has stood up on the sidelines during the eighteen month long crackdown"

''The New York Times''' Erick Eckholm opined that the Chinese government's propaganda was "as wooden and anachronistic as ever. First, suppress the news. Then, days later, orchestrate a crescendo of extreme television, radio and newspaper reports and editorials. Finally, marshall relatives of the duped victims to utter condemnations of the evil Master Li, then ask major groups -- from leaders of Catholic, Buddhist and Muslim churches to the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce -- to issue shrill denunciations." <ref>Erick Eckholm, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DD133EF937A35751C0A9679C8B63 "A Crackdown Burns Itself"], New York Times, Feb 4 2001, pg 4.5</ref>

The government immediately used the twelve-year-old Liu Siying as an example that Falun Gong was "harmful to children". Analysts point out that she had become a "poster child" and "sympathetic symbol" and that her image, circulated widely, outraged many. Western media was denied direct access to the victims.<ref name=mediachannel/> A media parade that followed incited 8 million students to join an ''"Anti-Cult action by the Youth Civilised Communities Across the Nation"''.<ref name="Sunderland" />

According to Government sources, she was able to speak through "approved media outlets", saying that her own mother told her to set herself on fire to reach the "heavenly golden kingdom".<ref name=mediachannel/> Within a month, chinese state authorities issued a glossy pamphlet entitled ''The Whole Story of the Self Immolation Incident Created by Falun Gong Addicts in Tiananmen Square'' featuring color photographs of charred bodies.<ref name="Sunderland" /> The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]'s "Office for the Prevention and Handling of Evil Cults", declared after the event that it was now ready to form a united front with the global anti-cult struggle.<ref name="Sunderland" /> The IHT reported state controlled media attacked Falun Gong and Li Hongzhi morning and night, on a daily basis. Meetings took place in factories, offices and universities; schools were ordered to "educate" pupils about Falun Gong. The Government announced that religious leaders from across the country had delivered denunciations. In Kaifeng, the post office issued an anti-Falun Gong postmark, and 10,000 people signed a petition denouncing the group.<ref name=oneway>Philip P. Pan, [http://www.rickross.com/reference/fa_lun_gong/falun214.html One-Way Trip to the End in Beijing], International Herald Tribune, February 5, 2001|accessdate = 2007-02-09</ref>

By March 2001, before the [[National People's Congress]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Zhu Rongji]] and former Premier [[Li Peng]] made it clear that the "elimination" of the group was top priority.<ref name="Sunderland" /> An anti-cult exhibition targeting Falun Gong was held in July 2001 at the [[China People's Revolution Military Museum]] in Beijing;<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/2001/falun_july06.htm Comments from China's Anti-Cult Exhibition], [[People's Daily]], July 27, 2001</ref> Beijing newspapers have run exhibits of "former practitioners" "thanking" the Communist Party of China for "rescuing" them.<ref name="Sunderland" />

On February 28, Chinese officials held a rare press conference "to re-iterate that recent events proved the depravity" of practitioners.<ref name=schechter1/> Ian Johnson notes that the chinese official, Mr Liu, "spent much of the news conference dodging questions about Falun Dafa practitioners who, according to human-rights and United Nations officials have died in police custody."<ref name=schechter1/>

====Intimidation of foreign correspondents====

According to [[Reporters Without Borders]], in February, state media accused CNN, the Associated Press, and Agence France-Presse news agencies of having "encouraged" the immolation at Tiananmen Square. The authorities also threatened journalists with legal action for "homicide." Reporters sans frontières' foreign correspondents in Beijing state this was an attempt by the regime to discredit foreign coverage of the country's repression against the Falun Gong movement. <ref name=RSF/> A CNN official confirms that one of his teams was arrested that day near Tiananmen Square and that police confiscated their videotapes. <ref name=RSF/> This footage was never aired.<ref name=schechter1/>

==See also==
* [[Persecution of Falun Gong]]
* [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Falun Gong]]
[[Category:2001 in China]]
[[Category:History of Beijing]]
[[Category:Political repression in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Propaganda in the People's Republic of China]]

[[cs:Falešný oheň (False Fire)]]
[[zh:天安门自焚事件]]

Jahres-Ausdauerweltrekord (Radsport)

2008-05-20T19:40:48Z

Java13690:

{{Infobox Cyclist
| ridername = Tommy Godwin
| image =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| dateofbirth = [[1912]]
| dateofdeath = [[1975]]
| height =
| weight =
| country = {{UK}}
| currentteam = Retired
| discipline = Road - Endurance rider
| role = Rider
| ridertype = All-rounder
| amateuryears = 1926–1929 
| amateurteams = Potteries CC
| proyears = 1929–1940
| proteams = Rickmansworth CC Raleigh Bicycles
| majorwins = More than 200 Amateur and Professional Road and Time Trial Events World Endurance record for a single year - 75,065 miles in 1939 World Endurance record for 100,000 miles in 500 days (May 1940)
| updated = [[May 20]], [[2008]]
}}

'''Tommy Godwin''', ([[1912]] – [[1975]]) was an [[England|English]] [[cyclist]] who holds the world cycling endurance records for the most miles covered in a single year (75,065) and the fastest ever completion of 100,000 miles.

In 1939, Tommy Godwin entered the golden book of cycling as the greatest long distance rider in the world. He rode 75,065 miles in a single year to set an endurance riding record that will never be beaten.

==Early life==
Tommy Godwin was born in 1912 in the Potteries area of [[Stoke on Trent]]. To help support his family, he took the position of delivery boy for a greengrocer's shop. With the job came a heavy iron bike, complete with metal basket. Tommy loved that bike and rode it like a demon on his daily round. The basket was hacked off and at the tender age of fourteen Tommy entered his first twenty-five mile time trial. He flew round in 65 minutes winning the race and setting a standard that would define the rest of his cycling career.

Tommy grew quickly as a cyclist and was soon spotted. He left his amateur status at Potteries CC to join Rickmansworth Cycling Club as a professional rider. After more than two hundred road and time trial wins Tommy sought a new challenge and the year mileage record beckoned.

==Professional Career==
In 1937 the Australian Ossie Nicholson had regained his year record from Briton Walter Greaves by covering a verified annual mileage of 62,657.6 miles. At 5am on January 1st 1939 Tommy set out to bring the record back home. He wasn't alone in his attempt; two other British riders started that day, Edward Swann and Bernard Bennett. Swann crashed out after 939.6 miles, but Bennett fought it out with Tommy for the rest of the year. In a gesture of sportsmanship their support teams, which included pace-makers, agreed to stop at 50,000 miles and let the riders complete the attempt on personal merit alone. Tommy was sponsored in his record attempt by the [[Raleigh Bicycle Company]] and [[Sturmey-Archer]].<ref name="MakingHistory">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/making_history.shtml BBC Radio 4 - Making History. Site includes Information, Pictures and Audio]</ref>

The details that surround Tommy Godwin's record belittle the modern cyclist. His bike weighed well over 30lb. As war came he rode through blackouts, his lights taped to the merest of glows. He had none of the modern cycling comforts. Silk knickers were substituted for chamois inserts and Tommy maintained his strict vegetarian diet throughout. For the first two months Tommy's mileage lagged 922 miles behind Nicholson's record-breaking schedule. Fighting back Tommy increased his daily average beyond 200 miles per day, and on Wednesday June 21st 1939 he completed a staggering 361 miles in eighteen hours, his longest ride of the record.

On October 26th 1939 Tommy rode into [[Trafalgar Square]] having completed 62,658 miles, gaining the record with two months to spare. That wasn’t enough. He rode on through the winter to complete an astounding 75,065 miles in the year. Still that was not enough; in May 1940 after five hundred days of riding he secured the 100,000 mile record as well. Tommy dismounted his bike and spent weeks learning how to walk again before going off to war in the [[RAF]].

==Later Career==
Tommy returned in 1945, keen to race again as an amateur. However, despite a huge petition signed by hundreds of fellow cyclists, the cycling governing bodies ruled that having ridden as a professional he was forever barred from amateur status, Undeterred, Tommy focused his efforts on others. He became team trainer and mentor to the Stone Wheelers, instilling his own steely brand of enthusiasm and determination to riders old and young alike.

Tommy died aged 63, returning from a ride to Tutbury Castle with friends. Recently a civic reception at Fenton Manor Sports Centre unveiled a plaque in his memory. Generations recount tales of the tough, dedicated cyclist whose generosity knew no bounds. Tommy had a fantastic story, yet his modesty prevailed. He had neither the time nor inclination to tell it himself. Tommy’s record is staggering, he deserves to be known and remembered as possibly the greatest endurance rider the world has seen. Any individual that has thrown leg over bike will understand that 75,065 miles in a year is simply unrepeatable. The Guinness Book of Records having deemed a repeat too dangerous, his record will stand in perpetuity

==Commemoration==
Tommy Godwin is commemorated by a plaque at [[Fenton Manor]] in [[Stoke on Trent]] that was unveiled on March 2005 by Edie Hemmings.
<ref name="BBCStoke">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2005/09/20/sport_news_archive_2005_1_feature.shtml BBC Stoke - Sports News Archive - 2005]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.phased.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=7 Tommy Godwin section of Dave Barter's Cycling site.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godwin, Tommy (cyclist born 1912)}}
[[Category:English cyclists]]

Rivière Broadback

2008-03-12T16:49:31Z

Java13690: French language tag

The '''Broadback River''' ({{lang-fr|Rivière Broadback}}) is a river in northern Quebec, Canada. It is 450 km (280 mi) long, has a [[drainage basin]] of 20,800 km² (8,030 sq. mi), and a mean discharge of 350 m³/s (3,770 ft³/s)<ref>[http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/rivers.html Atlas of Canada]</ref>. It drains into [[Rupert Bay]] (a smaller bay at the south end of [[James Bay]]), just south of the [[Rupert River]].

The Broadback, together with the [[Nottaway River|Nottaway]] and Rupert Rivers, was initially considered to be dammed and diverted as part of the [[James Bay Project]]. But in 1972 hydro-electric development began on the more northerly [[La Grande River|La Grande]] and [[Eastmain River]]s, and the NBR Project was shelved. With the decision to divert the Rupert River to the La Grande, it is not likely that the Broadback will be developed in the foreseeable future.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Rivers of Quebec]]
{{Quebec-geo-stub}}
[[fr:Rivière Broadback]]

Angelsächsischer Kapitalismus

2007-12-01T17:09:43Z

Java13690:

{{Citations missing|date=December 2006}}
{{Original research|date=September 2007}}

{{Economies}}
'''Anglo-Saxon economy''' or '''Anglo-Saxon capitalism''' (so called because it is supposedly practiced in English-speaking countries such as the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic of Ireland]],{{Fact|date=July 2007}} the [[United States]],{{Fact|date=July 2007}} [[Canada]],{{Fact|date=July 2007}} [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]]) is a [[capitalist]] [[macroeconomic]] model in which levels of regulation and taxes are low, and government provides relatively fewer services. In addition, Anglo-Saxon economies are stated to be more '[[Economic liberalism|liberal]]' and [[free-market]] oriented than other capitalist economies in the world by proponents of the term. One major point of criticism is that the economies of the Anglosphere differ as much from each other as they do from continental European economies. The British welfare state, for example, is more comparable to that of the Netherlands, Portugal or Spain than it is to the United States.<ref name="CER2005">{{cite paper
| first = Katinka | last = Barysch | authorlink = Katinka Barysch
| title = Liberal versus Social Europe | version = CER Bulletin, ISSUE 43
| publisher = Centre for European Reform
| date = August-September 2005 | accessdate = 2007-11-23
| url = http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/43_barysch.html
}}</ref>

{{cquote|
Is the gap between the Anglo-Saxon economic model and the continental one really that big? On closer inspection, there are as many similarities as there are differences. More importantly perhaps, there are signs of convergence. It is not late-night Brussels haggling that drives this convergence, but EU countries' attempts to learn from each other, and competition to find the best solutions to common problems. - Katinka Barysch, Center for European Reform, 2005
}}

Most countries on continental [[Europe]] (such as [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]) possess a macroeconomic model called continental [[capitalism]] (also called Rhenan capitalism).{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Yet, some such as Katinka Barysch, see Spain and Portugal as examples of "Anglo-Saxon" economies. The debate amongst economists as to which economic model is better, circles around perspectives involving poverty, job insecurity, social services, and inequality. Generally speaking, their advocates argue that more liberalised economies produce greater overall prosperity {{Fact|date=November 2007}}, while defenders of continental models counter that they produce lesser inequality and lesser poverty at the lowest margins{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.

== Disagreement over meaning ==
The term ''Anglo-Saxon'' to denote the English-speaking world originated from the standard French idea of ''le monde anglo-saxon''. The term refers to a particular culture in which [[capitalism]] and [[protestantism]] (in the case of the UK, some form of [[Anglicanism]]) are the main elements leading to a particular socio-economic culture. A link between protestantism and capitalism was described by [[Max Weber]] in his observation of 19th century Germany, entitled ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]''.

A common usage of "Anglo-Saxon" in the English-language media relates either to the [[English language|language]] spoken in the area which would become England, or the [[Anglo-Saxons|people of these areas]], after the arrival of Germanic tribes, primarily [[Angles]] and [[Saxons]], in the [[5th century]]. This usage has only tenuous links at best with the use of "Anglo-Saxon" to refer to modern economic models.

The relevance of the concept of the "Anglo-Saxon economy" is controversial.<ref name="CER2005"/> The UK has a higher level of taxation than the US and spends far more on the [[welfare state]] as a percentage of GDP. For example the UK spends 21.8% of GDP on welfare and state-funded healthcare, significantly lower than France or Germany, but still higher than Spain, Portugal, or the Netherlands, all in mainland Europe, and far higher than the USA's 14.8%.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2003&ED=2007&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=132-112&S=PPPPC-LUR&RequestTimeout=120&CMP=0&x=85&y=7 IMF World Economic Outlook database] 
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html CIA World Factbook] 
* {{cite web |url = http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/10/299588.html
|title = Rhine Capitalism, Anglo-Saxon Capitalism and Redistribution
|accessdate = 2007-11-23|date = 2003-11-15
|author = Eberhard Richter|coauthors = Ruth Fuchs
|format = Excerpt, English translation of German original
|work = The Future of Social Security Systems (Conference)
|publisher = Indymedia UK
}}
* {{cite news | author = Steve Schifferes
| title = Blow to EU economic reform hopes | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4602565.stm
| work = Business | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date = 2005-06-02 | accessdate = 2007-11-23
}}
* {{cite news | author = Jurgen Reinhoudt
| title = Showtime for Sarkozy | url = http://www.american.com/archive/2007/october-10-07/showtime-for-sarkozy
| work = Economic Policy | publisher = [[The American (magazine)|The American]]
| date = 2007-10-29 | accessdate = 2007-11-23
}}
* {{cite news | author = Peter Allen
| title = Nicolas Sarkozy to cement closeness to USA
| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/05/wfra105.xml
| work = News | publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph]]
| date = 2007-11-05 | accessdate = 2007-11-23
}}
* {{cite news | author = Reginald Dale
| title = Japan Is Transforming Its Economy | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/11/26/think.2.t_4.php
| work = Thinking Ahead / Commentary | publisher = [[International Herald Tribune]]
| date = 1999-11-26 | accessdate = 2007-11-23
}}

==See also==
*[[Anglosphere]]

[[Category:Economies]]

Earl Shilton Castle

2007-11-18T13:14:47Z

Java13690:

{{GBthumb|121|196|SP472980}}
'''Earl Shilton''' is a large village or small town in [[Leicestershire]], [[England]], some {{convert|5|mi|km|0}} from [[Hinckley]] and about 10 miles (16 km) from [[Leicester]], with a population of around 9,000 (as of 2005).

==History==
{{Cleanup-remainder|date=June 2007}}

== Industry ==

Between the 19th and late 20th centuries, Earl Shilton was a busy industrial village consisting of numerous Shoe, Hosiery and Knitwear factories. At one point Earl Shilton produced boots for none other than Russia's Red Army. Many of these businesses have now closed due to competition from the far east, but a very few still continue into the 21st century.

Increasingly heavy traffic flow through the village has led to the planning of a bypass. Work is due to start in Autumn 2007 with the road opening by late 2008. [http://www.leics.gov.uk/index/highways/road_improvements/major_transport_projects/a47_earl_shilton_bypass.htm].

== Iron Age and Roman Earl Shilton ==

Small but steep sided Shilton Hill, the site where the village of Earl Shilton would evolve was a well-known landmark to the Celtic [[Iron Age]], tribes of South [[Leicestershire]]. Below the hill ran an ancient trackway known as the Salt Road, which began at [[Croft, Leicestershire]] and ran into the northwest over [[Ambion Hill]] and onto the Mease Valley, connecting east and west [[Leicestershire]].

A tribe known as the [[Corieltauvi]] constructed this ancient road, running along the southern edge of the Great Leicester Forest, a vast tract impenetrable of woodland which entirely covered west [[Leicestershire]] and stretched up into [[Nottingham]] and [[Derbyshire]]. The Salt Road would prove to be a major artery of trade and passage for many centuries to come. Indeed [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] used this route to move his army to [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Bosworth Field]] in 1485. (''Foss'')
The [[Corieltauvi]] tribe had moved to Britain from continental Europe some time after 100 BC.

They were a confederation of [[Belgae]] warriors who came over from the continent and carved out a kingdom, which stretched from the Humber to south of [[Leicestershire]]. These ancient Britons were not really a unified tribe, but a collection of like-minded peoples sharing the same outlook and way of life.
The tribe generally did not rely on hill forts for their protection. It appears that the [[Corieltauvi]] were better farmers than warriors, for they lived in lowland settlements, usually beside streams, frequently surrounded, or even hidden, by areas of thick forest.

The [[Roman army]] arrived in [[Great Britain|Britain]] in 43 AD, and quickly set about its conquest. Roman Legions spread north and west and by AD 47 were pushing on into [[Leicestershire]]. At this time, [[Corieltauvi]] tribal chiefs were being severely harassed by their aggressive neighbours, the warlike [[Brigantes]], and so welcomed the Romans as a source of protection and stability. [[Ostorius Scapula]], the Roman Governor in Britain, therefore established the frontier zone delineated by the [[Fosse Way]] through the middle of friendly [[Corieltauvi]] territory.

Earl Shiltons’ first industry arrived during this period, as a pottery was established on Shilton Heath, (behind the modern day Heathfield High School). There was an excellent vein of clay found in the vicinity of Earl Shiltons’ Roman kiln. Early in the second century it started banging out low grade, grey ware pots, used for everyday cookery and storage (''John Lawrence'').
Locally there was another pottery at [[Desford]], and [[Stoney Stanton]] lived up to its name by boasting a Roman quarry.

== Saxon and Danish Settlement ==

Following the departure of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], [[Jutes]], [[Angles]] and [[Saxons]] were rapidly spreading throughout [[England]]. The Britons, in fierce fighting, checked these [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] for a time, but by the mid sixth century the [[Anglo Saxons]] had started to expand once again, eventually carving out six kingdoms. Earl Shilton lay in the kingdom of [[Mercia]]. [[Mercia]] was built around the [[River Trent]] and the rivers that flow into it, such as the [[River Soar]].

The first recorded attacks on Saxon England by [[Viking]] raiders came at the end of the eighth century. Being well inland, early [[Viking]] raids did not affect the villagers of Earl Shilton. But in 874 – 875 a great heathen army of Danes moved up the [[River Trent]] and into the heart of [[Mercia]]. They attacked and overran [[Nottingham]] before moving their ships along the [[River Trent]] into North [[Leicestershire]].

The [[Viking|Vikings]] called their farmsteads a ‘thorpe’, and designated who owned the land with the word ‘by’. There are many examples of villages with Viking names such as [[Elmesthorpe]], [[Ullesthorpe]], Ashby and Cosby, which show the Danish settlement throughout [[Leicestershire]], while in [[Warwickshire]] there are few. The name [[Elmesthorpe]], originally Aylmersthorpe, derived from a Saxon lord named Aylmer and Thorpe, a Danish word for village. Earl Shilton retained its Saxon name of Sheltone despite the settlement of Danes in the area. The name relates to a ‘shelf’ as the original village was perched on the hill around Hilltop.

Before the [[Norman Conquest]] the Saxon Theign, or Lord, of Earl Shilton is not known, but records show that Shultone had 5 ploughlands worth 5 shillings at the time of [[Edward the Confessor]]. Shultone’s neighbour, the village of [[Barwell]], stood on the lands of [[Leofric, Earl of Mercia]] (''John Lawrence).''

== The Normans ==

One of the parcels of land gifted to [[Hugh de Grandmesnil]]<ref name = "Domesday">''Domesday Book: A Complete Transliteration''. London: Penguin, 2003. p. 655 ISBN 0-14-143994-7</ref> by King [[William the Conqueror]] was the village of Scheltone, now known as Earl Shilton. The village measured some 500 [[acre]]s (2 km²), standing on the top of a long, narrow ridge in the southwest of the county. Schulton or Scheltone is an ancient word, which means shelf. Shilton is therefore Scheltone or shelf-town. The village boasted 3 [[plough]]s, with 1 [[serf]] and 4 [[sokemen]]. Sokemen were the highest class of free peasants, a lower [[aristocracy]], and were thought to be the descendents of the [[Dane]]s who settled in the [[East Midlands]]. The village also had a priest, 10 villeins and 5 bordars. Villeins and Bordars were below Sokemen and tied to the land. Villeins often held between 30 to 100 acres (100,000 to 400,000 m²), while Bordars were of a lower standing and usually had a smallholding.

Attached to the village of Sheltone were 12 acres (50,000 m²) of meadow and a [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] of 16 pence (£0.07) value, with woodland 8 [[furlong]]s (1609 m) in length and 3 broad valued at 70 shillings (£3.50). Following the [[Norman conquest|Norman]] invasion there must have been some inflation as during the time of [[Edward the Confessor]] Sheltone’s woodland was valued at 5 shillings (£0.25).

== Grandmesnil and Beaumont ==

The development of the medieval manor at Earl Shilton is closely entwined with the animosity between two Norman aristocratic families, Grandmesnil (also called Grentmesnil) and Beaumont.

In 1094, Hugh de Grandmesnil was worn out with age and infirmity. In accordance with the common practice of the period, he took the habit of a monk, but expired six days after he had taken to his bed on 22nd of February at Leicester. Hugh’s eldest son, Robert, inherited his Norman lands in the Ouch valley, while Ivo de Grandmesnil became Sheriff of Leicester, and master of Earl Shilton manor.

Our story of the Grandmesnil’s begins in the mid eleventh century, in central Normandy, where the family were famous for the breeding and training of the great war horses of the age, so prized by the knights. The De Grandmesnil’s had made a fortune from a string of stud farms which they owned on the plains of Ouch, but during the minority of Duke William the stability of Normandy began to breakdown. Norman society was brutal at the best of times, but now it went into overdrive, as old scores were settled as the barons made a grab for each other’s territories.

[[Roger de Beaumont]] brought savage warfare to the lands of Roger de Tosny, as he tried to grasp control of the Risle valley, in 1041. De Tosny was joined by his ally Robert de Grandmesnil, but in June their forces were shattered in a surprise attack by the Beaumont clan. In the savage fight, de Tosny and two of his sons were killed. Robert de Grandmesnil fared little better. He was carried from the field mortally wounded only to die of his wounds three weeks later. His two sons, Robert and Hugh divided his property between them; Robert joined the church, while Hugh took on his father’s mantle of warrior politician.

[[Hugh de Grandmesnil]] wielded power at the court of William Duke of Normandy, but the paranoid Duke banished Hugh in 1058. For five years Hugh was out of favour at court but in 1063 he was reinstated as Captain of the castle of Neufmarch en Lions.
The Grandmesnil star continued to rise and Hugh was made a cavalry commander for the invasion of England in 1066.

England’s’ King Harold was in Yorkshire defeating a Viking army when news was brought that the Duke of Normandy had crossed the channel, and he immediately started south to meet this new threat. Rashly Harold forced marched his Saxon army to Kent where he met William on the battlefield of Hastings.

There is a popular story that Hugh de Grandmesnil almost came to a sticky end at the battle of Hastings ''(wace).'' As fierce battle raged, Hugh’s horse leapt a bush, during a cavalry charge and his bridle broke. Barely able to keep upright in the saddle, and with no control over his horse, Hugh saw to his dismay that he was all alone, and careering towards a great band of Englishmen, each wielding a five foot axe while baying for blood. In moments the English would surround him and hack him down. But just as Hugh was preparing to die and his enemies leaped in for the kill, the Saxons gave out a great shout in triumph. Hugh’s horse immediately shied in fear and bolted in the opposite direction. Frightened by the Saxon victory cry, the stallion carried its helpless master away from the English and back to the safety of his own lines. By shear luck Hugh had survived, aiding his Duke in victory. With the death of Harold, late in the day, Duke William became [[William I of England|King William I]] of England

Following the conquest William I assailed Leicester, and took the city by storm in 1068, about two years after the Battle of Hastings. In the assault a large portion of the city was destroyed, along with St. Mary's Church. William handed the Government of Leicester over to the tender mercies of Hugh de Grandmesnil, one of the Norman adventurers.

He also gave De Grandmesnil a 100 manors for his services, sixty-five of them in Leicestershire, including Earl Shilton. He was appointed sheriff of the county of Leicester and Governor of Hampshire. He married the beautiful Adeliza, daughter of lvo, Count of Beaumont-sur-l'Oise, with whom he inherited estates in Herefordshire, and three lordships in Warwickshire. Hugh had become one of William the Conquerors main men in England and was at the heart of Anglo-French politics. In 1067 he joined with William Fitz Osbern and Bishop Odo in the government of England, during the King's absence in Normandy. He also was one of the Norman nobles who interceded with the Conqueror in favour of Williams’ son Robert Court-heuse, and effected a temporary reconciliation.

Earl Shilton, like many English villages, first appears in recorded history in the Doomesday Book of 1086, which is the first complete tax record for the whole kingdom. One of the parcels of land gifted to Hugh de Grandsmesnil by King William the Conqueror was the village of Scheltone, now known as Earl Shilton. The village measured some 500 acres (2 km²), standing on the top of a low ridge in the southwest of the county. Schulton or Scheltone is an ancient word, which means shelf. The village boasted 3 ploughs, with 1 serf and 4 sokemen. Sokemen were the highest class of free peasants, a lower aristocracy, and were thought to be the descendents of the Danish army, who had settled in the East Midlands during the wars with Wessex. The village also had a priest, 10 villeins and 5 bordars. Villeins and Bordars were below Sokemen, slaves tied to the land and their lords whim. Villeins often held between 30 to {{convert|100|acre|sqkm|1}}, while Bordars were of a lower standing and usually had a smallholding. Attached to the village of Sheltone were 12 acres of meadow and a mill of 16 pence value, with woodland 8 furlongs in length and 3 broad valued at 70 shillings. Following the Norman invasion there must have been some inflation as during the time of Edward the Confessor Sheltone’s woodland was valued at 5 shillings. The population of the village would have been 75 to 80 people.

The fields of Earl Shilton manor were open spaces divided, almost imperceptibly, into long narrow strips. Only the fields being grazed by cattle were fenced. The others are open and are identifiable as separate fields only by the crops which they bear. The unusual detail is that the single crop in each field is separately farmed - in individual strips - by peasant families of the local village.

Some of the strips which belong to the local lord, were farmed for him by the peasants under their feudal obligations. Strip-farming is central to the life of a medieval rural community. It involves an intrinsic element of fairness, for each peasant's strips were widely spread over the entire manor; every family will have the benefit of good land in some areas, while accepting a poor yield elsewhere. The strips also enforce an element of practical village democracy. The system only works if everyone sows the same crop on their strip of each open field. What to sow and when to harvest it are communal decisions. The field cannot be fenced, or the cattle let into it, until each peasant has reaped his own harvest. But when the harvest was in the Peasant would also have no other choice but to pay their lord to grind the corn in his mill.

Ploughing too is a communal affair. The heavy wheeled plough needed for northern soils is expensive, as are horses or oxen to pull it. So a team of horses and plough works successive strips of an open field for different peasants. The long narrow shape of the strips reflects the difficulty of turning the team at each end. In addition to the open fields, each village or manor has common land where peasants have a right to graze cattle, collect wood, cut turf and at times catch fish.

Adelize the wife of Hugh de Grandmesnil died at Rouen in 1087, and was buried in the Chapter House of St. Evroult. They had five sons and as many daughters together - namely, Robert, William, Hugh, lvo, and Aubrey; and daughters Adeline, Hawise, Rohais, Matilda, and Agnes
On the death of William the Conqueror, also in 1087, the Grandmesnil’s like most of the Norman barons were caught up in the civil war raging between his three surviving sons. Now lands in Normandy and England had two different masters, as Robert became Duke of Normandy and William Rufus was installed as the king of England. Royal family squabbles put fortunes at risk if Barons took the wrong side, and ultimately this was the fate of the Grandmesnil family for they tended to support the fickle Duke of Normandy against the Engilish king, although alegencies changed cotinually. Duke Robert did not always support his barons loyalty, which is illustrated in Hugh’s later struggles.

By 1090 Hugh de Grandmesnil, even as an old man, was still defending his lands in Normandy. Hugh made a stand along with his friend Richard de Courci at the Castle of Courci sur Dive, as Robert de Belesme laid siege to them. Belesme had driven his army into the lands along the river Orme, and the Norman Barons, in the true tradition of clan warfare, had quickly joined the fight depending on what suited their political and territorial ambitions.

Robert de Belesme did not have enough troops to totally surround the castle of Courci, so he set about building a great wooden engine called the Belfry. This monster was a great tower which had several floors and could be rolled up to the castle walls, delivering scores of knights to the front line on the castle walls. But unfortunately for Belesme, every time the Belfry was rolled forward, Grandmesnil sallied from the castle and attacked a different part of the line. This would mean that soldiers manning the Belfry were urgently needed elsewhere to beat back Grandmesnil’s attack. These skirmishes were frequent savage and bloody. On one occasion William, son of Henry de Ferrers (another Leicestershire landowner, whose family would become Earls of Derby), and William de Rupiere were captured by de Grandmesnil and ransomed for a small fortune. But the boot was on the other foot when Ivo de Grandmesnil, Hugh’s son, and Fitz Gilbert de Clare were seized by the attackers. Ivo was later released, but de Clare unfortunately did not survive the horrors Belesme’s dungeon (Planche).

As the siege continued a bizarre deadly ritual was played out. The inhabitants of Courci had built their oven outside the castle’s fortifications, and it now lay midway between the main gate and the enemy’s Belfry. The men of Courci therefore, would stand to arms and rush from the castle to surround the oven, so that the baker could go to work. Here they would defend their bread, as the attackers would attempt to carry it off. This would often lead to a general engagement as each side poured more troops into the fray. There was much slaughter over a few loaves of bread. But on one occasion Grandmesnil’s charge was so ferocious that De Belesme’s men were scattered. The men of Courci over ran the great siege engine. It was quickly torched, the blaze reducing it to a pile of ashes. But this success was short lived, as Duke Robert of Normandy took sides with De Belesme. It now looked all over for De Grandmenil and De Courci. Fortunately, King William Rufus arrived with a fleet in arms against his brother, and so Duke Robert and De Belesme simply packed up and went home. This illustrates Norman baronial society, where petty land squabbles escalate into all out warfare. Friends and allies are made on the spur of the moment to suit current circumstance, and enemies are very easily made.

In 1094, Hugh de Grandmesnil was again in England, and worn out with age and infirmity, finding and his end approaching. In accordance with the common practice of the period, he took the habit of a monk, but expired six days after he had taken to his bed on 22nd of February at Leicester. His body, preserved in salt and sewn up in the hide of an ox, was conveyed to the valley of the Ouche in Normandy by two monks. He was laid to rest at the Abbey of St. Evroult, and buried by the Abbot Roger on the south side of the Chapter House, near the tomb of Abbot Mainer.

Hugh’s eldest son, Robert, inherited his Norman lands in the Ouch valley, while [[Ivo de Grandmesnil]] became Sheriff of Leicester, and master of Earl Shilton manor.
Following a long futile war with his brother William Rufus, Duke Robert through his tardiness failed to take the English crown. Duke Robert had decided to take off on the first crusade in 1095 and simply packed up and set off for Jerusalem. Robert would lease Normandy to William Rufus for 10,000 marks and use the money to equip a well armed force. While peasant armies struggled overland the well to do went by ship. William's brother Odo and many others, who had rebelled against William Rufus in 1088, felt that this was a good way to avoid the English kings wrath. Ivo de Grandmesnil, Sheriff of Leicester, along with his brothers thought it best to saddle up and get out of town.

Robert of Normandy was one of the leaders of the Christian army, but he was just a barbarian warrior in the opinion of the Emperor in Constantinople. The crude turbulent crusaders soon pushed on from the elegant court of Constantinople, to the siege of Nicaea, which quickly fell. This early success soon led to grumbling among the Christian army, as there was no sack of the city to satisfy their bloodlust and thirst for plunder. They did not trust the Emperor and friends now eyed each other with suspicion. The Crusaders now crossed the deserts of Anatolia in a nightmare journey arguing with their allies, who they relied on for food and guides. They managed to drive off the Turks at the battle of Ramalah but gloom soon descended again as ‘Gods army’ reached Antioch.

The siege of Antioch lasted for nearly eight months, and for the crusaders outside its walls life was miserable business. In just a few weeks the food had ran out, and the Turks who roamed the mountains killed any Christian who strayed to far from camp. A harsh winter turned the pilgrims’ inadequate shelter into a stinking bog. Clothes rotted on men’s backs, and just when things could not get any worse, a massive Turkish army approached. Despondency and panic took hold among the Christians and there were mass desertions.

But the Christians for once had a stroke of luck. A Turkish captain was persuaded to give up his tower for gold, and he led the crusaders into the city by night. Finally the great city had fallen, but the victory was a hollow one. Antioch was bare after an eight-month siege, there was no food to be had, and to cap it all the next day a fresh Turkish army appeared at the gates. The crusaders were caught like rats in a trap. Exhausted, sick and depressed the army of Christ did not even had enough fit men to man the entire length of the city walls. It was a grim daily struggle to hold the Turks at bay. On the third day of the siege, after a terrible battle on the walls that lasted well into the night, the Grandmesnil brothers, planned to escape their inevitable slaughter. William Grandmesnil, his brother Aubrey and Ivo of Grandmesnil, banded together with several other knights and their followers, and undercover of darkness secretly let themselves down from the wall on ropes. They fled on foot to the coast and in a wretched state reached the port of St Simeon.

The motley Crusaders in Antioch miraculously drove off the new Turkish army at Antioch, and eventually went on to take Jerusalem. While the Grandmesnils would come to regret their premature departure.

Upon his victorious return from the crusades, Duke Robert was appalled to find that his young brother had snatched the throne of England. William Rufus had died in a hunting accident, and Henry had moved swiftly to stake his shaky claim, and now sat firmly on the throne.
It appears that Ivo de Grandmesnil was influenced by his brother Robert, who held the family lands in Normandy, and joined the faction fighting against King Henry of England. War quickly followed.

Duke Robert set sail for England in 1101 and his army caught up with Henry at Alton, on the Winchester road. A peace was quickly negotiated and Robert went back to Normandy with promises of English gold. Unfortunately, this left the Duke’s supporters high and dry and king Henry, ‘a famously unpleasant individual’ took note of his enemies, including the Grandmesnils (Morris).

King Henry bestowed the manors of Barwell, Burbage, Aston, Sketchley and Dadlington on Hugh de Hastings, as he set about getting rid of any baronial opposition. Thus, Ivo, Sheriff of Leicester, found that he was in disgrace at court, and also swamped with lawsuits and delayed judgements by the king. The cronies of the king’s court treated Ivo like a standing joke, and courtiers openly called him ‘ropedancer’, a reference to his escape from Antioch. His star was definitely on the wane, and when he over reacted to the jibes, Ivo was fined for turbulent conduct at court. To escape his situation, Ivo had little choice but to finance another trip to the Holy Land, where he could regain his honour fighting for god.

Ivo approached Robert Beaumont, Count Mulan, to procure a reconciliation with the king, and to advance him five hundred silver marks for his expedition. For this service the whole of Ivo's domains were pledged to Beaumont as a security for fifteen years. Beaumont was also to give the daughter of his brother Henry, Earl of Warwick, in marriage to Ivo's son, Baron Hinckley, who was still in his infancy, and to restore him his father's inheritance. This contract was confirmed by oath, and ratified by the King. But the luckless Ivo died on his crusade to Jerusalem, and when he did not return Robert Beaumont broke his oaths and took control of the whole of Leicester. He dispossessed Ivos’ children, forgot about the marriage, and added all the Grandmesnil estates to his own. By slight of hand, Earl Shilton manor was now held by Robert Beaumont, who was created the first Earl of Leicester by the king.

Ivo’s son and heir, Hugh de Grandmesnil, Baron Hinckley, never recovered the honour of Leicester, however, his daughter, Petronella, married Robert de Beaumont, the third Earl of Leicester, and thus the two antagonistic families were joined.

Robert Beaumont, Count of Mulan, died on the 5th of June 1118, and his son, another Robert, known as Bossu, became the 2nd Earl of Leicester. Robert and his twin brother, Waleran, were taken into the court of King Henry I on the death of their father. Although Robert Bossu held lands throughout the country, in the 1120’s he began to rationalise his estates in Leicestershire. The estates of the See of Lincoln and the Earl of Chester were seized by force. This gave Bossu a compact block of estates which were bounded by Nuneaton, Loughborough, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough.

== Earl Shilton Castle ==

[[Robert Beaumont]] (''Bossu'') was present at the death of King Henry in 1135, and the Earl of Leicester became a close advisor to the new king Stephen. Unfortunately Henrys’ daughter Matilda felt that she should be on the throne, and with the aid of her half brother the Earl of Gloucester, launched a ferocious war upon her cousin Stephen.

As the defence of his lands became paramount, it is likely that Robert Bossu began the fortification of Shilton Hill. The Earl of Leicester’s’ new motte and bailey castle would protect the vale of Kirkby, along with Beaumont’s lines of communication to the South and West.

Earl Shiltons’ castle was built around the site of an existing twelfth century chapel called Saint Peters that lies between Church Street and Almey’s Lane. This area is known locally as ‘Hall Yard’. Nearby are the springs, from which the castle drew its water, now known as Spring Gardens.

The castle, as a fortress, lasted for 30 to 40 years before its destruction, and subsequent conversion to a hunting lodge. There are no records of a siege or fighting in the area of Earl Shilton, even during the civil war, which probably shows that the castle was doing its job (''John Lawrence''). When the church was rebuilt in 1854, the stone was used from the castle for its construction.

In 1173 it was Prince Henry who started a rebellion against his father King Henry II. Robert Beaumont the Earl of Leicester was in France when the rebellion began and eagerly joined the Prince’s faction fighting several battles. While still on the road, on October 17th at Farnham, outside Bury St Edmunds the king’s supporters attacked. Norfolk and Leicester were surprised and defeated. The miserable Beaumont was captured and carted off to prison at Falaise in Normandy.

The king now set about destroying the Earl of Leicester’s castles, and the demolition men soon moved into Earl Shilton. Only the fortress of Leicester and Mount Sorrell survived this destruction. However, Earl Shilton manor would remain, after all it was a good source of revenue.

== Shilton Park ==

Shilton Park was probably created by [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester]], after he became Earl of Leicester. De Montfort’s association with the village was such that he added the prefix ‘Earl’ to its name.

In medieval times the park was a rich mans playground, and definitely not for the leisure and recreation of the masses, rather like an exclusive golf club today. The original purpose of Shilton Park therefore, was to provide a hunting ground, stocked with game, for the lord of the manors’ sport and table. Internally the park was surrounded by a deep ditch, to keep the animals in, and behind it, a high fence to keep the general population out. The Earl of Leicester’s park of Tooley sat below Shilton Hill, stretching into the northwest towards Desford. It enclosed {{convert|450|acre|sqkm|1}} and it cost an absolute fortune to maintain.

The upkeep of the park lay in the hands of the Earls bailiff, or ‘Keeper of the park’, a much sought after occupation, as Shilton Park generated substantial revenue to help offset its huge running costs. It supplied a rich source of timber, horses were raised, and the park provided a continual supply of fresh meat, while fees were levied on anyone wishing to graze their animals on parklands. One of the perks of the bailiff was that he could graze his own animals in the park freely, at the Earls’ discretion.

== Medieval Earl Shilton ==

King Henry briefly held Shilton manor and park following the death of Simon de Montfort, before giving it over to his son Edmund. Created Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, Edmund ‘crouchback’ took possession of Earl Shilton in 1272, for a security of 3,000 gold marks, and the parish was held of Lancaster from this time (John Lawrence).

The great earl appointed Richard de Schulton, the elder, as his man in Earl Shilton, whose job it was to manage the running of the estate. He also collected the Earls’ dues. A service that Richard de Schulton would perform for the Earls of Lancaster for roughly the next thirty years.

'''The Manor of Sheltone 1297'''
The main house with gardens and all its issues are worth three shillings.
There are {{convert|240|acre|sqkm|1}} worth yearly £7 at 6d per acre. There are in villainage 34 bovates of land for which the villains render 10/- 5d. There are 8 acres of land in villeinage which render 49s 8d. The natives hold 27 acres 1 rood which render 27s 41/2d. Free tenants render 27s 7 1/2 d. The cottars render 80 hens worth 6s 8d. There is a windmill and a watermill worth 53s 4d, a pasture worth 40shillings. The grazing is worth 10s. The Park of Tolowe (Tooley) is not extended because the bailiff has all his animals there.

A knight, '''Richard de Schulton''', the elder, held the land from Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and saw to the daily business of the estate. Richard is the first person that we know who lived and worked in Earl Shilton. His recorded history began when he attended King Edward I Easter court at Leicester in 1283. Richard de Schulton and his wife, Constance, became lord and lady of the manor, and had at least two sons, Richard, the younger, and John. The family were minor Leicestershire gentry who are known to have held other lands in Thurleston, Mershton, Normanton juxta Thurleston, Weston juxta Blaby, Normanton Turville, Countesthorp and Bitmeswelle.

[[Thomas of Lancaster]] became the new overlord of Shilton Manor in 1298, on the death of his father Edmund ‘Crouchback’. Earl Shilton manor at this time had {{convert|240|acre|sqkm|1}} worth yearly £7. Two years later, in 1300, Thomas of Lancaster was fighting in the Scottish Wars alongside his uncle Edward I at the siege of Caerlaverock castle.

The same year Roger of Desford’s son, Richard, along with his friend Simon, son of the provost, were caught cutting down trees and carting them from Priors Wood in Kirkby Mallory, and Richard de Schulton brought them up before the king’s justice later that year demanding compensation.

It was some time before 1314, Richard de Schulton, the elder, died. His wife Constance, re married and William de Nevil moved into the manor with her. This took up much court time, as the family squabbled over their inheritance with the younger Richard de Shulton.

William de Nevil was also in court for various crimes and thefts of his property. In 1321 three men from Shilton, Ricard Blodewe, John Annys and John, son of Rodger, were all charged with taking Will de Nevils’ boar, worth 20 shillings and hunting it maliciously with dogs.

In 1324 Henry, who had succeeded his brother to the title of Leicester and Lancaster, met with John Norton Mayor of Leicester and his burgesses at Shulton Manor. The great Earls’ arrival at Earl Shilton must have been a grand occasion, as accommodation and food were made available for a large retinue of barons, knights and servants.

'''Cost to the Mayor and Burgess of Leicester for meeting Henry, the Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, at the manor of Shulton 1324.'''

'''The burgess records recall the expenses of the occasion'''

To Robert of Cadeby for having his counsel 2 shillings
On Friday before the Lords coming
- bread 6 ½ d
- wine 2 s 8d

Sent to Sir Thomas le Blount and Sir Ric de Rivers
Present to the Earl
- bread 29s
- wine £8 16s
- 3 carcasses of beef £2 5s
- 7 pigs £1 11s 6d
- with porterage and dressing 7d
- 20 quarters of oats £1 17s 6d
21 pairs of hose, given to the esquires and officials £1 11s 0d
To the Earls messenger 1 shilling for hose
To the poultry keeper 6d for shoes
Total £17 17s 31/2d
''Borough of Leicester records''

An armed raid took place in Earl Shilton in 1326.
Nicholas de Charnels, at the head of a band brigands rode into Earl Shilton intent on plunder ''(John Lawrence).'' This party of raiders contained three other knights, the parson of Aylmesthorp (Elmsthorpe), along with their servants and retainers. They burst into the manor house yard and grabbed what they could, eventually riding off with goods and chattels worth £300. Will de Nevill must have been distraught for he had lost an absolute fortune. But the manor was held from Henry Earl of Lancaster, and it was not long before the miscreants were up in court.
In the Trinity court of Edward II, held in Leycester 1326 -

Nicolas de Carnels, Parson John de Charnels, Walter de Bodicote of Weston, Richard de la Hay of Aylmersthorp and Roger de Claybrook of Leycester, were made to answer for their crime.

'''Richard de Schulton''', the younger, had been born in the twilight years of the thirteenth century, and would become a young knight in the retinue of Henry de Ferrers of Groby. Henry de Ferrers, was a notable warrior who fought for Edward III in Scotland and France. Henry married Isabel Verdon and took part in the first battle of the Hundred Years War at Sluys. On 23rd July 1340 the English attacked the French fleet. Sluys was a dramatic naval victory for Edward III. The French ships were chained together, while the English remained mobile, and were able to destroy the French ships

The grand old lady, Constance de Shulton expired on the 20th May 1349, the year the Black Death arrived at Earl Shilton. Her second husband Will de Nevil had already died, some twelve years before, in 1337. Whether her death was related to the dread plague is unknown, but she was over seventy years of age. She had seen off two husbands who had been Lords of the manor at Earl Shilton, and had been at the heart of Leicestershire knightly society since the rein of Edward I. Her son Richard, who must have been in his 50’s, took over running the family estates at Earl Shilton. Richard de Shulton also lived for over seventy years, but by 1361 John de Neld held the manor at Shulton on the death of Henry Grosmont, Earl of Leicester.

In the September of 1365, burglars were at work in Neubold Verdon. Tomas Danyel of Shulton and William Bannebury of Neubold, took away goods and chattels from the home of William Savage, the parson, and ‘dispastured his hurbage with cattle.’

[[John of Gaunt]] the fourth son of King Edward III, was born at Ghent (or Gaunt) in Flanders, in 1340. In 1359, at Reading Abbey, he married Blanche, the younger of the two daughters of Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster. The manor of Earl Shilton was given to Gaunt as part of her dowry.

John of Gaunt would often enjoy the hunting offered by Shilton Park and its Manor, when he was in residence at Leicester Castle.

Robert de Swillington, a knight, was leasing a plot of land in Shilton Park by 1392. This included Priors Wood, 10 acres in Kirkby Mallory, and Shilton Wood, another 8 acres. It was passed onto Roger de Swillington, who on his death, in 1418, left the property to his son John. Unfortunately John de Swillington did not have long to enjoy his inheritance. He died the following year and the woodland was passed to his sister Joan. The De Swillington family’s association with Shilton Park ended with the death of Joan in 1427.

A gang of serial poachers were caught in Shilton Park in 1420. Three men from Thorneton, Yeoman Thomas Harryson, together with Thomas Jakes and William Northowe, both husbandmen, aided by John Oakes of Odeston, were all charged with ‘breaking the kings park of Schulton and hunting therein’.
William Armeston, representing the king also accused them of the same crime at Desford and Leicester Firth (New Parks). How the court disposed of these illicit hunters is not recorded, but the kings retribution would probably be administered in a swift and grizzly fashion.

Hostilities in France continued, but momentum swung to the French with the appearance of Joan of Arc in 1428. The Nock Verges, Earl Shiltons’ archery ground, would have been in constant use during this time as the wars with France raged on.

During the rein of the Yorkist [[King Edward IV]], the Shilton Park laws were rescinded, probably as it had belonged to the Lancastrian princes, and the land was given over to the Ruding family.

On Friday, August 19th, [[King Richard III]] left Nottingham and travelled south toward the city of Leicester. In Leicester, with his captains still mustering his men, he learned from his scouts that the army of Lord Stanley was at Stoke Golding while William Stanley was at Shenton. Henry Tudor and his small army were camped around Atherstone. On the following day, Richard and his royal army left the city of Leicester expecting to meet his rival near Hinckley.

Swinging into the southwest, Richard is thought to have used the ancient track way to Shilton Hill and his army spent the night camped around the churches of Shulton and Elmesthorpe. No doubt all the food in the village was requisitioned before the royal army moved on to Sutton Cheyney and Ambion Hill where Richard was defeated and killed.

But even in Earl Shilton, a manor that historically belonged to the house of Lancaster, cheers were muted. For as the Earl of Richmond’s foreign mercenaries marched on to Leicester they carried the sweating sickness with them. This can be traced in contemporary records, from Milford Haven to Leicestershire (Biggs). Sweating sickness, also known as the "English sweate" (Lat. sudor anglicus), was a mysterious and highly virulent disease which struck England and later Europe in a series of epidemics the first beginning in 1485 and the last in 1551, afterwards apparently vanishing. The onset of symptoms was dramatic and sudden, with death often occurring within hours. Its cause remains unknown.

At the end of the Wars of the Roses Edward Trussel held plots of land in Derby, Earl Shilton and was Overseer of Elmesthorpe manor held from Lord de la Zouche. Elmesthorpe was valued at £34 at this time, while his holdings in Earl Shilton were worth 40 shillings. When Trussel died his children were still young and his lands were held by the king, for his son, John Trussel, was still in his minority. Unfortunately John Trussel did not have very long to enjoy his estates, for he quickly followed his father, dying on 20th December 1499. The next heir was John’s sister, Elizabeth, who was born in 1497, and was ten years old when the court granted her inheritance in 1507. We do not know what befell little Elizabeth Trussel, but shortly after this period Elmesthorpe was depopulated and the church fell into disrepair.

Following the battle of Bosworth, [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] reinstated the Park laws for Earl Shilton. Henry Churchman was appointed bailiff for the parks upkeep, and also bow bearer for the park of Leicester Firth (New Parks). George Hastings became the keeper of Earl Shilton and Hinckley Parks in 1507, and by 1560 the keeper was George Vincent.

During the rein of [[Henry VIII]], the crown gave a parcel of the lands in Earl Shilton to Trinity Hospital, Cambridge.

== Elizabethan Earl Shilton ==

At the time of [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1564, there were ten families living in Earl Shilton, strangely a smaller population than at the time of the Doomesday book in 1086. But the old squabbles over land rights were still prevalent. During Elizabeth’s’ rein the local gentry such as Richard Grey, Richard Dylke of Kirkby Mallory, William Jervis of Peatling Magna, John Harrington and John Watters were all arguing about ownership of land in Earl Shilton between 1580 and 1594.

By the turn of the seventeenth century, Sampson Goodhall, gentleman, was the head of a well to do family living in Earl Shilton. The summer of 1608 saw the family owning several cottages, pastures, ploughlands and meadows, along with orchards and gardens. However, the Goodhalls’ were to suffer badly despite their wealth (''John Lawrence'').

In 1611, Leicestershire suffered from a severe outbreak of the Plague. Infected houses were marked with a cross, business was practically suspended, and there, seemed to be no one with sufficient knowledge to cope with, or mitigate, the effects of the epidemic. During the plague years Shilton suffered like most other villages.

Sampson Goodhall began burying his family at the beginning of May -
Will Goodhall, Sampsons son, buried May 9th.
Rich Goodhall, another son, was buried May 10th.
Anna Goodhall, buried May 9th.
Maria Goodhall, buried June 1st.
Ann Goodhall, Sampsons wife, was buried June 8th. In total for the year 1611.

21 deaths occurred in Earl Shilton, double that of the previous year (''Parish Records'').

Sampson survived the plague, for by the Autumn of 1615, he and his new wife, Isobel, were in the law courts of King James I. George Arlington esq paid damages of £60 to the Goodhalls, in a dispute over cottages, land and all manner of tithes arising in Earl Shilton.

It is interesting to note that at this period of plague William Holdsworth, the parish curate, made double entries in the registers. This is the only time that it occurs throughout the registers. The reason for it remains unknown.

The Thomas Family also suffered during the plague - from the old registers of 1611.
Alexander Thomas, buried April 28th.
Will Thomas and Wife, buried April 21st.
John Thomas, son of Will, buried May 18th.
Thomas, son of Will, buried May 25th

== The Stuarts ==

Earl Shiltons’ freeholders, or principal landholders, in 1630 were Richard Churchman, Richard Veasey, Samuel Wightman, and Sampson Goodall. The crown also held some land in the village, but during the rein of Charles I, the crown sold Earl Shilton’s farm to the Earl of Ilchester, whose rents were given up to Guy’s Hospital, London, which received them for many years.

In 1636, John Wightman gave £50 for the poor of Hinckley and a field in Earl Shilton was also let, earning £3 5s per year. By 1711 Peter Cappur was the steward of the manor in Shilton and John Wightmans legacy was in dispute. At the Court Baron for that year, on October 13th, Francis Thompson a tenant of Studford Close, Earl Shilton, surrendered a field of 2 ½ acres to Nathaniel Ward and Thomas Sansome, held in trust, for the poor of Hinckley. This charity ran for some time for in 1809, Rob Thompson and Thomas Sansome were the trustees.

'''
'''The Purchase of Shilton Park at Tooley''''''

Henry Morrison was knighted at Whitehall in 1627, and he and his wife purchased Simon de Montforts old hunting park of Tooley. Their daughter, Letticia, married Luis Carey, Viscount Falkland and they resided for a time at the Park. Back in 1608, Tooley contained 3,500 trees worth nearly £1000.

During the crisis of the English Civil War, Viscount Falkland fought for the King in the Royalist army. At the failed siege of Gloucester in 1643, many times he exposed himself fearlessly. But later that year his luck ran out at the First Battle of Newbury. On the 20th September, he met his death leading a suicidal charge against a hedge lined by the enemy's musketeers.

From 1642 onwards the broad tract of country between Ashby de la Zouche, Leicester and the Watling Street became the buffer zone between the rival garrisons of Royalists and the Parliamentarians. One of the first shocks that the war had in store for the civilian population was the sudden increase in the number of new taxes that had to be raised for the support of these new garrisons. Records show that the Parliamentary tax for the combined parishes of Burbage and Sketchley was £2-8shillings and 4 pence per month.

Clergymen who openly sided with Parliament were easy targets for Royalist raiding parties. Colonel Hastings, with four troops of horse ‘coursed about the country as far as Dunton Bassett and Lutterworth, and took near upon a hundred clergymen and their sympathisers, carrying them as prisoners to Hinckley.

On the other side Parliament listed nine clerks from the Market Bosworth and Hinckley area who suffered sequestration for supporting the king. Thomas Cleveland, of Hinckley, and John Lufton, rector of lbstock, had offered money or prayers for the king. William Holdsworth, the curate of Earl Shilton, openly reviled the Parliament and stood accused of reading a Royal Protestation in the middle of a sermon.

Parliaments Captain Flower, while temporarily billeted at Stoney Stanton, ordered the delivery of twenty strikes of provender for his horses by the inhabitants of Burbage and Sketchley. On another occasion his troop ordered two quarters of provender from Stapleton. The largest claim for free quarter was for a force of two hundred and eleven troops and seventy two horses under Colonel Purefoy and Colonel Bosseville, when they set up camp at Hinckley in the summer of 1643. The townspeople of Hinckley also provided quartering for twenty three horsemen for a single night in 1644. While Parliamentary troopers from Astley House stood accused of taking a rapier, a swordbelt and ‘a snapsack’ worth 8 shillings, from old Sampson Goodhall when they passed through Earl Shilton. (Alan Roberts 2001)

Following the Civil War the Parliamentarians began to take revenge on their old enemies. Earl Shiltons’ Richard Churchman was listed among the gentry who in 1645 “compounded” for their estates with the Parliamentary Sequestration Committee, along with Thomas Crofts, another royalist. This meant he had to pay a heavy fine to restrieve his estates.

Also the local curate William Holdsworth was accused of being a royalist or “malignant”. John Walker, who wrote about the Sufferings of the Clergy during the Grand Rebellion, records that Holdsworth was hauled before the County Committee in 1646 for “reviling” Parliament. His offences included ignoring the Directory set by Parliament to enforce puritan reforms, refusing sacraments to those not kneeling, allowing Sunday games and reading a royalist Protestation in the middle of a sermon. He was also accused of being “several times drunk” and using “old notes as new sermons” for the past twenty years.

== Framework Knitting ==

Around this time William Iliffe changed the whole economy of the area by introducing the first knitting frame to Hinckley in 1640. He bought a knitting frame for the substantial sum of £60 and set it up in his house, thought to be located at the top of Castle Street. Stocking frames soon spread to Earl Shilton, with each stocking maker renting his frame and working from his cottage, while wives and daughters sat at their spinning wheels.

In 1694, Sir Verney Noel, of Kirkby Mallory, left £100 for the poor children of Earl Shilton to be sent to London, to be taught the art of Framework Kitting.

Things change little it seems, for payment of council tax, or community charge, has never been popular and has perennially been tarnished with tales of corruption. In Earl Shilton Vestry meetings were originally held in the parish church but later moved to the Plough Inn. Later the Baron’s Court replaced the Vestry.

== The Baptists ==

There were Baptists in Earl Shilton from 1651. These dissenters from the established church met in cottages around Church Street and Mill Street as their religion was against the law. During the restoration the Baptists were still under persecution and the Shilton dissenters continued to worship in secret.
Eventually Baptist worship became licensed under an act of Parliament. King Charles II’s state papers say that licenses to Edward Cheyney and William Biges of Earl Shilton were granted.

John Goadby died in 1714, and in his will he bequethed to the ‘minister and poor Baptists in Earl Shilton - my close and its associated lands, commonly called Crowhearst. And to take any rents, fines or profits, for the disposal of the said Baptists.

Many generations of Cheneys also worked tirelessly for the Baptists, the last dying in1815. A Baptist meetinghouse was erected in 1758, which was enlarged in 1844, while the Sunday school began in 1801.

In 1861 economic disaster struck the village when the American Civil War broke out and cotton could not be exported. The Baptist minister, Reverend Parkinson, was forced to resign through lack of funds. Crowhearst and its land was eventually sold to Mr W H Cotton in 1928 and the money invested in government stock

By 1664 Earl Shilton had thirty-four households assessed for hearth tax, and during the rein of William III in 1687 there were fifty-two houses assessed in the village.

'''Licence of Cottages used for Worship in Earl Shilton'''

1720 Jeremiah Parker
1722 Johnathan Johnstone
1725 Joshua Brotherton
1726 Joseph Smith
1731 Samuel Cheney
1760 William Randen
1790 Daniel Harrold
1792 Thomas Green

Note that not all dissenters were Baptists. William Randen was known as a Presbyterian (''John Lawrence).''

== Thomas Boothby of Tooley ==

In 1696, and at only 15 years of age, Thomas Boothby inherited the estate of Tooley Park. Married three times, he acquired through his wives various estates in Staffordshire. From his mother, he inherited land at Foston in Derbyshire and Peatling, Countesthorpe and Earl Shilton in Leicestershire.
The ease of his position was such that the young ‘Tom o’ Tooley’ was able to devote himself almost exclusively to the pursuit of hunting. He established the first true pack of foxhounds in the country and the Quorn Hunt with a number of hounds inherited with the Tooley estate. Boothby embarked on an astonishing career of 55 seasons as Master of the Quorn Hunt.

Boothby kept a mistress, Catherine Holmes, at Groby Pool House. But a local vicar informed Boothby's wife about her husband's mistress. After an angry wife had confronted him, Boothby got hold of the minister in question, and almost drowned the fellow in Groby pool (John Lawrence).

Superstition was rife in eighteenth century England, and there are many strange tales of ghosts, witches and spirits. A woman of Earl Shilton parish declared ‘that she had been bewitched by an old woman from Aston in 1776. Her accuser saw the old woman unceremoniously thrown into the horse pond, despite her 80 years of age. Luckily the old woman just managed to escape with her life.’

There was also the strange tale that came to light in 1778. A house in Earl Shilton, was said to be plagued by its former long dead occupant. Tables and chairs were known to dance about the room, while pewter dishes jumped off the shelves. But alarm was worse when wigs and hats flew off the heads of their wearers. Villagers agreed that the disturbed spirit was a local man who could not rest in his grave because he had been defrauded in life. (Palmer 2002)

An Elmesthorpe farmer, complained in 1811 that, ‘it is common almost everywhere amongst the women that when they brew, they make crosses to keep the witch out of the mash-tub, so that the ale might be fine.’ He added that ‘farmers and common folk were very great believers in old popular tales of ghosts, fairies and witches, and of people and cattle being under the evil tongue.’

== Superstition and witchcraft ==

Superstition was rife in eighteenth century England, and there are many strange tales of ghosts, witches and spirits. A woman of Earl Shilton parish declared ‘that she had been bewitched by an old woman from Aston in 1776. Her accuser saw the old woman unceremoniously thrown into the horse pond, despite her 80 years of age. Luckily the old woman just managed to escape with her life.’
There was also the strange tale that came to light in 1778. A house in Earl Shilton, was said to be plagued by its former long dead occupant. Tables and chairs were known to dance about the room, while pewter dishes jumped off the shelves. But alarm was worse when wigs and hats flew off the heads of their wearers. Villagers agreed that the disturbed spirit was a local man who could not rest in his grave because he had been defrauded in life. (''Palmer 2002)''

<blockquote>
Extract from “Leicester and Nottingham Journal,
July 6th, 1776:

“A woman of the parish of Earl Shilton, in the County of Leicester, has been subject for some years to a disorder resembling the bite of the tarantula, and so astonishing the ignorance of many, that they imagine that she has been bewitched by an old lady in the neighbouring village of Aston.
On Thursday, June 20th last, the afflicted, her husband and son went to the old woman, and with dreadful imprecations, threatened to destroy her instantly unless she would submit to have blood drawn from some part of her body, and unless she would give the woman a blessing and remove her disorder. The son, who is a soldier, drew his sword and pointing to her breast, swore he would plunge it into her heart if she did not immediately comply.
When the old woman had gone through the ceremony they went off, but the person not being cured they collected a great many people and on Monday last returned to Aston pretending to have a warrant to justify their proceedings. Then with uncommon brutality they took the poor creature from her house, stripped her quite naked, and after tying her hands and legs together threw her in a horse pond. She was then taken out, and in this shameful condition exhihited for the sport of an inhuman mob. As she did not sink they concluded she really was a witch, and several returning the following day determined to discipline her in this cruel manner until they should put an end to her wretched existence. The posse was not sufficiently strong, so she escaped for that time. The consideration of the old woman being over 80 years of age, and of her being a pauper and friendless, render it the duty of magistrates to exert themselves to bring to punishment these atrocious offenders.
</blockquote>

An Elmesthorpe farmer, complained in 1811 that, ‘it is common almost everywhere amongst the women that when they brew, they make crosses to keep the witch out of the mash-tub, so that the ale might be fine.’ He added that ‘farmers and common folk were very great believers in old popular tales of ghosts, fairies and witches, and of people and cattle being under the evil tongue.’

== Peg-Leg Watts and the Stocks ==

In 1705, the payment by the Reeve for Shilton manor was £34 8s 6 1/4d. The Reeve was voted into office annually by the freeholders of the parish. There were 61 freeholders who voted in 1719, but this number had dropped to 28 by 1785.
The Overseer of the manor had various facets to his job. Daniel Marvin Overseer in 1755, made charges of 5shillings for ale at the burial of a pauper.

In 1760, Alderman Gabriel Newton, of Leicester gave to Earl Shilton and Barwell £20 16s from his charity, for the educating of 20 poor boys from each village.

James Perrott was a successful surgeon who worked in Earl Shilton. He married the widow, Lady Ann Sharpe, and they lived in the village for over 40 years, until she died 1791, at the age of 62 years.

Famous for his prowess as a wrestler Samuel Marvin also lived in Earl Shilton.

The last soul to be incarcerated in the Earl Shilton stocks was a man called ‘Peg-leg Watts’. What crime this local ‘ne’re do well’ had committed we have no idea, but the stocks were situated opposite the old churchyard. Also in the vicinity there was the village round house or gaol. Unfortunately all traces of the old lock-up have now disappeared.

An Act of Enclosure was passed in 1778. Earl Shiltons’ open fields, meadows and 1,500 acres (6 km²) of heath land were all enclosed. Thomas, Viscount Wentworth, was entitled to all small tithes vacarial dues in Shilton.

Scrymshire Boothby had the entitlement of the great tithes, payment in lieu of tithes, hay and meadow lands in Hall fields and Breach field. The following year Scrymshire Boothby sold Tooley Park to John Dod, and the remainder of the estate was divided.
Shilton Heath, famed for over a century for its steeple chasing, was gone for good.

Viscount Wentworth also had his lands in Elmsthorpe enclosed, including an extensive rabbit warren. He exchanged these after 1778 for two acres of land in Shilton parish.

== The Earl Shilton Turnpike ==

The Turnpike trust had two tollgates at Earl Shilton. One at the bottom of Shilton Hill, which was kept by a man called Harrison for many years. The other tollgate was where the Belle Vue road meets the Hinckley road. Travellers were said to have gone around by Elmesthorpe to avoid the gate and its tolls.

The gates were administered by the Turnpike Trusts, and were bid for every year by prospective candidates, and this led to a deal of local corruption. Bribes were offered to secure the contract, and not all of the money was spent on the upkeep of the roads. Many small parishes like Earl Shilton had a large mileage of roads within their boundaries and found it well-nigh impossible to maintain them.

Roads and pathways were very bad indeed. Cart-ruts ran deep down the main streets and the stones on the old “corseys” (footpaths) must have been very dangerous at times. Loose stone was very often strewn about, and it remained for the carts to roll them in, and in the era of the toll-gate the wider the wheels the less toll they paid to go through them. A great handicap, however, was the fact that these carts often followed in the existing ruts as a matter of course, and so made them worse than ever. Roads and repairs were paid for through the Vestry, which had replaced the Barons Court of the 17th century. The Vestry met for many years in the Plough Inn, Church Street, setting the parsons rate, church rate, poor rate, overseers rate, watch rate and the highway rate for the parish.

Stagecoaches passed frequently through Earl Shilton, it being on the route to Hinckley and Birmingham from Leicester. Coaches with names such as the Accommodation, The Magnet and The Alexander were all running in 1830. Coaches stopped at a place near to the White House in Wood Street, beside the Lord Nelson Inn. On one tragic occasion a coach overturned near to the entrance of Burbage Common and a man was killed in the ensuing wreckage (John Lawrence).

In 1800 there were 249 inhabited houses in Earl Shilton, with a further 8 uninhabited. The population stood at 1287, 655 males and 632 females. Agriculture employed 118 villagers, while the 716 souls employed in trade and manufacture showed the dramatic rise of stocking manufacture.

== The First School at Earl Shilton ==

Thomas Green, succeeded to the Baptist Church in Earl Shilton and in 1801, started the villages first school, where reading and writing were taught, as well as to receive the elementary knowledge of the Christian faith. In 1850 John Green kept the school and was the master. He was given notice to quit; having displeased the Church. It was, however, cancelled and he was advised to “keep things in order.” This school kept going until 1858, when the Church of England schools were built. The Church of England Schools had room for 200 children and cost £1050 to build, the money being raised by subscription and grants. One school stood in the High Street and another in Wood Street.

== The Workhouse ==

The economy of the village was based mainly on boots and stockings. A whole family would work from morning until late at night for very meagre earnings. Stocking makers worked ten, twelve and even fifteen hours a day at their frames, for seven or eight shillings per week. Frame rents were high and varied from one shilling to three shillings per week. Poverty and disease were rife. In Hinckley there was a framework knitters strike in 1824. Two years later, disorder in the town was quelled when a detachment of lancers arrived, killing one man.

The Earl Shilton village population had risen to 2017 by 1831.

Many Earl Shilton people in the 1840’s became destitute and sought refuge in the Union Workhouse at Hinckley, locally known as “The Bastille.” Things had become very bad, and are spoken of as the “hungry forties.” Queen Victoria ordered an inquiry into distress, and sent in 1843 a commission headed by a Mr. Muggeridge, and afterwards much valuable information was obtained from interviews with work-people and employers. Earl Shilton frame-work knitters and hosiers, gave evidence at the enquiry of 1843. Rich Wileman, of Shilton, described himself as the oldest stocking manufacturer in the kingdom, and stated that many thousands of dozens of socks were sent to the American market every year.

At a time when a reasonable daily wage was 4/-, a report showed the weekly earnings in 27 parishes varied from 4/- to 8/- a week, Hinckley district being 5/3, Bosworth 4/6, Ibstock 4/- and Shepshed 5/6. Frame rents in the cottages were high and varied in different parishes from 1/- to 3/- per week. This rent and the addition of the vicious Truck Act (1831), made poverty and disease rife in the Leicestershire parishes (''John Lawrence''). The Truck Act stated that goods had to be paid for in cash instead of in kind and, as usual, hit the poorest the hardest. Had it not been for their allotments ground, things would have been much worse, as it was many were close to starvation.

In the year 1844 there were in Shilton alone 650 stocking frames. Mr. J. Homer, giving evidence to the commission, said that the whole of these were in the houses of the workpeople at that time. Neither the workshop, nor the factory system was in operation in Earl Shilton until after the findings of the Commission were made public.

Stocking making in the home quickly died out with the introduction of the factory system. Both the boot and shoe and the hosiery industry eagerly took to the new system of working and for the first time people began to be regulated by time, as the factory needed villagers to work in unison. The last known stocking-frame in Earl Shilton disappeared when its owner, a man named Mr. Pratt, who lived in Wood Street, died.

Earl Shilton saw its’ first hosiery strike in 1859. The employers involved were Messrs. Homer & Everard. Almost 130 operatives took strike action, and an appeal was sent out to workers of three counties for aid for the Earl Shilton strikers to fight it.

There is no doubt that the 1840’s were wretched times, and sheep stealing, highway robbery and burglary were common. It was not safe to go out after dark. If a man was caught sheep stealing, he was sentenced to fourteen years transportation. Fourteen years transportation was also the sentence for anyone who was driven by hunger to take a pheasant from the woods.

A Barwell man called Bottewell was sentenced to death for robbery. But luckily, the local rector, Mr Metam, managed to get the sentence commuted to transportation to Australia. Shortly after arriving in Botany Bay Bottewell was pardoned, after another man confessed to the crime. Bottewell made the slow passage home to England, and lived out the rest of his life back in Barwell.

== Tradespeople of Earl Shilton Parish 1840 - 1849 ==

The population of Earl Shilton at this time was 2020 souls, around 700 of which were employed in stocking manufacture. But many villagers also made their living through. trade. Some of these shops and cottage industries, such as Tallow chandler and Leach dealer have long disappeared, but in Earl Shilton there are still many names that can be recognised from this period.

In the year 1849 there were two private schools, Mars Ring’s day school; Arrabella and Sussanah Chamberlain had a ladies’ school, and according to Hagars Directory of 1849 the Petty Sessions were held in the Plough Inn every alternate Tuesday. The Court Leet, embracing 25 parishes, was also held there.

Mr Parsons was the owner of the stone quarry and Mr W Toon was manager.
The quarry was later taken over by the parish overseers.

William Pride was the excise officer
William Deanville was county police officer

'''Chapel of St. Peter'''
(now St. Simon and Jude) Curate Rev. John Longhurst;
'''Newton’s Free School''':
Will Thornloe Walker, master.
'''Boarding and Day School''':
Will Thornloe Walker, master.
'''Boot and shoe makers''':
Joseph Breward, John Chandler, James Pawley, John Rowton,
Will Cotton.
'''Bricklayer''': John Carr.
'''Butchers''': John Burton, Will Buxton, Will Coley, Thomas Wileman.
'''Carpenters''': Stephen Bannister, Thomas Breward, Will Lampert,
Will Mansfield.
'''Cooper''':
John Jackson.
'''Framesmiths''':
John Hancock, Richard Wileman.
'''Gardener''':
Daniel Harrold.
'''Grocers and Druggists''':
John Elliot, John Homer,
James Kinder, Richard Wileman.
'''Hairdresser''' and perfumers: Henry Lowe.
'''Linen and woollen drapers''':
Ralph Oldacres Hobill,
Joseph Langton.
'''Malters'''
Will Randon, Sam Salisbury,
Sam Tomlinson.
'''Hosiery manufacturers''': Will Cooper, John Hancock, Will
Spencer, Thomas Toon, Rich Wileman, Thomas Wileman.
'''Miller''':
John Reynolds.
'''Plumbers, painters, glaziers''': John Carter, Joseph Dormer.
'''Saddler and harness-maker''': Sam Salisbury.
'''Shopkeepers''':
Will Dent, Mary Elliot, Robert Featon, Tames Green, Thomas Toon, Thomas Wileman.
'''Spirit dealer''':
Joseph Langton.
'''Straw hat maker''':
Sussanah Hodgson.
'''Surgeons''':
Joseph Burdett Evans,
Thomas Spencer.
'''Tailors''':
John Coley, John Cotton, Thomas Kirkland, Thomas Oliver
'''Tallow chandler''':
John Elliot.
'''Wheelwrights''':
Stephen Bannister, Will Mansfield.
'''Leech dealer''':
Sarah Smith (1861).

'''Taverns and Public Houses'''— '''Bowling Green''': Will Hancock.
'''Dog and Gun''': Will Sargent.
'''The George''': Eleanor Baker.
'''Lord Nelson''': Thomas Aimey.
'''Nags Head''': John Spooner (in 1830 Isaac Steane).
'''Plough''': John Tibbals.
'''Red Lion''': Thomas Oliver.
'''Royal Oak''': Elisabeth Orchard.
'''Walnut Tree''': Will Randen.
'''Duke of Wellington''': John Ladhin.
'''Horse and Trumpet''': Joseph Chamberlain.

'''Other Industry'''
Wool was bleached in a yard, which stood
between Huit farm and Mill lane.

== The Parish Church ==

For centuries the chapel of St Peters had stood in Hall Field, Kirkby Mallory being the mother church. The Noel family of Kirkby bestowed many charities on the parish.
In 1854 Earl Shilton was constituted a new parish apart from Kirkby. The following year the parish totally rebuilt the church and dedicated it to St Simon and St Jude, at a cost of £3,500. When Earl Shilton was made a separate parish, instead of a chapelry of Kirby Kirby Mallory, the Rev F E Tower, the curate of Earl Shilton, was also made rector of Elmesthorpe.

The minister of the parish, Rev. F. Tower, who saw Shilton in an impoverished state, was parish priest for 27 years. His farewell address to the working people of Earl Shilton was given in 1882, on January 1st.

<blockquote>
“….We are apt to speak of poverty now, but poverty is nothing in comparison of what poverty was then. Ten, twelve, and in a few cases fifteen hours work for stocking makers a day, or wages about 7/- or 8/- a week. It cannot be denied that visible marks of true prosperity were but faintly seen even here and there among the working population of that day.
….The world was hard upon the poor stockingers, poverty, misery, sin met us again and again in workpeople’s houses.
… Some working men thought too much of themselves and became leaders of discontents, and others too little of them-selves and losing self-respect appeared as if bowed down to the very dust. Some in the parish lived unmarried yet with children, and these last were turned aside by their parents as ragged children fit only for the ragged school kept only that honourable old man, William Swinney, the parish clerk.
Some lived as if there were neither a heaven by doing well, or a hell by doing ill. The surface of religion stood out lightly in relief from the level of ordinary life. At last came the Cotton Famine, and 1,200 people of the village were thrown out of work, a most pitiable time we had of it.”
</blockquote>

There were five bells hung in the new ‘crockette’ spired church, where previously there had been three in the old chapel of St Peters.
Three more bells were hung in 1921, in honour of those who had fallen in the great war, making a total of eight. The wooden beams were taken out at this time and replaced by steel girders, to support the new peal.

''Parish Vicars 1854 –1947
Rev F Tower, Rev Willis, Rev Maughan,
Rev H V Williams, Rev E Pillifant and the
Rev E E C Jones''

'''The Rebuilding of Elmsthorpe Church'''

The Reverend Tower was instrumental in the rebuilding of Elmsthorpe Church by giving the first £60 for its reconstruction. The reopening was on Tuesday, July 4, 1868, at a cost of £600.

The first evening service was in 1924. The organ was installed in 1931 at a cost of £200 (it was repaired and restored in 1992 at a cost of £5,500). Before 1931, there was a harmonium. In 1931, there was no electricity, so the organ had to be pumped by hand (the handle is still there). This was dedicated by Dr Cyril Bardsley, Bishop of Leicester, who is the first bishop ever recorded as visiting Elmesthorpe Church, on Advent Sunday. Matins and Holy communion at 11am were followed by an organ recital at 3pm by Mr Bonsir from Barwell.

The church was lit by oil lamp prior to electric lighting and electric heating was installed in 1962.

== The Old Volunteers ==

The traditional greeting of the Leicestershire miners was ‘old bud’ (old bird). This has now been transformed to ‘me duck’

Before the regulation of the First World War it was possible for men to buy beer before breakfast time in the village.

Many Shilton men joined the old ‘Volunteers’, belonging to the Hinckley Company; these were later incorporated in the ‘Militia’. Clad in their red jackets, blue trousers and pipe clayed trimmings with pointed helmets, it is said that on Saturday’s night Earl Shilton resembled a garrison town when everyone wore their uniform.

The Leicester Mercury was first published in 1836. Newspapers during the eighteenth and nineteenth century were very few, and many Shiltonians brought up before the Great War, can remember when one copy sufficed for several families. These were read aloud in the candlelight of the poor homes of the villagers, the few people able to read being in great demand. The old Candle House, where candles were made, stood for many years in Almeys Lane, and during renovations to the Baptist Chapel much brickwork of the Candle House was incorporated in the building.

Election days in the village were, prior to the franchise, very hectic. The candidates usually arrived at the polling stations (usually the schools) in horse cabs. They were often assaulted by the crowds, and top hats worn in those days were often sent flying. Many of the rougher element were given beer and locked up for the day to preserve the peace ''(Foster).''

Morris dancing took place on Plough Monday, when the dancers went round the village to collect money. If this was refused they entered the house and refused to quit until ransom was paid either in cash or food. Fishing nets on long canes were carried to reach bedroom windows where they had locked doors. German bands also visited the village, as did travelling bears, which danced to music.

In 1861 the village crier was Thomas Foster, who advertised sales, meetings and public news. The last man to hold this post was a blind man called Bannister, who also made baskets.

Houses in the village were rented by groups of men who, when they had finished their work, then “shopped it”, or took it, to some central depot in the village, and were usually paid each trip. Sweaters, or child labour, were often exploited, and regularly after a period of drunkenness these sweaters were compelled to sit working all night with their elders to make up for lost time. Many worked from the tender age of eight or nine, in the local term “got more kicks than half pence.”

== Old Job Toon ==

In the middle of the nineteenth century Job Toon commenced trading as a grocer and licensed victualer in Earl Shilton. Job was a devout Methodist, and his shop was still trading in 1868. In 1850 he installed his first a stocking frame in his home, which laid the foundations of J Toon and Son.

He worked the stocking frame with his wife Matilda, and gradually purchased more frames and rented them out in the community. Job would pay for the stockings produced, minus the rent of the frame. Job purchased a small building just off wood Street, and the early factory was powered by steam.

Horse and drey took the factory produce to Elmesthorpe Station. Old Job Toon had three sons Alfred, James and Carey. Alfred and James went into the hosiery business, while Carey became a successful local farmer.

Alfred was the senior partner and earned a salary of £5 per week. In those early days stocking were not so delicate and were sold by weight, warmth not high fashion appears to be paramount as the heaviest were the most expensive. During this period much of Toon’s trade was with South America. Alfred had four sons, two of them died during the 1930’s, and his two surviving sons, Stanley and Carey, took over the firm that now operated over 1000 machines knitting machines.

== The Wake ==

The ‘Wake’, or local fair, was a holiday in Earl Shilton and held, traditionally, on the Saints day of the parish church. According to old accounts in the parish, Ale drunk on Feast Day (Wake) in 1809 was £5 12s. 0d, and in 1820 £6 5s. 6d.

The “Wake,” was always held on the last Sunday in October. People had a full week’s holiday from work, public houses were open all day, and “captains” were elected to take charge of the singing. The captain was also responsible for the whips round for beer, which entitled all and sundry to drink together and so retain the company.

The wide portion of the Hollow, nearest the Wesleyan Chapel, was the earliest site for the Wake amusements. The stalls and roundabouts extended the full length of Wood Street the wakes also incorporated a procession around the village.

Mr. Hopkins, a well-known resident of Keat’s Lane, was a proprietor of amusements
A large boat on wheels, and drawn by horses, went the whole length of the village, and was patronised very much by the children.

At the turn of the 20th century A field in Station road also became the site for the annual wake or fair. The amusement part of the “Wakes,” roundabouts, etc., were very prominent on this field.

On the other side of the road there were also numerous entertainments from time to time, including those well-known “Strolling Players” of Holloway’s Theatre. Many people enjoyed these shows and were able to see fresh plays every night during the thespians stay at Shilton. No one may now recall the plays “Maria Martin and the Red Barn,” “The Face at the Window,” “The Dumb Man of Manchester,” but they did pull in the crowds (John Lawrence).

== The Pinfold ==

An old stone building, which stood near to the Baptist Chapel, was known as the Pinfold. This was a place for penning stray cattle prior to the enclosure of the common fields - 1758. It was latterly used as a place for weighing stone from the old Parish Quarry.

In the village a knocker-up was employed in the 188o’s and for over 50 years ensured that people attended the early Sunday morning classes.

== The Old Smock Mill ==

The Old Smock Mill stood near to the Parish Quarry was built around 1800, at a cost of £800, and stood for over a century before being demolished. It was a noted landmark and a favourite place for rambles and picnics. There were two other mills in Earl Shilton, one stood on the Wood Street Recreational ground near the ‘Mount’, while the other was near the top of Birds Hill.

It is possible to go the whole length of “Old Shilton” without touching the main street. The paths I refer to are known as “The Backs.” Indeed Shilton is a maze of these alleys and “Backs.” The reason is, I suppose, that the old field pathways have kept their rights of way throughout the centuries, and the haphazard planning of the straggling village made desirable the small alleys leading to the main street.

Wood Street, locally known as Wood End, is the way leading to the wood referred to in the Domesday Survey, via the “Heath Lane,” which was noted in the 17th century for steeple chasing. The Raven family possessed a monster mangle. This was considered to be an outsize of its kind, and washing came from all over Shilton to The Hollow to he mangled by it.

The Workhouse Gardens and Spring Gardens are names to be conjured with in this area near the church. No doubt both had great bearing in the life of the community in bygone days. Rackett Court once stood near to the “Hill Top.” These were old Tudor buildings, and a flue sketch of them can be seen in “Highways and Byways of Leicestershire.” A recluse by the name of John Freestone was the last occupant. On the opposite side of the road is an ancient barn, which, although containing very massive oak beams, obliterates one of the best views in the county. This gives the name to this part of the locality of the Barn-end.

There are a few old Georgian three-storied houses around “Hill Top,” and a very old thatched house opposite the “Roebuck Inn,” the date on its front giving the year 1714. It is one of the very few thatched ones surviving in Shilton. Keats Lane was formerly known as “Cake Lane,” and once it contained many old-fashioned houses. It overlooks the Vale of Kirkby and also overlooks some splendid scenery. A bake-house was situated many years ago near to Whitemore’s factory, and a bell was rung when the oven was hot. This was when the bread was made at home and sent to the bakers. This is probably, too, the origination of “Cake Lane.” There was also a bake house in Candle Maker Alley, a small lane running between Almys Lane and the top of The Meadows, where between the wars, local folk would take their roasts along to be cooked in the oven.
Near to the present West Street stood the old Yew Tree Farm, prior to the erection of the present Jubilee Terrace. An old malt-house once stood on this spot, and when it was demolished a large wall was built with the bricks, facing the present “Fender Row.” This wall has now disappeared with the advent of the Council houses.

The “Dog and Gun Inn” was removed in the 1930s to another site a Keat’s Lane, a little distance from where the old licensed house had sold beer for over 150 years. This old building still stands and exists today as a private house.

There was also in Keat’s Lane, up until the 1940s, an old glove business that used hand frames, and was run by Mr Linney Spindle Hall, close by, was the last dwelling house in memory to contain the old glove frames. “Wightmans Row” and the old “Glove-Yard” have, like many more old houses, vanished from this region.

== Trade and the Civil War in America ==

In 1861 the Civil War had broken out in America, and Earl Shilton was hard hit by the fact that the Northern States blockaded the ports of the Southern States, so that cotton could not be exported. Something akin to famine prevailed in Earl Shilton as the chief trade of the area was frame-work knitting. Frames could be found in nearly every house. During these devastating times the Baptist minister, the Rev. Parkinson, had to resign through lack of funds, and the Rev. Freesdon says, “that a church that could not support its minister, and a pastorate that had commenced with so many signs of blessing, ended through a war raging on the other side of the Atlantic.

The Elmesthorpe Road was commenced during these dark days as Relief Work. Many of the workers received no more thab bread and meat for their hard labours. At this time over 1,200 people were out of employment. The work was sponsored by the Right Hon. the Earl of Lovelace and his daughter, the Lady Anne Noel, and carried out in 1862-3. They also forwarded £800 to the unemployed cotton workers to work worsted instead of cotton.

The depression seemed to continue for many years, and the figures given by the Hinckley District Relief Committee in July, 1864, make interesting reading -
Subscriptions raised in Earl Shilton parish were to the amount of £161 1s. 4d, while the destitute poor received from that fund £992 10s. 4d., in addition 195 barrels of flour, 30 sides of bacon, 100 tons of coal and left-off clothing were distributed by this fund in the district. (Foster)

Towards the end of the nineteenth century several parcels land were held by the parish as charitable lands namely; Town land meadow, Town Land close, the Barn Close (near Hill Top), the Old Close and part of Breach Field. These lands were rented out and the income used for poor relief.

Among other relief the poor of the parish would receive bread at Easter and Coal at Christmas. Allotments were also set-aside for the poor. One set of plots was at the bottom of Shilton Hill and a second in the Townlands off Breach Lane.

== The South Leicestershire Railway ==

An Act for making a Railway from the Trent Valley Railway at Nuneaton to Hinckley' received Royal Assent 13 August 1859, and the first sod of the new railway was turned on Wednesday 19 Oct 1859 by Lord Curzon. John Stevenson was the resident engineer at Hinckley for 6 years during the construction of the South Leicestershire Railway (1859) and the 'greatly esteemed' agent of Messrs. Brassey & Fields, the contractors. The relevant plans and sections of the extended line was estimated to cost £150,000.

Life in the area would never be the same again, as people and goods were whisked from town to town at untmagineable speeds. Railway timetables also meant the regulation of clocks nationally, and local time became a thing of the past. 'The South Leicestershire Railway, opened in 1862 between Nuneaton and Hinckley, and the remainder was completed early in 1863. ''(William White, History, Gazeteer and Directory, 1863).''

The next station up the line, heading north from Hinckley, was Elmsthorpe. Elmsthorpe Station, its yard and sidings served the villages of Barwell and Earl Shilton. In 1908 travelling by horse drawn Brake to Leicester from the villages took 2 hours. By 1910 the journey to Leicester by train took 31 minuites and Nuneaton was just 14 minuites away. The South Leicestershire Railway was later vested in the London & North Western Railway, and then became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Group Amalgamation scheme of 30 Dec 1922.

Elmesthorpe was a popular spot for many years, and during the summer you could always find a gaggle of small boys perched on the steps running down from the road bridge overlooking the platform. Here they would exchange stories and collect engine numbers (''John Lawrence'').

Elmesthorpe station was closed after 105 years of service, in March 1968, as the result of a closure plan started some 3 years earlier. It came in the wake of Dr Beechings cuts. Trains still used the tracks but Elmesthorpe, Croft, Narborough, Wigston Glen Parva, and Nuneaton Abbey Street stations all closed down on the same day. Elmsthorpes station buildings have now been destroyed. The signalbox at Elmesthorpe remained working until January 1970 , when British Rail decided that they could cope with the long section from Hinckley to Croft, a distance of {{convert|7|mi|km|0}}.

== Wood Street School ==

In 1871 Wood Street School opened for around 30 pupils and the headmistress was a Miss Witnall. Wood Street was a very small school with only 2 classrooms. In 1907 they added 2 extra classrooms and a corridor, as village expansion led to over crowding at the school.

By 1965, numbers had risen to such a degree that they used the church hall for school dinners, physical education, music and movement

Wood Street School was partly burned down in the early hours of 17th of January 1984, following a break in. The curtains were set alight which in turn ignihted an oil feed pipe, causing major damage and ultimately the schools demolition.

== The Brick Works and Gas Works ==

Station road was known as Breach Lane before the railway arrived, and with the exception of “The Lodge” and a few houses near to the Hollow it was very thinly populated.

The old brickworks were situated on the site of present Metcalfe Street, which was named after Mr. James Metcalfe for many years a headmaster at the High Street, Church of England School.

The Gas Works (now dismantled) were also situated in Station road, and were built in 1866 by the Earl Shilton Gas Light and Coke Company. Mr A Lee was the manager.

== The ‘Stute’ ==

The Social Institute was founded at the turn of the 20th century to provide a social and sporting outlet for the young men of Earl Shilton. Its first home was accommodated in two rooms above the H.U.D.C. gas showrooms in Wood St.
A Grand Bazaar was held in Earl Shilton on 28th and 29th of December 1908, at the High street school, to raise funds for a new building for the Social Institute.

In 1909 the building was erected in Station road, paid for by public subscription, and a mortgage guaranteed by local industrialists, who were the founders and formed the Management Committee. The premises on station road organised football, cricket, a rifle range, chess club, skittles and billiards.

== Harrys ==

Annually Circuses and wild beast shows were in evidence in Earl Shilton, prior to the advent of the “Movies.”

The “Picture House” in Station road, began life as a roller skating rink called the Royal Rink, and was erected in 1910. Mr. H. S. Cooper started this very much-needed enterprise that would bring the glamour of Hollywood into the village.

The cinema was forever after known to all as ‘Harrys’.

Following World War II generations grew up attending the Saturday matinees at the picture house, or sessions at the new, out door. roller skating rink built beside it. The grandeur of the old Royal Rink could never match the Danilo or Gaumont in Hinckley, but it still drew a sizeable crowd. During the 1960s the running of the cinema was taken over by Mr Coopers daughter Freda, and her husband Jack Aldridge, who had previously ran a local taxi firm.

== The Catholic Church and Normanton Hall ==

The Catholic Church was erected in 1908 and was situated in Mill Lane The Catholic school adjacent was erected in 1910 for the education of 80 children, a Convent and priest’s house being added later.

The church was under the patronage of the Worswick family, who had their countryseat at Normanton Hall (now demolished), which lay outside Earl Shilton on the road to Thurleston. Father Grimes was the first priest. In the years prior to the church in Mill Lane being erected the Catholics worshipped in the private chapel of Normanton Hall.

During the 1914—18 War, German prisoners were interred at Normanton Hall.

After its demolition, just after the war, it was a sad blow for the Catholics and to the whole neighbourhood as many were employed there.

The Convent was several times empty during the 1930s and 40s, but was reconditioned and used in the form of a “Seminary.” It was for some years also used as a hosiery factory.

A fire destroyed Normanton Hall in 1925, and the property was subsequently sold off. Shortly after the demolition of Normanton the altar, a magnificent piece of work, was presented to Earl Shilton’s St. Peter’s Church in Mill Lane. A fire, in the 1940’s, destroyed part of this building, but fortunately not damaging the altar. Father Barry-Doyle, a former priest, and a well-known elocutionist, greatly delighted local audiences with his poetry and monologues during his stay at Normanton.

== The Boy Scouts ==

The first Scout troop was formed around 1916. The original Master for the Earl Shilton troop was Mr Horace Perkins, and Mr W Cotton was president

Mr Perkins recalls -
‘Much of the Scouts equipment was homemade. In the early days we water proofed heavy bed sheets and would sew them into tents’ ''(John Lawrence''). The Scout troop took part in the World Jamborbee, at Olympia London in 1920. During the Jamboree they camped in the town of Barnet.

Mr Rudkin was a local carrier and was the first man in the village to posses a motor charabanc in the village. Bus and safety regulations were not in evidence, as the seats were ordinary chairs, set in rows and roped around the sides. Children were given free rides round the village on its inception.

== The Great War ==

One thousand men from Earl Shilton served in British forces during [[World War I]]. Many men from Earl Shilton, in the Fifth Leicestershire Regiment, also served in [[Ireland]] during the 1916 [[Easter uprising]]. The village factories also supplied the government with thousands of pairs of socks and army boots. These same manufacturers also supplied vast orders for the Russian Cossacks.

During the latter stages of the war, Earl Shilton held a ‘big gun week’, when a large [[howitzer]] was paraded around the village. Many were invited to buy [[war bond|War Bonds]]. Military bands often visited the village to inspire recruiting. In a very different age when information was seriously censored and patriotism was paramount, young men clamoured to join up. In one week alone 80 enlisted, and were cheered on by crowds of happy followers as they marched to [[Elmesthorpe]] station on their way to the mud filled trenches of the [[Western Front]].

It was all over on the 11th November 1918. All work was suspended for the day, while flags and bunting appeared in windows. Fireworks were let off and a comic band toured the streets. Watching silently were the German prisoners of war who were working in the area and billeted at nearby Normanton Hall.

A captured field gun stood for a time near the Wesleyan Chapel, and was removed for a time to a field off station road. The guns final resting place was the Wood Street Recreation Ground, which was once a sand pit, where the gun now lies buried and forgotten.

Over a hundred men from the village were lost in the conflict, and a cenotaph was erected in their memory.

On wake Sunday 1919, and for many years afterwards, the British Legion, public bodies and factories held a parade for the fallen.

== Sport ==

Sport has been represented in Earl Shilton by several worthy exponents, especially at cricket. Sam Coe, Loni Brown, Joe Brown and Arthur Hampson were all selected for county honours. Billy Ball and George Panter, of an older generation, were also outstanding. Earl Shilton had a regular fixture at one period with Coventry and North Warwickshire.

Shilton Victors, a football team who had their headquarters at the “King William IV" public house, won three cups in a single day, a very noteworthy achievement. Most of the factories in the village ran sides for the benefit of the Earl Shilton Sunshine League. These matches were played after tea when work ceased, and very keen rivalry was witnessed, and good football without the frills was usually served up for the large crowds that assembled. Mr. H. Bradbnry presented a silver cup that was played for each year by knock-out competition. The venue for these hectic matches was in a field off Station Road at the rear of the Constitutional Club. By 1923 Earl Shilton had many football clubs in vogue. The church and chapel fielded useful sides, also very often second elevens. The Adult School fielded three sides for quite a long time, and rented two fields, one which was situated on The Mount

Foot racing was once very popular, and many wagers have been run for around the local fields. On one occasion the village sweep who was to cycle on his three-wheeler, challenged a well-known local runner to race from Shilton Hill to Kirkby, the runner to have the length of the hill start. The runner was easily passed down the Kirkby Lane and retired. In 1947 Mr. Macartney, was still living in the village, being over 90 years of age. He was the village sweep and carried on this occupation when he was over 80 years of age.

Between the wars Earl Shilton boasted a horticultural society, which held an annual flower and sports event in a field in Kings Walk. Cycle racing, high jumps, donkey racing and all manner of foot racing.

== World War II ==

During [[World War II]] there were 192 air raid alerts in Earl Shilton. The first occurring on June 26th 1940 and the last on 20th March 1945. The village siren was erected on the factory of Toon and son in Wood Street, and known as ‘Moaning Minnie’.

The first bombing took place on the night of 20th – 21st November 1940, when three parachute mines were dropped. One landed in Barwell while the other two came down in the Northwest corner of Earl Shilton. One of these mines failed to explode, and both villages had a narrow escape as no one was injured and no serious damage was done. The following day a Royal Navy bomb disposal squad and blew the thing up at 3 pm. This left a good size crater near the ‘Brockey’, but soon afterwards this was filled in.

More incendiaries fell in Elmesthorpe on December 4th 1940. Chased across Shilton by the RAF, the German plane was brought it down near Leicester Forrest East. The Earl Shilton Home Guard were called out to the scene and prisoners were taken.

At 7am on July 27th 1942, a lone German bomber dived out of the clouds near the church and let go of three stick bombs. They landed at the back of Mr T Carter’s farm in Church Street, destroying a barn and badly damaging a house. Mr Carter had a very lucky escape himself, as he was out in his yard at the time only {{convert|20|yd|m|-1}} from the blast. A bull was so badly injured that it had to be put down. The plane went on to machine gun those unfortunate enough to be going to work.

<blockquote>
''Mr T J Langton recalls'' -

I was at Earl Shilton R.C. School, in Mill Lane, when on this particular morning a lost German plane flew low over Keats Lane and as a boy I remember as Gary Cassell was on his way to the same school as this plane flew over, low and sprayed machine gun bullets along Keats Lane. He ran into an entry and dropped his scarf. When he eventually recovered it, he noticed it contained a bullet hole. He told the story to Michael Mortimore, the son of the village bobby who also attended the school. On hearing this, Mike Mortimore said 'It was a good job he had not got it wrapped round his neck, at the time.'
</blockquote>

During the night of July 30th 1942, a 2000 lb bomb landed in Everards field near to Kings Walk, but apart from a pig being killed the bomb only rattled a few windows. The crater was still in evidence in 1947.

<blockquote>
M''r T J Langton also recalls'' -
I was woken up early one morning and was later told there had been an explosion, close by in Earl Shilton. Later that morning, it was discovered that a bomb had fallen in the Leacroft’s, and landing on soft ground restricted it’s damage to killing a pig and a chicken, belonging to the Fullylore family. It was later reported in newspapers, but owing to the war situation, it was not given out as being Earl Shilton, only ‘a Midland’s village’.
</blockquote>

But it was not only the Germans that the villagers had to watch out for as a greenhouse in Huit Lane was hit by a stray anti-aircraft shell.

On the night of the big raid on Coventry planes passed over the village the whole night long. There was the distant sound of the anti aircraft batteries could clearly be heard and there was a huge orange glow in the sky, which marked the firestorm raining down on Coventry.

At the top end of the village, the Air Raid Patrol, ARP wardens, met in the back room of the Plough, a Public House run by Joe Lucas. They patrolled the streets checking the blackout and fire watching.

Hundreds of villagers went into munitions work, and eventually there was a munitions factory opened in the village. The village also took child refugees from Coventry, Birmingham and London.

Many villagers had shelters put in their gardens, but there were also public shelters in Wood Street, Station Road, Almey’s Lane, Keats Lane, The Hollow and Belle Vue.

The Local Defence Volunteers, later to be renamed the Home Guard, were organised in June 1940. They had their headquarters in a large house near Birds Hill called ‘Holydene’, the fire service and ambulance sharing a room here for a time. The Local Defence Volunteers were conspicuous in their denim overalls at the beginning of the war, but as time went on they were issued with army battle dress, tin hats, American rifles with bayonets and by the end of the war even boasted a couple of Lewis guns. One section of the Home Guard was on patrol every night and by the time they were stood down their strength had grown to 140 men. They were commanded in the early days by Captain Wileman and later by Major Wand of Desford.

Soldiers were billeted in most of the public buildings during the war. The military authorities requisitioned the Working Men's Club dance hall, the Adult School Hall, the Social Institute, Constitutional Club, and the Co-op village hall. After Dunkirk, the Sussex Yeomanry moved into the village, being replaced in turn by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Royal Artillery, Royal Marines and the Pioneer Corps. The Wesleyan Chapel in the Hollow was transformed into a British Restaurant, for the troops. Training was undertaken on the recreation grounds and other open spaces around the village. Mr Astley’s sand pit in Heath Lane was used as a shooting range.

There were around 900 men and women serving in the regular British forces, of which 25 were killed in action. Their names were duly added to the war memorial.

==References==
<references/>
John Nichols, ''History and Antiquities of Leicestershire'', Vol. IV, pp. 774-780; ''Gentleman's Magazine'', xlvi (1776)
A.G. Mathews, Walker Revised, p. 237.

John N Lawrence 'Associations with Earl Shilton - A Leicestershire Village' 2006

The Normans David Crouch 2002

The Crusades

History of Earl Shilton Tooley Park and Potters Marston G H Foster 1940
Baxter

History of Earl Shilton and Tooley Park ''G H Foster 1947''
Baxter

Castle ''Mark Morris 2003''
Pan Books

The Domesday Book ''Michael Wood''

The Companions of William the Conqueror ''Wace''

A History of Britain ''Simon Sharma''

Leicestershire Archeological Society
- Vol 28 1952

LEICESTER: SANITATION versus VACCINATION ''J.T. BIGGS''

==External Sources==
Old photos of Earl Shilton can be found at http://earlshilton.multiply.com
{{coor title d|52.57777|N|1.30491|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SP472980)}}

[[Category:Villages in Leicestershire]]

Hugues de Grandmesnil

2006-12-07T18:23:39Z

Java13690:

'''Hugh de Grandmesnil''' ([[1032]] – [[February 22]], [[1098]]), also known as '''Hugh''' or '''Hugo de Grentmesnil''' or '''Grentemesnil''', was a commander at the [[Battle of Hastings]]. Following the conquest [[William I of England]] gave De Grandmesnil a 100 manors for his services, sixty-five of them in [[Leicestershire]]. He was appointed [[sheriff]] of the county of Leicester and Governor of [[Hampshire]].

He married the beautiful Adeliza, daughter of [[Ivo, Count of Beaumont-sur-l'Oise]], with whom he inherited [[Brokesbourne]] in [[Herefordshire]], and three lordships in [[Warwickshire]]. Together they had five sons and as many daughters—namely, Robert, William, Hugh, [[Ivo de Grandmesnil|Ivo]], and Aubrey; Adeline, Hawise, Rohais, Matilda, and Agnes.

Baron Grandmesnil was at the heart of Anglo-French politics. In [[1067]] Hugh joined with [[William Fitz Osbern]] and [[Bishop Odo]] in the government of [[England]], during the King's absence in [[Normandy]]. He also was one of the Norman nobles who interceded with the Conqueror in favour of Williams' son [[Robert Court-heuse]], and effected a temporary reconciliation.

Adelize wife of Hugh de Grandmesnil died at [[Rouen]] in [[1087]], and was buried in the Chapter House of [[St. Evroult]].

In [[1094]], Hugh de Grentmesnil was again in England, and, worn out with age and infirmity, finding his end approaching, assumed, in accordance with the common practice of the period, the habit of a monk, and expired six days after he had taken to his bed, [[February 22]], in the city of Leicester.
His body, preserved in salt and sewn up in the hide of an ox, was conveyed to Normandy by two monks of St. Evroult, and buried by the Abbot Roger on the south side of the Chapter House, near the tomb of Abbot Mainer. His eldest son, Robert, inherited his Normandy lands in the Ouch valley, while his son Ivo inherited the Honour of Leicester.

[[Category:Anglo-Normans|Grandmesnil, Hugh de]]
[[Category:Normans|Grandmesnil, Hugh de]]