Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

OurMine

2016-08-22T01:49:23Z

Jakec: on not in

{{Infobox organization
| name = OurMine
| image = UMhg_d3-_400x400.jpg
| caption = OurMine
| formation = September 18, 2014
| type = Hacking
|membership = 3
}}The '''OurMine Security Group''' is an online security company. The company uses hacks of celebrity internet accounts to advertise their commercial services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/06/meet-ourmine-security-group-hacking-ceos-celebs/|title=Meet OurMine, the ‘Security’ Group Hacking CEOs and Celebs|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/26/techcrunch-ourmine-hacking-group-attack|title=TechCrunch falls victim to OurMine hacking group|first=Samuel|last=Gibbs|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2016/07/31/hacker-explains-why-he-took-over-pokemon-go-creators-social-media-accounts/|title=Hacker Explains Why OurMine Took Over 'Pokémon GO' Creator's Social Media Accounts|first=Ryan|last=Mac|publisher=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/07/27/le-groupe-de-hackeurs-ourmine-pirate-le-site-specialise-techcrunch_4975353_4408996.html|title=Le groupe de hackeurs OurMine pirate le site spécialisé TechCrunch|date=27 July 2016|publisher=|via=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/07/26/ourmine-techcrunch-compromise/|title=OurMine 'hackers' are targeting news sites now|publisher=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3097513/security/ourmine-is-now-breaking-into-minecraft-accounts.html|title=OurMine is now hacking into Minecraft accounts|publisher=[[PC World]]}}</ref>

On August 21, 2016 the group hacked the [[Twitter]] account of Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-twitter-account-hacked-ourmine-2404899|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Jimmy Wales’ Twitter Account Hacked By OurMine|date=21 August 2016|publisher=[[International Business Times]]|quote=...a member belonging to the hacking group insisted that it’s just promoting stronger security, claiming that if the group didn’t hack famous accounts someone else would. }}</ref>

On July 26, 2016 the group hacked [[TechCrunch]] Website.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/26/techcrunch-ourmine-hacking-group-attack|title=TechCrunch is hacked’ By OurMine|date=July 26, 2016|publisher=[[TheGuardian]]|quote=}}</ref>

On June 7, 2016 the group hacked [[Mark Zuckerberg]] the founder of [[Facebook]] on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/mark-zuckerbergs-twitter-and-pinterest-accounts-hacked-1465251954|title=Mark Zuckerberg is hacked’ By OurMine|date=June 7, 2016|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=}}</ref>

On July 9, 2016 the group hacked [[Jack Dorsey]] the founder of [[Twitter]] on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/07/09/jack-dorsey-twitter-hack/|title=Jack Dorsey is hacked’ By OurMine|date=July 9, 2016|publisher=[[Mashable]]|quote=}}</ref>

On June 27, 2016 the group hacked [[Sundar Pichai]] the CEO of [[Google]] on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/google/2016/06/27/someone-just-hacked-google-ceo-sundar-pichais-quora-account/|title=Sundar Pichai is hacked’ By OurMine|date=June 27, 2016|publisher=[[TheNextWeb]]|quote=}}</ref>

On July 31, 2016 the group hacked [[John Hanke]] the creator of [[Pokemon Go]] on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/01/pokemon-go-creator-niantics-ceo-hacked-on-twitter/|title=John Hanke is hacked’ By OurMine|date=July 31, 2016|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://ourmine.org}}

[[Category:Hacker groups]]

Pillow (Pennsylvania)

2016-06-05T17:16:21Z

Jakec: /* Geography */ fix misleading link

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Pillow, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_skyline =Market St, Pillow PA 01.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption =Market Street in Pillow
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map = Dauphin County Pennsylvania incorporated and unincorporated areas Pillow highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 300px
|map_caption = Location in [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]] and state of [[Pennsylvania]].
|settlement_type = [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|Borough]]

|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Borough Council
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1818
|established_title1 = Incorporated
|established_date1 = 1864
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 1.28
|area_land_km2 = 1.28
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 298
|population_density_km2 = 233.2
|population_density_sq_mi =
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 40
|latm = 38
|lats = 26
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 48
|longs = 12
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 545
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 17080
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]]
|website = {{URL|www.pillowpa.org}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Pillow''' is a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] in [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Dauphin County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The population was 298 at the 2010 census.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US4260264| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Pillow borough, Pennsylvania| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=December 16, 2015}}</ref> It is part of the [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]–[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania|Carlisle]] [[Harrisburg metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

==History==
Pillow was founded in 1818 by John Snyder, a land developer from [[Mercer County, Pennsylvania|Mercer County]], as "Snydertown" (''Schneiderstettle''). The borough was incorporated as "Uniontown" on April 20, 1864. When the town got its first post office in 1847, a post office under the name of "Uniontown" already existed. A postal official substituted the name "Pillow" after General [[Gideon Johnson Pillow|Gideon Pillow]], who was popular at the time for his victories in the [[Mexican–American War]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Notes and Queries, Historical, Biographical and Genealogical, Relating Chiefly to Interior Pennsylvania| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wyxBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21| year=1895| publisher=Harrisburg Publishing Company| page=21}}</ref> Over the next hundred years, the new name slowly took hold, and on November 2, 1965, the residents voted to change the official name of the town to "Pillow".

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Pillow had numerous industries, including a cotton mill, a burial vault manufacturer, a brickworks, and a potato chip factory. Today, the only major industry is the Codi case factory.

==Geography==
Pillow is the northernmost town in Dauphin County, located at {{coord|40|38|26|N|76|48|12|W|type:city}} (40.640430, -76.803464).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> It is bounded on the west, north, and east by [[Mahantango Creek]], a west-flowing tributary of the [[Susquehanna River]], and on the south by [[Mahantango Mountain]].

[[Pennsylvania Route 225]] passes through the center of the borough, leading northeast {{convert|23|mi}} to [[Shamokin, Pennsylvania|Shamokin]] and south {{convert|7|mi|0}} to [[Elizabethville, Pennsylvania|Elizabethville]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of {{convert|1.28|km2|order=flip}}, all land.<ref name="Census 2010"/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1870= 299
|1880= 367
|1890= 333
|1900= 359
|1910= 291
|1920= 295
|1930= 317
|1940= 348
|1950= 323
|1960= 329
|1970= 332
|1980= 359
|1990= 341
|2000= 304
|2010= 298
|estyear=2014
|estimate=300
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 304 people, 131 households, and 93 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 634.6 people per square mile (244.5/km²). There were 139 housing units at an average density of 290.1 per square mile (111.8/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.67% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], and 0.33% from two or more races.

There were 131 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 2.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.7 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $39,464, and the median income for a family was $41,000. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $23,250 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $17,182. About 7.8% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 5.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.4% of those sixty five or over.

==Education==
[[Image:Map of Dauphin County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|300 px|thumb|Map of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania School Districts]]

Residents of Pillow may attend the local, public schools operated by [[Upper Dauphin School District]] which provides kindergarten through 12th grade. The District's enrollment declined to 1,237 students K-12 in 2013. Upper Dauphin School District ranked 322nd out of 500 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils in 2013. Pillow residents may also apply to attend Infinity Charter School located on 51 Banks St, Harrisburg and any of the Commonwealth's 13 public cyber charter schools at no additional cost to the parents. The Upper Dauphin School District is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/purdon%27s_statutes/7503/charter_schools/507318 |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/charter_schools/7356 |title=What is a Charter School? |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> By Commonwealth law, if the District provides transportation for its own students, then the District must provide transportation to any school that lies within 10 miles of its borders. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Education]]. In 2012, the tuition fees for Upper Dauphin School District were: Elementary School - $8,961.52, High School - $9,565.39.

Capital Area Intermediate Unit #15 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes Pillow. Early screening, special educations services, speech and hearing therapy and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. CAIU15 also operates Capital Area Online Learning Association which is an online learning program operated in association with the local public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://caola.caiu.org/Caola.aspx |title=Capital Area Online Learning Association |author=CAOLA administration |year=2012}}</ref>

Pillow residents have access to [[Harrisburg Area Community College]]. People residing in Pillow fund HACC through an annual payment made by Upper Dauphin School District.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2013/04/harrisburg_school_district_oks.html |author=cate McKissick |title=Harrisburg school district OKs smaller HACC contribution amount for next year |date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> Twenty two local public school districts are required to contribute annually to HACC regardless of whether any residents are attending the college. Full-time students from these districts, who attend HACC, pay $1,674 for 12 credit hours.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* The Pillow Historical Society (2006). ''The History of Pillow, PA and the Surrounding Community.''
{{commonscat}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pillowpa.org Borough of Pillow official website]

{{Dauphin County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1818]]
[[Category:Harrisburg metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2016-01-21T19:53:36Z

Jakec: not particularly, especially as there is nothing more recent

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.74880|-76.38936|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. Despite being listed as impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], the stream is not impacted by this; no mining has been done in its watershed. However, some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
{{confusing|date=January 2016}}
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geology)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed. The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
* [[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
* [[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
* [[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
* [[List of tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Shamokin

2016-01-11T20:10:29Z

Jakec: not quite shamokin

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Shamokin, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =Shamokin, PA Keystone Marker.jpg
|blank_emblem_type = Keystone Marker
|blank_emblem_size = 250px
|blank_emblem_link = Keystone Markers
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-PA
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = City
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = George S. Rozinskie, Jr.
|leader_title1 = Councilman
|leader_name1 = R. Craig Rhoades, Director of Parks and Recreation
|leader_title2 = Councilman
|leader_name2 = William D. Milbrand, Director of Public Safety
|leader_title3 = Councilman
|leader_name3 = Michael A. Snyder, Director of Public Works
|leader_title4 = Councilman
|leader_name4 = William R. Strausser, Director of Accounts and Finance
|leader_title5 = Treasurer
|leader_name5 = Brenda Scandle
|leader_title6 = Controller
|leader_name6 = Gary Haddock
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1835
|established_title1 = Incorporated (borough)
|established_date1 = 1864
|established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
|established_date2 = 1949
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 2.1
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.8
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 7374
|population_density_km2 = 3511.43
|population_density_sq_mi = 9217.5
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 40
|latm = 47
|lats = 21
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 33
|longs = 17
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 800
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17872
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]] Exchanges: 644, 648
|website = http://www.shamokincity.org/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Shamokin''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|m|oʊ|k|ɨ|n}}; [[Saponi]] [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] “Schahamokink” "''place of eels''") ([[Unami language|Lenape]]: Shahëmokink <ref>{{cite web
| title = Lenape Talking Dictionary
| accessdate = 2012-05-27
| url = http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=9281
}}</ref>) is a city in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], at the western edge of the [[Coal Region|Anthracite Coal Region]]. (The original [[Shamokin (village)|Saponi village of Shamokin]], of the same name, was located near the current site of [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania|Sunbury]], the seat of Northumberland County.) At the 2010 census the population was 7,374 residents. The city of Shamokin is bordered by its sister community, [[Coal Township, Pennsylvania]]. The colliery was in operation until the 1970s and was left abandoned.

==Distressed city==
In June 2014, Shamokin was approved by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development]] for Act 47 Distressed City status after several banks refused it loans for outstanding bills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.newpa.com/library-files/city_of_shamokin_decision_and_order_consultative_evaluation-pdf/ |title=Shamokin City Act 47 Determination of Distress |author=Pennsylvania Department of Community Economic Development |year=2014}}</ref> The designation opens the door to loans coming from the Commonwealth. Shamokin City officials are required to develop a plan to achieve long-term financial stability and eligibility to leave the program. Only one city in Pennsylvania has ever exited Act 47 status by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.witf.org/news/2014/06/shamokin------after-a-five.php |title=Last resort becoming reality for Shamokin |author=Emily Previti |publisher=WITF.org |date=Jun 5, 2014}}</ref> In February 2015, the City was approved raise its earned income tax to 2 percent a week. Out of the total revenue generated from the tax, 50 percent would go to the school district. By law, municipalities can only tax citizens 1 percent a week in the earned income tax, but financially distressed cities can petition the courts to increase it to 2 percent a week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyitem.com/news/local_news/shamokin-gets-ok-for-a-week-earned-income-tax-increase/article_ac433a20-bd76-11e4-85d3-1f29acb224f6.html |title=Shamokin gets OK for $1 a week Earned Income Tax increase |author=Justin Strawser |publisher=The Daily Item |date=February 26, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2013, Shamokin City Council cut several full-time police officer positions in an effort to bring the budget overruns into compliance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pahomepage.com/news/shamokin-council-budget-cuts |title=Shamokin Council Budget Cuts |author=PA Homepage.com |date=December 24, 2013}}</ref>

The Shamokin City Council unanimously approved a 2015 budget of $3.7 million setting property taxes at 58.1 mills. Salaries and benefits of city employees cost $1,956,257, which is 69 percent of all general fund spending.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsitem.com/news/shamokin-votes-to-adopt-2015-3-7m-budget-1.1797223 |title=Shamokin votes to adopt 2015 $3.7M budget |author=Eric Scicchitano |publisher=New Item |date=December 4, 2014}}</ref> The 2014 real estate tax levy is 47.35 mills. The city adopted a $2.3 million budget in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://insurancenewsnet.com/oarticle/2014/02/07/Bartos-resigns-as-Shamokin-city-clerk-a-457430.html |title=Bartos resigns as Shamokin City Clerck |author=Eric Scicchitano, |publisher=The News-Item |date=February 7, 2014}}</ref> Bartos had received a $9,350 raise approved by city council in 2012. He had successfully applied for several grants including: $3.4 million for a creek channel preservation project. a grant to expand Claude Kehler Community Park and another to restore the "99 steps," a city landmark.

==History==

Shamokin was incorporated as a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] on November 9, 1864, and as a city on February 21, 1949. In addition to [[anthracite]] coal-mining, it also had silk and knitting mills (the Eagle Silk Mill became the largest textile building under one roof in America), stocking and shirt factories, wagon shops, ironworks, and brickyards.

Most notably, [[Thomas Edison]], briefly a resident of Sunbury, established the [[Edison Illuminating Company]] of Shamokin in the fall of 1882. Operation of the Shamokin station (located at the current Independence Street site of Jones Hardware Company<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joneshardware.com/ace.htm |title=History of Jones Hardware and Home Center |publisher=Joneshardware.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>) on September 22, 1883, at which time [[St. Edward's Catholic Church]] became the first church in the world to have electric lighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nungesser/Thomas/ThomasStudio/Edison.htm |first=Garth |last=Hall |newspaper=The News-Item |location=Shamokin, PA |title=Thomas Edison, known world-wide as one of the most prolific inventors in history, held 1,097 U |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

In the [[1877 Shamokin Uprising]], starvation wages and miserable working conditions prompted railroad workers and miners to join the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]. Vigilantes gathered by Mayor William Douty shot into a group of strikers, wounding twelve and killing two. Five strikers were jailed for up to eight months for their part in the uprising.

The National Ticket Company, located in Shamokin from 1907 until 1992, was at one time the largest ticket company in the United States. Their first production facility was built in 1911 at the corner of Pearl and Webster Streets; a 1942 fire gutted the plant, although the brick shell still stands. The replacement building at Pearl Street and Ticket Avenue was completed in 1950 and served as company headquarters for forty-two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalticket.com/general/history.asp |title=National Ticket- History |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131203001334/http://www.nationalticket.com/general/history.asp |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>

"Murder at Hickory Ridge" was a fictionalized account of an unsolved murder in the Shamokin area, written by William A. Conway and printed by his two brothers, Alphonsus E. and John J., in the garage that served as the Conway Print Shop.

With the profits from the sale of the novel, the Conway brothers started the Black Diamond Publishing Company in 1905 to disseminate news of the anthracite coal region through the printing of Black Diamond Magazine.

Edgewood park also known as Indian Park existed in Shamokin from 1905 through the late 1950s. It consisted of {{convert|97|acre|m2}} including a large pond. The land where the park existed is now where the Shamokin area school district built the Elementary and High school.

The [[Victoria Theatre (Shamokin, Pennsylvania)|Victoria Theatre]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1985. It was delisted in 2004, after demolition.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Coal waste pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin.JPG|thumb|left|A coal pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|0.8|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

Shamokin has two small creeks that divide the town. Carbon Run merges with Shamokin Creek in the north of the town and ultimately empties into the [[Susquehanna River]] just south of [[Shamokin Dam]] near [[Sunbury, PA]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 2191
|1860= 2159
|1870= 4320
|1880= 8184
|1890= 14403
|1900= 18202
|1910= 19588
|1920= 21204
|1930= 20274
|1940= 18810
|1950= 16879
|1960= 13674
|1970= 11719
|1980= 10357
|1990= 9184
|2000= 8009
|2010= 7374
|estyear=2014
|estimate=7233
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name="CensusPopEst">{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]] of 2000,<ref name="GR2" /> there were 8,009 people, 3,742 households, and 2,028 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 9,601.9 people per square mile (3,725.7/km2). There were 4,674 housing units at an average density of 5,603.6 per square mile (2,174.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.5% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 3,742 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population had 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $20,173, and the median income for a family was $30,038. Males had a median income of $28,261 versus $19,120 for females. The [[per capita income]] was $12,354. About 19.3% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 34.2% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
[[Image:Map of Northumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|200 px|thumb|Map of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania public school districts]]

Children residing in Shamokin may attend the local, public schools operated by the [[Shamokin Area School District]]. They may also opt to attend a private school with tuition at the parent's expense. The public school district is required by state law to transport children to any school within ten miles of its borders. Local private schools include the Darul Uloom Al-Qasim School and Our Lady of Lourdes Regional School.

Shamokin Area School District provides taxpayer funded half day preschool and full day kindergarten through 12th grade, with an enrollment of 2,522 pupils in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=District Fast Facts - Shamokin Area School District |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2011, Shamokin Area School District enrollment was 2,356 pupils.<ref>NCES, Common Core of Data - Shamokin Area School District, 2011</ref> The District's enrollment was 2,443 pupils in 2005-06.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Enrollment and Projections by LEA 2005-06 - 2020, July 2010</ref> Shamokin Area School District operates four schools in two buildings: [[Shamokin Area High School]] (9-12), Shamokin Area Middle School (7 & 8), Shamokin Area Intermediate School (5&6) and Shamokin Area Elementary School (preschool-4th). In 2014, Shamokin Area School District’s graduation rate was 82.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=Shamokin Area High School School Performance Profile 2014 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Pittsburgh Business Times]] ranked Shamokin Area School District 407th out of 496 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/04/11/unionville-chadds-ford-mt-lebanon-top-school.html |title=Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide ranking 2014 |author=Pittsburgh Business Times |date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2012, Shamokin Area School District achieved [[Adequate Yearly Progress]] (AYP) despite the low academic achievement at the high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/District/Overview/c49/116496503 |title=Shamokin Area School District AYP Overview 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

High school aged students can attend the taxpayer funded [[Northumberland County Career and Technology Center]], located in Coal Township, for training in the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas. Northumberland County Career and Technology Center is funded by a consortium of the school districts, which includes: [[Line Mountain School District]], [[Mount Carmel Area School District]] and Shamokin Area School District. It also receives funds through grants from the state and federal government.

Shamokin residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 14 public cyber charter schools (in 2013) at no additional cost to the parents. This includes [[SusQ Cyber Charter School]] which is locally operated. The resident’s public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/purdon%27s_statutes/7503/charter_schools/507318 |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/charter_schools/7356 |title=What is a Charter School? |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> The tuition rate that Shamokin Area School District must pay was $7,050.50 in 2012. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Education]].

[[Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit]] #16 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes the city of Shamokin. Early screening, [[special education]] services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiu.org/index.cfm?pageid=566 |title=About the CSIU |author=Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16 Administration |year=2014}}</ref>

Luzerne County Community College (LCCC) has a satellite campus in the Careerlink Building, Arch Street, Shamokin.

[[Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania]] is a public university located in Bloomsburg. It is one of the 14 state universities that make up the [[Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education]] (PASSHE). Eleventh and twelfth grade students may attend the University at a significant tuition discount through its [[Dual enrollment|Dual Enrollment]] program earning college credits, while still earning their high school diploma. The university also operates a summer college program called ACE,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomu.edu/ace |title=High School ACE |author=Bloomsburg University Administration |year=2013}}</ref> where high school students can earn credits at a 75% tuition discount. The credits are transferable to many other Pennsylvania universities through the state’s TRAC system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacollegetransfer.com/ |title=Take Your Credits with You |author=PA Transfer and Articulation Center |year=2014}}</ref>

==Mayoral Election history==
*2009 - George Rozinskie (D) over Betsy Richardson (D)
*2005 - Ronald Bradley (R) over Edward O'Donnell (D)
*2001 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Betsy Richardson (R)
*1997 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Ronald Bradley (R)
*1993 - Daniel Strausser (R) over James Yurick Jr. (D)
*1989 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Daniel Strausser (R) <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The News Item|location=Shamokin, PA|title= Mayoral history in Shamokin|date= November 1, 2013}}</ref>
*1985 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Malcom C. Farrow IV (R)
*1981 - William L. Rickert over Harvey M. Boyer (D)

==Notable people==
* [[Stan Coveleski]], [[Major League Baseball]] Hall of Fame pitcher
* [[Harry Coveleski]], Major League Baseball pitcher, [[Detroit Tigers]] career [[Earned run average|ERA]] record holder
* [[George H. Cram]], Union general in the American Civil War
* [[Jake Daubert]], Major League Baseball player, two National League batting titles and was MVP in 1913
* [[John Grazier]], American realist painter
* Kate Heffelfinger, suffragist who was held during the [[Silent Sentinels|“Night of Terror”]], November 15, 1917
* [[Herbert G. Hopwood]], US Navy admiral and commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1958 to 1960
* [[Eddie Korbich]], Broadway, film and television actor
* [[Mary LeSawyer]], operatic soprano
* [[Harry J. Lincoln]], early 1900s popular music composer
* [[Michael Luchkovich]], first ethnic Ukrainian member of the Canadian House of Commons (1926–1935)
* [[Fred Rhoads]], cartoonist of ''[[Sad Sack]]''
* [[Holden C. Richardson|Captain Holden C. Richardson (USN)]] (1878-1960), pioneer in U.S. naval aviation. He was the Navy’s first engineering test pilot and assisted in the development of the first Navy-built seaplane.
* [[Ronald L. Thompson]], Pennsylvania state legislator
* [[Thomas I. Vanaskie]], federal judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]]
* [[Bud Weiser]], Major League Baseball player, played for the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]
* [[Joseph Zupicich]], crewmember of the [[RMS Carpathia|RMS ''Carpathia'']], assisted in the rescue operation for the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] on April 15, 1912. A personal account of the events and a short biography were recorded in a [http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385 ''Shamokin News Item'' article] in 1982.<ref>http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first= Patrick M.|year=1980|title=Startling Stories About Pennsylvania|publisher=Red Rose Studio|isbn= 0-932514-04-9}}</ref>(1892-1987)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shamokin, Pennsylvania}}
*[http://www.shamokincity.org Website for the City of Shamokin]
*[http://www.daladophotography.com Historic and modern photos of Shamokin]
*[http://www.indians.k12.pa.us Website for the Shamokin Area School District]
*[http://www.newsitem.com The NewsItem]
*[http://newdeal.feri.org/nation/na3446.htm Bootleg Anthracite Coal; (A Mention of Shamokin)]
*[http://www.sctpubliclibrary.lib.pa.us/history.htm History of the Shamokin Coal Township Public Library]
*[http://www.defunctparks.com/parks/PA/edgewood/edgewood.htm Edgewood Park]

{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Cities in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1835]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Cities in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Coal towns in Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2016-01-03T19:10:22Z

Jakec: tweaks per DYK nom

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.74880|-76.38936|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. Despite being listed as impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], the stream is not impacted by this; no mining has been done in its watershed. However, some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geology)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed. The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-29T15:25:31Z

Jakec: /* See also */ wl

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.74880|-76.38936|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. It is not impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geology)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-29T15:24:55Z

Jakec: /* See also */ wl

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|mouth = [[Mahanoy Creek]]
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.75456|-76.75694|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|watershed_sqmi = 13.1
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A 1909 report by the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1965 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-28T23:18:59Z

Jakec: huh

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|mouth = [[Mahanoy Creek]]
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.75456|-76.75694|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|watershed_sqmi = 13.1
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A 1909 report by the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1965 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-24T20:39:15Z

Jakec: /* History and recreation */ fix date

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|mouth = [[Mahanoy Creek]]
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.75456|-76.75694|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1965 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-23T20:19:39Z

Jakec: /* See also */ uncomment

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|mouth = [[Mahanoy Creek]]
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40.75456|-76.75694|format=dms|type:river_region:US-PA|display=inline,title}}
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-23T14:41:41Z

Jakec: /* Geography and geology */ typo

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. It is not impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geology)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-23T14:25:15Z

Jakec: +Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania; +Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek; +Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. It is not impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geography)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-23T14:24:34Z

Jakec: Jakec moved page User:Jakec/Crab Run to Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek) without leaving a redirect: moving to mainspace

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. It is not impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geography)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-23T14:21:07Z

Jakec: added to lead, added infobox

{{Infobox river
|name = Crab Run
|image_name = Crab Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Crab Run looking downstream
|origin = Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, not far from the census-designated place of Beruys Lake
|mouth = Mahanoy Creek in Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Taylorville
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 2.5
|elevation_ft = 897
|mouth_elevation_ft = 742
|discharge = (August 2001)
|discharge_cuft/s = 0.61
|watershed_sqmi = 3.50
|left_tribs = one unnamed tributary
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}. It is not impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but some stream reaches in its watershed do experience agricultural impacts. The stream is not far from the Western Middle Anthracite Field. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. As of 2001, the stream contains [[macroinvertebrate]]s, but no fish.

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geography)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge over Crab Run was built in Taylorville in 1940. It is {{convert|24.9|ft|m}} long and carries Black Creek Road.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/schuylkill/|title = Schuylkill County|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Crab Run (Mahanoy Creek)

2015-12-23T13:09:48Z

Jakec: start

'''Crab Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Barry Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Barry Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==Course==
Crab Run begins in Barry Township, not far from the [[census-designated place]] of [[Beruys Lake, Pennsylvania|Beruys Lake]]. It flows west-northwest for several tenths of a mile and passes through a pond or small lake before turning north-northeast. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and turns northeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it receives an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]] and turns north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, flowing alongside the base of a mountain. The stream then turns north-northeast for a short distance, passing through a pond or small lake before reaching its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Crab Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|32.08|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 51|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Crab Run are not designated as impaired waterbodies.<ref name = "wras06b"/> One stream reach is listed as impaired by metals from [[abandoned mine drainage]], but no mining has been done in the watershed.<ref name = "cravotta"/><ref name = "wras06b"/> Another stream reach is impaired by [[siltation]]/organic enrichment/low [[dissolved oxygen]] from agriculture/grazing.<ref name = "wras06b">{{Citation|url = http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=18&objID=439123&mode=2|title = Watershed Restoration Action Strategy (WRAS) State Water Plan Subbasin 06B Mahanoy Creek and Shamokin Creek Watersheds (Susquehanna River) Northumberland and Schuylkill Counties|page = 13|date = February 2004|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

In August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of Crab Run was measured to be {{convert|0.61|cuft/s|m3/s}}. The [[pH]] was 7.1 and the net [[alkalinity]] concentration was {{convert|32|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The concentration of [[aluminum]] was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} and the [[manganese]] and [[iron]] concentrations were {{convert|0.05|and|0.15|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[nitrate]] concentration was {{convert|3.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, the [[phosphorus]] concentration was {{convert|0.08|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, and the [[sulfate]] concentration was {{convert|9|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation of the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Crab Run is {{convert|742|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|897|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

The [[streambed]] of Crab Run predominantly features [[cobble (geography)|cobbles]], but fine [[silt]] covers it as well. The [[Munsell color system|Munsell color]] of the stream's dried sediment is dark yellowish brown.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

Crab Run is situated some distance to the south of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 9, 16, 31, 38, 41|year = 2001|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Crab Run has an area of {{convert|3.50|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The stream is entirely within the [[United States Geological Survey]] [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Tremont.<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1172575,Crab%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Crab Run|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> Its mouth is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of the community of Taylorville.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Crab Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1172575.<ref name = "gnis"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Crab Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 23, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, no fish were observed in Crab Run. However, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, a total of ten macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in Crab Run. ''[[Chironomidae]]'' was "very abundant", with more than 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Simuliidae]]'' and ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' were "abundant", with 25 to 100 individuals being observed. ''[[Ephemerellidae]]'', ''[[Crydalidae]]'', ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Cambaridae]]'', and ''[[Oligochaeta]]'' were "present", with 3 to 9 individuals being observed. The taxa ''[[Nemouridae]]'' and ''[[Heptageniidae]]'' were "rare", with 1 to 2 individuals being observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Crab Run in 2001 was 5.61.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Zerbe Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Little Mahanoy Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:40:31Z

Jakec: /* See also */ comment out

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream

*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:40:03Z

Jakec: fixes

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P. Pousardien|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=804775|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:38:58Z

Jakec: +Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania; +Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek; +Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Mahanoy Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:38:15Z

Jakec: Jakec moved page User:Jakec/Zerbe Run to Zerbe Run without leaving a redirect: moving to mainspace

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:37:28Z

Jakec: more

{{Infobox river
|name = Zerbe Run
|other_name = Zerbe Creek
|image_name = Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Zerbe Run looking downstream in Trevorton
|progression = Mahanoy Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 8.3
|elevation_ft = 861
|mouth_elevation_ft = 509
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries}}
'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref> The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the stream has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}. Part of the stream is impaired by [[abandoned mine drainage]], but its upper reaches are not impacted by mining. Several mine drainage discharges occur within the watershed. The stream is not far from the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].

Zerbe Run is one of the major tributaries of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed makes up 8.1 percent of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. A number of bridges have been constructed over the stream. Its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, but there are no fish in the stream. However, the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is stocked with trout and numerous [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa inhabit the stream. An area in its upper reaches is on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.

==Course==
[[File:Zerbe Run in Trevorton looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Zerbe Run looking upstream in Trevorton]]
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
Zerbe Run has no named tributaries.<ref name = "nationalmap"/> However, it does have four unnamed tributaries, of which the uppermost is by far the longest.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Mouth of Zerbe Run.JPG|thumb|Mouth of Zerbe Run]]
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T18:29:13Z

Jakec: expanding

'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Course==
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Some stream reaches in the watershed of Zerbe Run are designated as impaired waterbodies, but others are not.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Assessment Summary for Reporting Year 2006 Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Abandoned mine drainage]] is the source of impairment of impaired streams in the watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">{{Citation|author = Charles A. Cravotta|publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Mahanoy Creek Basin, Schuylkill, Columbia, and Northumberland Counties, Pennsylvania, 2001|pages = 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 41, 50|year = 2001|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> The effect that the abandoned mine drainage discharges have on the [[water quality]] of the stream depends on how much unimpacted water is flowing from the stream's upper reaches.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/> The headwaters of the stream are located in [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] east of Trevorton.<ref name = "scarlift"/> The upper reaches of the stream's watershed are not impacted by mining.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> A mine drainage discharge south of Trevorton empties into the stream, causing it to be significantly polluted from Trevorton downstream to its mouth.<ref name = "scarlift">{{Citation|publisher = [[Operation Scarlift]]|url = http://www.amrclearinghouse.org/Sub/SCARLIFTReports/Mahanoy/Topography.pdf|title = Topography|page = 4|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]]. The dried [[sediment]] of the stream near Trevorton is dark brown on the [[Munsell color system]]. Further downstream, the sediment is strong brown on the Munsell color system.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

Zerbe Run is one of major streams in the watershed of Mahanoy Creek. Its watershed occupies a total of 8.3% of the Mahanoy Creek drainage basin. Most of the abaondoned mine land in the watershed occurs to the south of the stream. A number of swamps/marshes and lakes/ponds occur in the watershed, as does a reservoir.<ref name = "conservationplan">{{Citation|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20029598.pdf|title = Mahanoy Creek Watershed Conservation Plan|pages = 18, 60, 64, 78, 239, 261, 287, 296, 305|date = October 6, 2010|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

Areas along Zerbe Run can be significantly impacted by [[flood]]ing.<ref>{{Citation|author = Rob Wheary|newspaper = [[The Citizens Voice]]|url = http://m.citizensvoice.com/news/all-remains-the-same-in-zerbe-township-1.1253378|title = All remains the same in Zerbe Township|date = January 4, 2012|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref> There are two [[groundwater]] withdrawals in the stream's watershed.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

==History and recreation==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

Part of [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 165]] is in the northeastern corner of the watershed of Zerbe Run.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/> The stream has the potential to be [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[trout]]. A lake known as the Zerbe Run Rod And Gun Club Pond is located in the stream's watershed and is stocked with trout.<ref name = "conservationplan"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/> [[Grass-leaved rush]], [[screw stem]], and [[downy lettuce]] occur along Zerbe Run in Zerbe Township and Coal Township.<ref name = "conservationplan"/> [[Eastern hemlock]], [[red maple]], [[yellow birch]], [[cinnamon fern]], [[regal fern]], a [[sedge]], [[goldthread]], and [[mayflower]] also occur in the area.<ref name = "inventory"/>

A reach of Zerbe Run near its headwaters is listed on the Northumberland County Natural Areas Inventory.<ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program]]|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Northumberland%20NHI%20-%202008%20update%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update 2008|pages = 39, 46, 49|year = 2008|accessdate = December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Zerbe Run

2015-12-22T13:47:45Z

Jakec: expanding

'''Zerbe Run''' (also known as '''Zerbe Creek''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Course==
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges (Big Mountain and Little Mountain), in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Zerbe Run continues to be impacted by [[abandoned mine drainage]]. The stream's watershed has four abandoned mine drainage sites: the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole, the North Franklin Mine seepage, the North Franklin Mine bank seepage, and the North Franklin Mine Sunshine Mine overflow. [[Passive treatment system|Passive treatment]] wetlands may be suitable for treating the North Franklin Mine drift and Borehole discharge. There are also large [[silt]] piles along the stream near Trevorton.<ref name = "cravotta">http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/pubs/cravotta/SIR_2004-5291.pdf 7, 9 11, 15-16, 18, 32, 38-39, 50</ref>

In 2001, Zerbe Run was found to be acidic during low base-flow conditions, but was nearly neutral during high base-flow conditions. In March 2001 and August 2001, the [[discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the stream was {{convert|7.99|and|0.62|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, the discharges were {{convert|30.2|and|4.36|cuft/s|m3/s}}, respectively. In March and August 2001, the net [[alkalinity]] of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11|and|49|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|-3|and|-20|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. In March and August 2001, the net [[pH]] of the stream near Trevorton was 7.0 to 7.2, while the net alkalinity {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was 4.3 to 6.0.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the concentration of [[aluminum]] in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}, while in August 2001, it was {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} downstream, the concentration was {{convert|0.10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March 2001 and {{convert|2.3|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August 2001. The [[manganese]] concentration of the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|0.06|and|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The manganese concentration {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream was {{convert|0.93|and|2.7|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, respectively. The concentration of [[dissolved oxygen]] in the stream near Trevorton was {{convert|11.6|and|9.5|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while further downstream, it was {{convert|11.5|and|8.8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In March 2001, the [[nitrate]] concentration in Zerbe Run near Trevorton was {{convert|0.51|and|0.72|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and August 2001, while {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} the concentrations were {{convert|0.50|and|0.60|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}}. The [[phosphorus]] concentration near Trevorton was {{convert|0.01|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} both times, but {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream, it was {{convert|0.04|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in March and {{convert|0.02|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} in August. The [[sulfate]] concentration in March was {{convert|10|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton and {{convert|99|mg/l|oz/ft|sp=us}} further downstream, while it was {{convert|8|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} near Trevorton in August and {{convert|264|mg/l|oz/cuft|sp=us}} {{convert|4.6|mi|km}} further downstream.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In the early 1900s, the [[stream channel|channel]] of Zerbe Run was colored yellow by [[sulfur]] pollution. A report from this time period stated that "there will be no harm to public health by the discharge of [[sewage]] into Zerbe Run at Trevorton".<ref name = " annual report"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Zerbe Run is {{convert|509|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1191948,Zerbe%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Zerbe Run|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|861|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

A {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} thick [[coal]] vein was discovered on Zerbe Run once.<ref>{{Citation|author = Ella Zerbey Elliott|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=LpKj43QJzI&sig=XPv2SxcXSa86vn2tM3v-0nQeyGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIqPrutOjJAhVR9mMKHR7EBdAQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Blue Book of Schuylkill County|page = 332|year = 1916|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref> The valley of Zerbe Run is situated between Big Mountain on the north and Little Mountain on the south. The stream's valley is approximately {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and contains the community of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvania|Trevorton]].<ref name = "annual report"/>

In the early 1900s, Zerbe Run was {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|3|ft|m}} deep at its mouth. Its flow rate was about {{convert|3|mph|kph}}. During this time period, there were [[culm]] banks in the vicinity of the stream at Trevorton. There was also a stone [[dam]] with a height of {{convert|5|ft|m}} on the stream.<ref name = "annual report"/>

Zerbe Run is located just outside of the [[Western Middle Anthracite Field]].<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The stream was also once known as Little Mahanoy Creek, although there is another tributary of Mahanoy Creek called [[Little Mahanoy Creek]].<ref name = "annual report">{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ANKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1123&lpg=PA1123&dq=%22Zerbe+Run%22&source=bl&ots=pEy1jLM8FY&sig=jtWe6KEsfA2Njrbfj_ahATPaNpo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7rMiphuPJAhXF4iYKHVjLDJAQ6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Zerbe%20Run%22&f=false|title = Annual Report of the Commissioner of Health of the Commonwealth of ..., Volume 3|pages = 742-743, 1122-1123|year = 1909|accessdate = December 19, 2015}}</ref>

There were historically mining operations on Zerbe Run at Trevorton.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/northumberland/areahistory/sham0001.txt|title = Northumberland County Area History Shamokin|year = 1989|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref> In 2001, [[macroinvertebrate]]s were observed in the stream at Trevorton and near Dornsife, but no [[fish]] were observed.<ref name = "cravotta"/>

In 2001, the [[macroinvertebrate]] taxa ''[[Hydropsychidae]]'' and ''[[Philopotamidae]]'' were "abundant" (25 to 100 individuals) in Zerbe Run at Trevorton. The taxa ''[[Leuctridae]]'', ''[[Perlidae]]'', ''[[Elmidae]]'', and ''[[Crydalidae]]'' were "common" (10 to 24 individuals). The taxa ''[[Cambaridae]]'', ''[[Chironomidae]]'' (red), ''Chironomidae'' (other), and ''[[Aeshnidae]]'' were "present" (3 to 9 individuals). The taxa ''[[Tipulidae]]'', ''[[Simuliidae]]'', and ''[[Baetidae]]'' were "rare" (1 to 2 individuals). Only four macroinvertebrate taxa (''Tipulidae'', ''Hydropsychidae'', ''[[Sialidae]]'', and ''[[Gomphidae]]'') were observed in the stream further downstream, and all were "rare".<ref name = "cravotta"/>

The family-level [[Hilsenhoff Biotic Index]] value of Zerbe Run near Trevorton was observed to be 3.75 in 2001 ("very good"/"excellent"). Further downstream, it was observed to be 4.75 ("good").<ref name = "cravotta"/>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Zerbe Run

2015-12-17T13:07:02Z

Jakec: start

'''Zerbe Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Mahanoy Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|8.3|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Zerbe Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Zerbe Township]], and [[Little Mahanoy Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = December 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Course==
Zerbe Run begins in a valley between two deep and broad ridges, in Coal Township. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile, entering Zerbe Township and the [[census-designated place]] of [[Trevorton, Pennsylvnaia|Trevorton]]. The stream continues flowing west-southwest through Zerbe Township and Trevorton for a few miles, eventually passing through a pond and crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 890]]. It then turns west-northwest for a few tenths of a mile, receiving an unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] before turning west-southwest, crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 225]], which it continues to flow alongside for several miles. After several tenths of a mile, the stream receives another unnamed tributary from the left and continues flowing west-southwest for several tenths of a mile. It then exits Trevorton and Zerbe Township and enters Little Mahanoy Township. Here, the stream turns southwest for more than a mile, receiving two more unnamed tributaries from the left as its valley broadens. It eventually reaches its confluence with Mahanoy Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Zerbe Run joins Mahanoy Creek {{convert|10.74|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 154|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Zerbe Run has an area of {{convert|13.1|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Sunbury. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Shamokin. The stream also passes through the quadrangle of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The mouth of the stream is located within {{convert|1|mi|km}} of Hunter.<ref name = "gaz"/>

==History==
Zerbe Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1191948. The stream is also known as Zerbe Creek.<ref name = "gnis"/> It was mistakenly referred to as "Zerbe Creek" in a 1952 United States Geological Survey map. Despite this, [[civil engineer]] Stephen P Pousardien found in 1969 that all other references referred to the stream as "Zerbe Run", and that locals called the stream "Zerbe Run" as well.<ref>{{Citation|author = Stephen P Pousardien|url = Stephen P Pousardien|title = PA_1191948_001_Zerbe Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = July 14, 1969|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying 8th Street over Zerbe Run in Trevorton was built in 1904 and repaired in 1997 and has a length of {{convert|26.9|ft|m}}. A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying [[Pennsylvania Route 225]] across the stream was built in Trevorton in 1934 and is {{convert|38.1|ft|m}} long. A steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge carrying [[List of quadrant routes in Northumberland County, Pennsylvnaia|State Route 3004]] was built over the stream in Raker in 1950 and was repaired in 2010; the bridge is {{convert|60.0|ft|m}} long. A concrete [[culvert]] bridge carrying T-409 over Zerbe Run southwest of Trevorton was built in 1996 and is {{convert|24.0|ft|m}} long.<ref>{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Zerbe Run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = December 17, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Schwaben Creek]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going downstream
*[[Crab Run]], next tributary of Mahanoy Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Mount Carmel (Pennsylvania)

2015-08-31T14:52:24Z

Jakec: +2 pics

{{Geobox
| Settlement

| name = Borough of Mount Carmel
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =
| category = [[List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania#Boroughs|Borough]]

| image = View of Mount Carmel 2.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of Mount Carmel from the northeast

| flag =
| flag_size =
| symbol_type = Seal
| symbol = MtCarmelBoroughLogo.png
| symbol_size =

| nickname =
| motto =

| country = United States
| state = Pennsylvania
| region = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
| region_type = County
| district =

| area_imperial = 0.7
| area_land_imperial = 0.7
| area_water_imperial = 0.0
| area_water_percentage = auto
| area_percentage_round = 2
| area_round = 1
| location =
| lat_d = 40
| lat_m = 47
| lat_s = 47
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 76
| long_m = 24
| long_s = 44
| long_EW = W
| elevation_imperial = 1309
| elevation_round = 1

| population_as_of = 2010
| population = 5893
| population_density_imperial = auto
| population_density_round = 1

| established_type = Settled
| established = 1770
| established1_type = Incorporated, Township
| established1 = November 14, 1854
| established2_type = Incorporated, Borough
| established2 = November 3, 1862
| mayor = J. Kevin Jones

| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| postal_code = 17851
| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| area_code = [[Area code 570|570]] Exchange: 339
| area_code_type =
| code2_type =
| code2 =
| zip_code = 17851<ref name="city-data.com"/>

| free_type = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]]
| free = 51496
| free1_type =
| free1 =

| map = Pennsylvania Locator Map.PNG
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location of Mount Carmel in Pennsylvania
| map_locator = Pennsylvania
| map1 = Map of USA PA.svg
| map1_caption = Location of Pennsylvania in the United States

| website =
}}

'''Mount Carmel''' is a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The population was 6,390 at the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]. It is located 88 miles (141 km) northwest of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and 71 miles (114 km) northeast of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], in the [[Anthracite]] [[Coal Region]]. It is completely encompassed by [[Mount Carmel Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Mount Carmel Township]].

==History==
Sawmill operator, Albert Bradford, gave Mount Carmel its name because of its elevation and beautiful setting in the mountains. He decided that it deserved a special name and named it after the [[Mount_Carmel|holy mountain]] in [[Israel]]. Mount Carmel began as a logging town. Coal wasn't discovered until 1790 by Isaac Tomlinson. It took twenty-four years until the first shipment of [[anthracite]] was shipped from the borough. Mount Carmel Inn was opened in 1812 by Richard Yarnall and was strategically located on the [[Centre Turnpike]] (also known as the Reading-Sunbury Road or Old Reading Road) halfway between [[Pottsville, Pennsylvania|Pottsville]] and [[Danville, Pennsylvania|Danville]]. During the latter part of 1854 the [[Philadelphia and Sunbury Railroad]] was completed from [[Shamokin, Pennsylvania|Shamokin]] to Mt. Carmel, which led to the opening and development of a number of collieries in the region. During the same year, the [[Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company]] commenced making extensive openings and improvements upon their valuable coal lands in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel, building breakers for two collieries - the Coal Ridge and Locust Mountain collieries.<ref name=Senate>{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Herbert |authorlink= |others=Brown, Runk, & Co., Publishers |title=History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania |year=1891 |url=ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/northumberland/areahistory/bell0013.txt |format=TXT |accessdate=2008-01-03 }}</ref> The township was erected in 1854, formed from part of [[Coal Township, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]]; by 1862 the borough was incorporated within the township.

Mount Carmel was among the first towns in the country to have its streets lit by electricity. [[Thomas Edison]] placed one of his first generators plants here in 1883. The Edison Plant in Mount Carmel was the 7th in the world.

In the past, there were extensive [[anthracite]] mining interests here and in the vicinity. In earlier years, the borough had manufactories of miners' caps, cement blocks, cigars, shirts, stockings, etc., and large silk and planing mills, foundry and machine shops, a knitting mill, lumber yards, a packing plant, and wagon works. Currently that area supports light manufacturing in paper and plastics.

=== Timeline ===
* 1681 March 4 - [[Charles II of England]] grants a land charter to [[William Penn]] to repay a debt of £20,000 owed to his father, creating the [[Province of Pennsylvania]]
* 1682 August 24 - Penn divided the Province into three counties, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester; The last comprised all lands west and south of the Delaware and the Schuylkill; therefore the site of Mount Carmel was originally in an area claimed by [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]]
* 1729 May 10 - [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] created out of part of Chester County
* 1749 August 22 - Land comprising Mount Carmel part of a tract purchased from the [[Iroquois|Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederation]]
* 1752 March 11 - [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks County]] created out of part of Lancaster County
* before 1770 - Area inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (possibly [[Lenape]], [[Iroquois]], and/or [[Saponi]])
* 1770 - Europeans first settled in the area
* 1772 March 21 - Northumberland County formed, area that would become Mt. Carmel located in what was then [[Augusta Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Augusta Township]]
* 1783 September 3 - [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] signed, formally recognizing Pennsylvania's independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]
* 1785 - [[Catawissa Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Catawissa Township]] formed from part of Augusta township
* 1788 - [[Ralpho Township, Pennsylvania|Ralpho Township]] formed from part of Catawissa township
* 1789 - Ralpho township renamed to [[Shamokin Township, Pennsylvania|Shamokin township]]
* 1790 - Anthracite coal discovered by [[Isaac Tomlinson]] on nearby Broad Mountain
* 1805 March 25 - [[Centre Turnpike]] Company incorporated
* 1808 - Centre Turnpike opens
* ~1811 - Centre Turnpike completed
* 1812 - Mt. Carmel Inn opens, located on the Centre Turnpike in (then) Shamokin township
* ~1830s - [[anthracite coal|coal]] mining begins
* 1837 - [[Coal Township, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]] formed from parts of [[Little Mahanoy Township, Pennsylvania|Little Mahanoy]] and Shamokin townships
* 1846 - first [[Post Office]] opens
* 1847 - land now comprising Mount Carmel Borough purchased by speculators
* 1853 - town plot finalized
* 1854 November 14 - [[Mount Carmel Township, Pennsylvania|Mount Carmel Township]] incorporated, from part of Coal Township
* 1855 - Evangelical Grace Church, the town's first church, opens at Third & Market Streets
* 1855 - Centre Turnpike decommissioned
* 1862 November 3 - Mount Carmel Borough incorporated
* 1869 - Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church is built
* 1877 December - ''Mt. Carmel Progress'', the pioneer newspaper, was established
* 1883 November 17 - [[Edison Illuminating Company|Edison Electric Illuminating Company]] of Mount Carmel founded
* 1888 - St. Matthew's Lutheran Church is built
* 1894 November - Shamokin-Mount Carmel Electric Railway ([[tram|trolley]] line) connecting [[Shamokin, Pennsylvania|Shamokin]] with Mount Carmel completed
* 1896 - Reliance Colliery is started by Thomas Baumgardner
* 1897 - Anthracite Brewing Company, later Mt. Carmel Brewery, founded
* 1900 - Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church is Built
* 1906 - Divine Redeemer Church is built
* 1906 April - 'Miners Dispute' striking miners are shot by 21 troopers of the State Constabulary - ten men were injured, but all survived
* 1914 - Sts. Peter and Paul Byzantine-Ukrainian Catholic Church is built (it later burned in a fire and was rededicated in 1994)
* 1930 - The first viaduct was constructed to eliminate crossing two railroad tracks to enter town
* 1931 - Mount Carmel High School football stadium or "Silver Bowl" is opened being one of the first high school stadiums to have lighting for night games
* 1934 - Mattucci's Willow Cafe' opens
* 1948 June 17 - [[United Airlines Flight 624]] crashes near Midvalley Colliery No. 2; killing all 4 crew members and 39 passengers on board
* 1950 - the coal mining 'boom' begins its decline
* 1951 - Mt. Carmel Brewery closes
* 2003 - Original viaduct is removed and a reconstructed version is built by the Department of Transportation even though the railroads are no longer there

==Geography==
[[File:View of Mount Carmel 1.JPG|thumb|left|Buildings in Mount Carmel]]
[[File:MountCarmelPAsatellitephotoUSGS.gif|thumb|right]]
Mount Carmel is located at {{Coord|40|47|47|N|76|24|44|W|type:city}} (40.796447, -76.412231)<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> in the [[Ridge-and-valley Appalachians|ridge-and-valley]] zone of the central [[Appalachian Mountains]]. It is drained by the [[Shamokin Creek]] and is part of the Lower [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] watershed [http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/huc.cfm?huc_code=02050301]. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.7 km²), all of it land.

Mount Carmel's terrain is mostly flat. The borough's land is mostly [[urban area|urban]]. Mount Carmel is served by [[Pennsylvania Route 61]].<ref>http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Mount%20Carmel,%20Northumberland,%20PA</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{US Census population
|1870= 1289
|1880= 2378
|1890= 8254
|1900= 13179
|1910= 17532
|1920= 17469
|1930= 17967
|1940= 17780
|1950= 14222
|1960= 10760
|1970= 9317
|1980= 8190
|1990= 7196
|2000= 6390
|2010= 5893
|estyear=2014
|estimate=5785
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 6,390 people, 3,035 households, and 1,678 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 9,655.6 people per square mile (3,738.2/km²). There were 3,629 housing units at an average density of 5,483.6 per square mile (2,123.0/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.56% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.06% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.16% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.28% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.25% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.67% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.89% of the population.

There were 3,035 households out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 24.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the borough the population was spread out with 19.7% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 25.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $22,168, and the median income for a family was $35,217. Males had a median income of $28,168 versus $20,595 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $14,858. About 14.2% of families and 18.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.

== Politics ==

=== Federal ===
[[United States Congress]]
*[[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district]]

=== State ===
[[Pennsylvania General Assembly]]
*[[Pennsylvania Senate, District 27]]
*[[Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 107]]

== Education ==
[[Image:Map of Northumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|250 px|thumb|Map of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts]]

=== Public schools ===
Residents of Mount Carmel may attend the local, public schools operated by [[Mount Carmel Area School District]] which provides taxpayer funded preschool and full day kindergarten through 12th grade. In 2014, the District's enrollment declined to 1,583 students. In 2014, Mount Carmel Area School District ranked 380th out of 496 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils, by the [[Pittsburgh Business Times]]. In 2013, the District ranked 323rd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2013/04/05/statedistrictrank2013.html |title=Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide ranking 2013 |author=Pittsburgh Business Times |date=April 5, 2013}}</ref>

Mount Carmel Area School District operates three schools: Mount Carmel Area Elementary School Grades Pre-K through 6th, Mount Carmel Area Junior High School and [[Mount Carmel Area High School]]. The district spends just $8,600 per student per year on school operations, the lowest figure in the state. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Brow|first1=Emma|title=Pa. schools are the nation’s most inequitable. The new governor wants to fix that.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/pa-schools-are-the-nations-most-inequitable-the-new-governor-wants-to-fix-that/2015/04/22/3d2f4e3e-e441-11e4-81ea-0649268f729e_story.html?hpid=z4|accessdate=23 April 2015|publisher=Washington Post|date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

'''Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program'''
In April 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) released a report identifying one Mount Carmel Area School District school as among the lowest achieving schools for reading and mathematics in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_services_office/9153/p/1202312 |title=2014-15 List of Low Achieving Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=April 2014}}</ref> Mount Carmel Area High School was among the 15% lowest achieving schools in the Commonwealth. Parents and students may be eligible for scholarships to transfer to another public or nonpublic school through the state's Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program passed in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_services_office/9153/p/1202312 |title=Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newpa.com/find-incentives-apply-for-funding/ostc-faq |title=Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program FAQ |author=Pennsylvania Department of community and Economic Development |year=2014}}</ref> The scholarships are limited to those students whose family's income is less than $60,000 annually, with another $12,000 allowed per dependent. Maximum scholarship award is $8,500, with special education students receiving up to $15,000 for a year's tuition. Parents pay any difference between the scholarship amount and the receiving school's tuition rate. Students may seek admission to neighboring public school districts. Each year the PDE publishes the tuition rate for each individual public school district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=509670&mode=2 |title=Tuition rate Fiscal Year 2011-2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=May 2012}}</ref> Fifty-three public schools in Allegheny County are among the lowest-achieving schools in 2011. According to the report, parents in 414 public schools (74 school districts) were offered access to these scholarships. For the 2012-13 school year, eight public school districts in Pennsylvania had all of their schools placed on the list including: [[Sto-Rox School District]], [[Chester Upland School District]], [[Clairton City School District]], [[Duquesne City School District]], [[Farrell Area School District]], [[Wilkinsburg School District|Wilkinsburg Borough School District]], [[William Penn School District]] and [[Steelton-Highspire School District]].<ref>Olsen, Laura, State list of failing schools has 53 in county, Pittsburgh Post Gazette, July 26, 2012</ref> Funding for the scholarships comes from donations by businesses which receive a state tax credit for donating.

;AYP history
In 2012, Mount Carmel Area School District declined to '''Warning''' Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status due to lagging student achievement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/District/SchoolList/c49/116495103 |title=Mount Carmel Area School District AYP Overview 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref> In 2011, Mount Carmel Area School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP).

In 2014, Mount Carmel Area School District's graduation rate was 88%.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Mount Carmel Area School District Fast Facts 2014, November 6, 2014</ref> In 2013, Mount Carmel Area School District's graduation rate was 87.93%.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Mount Carmel Area School District Fast Facts 2013, October 4, 2013</ref> Mount Carmel high school aged students may choose to attend [[Northumberland County Career Technology Center]] for training in the trades.

Mount Carmel residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 14 public cyber charter schools (in 2013) at no additional cost to the parents. Locally, [[SusQ Cyber Charter School]] operates in Bloomsburg. The resident’s public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/purdon%27s_statutes/7503/charter_schools/507318 |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/charter_schools/7356 |title=What is a Charter School? |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> By Commonwealth law, if the District provides transportation for its own students, then the District must provide transportation to any school that lies within 10 miles of its borders. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Education]]. In 2012, the tuition fees for Mount Carmel Area School District were: Elementary School - $6,811, High School - $8,189.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=509670&mode=2 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |title=Pennsylvania Public School District Tuition Rates |date=May 2013}}</ref>

Central Susquehanna [[Intermediate Unit]] #16 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes Mount Carmel Area School District. Early screening, special educations services, speech and hearing therapy and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements.

== Transportation ==

=== Highways ===
* [[Pennsylvania Route 61]], designated from 1963 to the present, previously:
** 1770 - 1808: King's Highway
** 1808 - 1911: [[Centre Turnpike]]
** 1911 - 1926: Pennsylvania State Highway No. 161
** 1926 - 1935: [[Pennsylvania Route 120|U.S. Route 120]]
** 1935 - 1963: [[Pennsylvania Route 61|U.S. Route 122]]
* [[Pennsylvania Route 54]]
** before 1929: Ashland Road
** 1929 - 1961: PA 54 via Ashland Road
** 1961 - 1966: designated as PA 45 via Ashland Road
** 1966 - 1999: reassigned concurrent with PA 61 east of Mount Carmel
** 1999–present: route changed to follow SR 2035, PA 901, SR 2042, SR 3002, and SR 4028 to rejoin its former route along PA 61.
* [[Pennsylvania Route 901]]
** Routed through Mount Carmel Township by 1996

=== Railroads ===
* Danville and Pottsville Railroad -> Philadelphia and Sunbury RR -> Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad -> [[Northern Central Railway]]
* Quakake Railroad -> [[Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad]] -> [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]]
* Philadelphia and Reading Railroad -> [[Reading Company]]
* [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]
* [[Shamokin Valley Railroad]]
* Shamokin-Mount Carmel Electric Railway (trolley line)

=== Public transportation ===
The [[Lower Anthracite Transportation System]] offers a two-route transit system weekdays and Saturdays from Mount Carmel with buses meeting in Coal Township to Mount Carmel and surrounding communities. A third route, operated seasonally, operates to [[Knoebel's Amusement Resort]].

==Notable residents==
[[Ellen Dow]], Actress<ref>{{cite news|title=Ellen Albertini Dow (Obituary)|accessdate=7 May 2015|publisher=New York Times|date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Coal Region]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.kanezo.com/ Welcome to Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania] - includes a [http://www.kanezo.com/WTCOVER.HTML Walking Tour]
*[http://kanezo.com/mayor/ Mayor's website]
*[http://www.mountcarmelpa.org/ Mt. Carmel Downtown, Inc.]
*[http://www.magpage.com/vigolo/p-mtc.htm Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, and its Trentini-Tirolean community] - Information and history from Dale Dallabrida, including "A portrait of Mount Carmel, 1896"
*[http://www.shamokin57.com Photos of Mt. Carmel and Shamokin]

{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1770]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Coal towns in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1770 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]

Shamokin

2015-08-31T02:06:38Z

Jakec: better than some random building

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Shamokin, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = Shamokin, Pennsylvania streetscape.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Streets in Shamokin, Pennsylvania
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =Shamokin, PA Keystone Marker.jpg
|blank_emblem_type = Keystone Marker
|blank_emblem_size = 250px
|blank_emblem_link = Keystone Markers
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-PA
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = City
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = George S. Rozinskie, Jr.
|leader_title1 = Councilman
|leader_name1 = R. Craig Rhoades, Director of Parks and Recreation
|leader_title2 = Councilman
|leader_name2 = William D. Milbrand, Director of Public Safety
|leader_title3 = Councilman
|leader_name3 = Michael A. Snyder, Director of Public Works
|leader_title4 = Councilman
|leader_name4 = William R. Strausser, Director of Accounts and Finance
|leader_title5 = Treasurer
|leader_name5 = Brenda Scandle
|leader_title6 = Controller
|leader_name6 = Gary Haddock
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1835
|established_title1 = Incorporated (borough)
|established_date1 = 1864
|established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
|established_date2 = 1949
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 2.1
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.8
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 7374
|population_density_km2 = 3511.43
|population_density_sq_mi = 9217.5
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 40
|latm = 47
|lats = 21
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 33
|longs = 17
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 800
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17872
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]] Exchanges: 644, 648
|website = http://www.shamokincity.org/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Shamokin''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|m|oʊ|k|ɨ|n}}; [[Saponi]] [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] “Schahamokink” "''place of eels''") ([[Unami language|Lenape]]: Shahëmokink <ref>{{cite web
| title = Lenape Talking Dictionary
| accessdate = 2012-05-27
| url = http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=9281
}}</ref>) is a city in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], at the western edge of the [[Coal Region|Anthracite Coal Region]]. (The original [[Shamokin (village)|Saponi village of Shamokin]], of the same name, was located near the current site of [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania|Sunbury]], the seat of Northumberland County.) At the 2010 census the population was 7,374 residents. The city of Shamokin is bordered by its sister community, [[Coal Township, Pennsylvania]]. The colliery was in operation until the 1970s and was left abandoned.

==History==

Shamokin was incorporated as a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] on November 9, 1864, and as a city on February 21, 1949. In addition to [[anthracite]] coal-mining, it also had silk and knitting mills (the Eagle Silk Mill became the largest textile building under one roof in America), stocking and shirt factories, wagon shops, ironworks, and brickyards.

Most notably, [[Thomas Edison]], briefly a resident of Sunbury, established the [[Edison Illuminating Company]] of Shamokin in the fall of 1882. Operation of the Shamokin station (located at the current Independence Street site of Jones Hardware Company<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joneshardware.com/ace.htm |title=History of Jones Hardware and Home Center |publisher=Joneshardware.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>) on September 22, 1883, at which time [[St. Edward's Catholic Church]] became the first church in the world to have electric lighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nungesser/Thomas/ThomasStudio/Edison.htm |first=Garth |last=Hall |newspaper=The News-Item |location=Shamokin, PA |title=Thomas Edison, known world-wide as one of the most prolific inventors in history, held 1,097 U |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

In the [[1877 Shamokin Uprising]], starvation wages and miserable working conditions prompted railroad workers and miners to join the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]. Vigilantes gathered by Mayor William Douty shot into a group of strikers, wounding twelve and killing two. Five strikers were jailed for up to eight months for their part in the uprising.

The National Ticket Company, located in Shamokin from 1907 until 1992, was at one time the largest ticket company in the United States. Their first production facility was built in 1911 at the corner of Pearl and Webster Streets; a 1942 fire gutted the plant, although the brick shell still stands. The replacement building at Pearl Street and Ticket Avenue was completed in 1950 and served as company headquarters for forty-two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalticket.com/general/history.asp |title=National Ticket- History |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131203001334/http://www.nationalticket.com/general/history.asp |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>

"Murder at Hickory Ridge" was a fictionalized account of an unsolved murder in the Shamokin area, written by William A. Conway and printed by his two brothers, Alphonsus E. and John J., in the garage that served as the Conway Print Shop.

With the profits from the sale of the novel, the Conway brothers started the Black Diamond Publishing Company in 1905 to disseminate news of the anthracite coal region through the printing of Black Diamond Magazine.

Edgewood park also known as Indian Park existed in Shamokin from 1905 through the late 1950s. It consisted of {{convert|97|acre|m2}} including a large pond. The land where the park existed is now where the Shamokin area school district built the Elementary and High school.

The [[Victoria Theatre (Shamokin, Pennsylvania)|Victoria Theatre]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1985. It was delisted in 2004, after demolition.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Coal waste pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin.JPG|thumb|left|A coal pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|0.8|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

Shamokin has two small creeks that divide the town. Carbon Run merges with Shamokin Creek in the north of the town and ultimately empties into the [[Susquehanna River]] just south of [[Shamokin Dam]] near [[Sunbury, PA]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 2191
|1860= 2159
|1870= 4320
|1880= 8184
|1890= 14403
|1900= 18202
|1910= 19588
|1920= 21204
|1930= 20274
|1940= 18810
|1950= 16879
|1960= 13674
|1970= 11719
|1980= 10357
|1990= 9184
|2000= 8009
|2010= 7374
|estyear=2014
|estimate=7233
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name="CensusPopEst">{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]] of 2000,<ref name="GR2" /> there were 8,009 people, 3,742 households, and 2,028 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 9,601.9 people per square mile (3,725.7/km²). There were 4,674 housing units at an average density of 5,603.6 per square mile (2,174.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.5% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 3,742 households out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population had 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $20,173, and the median income for a family was $30,038. Males had a median income of $28,261 versus $19,120 for females. The [[per capita income]] was $12,354. About 19.3% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 34.2% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
[[Image:Map of Northumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|200 px|thumb|Map of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania public school districts]]

Children residing in Shamokin may attend the local, public schools operated by the [[Shamokin Area School District]]. They may also opt to attend a private school with tuition at the parent's expense. The public school district is required by state law to transport children to any school within ten miles of its borders. Local private schools include the Darul Uloom Al-Qasim School and Our Lady of Lourdes Regional School.

Shamokin Area School District provides taxpayer funded half day preschool and full day kindergarten through 12th grade, with an enrollment of 2,522 pupils in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=District Fast Facts - Shamokin Area School District |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2011, Shamokin Area School District enrollment was 2,356 pupils.<ref>NCES, Common Core of Data - Shamokin Area School District, 2011</ref> The District's enrollment was 2,443 pupils in 2005-06.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Enrollment and Projections by LEA 2005-06 - 2020, July 2010</ref> Shamokin Area School District operates four schools in two buildings: [[Shamokin Area High School]] (9-12), Shamokin Area Middle School (7 & 8), Shamokin Area Intermediate School (5&6) and Shamokin Area Elementary School (preschool-4th). In 2014, Shamokin Area School District’s graduation rate was 82.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=Shamokin Area High School School Performance Profile 2014 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Pittsburgh Business Times]] ranked Shamokin Area School District 407th out of 496 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/04/11/unionville-chadds-ford-mt-lebanon-top-school.html |title=Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide ranking 2014 |author=Pittsburgh Business Times |date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2012, Shamokin Area School District achieved [[Adequate Yearly Progress]] (AYP) despite the low academic achievement at the high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/District/Overview/c49/116496503 |title=Shamokin Area School District AYP Overview 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

High school aged students can attend the taxpayer funded [[Northumberland County Career and Technology Center]], located in Coal Township, for training in the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas. Northumberland County Career and Technology Center is funded by a consortium of the school districts, which includes: [[Line Mountain School District]], [[Mount Carmel Area School District]] and Shamokin Area School District. It also receives funds through grants from the state and federal government.

Shamokin residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 14 public cyber charter schools (in 2013) at no additional cost to the parents. This includes [[SusQ Cyber Charter School]] which is locally operated. The resident’s public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/purdon%27s_statutes/7503/charter_schools/507318 |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/charter_schools/7356 |title=What is a Charter School? |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> The tuition rate that Shamokin Area School District must pay was $7,050.50 in 2012. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Education]].

[[Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit]] #16 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes the city of Shamokin. Early screening, [[special education]] services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiu.org/index.cfm?pageid=566 |title=About the CSIU |author=Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16 Administration |year=2014}}</ref>

Luzerne County Community College (LCCC) has a satellite campus in the Careerlink Building, Arch Street, Shamokin.

[[Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania]] is a public university located in Bloomsburg. It is one of the 14 state universities that make up the [[Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education]] (PASSHE). Eleventh and twelfth grade students may attend the University at a significant tuition discount through its [[Dual enrollment|Dual Enrollment]] program earning college credits, while still earning their high school diploma. The university also operates a summer college program called ACE,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomu.edu/ace |title=High School ACE |author=Bloomsburg University Administration |year=2013}}</ref> where high school students can earn credits at a 75% tuition discount. The credits are transferable to many other Pennsylvania universities through the state’s TRAC system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacollegetransfer.com/ |title=Take Your Credits with You |author=PA Transfer and Articulation Center |year=2014}}</ref>

==Mayoral Election history==
*2009 - George Rozinskie (D) over Betsy Richardson (D)
*2005 - Ronald Bradley (R) over Edward O'Donnell (D)
*2001 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Betsy Richardson (R)
*1997 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Ronald Bradley (R)
*1993 - Daniel Strausser (R) over James Yurick Jr. (D)
*1989 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Daniel Strausser (R) <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The News Item|location=Shamokin, PA|title= Mayoral history in Shamokin|date= November 1, 2013}}</ref>
*1985 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Malcom C. Farrow IV (R)
*1981 - William L. Rickert over Harvey M. Boyer (D)

==Notable people==
* [[Stan Coveleski]], [[Major League Baseball]] Hall of Fame pitcher
* [[Harry Coveleski]], Major League Baseball pitcher, [[Detroit Tigers]] career [[Earned run average|ERA]] record holder
* [[George H. Cram]], Union general in the American Civil War
* [[Jake Daubert]], Major League Baseball player, two National League batting titles and was MVP in 1913
* [[John Grazier]], American realist painter
* Kate Heffelfinger, suffragist who was held during the [[Silent Sentinels|“Night of Terror”]], November 15, 1917
* [[Herbert G. Hopwood]], US Navy admiral and commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1958 to 1960
* [[Eddie Korbich]], Broadway, film and television actor
* [[Mary LeSawyer]], operatic soprano
* [[Harry J. Lincoln]], early 1900s popular music composer
* [[Michael Luchkovich]], first ethnic Ukrainian member of the Canadian House of Commons (1926–1935)
* [[Fred Rhoads]], cartoonist of ''[[Sad Sack]]''
* [[Holden C. Richardson|Captain Holden C. Richardson (USN)]] (1878-1960), pioneer in U.S. naval aviation. He was the Navy’s first engineering test pilot and assisted in the development of the first Navy-built seaplane.
* [[Ronald L. Thompson]], Pennsylvania state legislator
* [[Thomas I. Vanaskie]], federal judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]]
* [[Bud Weiser]], Major League Baseball player, played for the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]
* [[Joseph Zupicich]], crewmember of the [[RMS Carpathia|RMS ''Carpathia'']], assisted in the rescue operation for the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] on April 15, 1912. A personal account of the events and a short biography were recorded in a [http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385 ''Shamokin News Item'' article] in 1982.<ref>http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first= Patrick M.|year=1980|title=Startling Stories About Pennsylvania|publisher=Red Rose Studio|isbn= 0-932514-04-9}}</ref>(1892-1987)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shamokin, Pennsylvania}}
*[http://www.shamokincity.org Website for the City of Shamokin]
*[http://www.daladophotography.com Historic and modern photos of Shamokin]
*[http://www.indians.k12.pa.us Website for the Shamokin Area School District]
*[http://www.newsitem.com The NewsItem]
*[http://newdeal.feri.org/nation/na3446.htm Bootleg Anthracite Coal; (A Mention of Shamokin)]
*[http://www.sctpubliclibrary.lib.pa.us/history.htm History of the Shamokin Coal Township Public Library]
*[http://www.defunctparks.com/parks/PA/edgewood/edgewood.htm Edgewood Park]

{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Cities in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1835]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Cities in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Coal towns in Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-31T01:33:32Z

Jakec: /* Course */ +pic

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|image_name = Bennys Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Bennys Run looking downstream
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
[[File:Bennys Run looking upstream.JPG|thumb|left|Bennys Run looking upstream]]
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-31T01:24:44Z

Jakec: +pic

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|image_name = Bennys Run looking downstream.JPG
|caption = Bennys Run looking downstream
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-24T17:19:12Z

Jakec: /* See also */ *List of tributaries of Shamokin Creek

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]
*[[List of tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Shamokin

2015-08-23T16:39:05Z

Jakec: I cannot find any reliable source for this bold statement.

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Shamokin, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = Shamokin, Pennsylvania.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Shamokin, Pennsylvania
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =Shamokin, PA Keystone Marker.jpg
|blank_emblem_type = Keystone Marker
|blank_emblem_size = 250px
|blank_emblem_link = Keystone Markers
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = US-PA
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = City
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = George S. Rozinskie, Jr.
|leader_title1 = Councilman
|leader_name1 = R. Craig Rhoades, Director of Parks and Recreation
|leader_title2 = Councilman
|leader_name2 = William D. Milbrand, Director of Public Safety
|leader_title3 = Councilman
|leader_name3 = Michael A. Snyder, Director of Public Works
|leader_title4 = Councilman
|leader_name4 = William R. Strausser, Director of Accounts and Finance
|leader_title5 = Treasurer
|leader_name5 = Brenda Scandle
|leader_title6 = Controller
|leader_name6 = Gary Haddock
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1835
|established_title1 = Incorporated (borough)
|established_date1 = 1864
|established_title2 = Incorporated (city)
|established_date2 = 1949
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 2.1
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.8
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 7374
|population_density_km2 = 3511.43
|population_density_sq_mi = 9217.5
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd = 40
|latm = 47
|lats = 21
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 33
|longs = 17
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft = 800
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17872
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]] Exchanges: 644, 648
|website = http://www.shamokincity.org/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Shamokin''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|m|oʊ|k|ɨ|n}}; [[Saponi]] [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] “Schahamokink” "''place of eels''") ([[Unami language|Lenape]]: Shahëmokink <ref>{{cite web
| title = Lenape Talking Dictionary
| accessdate = 2012-05-27
| url = http://www.talk-lenape.org/detail.php?id=9281
}}</ref>) is a city in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], at the western edge of the [[Coal Region|Anthracite Coal Region]]. (The original [[Shamokin (village)|Saponi village of Shamokin]], of the same name, was located near the current site of [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania|Sunbury]], the seat of Northumberland County.) At the 2010 census the population was 7,374 residents. The city of Shamokin is bordered by its sister community, [[Coal Township, Pennsylvania]]. The colliery was in operation until the 1970s and was left abandoned.

==History==

Shamokin was incorporated as a [[borough (Pennsylvania)|borough]] on November 9, 1864, and as a city on February 21, 1949. In addition to [[anthracite]] coal-mining, it also had silk and knitting mills (the Eagle Silk Mill became the largest textile building under one roof in America), stocking and shirt factories, wagon shops, ironworks, and brickyards.

Most notably, [[Thomas Edison]], briefly a resident of Sunbury, established the [[Edison Illuminating Company]] of Shamokin in the fall of 1882. Operation of the Shamokin station (located at the current Independence Street site of Jones Hardware Company<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joneshardware.com/ace.htm |title=History of Jones Hardware and Home Center |publisher=Joneshardware.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>) on September 22, 1883, at which time [[St. Edward's Catholic Church]] became the first church in the world to have electric lighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nungesser/Thomas/ThomasStudio/Edison.htm |first=Garth |last=Hall |newspaper=The News-Item |location=Shamokin, PA |title=Thomas Edison, known world-wide as one of the most prolific inventors in history, held 1,097 U |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

In the [[1877 Shamokin Uprising]], starvation wages and miserable working conditions prompted railroad workers and miners to join the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]. Vigilantes gathered by Mayor William Douty shot into a group of strikers, wounding twelve and killing two. Five strikers were jailed for up to eight months for their part in the uprising.

The National Ticket Company, located in Shamokin from 1907 until 1992, was at one time the largest ticket company in the United States. Their first production facility was built in 1911 at the corner of Pearl and Webster Streets; a 1942 fire gutted the plant, although the brick shell still stands. The replacement building at Pearl Street and Ticket Avenue was completed in 1950 and served as company headquarters for forty-two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalticket.com/general/history.asp |title=National Ticket- History}}{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>

"Murder at Hickory Ridge" was a fictionalized account of an unsolved murder in the Shamokin area, written by William A. Conway and printed by his two brothers, Alphonsus E. and John J., in the garage that served as the Conway Print Shop.

With the profits from the sale of the novel, the Conway brothers started the Black Diamond Publishing Company in 1905 to disseminate news of the anthracite coal region through the printing of Black Diamond Magazine.

Edgewood park also known as Indian Park existed in Shamokin from 1905 through the late 1950s. It consisted of {{convert|97|acre|m2}} including a large pond. The land where the park existed is now where the Shamokin area school district built the Elementary and High school.

The [[Victoria Theatre (Shamokin, Pennsylvania)|Victoria Theatre]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1985. It was delisted in 2004, after demolition.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Coal waste pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin.JPG|thumb|left|A coal pile near Shamokin, Pennsylvania from Shamokin]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|0.8|sqmi|km2}}, all of it land.

Shamokin has two small creeks that divide the town. Carbon Run merges with Shamokin Creek in the north of the town and ultimately empties into the [[Susquehanna River]] just south of [[Shamokin Dam]] near [[Sunbury, PA]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 2191
|1860= 2159
|1870= 4320
|1880= 8184
|1890= 14403
|1900= 18202
|1910= 19588
|1920= 21204
|1930= 20274
|1940= 18810
|1950= 16879
|1960= 13674
|1970= 11719
|1980= 10357
|1990= 9184
|2000= 8009
|2010= 7374
|estyear=2014
|estimate=7233
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name="CensusPopEst">{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref>
}}

As of the [[census]] of 2000,<ref name="GR2" /> there were 8,009 people, 3,742 households, and 2,028 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 9,601.9 people per square mile (3,725.7/km²). There were 4,674 housing units at an average density of 5,603.6 per square mile (2,174.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.1% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.5% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 3,742 households out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city the population had 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $20,173, and the median income for a family was $30,038. Males had a median income of $28,261 versus $19,120 for females. The [[per capita income]] was $12,354. About 19.3% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 34.2% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
[[Image:Map of Northumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|200 px|thumb|Map of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania public school districts]]

Children residing in Shamokin may attend the local, public schools operated by the [[Shamokin Area School District]]. They may also opt to attend a private school with tuition at the parent's expense. The public school district is required by state law to transport children to any school within ten miles of its borders. Local private schools include the Darul Uloom Al-Qasim School and Our Lady of Lourdes Regional School.

Shamokin Area School District provides taxpayer funded half day preschool and full day kindergarten through 12th grade, with an enrollment of 2,522 pupils in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=District Fast Facts - Shamokin Area School District |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2011, Shamokin Area School District enrollment was 2,356 pupils.<ref>NCES, Common Core of Data - Shamokin Area School District, 2011</ref> The District's enrollment was 2,443 pupils in 2005-06.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Enrollment and Projections by LEA 2005-06 - 2020, July 2010</ref> Shamokin Area School District operates four schools in two buildings: [[Shamokin Area High School]] (9-12), Shamokin Area Middle School (7 & 8), Shamokin Area Intermediate School (5&6) and Shamokin Area Elementary School (preschool-4th). In 2014, Shamokin Area School District’s graduation rate was 82.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/408/Schools |title=Shamokin Area High School School Performance Profile 2014 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Pittsburgh Business Times]] ranked Shamokin Area School District 407th out of 496 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/04/11/unionville-chadds-ford-mt-lebanon-top-school.html |title=Guide to Pennsylvania Schools Statewide ranking 2014 |author=Pittsburgh Business Times |date=April 6, 2014}}</ref> In 2012, Shamokin Area School District achieved [[Adequate Yearly Progress]] (AYP) despite the low academic achievement at the high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/District/Overview/c49/116496503 |title=Shamokin Area School District AYP Overview 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

High school aged students can attend the taxpayer funded [[Northumberland County Career and Technology Center]], located in Coal Township, for training in the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas. Northumberland County Career and Technology Center is funded by a consortium of the school districts, which includes: [[Line Mountain School District]], [[Mount Carmel Area School District]] and Shamokin Area School District. It also receives funds through grants from the state and federal government.

Shamokin residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 14 public cyber charter schools (in 2013) at no additional cost to the parents. This includes [[SusQ Cyber Charter School]] which is locally operated. The resident’s public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/purdon%27s_statutes/7503/charter_schools/507318 |title=Charter Schools |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/charter_schools/7356 |title=What is a Charter School? |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |year=2013}}</ref> The tuition rate that Shamokin Area School District must pay was $7,050.50 in 2012. Residents may also seek admission for their school aged child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the [[Pennsylvania Department of Education]].

[[Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit]] #16 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes the city of Shamokin. Early screening, [[special education]] services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiu.org/index.cfm?pageid=566 |title=About the CSIU |author=Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16 Administration |year=2014}}</ref>

Luzerne County Community College (LCCC) has a satellite campus in the Careerlink Building, Arch Street, Shamokin.

[[Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania]] is a public university located in Bloomsburg. It is one of the 14 state universities that make up the [[Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education]] (PASSHE). Eleventh and twelfth grade students may attend the University at a significant tuition discount through its [[Dual enrollment|Dual Enrollment]] program earning college credits, while still earning their high school diploma. The university also operates a summer college program called ACE,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomu.edu/ace |title=High School ACE |author=Bloomsburg University Administration |year=2013}}</ref> where high school students can earn credits at a 75% tuition discount. The credits are transferable to many other Pennsylvania universities through the state’s TRAC system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacollegetransfer.com/ |title=Take Your Credits with You |author=PA Transfer and Articulation Center |year=2014}}</ref>

==Mayoral Election history==
*2009 - George Rozinskie (D) over Betsy Richardson (D)
*2005 - Ronald Bradley (R) over Edward O'Donnell (D)
*2001 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Betsy Richardson (R)
*1997 - James Yurick Jr. (D) over Ronald Bradley (R)
*1993 - Daniel Strausser (R) over James Yurick Jr. (D)
*1989 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Daniel Strausser (R) <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The News Item|location=Shamokin, PA|title= Mayoral history in Shamokin|date= November 1, 2013}}</ref>
*1985 - Harvey M. Boyer (D) over Malcom C. Farrow IV (R)
*1981 - William L. Rickert over Harvey M. Boyer (D)

==Notable people==
* [[Stan Coveleski]], [[Major League Baseball]] Hall of Fame pitcher
* [[Harry Coveleski]], Major League Baseball pitcher, [[Detroit Tigers]] career [[Earned run average|ERA]] record holder
* [[George H. Cram]], Union general in the American Civil War
* [[Jake Daubert]], Major League Baseball player, two National League batting titles and was MVP in 1913
* [[John Grazier]], American realist painter
* Kate Heffelfinger, suffragist who was held during the [[Silent Sentinels|“Night of Terror”]], November 15, 1917
* [[Herbert G. Hopwood]], US Navy admiral and commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1958 to 1960
* [[Eddie Korbich]], Broadway, film and television actor
* [[Mary LeSawyer]], operatic soprano
* [[Harry J. Lincoln]], early 1900s popular music composer
* [[Michael Luchkovich]], first ethnic Ukrainian member of the Canadian House of Commons (1926–1935)
* [[Fred Rhoads]], cartoonist of ''[[Sad Sack]]''
* [[Holden C. Richardson|Captain Holden C. Richardson (USN)]] (1878-1960), pioneer in U.S. naval aviation. He was the Navy’s first engineering test pilot and assisted in the development of the first Navy-built seaplane.
* [[Ronald L. Thompson]], Pennsylvania state legislator
* [[Thomas I. Vanaskie]], federal judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]]
* [[Bud Weiser]], Major League Baseball player, played for the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]
* [[Joseph Zupicich]], crewmember of the [[RMS Carpathia|RMS ''Carpathia'']], assisted in the rescue operation for the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] on April 15, 1912. A personal account of the events and a short biography were recorded in a [http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385 ''Shamokin News Item'' article] in 1982.<ref>http://newsitem.com/news/titanic-anniversary-two-locals-helped-in-rescue-fate-kept-third-from-launch-1.1300385</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first= Patrick M.|year=1980|title=Startling Stories About Pennsylvania|publisher=Red Rose Studio|isbn= 0-932514-04-9}}</ref>(1892-1987)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shamokin, Pennsylvania}}
*[http://www.shamokincity.org Website for the City of Shamokin]
*[http://www.daladophotography.com Historic and modern photos of Shamokin]
*[http://www.indians.k12.pa.us Website for the Shamokin Area School District]
*[http://www.newsitem.com The NewsItem]
*[http://newdeal.feri.org/nation/na3446.htm Bootleg Anthracite Coal; (A Mention of Shamokin)]
*[http://www.sctpubliclibrary.lib.pa.us/history.htm History of the Shamokin Coal Township Public Library]
*[http://www.defunctparks.com/parks/PA/edgewood/edgewood.htm Edgewood Park]

{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Cities in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1835]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Anthracite Coal Region of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Cities in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Coal towns in Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-22T22:01:27Z

Jakec: /* Geography and geology */ |0

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-22T21:56:30Z

Jakec: and again

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m|0}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-22T19:40:06Z

Jakec: +Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania; +Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek; +Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodies of water in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of Shamokin Creek]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-22T19:26:59Z

Jakec: Jakec moved page User:Jakec/Bennys Run to Bennys Run without leaving a redirect: moving to mainspace

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-13T21:01:57Z

Jakec: /* Hydrology */ stray line break

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-13T20:54:44Z

Jakec: added to lead, added infobox

{{Infobox river
|name = Bennys Run
|other_name = Buddys Run, Benny's Run
|origin = pond in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|mouth = Shamokin Creek in Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|progression = Shamokin Creek → [[Susquehanna River]] → [[Chesapeake Bay]]
|length_mi = 3.8
|etymology = a local resident named "Benny"
|elevation = between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}}
|mouth_elevation_ft = 584
|watershed_sqmi = 6.12
|left_tribs = four unnamed tributaries
|right_tribs = one unnamed tributary}}
'''Bennys Run''' (also known as '''Buddys Run''' or '''Benny's Run''') is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The watershed of the stream has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}. The stream is not designated as an impaired waterbody and it has a relatively high level of water quality. It is a small, shallow stream and its watershed is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A few bridges have been constructed across the stream.

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is between {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-13T20:46:31Z

Jakec: expanding

'''Bennys Run''' is a [[tributary]] of [[Shamokin Creek]] in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]], in the United States. It is approximately {{convert|3.8|mi|km}} long and flows through [[Shamokin Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Shamokin Township]].<ref name = "nationalmap">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|title = The National Map Viewer|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Course==
Bennys Run begins in a pond in Shamokin Township. It flows northeast for a few tenths of a mile before turning east-northeast and flowing through a valley. Over the next few miles, the stream receives four unnamed tributaries from the [[wikt:left bank|left]] and one unnamed tributary from the [[wikt:right bank|right]]. It then turns north-northeast for a few tenths of a mile before crossing [[Pennsylvania Route 61]] and reaching its confluence with Shamokin Creek.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run joins Shamokin Creek {{convert|18.20|mi|km}} upstream of its mouth.<ref name = "gaz">{{Citation|url = http://www.lycoming.edu/cwi/pdfs/paGazetterOfStreams.pdf|title = Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams|page = 34|date = November 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Hydrology==
Bennys Run is not designated as an impaired waterbody.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|url = http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/attains_watershed.control?p_huc=02050301&p_state=PA&p_cycle=2006&p_report_type=A|title = Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna-Penns Watershed|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The engineering department of the [[Pennsylvania Department of Transportation]] once received an [[NPDES]] permit to discharge [[stormwater]] into the stream for construction purposes.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]|url = http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol33/33-8/314b.html|title = General Permit Type--PAG-2|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 2005 and 2006, the [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection]] received complaints about untreated [[sewage]] discharge into the creek. The estimated flow of sewage into the stream was {{convert|12000|gal|m3}} per day.<ref name = "act537"/>

Bennys Run has a relatively high level of [[water quality]].<ref>{{Citation|author = Pottsville District Mining Office|publisher = [[Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection]]|url = http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wqp/wqstandards/tmdl/Shamokin_TMDL.pdf|title = Shamokin Creek Watershed TMDL|page = 49|date = March 2, 2001|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It is not impacted by mining.<ref name = "usgs"/>

==Geography and geology==
The elevation near the [[river mouth|mouth]] of Bennys Run is {{convert|584|ft|m}} above [[sea level]].<ref name = "gnis">{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1169259,Bennys%20Run|title = Feature Detail Report for: Bennys Run|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> The elevation of the stream's [[river source|source]] is {{convert|840|and|860|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = "nationalmap"/>

Bennys Run is a small and shallow stream situated in Irish Valley.<ref name = "form"/><ref>{{Citation|author = Eric Scicchiatano|newspaper = [[The News-Item]]|url = http://newsitem.com/news/snow-ball-family-friends-gather-for-annual-backyard-game-1.1826525|title = Snow ball: Family, friends gather for annual backyard game|date = February 2, 2015|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> It flows in a generally easterly direction.<ref name = "form">{{Citation|author = Stanley K. Sampsell|url = http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/feat_folder?p_file=1020802|title = PA_1169259_001_Bennys Run_frm_1969.pdf|date = June 20, 1969|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Watershed==
The [[drainage basin|watershed]] of Bennys Run has an area of {{convert|6.12|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name = "gaz"/> The mouth of the stream is in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shamokin. However, its source is in the [[quadrangle (geography)|quadrangle]] of Trevorton.<ref name = "gnis"/> The watershed borders several other watersheds, including the [[Little Shamokin Creek]] watershed, the [[Lick Run (Shamokin Creek)|Lick Run]] watershed, and the lower Shamokin Creek watershed.<ref name = "usgs">{{Citation|author = [[United States Geological Survey]]|url = http://pa.water.usgs.gov/reports/wrir03-4311.pdf|title = Effects of Abandoned Coal-Mine Drainage on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Shamokin Creek Basin, Northumberland and Columbia Counties, Pennsylvania, 1999-2001|pages = 13|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

A road known as Irish Valley Road runs alongside Bennys Run for some distance. There are areas of rural land in the vicinity of the stream.<ref name = "act537">{{Citation|author = Light-Heigel & Associates, Inc.|url = http://www.shamokintownship.org/Documents/ShamokinTWP3mModule.pdf|title = Shamokin Township Supervisors LAND DEVELOPMENT|pages = 6, 14-15|year = 2008|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Bennys Run was entered into the [[Geographic Names Information System]] on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169259.<ref name = "gnis"/> The stream is named after "Benny", a man who used to live along the stream.<ref name = "form"/> However, it is also known as Buddys Run or Benny's Run.<ref name = "gnis"/><ref name = "uglybridges"/> This variant name appears on a United States Geological Survey map from 1952.<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Geographic Names Information System]]|url = http://gnis.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:4:0::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1169259,Buddys%20Run|title = Variant Citation|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref> However, in 1969, several locals who had lived near the stream for 50 years had never heard of the stream being called Buddys Run.<ref name = "form"/>

A concrete [[tee beam]] bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 61 over Bennys Run was built in 1947. It is {{convert|48.9|ft|m}} long and is situated {{convert|1|mi|km}} north of Weigh Scales. In 1967, a prestressed [[box beam]] or girders bridge was built over the stream {{convert|1|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales in 1967. It is {{convert|37.1|ft|m}} long and carries State Route 4026. A concrete culvert bridge carrying State Route 4026 was built across the stream in 1996. This bridge is located {{convert|3|mi|km}} west of Weigh Scales and is {{convert|26.9|ft|m}} long.<ref name = "uglybridges">{{Citation|url = http://www.uglybridges.com/pa/northumberland/|title = Northumberland County|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Biology==
The drainage basin of Bennys run is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.<ref>{{Citation|work = [[Pennsylvania Code]]|url = http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter93/s93.9m.html|title = § 93.9m. Drainage List M. Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River|accessdate = August 13, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Millers Run]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going downstream
*[[Trout Run (Shamokin Creek)]], next tributary of Shamokin Creek going upstream
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Bennys Run (Shamokin Creek)

2015-08-13T14:16:04Z

Jakec: start

Northumberland (Pennsylvania)

2015-07-21T01:53:33Z

Jakec: cleanup

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Northumberland, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|Borough]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = View of Northumberland, Pennsylvania 1.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = View of Northumberland
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_size =
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Borough Council
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Len Zboray
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1772
|established_title1 = Incorporated
|established_date1 = 1828
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 4.1
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 1.6
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 3714
|population_density_km2 = 913.4
|population_density_sq_mi = 2368.2
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 40
|latm = 53
|lats = 38
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 47
|longs = 46
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17857
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]]
|website = [http://www.northumberlandborough.com/ Northumberland borough]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Northumberland''' is a borough in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The population was 3,804 at the 2010 census.

==History==
[[File:Priestley House Front 2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Joseph Priestley House]] a [[National Historic Landmark]] in Northumberland]]
Northumberland was founded in 1772.<ref>Hirsch, 25; Bell, 517-18.</ref> The land that became Northumberland was purchased from the [[Iroquois]] in the first [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]] in 1768, and the village was laid out in 1772. During the [[American Revolution]], Northumberland was evacuated during the [[Big Runaway]] in 1778, and only finally resettled in 1784.<ref name="nrhpdinv">"[https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H086726_01H.pdf National Register of Historic Places Registration: Northumberland Historic District]".</ref>

Northumberland was the American home of eighteenth-century British [[theologian]], [[English Dissenters|Dissenting]] [[clergyman]], [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]], educator, and [[Political philosophy|political theorist]] [[Joseph Priestley]] (1733–1804) from 1794 until his death in 1804. The [[Joseph Priestley House]] still stands on Priestley Avenue and is a [[National Historic Landmark]] on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) and a museum administered by the [[Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission]]. There is one other property in the borough on the NRHP: the [[Priestley-Forsyth Memorial Library]], built by a great grandson of Joseph Priestley. Much of the borough is part of the [[Northumberland Historic District]], which is also on the NRHP.

==Geography==
[[File:View of Northumberland, Pennsylvania 2.JPG|thumb|left|View of Northumberland from the Shikellamy State Park overlook]]
Northumberland is located at {{coord|40|53|38|N|76|47|46|W|type:city}} (40.893935, -76.795975),<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> about 60 miles northeast of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]. It sits at the confluence of the north and [[West Branch Susquehanna River|west]] branches of the [[Susquehanna River]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²), all of it land.
[[File:Northumberland.jpg|thumb|The Susquehanna River near Northumberland]]

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1830=
|1840=
|1850=1041
|1860=1108
|1870=1788
|1880=2293
|1890=2744
|1900=2748
|1910=3517
|1920=4061
|1930=4483
|1940=4469
|1950=4207
|1960=4156
|1970=4102
|1980=3636
|1990=3860
|2000=3714
|2010=3804
|estimate=3784
|estyear=2012
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 3,714 people, 1,657 households, and 1,045 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 2,368.2 people per square mile (913.4/km²). There were 1,772 housing units at an average density of 1,129.9 per square mile (435.8/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.38% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.73% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.13% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.19% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.40% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.16% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.62% of the population.

There were 1,657 households out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the borough the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $31,891, and the median income for a family was $38,807. Males had a median income of $31,162 versus $22,203 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $18,229. About 4.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
[[Image:Map of Northumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|right|200 px|Map of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Public School Districts]]

The local public school system is the [[Shikellamy School District]], with administrative offices in nearby [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania|Sunbury]]. [[Shikellamy High School]] has a 78% graduation rate according to the district report card 2005-2006. In 11th grade in the same year, 49% were proficient in math and 62% were proficient in reading.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.paayp.com/district.jsp?hiddenSelectCounty=Northumberland&selectDistrict=SHIKELLAMY%20SD |title=Shikellamy School District 2006-2007 Report |publisher= Pennsylvania Department of Education |accessdate=2007-09-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930155133/http://www.paayp.com/district.jsp?hiddenSelectCounty=Northumberland&selectDistrict=SHIKELLAMY+SD  |archivedate = 2007-09-30}}</ref> The high school is ranked 384th out of 606 public high schools in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schooldigger.com/SelectState.aspx?Level=3&findschool=2274006280&from=schoolrank |title=School Digger report |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref>

In 2007, the ''Pittsburgh Business Times'' ranked the Shikellamy School District 434th out of 499 Pennsylvania school districts based on three years of Pennsylvania System of Student Assessment test scores.<ref>Valley schools all over the chart, Daily Item June 6, 2007 http://www.dailyitem.com/archivesearch/local_story_163000144.html</ref>

The Shikellamy School Board set the budget at $34.62 million for 2007-2008. The board levies a variety of taxes to support its programs. Taxes include 62.5 [[Mill (currency)|mills]] real estate tax in 2007.<ref>Shikellamy school board adopts $34.6M budget, Daily Item, June 20, 2007 http://www.dailyitem.com/0100_news/local_story_171003120.html</ref> Per capita taxes are $5 per resident. An occupational tax, which charges a set amount based on your job title, earns approximately $1.7 million. Many see this tax as particularly unfair, as people classified in the same job title often earn vastly different amounts but have to pay the same amount. An earned income taxes of one-half of 1 percent of income yields a revenue of approximately $1.8 million. Additionally, the real estate transfer tax of one-half percent (Northumberland Borough, Point Township, Rockefeller Township) and one percent (Snydertown borough) is levied on real estate transfers.<ref>Shikellamy budget approved Daily Item, May 19, 2007 http://www.dailyitem.com/archivesearch/local_story_139001649.html</ref>

Voters rejected a tax referendum in May 2007 which would have increased local earned income tax by 0.5 percent to reduce property taxes for homeowners and farmers by $176 on average.<ref>Tax reform proposal falls in all Valley school districts, Daily Item, May 19, 2007. http://www.dailyitem.com/archivesearch/local_story_139203055.html</ref>

[[SUN Area Technical Institute]] is a regional vocational school, offering adult education classes, vocational education, and technical career training. SUN Tech serves over 1500 people annually. ISO9001 and Middle States Accredited. SUN Tech was presented with the Significant Achievement Award in Education for raising their [[Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award|Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award]] score to 648 points, a 345-point increase from 303 points in August, 2000.

Residents also have a wide selection of alternative schools. By law, the local public school must provide transportation to schools within 10 miles of the borders of the school district at no charge to the student.<ref>24 PS 17-1726-A Transportation to charter schools http://www.pde.state.pa.us/transportation/lib/transportation/SchoolCode_Transportation_7-17-06.pdf</ref>

===Parochial schools===
{{further2|[[parochial school]]}}
* [http://saintmonica.sunbury.pa.us/ St. Monica's School] provides a parochial education program for kindergarten to 8th grades. The school is a member of the National Christian Schools Association. Noncatholics seek admission to this school.
* [http://www.sunburychristianacademy.org/ Sunbury Christian Academy] offers pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. The campus is located just north of the borough of Northumberland.
* [http://www.norrychristian.net/main/default.asp Northumberland Christian School] Northumberland Christian School was founded in 1972 and is a ministry of the First Regular Baptist Church of Northumberland, Pa. The school offers a full educational program for students from preschool through high school. High school students must complete a minimum of 26 credits in order to graduate. All students must complete 4 credits in English, 3 credits in social studies, 3 credits in math, 3 credits in science and 2 credits in health and physical education.

Northumberland Christian School has graduated 312 students, beginning in 1978 and continuing each year to the present. 70% of their graduates have gone on to attend four-year colleges, including state universities, independent liberal arts colleges, and four-year Christian colleges; 12% of their graduates attended two-year college programs or two-year nursing schools; and 4% have entered the armed forces.

From their 312 Alumni, they have had 5 National Merit Scholars and 11 students who received Letters of Commendation from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation. The average SAT score of their graduates is well above the national average.

===Charter Public Schools===

{{further2|[[Charter school]]}}

* Connections Academy provides a form of public school that students can attend from home. This is a unique program that combines strong parental involvement, the expertise and accountability of publicly funded education, and the flexibility of online classes. Centered on meeting students needs and goals. Has a K-11th program. Students are required to take all state mandated, standardized tests in person at locations designated by the school.<ref>http://www.connectionsacademy.com/state/home.asp?schoolCode=CCA Connections Academy</ref>
* [http://www.susqcyber.org/ SusQ-Cyber Charter School] provides students in grades 9-12 with an electronically delivered accredited high school curriculum.
* [http://204.108.129.225/aboutus 21st Century Cyber Charter School] is a state accredited, diploma granting school serving Pennsylvania students in grades 6 through 12. Modifications are made to suit individual student learning styles, varying academic levels and scheduling needs. Most classes are offered in honors, college prep, and career paths. All of the classes are designed to prepare the student for standardized tests such as the PSSAs.
* [http://www.pavcs.org/Why_PAVCS/why.html Pennsylvania Virtual Charter School] provides a structured yet flexible, interactive environment in a program for Kindergarten through 10th grade. The rigorous instruction, high standards, informed guidance, and individual attention provide each student with the opportunity to be highly successful. Teachers interact with students via email. Additionally the Elluminate classroom gives the student access to their teachers during the teacher’s office hours to ask questions related to content of a subject. "An independent audit of cyber-charter schools by KPMG Consulting, which was commissioned by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, praised PAVCS for offering a well-researched program and an appropriate assessment plan."<ref>Boss, Shira, "Virtual charters: public schooling, at home", Christian Science Monitor, January 2002.</ref>

The Central Susquehanna LPN Career Center, located in Sunbury, provides a one-year full-time program to prepare the individual to enter a career in licensed practical nursing. Classroom instruction and laboratory experience are offered in Sunbury. Affiliated hospitals, nursing care facilities, doctors' offices and childcare settings provide clinical experience.

== Government ==
A seven-seat Council governs the Borough of Northumberland, with a mayor taking on a largely ceremonial role. Council members serve for four-year terms, as does the mayor. The current mayor, Len Zboray was appointed in July 2011 to complete the term of Past Mayor Gretchen Brosius upon her resignation.
{{wide image|Shikellamy State Park Overlook Panorama.JPG|1400px|Panoramic view of Northumberland (left) with the [[confluence]] of the [[West Branch Susquehanna River]] (left) and North Branch (center) of the [[Susquehanna River]], along with the borough of [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania|Sunbury]] (far right). Taken from the [[Shikellamy State Park]] Overlook, with the state park's Marina unit on Packer Island in the river visible.}}

==Notable people==
{{unrefereced|section}}
English chemist and co-discoverer of oxygen [[Joseph Priestley]] lived in Northumberland for the last decade of his life, until his death in 1804. The [[Joseph Priestley House]] remains standing, and operates as a museum.

World War II Major Gen. [[Uzal Girard Ent]], who had led the August, 1943, raid on the Romanian oil refineries in [[Ploesti]], chose Col. [[Paul Tibbets]] to lead the 509th Composite Group, asking him to organize and lead a combat force to deliver a new type of explosive device that is so powerful, its full potential was unknown. Tibbets did so, and was the commander and pilot of the [[Enola Gay]], the plane that delivered the first atomic bomb (Little Boy) on [[Hiroshima, Japan]], on 6 August 1945. The Enola Gay's navigator on the mission was Capt. [[Theodore Van Kirk|Theodore "Dutch" Van Kirk]], also a native of Northumberland, who was among the men hand-selected by Tibbets to accomplish the mission.

[[Daniel McFarlan Moore]] born in Northumberland (February 27, 1869 - June 15, 1936). Moore was a U.S. electrical engineer and inventor. He developed a novel light source, the "[[Moore lamp]]," and a business that produced them in the early 1900s. The Moore lamp was the first commercially viable light-source based on gas discharges instead of incandescence; it was the predecessor to contemporary neon lighting and fluorescent lighting.[1] In his later career Moore developed a miniature neon lamp that was extensively used in electronic displays, as well as vacuum tubes that were used in early television systems.

[[David Fulmer]], the author of a series of novels about [[Storyville, New Orleans]] and the producer of the documentary film "Blind Willie's Blues," was born in Northumberland in 1950 and resided there until he was eighteen.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}

{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Populated places on the Susquehanna River]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1772]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania]]

Turbotville

2015-05-19T01:24:59Z

Jakec: Added {{ref improve}} tag to article (TW)

{{ref improve|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Turbotville, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|Borough]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = Pennsylvania Route 44 north in Turbotville.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[Pennsylvania Route 44]] in Turbotville
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_size =
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Borough Council
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Lester Miller
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1850
|established_title1 = Incorporated
|established_date1 = 1858
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 1.2
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.4
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 691
|population_density_km2 = 592.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 1546.9
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 41
|latm = 06
|lats = 09
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 46
|longs = 16
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17772
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Turbotville''' is a borough in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The population was 691 at the 2000 census.

==Geography==
[[File:Turbotville, Pennsylvania (5656905297).jpg|thumb|left|Church in Turbotville]]
Turbotville is located at {{coord|41|6|9|N|76|46|16|W|type:city}} (41.102454, -76.771188).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 0.4 square mile (1.2 km²), all land.

Turbotville is located in the Upper Susquehanna Valley in the north-central part of Pennsylvania. Turbotville is the northern-most town in Northumberland County and is surrounded on all sides by Lewis Township.

==History==
A petition from the inhabitants of Turbotville (formerly spelled Turbutville) for incorporation as a borough was presented to the Northumberland County Court of Quarter Sessions at the April term in 1858 and favorably considered by the grand jury. Remonstrances having been filed at the following August term, Andrew J. Muffly was appointed as commissioner to take depositions in the matter; his report was considered at November session, 1858 and on the '''3 January 1859''', a decree of court was granted for the incorporation of the borough. The “Charter for the Incorporation of Turbutville in to a Borough”, a handwritten account of the incorporation of Turbotville Borough, is duly noted on three consecutive pages (379-381) in a deed book dated April 6, 1859 located at the Northumberland County Courthouse in Sunbury, PA. No reference has yet been obtained as to when the spelling of the town's name was changed from Turbutville to Turbotville. The original name was Snydertown, named for Philip Reifsnyder who is believed to be one of the first settlers of the area. Reifsnyder, a blacksmith by trade, built a tavern southwest of the intersection of Main and Paradise streets which was operated by his wife. He also operated a blacksmith shop southeast of the intersection of Main and Church Streets. Prior to being incorporated, the town name was changed to Turbutville (spelled Turbotville today) because the town then lay within the confines of Turbot Township, then later Lewis Township. The name was derived from Colonel Turbutt Francis. After his service in several wars, Colonel Francis was compensated for his service with a land grant called the "Colonel's Reward" which encompasses much of the area south of Turbotville including present day Turbot Township. Although Mr. Reifsnyder was one of the earliest known settlers of the town, he was not the first land owner. The greater part of the site of the borough was once owned by Jacob Sechler and wife Catherine who received a land grant from then Governor Thomas Penn, son of William Penn. The land grant afforded Mr. Sechler was named "Green Lawn" and included present day Main Street, Church Street, the Turbotville Cemetery, and extended into present day Lewis Township.

==Religion==

Turbotville, early on, was greatly defined by its townspeople's religious beliefs, so much so, that the town of currently 700+ residents once boasted four churches within the current Borough limits. Those consisting of Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church on Paradise Street, Trinity United Church of Christ (formerly the German Reformed Church) on Church Street, St. James Lutheran Church (later Holy Spirit Lutheran Church) on Church Street, and the Turbotville Baptist Church which formerly stood on the south block of Broadway Street. Zion and Trinity still have strong congregations within the Borough. Holy Spirit moved to a new location south of the Borough in Lewis Township and the former church building is now under private ownership. The Turbotville Baptist Church, formerly on Broadway Street, was razed several decades ago and a newly constructed home, placed in 2009, now stands on the lot where the former church once stood. The Turbotville Baptist Church was last used in 1948 after the passing of the last Pastor for that congregation, Reverend Booth. Years later a new Baptist Church, not affiliated with the Broadway St. church, was erected just east of the Borough on State Route 54 in Lewis Township. The Turbotville Baptist Church (now Bethel Baptist Church) also boasts a strong congregation.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1860=380
|1870=417
|1880=414
|1890=441
|1900=390
|1910=365
|1920=415
|1930=456
|1940=523
|1950=518
|1960=612
|1970=627
|1980=675
|1990=675
|2000=691
|2010=705
|estimate=700
|estyear=2012
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 691 people, 278 households, and 190 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 1,546.9 people per square mile (592.9/km²). There were 302 housing units at an average density of 676.1 per square mile (259.1/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.13% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.14% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.14% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], and 0.58% from two or more races.

There were 278 households out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the borough the population was spread out with 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $40,221, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $35,875 versus $25,583 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $18,401. About 4.5% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Recreation==
The Turbotville Community Park is located at the corners of Church and Pine Streets. The park includes a picnic pavilion, tennis courts, and playground area. The newly renovated Turbotville Community Hall and Turbotville Train Station are also located at the park.

==Points of Interest==
Several notable locations include; the Turbotville Auto Museum, Turkey Hill Minit Market, Great Valu grocery store, R & R's Tin Cup Restaurant, Original Italian Pizza, Clark's Ag Center & True Value Hardware, Turbotville Post Office, Turbotville National Bank, Turbotville VFW, Turbotville Landscape & Supply, Turbotville Hotel, and Dollar General.

==Education==
The borough is part of the Warrior Run School District, which encompasses Watsontown, Dewart, McEwensville, Exchange, Lewis Township, Delaware Township, a small portion of Gregg Township in Union County, and other outlying areas. The Warrior Run School District is unique in Pennsylvania in that it stretches across County boundary lines and services portions of Northumberland, Montour, and Union Counties. The Turbotville Elementary School is located in the borough, and the Middle School/High School complex is located in Lewis Township on Susquehanna Trail. The original Turbotville High School was a wood-framed structure erected on present day Church Street on the site of the current Turbotville Community Park pavilion. Having become too costly to heat the two-story structure, a new brick high school was erected on Pine Street in 1937. That building has undergone several renovations and additions, and is today the current Turbotville Elementary School. In 1958, a new high school was built on present day Susquehanna Trail. Then in 1968, yet another new high school building was erected on the same site and the former 1958 high school became the Warrior Run Middle School.

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1850]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania]]

Turbotville

2015-05-19T01:23:52Z

Jakec: fixes

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Turbotville, Pennsylvania
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Borough (Pennsylvania)|Borough]]
|motto =

|image_skyline = Pennsylvania Route 44 north in Turbotville.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = [[Pennsylvania Route 44]] in Turbotville
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_size =
|pushpin_map = Pennsylvania
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Pennsylvania]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Pennsylvania|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Borough Council
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Lester Miller
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 1850
|established_title1 = Incorporated
|established_date1 = 1858
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 1.2
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.4
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 691
|population_density_km2 = 592.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 1546.9
|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 41
|latm = 06
|lats = 09
|latNS = N
|longd = 76
|longm = 46
|longs = 16
|longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Zip code]]
|postal_code = 17772
|area_code = [[Area code 570|570]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Turbotville''' is a borough in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]]. The population was 691 at the 2000 census.

==Geography==
[[File:Turbotville, Pennsylvania (5656905297).jpg|thumb|left|Church in Turbotville]]
Turbotville is located at {{coord|41|6|9|N|76|46|16|W|type:city}} (41.102454, -76.771188).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 0.4 square mile (1.2 km²), all land.

Turbotville is located in the Upper Susquehanna Valley in the north-central part of Pennsylvania. Turbotville is the northern-most town in Northumberland County and is surrounded on all sides by Lewis Township.

==History==
A petition from the inhabitants of Turbotville (formerly spelled Turbutville) for incorporation as a borough was presented to the Northumberland County Court of Quarter Sessions at the April term in 1858 and favorably considered by the grand jury. Remonstrances having been filed at the following August term, Andrew J. Muffly was appointed as commissioner to take depositions in the matter; his report was considered at November session, 1858 and on the '''3 January 1859''', a decree of court was granted for the incorporation of the borough. The “Charter for the Incorporation of Turbutville in to a Borough”, a handwritten account of the incorporation of Turbotville Borough, is duly noted on three consecutive pages (379-381) in a deed book dated April 6, 1859 located at the Northumberland County Courthouse in Sunbury, PA. No reference has yet been obtained as to when the spelling of the town's name was changed from Turbutville to Turbotville. The original name was Snydertown, named for Philip Reifsnyder who is believed to be one of the first settlers of the area. Reifsnyder, a blacksmith by trade, built a tavern southwest of the intersection of Main and Paradise streets which was operated by his wife. He also operated a blacksmith shop southeast of the intersection of Main and Church Streets. Prior to being incorporated, the town name was changed to Turbutville (spelled Turbotville today) because the town then lay within the confines of Turbot Township, then later Lewis Township. The name was derived from Colonel Turbutt Francis. After his service in several wars, Colonel Francis was compensated for his service with a land grant called the "Colonel's Reward" which encompasses much of the area south of Turbotville including present day Turbot Township. Although Mr. Reifsnyder was one of the earliest known settlers of the town, he was not the first land owner. The greater part of the site of the borough was once owned by Jacob Sechler and wife Catherine who received a land grant from then Governor Thomas Penn, son of William Penn. The land grant afforded Mr. Sechler was named "Green Lawn" and included present day Main Street, Church Street, the Turbotville Cemetery, and extended into present day Lewis Township.

==Religion==

Turbotville, early on, was greatly defined by its townspeople's religious beliefs, so much so, that the town of currently 700+ residents once boasted four churches within the current Borough limits. Those consisting of Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church on Paradise Street, Trinity United Church of Christ (formerly the German Reformed Church) on Church Street, St. James Lutheran Church (later Holy Spirit Lutheran Church) on Church Street, and the Turbotville Baptist Church which formerly stood on the south block of Broadway Street. Zion and Trinity still have strong congregations within the Borough. Holy Spirit moved to a new location south of the Borough in Lewis Township and the former church building is now under private ownership. The Turbotville Baptist Church, formerly on Broadway Street, was razed several decades ago and a newly constructed home, placed in 2009, now stands on the lot where the former church once stood. The Turbotville Baptist Church was last used in 1948 after the passing of the last Pastor for that congregation, Reverend Booth. Years later a new Baptist Church, not affiliated with the Broadway St. church, was erected just east of the Borough on State Route 54 in Lewis Township. The Turbotville Baptist Church (now Bethel Baptist Church) also boasts a strong congregation.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1860=380
|1870=417
|1880=414
|1890=441
|1900=390
|1910=365
|1920=415
|1930=456
|1940=523
|1950=518
|1960=612
|1970=627
|1980=675
|1990=675
|2000=691
|2010=705
|estimate=700
|estyear=2012
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="USDecennialCensus">{{cite web|title=Census of Population and Housing|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name=CensusPopEst>{{cite web|title=Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|work=Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 691 people, 278 households, and 190 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 1,546.9 people per square mile (592.9/km²). There were 302 housing units at an average density of 676.1 per square mile (259.1/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.13% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.14% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.14% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], and 0.58% from two or more races.

There were 278 households out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the borough the population was spread out with 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $40,221, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $35,875 versus $25,583 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $18,401. About 4.5% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Recreation==
The Turbotville Community Park is located at the corners of Church and Pine Streets. The park includes a picnic pavilion, tennis courts, and playground area. The newly renovated Turbotville Community Hall and Turbotville Train Station are also located at the park.

==Points of Interest==
Several notable locations include; the Turbotville Auto Museum, Turkey Hill Minit Market, Great Valu grocery store, R & R's Tin Cup Restaurant, Original Italian Pizza, Clark's Ag Center & True Value Hardware, Turbotville Post Office, Turbotville National Bank, Turbotville VFW, Turbotville Landscape & Supply, Turbotville Hotel, and Dollar General.

==Education==
The borough is part of the Warrior Run School District, which encompasses Watsontown, Dewart, McEwensville, Exchange, Lewis Township, Delaware Township, a small portion of Gregg Township in Union County, and other outlying areas. The Warrior Run School District is unique in Pennsylvania in that it stretches across County boundary lines and services portions of Northumberland, Montour, and Union Counties. The Turbotville Elementary School is located in the borough, and the Middle School/High School complex is located in Lewis Township on Susquehanna Trail. The original Turbotville High School was a wood-framed structure erected on present day Church Street on the site of the current Turbotville Community Park pavilion. Having become too costly to heat the two-story structure, a new brick high school was erected on Pine Street in 1937. That building has undergone several renovations and additions, and is today the current Turbotville Elementary School. In 1958, a new high school was built on present day Susquehanna Trail. Then in 1968, yet another new high school building was erected on the same site and the former 1958 high school became the Warrior Run Middle School.

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Northumberland County, Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:Populated places established in 1850]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania]]

Babb Creek (Pine Creek)

2015-05-12T23:57:08Z

Jakec: removed Category:Landforms of Tioga County, Pennsylvania; added Category:Bodies of water in Tioga County, Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Geobox | River

| name = Babb Creek
| category = Creek
| category_hide = 1

| image = Babb Creek, east from PA 287.JPG
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Babb Creek from the [[Pennsylvania Route 287]] bridge in the village of [[Morris, Pennsylvania|Morris]]
| image_alt =

| etymology =

| country = United States
| country_flag = 1
| state = Pennsylvania
| district_type = County
| district = [[Tioga County, Pennsylvania|Tioga County]]

| source = east of [[Wellsboro, Pennsylvania|Wellsboro]]
| source_location = [[Tioga State Forest]]
| source_region = [[Tioga County, Pennsylvania|Tioga County]]
| source_state =
| source_elevation_imperial = 1902
| source_elevation_note = <ref name="source">Source elevation derived from [[Google Earth]] search using GNIS source coordinates.</ref>
| source_length_imperial =
| source_lat_d = 41
| source_lat_m = 44
| source_lat_s = 39
| source_lat_NS = N
| source_long_d = 77
| source_long_m = 13
| source_long_s = 16
| source_long_EW = W
| source_coordinates_note = <ref name="gnis">{{cite web | work = [[Geographic Names Information System]] (GNIS) | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = August 2, 1979 | url ={{Gnis3|1168544}} | title = Babb Creek|accessdate=September 3, 2012}}</ref>

| mouth_name = [[Pine Creek (Pennsylvania)|Pine Creek]]
| mouth_location = Blackwell
| mouth_district =
| mouth_region = [[Tioga County, Pennsylvania|Tioga County]]
| mouth_state =
| mouth_country =
| mouth_note =
| mouth_lat_d = 41
| mouth_lat_m = 33
| mouth_lat_s = 13
| mouth_lat_NS = N
| mouth_long_d = 77
| mouth_long_m = 22
| mouth_long_s = 50
| mouth_long_EW = W
| mouth_coordinates_note = <ref name="gnis"/>
| mouth_elevation_imperial = 846
| mouth_elevation_note = <ref name = "gnis"/>

| length_imperial = 21.7
| length_round = 1
| length_note =
| watershed_imperial =
| watershed_round = 0
| watershed_note =
| discharge_location =
| discharge_round = 0
| discharge_imperial =
| discharge_note =
| discharge_min_imperial =
| discharge_max_imperial =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_imperial =
| discharge1_note =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
|map_alt =
| map1 = Pennsylvania Locator Map.PNG
| map1_size = 300
| map1_caption = Location of the mouth of Babb Creek in Pennsylvania
| map1_alt =
| map1_locator = Pennsylvania

| commons =
}}
'''Babb Creek''' is a {{convert|21.7|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}}<ref name=NHD>{{cite web|publisher=United States Geological Survey|title= The National Map Viewer: National Hydrography Dataset|url=http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/|accessdate= August 8, 2011}}</ref> [[tributary]] of [[Pine Creek (Pennsylvania)|Pine Creek]] in [[Pennsylvania]] in the [[United States]].<ref name = "gertler">Gertler, Edward. ''Keystone Canoeing'', Seneca Press, 2004. ISBN 0-9749692-0-6</ref>

The tributary [[Stony Fork Creek]] joins Babb Creek just upstream of the community of [[Blackwell, Pennsylvania|Blackwell]], 3.5 miles (5.6 km) upstream of Pine Creek.<ref name = "gertler"/>

Babb Creek joins Pine Creek at the community of Blackwell in [[Tioga County, Pennsylvania|Tioga County]].<ref name = "gertler"/>

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Susquehanna River System}}

[[Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Bodies of water in Tioga County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River]]

{{TiogaPA-geo-stub}}

Walker Run (Susquehanna River)

2015-05-07T15:46:17Z

Jakec:

{{Infobox Fluss
| NAME= Walker Run
| ALTERNATIVNAME= Beach Haven Creek
| SORTNAME= Walker Run Susquehanna River
| LAGE= [[Luzerne County]], [[Pennsylvania]], USA
| GKZ= US/1190503
| FLUSSSYSTEM= Susquehanna River
| ABFLUSSWEG= Susquehanna River//Chesapeake Bay//Atlantischer Ozean/Atlantik
| EINZUGSGEBIET-PREFIX=
| EINZUGSGEBIET=
| NACHWEIS-EINZUGSGEBIET=
| EINZUGSGEBIET-SUFFIX=
| LÄNGE-PREFIX=
| LÄNGE=
| NACHWEIS-LÄNGE=
| LÄNGE-SUFFIX=
| PEGEL1=
| PEGEL1-REIHE=
| NACHWEIS-PEGEL1=
| QUELLE= südlich des [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands|State Game Lands Number 260]]
| QUELLHÖHE-PREFIX=
| QUELLHÖHE=
| HÖHENBEZUG-QUELLE=
| NACHWEIS-QUELLHÖHE=
| QUELLHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| QUELLE_LAT_GRAD= 41.1069444
| QUELLE_LONG_GRAD= -76.1736111
| QUELLE_REGION= US-PA
| MÜNDUNG= bei [[Beach Haven (Pennsylvania)|Beach Haven]] in den [[Susquehanna River]]
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-PREFIX=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=
| HÖHENBEZUG-MÜNDUNG=
| NACHWEIS-MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| MÜNDUNG_LAT_GRAD= 41.0661954
| MÜNDUNG_LONG_GRAD= -76.1765985
| MÜNDUNG_REGION= US-PA
| KARTE=
| KARTE-BESCHREIBUNG=
| BILD= Walker Run looking downstream 1.JPG
| BILDBESCHREIBUNG= Walker Run
}}
Der '''Walker Run''' (auch bekannt als '''Beach Haven Creek'''<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=154:4:2833706450059988::NO:4:P4_FID,FNAME:1190503%2CBeach%20Haven%20Creek County highway maps published by the State Department of Transportation. Usually updated annually. The year of publication follows (if known): Luzerne/1980]</ref>) ist ein kleiner [[Fluss]] im [[Luzerne County]], im [[US-Bundesstaat]] [[Pennsylvania]], in den [[USA|Vereinigten Staaten]]. Er entspringt etwa 500 Meter südlich des ''[[Pennsylvania State Game Lands|State Game Lands Number 260]]'', fließt anschließend südlich, und mündet bei [[Beach Haven (Pennsylvania)|Beach Haven]] in den [[Susquehanna River]].<ref>{{gnis|1190503}}</ref>

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

How to Be Single

2015-05-01T12:37:10Z

Jakec: Added {{ref improve}} tag to article (TW)

{{ref improve|date=May 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = How to Be Single
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Christian Ditter
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Drew Barrymore]]
* [[Nancy Juvonen]]
* John Rickard}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Abby Kohn
* [[Marc Silverstein]]}}
| based on = {{based on|''How to Be Single''|[[Liz Tuccillo]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dakota Johnson]]
* [[Dan Stevens]]
* [[Alison Brie]]
* [[Rebel Wilson]]
* [[Leslie Mann]]}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Flower Films]]
| distributor = [[New Line Cinema]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|02|12}}
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''How to Be Single''''' is an upcoming American [[romantic comedy film]] directed by Christian Ditter and written by Abby Kohn and [[Marc Silverstein]], based on the novel of same name by [[Liz Tuccillo]]. Starring [[Dakota Johnson]], [[Dan Stevens]], [[Alison Brie]], [[Rebel Wilson]], [[Leslie Mann]], [[Lily Collins]], [[Damon Wayans, Jr.]], [[Jason Mantzoukas]], and [[Nicholas Braun]]. [[Principal photography]] began on April 20, 2015 in [[New York City]]. The film is scheduled for an February 12, 2016 release.

==Cast==
* [[Dakota Johnson]]
* [[Dan Stevens]]
* [[Alison Brie]]
* [[Rebel Wilson]]
* [[Leslie Mann]]
* [[Lily Collins]]
* [[Damon Wayans, Jr.]]
* [[Jason Mantzoukas]]
* [[Nicholas Braun]]
* [[Tuesday Knight]]

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] on the film began on April 20, 2015 in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|title=‘How To Be Single’, starring Dakota Johnson, Rebel Wilson, & Alison Brie, begins filming in NYC|url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/04/18/how-to-be-single-starring-dakota-johnson-rebel-wilson-alison-brie-begins-filming-in-nyc/|accessdate=April 26, 2015|work=onlocationvacations.com|date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=On the Set for 4/20/15: Michael Bay Starts TMNT Sequel, Gal Gadot Begins Keeping Up With the Joneses, Natalie Dormer Wraps Shooting on Patient Zero|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-42015-michael-bay-starts-tmnt-sequel-gal-gadot-begins-keeping-up-with-the-joneses-natalie-dormer-wraps-shooting-on-patient-zero/|accessdate=April 27, 2015|work=ssninsider.com|date=April 20, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1292566|How to Be Single}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:How To Be Single}}
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on novels]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]

{{2010s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Japanische Riesenkrabbe

2015-04-15T16:39:16Z

Jakec: (GR) File renamed: File:Japanese-spidercrap.jpg → File:Japanese-spidercrab.jpg obvious typo

{{QS-Antrag|14. April 2015|2=Lebensweise zu kurz und unspezifisch}}

{{Taxobox
| Taxon_Name = Japanische Riesenkrabbe
| Taxon_WissName = Macrocheira kaempferi
| Taxon_Rang = Art
| Taxon_Autor = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1836
| Taxon2_WissName = Macrocheira
| Taxon2_Rang = Gattung
| Taxon3_Name =
| Taxon3_WissName = Inachidae
| Taxon3_Rang = Familie
| Taxon4_Name = Krabben
| Taxon4_WissName = Brachyura
| Taxon4_Rang = Unterordnung
| Taxon5_Name = Zehnfußkrebse
| Taxon5_WissName = Decapoda
| Taxon5_Rang = Ordnung
| Taxon6_Name = Krebstiere
| Taxon6_WissName = Crustacea
| Taxon6_Rang = Klasse
| Bild = Japanische Riesenkrabbe Deutsches Meeresmuseum Stralsund.jpg
| Bildbeschreibung = Japanische Riesenkrabbe (''Macrocheira kaempferi'') im [[Deutsches Meeresmuseum|Meeresmuseum Stralsund]]
}}

Die '''Japanische Riesenkrabbe''' (高脚蟹 takāshigani, dt. "langbeinige Krabbe"), ''Macrocheira kaempferi'', ist die größte lebende [[Krebstiere|Krebsart]] und zugleich der größte lebende [[Gliederfüßer]].<ref>[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25240138 ''Smithsonian Scientific Series''], Seite 173. 10. Auflage (1931). ''Smithsonian Institution'', 1929. Abgerufen am 12. Februar 2012. „Der Gigant unter den Krebstieren ist selbstverständlich […] ''Macrocheira kaempferi“'' [„The giant among Crustacea is, of course, ''Macrocheira kaempferi''“]</ref>

== Merkmale ==
[[File:Japanese-spidercrab.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Mehrere Japanische Riesenkrabben im [[Kaiyūkan]]-Aquarium in [[Ōsaka]], Japan]]
Die Japanische Riesenkrabbe hat eine Masse von 16 bis 20 Kilogramm. Ihr Körper hat einen Durchmesser von rund 37 Zentimetern, von der Spitze eines Beins zum anderen misst sie in ausgestreckter Lage bis zu 3,7 Meter. Der Körper ist rundlich und mit stumpfen Auswüchsen bedeckt, die Beine sind extrem lang und dünn.

== Verbreitung ==
Japanische Riesenkrabben finden sich ausschließlich im [[Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifik]] um [[Japan]], wo sie als „Takaashigani“ ([[Japanische Schrift|jap.]] {{lang|ja-Hani|高脚蟹}}, „langbeinige Krabbe“) bekannt sind. Dort leben sie in Meerestiefen zwischen 300 und 400 Metern, in Temperaturen zwischen 11 °C und 14 °C.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aquarium.co.za/species_exhibits/browse_species/giant_spider_crab/|title= Giant spider crab|work= The Two Oceans Aquarium|accessdate=24. Jänner 2012}}</ref> Während der Laichzeit wandern die Riesenkrabben in seichtere Gewässer.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/oceans/deep-ocean-life/sea-floor-life/index.html|title= Life on the deep sea floor|work= Natural History Museum|accessdate=10. Februar 2012}}</ref>

== Vermehrung und Entwicklung ==
Die männlichen Tiere sind größer als die weiblichen und haben größere Zangen. Das Sperma tragen die Männchen in [[Spermatophore]]n mit sich, während der Paarung wird es durch die [[Gonopoden]] übertragen. Die befruchteten Eier trägt das Weibchen am Körper mit sich, wo sie durch einen Kleber aus den [[Seta (Gliederfüßer)|Setae]] gehalten werden.

Die frisch geschlüpften [[Zoea]] sind kleine, transparente, runde und beinlose Organismen, die an der Meeresoberfläche schwimmen. Nach mehreren Häutungen beginnen sich die Extremitäten zu bilden und der Körper formt sich aus, dies setzt sich während der folgenden Häutungen fort, bis die Tiere ausgewachsen sind.

== Lebensweise ==
[[Datei:Spider crab at the Kaiyukan in Osaka, Japan.JPG|thumb|Japanische Riesenkrabbe im [[Kaiyūkan]]-Aquarium in [[Ōsaka]], Japan]]

Japanische Riesenkrabben schreiten auf ihren langen Beinen auf der Suche nach Futter sehr langsam über den Meeresgrund.

== Nahrung ==
Sie sind Allesfresser, fressen Aas, Pflanzen (die sie vom Meeresboden schaben) oder andere Tiere wie [[Weichtiere]], deren Schalen sie öffnen, um an das Fleisch zu gelangen. Um sich vor Fressfeinden (z.B. [[Tintenfische]]n) zu tarnen, legen sie [[Schwämme]] und ähnliche Meerestiere auf ihren Körper.

== Erstbeschreibung ==
Diese Krabbenart wurde von dem deutschen [[Arzt]] und [[Forschungsreise]]nden [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts naturgeschichtlich beschrieben, worauf auch der wissenschaftliche Name der Riesenkrabbe (''Macrocheira kaempferi'') hindeutet, den ihr [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] 1836 verlieh. Sowohl ein männliches, als auch ein weibliches Tier dieser Art sind präpariert in der Heimatstadt Kaempfers, [[Lemgo]], im [[Hexenbürgermeisterhaus]] zu sehen.

== Nachweise ==
*[http://www.iol.ie/~seaworld/data/Crab.htm Eintrag zur ''Giant Japanese spider crab'' auf der Website des Lahinch Seaworld and Leisure Centre]

== Weblinks ==
{{commons|Macrocheira kaempferi|Japanische Riesenkrabbe (''Macrocheira kaempferi'')}}

==Einzelnachweise==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Krabben]]

Bow Creek

2015-01-18T21:24:20Z

Jakec: Jakec moved page Bow Creek to Bow Creek (England): not a primary topic, is it?

{{For|Bow Creek, in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, in the United States|Bow Creek (Swatara Creek)}}
{{Infobox River
| river_name = Bow Creek
| image_name = Bow Locks3.jpg
| caption = Bow Creek (tidal) (far left) meets the [[Limehouse Cut]] (canal, right), at [[Bow Locks]] on the [[Lee Navigation]] (centre); with a view of London's [[London Docklands|Docklands]]
| origin = Confluence of [[Prescott Channel]] and [[Channelsea River]] at [[Bow Locks]]
| mouth = [[River Thames]], [[Leamouth]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = {{convert|2.25|mi|km|1}}
| elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| discharge =
| watershed =
| tributary_left =
}}
[[File:Victoria Docks 1872.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map c1872, showing Victoria Docks, now [[Royal Victoria Dock]], Bow Creek and the [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company]]]]
[[Image:Bow Creek (flooding).jpg|thumb|right|Bow Creek flooding at high tide]]
'''Bow Creek''' is a {{convert|2.25|mi|km|1|adj=on}} long tidal estuary of the English [[River Lea]] and is part of the [[Bow Back Rivers]]. Below [[Bow Locks]] the creek forms the boundary between the [[London Borough]]s of [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] and [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]], in east London.<ref name="Waterscape">{{cite web|url=http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/bow-creek |title=Bow Creek History|publisher=Waterscape}}</ref>
[[File:Bow Creek.jpg|thumb|Bow Creek at high tide with a view towards [[Balfron Tower]] and [[Canary Wharf]]]]

==History==
The [[River Lea]] rises in the town of [[Luton]] in [[Bedfordshire]], and flows to the east and then the south to reach the [[River Thames]] at [[Leamouth]]. The final {{convert|2.25|mi|km}} are known as Bow Creek, and follow a [[meanders|meandering]] route across a low lying area formerly called Bromley Marsh, but now occupied by gas works and trading estates. The river is one of the oldest navigations in the country, but the creek is tidal, providing insufficient depth for navigation at low tide.<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |p=13}}</ref>

Use of the river for navigation is recorded in documents dating from 1190, and in 1424, it became the first river in Britain where improvements were authorised by an [[Act of Parliament]]. Another act of 1571 allowed the Lord Mayor to make cuts and improvements to the river, and to construct towing paths on both sides of it. This work is thought to have included a new cut between Old Ford and Bow Locks, which is known as Bow River, and like Bow Creek, is not subject to tolls for those using it.<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |pp=14–16}}</ref> During the great plague of 1665, bargemen on the river continued to supply food to the population of London, and were granted permission to navigate the Thames without having to ask a [[Lightermen|Thames Lighterman]] for assistance, in recognition of the risks they had taken.<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |p=17}}</ref>

Because of the importance of the river as a navigation, the engineer [[John Smeaton]] was asked to survey it and to suggest how it could be improved in 1765. He produced a report in 1766, which recommended replacing the [[flash lock]]s with more modern [[Lock (water transport)|pound locks]], and more significantly for Bow Creek, making a new cut from Bow tidal gates to the Thames at Limehouse. Although only a little further to the west, access at Limehouse avoided the long loop around the [[Isle of Dogs]] for traffic heading towards London.<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |pp=20–21}}</ref> The cut was to be opened on 2 July 1770, but failure of a side wall delayed the event until September, and a bridge collapsed into it in December. Traffic began to switch to the new cut, which was too narrow to allow barges to pass one another, and so a programme of widening it was carried out, which was completed in September 1777.<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |pp=21–22}}</ref> The channel now ends in [[Limehouse Basin]].

Access to the new navigation, now known as the [[Lee Navigation]], was still by tidal gates at Bow. There had been gates at the site since at least 1307, as a structure was erected by Henry de Bedyk during the reign of [[Edward I of England]]. The gates were rebuilt in 1573 by the owners of the tide mill, but the City of London appointed a surveyor to inspect the plans and a committee to oversee the work. Documents from 1588 suggest that the gates opened automatically when the incoming tide reached a level with the river above them. Another rebuilding took place in 1721, again by the tide mill owners, and with the City of London approinting a surveyor to oversee the work. Smeaton in 1766 suggested that the gates should be replaced by a conventional pound lock, but this was not carried out. However, in 1852 a lock was constructed, although the gates also remained in place. The lock was rebuilt and shortened in 1900, and a second lock constructed beside it in 1931. Higher floodgates and walls were added in 2000 to prevent the inundation of the Lee Navigation when the level of the tide in the creek exceeded the level in the navigation.<ref>{{harvnb |Thomas |2010}}</ref>

Access from the creek to Bow Back Rivers was altered in the 1930s as part of an upgrade carried out to improve the waterways and to provide employment. The [[Prescott Channel]] was constructed to bypass the tide mills, and gave access from the creek to the Three Mills Wall River and the [[Waterworks River]].<ref>{{harvnb |Boyes |Russell |1977 |p=36}}</ref> The lock and sluice structure at the mouth of the new channel became disused in the 1960s and was subsequently removed, but a new structure capable of handling 350-tonne barges has been built as part of the upgrade to the waterways for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], recreating a navigable connection been the creek and the Bow Back Rivers.<ref name=bbc060408>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7307252.stm |title=Waterways face new Olympian task |publisher=BBC News |date=6 April 2008}}</ref> The creek gave access to Abbey Creek and the Channelsea River, which connected to the old course of the River Lea near Hackney Marshes. Most of this waterway has since been culverted. Water also entered the creek through the sluices of the tide mills at [[Three Mills]].

Ships were built at the [[Orchard House Yard]], in the southern reaches at [[Leamouth]], and launched in the creek where they could travel north along the [[River Lee Navigation]] or south to the [[River Thames]]. In 1810, an iron bridge was built spanning the creek – just south of the modern [[A13 road (Great Britain)|A13 bridge]]. The abutments have been reused for the pedestrian [[Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges|Jubilee Bridge]].

==See also==
{{Portal|UK Waterways}}
* [[Bow Creek Ecology Park]]
* [[Samuda Brothers]]
* [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company]]

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|first=John |last=Boyes |first2=Ronald |last2=Russell
|title=The Canals of Eastern England
|year=1977
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=978-0-7153-7415-3
|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.leeandstort.co.uk/Bow_Locks.htm
|first=Richard |last=Thomas
|title=Bow Locks
|publisher=Richard Thomas
|series=History of the Lee and Stort Navigation
|year=2010
|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://homepage.ntlworld.com/geoff.matt/BowCreekSchool/NewRegister/WebPages/ironbridge.html The Iron Bridge and Ironbridge Tavern — A Chronology — Bow Creek/River Lea]
*[http://www.britishwaterways.co.uk/olympics/history/ British Waterways history of the Bow Back Rivers]
*[http://www.londoncanals.co.uk/lee/leeintro.html The Lee Navigation - Intro and Bow Locks to Old Ford]
*[http://www.tuesdaynightclub.co.uk/Tour_06/ Tuesday Night Club]

{{Locks and Weirs on River Lea}}
{{Coord|51.5073|0.0092|type:landmark_region:GB-TWH|display=title}}
{{commonscat|Bow Creek}}

[[Category:Rivers of London]]
[[Category:Geography of Newham]]
[[Category:Geography of Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the River Thames]]
[[Category:River Lea]]

Ashelman Run

2014-12-22T22:47:15Z

Jakec: {{Toter Link}}, enwiki link

{{Infobox Fluss
| NAME= Ashelman Run
| ALTERNATIVNAME=
| SORTNAME= Ashelman Run
| LAGE= [[Columbia County (Pennsylvania)|Columbia County]], [[Pennsylvania]], USA
| GKZ= US/1168447
| FLUSSSYSTEM= Susquehanna River
| ABFLUSSWEG= Coles Creek (Fishing Creek)/Coles Creek/Fishing Creek (Susquehanna River)/Fishing Creek/Susquehanna River//Chesapeake Bay//Atlantischer Ozean/Atlantik
| EINZUGSGEBIET-PREFIX=
| EINZUGSGEBIET=
| NACHWEIS-EINZUGSGEBIET=
| EINZUGSGEBIET-SUFFIX=
| LÄNGE-PREFIX=
| LÄNGE= 0.75
| NACHWEIS-LÄNGE=
| LÄNGE-SUFFIX=
| PEGEL1=
| PEGEL1-REIHE=
| NACHWEIS-PEGEL1=
| QUELLE= südwestlich des [[Ricketts Glen State Park]]
| QUELLHÖHE-PREFIX=
| QUELLHÖHE=
| HÖHENBEZUG-QUELLE=
| NACHWEIS-QUELLHÖHE=
| QUELLHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| QUELLE_LAT_GRAD= 41.2855556
| QUELLE_LONG_GRAD= -76.3330556
| QUELLE_REGION= US-PA
| MÜNDUNG= in den [[Coles Creek (Fishing Creek)|Coles Creek]]
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-PREFIX=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=
| HÖHENBEZUG-MÜNDUNG=
| NACHWEIS-MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| MÜNDUNG_LAT_GRAD= 41.2750820
| MÜNDUNG_LONG_GRAD= -76.3321607
| MÜNDUNG_REGION= US-PA
| KARTE=
| KARTE-BESCHREIBUNG=
| BILD=
| BILDBESCHREIBUNG=
}}
Der '''Ashelman Run''' ist ein kleiner [[Fluss]] im [[Columbia County (Pennsylvania)|Columbia County]] im [[US-Bundesstaat]] [[Pennsylvania]]. Er entspringt 4,5 Kilometer südwestlich des ''[[Ricketts Glen State Park]]''. Ab hier fließt er in südöstliche Richtung, wo er nach 750 Meter in den [[Coles Creek (Fishing Creek)|Coles Creek]] ([[:en:Coles Creek (Pennsylvania)|en]]) mündet. Die [[Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel]] beträgt 314 Meter.<ref>{{gnis|1168447}}</ref><ref>[http://oaspub.epa.gov/tmdl/w305b_report_v2.huc?p_huc=Not%20Reported&p_state=PA Assessment Data for Pennsylvania, Name Not Reported Watershed, Year 2002]</ref>{{Toter Link}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

Nescopeck Mountain

2014-12-12T23:50:20Z

Jakec: /* Geography */ typo

{{Infobox mountain
|name = Nescopeck Mountain
|other_name = Nescopec Mountain
|photo = Nescopeck Mountain.jpg
|photo_caption = Nescopeck Mountain in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
|elevation_ft = 1604
|prominence = up to {{convert|850|ft|m}} or {{convert|900|ft|m}}
|range = chain of mountains from Moosic to the Susquehanna River
|coordinates = 40.986ºN, 76.312ºW
|coordinates_ref = <ref name = "topozone"/>
|topo = Shumans (for official coordinates; others for the rest of the ridge)
|type = Ridge}}
'''Nescopeck Mountain''' (also known as '''Nescopec Mountain'''<ref name = "placenames">{{Citation|author = [[Walter M. Brasch]]|title = Columbia County Place Names|page = 156|year = 1982}}</ref>) is a [[ridge]] in [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] and [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], in [[Pennsylvania]], in the United States.<ref name = "topozone"/><ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnai_pdfs/columbia%20county%20nai%202004.pdf|title = Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory 2004|year = 2004|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Its peak elevation is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The ridge is a forested ridge, with at least two types of forest and two systems of [[vernal pool]]s. It is a very long and unbroken ridge with two water gaps: one carved by Catawissa Creek and one carved by Nescopeck Creek. Rock formations in the ridge include the Lower Helderberg Formation, the Onondaga Formation, the Spechty Kopf Formation, the Trimmers Rock Formation, and the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the most recent ice age, it was affected by glaciation.

Native Americans historically settled in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain. It was visited by Europeans as early as 1755. The ridge's name most likely means "dirty waters" or "black waters". Two [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands]] and one state park are situated partially on it. The ridge spans numerous townships in Columbia County and Luzerne County.

==Geography==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 2.JPG|thumb|left|Nescopeck Mountain and [[Pennsylvania Route 339]] from the north in Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
The elevation of Nescopeck Mountain is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above sea level, making it the highest ridge in Columbia County.<ref name = "topozone">{{Citation|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022815/http://www.topozone.com/states/pennsylvania.asp?county=Columbia&feature=Ridge|title = Topographic Map Ridge Features in Columbia County, Pennsylvania|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Townships that Nescopeck Mountain occupies include [[Beaver Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Beaver Township]], [[Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], and [[Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Main Township]] in Columbia County.<ref name = "inventory"/> The ridge extends into Luzerne County, at least as far east as [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "placenames"/><ref name = "dcnr"/> [[Nescopeck Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck Township]] is one township that Nescopeck Mountain goes through in Luzerne County.<ref>{{Citation|author = Nescopeck Township|url = http://nescopecktwp.org/|title = Nescopeck Township|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is an unbroken ridge, being described as "regular and almost unbroken" in an 1832 book.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> John Gosse Freeze's 1888 book ''A History of Columbia County, Pennsylvania: From the Earliest Times'' described the ridge as "beautiful and regular in its formation".<ref name = "freeze">{{Citation|author = John Gosse Freeze|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22Buck+Mountain%22+columbia+county,+pa&source=bl&ots=hmFbOZnZ7i&sig=DW-798L3vIcj7pn7MaSsGm5jIdI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OnuLVPSxEYXegwSE4oGQBQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Buck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A History of Columbia County, Pennsylvania: From the Earliest Times|page = 51|year = 1888|accessdate = December 12, 2014}}</ref> It stretches from near the [[Susquehanna River]] almost to the [[Lehigh River]] and has a length of nearly {{convert|20|mi|km}}.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It is considerably steeper and higher on its northern side, at least in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Berwick.<ref name = "bedrock"/> The ridge is too rocky for [[agriculture]], with large boulders being abundant on it.<ref name = "iwhartman">{{Citation|author = I. W. Hartman|publisher = ''Democratic Sentinel''|url = http://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/iron_ore_furnace_at_mainville.pdf|title = IRON ORE FURNACE AT MAINVILLE First in Columbia County, Was Built in the Year 1815 Southsider’s Prosperous Residents Supposed Hidden Coal in the Mountain Still Unmined|date = May 2, 1912|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is part of a long chain of continuously forested mountains and ridges that stretches from [[Moosic Mountain]] to the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "inventory"/> It is considered to be an extension of Catawissa Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Charles B. Trego|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fYpKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A geography of Pennsylvania|page = 51|year = 1843|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge is similar in height to mountains in the vicinity of the [[Wyoming Valley]].<ref name = "universal gazetteer">{{Citation|author = William Darby|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=st8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509&lpg=PA509&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=uF5FCg_uuC&sig=UeeIzd0UUUE86cM3EPRAj3lPrXI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Universal gazetteer: a dictionary, geographical, historical, and statistical, of the various kingdoms, states, provinces, seas, mountains, etc., in the world|page = 509|year = 1845|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The ridge has a [[topographic prominence]] of up to approximately {{convert|850|ft|m}} in places and up to {{convert|900|ft|m}} at the Nescopeck Creek water gap.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/><ref name = "glaciation"/> However, it is only {{convert|400|to|500|ft|m}} high near its western end at [[Mainville, Pennsylvania|Mainville]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

[[Interstate 80]] crosses through the water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek in Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania">{{Citation|author = Jeff Mitchell|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XstTNdjJdaAC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone State's Rivers and Lakes|page = 89|year = |accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The Susquehanna River Lowlands are in the vicinity of the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UMsgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBDge|title = General Geology Report, Volumes 70-72|year = 1978|page = 56|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> Large groups of small [[kettle hole]]s are found along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2">{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy)|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Luzerne%20County%20NAI%202006%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update – 2006|year = 2006|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain's official coordinates are in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shumans.<ref name = "topozone"/>

==Streams and valleys==
[[File:Catawissa Creek looking downstream in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania.JPG|thumb|Catawissa Creek just upstream of where it cuts between Catawissa Mountain and Nescopeck Mountain]]
A creek known as [[Nescopeck Creek]] is in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> Additionally, [[Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek)|Black Creek]], a major tributary of Nescopeck Creek, empties into the larger creek at the base of the ridge.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/> The ridge is north of the creek for a portion of its length. There is a valley known as the [[Nescopeck Valley]] which is between Nescopeck Mountain and [[Buck Mountain (Pennsylvania)|Buck Mountain]]. Nescopeck Creek flows through this valley. This valley is {{convert|20|mi|km}} long and {{convert|5|mi|km}} wide.<ref name = "a gazetteer">{{Citation|author = Thomas Francis Gordon|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=2QKWRNFVcC&sig=Pxm0Vm0RR0Dy1bqKVbqQwrH7eBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xpeHVP_tKoufggS8soPIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A Gazetteer of the State of Pennsylvania|pages = 54,317|year = 1832|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Some streams on the ridge are part of the Lehigh River watershed.<ref name = "Grumet">{{Citation|author = Robert S. Grumet|publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PIwjQeh-Ke4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manhattan to Minisink: American Indian Place Names of Greater New York and Vicinity|pages = 107-108|date = June 26, 2013|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

A stream known as [[Scotch Run]] flows through a valley with Nescopeck Mountain on its northern edge.<ref name = "annals">{{Citation|author = J. H. Beers|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjoIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Historical and biographical annals of Columbia and Montour counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1915|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain forms a [[water gap]] with [[Catawissa Mountain]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/> [[Catawissa Creek]] cuts through this water gap.<ref name = "annals"/> There is also a water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek through Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/> The mountain serves as part of the dividing line between the [[Susquehanna River]] and the [[Lehigh River]] watersheds.<ref name = "Grumet"/>

==Geology==
[[File:Geology of Catawissa Creek at Nescopeck Mountain.PNG|thumb|left|The geology of Nescopeck Mountain at Catawissa Creek]]
There are a total of three [[rock formation]]s on Nescopeck Mountain in the Berwick Quadrangle, which is in Columbia County and Luzerne County. From north to south, these rock formations are the [[Trimmers Rock Formation]] (from the [[Devonian Period]]), the [[Spechty Kopf Formation]] (from the Devonian Period and the [[Mississippian Period]]), and the [[Onondaga Formation]] (from the Devonian Period). All three of these formations occur in bands that are at an angle relative to the surface. The Spechty Kopf Formation occurs at the peak of the ridge and extends to a depth of approximately {{convert|1500|ft|m}} below sea level. The Onondaga Formation runs from near the ridge's peak to {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below sea level. The Trimmers Rock Formation runs from the middle elevations of the ridge to more than {{convert|2000|ft|m}} below sea level.<ref name = "bedrock">{{Citation|author = Jon D. Inners|url = http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/pageol/id/52007|title = Bedrock geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and Columbia counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1978|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In Mifflin Township, Columbia County, the peak of Nescopeck Mountain is on rock of the [[Lower Helderberg Formation]].<ref name = "annals"/> Additionally, the [[Mauch Chunk Formation]] is found on the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WZrPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsKHVLWRKMioNoDVgqgF&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgo|title = Mineral Resource Report M|year = 1941|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

There are [[coal basin]]s to the south of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CwQ57OV14AQC&pg=PR171&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manufactures of the United States in 1860|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

During an [[ice age]], [[glaciers]] pressed against Nescopeck Mountain and eventually moved over it, carrying [[gravel]] from the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "glaciation">{{Citation|author = Edward Higginson Williams|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UJUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcGHVNe9FoSDNpn7gOgB&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Pennsylvania Glaciation, First Phase: Materials for a Discussion of the Attenuated Border of the Moraine Described in Volume Z of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|year = 1917|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge was near the southern edge of the most recent period of glaciation.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==History and etymology==
Historically, there was a [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] village in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain, where the borough of [[Nescopeck, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck]] is in modern times.<ref name = "placenames"/> Additionally, the Forks Indians arrived at the ridge in 1740 after being evicted from their lands in the Lehigh Valley.<ref name = "Grumet"/> As early as 1755, a pair of [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries, Christian Seidel and Henry Frey, descended the ridge while visiting [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=SPPziKwr9E&sig=MiDQJrCGjGlGXNCFAMGT8r7sEK4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, Volume 15|page = 139|year = 1835|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

In 1838, a man named Mr. Butler requested permission of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] to construct a [[tunnel]] or [[through cut]] through Nescopeck Mountain for the [[Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company]].<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA538&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Journal, Volume 49, Part 1|page = 232|year = 1838|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Glen Summit Springs Hotel operated on top of Nescopeck Mountain. It was constructed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. During its most active use, it attracted visitors from the [[Wyoming Valley]] and from the East Coast of the United States.<ref>{{citation|author = Pamela C. Turfa|publisher = ''[[The Times Leader]]''|url = http://archives.timesleader.com/2003/2003_10/2003_07_13_A_PLACE_OF_COOL_RETREAT_AN_AREA_RESORT_WIDELY_KNOWN_IN_LATE_19TH.html|title = A PLACE OF COOL RETREAT
AN AREA RESORT WIDELY KNOWN IN LATE 19TH CENTURY OFFERED ESCAPE TO THE MOUNTAINS.|date = July 13, 2003|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] historically passed over the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Joseph Kubic, Darlene Miller-Lanning|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtsyLv6ZlsC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Mountain Top|page = 9|year = 2012|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s, the ridge was prospected for [[coal]].<ref name = "freeze"/>

The top of Nescopeck Mountain was devoid of trees in the middle of the 1800s.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> [[Logging]] has been done on the ridge in the early 2000s and plans have been made to construct [[communication tower]]s on the ridge.<ref name = "inventory"/> Local produce is sometimes traded over Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Mia Light|publisher = ''[[Republican & Herald]]''|url = http://republicanherald.com/news/regional-farmers-enjoy-good-summer-for-crops-1.1745387|title = Regional farmers enjoy good summer for crops|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The mountain is almost completely undeveloped.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

Nescopeck Mountain is most likely named for the Shawnee village named Nescopeck. The word ''nescopeck'' itself is a corruption of ''neskchoppeck'', which may mean "dirty waters" or "black waters".<ref name = "placenames"/>

A [[gypsy moth]] infestation began on Nescopeck Mountain in the summer of 2014, causing hundreds of trees to be [[defoliation|defoliated]]. The Bureau of Forestry expects to begin spraying the area in May 2015 and June 2015.<ref>{{Citation|author = Tom Ragan|publisher = [[Standard-Speaker]]|url = http://standardspeaker.com/news/gypsy-moth-infestation-on-nescopeck-mountain-1.1765421|title = Gypsy moth infestation on Nescopeck Mountain|date = October 5, 2014|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

==Biology==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 1.JPG|thumb|Nescopeck Mountain, a forested ridge]]
Nescopeck Mountain is one of several mountains in Columbia County to contain undisturbed [[oak]]/mixed hardwood [[forest]]s. This forest is also an Appalachian Oak Forest. Specific [[tree]] species on the ridge in Columbia County include [[red oak]], [[chestnut oak]], [[scarlet oak]], [[black birch]], [[American chestnut]], [[pitch pine]], [[red maple]], and [[serviceberry]]. Other plants on the ridge include [[black huckleberry]], [[lowbush blueberry]], [[mountain laurel]], [[sheep's laurel]], [[bracken fern]], [[wild sarsaparilla]], and [[Virginia creeper]].<ref name = "inventory"/>

A Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community known as the [[Edgewood Vernal Pools]] is located on and near Nescopeck Mountain. It consists of dozens of [[vernal pool]]s created by glaciation. Numerous [[amphibian]] species breed in the pools and [[hardwood]] trees and [[tsuga|hemlock]] are present on the southern edge of the pool system. A globally rare species of [[invertebrate]] was observed in the pools in 1990. Another system of vernal pools known as the Briggsville Vernal Pools are found north of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

The Nescopeck Mountain Barrens are a Ridgetop Dwarf-Tree Forest Natural Community. The barrens consist of [[scrub oak]]s, [[hairgrass]], pitch pines, [[little bluestem]]s, and [[blueberry|blueberries]].<ref name = "inventory2"/>

==Recreation==
A portion of the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 58]] are on Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "inventory"/> Additionally, the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 187]] contain the Nescopeck Mountain Barrens.<ref name = "inventory2"/>The ridge is on the northern border of the 3550-acre [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "dcnr">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/nescopeck/|title = Nescopeck State Park|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Historically, there were [[hiking trail|trails]] leading up to the top of Nescopeck Mountain. There is high visibility from the top of the ridge and the town of [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]] can be seen.<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

The water gap where Catawissa Creek flows between between Nescopeck Mountain and Catawissa Mountain was described as "attractive" by I. W. Hartman in 1912.<ref name = "iwhartman"/> The water gap where Nescopeck Creek flows through Nescopeck Mountain is described as "impressive" in Jeff Mitchell's book ''Paddling Pennsylvania''.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/>

==See also==
*[[Catawissa Mountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Landforms of Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Landforms of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Mountains of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Ridges of Pennsylvania]]

Nescopeck Mountain

2014-12-12T23:49:53Z

Jakec: added 2 facts

{{Infobox mountain
|name = Nescopeck Mountain
|other_name = Nescopec Mountain
|photo = Nescopeck Mountain.jpg
|photo_caption = Nescopeck Mountain in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
|elevation_ft = 1604
|prominence = up to {{convert|850|ft|m}} or {{convert|900|ft|m}}
|range = chain of mountains from Moosic to the Susquehanna River
|coordinates = 40.986ºN, 76.312ºW
|coordinates_ref = <ref name = "topozone"/>
|topo = Shumans (for official coordinates; others for the rest of the ridge)
|type = Ridge}}
'''Nescopeck Mountain''' (also known as '''Nescopec Mountain'''<ref name = "placenames">{{Citation|author = [[Walter M. Brasch]]|title = Columbia County Place Names|page = 156|year = 1982}}</ref>) is a [[ridge]] in [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] and [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], in [[Pennsylvania]], in the United States.<ref name = "topozone"/><ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnai_pdfs/columbia%20county%20nai%202004.pdf|title = Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory 2004|year = 2004|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Its peak elevation is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The ridge is a forested ridge, with at least two types of forest and two systems of [[vernal pool]]s. It is a very long and unbroken ridge with two water gaps: one carved by Catawissa Creek and one carved by Nescopeck Creek. Rock formations in the ridge include the Lower Helderberg Formation, the Onondaga Formation, the Spechty Kopf Formation, the Trimmers Rock Formation, and the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the most recent ice age, it was affected by glaciation.

Native Americans historically settled in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain. It was visited by Europeans as early as 1755. The ridge's name most likely means "dirty waters" or "black waters". Two [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands]] and one state park are situated partially on it. The ridge spans numerous townships in Columbia County and Luzerne County.

==Geography==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 2.JPG|thumb|left|Nescopeck Mountain and [[Pennsylvania Route 339]] from the north in Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
The elevation of Nescopeck Mountain is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above sea level, making it the highest ridge in Columbia County.<ref name = "topozone">{{Citation|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022815/http://www.topozone.com/states/pennsylvania.asp?county=Columbia&feature=Ridge|title = Topographic Map Ridge Features in Columbia County, Pennsylvania|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Townships that Nescopeck Mountain occupies include [[Beaver Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Beaver Township]], [[Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], and [[Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Main Township]] in Columbia County.<ref name = "inventory"/> The ridge extends into Luzerne County, at least as far east as [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "placenames"/><ref name = "dcnr"/> [[Nescopeck Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck Township]] is one township that Nescopeck Mountain goes through in Luzerne County.<ref>{{Citation|author = Nescopeck Township|url = http://nescopecktwp.org/|title = Nescopeck Township|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is an unbroken ridge, being described as "regular and almost unbroken" in an 1832 book.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> John Gosse Freeze's 1888 book ''A History of Columbia County, Pennsylvania: From the Earliest Times'' described the ridge as "beautiful and regular in its formation".<ref name = "freeze">{{Citation|author = John Gosse Freeze|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=%22Buck+Mountain%22+columbia+county,+pa&source=bl&ots=hmFbOZnZ7i&sig=DW-798L3vIcj7pn7MaSsGm5jIdI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OnuLVPSxEYXegwSE4oGQBQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Buck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A History of Columbia County, Pennsylvania: From the Earliest Times|page = 51|year = 1888|accessdaet = December 12, 2014}}</ref> It stretches from near the [[Susquehanna River]] almost to the [[Lehigh River]] and has a length of nearly {{convert|20|mi|km}}.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It is considerably steeper and higher on its northern side, at least in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Berwick.<ref name = "bedrock"/> The ridge is too rocky for [[agriculture]], with large boulders being abundant on it.<ref name = "iwhartman">{{Citation|author = I. W. Hartman|publisher = ''Democratic Sentinel''|url = http://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/iron_ore_furnace_at_mainville.pdf|title = IRON ORE FURNACE AT MAINVILLE First in Columbia County, Was Built in the Year 1815 Southsider’s Prosperous Residents Supposed Hidden Coal in the Mountain Still Unmined|date = May 2, 1912|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is part of a long chain of continuously forested mountains and ridges that stretches from [[Moosic Mountain]] to the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "inventory"/> It is considered to be an extension of Catawissa Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Charles B. Trego|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fYpKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A geography of Pennsylvania|page = 51|year = 1843|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge is similar in height to mountains in the vicinity of the [[Wyoming Valley]].<ref name = "universal gazetteer">{{Citation|author = William Darby|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=st8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509&lpg=PA509&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=uF5FCg_uuC&sig=UeeIzd0UUUE86cM3EPRAj3lPrXI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Universal gazetteer: a dictionary, geographical, historical, and statistical, of the various kingdoms, states, provinces, seas, mountains, etc., in the world|page = 509|year = 1845|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The ridge has a [[topographic prominence]] of up to approximately {{convert|850|ft|m}} in places and up to {{convert|900|ft|m}} at the Nescopeck Creek water gap.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/><ref name = "glaciation"/> However, it is only {{convert|400|to|500|ft|m}} high near its western end at [[Mainville, Pennsylvania|Mainville]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

[[Interstate 80]] crosses through the water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek in Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania">{{Citation|author = Jeff Mitchell|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XstTNdjJdaAC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone State's Rivers and Lakes|page = 89|year = |accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The Susquehanna River Lowlands are in the vicinity of the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UMsgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBDge|title = General Geology Report, Volumes 70-72|year = 1978|page = 56|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> Large groups of small [[kettle hole]]s are found along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2">{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy)|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Luzerne%20County%20NAI%202006%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update – 2006|year = 2006|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain's official coordinates are in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shumans.<ref name = "topozone"/>

==Streams and valleys==
[[File:Catawissa Creek looking downstream in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania.JPG|thumb|Catawissa Creek just upstream of where it cuts between Catawissa Mountain and Nescopeck Mountain]]
A creek known as [[Nescopeck Creek]] is in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> Additionally, [[Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek)|Black Creek]], a major tributary of Nescopeck Creek, empties into the larger creek at the base of the ridge.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/> The ridge is north of the creek for a portion of its length. There is a valley known as the [[Nescopeck Valley]] which is between Nescopeck Mountain and [[Buck Mountain (Pennsylvania)|Buck Mountain]]. Nescopeck Creek flows through this valley. This valley is {{convert|20|mi|km}} long and {{convert|5|mi|km}} wide.<ref name = "a gazetteer">{{Citation|author = Thomas Francis Gordon|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=2QKWRNFVcC&sig=Pxm0Vm0RR0Dy1bqKVbqQwrH7eBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xpeHVP_tKoufggS8soPIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A Gazetteer of the State of Pennsylvania|pages = 54,317|year = 1832|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Some streams on the ridge are part of the Lehigh River watershed.<ref name = "Grumet">{{Citation|author = Robert S. Grumet|publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PIwjQeh-Ke4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manhattan to Minisink: American Indian Place Names of Greater New York and Vicinity|pages = 107-108|date = June 26, 2013|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

A stream known as [[Scotch Run]] flows through a valley with Nescopeck Mountain on its northern edge.<ref name = "annals">{{Citation|author = J. H. Beers|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjoIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Historical and biographical annals of Columbia and Montour counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1915|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain forms a [[water gap]] with [[Catawissa Mountain]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/> [[Catawissa Creek]] cuts through this water gap.<ref name = "annals"/> There is also a water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek through Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/> The mountain serves as part of the dividing line between the [[Susquehanna River]] and the [[Lehigh River]] watersheds.<ref name = "Grumet"/>

==Geology==
[[File:Geology of Catawissa Creek at Nescopeck Mountain.PNG|thumb|left|The geology of Nescopeck Mountain at Catawissa Creek]]
There are a total of three [[rock formation]]s on Nescopeck Mountain in the Berwick Quadrangle, which is in Columbia County and Luzerne County. From north to south, these rock formations are the [[Trimmers Rock Formation]] (from the [[Devonian Period]]), the [[Spechty Kopf Formation]] (from the Devonian Period and the [[Mississippian Period]]), and the [[Onondaga Formation]] (from the Devonian Period). All three of these formations occur in bands that are at an angle relative to the surface. The Spechty Kopf Formation occurs at the peak of the ridge and extends to a depth of approximately {{convert|1500|ft|m}} below sea level. The Onondaga Formation runs from near the ridge's peak to {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below sea level. The Trimmers Rock Formation runs from the middle elevations of the ridge to more than {{convert|2000|ft|m}} below sea level.<ref name = "bedrock">{{Citation|author = Jon D. Inners|url = http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/pageol/id/52007|title = Bedrock geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and Columbia counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1978|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In Mifflin Township, Columbia County, the peak of Nescopeck Mountain is on rock of the [[Lower Helderberg Formation]].<ref name = "annals"/> Additionally, the [[Mauch Chunk Formation]] is found on the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WZrPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsKHVLWRKMioNoDVgqgF&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgo|title = Mineral Resource Report M|year = 1941|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

There are [[coal basin]]s to the south of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CwQ57OV14AQC&pg=PR171&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manufactures of the United States in 1860|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

During an [[ice age]], [[glaciers]] pressed against Nescopeck Mountain and eventually moved over it, carrying [[gravel]] from the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "glaciation">{{Citation|author = Edward Higginson Williams|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UJUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcGHVNe9FoSDNpn7gOgB&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Pennsylvania Glaciation, First Phase: Materials for a Discussion of the Attenuated Border of the Moraine Described in Volume Z of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|year = 1917|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge was near the southern edge of the most recent period of glaciation.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==History and etymology==
Historically, there was a [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] village in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain, where the borough of [[Nescopeck, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck]] is in modern times.<ref name = "placenames"/> Additionally, the Forks Indians arrived at the ridge in 1740 after being evicted from their lands in the Lehigh Valley.<ref name = "Grumet"/> As early as 1755, a pair of [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries, Christian Seidel and Henry Frey, descended the ridge while visiting [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=SPPziKwr9E&sig=MiDQJrCGjGlGXNCFAMGT8r7sEK4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, Volume 15|page = 139|year = 1835|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

In 1838, a man named Mr. Butler requested permission of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] to construct a [[tunnel]] or [[through cut]] through Nescopeck Mountain for the [[Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company]].<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA538&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Journal, Volume 49, Part 1|page = 232|year = 1838|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Glen Summit Springs Hotel operated on top of Nescopeck Mountain. It was constructed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. During its most active use, it attracted visitors from the [[Wyoming Valley]] and from the East Coast of the United States.<ref>{{citation|author = Pamela C. Turfa|publisher = ''[[The Times Leader]]''|url = http://archives.timesleader.com/2003/2003_10/2003_07_13_A_PLACE_OF_COOL_RETREAT_AN_AREA_RESORT_WIDELY_KNOWN_IN_LATE_19TH.html|title = A PLACE OF COOL RETREAT
AN AREA RESORT WIDELY KNOWN IN LATE 19TH CENTURY OFFERED ESCAPE TO THE MOUNTAINS.|date = July 13, 2003|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] historically passed over the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Joseph Kubic, Darlene Miller-Lanning|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtsyLv6ZlsC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Mountain Top|page = 9|year = 2012|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s, the ridge was prospected for [[coal]].<ref name = "freeze"/>

The top of Nescopeck Mountain was devoid of trees in the middle of the 1800s.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> [[Logging]] has been done on the ridge in the early 2000s and plans have been made to construct [[communication tower]]s on the ridge.<ref name = "inventory"/> Local produce is sometimes traded over Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Mia Light|publisher = ''[[Republican & Herald]]''|url = http://republicanherald.com/news/regional-farmers-enjoy-good-summer-for-crops-1.1745387|title = Regional farmers enjoy good summer for crops|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The mountain is almost completely undeveloped.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

Nescopeck Mountain is most likely named for the Shawnee village named Nescopeck. The word ''nescopeck'' itself is a corruption of ''neskchoppeck'', which may mean "dirty waters" or "black waters".<ref name = "placenames"/>

A [[gypsy moth]] infestation began on Nescopeck Mountain in the summer of 2014, causing hundreds of trees to be [[defoliation|defoliated]]. The Bureau of Forestry expects to begin spraying the area in May 2015 and June 2015.<ref>{{Citation|author = Tom Ragan|publisher = [[Standard-Speaker]]|url = http://standardspeaker.com/news/gypsy-moth-infestation-on-nescopeck-mountain-1.1765421|title = Gypsy moth infestation on Nescopeck Mountain|date = October 5, 2014|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

==Biology==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 1.JPG|thumb|Nescopeck Mountain, a forested ridge]]
Nescopeck Mountain is one of several mountains in Columbia County to contain undisturbed [[oak]]/mixed hardwood [[forest]]s. This forest is also an Appalachian Oak Forest. Specific [[tree]] species on the ridge in Columbia County include [[red oak]], [[chestnut oak]], [[scarlet oak]], [[black birch]], [[American chestnut]], [[pitch pine]], [[red maple]], and [[serviceberry]]. Other plants on the ridge include [[black huckleberry]], [[lowbush blueberry]], [[mountain laurel]], [[sheep's laurel]], [[bracken fern]], [[wild sarsaparilla]], and [[Virginia creeper]].<ref name = "inventory"/>

A Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community known as the [[Edgewood Vernal Pools]] is located on and near Nescopeck Mountain. It consists of dozens of [[vernal pool]]s created by glaciation. Numerous [[amphibian]] species breed in the pools and [[hardwood]] trees and [[tsuga|hemlock]] are present on the southern edge of the pool system. A globally rare species of [[invertebrate]] was observed in the pools in 1990. Another system of vernal pools known as the Briggsville Vernal Pools are found north of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

The Nescopeck Mountain Barrens are a Ridgetop Dwarf-Tree Forest Natural Community. The barrens consist of [[scrub oak]]s, [[hairgrass]], pitch pines, [[little bluestem]]s, and [[blueberry|blueberries]].<ref name = "inventory2"/>

==Recreation==
A portion of the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 58]] are on Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "inventory"/> Additionally, the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 187]] contain the Nescopeck Mountain Barrens.<ref name = "inventory2"/>The ridge is on the northern border of the 3550-acre [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "dcnr">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/nescopeck/|title = Nescopeck State Park|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Historically, there were [[hiking trail|trails]] leading up to the top of Nescopeck Mountain. There is high visibility from the top of the ridge and the town of [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]] can be seen.<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

The water gap where Catawissa Creek flows between between Nescopeck Mountain and Catawissa Mountain was described as "attractive" by I. W. Hartman in 1912.<ref name = "iwhartman"/> The water gap where Nescopeck Creek flows through Nescopeck Mountain is described as "impressive" in Jeff Mitchell's book ''Paddling Pennsylvania''.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/>

==See also==
*[[Catawissa Mountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Landforms of Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Landforms of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Mountains of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Ridges of Pennsylvania]]

Nescopeck Mountain

2014-12-11T02:32:17Z

Jakec: + 4 categories using HotCat

{{Infobox mountain
|name = Nescopeck Mountain
|other_name = Nescopec Mountain
|photo = Nescopeck Mountain.jpg
|photo_caption = Nescopeck Mountain in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
|elevation_ft = 1604
|prominence = up to {{convert|850|ft|m}} or {{convert|900|ft|m}}
|range = chain of mountains from Moosic to the Susquehanna River
|coordinates = 40.986ºN, 76.312ºW
|coordinates_ref = <ref name = "topozone"/>
|topo = Shumans (for official coordinates; others for the rest of the ridge)
|type = Ridge}}
'''Nescopeck Mountain''' (also known as '''Nescopec Mountain'''<ref name = "placenames">{{Citation|author = [[Walter M. Brasch]]|title = Columbia County Place Names|page = 156|year = 1982}}</ref>) is a [[ridge]] in [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] and [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], in [[Pennsylvania]], in the United States.<ref name = "topozone"/><ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnai_pdfs/columbia%20county%20nai%202004.pdf|title = Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory 2004|year = 2004|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Its peak elevation is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The ridge is a forested ridge, with at least two types of forest and two systems of [[vernal pool]]s. It is a very long and unbroken ridge with two water gaps: one carved by Catawissa Creek and one carved by Nescopeck Creek. Rock formations in the ridge include the Lower Helderberg Formation, the Onondaga Formation, the Spechty Kopf Formation, the Trimmers Rock Formation, and the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the most recent ice age, it was affected by glaciation.

Native Americans historically settled in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain. It was visited by Europeans as early as 1755. The ridge's name most likely means "dirty waters" or "black waters". Two [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands]] and one state park are situated partially on it. The ridge spans numerous townships in Columbia County and Luzerne County.

==Geography==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 2.JPG|thumb|left|Nescopeck Mountain and [[Pennsylvania Route 339]] from the north in Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
The elevation of Nescopeck Mountain is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above sea level, making it the highest ridge in Columbia County.<ref name = "topozone">{{Citation|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022815/http://www.topozone.com/states/pennsylvania.asp?county=Columbia&feature=Ridge|title = Topographic Map Ridge Features in Columbia County, Pennsylvania|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Townships that Nescopeck Mountain occupies include [[Beaver Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Beaver Township]], [[Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], and [[Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Main Township]] in Columbia County.<ref name = "inventory"/> The ridge extends into Luzerne County, at least as far east as [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "placenames"/><ref name = "dcnr"/> [[Nescopeck Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck Township]] is one township that Nescopeck Mountain goes through in Luzerne County.<ref>{{Citation|author = Nescopeck Township|url = http://nescopecktwp.org/|title = Nescopeck Township|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is an unbroken ridge, being described as "regular and almost unbroken" in an 1832 book.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It stretches from near the [[Susquehanna River]] almost to the [[Lehigh River]] and has a length of nearly {{convert|20|mi|km}}.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It is considerably steeper and higher on its northern side, at least in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Berwick.<ref name = "bedrock"/> The ridge is too rocky for [[agriculture]], with large boulders being abundant on it.<ref name = "iwhartman">{{Citation|author = I. W. Hartman|publisher = ''Democratic Sentinel''|url = http://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/iron_ore_furnace_at_mainville.pdf|title = IRON ORE FURNACE AT MAINVILLE First in Columbia County, Was Built in the Year 1815 Southsider’s Prosperous Residents Supposed Hidden Coal in the Mountain Still Unmined|date = May 2, 1912|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is part of a long chain of continuously forested mountains and ridges that stretches from [[Moosic Mountain]] to the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "inventory"/> It is considered to be an extension of Catawissa Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Charles B. Trego|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fYpKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A geography of Pennsylvania|page = 51|year = 1843|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge is similar in height to mountains in the vicinity of the [[Wyoming Valley]].<ref name = "universal gazetteer">{{Citation|author = William Darby|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=st8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509&lpg=PA509&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=uF5FCg_uuC&sig=UeeIzd0UUUE86cM3EPRAj3lPrXI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Universal gazetteer: a dictionary, geographical, historical, and statistical, of the various kingdoms, states, provinces, seas, mountains, etc., in the world|page = 509|year = 1845|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The ridge has a [[topographic prominence]] of up to approximately {{convert|850|ft|m}} in places and up to {{convert|900|ft|m}} at the Nescopeck Creek water gap.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/><ref name = "glaciation"/> However, it is only {{convert|400|to|500|ft|m}} high near its western end at [[Mainville, Pennsylvania|Mainville]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

[[Interstate 80]] crosses through the water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek in Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania">{{Citation|author = Jeff Mitchell|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XstTNdjJdaAC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone State's Rivers and Lakes|page = 89|year = |accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The Susquehanna River Lowlands are in the vicinity of the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UMsgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBDge|title = General Geology Report, Volumes 70-72|year = 1978|page = 56|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> Large groups of small [[kettle hole]]s are found along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2">{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy)|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Luzerne%20County%20NAI%202006%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update – 2006|year = 2006|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain's official coordinates are in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shumans.<ref name = "topozone"/>

==Streams and valleys==
[[File:Catawissa Creek looking downstream in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania.JPG|thumb|Catawissa Creek just upstream of where it cuts between Catawissa Mountain and Nescopeck Mountain]]
A creek known as [[Nescopeck Creek]] is in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> Additionally, [[Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek)|Black Creek]], a major tributary of Nescopeck Creek, empties into the larger creek at the base of the ridge.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/> The ridge is north of the creek for a portion of its length. There is a valley known as the [[Nescopeck Valley]] which is between Nescopeck Mountain and [[Buck Mountain (Pennsylvania)|Buck Mountain]]. Nescopeck Creek flows through this valley. This valley is {{convert|20|mi|km}} long and {{convert|5|mi|km}} wide.<ref name = "a gazetteer">{{Citation|author = Thomas Francis Gordon|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=2QKWRNFVcC&sig=Pxm0Vm0RR0Dy1bqKVbqQwrH7eBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xpeHVP_tKoufggS8soPIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A Gazetteer of the State of Pennsylvania|pages = 54,317|year = 1832|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Some streams on the ridge are part of the Lehigh River watershed.<ref name = "Grumet">{{Citation|author = Robert S. Grumet|publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PIwjQeh-Ke4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manhattan to Minisink: American Indian Place Names of Greater New York and Vicinity|pages = 107-108|date = June 26, 2013|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

A stream known as [[Scotch Run]] flows through a valley with Nescopeck Mountain on its northern edge.<ref name = "annals">{{Citation|author = J. H. Beers|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjoIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Historical and biographical annals of Columbia and Montour counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1915|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain forms a [[water gap]] with [[Catawissa Mountain]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/> [[Catawissa Creek]] cuts through this water gap.<ref name = "annals"/> There is also a water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek through Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/> The mountain serves as part of the dividing line between the [[Susquehanna River]] and the [[Lehigh River]] watersheds.<ref name = "Grumet"/>

==Geology==
[[File:Geology of Catawissa Creek at Nescopeck Mountain.PNG|thumb|left|The geology of Nescopeck Mountain at Catawissa Creek]]
There are a total of three [[rock formation]]s on Nescopeck Mountain in the Berwick Quadrangle, which is in Columbia County and Luzerne County. From north to south, these rock formations are the [[Trimmers Rock Formation]] (from the [[Devonian Period]]), the [[Spechty Kopf Formation]] (from the Devonian Period and the [[Mississippian Period]]), and the [[Onondaga Formation]] (from the Devonian Period). All three of these formations occur in bands that are at an angle relative to the surface. The Spechty Kopf Formation occurs at the peak of the ridge and extends to a depth of approximately {{convert|1500|ft|m}} below sea level. The Onondaga Formation runs from near the ridge's peak to {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below sea level. The Trimmers Rock Formation runs from the middle elevations of the ridge to more than {{convert|2000|ft|m}} below sea level.<ref name = "bedrock">{{Citation|author = Jon D. Inners|url = http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/pageol/id/52007|title = Bedrock geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and Columbia counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1978|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In Mifflin Township, Columbia County, the peak of Nescopeck Mountain is on rock of the [[Lower Helderberg Formation]].<ref name = "annals"/> Additionally, the [[Mauch Chunk Formation]] is found on the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WZrPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsKHVLWRKMioNoDVgqgF&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgo|title = Mineral Resource Report M|year = 1941|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

There are [[coal basin]]s to the south of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CwQ57OV14AQC&pg=PR171&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manufactures of the United States in 1860|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

During an [[ice age]], [[glaciers]] pressed against Nescopeck Mountain and eventually moved over it, carrying [[gravel]] from the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "glaciation">{{Citation|author = Edward Higginson Williams|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UJUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcGHVNe9FoSDNpn7gOgB&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Pennsylvania Glaciation, First Phase: Materials for a Discussion of the Attenuated Border of the Moraine Described in Volume Z of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|year = 1917|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge was near the southern edge of the most recent period of glaciation.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==History and etymology==
Historically, there was a [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] village in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain, where the borough of [[Nescopeck, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck]] is in modern times.<ref name = "placenames"/> Additionally, the Forks Indians arrived at the ridge in 1740 after being evicted from their lands in the Lehigh Valley.<ref name = "Grumet"/> As early as 1755, a pair of [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries, Christian Seidel and Henry Frey, descended the ridge while visiting [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=SPPziKwr9E&sig=MiDQJrCGjGlGXNCFAMGT8r7sEK4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, Volume 15|page = 139|year = 1835|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

In 1838, a man named Mr. Butler requested permission of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] to construct a [[tunnel]] or [[through cut]] through Nescopeck Mountain for the [[Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company]].<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA538&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Journal, Volume 49, Part 1|page = 232|year = 1838|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Glen Summit Springs Hotel operated on top of Nescopeck Mountain. It was constructed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. During its most active use, it attracted visitors from the [[Wyoming Valley]] and from the East Coast of the United States.<ref>{{citation|author = Pamela C. Turfa|publisher = ''[[The Times Leader]]''|url = http://archives.timesleader.com/2003/2003_10/2003_07_13_A_PLACE_OF_COOL_RETREAT_AN_AREA_RESORT_WIDELY_KNOWN_IN_LATE_19TH.html|title = A PLACE OF COOL RETREAT
AN AREA RESORT WIDELY KNOWN IN LATE 19TH CENTURY OFFERED ESCAPE TO THE MOUNTAINS.|date = July 13, 2003|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] historically passed over the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Joseph Kubic, Darlene Miller-Lanning|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtsyLv6ZlsC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Mountain Top|page = 9|year = 2012|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

The top of Nescopeck Mountain was devoid of trees in the middle of the 1800s.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> [[Logging]] has been done on the ridge in the early 2000s and plans have been made to construct [[communication tower]]s on the ridge.<ref name = "inventory"/> Local produce is sometimes traded over Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Mia Light|publisher = ''[[Republican & Herald]]''|url = http://republicanherald.com/news/regional-farmers-enjoy-good-summer-for-crops-1.1745387|title = Regional farmers enjoy good summer for crops|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The mountain is almost completely undeveloped.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

Nescopeck Mountain is most likely named for the Shawnee village named Nescopeck. The word ''nescopeck'' itself is a corruption of ''neskchoppeck'', which may mean "dirty waters" or "black waters".<ref name = "placenames"/>

A [[gypsy moth]] infestation began on Nescopeck Mountain in the summer of 2014, causing hundreds of trees to be [[defoliation|defoliated]]. The Bureau of Forestry expects to begin spraying the area in May 2015 and June 2015.<ref>{{Citation|author = Tom Ragan|publisher = [[Standard-Speaker]]|url = http://standardspeaker.com/news/gypsy-moth-infestation-on-nescopeck-mountain-1.1765421|title = Gypsy moth infestation on Nescopeck Mountain|date = October 5, 2014|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

==Biology==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 1.JPG|thumb|Nescopeck Mountain, a forested ridge]]
Nescopeck Mountain is one of several mountains in Columbia County to contain undisturbed [[oak]]/mixed hardwood [[forest]]s. This forest is also an Appalachian Oak Forest. Specific [[tree]] species on the ridge in Columbia County include [[red oak]], [[chestnut oak]], [[scarlet oak]], [[black birch]], [[American chestnut]], [[pitch pine]], [[red maple]], and [[serviceberry]]. Other plants on the ridge include [[black huckleberry]], [[lowbush blueberry]], [[mountain laurel]], [[sheep's laurel]], [[bracken fern]], [[wild sarsaparilla]], and [[Virginia creeper]].<ref name = "inventory"/>

A Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community known as the [[Edgewood Vernal Pools]] is located on and near Nescopeck Mountain. It consists of dozens of [[vernal pool]]s created by glaciation. Numerous [[amphibian]] species breed in the pools and [[hardwood]] trees and [[tsuga|hemlock]] are present on the southern edge of the pool system. A globally rare species of [[invertebrate]] was observed in the pools in 1990. Another system of vernal pools known as the Briggsville Vernal Pools are found north of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

The Nescopeck Mountain Barrens are a Ridgetop Dwarf-Tree Forest Natural Community. The barrens consist of [[scrub oak]]s, [[hairgrass]], pitch pines, [[little bluestem]]s, and [[blueberry|blueberries]].<ref name = "inventory2"/>

==Recreation==
A portion of the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 58]] are on Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "inventory"/> Additionally, the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 187]] contain the Nescopeck Mountain Barrens.<ref name = "inventory2"/>The ridge is on the northern border of the 3550-acre [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "dcnr">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/nescopeck/|title = Nescopeck State Park|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Historically, there were [[hiking trail|trails]] leading up to the top of Nescopeck Mountain. There is high visibility from the top of the ridge and the town of [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]] can be seen.<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

The water gap where Catawissa Creek flows between between Nescopeck Mountain and Catawissa Mountain was described as "attractive" by I. W. Hartman in 1912.<ref name = "iwhartman"/> The water gap where Nescopeck Creek flows through Nescopeck Mountain is described as "impressive" in Jeff Mitchell's book ''Paddling Pennsylvania''.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/>

==See also==
*[[Catawissa Mountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Landforms of Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Landforms of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Mountains of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Ridges of Pennsylvania]]

Nescopeck Mountain

2014-12-11T02:31:28Z

Jakec: Jakec moved page User:Jakec/Nescopeck Mountain to Nescopeck Mountain: moving to mainspace

{{Infobox mountain
|name = Nescopeck Mountain
|other_name = Nescopec Mountain
|photo = Nescopeck Mountain.jpg
|photo_caption = Nescopeck Mountain in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
|elevation_ft = 1604
|prominence = up to {{convert|850|ft|m}} or {{convert|900|ft|m}}
|range = chain of mountains from Moosic to the Susquehanna River
|coordinates = 40.986ºN, 76.312ºW
|coordinates_ref = <ref name = "topozone"/>
|topo = Shumans (for official coordinates; others for the rest of the ridge)
|type = Ridge}}
'''Nescopeck Mountain''' (also known as '''Nescopec Mountain'''<ref name = "placenames">{{Citation|author = [[Walter M. Brasch]]|title = Columbia County Place Names|page = 156|year = 1982}}</ref>) is a [[ridge]] in [[Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Columbia County]] and [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]], in [[Pennsylvania]], in the United States.<ref name = "topozone"/><ref name = "inventory">{{Citation|author = The Pennsylvania Science Office of The Nature Conservancy|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnai_pdfs/columbia%20county%20nai%202004.pdf|title = Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory 2004|year = 2004|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Its peak elevation is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above [[sea level]]. The ridge is a forested ridge, with at least two types of forest and two systems of [[vernal pool]]s. It is a very long and unbroken ridge with two water gaps: one carved by Catawissa Creek and one carved by Nescopeck Creek. Rock formations in the ridge include the Lower Helderberg Formation, the Onondaga Formation, the Spechty Kopf Formation, the Trimmers Rock Formation, and the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the most recent ice age, it was affected by glaciation.

Native Americans historically settled in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain. It was visited by Europeans as early as 1755. The ridge's name most likely means "dirty waters" or "black waters". Two [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands]] and one state park are situated partially on it. The ridge spans numerous townships in Columbia County and Luzerne County.

==Geography==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 2.JPG|thumb|left|Nescopeck Mountain and [[Pennsylvania Route 339]] from the north in Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania]]
The elevation of Nescopeck Mountain is {{convert|1604|ft|m}} above sea level, making it the highest ridge in Columbia County.<ref name = "topozone">{{Citation|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022815/http://www.topozone.com/states/pennsylvania.asp?county=Columbia&feature=Ridge|title = Topographic Map Ridge Features in Columbia County, Pennsylvania|accessdate = December 7, 2014}}</ref> Townships that Nescopeck Mountain occupies include [[Beaver Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Beaver Township]], [[Mifflin Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], and [[Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania|Main Township]] in Columbia County.<ref name = "inventory"/> The ridge extends into Luzerne County, at least as far east as [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "placenames"/><ref name = "dcnr"/> [[Nescopeck Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck Township]] is one township that Nescopeck Mountain goes through in Luzerne County.<ref>{{Citation|author = Nescopeck Township|url = http://nescopecktwp.org/|title = Nescopeck Township|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is an unbroken ridge, being described as "regular and almost unbroken" in an 1832 book.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It stretches from near the [[Susquehanna River]] almost to the [[Lehigh River]] and has a length of nearly {{convert|20|mi|km}}.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/><ref name = "a gazetteer"/> It is considerably steeper and higher on its northern side, at least in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Berwick.<ref name = "bedrock"/> The ridge is too rocky for [[agriculture]], with large boulders being abundant on it.<ref name = "iwhartman">{{Citation|author = I. W. Hartman|publisher = ''Democratic Sentinel''|url = http://colcohist-gensoc.org/wp-content/uploads/iron_ore_furnace_at_mainville.pdf|title = IRON ORE FURNACE AT MAINVILLE First in Columbia County, Was Built in the Year 1815 Southsider’s Prosperous Residents Supposed Hidden Coal in the Mountain Still Unmined|date = May 2, 1912|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain is part of a long chain of continuously forested mountains and ridges that stretches from [[Moosic Mountain]] to the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "inventory"/> It is considered to be an extension of Catawissa Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Charles B. Trego|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fYpKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A geography of Pennsylvania|page = 51|year = 1843|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge is similar in height to mountains in the vicinity of the [[Wyoming Valley]].<ref name = "universal gazetteer">{{Citation|author = William Darby|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=st8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509&lpg=PA509&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=uF5FCg_uuC&sig=UeeIzd0UUUE86cM3EPRAj3lPrXI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Universal gazetteer: a dictionary, geographical, historical, and statistical, of the various kingdoms, states, provinces, seas, mountains, etc., in the world|page = 509|year = 1845|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The ridge has a [[topographic prominence]] of up to approximately {{convert|850|ft|m}} in places and up to {{convert|900|ft|m}} at the Nescopeck Creek water gap.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/><ref name = "glaciation"/> However, it is only {{convert|400|to|500|ft|m}} high near its western end at [[Mainville, Pennsylvania|Mainville]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

[[Interstate 80]] crosses through the water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek in Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania">{{Citation|author = Jeff Mitchell|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XstTNdjJdaAC&pg=PA90&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Paddling Pennsylvania: Canoeing and Kayaking the Keystone State's Rivers and Lakes|page = 89|year = |accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The Susquehanna River Lowlands are in the vicinity of the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UMsgAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBDge|title = General Geology Report, Volumes 70-72|year = 1978|page = 56|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> Large groups of small [[kettle hole]]s are found along the base of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2">{{Citation|author = Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (Western Pennsylvania Conservancy)|url = http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/CNAI_PDFs/Luzerne%20County%20NAI%202006%20WEB.pdf|title = A NATURAL AREAS INVENTORY LUZERNE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Update – 2006|year = 2006|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain's official coordinates are in the [[United States Geological Survey]] quadrangle of Shumans.<ref name = "topozone"/>

==Streams and valleys==
[[File:Catawissa Creek looking downstream in Main Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania.JPG|thumb|Catawissa Creek just upstream of where it cuts between Catawissa Mountain and Nescopeck Mountain]]
A creek known as [[Nescopeck Creek]] is in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> Additionally, [[Black Creek (Nescopeck Creek)|Black Creek]], a major tributary of Nescopeck Creek, empties into the larger creek at the base of the ridge.<ref name = "a gazetteer"/> The ridge is north of the creek for a portion of its length. There is a valley known as the [[Nescopeck Valley]] which is between Nescopeck Mountain and [[Buck Mountain (Pennsylvania)|Buck Mountain]]. Nescopeck Creek flows through this valley. This valley is {{convert|20|mi|km}} long and {{convert|5|mi|km}} wide.<ref name = "a gazetteer">{{Citation|author = Thomas Francis Gordon|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mzsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=2QKWRNFVcC&sig=Pxm0Vm0RR0Dy1bqKVbqQwrH7eBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xpeHVP_tKoufggS8soPIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = A Gazetteer of the State of Pennsylvania|pages = 54,317|year = 1832|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Some streams on the ridge are part of the Lehigh River watershed.<ref name = "Grumet">{{Citation|author = Robert S. Grumet|publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PIwjQeh-Ke4C&pg=PA108&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZMGHVM3bDoHugwTR9YGgBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manhattan to Minisink: American Indian Place Names of Greater New York and Vicinity|pages = 107-108|date = June 26, 2013|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

A stream known as [[Scotch Run]] flows through a valley with Nescopeck Mountain on its northern edge.<ref name = "annals">{{Citation|author = J. H. Beers|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjoIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Historical and biographical annals of Columbia and Montour counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1915|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

Nescopeck Mountain forms a [[water gap]] with [[Catawissa Mountain]].<ref name = "iwhartman"/> [[Catawissa Creek]] cuts through this water gap.<ref name = "annals"/> There is also a water gap carved by Nescopeck Creek through Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/> The mountain serves as part of the dividing line between the [[Susquehanna River]] and the [[Lehigh River]] watersheds.<ref name = "Grumet"/>

==Geology==
[[File:Geology of Catawissa Creek at Nescopeck Mountain.PNG|thumb|left|The geology of Nescopeck Mountain at Catawissa Creek]]
There are a total of three [[rock formation]]s on Nescopeck Mountain in the Berwick Quadrangle, which is in Columbia County and Luzerne County. From north to south, these rock formations are the [[Trimmers Rock Formation]] (from the [[Devonian Period]]), the [[Spechty Kopf Formation]] (from the Devonian Period and the [[Mississippian Period]]), and the [[Onondaga Formation]] (from the Devonian Period). All three of these formations occur in bands that are at an angle relative to the surface. The Spechty Kopf Formation occurs at the peak of the ridge and extends to a depth of approximately {{convert|1500|ft|m}} below sea level. The Onondaga Formation runs from near the ridge's peak to {{convert|1000|ft|m}} below sea level. The Trimmers Rock Formation runs from the middle elevations of the ridge to more than {{convert|2000|ft|m}} below sea level.<ref name = "bedrock">{{Citation|author = Jon D. Inners|url = http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/pageol/id/52007|title = Bedrock geologic map of the Berwick quadrangle, Luzerne and Columbia counties, Pennsylvania|year = 1978|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In Mifflin Township, Columbia County, the peak of Nescopeck Mountain is on rock of the [[Lower Helderberg Formation]].<ref name = "annals"/> Additionally, the [[Mauch Chunk Formation]] is found on the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WZrPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FsKHVLWRKMioNoDVgqgF&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAzgo|title = Mineral Resource Report M|year = 1941|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

There are [[coal basin]]s to the south of Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CwQ57OV14AQC&pg=PR171&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y8GHVIz_LIiyggSAsISgBQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Manufactures of the United States in 1860|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

During an [[ice age]], [[glaciers]] pressed against Nescopeck Mountain and eventually moved over it, carrying [[gravel]] from the [[Susquehanna River]].<ref name = "glaciation">{{Citation|author = Edward Higginson Williams|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UJUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcGHVNe9FoSDNpn7gOgB&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Pennsylvania Glaciation, First Phase: Materials for a Discussion of the Attenuated Border of the Moraine Described in Volume Z of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania|year = 1917|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The ridge was near the southern edge of the most recent period of glaciation.<ref name = "inventory"/>

==History and etymology==
Historically, there was a [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] village in the vicinity of Nescopeck Mountain, where the borough of [[Nescopeck, Pennsylvania|Nescopeck]] is in modern times.<ref name = "placenames"/> Additionally, the Forks Indians arrived at the ridge in 1740 after being evicted from their lands in the Lehigh Valley.<ref name = "Grumet"/> As early as 1755, a pair of [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionaries, Christian Seidel and Henry Frey, descended the ridge while visiting [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{Citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&source=bl&ots=SPPziKwr9E&sig=MiDQJrCGjGlGXNCFAMGT8r7sEK4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v3eHVLvkB4GlNuOfgBA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, Volume 15|page = 139|year = 1835|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

In 1838, a man named Mr. Butler requested permission of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] to construct a [[tunnel]] or [[through cut]] through Nescopeck Mountain for the [[Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company]].<ref>{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XHZDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA538&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Journal, Volume 49, Part 1|page = 232|year = 1838|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Glen Summit Springs Hotel operated on top of Nescopeck Mountain. It was constructed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. During its most active use, it attracted visitors from the [[Wyoming Valley]] and from the East Coast of the United States.<ref>{{citation|author = Pamela C. Turfa|publisher = ''[[The Times Leader]]''|url = http://archives.timesleader.com/2003/2003_10/2003_07_13_A_PLACE_OF_COOL_RETREAT_AN_AREA_RESORT_WIDELY_KNOWN_IN_LATE_19TH.html|title = A PLACE OF COOL RETREAT
AN AREA RESORT WIDELY KNOWN IN LATE 19TH CENTURY OFFERED ESCAPE TO THE MOUNTAINS.|date = July 13, 2003|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] historically passed over the ridge.<ref>{{Citation|author = Joseph Kubic, Darlene Miller-Lanning|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtsyLv6ZlsC&pg=PA9&dq=%22Nescopeck+Mountain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ocGHVNq0DMOlNoHLg_AI&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22Nescopeck%20Mountain%22&f=false|title = Mountain Top|page = 9|year = 2012|accessdate = December 10, 2014}}</ref>

The top of Nescopeck Mountain was devoid of trees in the middle of the 1800s.<ref name = "universal gazetteer"/> [[Logging]] has been done on the ridge in the early 2000s and plans have been made to construct [[communication tower]]s on the ridge.<ref name = "inventory"/> Local produce is sometimes traded over Nescopeck Mountain.<ref>{{Citation|author = Mia Light|publisher = ''[[Republican & Herald]]''|url = http://republicanherald.com/news/regional-farmers-enjoy-good-summer-for-crops-1.1745387|title = Regional farmers enjoy good summer for crops|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> The mountain is almost completely undeveloped.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

Nescopeck Mountain is most likely named for the Shawnee village named Nescopeck. The word ''nescopeck'' itself is a corruption of ''neskchoppeck'', which may mean "dirty waters" or "black waters".<ref name = "placenames"/>

A [[gypsy moth]] infestation began on Nescopeck Mountain in the summer of 2014, causing hundreds of trees to be [[defoliation|defoliated]]. The Bureau of Forestry expects to begin spraying the area in May 2015 and June 2015.<ref>{{Citation|author = Tom Ragan|publisher = [[Standard-Speaker]]|url = http://standardspeaker.com/news/gypsy-moth-infestation-on-nescopeck-mountain-1.1765421|title = Gypsy moth infestation on Nescopeck Mountain|date = October 5, 2014|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref>

==Biology==
[[File:Nescopeck Mountain 1.JPG|thumb|Nescopeck Mountain, a forested ridge]]
Nescopeck Mountain is one of several mountains in Columbia County to contain undisturbed [[oak]]/mixed hardwood [[forest]]s. This forest is also an Appalachian Oak Forest. Specific [[tree]] species on the ridge in Columbia County include [[red oak]], [[chestnut oak]], [[scarlet oak]], [[black birch]], [[American chestnut]], [[pitch pine]], [[red maple]], and [[serviceberry]]. Other plants on the ridge include [[black huckleberry]], [[lowbush blueberry]], [[mountain laurel]], [[sheep's laurel]], [[bracken fern]], [[wild sarsaparilla]], and [[Virginia creeper]].<ref name = "inventory"/>

A Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community known as the [[Edgewood Vernal Pools]] is located on and near Nescopeck Mountain. It consists of dozens of [[vernal pool]]s created by glaciation. Numerous [[amphibian]] species breed in the pools and [[hardwood]] trees and [[tsuga|hemlock]] are present on the southern edge of the pool system. A globally rare species of [[invertebrate]] was observed in the pools in 1990. Another system of vernal pools known as the Briggsville Vernal Pools are found north of the ridge.<ref name = "inventory2"/>

The Nescopeck Mountain Barrens are a Ridgetop Dwarf-Tree Forest Natural Community. The barrens consist of [[scrub oak]]s, [[hairgrass]], pitch pines, [[little bluestem]]s, and [[blueberry|blueberries]].<ref name = "inventory2"/>

==Recreation==
A portion of the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 58]] are on Nescopeck Mountain.<ref name = "inventory"/> Additionally, the [[Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 187]] contain the Nescopeck Mountain Barrens.<ref name = "inventory2"/>The ridge is on the northern border of the 3550-acre [[Nescopeck State Park]].<ref name = "dcnr">{{Citation|author = [[Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources]]|url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/nescopeck/|title = Nescopeck State Park|accessdate = December 9, 2014}}</ref> Historically, there were [[hiking trail|trails]] leading up to the top of Nescopeck Mountain. There is high visibility from the top of the ridge and the town of [[Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania|Bloomsburg]] can be seen.<ref name = "iwhartman"/>

The water gap where Catawissa Creek flows between between Nescopeck Mountain and Catawissa Mountain was described as "attractive" by I. W. Hartman in 1912.<ref name = "iwhartman"/> The water gap where Nescopeck Creek flows through Nescopeck Mountain is described as "impressive" in Jeff Mitchell's book ''Paddling Pennsylvania''.<ref name = "paddling pennsylvania"/>

==See also==
*[[Catawissa Mountain]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}