Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jitse Groen

2020-06-04T05:15:16Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

{{short description|Dutch businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jitse Groen
| image = TNW Conference 2015 - Day 2 (17242478002) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jitse Groen, 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1978}}<ref name=MT/>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Dutch
| citizenship =
| education = [[University of Twente]]
| occupation = Businessman
| known for =
| home_town =
| networth = US$1.7 billion (May 2020)<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Jitse Groen |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jitse-groen/ |website=Forbes |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref>
| title = Founder and CEO, [[Takeaway.com]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Jitse Groen''' (born 1978)<ref name=MT/> is a Dutch billionaire businessman, and the founder of [[Takeaway.com]]. He is the current chief executive of Takeaway.com and since 2020, he is also the chief executive of [[Just Eat]], after Takeaway.com and Just Eat merged.

==Career==

Groen founded [[Takeaway.com]] (originally known as Thuisbezorgd.nl) in 2000,<ref name="Forbes newest">{{cite news |last1=Sachmechi |first1=Natalie |title=Meet the World's 178 Newest Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nataliesachmechi/2020/04/07/meet-this-years-newest-billionaires-178-newcomers-worth-369-billion/ |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> at the age of 21.<ref name=BI>{{cite news| url= https://www.businessinsider.nl/jitse-groen-takeaway-aandeel-aex/| title= Jitse Groen is ruim €1,2 miljard waard, nu het aandeel van Takeaway op het hoogste punt ooit staat| language=nl| work=[[Business Insider]]| date=12 June 2019| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> He was still a student at the time, and came up with the idea after being unable to get a takeaway delivery in his area of [[North Holland]]. The nearest options for takeaway delivery were in Amsterdam, which was about {{convert|60|km|mi}} away.<ref name=MT>{{cite news| url= https://www.mt.nl/business/manager-nieuws-jitse-groen-takeaway/540638| title= In het nieuws: Jitse Groen (CEO Takeaway.com)| language=nl| work=MT.nl| date=30 July 2018| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> Takeaway.com started in the Netherlands, and in 2012, Groen raised [[Euro|€]]13 million to expand Takeaway.com to other countries.<ref name=MT/> Groen took Takeaway.com public on the [[Euronext Amsterdam]] stock exchange in 2016,<ref name="Forbes newest"/> in order to fund expansion of Takeaway.com in Germany and other European countries.<ref name=MT/>

In 2018, Groen chose to increase the commission for using the platform from 12 to 13%.<ref name=MT/> In the same year, Groen took over Takeaway.com's main competitor in Germany,<ref name=BI/> [[Delivery Hero]].<ref name=RTV>{{cite news| url= https://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/324094/Oud-Enschedeer-Jitse-Groen-wereldwijd-op-een-na-grootste-in-maaltijdbezorging| title= Oud-Enschedeër Jitse Groen wereldwijd op een na grootste in maaltijdbezorging| language=nl| work=[[RTV Oost]]| date=10 January 2020| accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref> When Takeaway.com merged with British company [[Just Eat]] in 2020, Groen became chief executive of the merged organisation.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/takeaway-com-proposes-6bn-deal-to-gobble-up-just-eat-1.3970688| title= Takeaway.com proposes €6bn deal to gobble up Just Eat| work=[[The Irish Times]]| date=29 July 2019| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.ft.com/content/732f07b7-7fd0-4944-ac92-965c42bb5d88| title= Just Eat’s Peter Duffy takes top job at Moneysupermarket| work=[[Financial Times]]| url-access=subscription|date=15 May 2020| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> Groen also owns 11.3% of the merged business;<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.rtlz.nl/beurs/bedrijven/artikel/5122171/fors-hogere-bonus-voor-jitse-groen-just-eat-takeaway| title= Maximale bonussen Takeaway-topman Jitse Groen met bijna een miljoen verhoogd| language=nl| work=[[RTL Z]]| date=14 May 2020| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> he previously owned 35% of Takeaway.com.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/takeaway-oprichter-jitse-groen-verdient-een-bescheiden-e1-367-per-dag-maar-op-de-beurs-zn-vermogen-met-zon-e-1-miljoen-per-dag-gegroeid/| title= Takeaway-oprichter Jitse Groen verdient een bescheiden €1.367 per dag… maar op de beurs is z’n vermogen dagelijks met €1 miljoen gegroeid| language=nl| work=[[Business Insider]]| date=16 March 2018| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[Quote (magazine)|Quote]]'' magazine listed Groen as the Netherlands' richest self-made millionaire under 40.<ref name=DO>{{cite news| url= https://www.deondernemer.nl/actueel/jitse-groen-thuisbezorgd-miljardair~262477| title= Nederland is even een miljardair rijker: Thuisbezorgd-baas Jitse Groen| language=nl| work=[[De Ondernemer]]| date=24 August 2018| accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> In 2018, he became a billionaire, as the interest on his Takeaway.com shares was over 1 billion euros.<ref name=DO/>

==Personal life==
Groen has a bachelor's degree in Business Information Technology from the [[University of Twente]].<ref name="Forbes profile"/><ref name=MT/> Groen lives in the Netherlands.<ref name="Forbes profile"/> In 2017, he bought a 9 bedroom house in [[Noordwijk]] that had had a guide price of €10.25 million.<ref name=DO/> Few details about Groen's personal life are publicly known.<ref name=MT/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Groen, Jitse}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch billionaires]]
[[Category:University of Twente alumni]]
[[Category:Dutch company founders]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Martin Pall

2020-05-24T05:15:46Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Orphan|date=May 2020}}

'''Martin L. Pall''' is professor emeritus of biochemistry and basic medical sciences at Washington State University. He is a specialist in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, and the effects of low intensity microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (MWV-EMF) on the human body. He believes that the expansion of 5G mobile phone networks, and the use of wireless technology generally, has negative consequences for human health.

==Early life==
Pell has a BA in physics and earned his PhD in biochemistry and genetics from Caltech.<ref>https://hibr.nih.gov/member/martin-pall</ref>

==Career==
Pall was professor of biochemistry and basic medical sciences at Washington State University (WSU) where, among other things, he researched and published on [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]. He retired from that position in 2008 since when he has researched on multiple chemical sensitivity and published papers on the effect of low intensity microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (MWV-EMF) on the human body.<ref>https://hibr.nih.gov/member/martin-pall</ref>

He has been a critic of the expansion of 5G mobile phone networks and the use of wireless technology generally, believing the technology has negative consequences for human health.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52674949</ref><ref>https://newrepublic.com/article/157603/5g-going-kill-us-all</ref><ref>https://abcnews4.com/news/nation-world/5g-technology-promises-to-be-faster-could-it-come-with-health-risks</ref> In 2019, Kenneth R. Foster of ''[[Scientific American]]'' described him as "the most visible scientist in the public arena on this issue", while ''[[The Guardian]]'' described his research interests as "practically an encyclopaedia of the medical counterculture".<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/26/how-baseless-fears-over-5g-rollout-created-a-health-scare</ref>

Professor [[Kenneth Foster (bioengineer)|Kenneth Foster]], a bioengineer at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] has criticised Pall's ideas as using selective evidence that ignores research that finds no link between mobile phone technology and human health.<ref>https://www.cnet.com/news/5g-phones-and-your-health-what-you-need-to-know/</ref> More recently, [[5G conspiracy theories|5G skepticism]] of the type outlined by Pall has been [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic|linked to conspiracy theories]] about the [[2019-20 COVID-19 epidemic]].<ref>https://fullfact.org/online/5g-and-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-came/</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Articles===
* "Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health", ''[[Environmental Research]]'', Vol. 164, July 2018, pp. 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035

===Books===
* ''Explaining Unexplained Illnesses: Disease Paradigm for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, Fibromyalgia, Post-traumatic Stress &c.'' (2007) {{ISBN|9780789023896}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martin_Pall

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pall, Martin}}
[[Category:American biochemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Washington State University faculty]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:5G (telecommunication)]]

{{US-med-bio-stub}}

Atsuko Tanaka (Synchronsprecherin)

2017-10-27T20:10:32Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atsuko Tanaka
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name = 田中敦子
| native_name_lang = ja
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|14|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maebashi, Gumma]], [[Japan]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Voice acting in Japan|Voice actress]]
| years_active = 1980–present
| agent = [[Mausu Promotion]]
| known_for =
| credits = ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' as [[Motoko Kusanagi]]
| children = 1
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Atsuko Tanaka'''|田中敦子|Tanaka Atsuko|born November 14, 1962}} is a [[Voice acting in Japan|Japanese voice actress]] associated with [[Mausu Promotion]] (formerly Ezaki Productions).<ref name="Doi Hitoshi">{{Cite web|last=Doi |first=Hitoshi|authorlink=Hitoshi Doi|url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/tanaka-atsuko/|title=Tanaka Atsuko – Personal Information|work=Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database|date=November 29, 2010|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="resume"/> Her most-known voice role is [[Motoko Kusanagi]] in the [[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|''Ghost in the Shell'' film]] and [[Ghost in the Shell|franchise]]. She also voices [[Caster (Fate/stay night)|Caster]] in the ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' series, Lisa Lisa in ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]]'', [[List of Queen's Blade characters#Claudette|Claudette]] in ''[[Queen's Blade]]'', Francis Midford in ''[[Black Butler]]'', and [[List of Utawarerumono characters#Karura|Karura]] in ''[[Utawarerumono]]''. In video games, she voices title characters [[Lara Croft]] in the Japanese dub of the ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' games, and [[Bayonetta (character)|Bayonetta]] in the ''[[Bayonetta: Bloody Fate]]'' film adaptation and ''[[Bayonetta 2]]''.{{efn|Although she did not voice Bayonetta in the original game, Tanaka voiced her for the television commercials and the promotional special.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://platinumgames.com/2009/12/16/more-exciting-announcements/ |title=More Exciting Announcements |first=Hideki |last=Kamiya |authorlink=Hideki Kamiya |date=December 16, 2009 |work=[[PlatinumGames]] Blog |accessdate=July 9, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082952/http://platinumgames.com/2009/12/16/more-exciting-announcements/ |archivedate=July 2, 2015 }}</ref> She would later voice for the ''Bayonetta'' port that was bundled with ''Bayonetta 2'' for the Wii U.}} She studied with the [[:ja:東京アナウンスアカデミー|Tokyo Announcement Academy]] in voice training in 1991.<ref name="resume"/> In 2012, a Biglobe poll named her the voice actress with the sexiest voice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animephproject.com/2012/12/13/biglobe-poll-50-year-old-atsuko-tanaka-voted-seiyuu-with-the-sexiest-voices/|title=BiGlobe poll: 50-Year Old Atsuko Tanaka Voted Seiyuu with the Sexiest Voices|author=|date=December 13, 2012|work=animePH project|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Anime===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice performances in anime for television and direct-to-video productions
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1993|04|02|format=y}} || ''[[Mobile Suit Victory Gundam]]'' || Juca Mellasch || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1993|07|23|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin III|Lupin III: Voyage to Danger]]'' || Karen Korosky ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|04|09|format=y}} || ''[[Yamato Takeru (anime)|Yamato Takeru]]'' || Shaman ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|05|format=y}} || ''[[Blue Seed]]'' || Kanbayashi's Mother ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|13|format=y}} || ''[[Mahoujin Guru Guru]]'' || Bikein ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|16|format=y}} || ''[[Macross 7]]'' || Margarita ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|format=y}}–95 || ''[[My Sexual Harassment]]'' || Miyakawa Yumi ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|03|21|format=y}} || ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'' || Abumaru 虻丸 || OVA Ep. 6 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|04|06|format=y}} || ''[[Fushigi Yuugi]]'' || Okuda Takiko, Soi  ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|05|format=y}} || ''[[Princess Minerva]]'' || Cheloria Yurisis ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|06|07|format=y}} || ''[[Megami Paradise]]'' || Mamamega new ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|10|05|format=y}} || ''Toma Kishenden Oni'' [[:ja:闘魔鬼神伝ONI]] || Carla || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|10|12|format=y}} || ''[[Virtua Fighter (anime)|Virtua Fighter]]'' || Eva Durix ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Brave Reideen|Reideen the Superior]]'' || Reiko Amakai 天賀井玲子 ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|10|05|format=y}} || ''[[Kiko-chan's Smile]]'' || Ballet teacher バレエの先生 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|10|05|format=y}} || ''[[YAT Anshin! Uchu Ryokou]]'' || Anne Marigold || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|11|29|format=y}}–97 || ''[[Variable Geo (anime)|Variable Geo]]'' || Miranda Jahana ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|01|09|format=y}} || ''[[Mach GoGoGo]]'' || Cecil Hazuki セシル葉月 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|04|07|format=y}} || ''[[Kindaichi Case Files]]'' || Mika Sasamoto 笹本美華 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|04|25|format=y}}–99 || ''[[Agent Aika]]'' || [[Agent Aika#Neena Hagen|Neena Hagen]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/><ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122142121/http://www.aika-sumeragi.jp/boxchara02.html | archivedate=January 22, 2007 | deadurl = yes | url=http://www.aika-sumeragi.jp/boxchara02.html | title = Chara & Mecha - Page 2 | work = Aika Official Site | language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1997|05|21|format=y}} || ''Psycho Diver Magical Bodhisattva'' [[:ja:サイコダイバー魔性菩薩]] || Sophie ソフィ || OVA (General) || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|09|30|format=y}} || ''[[Master of Mosquiton|Master of Mosquiton '99]]'' || Wolf Lady || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Berserk (1997 TV series)|Berserk]]'' || Sulan ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|01|07|format=y}} || ''AWOL - Absent Without Leave'' || Dana McLaren || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|01|format=y}} || ''[[Trigun]]'' || Claire ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' || Coffee ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh!]]'' || Hajime Imori ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[Fancy Lala]]'' || Yumi Haneishi ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|08|08|format=y}} || ''[[Brain Powerd]]'' || Shiela Glass ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|10|05|format=y}}–99 || ''[[Master Keaton]]'' || Kayoko Kida ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|10|06|format=y}}–1999 || ''[[Super Doll Licca-chan]]'' || Puru ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|01|07|format=y}} || ''[[Legend of Himiko]]'' || Fujina ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|04|07|format=y}} || ''[[Angel Links]]'' || Valeria Vertone ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunrise-inc.co.jp/seihou/ANGEL-LINKS/story.html|title=星方シリーズWeb [星方天使エンジェルリンクス：作品紹介]|work=sunrise-inc.co.jp|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1999|04|29|format=y}}–2001 || ''[[Bubu Chacha]]'' || Coney Land コニー・ランド || Also ''Daisuki'' || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|06|30|format=y}}–2000 || ''[[Great Teacher Onizuka]]'' || Nanako Mizuki's mother || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|09|15|format=y}} || ''[[Reign: The Conqueror]]'' || Cassandra ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|10|08|format=y}} || ''[[Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon]]'' || Futaba Akitsuki || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Gravitation (manga)|Gravitation]]'' || Kaoruko 薫子 ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|02|18|format=y}} || ''[[Salaryman Kintaro]]'' || Miura Suenaga 末永美鈴 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|04|14|format=y}} || ''[[Go! Go! Itsutsugo Land]]'' || Natsumi kan なつみかん || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Captain Tsubasa]]'' || Matsumoto Kou 松本香 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|01|07|format=y}} || ''[[Mirage of Blaze]]'' || Soup だし || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|01|21|format=y}} || ''[[RahXephon]]'' || Sayoko Nanamori || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|03|30|format=y}} || ''[[WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3]]'' || Misaki Saeko ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|08|25|format=y}} || ''[[Yukikaze (anime)|Battle Fairy Yukikaze]]'' || Magny マーニィ || OVA (General) || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|01|format=y}}–06 || ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' || [[Motoko Kusanagi]] || Also ''2nd Gig'', ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society|Solid State Society]]'' || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Heat Guy J]]'' || Elisa Ryan ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|11|28|format=y}} || ''[[Weiß Kreuz Glühen]]'' || Maki Tsujii 辻井真海 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|01|06|format=y}} || ''[[Wolf's Rain]]'' || Jagara ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|04|08|format=y}} || ''[[Dear Boys]]'' || Kyoko Himuro ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Battle Programmer Shirase]]'' || Kotoe Amano ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[The Galaxy Railways]]'' || Katarina Cheryl ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|10|14|format=y}} || ''[[Maburaho]]'' || Masaki Kazakini 風椿麻衣香 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|03|17|format=y}} || ''[[Angelique (anime)|Angelique]]'' || Dexia ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|04|06|format=y}}–05 || ''[[Monster (manga)|Monster]]'' || Margot Langer ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|04|09|format=y}} || ''[[Tweeny Witches]]'' || Atelia ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|07|04|format=y}} || ''[[Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple]]'' || Miss Lemon ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|10|02||format=y}} || ''[[Destiny of the Shrine Maiden]]'' || Ame no Murakumo ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|10|11|format=y}} || ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'' || Konomi Kuwata/Black Queen || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Animation]]'' || Viletta Vadim || OVA || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|01|08|format=y}} || ''[[Gallery Fake]]'' || Fei Cui  ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|07|22|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin III: Angel Tactics]]'' || Kaoru ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|10|06|format=y}} || ''[[Black Cat (manga)|Black Cat]]'' || [[List of Black Cat characters#Echidna Parass|Echidna Parass]] ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|10|11|format=y}} || ''[[Noein]]'' || Miyuki Gotou ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|11|09|format=y}} || ''Cotaetecho-dai'' [[:ja:こたえてちょーだい!]] || A bad mother giving only 3 years cup Men 3年間カップメンしか与えない悪母 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|11|23|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' || [[List of Fate/stay night characters#Caster|Caster]] || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|02|25|format=y}} || ''[[Ergo Proxy]]'' || Lacan ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono]]'' || [[List_of_Utawarerumono_characters#Karurauatsuurei_.28Karura.29|Karura]] || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|07|02|format=y}}–07 || ''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' || Elizabeth ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Shonen Onmyouji]]'' || Takaokami no Kami ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars]]'' || Viletta Badim ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[KenIchi the Mightiest Disciple]]'' || Freya 久賀舘要 ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|12|format=y}} || ''[[Hataraki Man]]'' || Maiko Kaji ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|11|01|format=y}} || ''[[Strain: Strategic Armored Infantry]]'' || Medlock ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|01|05|format=y}} || ''[[Shattered Angels]]'' || Mika ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|01|07|format=y}} || ''[[Les Miserables: Shojo Cosette]]'' || Zephine ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|02|15|format=y}} || ''[[Naruto Shippuden]]'' || [[Konan (Naruto)|Konan]] || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Moonlight Mile (anime)|Moonlight Mile]]'' || Fatma Toure Gutuu || OVA 2 parts || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|06|14|format=y}} || ''[[Devil May Cry: The Animated Series]]'' || Trish ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Hero Tales]]'' || Hongo 紅英 ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|01|04|format=y}} || ''[[Hatenko Yugi]]'' || Ililia Rose ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|01|05|format=y}} || ''[[Major (anime)|Major]]'' || Jinnai Mary's 陣内マリー || 4th TV series || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|01|05|format=y}} || ''[[Persona: Trinity Soul]]'' || Michiyo Kayano || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|01|05|format=y}} || ''[[Shigofumi: Letters from the Departed]]'' || Naoko Tateishi || |TV ep. 4 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|01|09|format=y}} || ''Noramimi'' [[:ja:のらみみ]] || Torimi || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Amatsuki]]'' || Inugami || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[Duel Masters|Duel Masters Cross]]'' || Chimera, Zakira (childhood)  || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[Kamen no Maid Guy]]'' || Hyouchuka ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|06|format=y}} || ''[[Special A]]'' || Sumire Karino || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|08|format=y}} || ''[[Himitsu - Top Secret|Top Secret ~The Revelation~]]'' || Tomoko Nomiyama || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|11|format=y}} || ''[[Golgo 13]]'' || Eva Krugman ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|12|format=y}} || ''[[Chiko, Heiress of the Phantom Thief]]'' || White-haired Demon ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Akane Iro ni Somaru Saka]]'' || Nagase || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Hell Girl: Three Vessels]]'' || Sakura Inuo ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|01|08|format=y}} || ''[[The Tower of Druaga: The Sword of Uruk]]'' || Amina || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|01|15|format=y}} || ''[[Genji Monogatari Sennenki]]'' || King's wife || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|04|02|format=y}} || ''[[Queen's Blade]]'' series || [[List of Queen's Blade characters#Claudette|Claudette]] || ''Exiled Virgin'' and ''Evil Eye'' || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyria Chronicles]]'' || Eleanor Varrot || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|04|07|format=y}} || ''[[Sōten Kōro]]'' || Bian Linglong  || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|06|20|format=y}} || ''[[Kawa no Hikari]]'' || Blue || TV movie special || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www9.nhk.or.jp/anime/kawanohikari/ | script-title=ja:アニメワールド / 川の光 | publisher=NHK Broadcasting | accessdate=May 19, 2015 | language=Japanese | trans-title=Anime World / Kawa no Hikari}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2009|06|24|format=y}} || ''Utawarerumono'' || Karura || OVA (General) || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|07|01|format=y}} || ''[[Umineko no Naku Koro ni]]'' || Kyrie Ushiromiya ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|07|05|format=y}} || ''[[Princess Lover!]]'' || Josephine Joestar || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Nyan Koi!]]'' || Nyamsas ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[A Certain Scientific Railgun]]'' || Harumi Kiyama ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Tegami Bachi]]'' || Bonnie || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|10|format=y}} || ''[[Aoi Bungaku Series]]'' || Madam || Eps. "Osamu Dazai's No Longer Human (Ningen Shikkaku)" || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-22/madhouse-aoi-bungaku-posts-staff-cast-lineup|title=Madhouse's Aoi Bungaku Posts Staff, Cast Lineup|author=|work=Anime News Network|date=September 22, 2009|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|15|format=y}}–10 || ''[[Kiddy Girl-and]]'' || Ellis ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|03|26|format=y}} || ''[[Ikki Tousen: Xtreme Xecutor]]'' || Moukaku || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|09|23|format=y}}–11 || ''[[Pokemon: Black and White]]'' || Aloe ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Inspector]]'' || Villeta Vadim ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|10|06|format=y}}–13 || ''[[The World God Only Knows]]'' || [[List of The World God Only Knows characters#Yuri Nikaido|Yuri Nikaido]] ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Gintama|Gintama']]'' || Fumiko フミ子 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|07|01|format=y}} || ''[[Blade (anime)|Blade]]'' || Cod タラ || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|03|16|format=y}} || ''[[Ozuma|Ozma]]'' || Bynas ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals]]'' || Konan || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Queen's Blade: Rebellion]]'' || Claudette || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin III: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine]]'' || Cicciolina || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[Sengoku Collection]]'' || Brutal Maiden Hisahide Matsunaga || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|07|01|format=y}} || ''[[Tari Tari]]'' || Naoko Takakura || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|07|06|format=y}} || ''[[Campione!]]'' || Lucretia Zola || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|07|07|format=y}} || ''[[Kokoro Connect]]'' || Reika Nagase ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://kokoro-connect.com/cast_staff/ | title=ココロコネクト – Cast & Staff | trans_title=Kokoro Connect – Cast & Staff | work=Kokoro Connect official web site | language=Japanese | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2012|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Busou Shinki]]'' || Narrator ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|10|05|format=y}} || ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure|JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Battle Tendency]]'' || Lisa Lisa (Elizabeth Joestar) || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|10|06|format=y}} || ''[[Little Busters!]]'' || Announcer || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|02|03|format=y}} || ''[[Dokidoki! Precure]]'' || Marmo || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|07|04|format=y}} || ''[[Stella Women's Academy, High School Division Class C3]]'' || Teacher || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|07|12|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/Kaleid Liner Prisma Illya]]'' || Caster || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|10|06|format=y}} || ''[[Gingitsune]]'' || Etsuko Toyokura子 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|01|06|format=y}} || ''[[SoniAni]]'' || Kabuko Jagi ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|01|09|format=y}} || ''[[Magical Warfare]]'' || Violet North || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|04|10|format=y}}–15 || ''[[Knights of Sidonia]]'' || Samari Ittan || Also ''Battle for Planet Nine'' || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-03-31/knights-of-sidonia-anime-6th-tv-ad-streamed|title=Knights of Sidonia Anime's 6th TV Ad Streamed|author=|date=|work=Anime News Network|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|07|03|format=y}} || ''[[Glasslip]]'' || Mikako Okura || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Gundam Reconguista in G]]'' || Wilmit Zenam || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|04|format=y}} || '' [[Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works (TV series)|Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works]]'' || Caster || 2 seasons || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|08||format=y}} || ''[[Parasyte -the maxim-]]'' || Ryoko Tamiya ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-04/animax-asia-will-simulcast-parasyte-the-maxim-tv-anime/.79495 | title=Animax Asia Will Simulcast Parasyte -the maxim- TV Anime | work=Anime News Network | date=October 4, 2014 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|09|format=y}} || ''[[Your Lie in April]]'' || Yuriko Ochiai || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|12|format=y}} || ''[[Girl Friend Beta]]'' || Shizuko Todo 藤堂静子 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|01|10|format=y}} || ''[[The Rolling Girls]]'' || Haru Fujiwara || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|04|05||format=y}}–16 || ''[[The Heroic Legend of Arslan]]'' || Tahamine || 2 seasons || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-03-29/30-second-the-heroic-legend-of-arslan-tv-spot-aired-before-april-premiere/.86496 | title=30-Second The Heroic Legend of Arslan TV Spot Aired Before April Premiere | work=Anime News Network | date=March 29, 2015 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|07|05|format=y}} || ''[[God Eater (anime)|God Eater]]'' || Amamiya camellia 雨宮ツバキ || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|07|17|format=y}} || ''[[The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls]]'' || Executive Director Mishiro 美城常務 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin the Third]]'' || Elena Gotti エレナ・ゴッティ || 4th TV series || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono|Utawarerumono: The False Faces]]'' || Karura || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|10|04|format=y}}–16|| ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans]]'' || Amida Arca || 2 seasons || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|01|08||format=y}} || ''[[Pandora in the Crimson Shell: Ghost Urn]]'' || Uzal Delilah || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{Cite web|work=【紅殻のパンドラ】オフィシャルサイト|url=http://www.k-pandora.com/|title=MAIN CAST|accessdate=2015-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2016|04|06|format=y}}–17 || ''[[Super Lovers]]'' || Haruko D. Dieckmann || 2 seasons || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-12/super-lovers-boys-love-anime-unveils-female-cast/.98624</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2016|07|04|format=y}} || ''[[The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.]]'' || Sexy ladies セクシー女性 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|07|08|format=y}} || ''[[Thunderbolt Fantasy]]'' || [[Thunderbolt Fantasy#Others|Narrator]] || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/05/02-1/thunderbolt-fantasy-blasts-onto-tokyo-mx-in-july-of-2016</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2016|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Magic-kyun Renaissance]]'' || Anjo's mother || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Glass Mask|The Glass Mask Year 3 Class D]]'' || Chigusa Tsukikage || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/10/19/the-glass-mask-year-3-class-d-anime-shorts-join-crunchyroll-fall-anime-lineup</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2017|01|10|format=y}} || ''[[ACCA: 13-Territory Inspection Dept.]]'' || Mauve || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anime-spotlight/2017/winter/acca-13-territory-inspection-dept/.110141</ref>
|-
| {{dts|format=y}} || ''[[Advanteina]]'' アドバンサーティナ || Tina ティナ || OVA Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
|}




===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice performances in feature films
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Macross 7 Galaxy is calling me!]]'' マクロス7 銀河がオレを呼んでいる！ || Margarita マルガリータ || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|11|18|format=y}} || ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' || [[Motoko Kusanagi]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|04|17|format=y}} || ''[[Hermes - love is like the wind]]'' ヘルメス―愛は風の如く || Mermaid Delone 人魚デルモーネ || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|07|08|format=y}} || ''[[Spur to Glory Story of Inokaya Chiharu]]'' 栄光へのシュプール猪谷千春物語 || Seto Inokoi 猪谷定子 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|08|21|format=y}} || ''[[Kindaichi juvenile case record 2 Death blue of slaughter]]'' 金田一少年の事件簿2 殺戮のディープブルー || Yoshie Aikawa 藍沢由理恵 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|03|30|format=y}} || ''[[WXIII Mobile Police Patlabor]]'' WXIII 機動警察パトレイバー || Misako 岬冴子 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|03|06|format=y}} || ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'' || Motoko Kusanagi ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|07|08|format=y}} || ''[[Brave story]]'' ブレイブ・ストーリー || Genius of sunlight 陽光の神将 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|07|21|format=y}} || ''[[Piano Forest]]'' ピアノの森 || Amamiya Namie 雨宮奈美江 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|12|12|format=y}} || ''[[Space Battleship Yamato Revival Hen]]'' 宇宙戦艦ヤマト復活篇 || Queen Ilya イリヤ女王 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|01|23|format=y}} || ''[[Fate / stay night Unlimited Blade Works]]'' || Caster || film || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|11|28|format=y}} || ''[[Lila's Adventure Golden Compass]]'' ライラの冒険黄金の羅針盤 || Mrs Coulter コールター夫人 || movies 日曜洋画劇場特別吹き替え版。DVD等は別キャスト。 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|07|02|format=y}} || ''[[Fullmetal alchemist Sacred star of lamenting hill]]'' 鋼の錬金術師嘆きの丘の聖なる星 || Mr. Crichton クライトン母 || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|07|30|format=y}} || ''[[Hawaiian vacation]]'' ハワイアン・バケーション || Dolly ドーリー || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|09|03|format=y}} || ''[[Tekken: Blood Vengeance]]'' || [[Nina Williams]] ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite tweet| number=73995853030887424 |title=<nowiki>TEKKEN BLOOD VENGENCE Japanese version Voice actors. Xiao = Maaya Sakamoto / Alisa = Yuki Matsuoka / Shin = Mamoru Miyano (cont...</nowiki> | user=Harada_TEKKEN | first=Katsuhiro | last=Harada | date=May 27, 2011 | accessdate=July 27, 2017}} {{cite tweet| number=73996112117243904 |title=...Cont) Kazuya = Masanori Shinohara / Jin = Isshin Chiba / Nina = Atsuko Tanaka / Anna = Akeno Watanabe / and more...... | user=Harada_TEKKEN | first=Katsuhiro| last=Harada | date=May 27, 2011 | accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2012|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miracles—Animal Adventure]]'' || Professor Kelly ||   || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|11|23|format=y}} || ''[[Bayonetta: Bloody Fate]]'' || Bayonetta ||   || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="bay 2"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-18/bayonetta-game-gets-anime-film-by-gonzo-in-november | title=Bayonetta Game Gets Anime Film by Gonzo in November | work=Anime News Network | date=September 18, 2013 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|03|06|format=y}} || ''[[Knights of Sidonia]]'' movie || Summary · Itanium サマリ・イッタン || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|03|08|format=y}} || ''[[Chiari and cherries]]'' ちえりとチェリー || Lady · Emerald レディ・エメラルド || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|04|12|format=y}} || ''Sleep Tight My Baby, Cradled in the Sky'' || Yuri Aoshima || Limited theatrical release || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-03-28/sleep-tight-my-baby-cradled-in-the-sky-cg-film-plays-in-japan/.86465 | title=Sleep Tight My Baby, Cradled in the Sky CG Film Plays in Japan | work=Anime News Network | date=March 28, 2015 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|07|18|format=y}} || ''[[Inside Head]]'' インサイド・ヘッド || Mama ママ || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|08|06|format=y}} || ''[[Nemuriko Tsuki to the sky's shrine]]'' ねむれ思い子空のしとねに || Yuri Aojima 蒼嶋ユリ || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2017|01|21|format=y}} || ''[[Black Butler: Book of the Atlantic]]'' || Francis Midford|| ||
|-
|}


===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice performances in video games
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1993|11|19|format=y}} || ''[[Night Trap]]'' || Lisa || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|06|16|format=y}} || ''Seifuku Densetsu Pretty Fighter X'' || Shizaki Sorami || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|07|28|format=y}} || ''[[Philosoma]]'' || Michau || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|09|28|format=y}} || ''Quantum Gate I'' || Jenny || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|03|29|format=y}} || ''[[Angelique Special]]'' || Dia || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|10|11|format=y}} || ''[[Fushigi no Kuni no Angelique]]'' || Dia || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|04|26|format=y}} || ''People at Nonomura Hospital'' [[:ja:野々村病院の人々]] || Akiko Nonomura || SS, PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|11|22|format=y}} || ''Fist'' || Tokikaze || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|01|17|format=y}} || ''Doukyuusei Mahjong'' [[:ja:同級生麻雀]] || Reiko Shinjiji || PS1/PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|01|24|format=y}} || ''[[Eve Burst Error]]'' || Aqua Lloyd || SS || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|03|14|format=y}} || ''Refrain Love: Anata ni Aitai'' || Takamiya Sachiko || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|07|11|format=y}} || ''[[Doukyuusei 2]]'' || Misako Narusawa || SS, PS1/PS2 || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|09|11|format=y}} || ''Desire'' || Christy Shepard || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|09|18|format=y}} || ''B Senjou no Alice'' || Candoll || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|10|02|format=y}} || ''Zen-Nippon Bishoujou Grand Prix: Find Love'' || Voice || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|02|26|format=y}} || ''Misa no Mahou Monogatari'' || Izabeal du Joleju || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|05|15|format=y}} || ''Succubus: Fallen Angel [[:ja:サキュヴァス堕ちた天使]] || Maya マヤ || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|10|01|format=y}} || ''Efficus this thought to you'' [[:ja:エフィカスこの想いを君に…]] || Maria Kurata 倉田まりあ || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|03|11|format=y}} || ''Himiko-den: Renge'' [[:ja:火魅子伝～恋解～]] || Fujinami 藤那 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|03|18|format=y}} || ''Shinseiki GPX Cyber Formula: Aratanaru Chousensha'' || Nemesis (female) || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|08|05|format=y}} || ''Maria 2'' [[:ja:マリア2 受胎告知の謎]] || Saeko Midorikawa 緑川冴子 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|08|26|format=y}} || ''Someday, to the overlapping future'' [[:ja:いつか、重なりあう未来へ]] || Rouge · vanstaju ルージュ・ヴァンスタージュ || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|11|18|format=y}} || ''Darcrows'' [[:ja:DARCROWS]] || Elaine / Queen エレーヌ／王妃 || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|05|18|format=y}} || ''[[Brigandine (video game)|Brigandine Grand Edition]]'' || Halley, Ricarat ハレー／リカーラ || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|05|25|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Alpha]]'' || Viletta Vadim || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|06|22|format=y}} || ''[[Boku no Natsuyasumi]]'' || Saori || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|09|28|format=y}} || ''[[Gunparade March]]'' || Honda Setsuko 本田節子 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|03|22|format=y}} || ''[[Sakura Wars 3: Is Paris Burning?]]'' || Viton ビトン || DC || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|03|29|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Alpha Gaiden]]'' || Viletta Vadim || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|06|21|format=y}} || ''[[Mister Mosquito]]'' || Narrator || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|03|07|format=y}} || ''[[Onimusha 2]]'' || High woman 高女 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|07|11|format=y}} || ''[[Boku no Natsuyasumi 2]]'' || Yoshana 芳花 || PS2, also PSP in 2010 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|24|format=y}} || ''[[Jake Hunter|Jake Hunter: Innocent Black]]'' || Himuro Toko 氷室透子 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono]]'' games || [[List of Utawarerumono characters#Karurauatsuurei|Karura]] || Also PS2 port in 2006 and ''Portable'' in 2009 || <ref name="uta2">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-06/2nd-utawarerumono-game-gets-tv-anime-in-october/.88983|title=2nd Utawarerumono Game Gets TV Anime in October|author=|date=June 6, 2015|work=Anime News Network|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2003|07|03|format=y}} || ''Mister Mosquito 2: Let's Go Hawaii'' [[:ja:蚊2 レッツゴーハワイ]] || Narration ナレーション || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|07|24|format=y}} || ''EVE burst error PLUS'' [[:ja:EVE burst error PLUS]] || Aqua || PC Adult, PS1/PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|08|07|format=y}} || ''[[Ys I & II|Ys I & II: Eternal Story]]'' || Sarah Tovah || PS1/PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|08|07|format=y}} || ''[[RahXephon (video game)|Rahxephon: Blue Sky Fantasia]]'' || Yoko Nanamori 七森小夜子 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|02|19|format=y}} || ''[[Shadow Hearts|Shadow Hearts Ⅱ]]'' || Saki Inugami || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|03|18|format=y}} || ''[[Inuyasha: The Secret of the Cursed Mask]]'' || [[Inuyasha: The Secret of the Cursed Mask#Characters|Utsugi (female)]] || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|05|27|format=y}} || ''[[Bloody Roar 4]]'' || Marvel || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|06|24|format=y}} || ''3 Years Set up at the teacher 's legendary teacher Kinpakuhachi!'' [[:ja:3年B組金八先生伝説の教壇に立て!]] || St. Marks 聖さおり || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Berserk: Millennium Falcon Hen Seima Senki no Shō]]'' || Slan スラン || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Armored Core: Formula Front]]'' || Lecture movie レクチャームービー || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|03|24|format=y}} || ''Our family'' [[:ja:ぼくらのかぞく]] || Tomorrow Haya Yu 明日葉優 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|04|07|format=y}} || ''[[Baldr Force EXE]]'' || Reika Tachibana 橘玲佳 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|05|26|format=y}} || ''[[Namco × Capcom]]'' || [[Chun-Li]], [[Regina (Dino Crisis)|Regina]] || PS1/PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandainamcoent.co.jp/cs/list/namco_x_capcom/character/ |title=PS2 NAMCO x CAPCOM キャラクター |publisher=www.bandainamcoent.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2015-08-10 |language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2005|06|30|format=y}} || ''[[The Sword of Etheria]]'' || Almira || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|07|21|format=y}} || ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist 3: Kami o Tsugu Shōjo]]'' || Lieutenant Colonel Venus Rosemaria || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|07|28|format=y}} || ''[[3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha: To the End of the Galaxy]]'' || Viletta Vadim || PS Adult  || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|08|18|format=y}} || ''[[Shikigami no Shiro|Shikigami no Shiro Nanayoduki Gensokyoku]]'' || Fumiko, Ozette, Vanstein ふみこ・オゼット・ヴァンシュタイン || PC Adult || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|12|01|format=y}} || ''Yoshinori Yoshinaga'' [[:ja:義経紀]] || Genji Genji 源義経 || PC Adult ☆メチャカッコいい☆ || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|01|26|format=y}} || ''[[Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII]]'' || [[Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII#Tsviets|Rosso the Crimson]] || PS1/PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|03|30|format=y}} || ''[[Black Cat (manga)|Black Cat: Machinist's Angel]]'' || Echidna Parass || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|06|22|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyrie Profile 2: Silmeria]]'' || Ahly || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|06|29|format=y}} || ''Boku no Natsuyasumi Portable: Mushimushi Hakase to Teppen-yama no Himitsu!!'' || Saori 沙織 || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|08|24|format=y}} || ''Wrestle Angels Survivor'' [[:ja:レッスルエンジェルスサバイバー]] || Azumi Nakamori / Leila Kirishima 中森あずみ／霧島レイラ || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|06|28|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Taisen Original Generations]]'' || Viletta || || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|02|15|format=y}} || ''[[Professor Layton and the Curious Village]]'' || Mrs Salome サロメ夫人 || DS || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|04|19|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/stay night|Fate/stay night Réalta Nua]]'' || [[List of Fate/stay night characters#Caster|Caster]] || PS1 / PS2, also remake in 2012 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|07|19|format=y}} || ''[[Shōnen Onmyōji]]'' 少年陰陽師翼よいま、天へ還れ || God of high grace 高淤の神 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|07|26|format=y}} || ''[[Everybody's Golf 5]]'' || sapphire サファイア || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|08|23|format=y}} || ''[[Dragoneer's Aria]]'' || Sonia Orth ソニア・オルト || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|09|13|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/tiger colosseum]]'' || Caster || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|12|06|format=y}} || ''[[Tales of Innocence]]'' || Mathias || DS || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|12|13|format=y}} || ''Shikigami no Shiro III'' [[:ja:式神の城Ⅲ]] || Fumiko, Ozette, Vanstein ふみこ・オゼット・ヴァンシュタイン || Arcade, Wii || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|03|19|format=y}} || ''[[Armored Core: For Answer]]'' || Win · D · Fashion ウィン・D・ファンション || PS3, X-Box 360 ネクスト「レイテルパラッシュ」を駆るリンクス || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|02|format=y}} || ''[[Star Ocean: Second Evolution]]'' || Opera Vectra || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|04|24|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyria Chronicles]]'' || Eleanor Varrot || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|08|28|format=y}} || ''Fate/tiger colosseum Upper'' || Caster || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|11|01|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyrie Profile: Covenant of the Plume]]'' || Natalia ナタリア || DS || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|11|06|format=y}} || ''Wrestle Angels Survivor 2'' レッスルエンジェルスサバイバー2 || Azumi Nakamori / Hex Hazuki 中森あずみ／六角葉月 || PS1 / PS2 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|11|20|format=y}} || ''[[The Last Remnant]]'' || Emma Honeywell || X-Box 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|12|18|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/unlimited codes]]'' || Caster || PS2, also ''Portable'' 2009 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|12|18|format=y}} || ''[[Dissidia Final Fantasy]]'' || Ultimecia || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|02|26|format=y}} || ''[[Yakuza 3]]'' || Saki's mother 咲の母 || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|06|25|format=y}} || ''[[Atelier Rorona: The Alchemist of Arland]]'' || Astrid Zxes || PS3, also ''Plus'' in 2013 and ''Beginning Story'' in 2015 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|08|06|format=y}} || ''[[Magna Carta 2]]'' || Kaitin ケイティン || X-Box 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|11|12|format=y}} || ''[[Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: The Crystal Bearers]]'' || Amida Terion アミダテリオン || Wii || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|12|03|format=y}} || ''[[Phantasy Star Portable 2]]'' || Ursula · Laurent ウルスラ・ローラン || PSP, also ''Infinity'' in 2011 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|12|17|format=y}} || ''[[Queen's Blade: Spiral Chaos]]'' || [[List of Queen's Blade characters#Claudette|Claudette]] || PSP, also 2011 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|01|21|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyria Chronicles II]]'' || Eleanor Varrot || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|02|04|format=y}} || ''[[God Eater]]'' || Amamiya camellia 雨宮ツバキ || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|04|22|format=y}} || ''[[Nier Replicant]]'' || Kaine || PS3  || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|10|28|format=y}} || ''[[God Eater Burst]]'' || Amamiya camellia 雨宮ツバキ || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|12|16|format=y}} || ''[[List of Umineko When They Cry titles#Rondo and Nocturne|Umineko no Naku Koro ni: Majo to Suiri no Rondo]]'' || Riyomiya Koye 右代宮霧江 || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|01|27|format=y}} || ''[[Valkyria Chronicles III]]'' || Eleanor Varrot || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|01|27|format=y}} || ''[[The Last Story]]'' || Witchcraft witch いにしえの魔女 || Wii || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy]]'' || Ultimecia || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|04|28|format=y}} || ''[[El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron]]'' || Gabriel || PS3, XBox 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|06|23|format=y}} || ''[[Atelier Meruru: The Apprentice of Arland]]'' || Astrid Zxes || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|10|13|format=y}} || ''[[Final Fantasy Type 0]]'' || Arecia Al-Rashia || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|12|15|format=y}} || ''Umineko no Naku Koro ni Chiru: Shinjitsu to Gensō no Nocturne'' || Riyomiya Koye 右代宮霧江 || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|12|22|format=y}} || ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]'' || Mrs. Davis || PS3, XBox 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|03|06|format=y}} || ''[[Street Fighter X Tekken]]'' || [[Poison (Final Fight)|Poison]] || || <ref>{{cite video game | developer=[[Dimps]], [[Capcom]] | publisher=Capcom | scene=Closing credits, Cast | title=[[Street Fighter X Tekken]] | year=2012}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2012|01|26|format=y}} || ''[[Tales of Innocence R]]'' || Mathias || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|02|02|format=y}} || ''[[Dragon Age II]]''I || [[Cassandra Pentaghast]] || PS3, Xbox 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|02|16|format=y}} || ''[[Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward]]'' || Alice || DS || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|19|format=y}} || ''[[Fire Emblem Awakening]]'' || Flavia || DS 公式にサンプルボイス2有。軍事国家フェリアの東の王 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|06|28|format=y}} || ''Assault Gunners'' [[:ja:アサルトガンナーズ]] || Jenny Vasquez ジェニー・バスケス || Other ナビゲーターの一人。階級は少佐。中の人ネタ？ || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|08|30|format=y}} || ''[[Aquapazza]]'' || Karura || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|08|27|format=y}} || ''[[Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn]]'' || Merlwyb Bloefhiswyn || || <ref>{{cite video game | title=[[Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn]] | year=2015 | scene=Closing credits, Voice cast | developer=[[Square Enix]] | publisher=Square Enix }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2013|01|24|format=y}} || ''[[Demon Gaze]]'' || Lancelona Beowulf ランスローナ・ベオウルフ || PSVita, also ''Global Edition'' 2014 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|05|23|format=y}} || ''[[Shin Megami Tensei IV]]'' || Gabby / Black Samurai ギャビー／黒きサムライ || DS || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|06|20|format=y}} || ''[[The Last of Us]]'' || Tess || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|08|01|format=y}} || ''[[Metro: Last Light]]'' || Anna アンナ || PS3, XBox 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|09|05|format=y}} || ''Shirahana no Ori ~Hiiro no Kakera 4~ Shiki no Uta'' 白華の檻～緋色の欠片4～四季の詩 || Shinsei nest Sun god 神産巣日神 || PSP || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|08|07|format=y}} || ''[[Ultra Street Fighter IV]]'' || Poison || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite video game | title=[[Ultra Street Fighter IV]] |year=2014 |scene=Closing credits, Cast | developer=[[Dimps]], [[Capcom]] | publisher=Capcom}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|09|11|format=y}} || ''[[Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution]]'' || Konan 小南 || PS3, Xbox 360 || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|09|20|format=y}} || ''[[Bayonetta 2]]'' || [[Bayonetta (character)|Bayonetta]] || Wii U includes port of original ''[[Bayonetta]]'' game with Japanese audio track || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="bay 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-05/bayonetta-2-heads-to-the-wii-u-on-october-24/.78407 | title=Bayonetta 2 Heads to the Wii U on October 24 | work=Anime News Network | date=September 5, 2014 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siliconera.com/2014/06/11/bayonetta-wii-u-60fps-tv-play-dual-audio/ | title=Bayonetta On Wii U: 60fps, Off-TV Play, Dual Audio | work=Siliconera | date=June 11, 2014 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|09|24|format=y}} || ''[[Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water]]'' || Hisoka Kurosawa 黒澤密花 || Wii || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/wiiu/al5j/sp/character-hisoka.html | title=零～濡鴉ノ巫女～ : 登場人物 | website=nintendo.co.jp | language=Japanese | accessdate=August 14, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|11|27|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/hollow ataraxia]]'' || Caster || || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-10/fate/hollow-ataraxia-slated-for-vita-on-november-27 | title=Fate/hollow ataraxia Slated for Vita on November 27 | work=Anime News Network | date=May 10, 2014 | accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|04|16|format=y}} || ''[[Ninja Slayer]]'' || Shin · Ninja シ・ニンジャ || Other || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|05|21|format=y}} || ''[[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt]]'' || [[Yennefer of Vengerberg|Yennefer]] || PS4, XBox One, also Game of the Year edition in 2016 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite video game | url= | title=The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt | scene=Closing credits, Japanese Localization, Cast | developer=[[CD Projekt RED]] | publisher=CD Projekt RED }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|09|24|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono: Mask of Deception]]'' || [[List of Utawarerumono characters#Karura|Karura]] || PS3, PS4, PSVita || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2015|11|12|format=y}} || ''[[Project X Zone 2: Brave New World]]'' || Hibana || DS || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201508/06084852.html |title=さらに判明、人気キャラクターたちが続々と集結！ |publisher=[[Famitsu]] |date=2015-08-06 |accessdate=2015-08-10 |language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|12|17|format=y}} || ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven]]'' || Lisa Lisa || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jojogame.bngames.net/character/chr/02/07.html|title=BACK - ジョジョの奇妙な冒険アイズオブヘブン | バンダイナムコエンターテインメント公式サイト|website=jojogame.bngames.net|date=|accessdate=2017-07-10|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|||format=y}} || ''[[Fate/Grand Order]]'' || Medea, [[Jing Ke]], [[Carmilla]] || || <ref name="uta2"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|01|21|format=y}} || ''[[Yakuza Kiwami]]'' || Reina || PS3 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2015/11/04/yakuza-kiwamis-latest-screenshots-show-majima-going-all-out/|title=Yakuza Kiwami's Latest Screenshots Show Majima going All Out|publisher=Siliconera|date=2015-11-04|accessdate=2015-12-08}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2016|02|04|format=y}} || ''[[Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4]]'' || Konan 小南 || Other || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2016|07|21|format=y}} || ''[[Dark Rose Valkyrie]]'' || Oyagaya Miyako 小長谷ミヤコ || Other || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-

| || ''[[Tomb Raider II]]'' || [[Lara Croft]] || || 
|-
| || ''[[Tomb Raider III]]'' || Lara Croft || || 
|-
| || ''[[Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation]]'' || Lara Croft || || 
|-
| || ''[[Ratchet & Clank]]'' series || || 1,3,4,5 || 
|-

|-
|}




===Drama CD===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice performances in drama CDs and audio recordings
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|09|27|format=y}} || ''[[Dragon Quest VI]]'' || Scala シェーラ || 2 volumes || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2000|01|26|format=y}} || ''[[Tsubasa: Those with Wings]]'' || Shouka || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|05|28|format=y}} || ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist|Fullmetal Alchemist Vol.2 Shadow of truth light truth]]'' 鋼の錬金術師 Vol.2 偽りの光真実の影 || Renoir · Winslet ルノア・ウィンスレット || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|10|27|format=y}} || ''Akaiito Drama CD "Keikura Demon]'' アカイイトドラマCD「京洛降魔」 || Suzuka 鈴鹿 ||  || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|12|21|format=y}}–08 || ''[[Devil May Cry (anime)|Devil May Cry]]'' || Trish || 2 volumes || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2008|07|24|format=y}} || ''[[Metal Slader Glory]]'' || Silquine / Marceau シルキーヌ・マルソー || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2011|04|20|format=y}} || ''[[Dragon Nest]]'' || Argenta || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|02|format=y}} || ''Oku Toshigami sound picture scroll'' 大奥極上音絵巻 || Tokugawa Yoshimune 徳川吉宗 || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
|}

===Tokusatsu===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice performances in anime for television and direct-to-video productions
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|10|30|format=y}} || ''[[Mahou Sentai Magiranger]]'' || Hades Wise God [[Gorgon]] || Eps. 35 - 40 || <ref name="vadb"/><ref name="doi"/>
|-
|}

===Dubbing===

====Live-action====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of voice dubbing performances on overseas productions
! Voice dub for
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
|rowspan="16" |[[Nicole Kidman]]|| ''[[Malice (film)|Malice]]'' || Tracy Safian || ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Forever]]'' || Dr. Chase Meridian || ||
|-
| ''[[The Portrait of a Lady (film)|The Portrait of a Lady]]'' || Isabel Archer || ||
|-
| ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'' || Dr. Julia Kelly || 2001 TBS edition ||
|-
| ''[[The Human Stain (film)|The Human Stain]]'' || Faunia Farley || ||
|-
| ''[[Fur (film)|Fur]]'' || Diane Arbus || ||
|-
| ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'' || Mrs. Coulter || 2010 TV Asashi edition || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/nichiyou/report/07/02.html |title=アフレコ現場から |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |work=tv asahi |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915040813/http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/nichiyou/report/07/02.html |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rabbit Hole (film)|Rabbit Hole]]'' || Becca Corbett || ||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.star-ch.jp/channel/detail.php?movie_id=21159|title= ラビット・ホール[吹]|accessdate= July 30, 2015|work= star-ch.jp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trespass (2011 film)|Trespass]]'' || Sarah Miller || ||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.star-ch.jp/channel/detail.php?movie_id=21677|title= ブレイクアウト（２０１１）|accessdate= July 30, 2015|work= star-ch.jp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Paperboy (2012 film)|The Paperboy]]'' || Charlotte Bless ||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.star-ch.jp/channel/detail.php?movie_id=22663|title= ペーパーボーイ　真夏の引力|accessdate= July 30, 2015|work= star-ch.jp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stoker (film)|Stoker]]'' || Evelyn Stoker ||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.star-ch.jp/channel/detail.php?movie_id=22404|title= イノセント・ガーデン|accessdate= July 30, 2015|work= star-ch.jp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Before I Go to Sleep (film)|Before I Go to Sleep]]'' || Christine Lucas ||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://klockworx.com/bluraydvd/p-402732/|title= リピーテッド|accessdate= September 11, 2015|work= klockworx}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grace of Monaco (film)|Grace of Monaco]]''  || Grace Kelly ||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wowow.co.jp/pg_info/detail/106912/index.php?m=01|title= グレース・オブ・モナコ　公妃の切り札|accessdate= October 7, 2015|work= wowow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Secret in Their Eyes]]''  || Claire Sloan||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://secret-eyes.jp/products/|title= シークレット・アイズ|accessdate= September 26, 2016|work= secret-eyes.jp}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]''  || Sue Brierley||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tod.tbs.co.jp/movie/14575|title= 映画｢LION/ライオン 25年目のただいま｣(吹替版)|accessdate= October 3, 2017|work= TBS}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Big Little Lies (miniseries)|Big Little Lies]]''  || Celeste Wright ||　||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.star-ch.jp/channel/detail.php?movie_id=25764|title= ビッグ・リトル・ライズ～セレブママたちの憂うつ～|accessdate= April 27, 2017|work= star-ch.jp}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" |[[Monica Bellucci]]|| ''A Dangerous Affair'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Irréversible]]'' || Alex M || ||
|-
| ''L'ultimo capodanno'' || Giulia || ||
|-
| ''[[Under Suspicion (2000 film)|Under Suspicion]]'' || Chantal Hearst || ||
|-
| ''[[How Much Do You Love Me?]]'' || Daniela || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Lisa Kudrow]]|| ''[[Analyze This]]'' || Laura MacNamara || ||
|-
| ''[[Friends]]'' || Phoebe Buffay|| ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Rachel Weisz]] ||''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]''|| Evelyn Carnahan || ||
|-
| ''[[Enemy at the Gates|Stalingrad]]'' || Tania Chernova || ||
|-
| ''[[Sunshine (1999 film)|Sunshine]]'' || Greta || ||
|-
| ''[[Runaway Jury]]'' || Marlee || ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Kate Beckinsale]] ||''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' || Evelyn Carnahan || ||
|-
| ''[[Underworld (2003 film)|Underworld]]'' || Selene || ||
|-
| ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' || Anna Valerious || 2007 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
| ''[[Underworld Evolution]]'' || Selene || ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Jennifer Lopez]] || ''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' || Marisa Ventura || ||
|-
| ''[[Gigli]]'' || Ricki/Rochelle || ||
|-
| ''[[Shall We Dance? (2004 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'' || Paulina || ||
|-
| ''[[Unfinished Life]]'' || Jean Gilkyson || ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Gwyneth Paltrow]] || ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Seven]]'' || Tracy Mills || 1999 TV Tokyo edition ||
|-
| ''[[A Perfect Murder]]'' || Emily Taylor || ||
|-
| ''[[Possession (2002 film)|Possession]]'' || Maud Bailey || ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Sandra Bullock]] || ''[[In Love and War (1996 film)|In Love and War]]'' || Agnes von Kurowsky || ||  
|-
| ''[[Forces of Nature]]'' || Sarah Lewis || ||  
|-
| ''[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]'' || Margaret Tate || ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Cate Blanchett]] || ''[[The Gift (2000 film)|The Gift]]'' || Annabelle "Annie" Wilson || ||
|-
| ''[[Bandits (2001 film)|Bandits]]'' || Kate Wheeler || 2005 NTV edition ||
|-
| ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'' || Jane Winslett-Richardson || ||
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Julia Roberts]] ||''[[Conspiracy Theory (film)|Conspiracy Theory]]'' || Alice Sutton || 2000 TV Asahi edition ||

|-
| ''[[America's Sweethearts]]'' || Kathleen "Kiki" Harrison || ||
|-
| ''[[The Mexican]]'' || Samantha || 2004 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
|''[[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|Valentine's Day]]'' || Cpt. Katherine "Kate" Hazeltine || ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Uma Thurman]] || ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'' || Dr. Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy || 2000 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
| ''[[Gattaca]]'' || Irene Cassini || ||
|-
|[[Kim Raver]]|| ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' || Audrey || ||  
|-
|[[Jill Novick]]|| ''[[Beverly Hills 90210]]'' || Tracy ||   ||
|-
|[[Kathryn Morris]]|| ''[[Cold Case]]'' || Det. Lilly Rush || ||
|-
|[[Cameron Diaz]] || ''[[The Counselor]]'' || Malkina || ||
|-
|[[Elisabeth Shue]]|| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]'' || Julie Finlay || season 12 ||  
|-
|[[Lucy Liu]] || ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' || Joan Watson || ||
|-
|[[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] || ''[[Entrapment (film)|Entrapment]]'' || Virginia "Gin" Baker || 2002 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
|[[Maria Bello]]|| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || Anna Deruamiko ||   ||
|-
|[[Elisabeth Shue]] || ''[[Hollow Man]]'' || Linda McKay || ||  
|-
|[[Julianne Moore]] || ''[[The Hours (film)|The Hours]]'' || Laura Brown || ||
|-
|[[Demi Moore]]|| ''[[Indecent Proposal]]'' || Diana Murphy || 1997 NTV edition ||
|-
|[[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]] || ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' || Lt. Col. Sarah MacKenzie || ||
|-
|[[Jessica Lange]] || ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' || Dwan || 1998 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
|Brenta Cremy || ''[[Ultraman Powered]]'' || Primary official || ||
|-
|[[Carey Lowell]] || ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' || Pam Bouvier || 1999 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
|[[Olivia Williams]] || ''[[The Postman (film)|The Postman]]'' || Abby || ||
|-
|[[Nastassja Kinski]] || ''[[Terminal Velocity (film)|Terminal Velocity]]'' || Chris Morrow/Krista Moldova || 1997 TV Asahi edition ||
|-
|[[Scarlett Johansson]] || ''[[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' || The Major || ||
|-
|[[Kyra Sedgwick]] || ''[[The Edge of Seventeen]]'' || Mona || ||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://bd-dvd.sonypictures.jp/fr/fr/displayGoodsDetail.do?goodsCode=BRS-81096|title= スウィート17モンスター|accessdate= July 11, 2017|work= sonypictures}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Animation====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Date
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|11|23|format=y}} || ''[[Beast Machines: Transformers]]'' 超生命体トランスフォーマービーストウォーズリターンズ || Botanica || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|08|10|format=y}} || ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' || Dolly || || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
| || ''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]'' || Angélique || ||<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fukikaeru.com/archives/deta_201110_04.html|title= ランゴ|accessdate= July 30, 2015|work= fukikaeru.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2017|04|01|format=y}} || ''[[Lego Batman The Movie]]'' レゴバットマンザ・ムービー || Computer コンピュータ || movies || <ref name="vadb"/>
|-
|}






==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="doi">{{cite web | url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/tanaka-atsuko/roles.html | title=Tanaka Atsuko roles | work=Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database | accessdate=July 8, 2015 | last=Doi | first=Hitoshi | authorlink=Hitoshi Doi}}</ref>
<ref name="resume">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausu.net/talent/tpdb_view.cgi?UID=45|title=マウスプロモーション公式サイト：所属タレント –田中敦子 | trans_title= Mouse promotion official site : affiliation talent – Atsuko Tanaka|language=Japanese|work=[[Mausu Promotion]]|accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="vadb">{{cite web
| url=http://gph.sakura.ne.jp/va_memo/system/vadb.cgi?action=view_ind&value=00206&namecode=3
| title=声優さん出演リスト個別表示：田中敦子(Atsuko Tanaka)
| trans_title=Voice actor's appearance list individual display: Atsuko Tanaka
| work=Voice Artist Database
| publisher=GamePlaza-HARUKA-
| accessdate=August 28, 2015
| date=August 17, 2015
| language=Japanese
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mausu.net/talent/tpdb_view.cgi?UID=45 Official agency profile] {{ja icon}}
* [http://vgmdb.net/artist/4495 VGMDb profile]
* [http://www.kokaku-s.com/sac2nd/backstage/interview/001/index.html 2nd GIG interview] {{ja icon}}
* {{ann|people|547}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0848968}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanaka, Atsuko}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Maebashi]]
[[Category:Japanese voice actresses]]
[[Category:Japanese video game actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Japanese actresses]]

Lucy Peng

2017-07-04T17:57:25Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as not a valid orphan

{{Infobox person
| name = Peng Lei (Lucy Peng)
| image =
| native_name = 彭蕾
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |44|2017|06|23}}<ref name="Forbes"/>
| birth_place = [[Hangzhou]], China
| residence =
| nationality = Chinese
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Zhejiang Gongshang University]]
| occupation = Co-founder & CEO, Ant Financial Chief people officer, [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]]
| salary =
| spouse = Sun Tongyu
| children =
| ancestry =
| networth = US$1.1 billion (March 2017)<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|title=Lucy Peng|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/lucy-peng/|website=Forbes|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Peng Lei''' (also '''Lucy Peng'''; {{zh|t=彭蕾}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Peng Lei, the frontrunner for Alibaba's next CEO|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20130117000116&cid=1602|newspaper=Want China Times|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> born 1972/73) is a Chinese businessperson. She is one of the founders of the Chinese e-commerce [[business group]] [[Alibaba Group]].

==Career==
Peng earned a degree in business administration in 1994 from Hangzhou Institute of Commerce of [[Zhejiang Gongshang University]]. Following her graduation, she taught at the Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics for five years.<ref name=":0" /> Peng quit teaching shortly after marrying, and with her husband (who would later run [[Taobao]], Alibaba's eBay reminiscent marketplace) joined [[Jack Ma]] in founding Alibaba in September 1999.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> They were one of the many husband and wife teams making up the 1/3rd ratio of women amongst Alibaba's founding partners that the company would later become positively praised for.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://qz.com/207398/the-gender-diversity-among-alibabas-founders-puts-silicon-valley-to-shame/#/|title=Alibaba’s gender diversity puts Silicon Valley to shame|last=Timmons|first=Heather|date=8 May 2014|website=Quartz|publisher=Quartz|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

Her early responsibilities with the company involved managing the [[Human Resources|HR department]] of Alibaba, which she herself created. During this period, one of her notable accomplishments is developing the "mom and pop" model at Alibaba, in which one "mom" focused on teamwork and motivation, while one "pop" handled performance assessments.<ref name=":3" />

From January 2010 to February 2013, Peng was the CEO of [[Ant Financial Services Group|Alipay]]. Alipay became the most successful payment gateway within China under her management, expanding to over 800 million users as of 2014. As of the end of 2014, it was valued at around $60 billion.

In March 2013, Peng took over as CEO of Alibaba Small and Micro Financial Services.<ref name=":2" /> There, she made significant progress in searching for innovations in the mobile payments system.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-16/alibaba-financial-arm-to-boost-apps-as-china-net-users-go-mobile.html|title=Alibaba Financial Arm to Boost Apps as China Net Users Go Mobile|date=October 16, 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg}}</ref>

In 2013, Peng's name was frequently floated by the Chinese press as a candidate for Alibaba's next [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]. However, another executive eventually got the job.<ref name=":3" />

In 2014, Peng founded [[Ant Financial Services Group|Ant Financial Services]] in order to support small businesses. In September 2015, Alibaba and Ant Financial together took a combined 40% stake in Indian mobile wallet operator [[Paytm]], placing Peng as a member of its board of directors<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/pictures/fdgk45jklj/lucy-peng-43-china/#2440af87a005|title=Asia Power Women 2016|last=Scott|first=Mary E.|date=6 April 2016|website=Forbes Asia|publisher=Forbes|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Ant Financial broke the record for the world's largest private fundraising found for an internet company at $4.5 billion, placing the company at an approximately $60 billion valuation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alibaba-affiliate-ant-financial-raises-4-5-billion-in-largest-private-tech-funding-round-globally-1461642246|title=Alibaba Affiliate Ant Financial Raises $4.5 Billion in Largest Private Tech Funding Round|last=Wu|first=Kane|date=25 April 2016|website=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

She also served as chief people officer, the chief human resources officer for Alibaba Group for over 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-16/alibaba-financial-arm-to-boost-apps-as-china-net-users-go-mobile|title=Alibaba Financial Arm to Boost Apps as China Net Users Go Mobile|last=|first=|date=16 October 2016|website=Bloomberg Technology|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> In this position, she oversaw the approximately 35,000 employees under Alibaba.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women-asia-pacific/lucy-peng-11/|title=MPW Asia 2014|last=|first=|date=|website=Fortune|publisher=Fortune|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

Peng became a billionaire in 2014 based on Alibaba's valuation prior to its record-setting [[Initial public offering|IPO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/others/1504/2389-1.htm|title=Top 5 Richest Women in World's Tech Sector|last=Wu|first=Amanda|date=22 April 2015|website=Women of China|publisher=Women of China|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Three years after she began teaching, Peng married Sun Tongyu. She later divorced him for a short period, but then remarried him.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/alibaba-co-founder-peng-lei-set-to-join-paytm-board-115011900031_1.html|title=Alibaba co-founder Peng Lei set to join Paytm board|last=Mitra|first=Sounak|date=19 January 2015|website=Business Standard|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>

Porter Erisman, in his 2012 documentary Crocodile in the Yangtze about Alibaba's early years, described Peng as "a funny and down-to-earth" leader.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/09/17/wu-peng-alibabas-dynamic-duo/|title=Alibaba's Maggie Wu and Lucy Peng: The dynamic duo behind the IPO|last=Cendrowski|first=Scott|date=17 September 2014|website=Fortune|publisher=Fortune|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>

==Accomplishments==
As of 2016, Peng was listed as the 35th most powerful woman in the world by ''Forbes'', #35 on their list of Power Women for 2016, and #17 on their list of Asia Power Women for 2016.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/lucy-peng/|title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|last=|first=|date=|website=Forbes|publisher=Forbes|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, she was ranked as the third richest woman in the tech sector by Wealth-X, and the #11 Most Powerful Woman in Asia by Fortune.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wealthx.com/articles/2015/wealth-x-reveals-the-wealthiest-women-in-tech/|title=Wealth-X Reveals: The Wealthiest Women In Tech|last=|first=|date=15 April 2015|website=Wealth-X|publisher=Wealth-X|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.daonong.com/g/2009en/specialreport/20090914/10769.html An Interview with Peng Lei：The DNA Code of Alibaba], Green Herald.
*[http://tech.sina.com.cn/z/featurepl/ 彭蕾解读小微金服：无线及国际化成未来重点] (Peng Lei interpretation of small and micro payments), Sina Corp (Chinese)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1wIAs0uJ_Y Video of Lucy Peng speaking at the China 2.0 conference at the Stanford Graduate School of Business], September 28, 2012 (Chinese)

{{Alibaba Group}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peng, Lucy}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hangzhou]]
[[Category:Chinese billionaires]]
[[Category:Chinese women chief executives]]
[[Category:Chinese women in business]]
[[Category:Female billionaires]]
[[Category:Alibaba Group people]]

St. Anthony’s Shrine

2017-04-12T22:13:35Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox religious building
| building_name =St. Anthony's Shrine
| infobox_width =
| image =St. Anthony's Shrine, Kochchikade.jpg
| image_size =
| location =[[Kotahena]], [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| geo =
| religious_affiliation =[[Roman Catholic]]
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status =Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| architecture =
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]]
| facade_direction =East
| groundbreaking =1806
| year_completed =1828<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nation.lk/2008/06/08/eye12pic.pdf |title=Sanctuary for the faithful}}</ref>
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}

'''St. Anthony's Shrine''' is a famous Roman Catholic church in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The church is located at [[Kotahena]], [[Colombo]], and is dedicated to [[Anthony of Padua]]. The church is declared as national shrine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christian.gov.lk/ImportantChurches_Kochikade.html |title=St. Anthony's – Kochchikade |publisher=Ministry of Christian Affairs Sri Lanka }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://kochchikade.churchlk.com/index.html St. Anthony's Shrine, Kochchikade]

{{Coord|6|56|48.8|N|79|51|21.9|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Churches in Colombo]]

Schließung der Londoner Theater (1642)

2016-07-03T01:44:40Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 11 days ago

In September 1642 the [[Long Parliament]] ordered a '''closure of the London theatres'''. The order cited the current "times of humiliation" and their incompatibility with "public stage-plays", representative of "lascivious Mirth and Levity".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jane Milling|author2=Peter Thomson|title=The Cambridge History of British Theatre|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0_cGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439|date=23 November 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65040-3|page=439}}</ref> The ban, which was not completely effective, was reinforced by an Act of 11 February 1648. It provided for the treatment of actors as [[rogue (vagrant)|rogue]]s, the demolition of theatre seating, and fines for spectators.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jane Milling|author2=Peter Thomson|title=The Cambridge History of British Theatre|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0_cGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459|date=23 November 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65040-3|pages=459}}</ref>

In 1660, after the [[English Restoration]] brought King [[Charles II of Great Britain|Charles II]] to effective power in England, the theatrical ban was lifted. Under a new licensing system, two London theatres with royal patents were opened.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Corman|title=The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d37TBe8W8egC&pg=PR9|date=21 January 2013|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-77048-299-9|page=ix}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[King's Men (playing company)#Aftermath|King's Men § Aftermath ]] for the history of one company affected by the prohibition
* [[William Robbins (actor)|William Robbins]] an actor who lost his living, and fought and died for the Royalist cause.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of England]]
[[Category:1642]]
[[Category:Theatre in the United Kingdom]]

Weißserbien

2016-04-13T00:40:42Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 10 days ago

{{cleanup|date=July 2012|reason=Bad referencing, insufficient data on different theories}}
'''White Serbia''' ({{lang-sr|Бела Србија/Bela Srbija}}), called '''Boiki''' (rendered in Serbian as Bojka), is the mythical homeland of the ancestors of the '''[[Serbs]]''', the '''White Serbs''' (Beli Srbi). ''Boiki'' is mentioned in ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'', a 10th-century work by Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine VII]] (r. 913–959)

The area adjacent to White Serbia was known as [[White Croatia]], where the [[Croats]] trace their origin. White Serbia and its ethnic designates, the White Serbs, could be interpreted through attributes such as "the unbaptized" or "pagan" (Pre-[[Christian]]), according to the DAI.

==Location==
Theories on the location of White Serbia has been disputed. It has been described by historians as:

*Slovak historian [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik|P. J. Šafárik]] (1795–1865) classified the White Serbs as a [[Polabian Slav]]onic tribe.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2841974?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101120863201 H.H. Howorth Esq. FSA The Spread of Slaves Part III, P 181 "They are classed together by Schafarik under the name of Polabian Slaves"]</ref><ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2841974]</ref>

*Austro-Hungarian [[Béni Kállay|B. Kállay]] (1839–1903) noted that many historians assumed that White Serbia was identical to the [[Czech lands]] (Bohemia), or that the Czech lands were part of White Serbia, based on DAI's account and the name ''Bojka''.<ref name="Kállay1882">{{cite book|author=Béni Kállay|title=Istorija srpskoga naroda|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lfs9AQAAMAAJ|year=1882|publisher=Petar Curčić|page=14|quote=}}</ref> He however believed that Šafařík's theory was more likely; that White Serbia was north of the [[Carpathians]], stretching over western Russia and eastern Poland.<ref name="Kállay1882"/>

*Yugoslav historian [[Vladimir Ćorović|V. Ćorović]] (1885–1941) believed White Serbia included [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and the area around the sources of [[Dniester]] and [[Vistula]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001|loc= ch. Словени насељавају Балкан}}

*Yugoslav human geographer [[Borivoje Drobnjaković|B. Drobnjaković]] (1890–1961) noted that ''Bojka'' reminded of [[Bohemia]].<ref name="Drobnjaković1960">{{cite book|author=Borivoje M. Drobnjaković|title=Etnologija naroda Jugoslavije. 1 (1960)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RFoBAAAAMAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Naučna knjiga|page=102|quote=}}</ref>

*Greek historian [[Andreas Stratos|A. Stratos]] (1905–1981) believed it to be [[Bohemia]].<ref name="Stratos1968">{{cite book|author=Andreas Nikolaou Stratos|title=Byzantium in the seventh century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y4MJAQAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert}}{{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref>

*Yugoslav Serbian historian [[Sima Ćirković|S. Ćirković]] (1929–2009) believed it to be between the [[Elbe]] and [[Saale]] rivers.<ref name="Cirkovic2004">{{cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|title=The Serbs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki1icLbr_QQC&pg=PR17|date=7 June 2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-631-20471-8|page=17}}</ref>

*Serbian historian [[Ljubivoje Cerović|L. Cerović]] (b. 1936) connected it to the land of the [[Boykos]], ''Bojkovina'', in the northern [[Carpathians]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ljubivoje Cerović|title=Srbi u Ukrajini|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gL0WAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Muzej Vojvodine|page=13}}</ref>

*Historian [[Francis Conte|F. Conte]] (b. 1944) believed it to be in the area of [[Poland]].<ref name="Conte1995">{{cite book|author=Francis Conte|title=The Slavs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kvFJAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-310-8|page=28|quote=}}</ref>

*Serbian historian [[Relja Novaković|R. Novaković]] (1911–2003) connected the name to Bohemia (in turn derived from Celtic ''[[Boii]]'') and located it in [[Polabia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Vizantološki institut|title=Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines|volume=35|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dktoAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Vizantološki institut SANU|page=127|quote=}}</ref>

*The area of [[Red Ruthenia]] (now western [[Ukraine]]) or the island of [[Rügen]].{{by whom|date=March 2016}}<ref name=TJAI>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological institute|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TqIEAAAAQAAJ|year=1879}}{{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref>

*[[Lusatia]], a triangle formed by parts of Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland.{{cn|date=March 2016}}

*[[Jovan Kovaćević|J. Kovaćević]] noted the toponym ''Beloserbye'' in a 1393 document, situated in Poland between [[Czarnków]] and [[Żnin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta|volume=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N9gVAQAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Institut|page=91|quote=}}</ref>

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px">
File:Dervan.png|[[Dervan]]'s polity in the 7th century.
File:Sámova říše.png|[[Samo]]'s realm in 631, including Dervan's polity.
File:White serbia white croatia01.png|White Serbia and White Croatia (around 560), according [[Francis Dvornik]].
File:Migration of serbs04 01.png|Lusatian (Sorb) theory.
File:Migration of serbs03 01.png|Dual Proto-Serb migration theory (Sorbs and Serbs).
File:Migration of Serbs.png|Lusatian (Sorb) theory, including Proto-Slav lands.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Sorbs (tribe)]]
*[[White Croatia]]
*[[List of Medieval Slavic tribes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | edition=Moravcsik, Gyula| author=Constantine VII ''Porphyrogenitus'' |authorlink=Constantine VII|year=1993|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|title=[[De Administrando Imperio]]|location=Washington D.C.}}
* {{cite book | author=[[Einhard]] | title=Annales regni Francorum | trans_title=[[Royal Frankish Annals]] | language=Latin | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last=Ćorović | first=Vladimir | authorlink=Vladimir Ćorović |title=Istorija srpskog naroda | edition=Internet | year=2001 |location=Belgrade|publisher=Ars Libri | url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index.html |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Fine |first=John Van Antwerp | title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | location=Michigan | year=1991 | isbn=0-472-08149-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Ferjančić|first=Božidar|title=Vizantiski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije|volume=2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qjgKAAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Vizantološki institut SANU|pages=5, 47}}
*{{cite book|title=Летопис Матице српске|volume=141–144|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GGBFAAAAYAAJ|year=1885|publisher=У Српској народној задружној штампарији|page=145|quote=}}
*{{cite book|author=Viktor Novak|title=Istoriski časopis|volume=20|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LpFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Prosveta|page=7|quote=}}
*{{cite book|title=The South Slav Journal|volume=22–23|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uhtpAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Dositey Obradovich Circle|page=149|quote=}}
*{{cite book|author=Zbigniew Gołąb|title=The origins of the Slavs: a linguist's view|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vloNAQAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Slavica Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0-89357-224-2|page=397|quote=}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last=Sakač|first=Simeon|title=Бојки — прапостојбина Срба на Карпатима|journal=Рад музеја Војводине|volume=36|year=1994|pages=145–149}}
*{{cite book| last=Novaković| first=Relja |title=Odakle su Srbi došli na Balkansko poluostrvo|publisher=Istorijski institut|year=1977}}
*{{cite journal|last=Županič|first=Niko|title=Bela Srbija|journal=Narodna starina|volume=1|location=Zagreb|year=1922}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:7th century in Serbia]]
[[Category:Medieval Serbia]]
[[Category:History of the Serbs]]

Spanische Windtorte

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{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}
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{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Spanische Windtorte
| image =
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Austria]]
| region =
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| type = [[Cake]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Meringue]], [[whipped cream]], fresh [[Berry|berries]] (usually [[strawberries]]), [[chocolate]] shavings or [[Blackcurrant|currants]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Spanische Windtorte''' ("[[Spain|Spanish]] wind [[torte]]") is a famous [[Austria]]n dessert and is one of the most complex to create and serve as it is composed mostly of [[meringue]] and [[whipped cream]].

Often called “the fanciest [[cake]] in [[Vienna]]”<ref>https://books.google.de/books?id=2HDLpcYr8gcC&pg=PA244&dq=%22fanciest+cake%22+in+vienna&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQuwUwAGoVChMIkMmM_uOWxgIVQ1YUCh2orgAQ#v=onepage&q=%22fanciest%20cake%22%20in%20vienna&f=false</ref> it is a [[dessert]] that became popular during the [[Baroque]] period of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Spain|Spanish]] reference is due to the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[House of Habsburg]] and their fascination with [[Spain]] which was very similar to the [[Russian nobility]]'s fascination with [[France|French]] culture.

A '''Spanische Windtorte''' consists of rings of meringue that have been baked into a cylindrical form with a bottom and a top lid. The piping of the meringue and the subsequent baking process require patience and careful attention to detail or the cake will not be symmetrical. When the shell of the torte is done it is then filled with whipped cream, fresh [[Berry|berries]] (usually [[strawberries]]), [[chocolate]] shavings and/or [[Blackcurrant|currants]]. Because whipped cream and meringue dissolve quickly the torte must be served immediately. Freezing can retain the dessert's consistency but the flavor may be compromised.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://easteuropeanfood.about.com/od/hungariandesserts/r/windtorte.htm About.com Recipe]

{{cakes}}

[[Category:Cakes]]
[[Category:Austrian cuisine]]

{{Austria-stub}}
{{dessert-stub}}

Sanaa Seif

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{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sanaa Seif
| honorific_suffix =
| image = cdn.indiwire.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|20}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| residence = [[Cairo]]
| nationality = [[Egypt]]ian
| other_names =
| ethnicity = [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| home_town =
| criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| religion = [[Muslim]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| husband =
| children =
| parents = [[Ahmed Seif El-Islam|Ahmed Seif]] and [[Laila Soueif]]
| relatives = [[Alaa Abd El-Fatah]] ''(brother)'' and [[Mona Seif]] "(sister)"
| website =
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}
==Background and Personal Life==
Sanaa Seif is a 21 year old political activist and student from Egypt.(10) Seif belongs to a well known and very politically active family. Her father [[Ahmed Seif El-Islam|Ahmed Seif]] was an activist and human rights attorney until his death in 2014. Sanaa's mother, Laila Soueif is a professor at Cairo University and political activist promoting academic freedom in Egypt. Her two older siblings are also well known in the activist community. Her brother [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]] became an icon during the 2011 uprisings that toppled the Mumbarak regime. Her sister [[Mona Seif]] is a genetics researcher and political activist responsible for co-founding an Egyptian movement against military trials of civilians. (5)

Sanaa began her activism in 2011 during the height of revolutionary protests in Egypt. Her first experience with protest happened when she became involved in a movement remembering [[Khaled Said]]. (5) Her activism only grew from there and at 17 years old Sanaa, after experiencing protests in Tahrir Square, started an independent newspaper "al-gornal" with a few friends. The independent paper, addressing issues at the heart of the Arab Spring, quickly began popular and production rose to more than 30,000 copies printed per issue.(10)

Since her initial involvement in the Arab Spring, Sanaa has also been very active in protest movements and human rights issues. Her image has become a symbol to revolutionaries who respect her political and human rights work and see her as a revolutionary spirit.(5)

Sanaa currently studies language and translation at October University.(10)

==Protest March 2014 and Jail Time==
On June 21, 2014 twenty three men and women, including Sanaa Seif, were arrested outside of the presidential palace in Cairo for protesting the Egyptian protest law (1). The demonstration was to protest the government's anti-demonstration laws. In a resulting trial, the Cairo Criminal Court sentenced the protestors to "two years imprisonment and two further years of surveillance" (1). According to an article by the [[Daily News Egypt]], "the 22 defendants were appealing their sentencing to three years of imprisonment in October for violating the Protest Law and the use of violence with the aim of terrorising citizens" (1). In addition to breaking Egypt's anti-demonstration laws, the protestors were charged with assaulting police officers and destroying public property (6). Since the time of the verdict, many international organizations including the [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]], [[Amnesty International]], the[[ Human Rights Watch]], and the [[Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights]] have condemned the verdict (3). As of February 2015, none of the prominent activists from the movement were pardoned, despite rumors that pardons would be issued on the anniversary of the January 25th movement (2).

==Hunger Strike==
Beginning on September 4, 2014 Sanaa Seif and her brother, [[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]], who was imprisoned in November 2013 for breaking the anti-demonstration law in addition to other charges, began a hunger strike from their respective prisons, while the rest of the family partook at home (2). The hunger response was started in response to the Egyptian authorities refusing to clear Alaa Abd El-Fattah to visit his dying father, prominent humanitarian lawyer Ahmed Seif al-Islam in addition to the jailing of Sanaa Seif (2). Both Sanaa and Alaa ended their hunger strike on November 19, 2014 after fears from their family that they were in danger of death (2). This is not the first time that Sanaa Seif has partaken in a hunger strike. On August 28, 2014 Sanaa underwent a hunger strike with several other women prisoners to protest the Protest and Public Assembly Law (9). The family has been known to go on frequent partial hunger strikes.

==References==
(1) http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/28/presidential-palace-activists-sentenced-two-years-imprisonment/

(2) http://www.madamasr.com/news/after-100-days-hunger-striking-alaa-abd-el-fattah-agrees-partial-strike

(3) http://www.achpr.org/press/2014/11/d233/

(4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Square_(2013_film)

(5) http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/sanaa-seif-symbol-revolution-1322091272

(6) http://www.buzzfeed.com/gavon/editor-of-oscar-nominated-documentary-the-square-sentenced-t#.gh1wJBrwp

(7) http://globalvoicesonline.org/2014/07/07/free-sanaa-for-love-to-blossom-in-egypt/

(8) http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/109503/Egypt/Politics-/Sanaa-Seif,-jailed-daughter-of-late-rights-lawyer,.aspx

(9) http://www.awid.org/Library/Egypt-Update-Woman-Human-Rights-Defender-Sanaa-Seif-Starts-Hunger-Strike

(10) http://www.madamasr.com/sections/politics/sanaa-seif-and-generation-protects-revolution

Sonnenbarken von Abydos

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{{copy edit|for=first three sections read like a tourist guide not an encyclopedia article.|date=August 2014}}

The '''Abydos boats''' were discovered in October 2000. Initially, they appeared to be a white, ‘ghostly’ fleet of 14 boat images in the desert sand. They are not the oldest boat remains to be discovered in Egypt as is sometimes proclaimed, but they have proved to be important to the history of Egyptian boat design and nautical architecture.

== Discovery ==
On October 31, 2000 the University of Pennsylvania Museum and Yale University Expedition to [[Abydos, Egypt]] issued a press release in which they described the discovery of the royal solar boats at Abydos.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19960101000000-20080503011243/http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/Abydosboat.html After 5,0000 Years, The World’s Oldest Boats Deliver.] October 31, 2000, retrieved from Internet Archive October 29, 2008.</ref> At a site a mile distant from the royal tombs, lines of mud brick uncovered by blowing sand were first noticed in 1988. Although the Abydos boats are not the oldest boat remains to be discovered in Egypt, nor are they the world's first boats as is sometimes proclaimed, they are extremely important to the history of boat design and nautical architecture. Understandably, these brick remains at Abydos were first thought to be walls. In 1991, an important clarification was made. A research consensus decided these bricks were remnants of ancient walls after all, but not in the usual sense. They were actually the boundaries for more than a dozen ship burials from an early dynasty. Each ship grave had its own brick boundary walls. The outline of each grave was in the shape of a boat, and the surface of each was covered with mud plaster and white wash. Small boulders at the prow or stern of each grave represented anchors. Because of the fragility of the boat remains, almost no excavation was done initially as the situation had to be carefully studied for future conservation.<ref>[http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/farflt.htm Early Pharaohs' Ghostly Fleet.] by Tim Stoddard, October 31, 2000, retrieved April 18, 2007..</ref>

[[File:Barque-photo2-sesostris3.jpg|thumb||300px||right|alt=Solar bark, Sesostris III 12th Dynasty|Solar bark for Sesostris III, 12th Dynasty 1878-1839 BC]]

== Design and construction ==

The one exception to 'look but don't touch' was boat no. 10, which the desert wind was slowly uncovering. For five days, archaeologists carefully examined the midsection. They uncovered wooden planks, disintegrated rope, and reed bundles. Wood-eating ants had reduced much of the hull to frass (ant excrement), but the frass had retained the shape of the original hull. The midsection of this boat revealed the construction methods used and confirmed the oldest ‘planked’ constructed boat yet discovered. No.10’s construction revealed the boat was built from the outside in; there was no internal frame. Averaging 75’ long and 7’-10’ wide at their greatest width, these boats were only about two feet deep, with narrow prows and sterns. Several boats were white-plastered, as were the Abydos tombs, and no. 10 was painted yellow.<ref>[http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt]- interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos. By Cheryl Ward. Antiquity 80: 118–129, 2006; p.121, 123, retrieved March 17, 2008.</ref> [[File:Mortise tenon.png|thumb||220px||left|alt=Mortise and Tenon joint|Mortise-Tenon Joint]] “One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the ﬁxed [[Mortise and tenon]] joint. A ﬁxed tenon is made by shaping the end of one timber to ﬁt into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." <ref>[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/shipconstruction.htm Early ship construction - Khufu's solar boat], January, 2001, retrieved October 29, 2008.</ref>

Seams between planks were filled with reed bundles, reeds also covered the floor of each Abydos boat. Without internal framing, some of these boats became twisted, as was unavoidable without an internal skeleton for support when out of the water. The wood of the Abydos boats was local [[Tamarix]] - tamarisk, salt cedar - not cedar from Lebanon which was used for Khufu’s Solar Barque and favored for shipbuilding in Egypt in later dynasties.<ref>[http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos], by Cheryl Ward. Antiquity 80: 118–129, 2006, p.125; retrieved March 17, 2008</ref>

Lebanon cedar was used for the poles and beams of the [[Umm el-Qa'ab]] tombs and had already been imported earlier; pigment residues hinted at bright colors. The wood planks were painted yellow on their outside and traces of white pigment have also been found.<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/news.htm Early Dynastic Funerary boats at Abydos North], by Francesco Raffaele, n.d, retrieved October 29, 2008.</ref> “A part of the mud brick casing suggests that there could have been a support for poles/pennants on top of the boats, as in the boats depicted on pottery or atop the archaic shrines onto some mace heads/palettes and in the HK loc. 29A cultural center.”<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/news.htm Early Dynastic Funerary boats at Abydos North], by Francesco Raffaele, n.d, retrieved October 29, 2008.</ref> This technology for ship construction persisted in Egypt for more than one thousand years and the standardization of this earliest phase of plank boat construction in Egypt is striking.<ref>[http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos], by Cheryl Ward. Antiquity 80: 118–129, 2006, p.124; retrieved March 17, 2008. “No mortise-and-tenon joints or pegs were used to join the edges of planks that made up the angular bottom and sides of Boat 10. Instead, the planks relied completely on lashing threaded through angled and L-shaped channels in transverse lines to create the hull. The planks are of even thickness (6cm), and the regular size of the channels and their positions relative to plank edges was remarkable. Lashing channels have an average length of one Egyptian palm (about 7.5cm) and a thickness of one digit (about 1.9cm), the same dimensions as lashing channels cut into timbers from the site at [[Lisht]]. Most of the lashing had decayed, but a broad, woven strap ﬁlled several channels. It was startling to realize that the strap shows the same weave and approximately the same dimensions as similar remains from Lisht planks created more than a thousand years later.”</ref>

To scholars, the use of unpegged joints seems odd, if not eccentric, and is not found in well established, ancient Mediterranean shipbuilding traditions. This approach allowed Egyptian boats used in trade to be easily disassembled, the planks transported long distances through the desert and then re-assembled to be used on important trading routes such as those in the [[Red Sea]].<ref>[http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos], by Cheryl Ward. Antiquity 80: 118–129, 2006, p.124; retrieved March 17, 2008. “Rather than locking joints, the Egyptian boat-builders fastened planks with symmetrically placed ligatures, single ‘stitches’ connecting adjacent planks, and used joggles, small notches cut along plank edges to ﬁt precisely into a recess on an adjacent plank, to effectively stop slippage. Egyptian boats were intended to be taken apart...”</ref> There are pictographs of boats dating from [[Predynastic Egypt]] and the First Dynasty along the first half of the route in the desert known to be used to reach the Red Sea from Upper Egypt. A sketch on an [[Ostracon]] found at depicts priests carrying the Solar Bark of [[Amun]] across the desert.<ref>[http://nautarch.tamu.edu/Theses/pdf-files/Doyle-MA1998.pdf Iconography and the Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Watercraft], by Noreen Doyle, 1998. Digitized by Texas A & M University, 2004, p. 83, retrieved February 25, 2008.</ref> This rock art is not only evidence for take apart, portable boats, but has magical significance as well.

== Ritual significance ==

The Abydos boats were found in boat graves with their prows pointed towards the Nile.<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/news.htm Early Dynastic Funerary boats at Abydos North], by Francesco Raffaele, n.d, retrieved October 29, 2008.</ref> Experts consider them to've been the royal boats intended for the Pharaoh in the afterlife.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/19960101000000-20080503011243/http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/Abydosboat.html After 5,000 Years, The World’s Oldest Boats Deliver.] October 31, 2000, retrieved from Internet Archive October 29, 2008.</ref> [[Umm el-Qa'ab]] is a royal necropolis that is about one mile from the Abydos boat graves where early pharaohs were entombed.

[[File:Barque Solaire.JPG|thumb||300px||right|alt=Solar Bark, Khufu|Solar Bark, Cheops (Kufu), c.2500 BC]]

The Abydos boats are the predecessors of the great solar boats of later dynasties upon which the Pharaoh joined the Sun God Ra and together journeyed down the sacred Nile during the day.<ref>[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/solarships.htm Solar Ships and Solar Boats.] March, 2004, retrieved from Internet Archive October 29, 2008.</ref> They would have had many of the important attributes and metaphors that were attached to the Solar Barks of later dynasties, and indeed perhaps should be called Solar Boats of an earlier design.<ref>[http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/farflt.htm Early Pharaohs' Ghostly Fleet.] by Tim Stoddard, October 31, 2000, retrieved April 18, 2007. Ra traveled through the night in endless cycles of regeneration..</ref> The magnificent [[Khufu ship]], built for the Pharaoh Khufu - Cheops - about c.2500 BC., is usually identified as the earliest Solar Ship. It was buried in a pit at the foot of the Great Pyramid at Giza.<ref>[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/solarships.htm Solar Ships and Solar Boats.] March, 2004, retrieved from Internet Archive October 29, 2008.</ref>

[[File:GlazedFiaenceVesselFragmentNameOfAha-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg|thumb||thumb||250px||left|alt=Fiance fragment Aha 1st Dynasty|Glazed fragment [[faience]] vessel / pharaoh Aha, early 1st Dynasty, c.3000 BC]]

The Abydos boat graves were adjacent to a massive funerary enclosure for the late Dynasty II (ca. 2675 B.C.) Pharaoh [[Khasekhemwy]] at Abydos which is 8 miles from the Nile. Umm el-Qa'ab is a royal necropolis at [[Abydos, Egypt]] where early pharaohs were entombed. However, these boat graves were established earlier than late in Dynyasty II, perhaps for the afterlife journeys of [[Hor-Aha]], the first king (ca. 2920-2770) of the [[First Dynasty of Egypt]], or Pharaoh [[Djer]] also of Dynasty I. Two more recently located mortuary discoveries have been identified as those of King Aha, who may been the son of the famous King [[Narmer]], to whom the first unification of Upper and Lower Egypt is often attributed.

== First Dynasty ships ==

The Abydos boats are not the only find of First Dynasty ships. 19 boat burials were found at [[Helwan]] by Z. Saad, but only four out of these were poorly published. Six boat graves were found at [[Saqqara]] by [[Walter Bryan Emery]] of which again only four were published. Finally two full-sized model boats made out of clay are known from Abu Roash Hill.<ref>A good overview and bibliography for boat graves of the early dynastic period is provided by Vinson, Steve, 1987. Boats of Egypt Before the Old Kingdom, M.A. thesis, Texas A&M University: 193-210.</ref> Helwan is a huge cemetery field 20 km south of Cairo adjoining Saqqara in which at least 10,000 tombs have been cataloged. The size of Helwan indicates a very large population for Early Dynastic Memphis. Almost all the tombs date from Dynasty 0 through the Third Dynasty. There are 19 elite tombs where 1st Dynasty funeral boat burials have been discovered that resemble those at Abydos, but little published information is available.<ref>[http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/helwan.htm Helwan], n. d. retrieved February 9, 2009. Although excavation at Helwan began with Zaki Youssef Saad (1901-1982), who was funded by King Faruk, much of the material discovered after the first five years of excavation remains poorly published. There is some late Predynastic material but the vast majority of tombs and finds are Early Dynastic. Work continues, some of it by teams from Macquarie University, Sydney.</ref>
==See also==
* [[Ancient Egyptian solar ships]]
* [[Khufu ship]]
* [[Giza Solar boat museum]]
* [[Solar barge]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian technology]]
* [[Ships preserved in museums]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*[http://xoomer.alice.it/francescoraf/hesyra/news.htm Early Dynastic Funerary boats at Abydos North], by Francesco Raffaele, n.d.
*[http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/people/faculty/ward/ward2006.pdf Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos], by Cheryl Ward, Antiquity 80: 118-129, 2006.
*[http://nautarch.tamu.edu/Theses/pdf-files/Doyle-MA1998.pdf Iconography and the Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Watercraft], by Noreen Doyle, 1998.

==External links==
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02EEDD1530F932A05753C1A9669C8B63&sec=&spon= Archaeologists Excavate Boats That Carried Kings to the Afterlife], by John Noble Wilford, October 31, 2000.
*[http://www.abc.se/%7Em10354/mar/abydos.htm After 5,000 year voyage, world's oldest built boats deliver.] by Richard Pierce, Nov '00, rev maj '04.
*[http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt], by Tim Stoddard, March 18, 2005.
*[http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/farflt.htm Early Pharaohs' Ghostly Fleet.] by Tim Stoddard, October 31, 2000.
*[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/solarships.htm Solar Ships and Solar Boats.] March, 2004.

[[Category:Abydos Sites]]
[[Category:Indigenous boats]]
[[Category:Nile]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Shipbuilding]]

Baasskap

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{{multiple issues|
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
}}

'''Baasskap''' was a concept that was heavily promoted during [[Apartheid]] [[South Africa]] mainly by radical [[Afrikaners]] and the ruling [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] in order to arouse negative sentiments against black [[South Africans]]{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}. The term literally translates from [[Afrikaans]] to [[English language|English]] as "boss-ship", but a more applicable transliteration is "domination", which is reflective of the idea that "the white man must always be boss"{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}.

The term occurs in a letter published in the August 1984 issue of Sechaba—and excerpted by Immanuel Wallerstein in his essay titled "The Construction of Peoplehood." Signed by some PG, the relevant part of the letter reads as follows: "We have got to move on from the term 'so-called Coloured' in a positive way. People are now saying that we have the choice of what we will be called, and most, in the spirit of the nation in the making, opt for 'South African'. The debate can take many forms, but not a reverting to acceptance of the Baasskap term. If one really needs a sub-identity to that of being a South AFrican, maybe through popular debate the question could be sorted out." (Wallerstein, Immanuel. "The Construction of Peoplehood" in the book titled Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, Verso: London & New York, 1991, p. 74).
{{Politics of South Africa navbox}}
{{Political history of South Africa}}

[[Category:History of South Africa]]
[[Category:Apartheid]]
[[Category:Afrikaans words and phrases]]
[[Category:South African English]]
[[Category:Political terminology in South Africa]]
[[Category:Apartheid in South Africa]]

{{SouthAfrica-stub}}

Muhajir (Volk)

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{{infobox ethnic group
|group= Muhajir people {{Nastaliq|مہاجر}}
|image = [[File:Altaf Hussain MQM.jpg|75px]][[File:Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg|75px]][[File:Pervez Musharraf 2004.jpg|75px]] [[File:Shahryarkhan-forsec.jpg|75px]][[File:Shaukat Aziz.jpg|75px]][[File:Nazia Hassan.jpg|75px]][[File:Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|75px]][[File:Abdul Sattar Edhi.jpg|75px]]
|caption=1st row: [[Altaf Hussain]]{{·}}[[Liaqat Ali Khan]]{{·}}[[Pervez Musharraf]] 
2nd row: [[Shahryar Khan|Nawabzada Shahryar Khan]]{{·}}[[Shaukat Aziz]]{{·}}[[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|I.I Chundrigar]] 3rd row:[[Nazia Hassan]]{{·}}[[Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy]]{{·}}[[Abdul Sattar Edhi]] 
|poptime=12-13 million<ref>Taken from [[The World Factbook]] figures based upon the 1998 census of Pakistan.</ref>
|popplace={{Flag icon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|rels= [[Islam]]
|langs=[[Urdu]]
}}
{{Contains Urdu text}}
'''Muhajir''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|مہاجر}}}},{{lang-ar|مهاجر}},{{lang-fa|مهاجر}}){{efn|sometimes referred to as '''"Urdu-speaking people"''' or '''"Urdumandan"''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|اردومندان}}}}; singular '''"Urdumand"''' {{lang-ur|{{nq|اردومند}}}})}} is a term used in Pakistan to describe the immigrants from other parts of the [[South Asia]] and their descendants, who chose to settle in Pakistan and shifted their domicile after [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] from [[British Raj|British rule]]. Some had participated in the movement for a state of Pakistan in 1947. Most migrants migrated from the Muslim minority provinces to Muslim majority provinces within the British Raj.

Muhajir identity no longer exists in Punjab as most of the [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] families have been assimilated into local culture and are identified geographically as [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] like other residents. Also the migrants remained active in local politics of the Punjab. General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] was of Muhajir origin and he was born in the Indian Punjab and later migrated. Similarly famous politician of PMLN [[Khawaja Saad Rafique]] is the son of Khwaja Muhammad Rafique who migrated from Indian Punjab to Pakistani Punjab after the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947.

==Etymology==
The Urdu term ''muhājir'' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مہاجر}}}}) comes from the Arabic ''muhājir'' ({{lang-ar|مهاجر}}), meaning a "migrant", and the term is associated in early [[History of Islam|Islamic]] history to the [[Hijra (Islam)|migration]] of [[Muslim]]s from [[Makkah]] to [[Madinah]]. After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]], a significant number of Muslims emigrated or were out-migrated from territory that became [[Republic of India|India]].<ref>Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar, ''The Long Partition and the making of modern South Asia: refugees, boundaries, histories'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.</ref> A large portion of these migrants came from [[East Punjab]], and settled in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]]. Sharing a common culture and with tribal linkages, many assimilated within a generation. Another significant percentage are of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] ethnicity.

However, the majority of the non-[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Muslim refugees who moved to [[Pakistan]] migrated from what then were the British Indian provinces of [[Bombay]], [[Bihar]], [[Madhya Pradesh|Central Provinces]], [[Berar Province|Berar]], [[Delhi]], and the [[Uttar Pradesh|United Provinces]], as well as the [[princely states]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Baroda]], [[Kutch]] and the [[Rajputana Agency]]. Most of these refugees settled in the towns and cities of [[Sindh]], such as [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sukkur]] and [[Mirpurkhas]]. Many spoke [[Urdu language|Urdu]], or dialects of the language such as [[Dakhani]], [[Khari boli]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Mewati language|Mewati]], [[Sadri language|Sadri]] and [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and Haryanvi. Over a period of a few decades, these disparate groups sharing the common experience of migration, and political opposition to the military regime of [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] and his civilian successor [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] evolved or [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] into a distinct ethnic grouping.<ref>Oskar Verkaaik, ''A people of migrants: ethnicity, state, and religion in Karachi'', Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1994</ref>

==Reasons for immigration==

The reasons for immigration of Urdu-speaking people to Pakistan needs to be put in context with the context of the time. For many Muhajirs, particularly the noble and aristocratic class, settling in [[Pakistan]] was strongly associated with the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] movement.

<nowiki> </nowiki>The [[Pakistan movement]], to constitute a separate state comprising the Muslim-majority provinces of South Asia, was pioneered by the Muslim elite of the region and many notables of the [[Aligarh Movement]]. It was initiated in the 19th century when Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] expounded the Muslim autonomy in [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]]. Many Muslim nobles, Nawabs (aristocrats and landed gentry) supported the idea. As the idea spread, it gained great support amongst the Muslim population of South Asia and in particular the rising middle and upper classes.

The Muslims had launched the movement under the banner of the [[All India Muslim League]] and [[Delhi]] was its main centre. The headquarters of [[All India Muslim League]] (the founding party of Pakistan) was based here since its creation in 1906 in [[Dhaka]] (present day Bangladesh) and up to August 1947. The participation in the movement on ideological grounds and supporting its Muslim cause with approximately half of the entire mandate in 1945–46 elections.<ref>Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, ''The History of the Pakistan Movement,'' p. 368. Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar Lahore.</ref>

The [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 saw the settlement of [[Muslim]] refugees fleeing from [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]] [[pogram]]s from India. In Karachi, the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking Muhajirs form the majority of the population and gives the city its [[North Indian|northern Indian]] atmosphere.<ref>"[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72145 Karachi violence stokes renewed ethnic tension]". IRIN Asia. Retrieved 2007-05-17.</ref> The [[Muslim]] refugees lost all their land and properties in India when they fled and some were partly compensated by properties left by Hindus that migrated to India. The Muslim [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani]], [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadis]], [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] fled India and settled in Karachi. There is also a sizable community of [[Malayali people|Malayali]] Muslims in Karachi (the [[Mappila]]), originally from [[Kerala]] in [[South India]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 Where Malayalees once held sway], DNA India</ref> The non-Urdu speaking Muslim refugees from India now speak the [[Urdu language]] and have [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] and are considered as Muhajirs.

Most of the Muhajirs now live in [[Karachi]] which was the first capital of [[Pakistan]]. After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s [[Human migration|migrated]] to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] [[refugees]] from India settled in [[Karachi]].<ref>[http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php Population increase in Karachi - Ref. from Port Qasim Official website]</ref>

==Origin and ancestral roots==
[[File:Delhi History Map.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Delhi Sultanate]]]]
The [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking people of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] has diverse roots. Many [[Sufi]] missionaries from [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]] migrated and settled in [[South Asia]]. Many natives converted to [[Islam]] due to the [[missionary]] [[Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of [[South Asia]]. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later [[Mughal Empire]] ruled the [[North India|northern India]] region. During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later Mughal Empire attracted [[Muhajir|Muslim refugees]], [[Nobility|nobles]], [[Technocracy|technocrats]], [[bureaucrat]]s, [[soldiers]], [[Merchant|traders]], [[scientist]]s, [[architect]]s, [[artisan]]s, [[teacher]]s, [[poet]]s, [[artist]]s, [[Theology|theologians]] and [[Sufi]]s from the rest of the [[Muslim world]] and they migrated and settled in the [[South Asia]]. During the reign of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Sultan Ghyasuddin Balban]] (1266-1286) thousands of [[Central Asia]]n Muslims sought [[Right of asylum|asylum]] including more than of 15 sovereigns and their nobles due to the [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran]]. At the court of [[Iltutmish|Sultan Iltemish]] in Delhi the first wave of these Muslim refugees escaping from the [[Central Asia]]n [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|genocide]] perpetrated by the barbaric hordes of [[Genghis Khan]], brought administrators from [[Iran]], painters from [[China]], theologians from [[Samarkand]], [[Nishapur]] and [[Bukhara]], nobles from [[Muhajir Khwarezm|Khwarezm]], divines and saints from all Muslim lands, craftsmen and men and maidens from every region, doctors adept in Greek medicine, philosophers from everywhere. The Muslims from various provinces such as [[Hyderabad Deccan]], [[Kerala]], [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]], [[Sindh]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Gujarat]], [[Kashmir]] and other parts of [[South Asia]] also moved to capitals of Muslim empire in [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. Millions of natives converted to [[Islam]] during the Muslim rule. [[Lodi dynasty]] was dominated by the [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] soldiers from [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]] who settled in the [[North India|northern India]]. After the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] defeated the [[Lodi dynasty]] with [[Tajik people|Tajik]], [[Chagatai people|Chagatai]] and [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] soldiers and nobility. Theses [[Central Asia]]n [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] soldiers and nobles were awarded estates and they settled with their families in the [[North India|northern India]]. [[Safavid dynasty|Safavi Emperor]] [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp]] provided financial aid, 12,000 choice of cavalry and thousands of infantry soldiers to Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] to regain his Empire. [[Persian people|Persians]] [[Nobility|nobles]], [[Technocracy|technocrats]] and [[bureaucrat]]s, also joined Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] and his Persian and [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] soldiers in the reconquest of South Asia. Theses soldiers were awarded estates and they settled with their families in the [[North India|northern India]]. These diverse ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups merged over the centuries to the form the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking Muslims of [[South Asia]].
[[File:The_Mughal_Empire.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Mughal Empire]]]]
The Rohilla leader Daud Khan was awarded the [[Katehar]] (later called [[Rohilkhand]]) region in the then [[North India|northern India]] by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir (ruled 1658-1707) to suppress the [[Rajput]] uprisings, which had afflicted this region. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various Pashtun tribes ([[Yusafzai]], Ghori, [[Ghilzai]], Barech, [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tareen]], [[Kakar]], [[Naghar]], [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] and [[Khattak]]) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to the Mughal armies. Their performance was appreciated by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir, and an additional force of 25,000 Pashtuns were recruited from modern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]] and were given respected positions in Mughal Army. Nearly all of Pashtuns settled in the [[Katehar]] region and also brought their families from modern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]]. During [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of [[North India|northern India]] in 1739, the new wave of Pashtuns settled increasing their population to over 100,0000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla [[Pashtun people|Afghans]], the [[Katehar]] region gained fame as Rohilkhand. [[Bareilly]] was made the capital of the Rohilkhand state and it became Pashtun majority city with [[Gali Nawaban]] as the main royal street. Other important cities were [[Moradabad]], [[Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)|Rampur]], [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Badaun District|Badaun]], and others.<ref>''An Eighteenth Century History of North India: An Account Of The Rise And Fall Of The Rohilla Chiefs In Janbhasha'' by Rustam Ali Bijnori by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui Manohar Publications</ref><ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' by W M Hunter</ref> After the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] fought in 1761 between the [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and [[Maratha Empire]] thousands of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] soldiers settled in the northern India. These diverse ethnic, cultural and linguistic groups merged over the centuries to the form the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking Muslims of [[South Asia]].

It is estimated that about 35% of Urdu speakers in Pakistan are of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] origin. Before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]], in provinces such as [[United Provinces (1937–50)|Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] had significant population of Pashtuns. These Pashtuns over the years lost their language [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and culture and adopted Urdu as their first language. Sub-groups also includes the [[Hyderabadi Muslims]], [[Memon people|Memon Muslims]], [[Bihari Muslims]] etc. who keep many of their unique cultural traditions.<ref>Karen Isaksen Leonard, ''Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad''</ref> Muslims from what are now the states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] were themselves of heterogeneous origin.

The [[Kayastha]] community that has historically been involved in the occupations of land [[Records management|record keeping]] and [[accounting]]. Many Hindu Kayasth found favour with [[Muslim]] rulers for whom the acted as [[Qanungoh Shaikh|Qanungo]]s. This close association, led to the conversion of many members of the [[Kayastha]] community to [[Islam]]. The [[Muslim Kayasths]] speak [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="ReferenceA">People of India Uttar Pradesh page 1047</ref> while they also speak [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] in [[Pakistan]]. The Kayasth sometime use [[Siddiqui]], [[Quraishi]], [[Khan]], [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]], [[Usmani]] and [[Farooqi]] as their surnames, and consider themselves belonging to the [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]] community.<ref name="ReferenceC">Endogamy and Status Mobility among Siddiqui Shaikh in Social Stratication edited by Dipankar Gupta</ref>

The [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 saw the migration of [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking refugees from [[India]] fleeing from the [[Persecution of Muslims|anti-Muslim]] [[pogram]]s. The majority of the [[Urdu language|Urdu]]-speaking and other non-[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Muslim refugees that fled from various Indian states settled in Karachi, which is why the culture of the city is a blend of [[South Asia]].

What defines a Muhajir now is education, urbanism and the Urdu language. Many Urdu speakers who settled in rural Punjab, such as the [[Ranghar]] and [[Meo]], are no longer considered Muhajir. At the same time, [[Gujarati people|Gujratis]], [[Burmese people in Pakistan|Burmese]], [[Memon people|Memons]], [[Bohra people|Bohras]], [[Ismaili people|Ismailis]], [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], [[Rajasthani Muslims]], [[Marathi Muslims]], [[Marwari Muslims]], [[Konkani Muslims]], people from [[Goa]], people from [[Bombay State]], [[Malwari]]s and Pashtuns of Afghanistan who were in India were counted as Muhajirs in Pakistan as they migrated to Pakistan after or during [[Pakistan Movement|independence]], and have urban lifestyles.

==Decline of the Muslim rule in South Asia==
The [[Mughal Empire]] failed to improve its weapons and tactics and did not adopt the European military advances in technology. The reimposition of [[Jizya]] by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] on the non-[[Muslim]]s subjects which constituted over 80% of the population of the [[Mughal Empire]] caused revolts. Another cause was the absence of the law of [[primogeniture]] in the matter of succession to the throne. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] practiced open succession or [[survival of the fittest]], and the eldest son did not have the immediate right to [[throne]]. Upon the death of their father, the princes would fight among themselves until one emerged triumphant and these [[civil war]]s weakened the empire. After [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal had weak rulers who were more interested in luxuries and poetry than tackling the serious issues facing the [[Mughal empire]]. There was also the degeneration of the Mughal [[nobility]]. When the Mughals came to [[South Asia]], they had a hardy character. Too much of wealth, luxury and leisure softened their character. Another cause of Mughal downfall was the deterioration and demoralisation in the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]]. The abundance of riches of [[South Asia]], the use of wine and comforts had their evil effects on the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] and nothing was done to stop the deterioration. Another cause of Mughal downfall was the stoppage of adventurers from [[Persia]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkistan]] ([[Central Asia]]). It is the adventurers, particularly from Persia, a who had given able administrators and generals and when that source stopped, the Mughal Administrative machinery declined due to absence of fresh blood and ideas.<ref>[http://www.preservearticles.com/2012041030221/20-causes-behind-the-downfall-of-the-mughals-in-india.html 20 Causes behind the Downfall of the Mughals in India]</ref> The Mughal Empire slowly lost its provinces as the local governors and rebels seized reign of government. Muslim nobility lost its wealth and land holdings as the new rulers expropriated their lands and distributed it among their supporters. The [[European colonialism|European colonial powers]] took advantage of the chaos in [[South Asia]] and started to seize land and tax revenue to build their colonial empires.

==British Raj in South Asia==
During the rule of [[Mughal Empire]], Muslims identified themselves with [[Turkic people|Turk]] (Turanis) and [[Persian people|Persians]] (Iranis) and also [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]] factions. The [[Muslim]] aristocracy remained above the common Muslim.

==Pakistan Movement==
==Independence and migration to Pakistan==
==Settlement in Sindh==
Most of the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking [[Muslim]] refugees migrating from India to Pakistan settled mostly in the [[Sindh]] province. According to the 1951 Census of Pakistan, the Urdu speaking people constituted about 57% of the population of [[Karachi]], 66.08% in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]; 54.08% in [[Sukkur]]; 68.42% in [[Mirpurkhas]] and 54.79% in [[Nawabshah]].<ref>[http://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf Language, Politics and Power in Pakistan: The Case of Sindh]</ref>

===Karachi===
In 1947, [[Karachi]] was chosen as the capital of newly [[Pakistan Movement|independent]] state of [[Pakistan]]. Before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the population of [[Karachi]] was 450,000 and had a small majority of 51% [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] and [[Balochi people|Balochi]] [[Muslim]]s. Nearly all [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] population of [[Karachi]] migrated to India after the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]]. By 1951, Karachi’s population had increased to 1.137 million because of the influx of nearly 1 million Muslim refugees from India and the population of Karachi was over 96% [[Muslim]].

==Demographics and distribution within Pakistan==
<ref>1998 census report of Pakistan. Islamabad: Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, 2001.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Census History of Urdu Speakers in Pakistan'''
 
|-
! '''Year''' || '''Population of Pakistan''' || '''Percentage''' || '''Urdu Speakers'''
|-
| 1951 || 33,740,167 || 7.05% || 2,378,681
|-
| 1961 || 42,880,378 || 7.56% || 3,246,044
|-
| 1972 || 65,309,340 || 7.60% || 4,963,509
|-
| 1981 || 84,253,644 || 7.51% || 6,369,575
|-
| 1998 || 132,352,279 || 7.57% || 9,939,656
|-
| 2011 || 173,593,439 || 7.69% || 13,349,335

|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Provinces of Pakistan by Urdu speakers (1998)'''
 
|-
! Rank || Division || Urdu speakers || Percentage
|-
| – || '''Pakistan''' || '''9,939,656''' || '''7.57%'''
|-
| 1 || [[Sindh]] || 6,407,596 || 21.05%
|-
| 2 || [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] || 3,320,320 || 4.51%
|-
| 3 || [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] || 138,400 || 0.78%
|-
| 4 || [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] || 81,409 || 10.11%
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 63,032 || 0.96%
|-
| 6 || [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] || 5,717 || 0.18%
|}

==Muhajir diaspora==

Many Muhajirs have emigrated from [[Pakistan]] and have settled permanently in [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[Australasia]]. There are also significant number of Muhajirs who are working in the [[Middle East]], especially in the [[Persian Gulf]] countries:

Regions with significant populations:
*{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} 250,000
*{{flagcountry|United States}} 150,000
*{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} 120,000
*{{flagcountry|Canada}} 80,000
*{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} 50,000

==Culture and lifestyle==

===Cuisine===
The Muslims refugees brought with them the different cuisine from the different region of the [[South Asia]]. The [[Biryani]], [[Nihari]], [[Haleem]], [[Pilaf|Pulao]], etc. dishes and their regional variations were introduced in [[Karachi]].

===Clothing===
Before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]], [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] frequently wore the [[Karakul (hat)|Karakul hat]] and [[Sherwani]] and made it the national dress of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA99&dq=national+dress+of+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aIPZT7KnCIXJ0QXcsuj3Aw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAA |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin - Akbar S. Ahmed - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-14}}</ref>

===Heritage===
The rich heritage brought by migrants from the urban centres of India, such as [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]] and [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad Deccan]], which had been seats of Islamic culture and learning for centuries, were to have a major influence on the cities of Pakistan, especially [[Karachi]]. The notable 20th-century Islamic scholar/author [[Muhammad Hamidullah]], was involved in formulating the first [[Constitution of Pakistan]].

The use of the term "Muhajir" is no longer an acceptable colloquialism in Pakistan as it once was amongst the early immigrants. They came with particular traditions and customs from the various regions. People in their 20s and 30s today prefer to be considered "just-Pakistani" and rarely are aware of their British Indian origins. There have been numerous mixed marriages and growing assimilation within Karachi's neighborhoods over the last four generations.

==Politics==

===1947-1958===
Upon arrival in Pakistan, the Muhajirs did not assert themselves as a separate ethnic identity but were at the forefront of trying to a construct an Islamic Pakistani identity. Muhajirs dominated the bureaucracy of the early Pakistani state, largely due to their higher levels of educational attainment. Gradually as education became more widespread, [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] and [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], as well as other ethnic groups, have started to take their fair share of the pool. However, the critical early years was facilitated by the experience that many Muhajir had both in politics and in higher education.

Many Urdu speaking people had higher education, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and civil service experience working for [[British Raj]] and [[Princely state|Muslim princely states]]. During 1947 to 1958 Urdu speaking Muhajirs held many more jobs in the [[Government of Pakistan]] than their ratio of only 3.3 percent of the country's population. In 1951, of the 95 senior civil services jobs, 33 were held by the Urdu speaking people and 40 by the [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]].

===1958-1970===
On 27 October 1958, [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|General Ayub Khan]] had a [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup]] and imposed [[Martial law]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan|author=Aqil Shah|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2014|isbn= 978-0-674-72893-6}}</ref> The percentage of the Urdu speaking people declined in the [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|civil service]] as the percentage of [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] increased. In the [[Pakistani presidential election, 1965]], the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] split in two factions. The [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League (Fatmia Jinnah)]] supported [[Fatima Jinnah]], the younger sister of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. While the [[Convention Muslim League]] supported [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|General Ayub Khan]]. The Urdu speaking people had supported the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]] since before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 and now supported the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League (Fatmia Jinnah)]]. The [[Electoral fraud]] of [[Pakistani presidential election, 1965]] and the triumphant march by [[Gohar Ayub Khan]], son of General Ayub Khan, started ethnic clash between [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] and Urdu speaking people in Karachi on January 4, 1965.<ref>[http://pkpolitics.com/discuss/topic/who-did-the-massacre-of-january-4-1965-in-karachi Who did the Massacre of January 4 1965 in Karachi]</ref><ref>[http://mqmhistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-great-muhajir-massacre-of-1965/ The Great Muhajir Massacre of 1965]</ref>

On March 24, 1969, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] directed a letter to [[Yahya Khan|General Yahya Khan]], inviting him to deal with the tense political situation in Pakistan. On 26 March 1969, General Yahya appeared in [[Pakistan Television Corporation|national television]] and announced to enforce a [[Military coups in Pakistan|martial law]] in all over the country. The [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|1962 Constitution]] was abrogated, dissolved the [[Parliament of Pakistan|parliament]], and dismissed the [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub]]'s civilian officials.<ref name="KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL">{{cite book|last=Omar|first=Imtiaz|title=Emergency powers and the courts in India and Pakistan|year=2002|publisher=KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL|location=England|isbn=904111775X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o6-wZP7Tz8YC&pg=PA59&dq=Yahya+Khan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Wm9PU7ypJ8WvyASb2ICIBQ&ved=0CEUQuwUwAw#v=onepage&q=Yahya%20Khan&f=true}}</ref>

===1970-1977===
The [[Pakistani general election, 1970]] on 7 December 1970, [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] won the elections. The Urdu speaking people voted for the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]]. The [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] government [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] the financial industry, educational institutions and industry. The [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] of Pakistan's educational institutions, financial institutions and industry in 1972 by [[Prime minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] impacted the Muhajirs hardest as their educational institutions, commerce and industries were nationalized without any compensation.<ref name="State Bank of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Riazuddin|first=Riaz|title=Pakistan: Financial Sector Assessment (1990-2000)|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mAryvHSL5uoJ:www.sbp.org.pk/publications/fsa/Contents.pdf+Nationalization+process+in+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShmkWUJpZtA1eXm_C8NwVGnEezf-2eX5dH9PTFGvJzRNcsEj4yC675klHLB4O5fyGbUXvFHu30MS2nOZPHDONWOY9Xlr1Zq9r4Q7OyzxaZblfkSKPbU819ATdUUlH034-POgyLG&sig=AHIEtbQHaDZkwToNIFPQaAQ660UzY3CuXg|work=Economic Research Department of State Bank of Pakistan|publisher=State Bank of Pakistan|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> Then the quota system was introduced that limited their access to education and employment. Karachi is the largest commercial city of Pakistan and the Muhajirs are the main stakeholder in this city. The 1972 language riots were caused by the passage of "Teaching, Promotion and use of Sindhi Language" bill on 7 July 1972 by the [[Sindh Assembly]] declaring [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] to be the only official language of Sindh.<ref>[http://www.lawdepartment.gos.pk/setup/publications/PUB-13-000641.pdf LAW Department Government of Sindh]</ref> Due to the clashes, [[Prime minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] compromised and announced that [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] will both be official languages of Sindh. The making of Sindhi as an equal language to Urdu for official purposes frustrated the Urdu speaking people as they did not speak the [[Sindhi language]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/754685/a-leaf-from-history-language-frenzy-in-sindh A leaf from history: Language frenzy in Sindh]</ref>

===1977-1988===
In the [[Pakistani general election, 1977]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan]] joined in a coalition named [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The the Urdu speaking people voted mostly for the [[Pakistan National Alliance]]. The [[Electoral fraud]] by [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] caused protests around the country. On July 5, 1977, [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] imposed [[Martial Law]].

===1988-1993===

===2013-Present===
[[President of Pakistan]] [[Mamnoon Hussain]] is a [[Urdu]] speaking textile businessman and politician<ref>[http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/184789-Profile-of-presidential-candidate-Mamnoon-Hussain Profile of presidential candidate Mamnoon Hussain], [http://tribune.com.pk/story/581249/presidential-elections-pml-n-picks-mamnoon-hussain-for-top-job/ Presidential elections: PML-N picks Mamnoon Hussain for top job]. ''The Express Tribune'' (Pakistan)</ref> who has been [[President of Pakistan]] since 9 September 2013.

==Quota system and ethnic clashes in Karachi==
In 1973, the [[Government of Sindh]] imposed [[Quota System in Pakistan|quota system]] in [[Sindh]] where the employment and admissions to the elite colleges and universities was not based on [[Meritocracy|merit]] but to the [[ethnic origin]] and [[Residency (domicile)|residency]].<ref>[http://www.mqmusa.com/content/divide-and-malign-sind-controversial-quota-system Divide and Malign Sind: Controversial Quota System]</ref> The quota system in the province of [[Sindh]] was imposed in 1973 for 40 years but in 2013 it was extended for another 20 years.<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-26936-Provincial-quota-in-jobs-to-remain-intact-for-20-more-years Provincial quota in jobs to remain intact for 20 more years]</ref> The [[Government of Sindh]] even after making huge investment in the interior Sindh for the last 40 years could not raise the educational standards and create employment in the rural areas.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/1032714 No escape: Quota system extended]</ref> In 2013 Sindh budget, [[Pakistan Rupee|Rs]] 675 billion were spent on the interior Sindh development and only [[Pakistan Rupee|Rs]] 30 billion in Karachi.<ref>[http://www.zemtv.com/2014/01/09/what-quota-system-gave-us-in-last-40-years/ What Quota System gave us in last 40 years?]</ref> The huge investments in the interior Sindh's [[infrastructure]] and [[educational institutions]] was mostly wasted due to the poor planning, [[political corruption]], [[Feudalism in Pakistan|feudalism]] and [[apathy]] of the rural population. The [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] of Pakistan's financial institutions, industry and educational institutions in 1972 by [[Prime minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] impacted the Muhajirs hardest as their commerce and industries were nationalized without any compensation.<ref name="State Bank of Pakistan"/> Then the quota system was introduced that limited their access to education and employment.

==Language==
[[Image:Zaban urdu mualla.png|left|thumb|The phrase ''Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla'' ("The language of the exalted") written in [[Nastaʿlīq script]].]]
The original language of the Mughals had been [[Chagatai language|Turkish]]. After their migration to South Asia, they came to adopt [[Persian language|Persian]] and later Urdu. [[Urdu]] is an [[Indo-European language]], and in the [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] subdivision. The word ''Urdu'' is believed to be derived from the Turkish word 'Ordu', which means ''army'' (Hence Urdu is sometimes called "Lashkarī zabān", Persian for "the language of the army"). It was initially called ''Zaban-e-Ordu'' or ''language of the army'' and later just ''Urdu''. The word 'Ordu' was later [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] as 'Horde'. Urdu, though of South Asian origin, came to be heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic and somewhat by Turkish; however, its grammatical structure is based on old Parakrit or Sanskrit. Urdu speakers have adopted this language as their mother tongue for several centuries.
[[File:Autograph of His Majesty Bahadur Shah of Delhi 29th April 1844.jpg|right|400px||thumb|Autograph and a couplet of Last [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], [[Bahadur Shah II]], dated 29 April 1844]]

Urdu has been the medium of the literature, history and journalism of South Asian Muslims during the last 400 years. Most of the work was complemented by ancestors of native Urdu speakers in South Asia. The Persian language, which was the official language during and after the [[Mughal emperors|reign of the Mughals]], was slowly starting to lose ground to Urdu during the reign of Aali Gohar Shah Alam II. Subsequently, Urdu developed rapidly as the medium of literature, history and journalism of South Asian Muslims. Most of the literary and poetic work was complemented by various historic poets of mughal and subsequent era, among which [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Khwaja Mir Dard]], [[Mir Amman]] Dehalvi, [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Bahadur Shah II]] Sir Syed Khan and [[Maulana Hali]] are the most notable ones. The Persian language, which had its roots during the time of Moguls, was then replaced later by Urdu. Mogul kings like Shah Jahan rendered patronage as well as support. Many poets in Pakistan such as Zafar Iqbal, Sir Mohammed Iqbal, Faiz Ahmad Faraz, Munir Niazi and Saifuddin Saif contributed their efforts for the Urdu language.

===Dialects and languages===
After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, when the Muslims refugees arrived in Pakistan, the values the migrants brought with them varied from region to region, depending on their origin. The Muslims refugees arrived from different provinces of [[South Asia]] often speaking different dialects of the [[Urdu language]] such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Khariboli dialect|Khariboli]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]],<ref>[http://www.languageonthemove.com/recent-posts/accent-and-history Accent and history]</ref> [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Rekhta]], [[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi or Dakhni]], etc. These Urdu dialects were distinguished by their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation ([[phonology]], including [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]), humor and [[slang]]s. Many Muslims refugees spoke regional languages such as [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], etc. The Urdu [[syllabus]] taught in the Karachi schools with its strong emphasis on [[Urdu poetry|poetry]] and [[Urdu literature|literature]] helped to standardise Urdu in Karachi. These dialects and languages slowly merged to form a standard dialect closer to the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialect of the [[Urdu language]] over the decades. Even the Urdu dialect of Karachi is very diverse, and some neighborhoods such as [[Nazimabad]] has its own [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]] that is different from the [[Orangi]] [[speech]]; family background, educational level and everything else has an influence.

The [[Urdu language]] spoken in [[Karachi]] has became gradually more divergent from the Indian dialects and structure of Urdu, since it has engrossed many words, proverbs and phonetics from the regional languages like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Balochi language|Balochi]]. The pronunciation pattern of Urdu language also differs in [[Pakistan]] and the [[Cadence (poetry)|cadence]] and lilt are informal compared with corresponding Indian dialects.<ref>[http://urdureading.blog.com/2011/03/02/dialects-of-urdu-language/ Dialects of Urdu Language]</ref> The people of Karachi speak Urdu quiet faster than the Urdu speakers in India.<ref>[http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=2697164 Urdu: The Karachite dialect]</ref> The Urdu speakers in Karachi consider their accent as the standard dialect of the [[Urdu language]].<ref>[http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/2012/07/karachi-the-sleepless-city/ Karachi, the Sleepless City]</ref>

==Contribution in literature==
[[Image:Ghalib poem in Nastaliq.jpg|thumb|left|400px|[[Ghalib]] poem in [[Nastaliq]]]]

===Poetry===

Muhajirs brought their rich poetic culture along with them which they held in their original states centuries ago prior to independence. Some of the most notable ones historic poets are Mir Taqi Mir, Mir Aman Dehalwi, Khawaja Mir Dard,Jigar Muradabad etc. Subsequent to independence, many notable Urdu poets migrated to Pakistan, besides a large number of less famous poets, authors, linguists and amateurs. Consequently, Mushaira and Bait Bazi became a part of the national culture in Pakistan.
Josh Malihabadi, Jigar Moradabadi, Akhtar Sheerani, Tabish Dehlvi, Nayyer Madani and Nasir Kazmi are a few of the noteworthy poets. Later, Jon Elia, Parveen Shakir, Mustafa Zaidi, Dilawar Figar, Iftikhar Arif, Rafi Uddin Raaz and [[Raees Warsi]] became noted for their distinction.

===Prose===
{{See also|Urdu literature}}
With the emergence of Muhajirs in urban areas of Pakistan, Urdu virtually became the [[lingua franca]]. The country's first Urdu Conference took place in Karachi in April 1951, under the auspices of the [[Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu]]. The Anjuman, headed by [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] not only published the scattered works of classical and modern writers, but also provided a platform for linguists, researchers and authors. Among them [[Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee]], [[Shahid Ahmed Dehlvi]], Josh Malihabadi, [[Qudrat Naqvi]], [[Mahir-ul-Qadri]], [[Hasan Askari]], [[Jameel Jalibi]] and [[Intizar Hussain]] are significant names. Whereas [[Akhtar Hussain Raipuri]], [[Sibte Hassan]] and [[Sajjad Zaheer]] were more inclined to produce left-winged literature. Among women writers, [[Qurratulain Hyder]], [[Khadija Mastoor]], [[Altaf Fatima]] and [[Fatima Surayya Bajia]] became the pioneer female writers on feminist issues.

==Contribution in science and technology==
Muhajirs have played an extremely important and influential role in science and technology in Pakistan. Scientists such as [[Ziauddin Ahmed]], [[Raziuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]], gave birth to [[Science in Pakistan|Pakistan Science]] and later built the [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|integrated weapons program]], on request of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Muhajir later forwarded to developed the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Pakistan's space program]] and other scientific and strategic programs of Pakistan. Many prominent scientists come from the Muhajir class including Dr. [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]], Dr. [[Ishfaq Ahmad]], [[Ghulam Murtaza (physicist)|Ghulam Murtaza]], [[Raziuddin Siddiqui]], Dr. [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], Dr. [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]], and [[Atta ur Rahman]] to name a few.

==Contribution in art and music==
The Muhajir community brings a rich culture with it. Muhajirs have and continue to play an essential role in defining and enriching [[Culture of Pakistan|Pakistani culture]] and more significantly, music. Some famous Muhajir Pakistani musicians include: [[Nazia Hassan]], [[Mehdi Hassan]], [[Munni Begum]], and [[Ahmed Jahanzeb]]. Muhajirs contribution has not been limited to pop but has spanned various [[music genre]]s, from traditional [[Ghazal]] singing to rock. Muhajirs in Pakistan are also famous for their contribution towards the art of painting. [[Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi]], one of the most famous painter of the world, was a Pakistani painter who was born in Amroha, India.

==Contribution in business and industry==
After the division of South Asia in 1947 by the then British Government through [[Indian Independence Act 1947]]; the Muslims who immigrated to Pakistan were well educated and consisted of journalists, urban intellectuals, professors, bureaucrats, lawyers, teachers, academics and scholers etc. Although there were those that had migrated who were the bourgeoisie consisting of merchants, industrialists or capitalists, a large number of those who immigrated from the rural areas and villages also consisted of labourers and artisans. The eminent business groups that shifted from India to Pakistan were Habib Bank, Muslim Commercial Bank, Orient Airways, among others. Other businesses were established in Pakistan by some of the notable figures as United Bank Limited, Hamdard Pakistan Limited, Schon group. It is also known that besides founding several Governmental organizations like State Bank of Pakistan, they played an influential role in initiating the Atomic Energy Commission, Kanup, and several other institutions. Muhajirs were also found in administration, establishment and politics.<ref>http://www.jmi.nic.in/Events/Events05/pmpdp_report.htm</ref>

The initial business elites of Pakistan were Muhajirs. Prominents example of businesses started by them include [[Habib Bank Limited]], Hyesons, [[M. M. Ispahani Limited]], Schon group etc. Nationalization proved to be catastrphpic for Muhajir-owned businesses, and the final blow was delivered as a result of discriminatory policies during the dictatorship of Gen. [[Zia-ul-Haq]]. In recent years, many Muhajirs have established their businesses in Pakistan, with a focus on textile, garment, leather, food prodcts, cosmetics and personal goods industries. Many of Pakistan's largest financial institutions were founded or headed by Muhajirs, including the [[State Bank of Pakistan]], EOBI, [[Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation]], [[United Bank Limited Pakistan]], [[First Women Bank]] et cetera.

==Contribution in sports==
Muhajir are active in many sports in Pakistan. Muhajir are playing in the Pakistani cricket team with well-known players such as Javed Miandad, Saeed Anwar, Mohsin Khan, Sikhander Bakht and Moin Khan. There are now younger players like Asad Shafiq, Fawad Alam, Khurram Manzoor playing for the international side. Muhajirs are notably involved hockey, tennis, squash and badminton. Bodybuilding and weightlifting are increasing in popularity among younger members of the Muhajir community.

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Muhajir cuisine}}

<gallery>
File:Nihari.JPG|[[Nihari]], the national dish of [[Pakistan]] was brought to Pakistan by the Muhajir people from India<ref>http://www.angelfire.com/country/fauziaspakistan/nihari.html</ref>
Image:Boti Kabab.jpg| Boti Kebab
Image:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|Thali with [[naan]], [[dal|sultani dal]], [[raita]], and [[shahi paneer]]{{dubious|date=December 2011}}
Image:Kebab.jpg|[[Kebab]]s are an important part of the ancient Muslim cuisine.
Image:Faluda.JPG|[[Faluda]], an ancient Hyderabadi dessert.
Image:Paan Making.jpg|[[Paan]] Shop
Image:Hyderabadihaleem.JPG|[[Haleem]]
Image:Samosa 1.jpg|The [[samosa]]
Image:India food.jpg|Traditional cuisine originated from the [[Lucknow#Culture|Old Lukhnow Nawab dynasties]].
Image:Chickenbiryani.JPG|[[Biryani#Hyderabadi biryani|Old Hyderabadi Biryani]].
Image:Navratan Korma.jpg|[[Korma]], a traditional cuisine originated from ancient Lukhnow royals.
Image:Bihari Kabab.JPG|Bihari Kabab, a traditional cuisine originated from [[Bihar]].
Image:Mirchi ka salan and Dahi chutney.jpg|Chilli Sauce and Yougurt chutney – Biryani Accompaniments
</gallery>
Muhajirs clung to their old established habits and tastes, including a numerous desserts, savoury dishes and beverages. The [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal]] and [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] heritage played an influential role in the making of their cuisine. In comparison to other native [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani dishes]], Muhajir cuisine tends to use traditional royal cuisine specific to the old royal dynasties of now defunct states of ancient India. Most of a ''[[Dastarkhān|dastarkhawan]]'' dining table include [[Chapati|chapatti]], rice, [[dal]], vegetable and meat [[curry]]. Special dishes include [[biryani]], [[Korma|qorma]], [[kofta]], [[Kebab|seekh kabab]], [[Nihari]] and [[Haleem]], [[Kofta|Nargisi Koftay]], Roghani Naan, [[Naan]], [[Sheer korma|sheer-qurma]] (sweet), qourma, [[Masala chai|chai]] (sweet, milky tea), [[paan]] and [[Hyderabadi cuisine]], and other delicacies associated with Muhajir culture.

==Intermarriages==
Since Pakistan's independence in 1947, there has been a steady rise in intermarriages that have taken place between [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Baloch people|Balochs]], [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]], [[Brahui people|Brahuis]] and Muhajirs.

==See also==
* [[List of Muhajirs in Pakistan]]
* [[Bangladeshis in Pakistan]]
* [[Burmese people in Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* [http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560851/Pakistan.html Pakistan] ([http://www.webcitation.org/5kx5Ej06X Archived] 2009-11-01) at [[Encarta]]
* [http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=15/ Pakistan: The Sindhi-Muhajir confliict]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/24567580/Muhajir-diaspora Muhajir diaspora]

==External links==
* [http://www.yespakistan.com/education/edu_quotas.asp Quotas and Karachi]{{clarify|date=October 2010}}
* [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-10-0-000-08-Web/Anth-10-1-000-08-Abst-PDF/Anth-10-1-005-08-432-Ara-G/Anth-10-1-005-08-432-Ara-G-Tt.pdf Gene Diversity among Some Muslim Populations of Western Uttar Pradesh]
* [http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/090113/02-Antrocom.pdf Gene Diversity Analysis and Microdifferentiation Process in North Indian Muslim Populations]

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhajir People}}
[[Category:Muhajir people| ]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Indo-European peoples]]

Marko Toptschij

2014-08-10T02:24:48Z

JL-Bot: removing stale inuse template as last edited 1 days ago

{{Infobox musical artist
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| instrument = [[Guitar]], [[Piano]], [[Clarinet]]
| name = Marko Topchii
| image = [[File:Marko Topchii.jpeg|thumb|Marko Topchii performing at 12th Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival (Dallas, TX, USA), 2013]]
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|01|07}}
| birth_place =[[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
| alias =
| genre = [[Classical music|Classical]]
| occupation = [[Classical guitarist]]
| years_active = 2005-present
| label =
| website = {{URL|marko-topchii.com}}
| native_name = {{lang-ua|Марко Топчій}} {{lang-ru|Марк Топчий}}
| notable_instruments = [[Karl-Heinz Römmich]], [[Yuichi Imai]]
}}

'''Marko Topchii''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Marko Topchii pron.ogg|ˌ|m|ɑː|r|ˈ|k|ɒ|ˌ|t|ɒ|p|ˈ|tʃ|ɪ|j|}}),({{lang-ua|Марко Топчій}}, {{lang-ru|Марк Топчий}}), ([[January 7]], [[1991]], [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]) is a [[classical guitar]]ist from [[Ukraine]]. Marko has won more than [[Marko Topchii#Awards|50 awards worldwide]] in the [[international classical guitar competitions]] in the professional category. Among them, [[Marko Topchii#Awards|20 first places]] in the competitions in United States, Mexico, Japan, China, Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Portugal, Liechtenstein, Serbia and Ukraine.

==Biography==
===Birth and education===
Marko Topchii was born into a family of musicians in Kiev, Ukraine and is started studying guitar at the age of four.
He completed his master degree in the [[Kharkiv Conservatory|National University of Arts]] in [[Kharkiv]] in 2011, where he studied under Prof. [[Volodymir Dotsenko]], [[Honored Artist of Ukraine]].
He is currently pursuing a doctorate degree at the [[Tchaikovsky National Academy of Music]] in [[Kyiv]] under the guidance of Prof. [[Yuri Alexik]], [[Honored Artist of Ukraine]].

===Career===
===Awards===
====First prizes====
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Prize !! Competition Name !! Native Name !! Edition !! Town !! Country !! Year
|-
| 1st<ref name="JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition 2014 winners">[http://www.fallettacompetition.org/news/2014/2014_winner.html JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition: 2014 winners]</ref> || [[JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition]]<ref name="JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition website">[http://www.fallettacompetition.org JoAnn Falletta International Guitar Concerto Competition: website]</ref> || || 6th || [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] || [[USA]] || [[2014]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Festival China Changsha: 2014 open group winners (official blog)">[http://weibo.com/3456710752/Bf6IoCTr8 International Guitar Festival China Changsha: 2014 open group winners (official blog)]</ref> || [[International Guitar Festival China Changsha]]<ref name="International Guitar Festival China Changsha: website">[http://www.guitarfield.org International Guitar Festival China Changsha: website]</ref> || 第三届中国·长沙国际吉他艺术节: 国际吉他比赛，公开组 || 3rd || [[Changsha]] || [[China]] || [[2014]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="Tokyo International Guitar Competition: JFG report, including 2013 winners">[http://www.guitarists.or.jp/federation.html Tokyo International Guitar Competition: JFG report, including 2013 winners]</ref><ref name="Gendai Guitar magazine (paperback) report, including 2013 winners">[http://www.gendaiguitar.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=140095: Gendai Guitar magazine (paperback) report, including 2013 winners]</ref> || [[Tokyo International Guitar Competition]]<ref name="Tokyo International Guitar Competition: Japan Federation of Guitarists website">[http://www.guitarists.or.jp Tokyo International Guitar Competition: Japan Federation of Guitarists website]</ref> || 回東京国際ギターコンクール
|| 56th || [[Tokyo]] || [[Japan]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="12th Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival: 2013 winners">[http://www.utdallas.edu/ah/guitar/2013_comp.html 12th Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival: 2013 winners]</ref> || [[Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival]]<ref name="Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival: website">[http://www.utdallas.edu/ah/guitar Annual Texas Guitar Competition and Festival: website]</ref> || || 12th || [[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] || [[USA]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: winners">[http://www.internationalguitarculiacan.com/index.php/concurso/ganadores International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: winners]</ref><ref name="International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: award ceremony (video)">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyUbilX9uqc International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: award ceremony (video)]</ref> || [[International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán]]<ref name="International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: website">[http://www.internationalguitarculiacan.com International Guitar Festival Sinaloa, International Guitar Competition Culiacán: website]</ref> || Festival Internacional de Guitarra Sinaloa, Concusro Internacional de Guitarra Culiacán|| 6th || [[Culiacán]] || [[Mexico]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Fernando Sor”: winners">[http://www.fernandosor.it/index.php/Vincitori International Guitar Competition “Fernando Sor”: winners]</ref> || [[International Guitar Competition “Fernando Sor”]]<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Fernando Sor”: website">[http://www.fernandosor.it International Guitar Competition “Fernando Sor”: website]</ref> || Concorso Internazionale di Chitarra "Fernando Sor" || 42nd || [[Rome]] || [[Italy]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": winners">[http://www.festivalguitare.ch/blog.php Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": winners]</ref><ref name="Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": 2013 report, (video)">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RY54cEQz5Kg Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": 2013 report (video)]</ref> || [[Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini"]]<ref name="Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": website">[http://www.festivalguitare.ch Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, International Guitar Competition "Victor Pellegrini": website]</ref> || Festival Internacional de Guitare de Lausanne, Concours International de Guitare de Lausanne "Víctor Pellegrini" || 1st || [[Lausanne]] || [[Switzerland]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Classical Guitar Festival "Claxica", Performance Competition: winners">[http://www.claxica.it/it/concorso-esecuzione International Classical Guitar Festival "Claxica", Performance Competition: winners]</ref> || [[International Classical Guitar Festival "Claxica", Performance Competition]]<ref name="International Classical Guitar Festival "Claxica", Performance Competition: website">[http://www.claxica.it International Classical Guitar Festival "Claxica", Performance Competition: website]</ref> || Festival Internazionale di Chitarra Classica "Claxica", Concorso di Esecuzione || 5th || [[Castel d'Aiano]] || [[Italy]] || [[2013]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Ferdinando Carulli”: winners">[http://www.totemtanz.it/carulli/?page_id=62 International Guitar Competition “Ferdinando Carulli”: winners]</ref> || [[International Guitar Competition “Ferdinando Carulli”]]<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Ferdinando Carulli”: website">[http://www.totemtanz.it/carulli International Guitar Competition “Ferdinando Carulli”: website]</ref> || Concorso Internazionale di Chitarra “Ferdinando Carulli” || 4th || [[Rome]] || [[Italy]] || [[2012]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition Robert J. Vidal: winners">[http://www.concours-robert-j-vidal.com/fr/resultats International Classical Guitar Competition Robert J. Vidal: winners]</ref> || [[International Classical Guitar Competition Robert J. Vidal]]<ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition Robert J. Vidal: website">[http://www.concours-robert-j-vidal.com International Classical Guitar Competition Robert J. Vidal: website]</ref> || Concours International de Guitare Classique Robert J. Vidal || 3rd || [[Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire|Barbezieux]] || [[France]] || [[2011]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 2011 report by Município de Sernancelhe">[http://www.cm-sernancelhe.pt/noticias/112-noticias-2011/358-13o-concurso-e-festival-de-guitarra-classica-de-sernancelhe International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 2011 report by Município de Sernancelhe]</ref><ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 2011 report by Douro Valley project">[http://dourovalley.eu/en/poi?id=7252 International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 2011 report by Douro Valley project]</ref> || [[International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe]]<ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 15 Anniversary notice by Município de Sernancelhe">[http://www.cm-sernancelhe.pt/noticias/147-noticias-2013/551-sernancelhe-15-anos-ao-som-da-guitarra-classica International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: 15 Anniversary notice by Município de Sernancelhe]</ref><ref name="International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: Facebook page">[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Festival-Internacional-de-Guitarra-de-Sernancelhe International Classical Guitar Competition and Festival of Sernancelhe: Facebook page]</ref> || Concurso e Festival Internacional de Guitarra Clássica de Sernancelhe || 13th || [[Sernancelhe]] || [[Portugal]] || [[2011]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="Liechtenstein Guitar Festival ligita, International ligita Guitar Competition: 2011 winners article by Liechtensteiner Volksblatt">[http://ligita.li/download.php?file=637.pdf Liechtenstein Guitar Festival ligita, International ligita Guitar Competition: 2011 winners article by Liechtensteiner Volksblatt]</ref> || [[Liechtenstein Guitar Festival ligita, International ligita Guitar Competition]]<ref name="Liechtenstein Guitar Festival ligita, International ligita Guitar Competition: website">[http://ligita.li/?page=3 Liechtenstein Guitar Festival ligita, International ligita Guitar Competition: website]</ref> || Liechtensteiner Gitarrentage ligita, Internationalen ligita Gitarrenwettbewerb || 6th || [[Eschen]] || [[Liechtenstein]] || [[2011]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Ville d’Antony”: 2011 winners">[http://www.ville-antony.fr/annee-2011-les-laureats-les-compositeurs-winners-composer International Guitar Competition “Ville d’Antony”: 2011 winners]</ref> || [[International Guitar Competition “Ville d’Antony”]]<ref name="International Guitar Competition “Ville d’Antony”: website">[http://www.ville-antony.fr/le-concours-international-guitare International Guitar Competition “Ville d’Antony”: website]</ref> || Le Concours International de Guitare “Ville d’Antony” || 12th || [[Antony France|Antony]] || [[France]] || [[2011]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="Guitar Art Festival: 2011 winners">[http://www.gaf.rs/en2011/competition.php Guitar Art Festival: 2011 winners]</ref> || [[Guitar Art Festival]]<ref name="Guitar Art Festival: website">[http://www.gaf.rs/ Guitar Art Festival: website]</ref> || || 12th || [[Belgrade]] || [[Serbia]] || [[2011]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Competition of Guitar - Mottola, International Guitar Competition: winners">[http://www.mottolafestival.com/english/competition_winners International Competition of Guitar - Mottola, International Guitar Competition: winners]</ref> || [[International Competition of Guitar - Mottola, International Guitar Competition]]<ref name="International Competition of Guitar - Mottola, International Guitar Competition: website">[http://www.mottolafestival.com International Competition of Guitar - Mottola, International Guitar Competition: website]</ref> || Festival Internazionale della Chitarra - Mottola, Concorso Internazionale di esecuzione per Chitarra || 18th || [[Mottola]] || [[Italy]] || [[2010]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="International Guitar Festival and Competition Heinsberg: winners">[http://www.guitar-festival.com/en_ruckblick_gewinner.shtml International Guitar Festival and Competition Heinsberg: winners]</ref> || [[International Guitar Festival and Competition Heinsberg]]<ref name="International Guitar Festival and Competition Heinsberg: website">[http://www.guitar-festival.com International Guitar Festival and Competition Heinsberg: website]</ref> || Internationalen Gitarrenfestival und Internationalen Gitarrenwettbewerb Heinsberg || 3rd || [[Heinsberg]] || [[Germany]] || [[2009]]
|-
| 1st<ref name="European Classical Guitar Competition “Enrico Mercatali”: winners">[http://www.ccmg.it/concorso/vincitori European Classical Guitar Competition “Enrico Mercatali”: winners]</ref> || [[European Classical Guitar Competition “Enrico Mercatali”]]<ref name="European Classical Guitar Competition “Enrico Mercatali”: website">[http://www.ccmg.it/concorso European Classical Guitar Competition “Enrico Mercatali”: website]</ref> || Concorso Europeo di Chitarra Classica “Enrico Mercatali” || 6th || [[Gorizia]] || [[Italy]] || [[2009]]
|}

====Second prizes====
====Third prizes====
====Special prizes====
===Recordings===
==Artistry==
===Inspiration===
===Performing style===
===Repertoire choice===
===Instruments choice===
==External links==
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Quincy (Washington)

2014-05-22T00:42:43Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

{{for|the winner of the BBC reality show ''Election''|Election (TV series)}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Quincy, Washington
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto = Where Agriculture Meets Technology Motto: Opportunities Unlimited

|image_skyline = House in Crescent Bar WA.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = House in Crescent Bar resort, near Quincy
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Grant_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Quincy_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Quincy, Washington
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = United States
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Grant County, Washington|Grant]]


|government_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the City of Quincy, “Opportunities Unlimited”!|url=http://quincywashington.us/quincy/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=27|accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref>
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Jim Hemberry
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes = <ref name ="Gazetteer files"/>
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 13.05
|area_land_km2 = 12.85
|area_water_km2 = 0.21
|area_total_sq_mi = 5.04
|area_land_sq_mi = 4.96
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.08


|population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_est = 7013
|pop_est_as_of = 2012<ref name="2012 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder"/>
|population_total = 6750
|population_density_km2 = 525.4
|population_density_sq_mi = 1360.9


|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 397
|elevation_ft = 1302
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 47 |latm = 14 |lats = 1 |latNS = N
|longd = 119 |longm = 51 |longs = 8 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 98848
|area_code = [[Area code 509|509]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-57115
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512590{{GR|3}}
|website = [http://quincywashington.us/ quincywashington.us]
}}

'''Quincy''' is a city in [[Grant County, Washington|Grant County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[United States]]. The population was 6,750 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]].

==History==
===Geologic history===
The [[Missoula Floods]] had their outlet at Trinidad, close to Quincy. [[Glacial erratic]]s carried from as far away as Montana can be found nearby. The area also has an abundance of [[rimrock]].

===Pre-American history===

===Great Northern Railway===
Quincy was founded as a railroad camp during construction of the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] in 1892, and was incorporated on March 27, 1907. It was named after [[Quincy, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=24964|title=Profile for Quincy, Washington|publisher=[[ePodunk]]|accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref>

===Homestead Act===

===Grand Coulee Dam===
The arrival of the water from the Grand Coulee Dam in 1952 changed the town.
*''See also:'' [[Columbia_Basin_Reclamation_Project#History]]
==Geography==
Quincy is located at {{coord|47|14|1|N|119|51|8|W|type:city}} (47.233691, -119.852296).{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|5.04|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which, {{convert|4.96|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.08|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name ="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref>

==Climate==
<div style="width:75%">
{{Weather box |imperial first = Y
|location = Quincy
|single line = Y
|Jan high F = 34.1
|Feb high F = 42.9
|Mar high F = 54.2
|Apr high F = 63.7
|May high F = 72.6
|Jun high F = 79.4
|Jul high F = 87.6
|Aug high F =86.1
|Sep high F = 77.7
|Oct high F = 63.2
|Nov high F =45.7
|Dec high F = 35.6
|year high F= 61.9
|Jan low F = 18.9
|Feb low F = 25.2
|Mar low F = 30.7
|Apr low F = 37.4
|May low F = 45.5
|Jun low F = 52.1
|Jul low F = 57.2
|Aug low F = 55.9
|Sep low F = 48.1
|Oct low F = 37.3
|Nov low F = 28.6
|Dec low F = 21.6
|year low F= 38.2
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.9
|Feb precipitation inch =0.7
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.6
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.6
|May precipitation inch = 0.7
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.6
|Jul precipitation inch = 0.2
|Aug precipitation inch = 0.3
|Sep precipitation inch = 0.4
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.6
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.1
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.2
|year precipitation inch= 7.8
|source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=88654&refer=wikipedia |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Quincy, Washington
|publisher=Weatherbase
|year=2011
}}
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}
</div>

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1910= 264
|1920= 285
|1930= 266
|1940= 318
|1950= 804
|1960= 3269
|1970= 3237
|1980= 3525
|1990= 3734
|2000= 5044
|2010= 6750
|estimate= 7013
|estyear= 2012
|footnote=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 2, 2013}}</ref> 2012 Estimate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|accessdate=October 2, 2013}}</ref></center>
}}

[[File:Quincy Lake 1971.JPG|left|thumb|Fishing, hiking and bird-watching occur at nearby Quincy Lake, a remnant of the temporary Pleistocene lakes that were created by flood waters from glacial [[Lake Missoula]].]]

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2012-12-19}}</ref> of 2010, there were 6,750 people, 1,915 households, and 1,541 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1360.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,020 housing units at an average density of {{convert|407.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 54.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.4% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.7% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.2% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 40.6% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 74.3% of the population.

There were 1,915 households of which 55.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.5% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 3.87.

The median age in the city was 26.2 years. 36.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 16.6% were from 45 to 64; and 8.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 5,044 people, 1,470 households, and 1,176 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 2,252.8 people per square mile (869.4/km²). There were 1,552 housing units at an average density of 693.2 per square mile (267.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 75.1% White, 12.3% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.9% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.6% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.1% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 5.5% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.4% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 12.5% of the population.

There were 1,470 households out of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.38 and the average family size was 3.79.

In the city the population was spread out with 36.0% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,181, and the median income for a family was $31,847. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $18,750 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $12,649. About 18.4% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Activities==
The City of Quincy is located in [[Central Washington]] with close proximity to winter and summer activities. The area offers boating, water skiing, hunting, fishing, snow skiing, and concerts. The [[Gorge Amphitheatre]] brings a variety of people through the Quincy Valley.

Quincy has several parks including an [[aqua park]] with a [[waterslide]] with 2 water fed half tubes, heated pools, and special areas for kids. The park is also home to a large field with a baseball diamond, playground, picnic area, and small skate-park.

Every 2nd Saturday in September, Quincy celebrates Farmer-Consumer Awareness Day. For a month beforehand, the roads leading to town are decorated with signs showing local crops and products made with them. On the day of the celebration, floats created by local schools and farm equipment parade through town. Free agricultural and geology tours are offered, as well as a produce sale, tractor pull, Farm-to-Market fun run, and many other activities.

Quincy celebrated its [[centennial]] in 2007.

Quincy High School won the 2A State Baseball Championship in 1998. In 2005, the Boys Basketball team took second in state. Every year Quincy has an annual Dru Gimlin 3 on 3 basketball tournament.

==Economy==
===Farming===
Quincy has long had an agricultural economy, which was enhanced by irrigation made possible with the [[Grand Coulee Dam]]. Major crops include potatoes, wheat, timothy,

Orchards and vineyards are also appearing in Quincy. Washington State is a large provider of apples.

===Technology===
Microsoft, Yahoo! and Intuit built large data centers within the Quincy area between 2006 and 2008. Quincy is considered an excellent place for data centers for several reasons. First, because of the inexpensive, reliable hydropower from the nearby Columbia River. According to Grant County Public Utility District, power outages in Quincy are rare, with a 99.99 percent annual average reliability. The [[Grant County Public Utility District|local utility district]] offered the companies electricity at approximately half the national average cost as an incentive to build in the area. Secondly, the Quincy area is relatively free of natural disasters -- floods, earthquakes, tornados, landslides, and hurricanes.
===Tourism===
George and Quincy are the closest towns to the Gorge Amphitheatre. Of these, Quincy offers services such as motels and a full grocery store. Quincy sees an uptick in population during concerts.

The semi-arid climate allows Quincy to go for weeks or months without rain during the summer. This makes nearby water recreation such as Crescent Bar a major draw. Quincy is the closest town with services to Crescent Bar.

==Controversy==
The book ''[[Fateful Harvest]]'' is written about Quincy, and the realities of corporations dumping toxic waste onto farmland by relabeling it and [[Fertilizer#Heavy_metal_accumulation|selling it as fertilizer]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last=Burrows |first=Peter |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_24/b3988087.htm |title=Servers As High As An Elephant's Eye |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=June 12, 2006 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Harden |first=Blaine |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800973.html |title=Tech Firms Go Mining for Megawatts |work=The Washington Post |date=July 9, 2006 |accessdate=January 4, 2013}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://quincywashington.us/}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Washington/Localities/Q/Quincy}}

{{Grant County, Washington}}

[[Category:Cities in Grant County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]

Sokol Baci

2014-03-11T22:40:56Z

JL-Bot: removing stale construction template as last edited 7 days ago

'''Sokol Baci'''{{Cref2|a}} was the chief of [[Gruda (region)|Gruda]], a northern Albanian tribe in the vicinity of [[Podgorica]] (now [[Montenegro]]), who initially served the [[Principality of Montenegro]] as brigadier. In 1912, Gruda, [[Hoti]] were entirely backing Montenegro, while also the greater parts of [[Kastrati]] and [[Shkreli]], as well as a part of [[Klimenti]].<ref>{{cite book|url=|quote=Приликом рата 1912. г. Груде и Хоти су били уз Црну Гору, па онда већи дио Кострата и Шкреља, и један дио Кли- мената.}}</ref>

==Life==
Sokol was the son of Baca, hence his most commonly used name, and belonged to the Precaj family of the Ivezić (Ivezaj) brotherhood.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v6seAQAAIAAJ|page=448}} {{quote|Пуно име грудског главара који је давао одговоре капетану Лазо- вићу гласи: Сокол Бац Прецај Ивезић Вуксановић (Вуксангељовић) Груда. Шта ова имена уствари означују? Сокол је лично име и у кући оца му Баца он ће бити означаван само по личном имену — Сокол, изван куће он је у роду Сркол Бац, ван рода зову га Сокол Бац Прецај (Прецај је један од родсва у братству), изван свога братства ...}}</ref> The Ivezić brotherhood claimed they were descendants of Iveza, a son of a certain Vuksan Gela (sr. Vuksan Gelja) who hailed from Suma below [[Shkodër]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-PYMAQAAMAAJ|pages=47-48|quote=Ивезићи}}</ref>

==Annotations==
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}
{{Cnote2|a|His full name was '''Sokol Bac Precaj Ivezić Vuksanović (Vuksangeljović) Gruda'''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v6seAQAAIAAJ|page=448}} {{quote|Пуно име грудског главара који је давао одговоре капетану Лазо- вићу гласи: Сокол Бац Прецај Ивезић Вуксановић (Вуксангељовић) Груда. Шта ова имена уствари означују? Сокол је лично име и у кући оца му Баца он ће бити означаван само по личном имену — Сокол, изван куће он је у роду Сркол Бац, ван рода зову га Сокол Бац Прецај (Прецај је један од родсва у братству), изван свога братства ...}}</ref> Another source writes his name as '''Sokol Rac Grcaj Vezirić Vuksangeljović'''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=juIKAQAAMAAJ|page=106}} {{quote|Сокол Рац Грцај Везирић Вуксангељовић}}</ref> Other spellings of his short name include '''Sokol Baca''' (Сокол Баца), '''Sokol Baco''', '''Sokol Batzi''', etc. In Austrian documents, he is known as '''Nikola Bacci'''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qmm4AAAAIAAJ|page=449|quote=The man used as intermediary in this offer was Sokol Baci (in Austrian documents, Nikola Bacci), Albanian chieftain of the clan of Grade, who at the time was in the service of Montenegro.}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==See also==
*[[Tringe Smajl Martini]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:Montenegrin Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Malësia]]
[[Category:Montenegrin people of Albanian descent]]
[[Category:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening]]
[[Category:Albanian anti-communists]]
[[Category:People of the Principality of Montenegro]]
[[Category:People from Podgorica]]

Baasskap

2013-08-27T02:17:34Z

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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''Baasskap''' was a concept that was heavily promoted during [[Apartheid]] [[South Africa]] mainly by radical [[Afrikaners]] and the ruling [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] in order to arouse negative sentiments against black [[South Africans]]{{fact|date=January 2013}}. The term literally translates from [[Afrikaans]] to [[English language|English]] as "boss-ship", but a more applicable transliteration is "domination", which is reflective of the idea that "the white man must always be boss"{{fact|date=June 2012}}.

The term occurs in a letter published in the August 1984 issue of Sechaba--and excerpted by Immanuel Wallerstein in his essay titled "The Construction of Peoplehood." Signed by some PG, the relevant part of the letter reads as follows: "We have got to move on from the term 'so-called Coloured' in a positive way. People are now saying that we have the choice of what we will be called, and most, in the spirit of the nation in the making, opt for 'South African'. The debate can take many forms, but not a reverting to acceptance of the Baasskap term. If one really needs a sub-identity to that of being a South AFrican, maybe through popular debate the question could be sorted out." (Wallerstein, Immanuel. "The Construction of Peoplehood" in the book titled Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, Verso: London & New York, 1991, p. 74).
{{Politics of South Africa navbox}}

[[Category:History of South Africa]]
[[Category:Apartheid]]
[[Category:Afrikaans words and phrases]]
[[Category:South African English]]
[[Category:Apartheid in South Africa]]

{{SouthAfrica-stub}}

Beatrix de Vesci

2013-06-30T01:16:28Z

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{{multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox nobility|type
| name = Beatrix de Vesci
| title = Baroness of [[Alnwick Castle]]
| image = Portraits in the Characters of the Muses in the Temple of Apollo by Richard Samuel.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| succession =
| CoA =
| more = no
| reign =
| reign-type =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| succession =
| spouse = [[Eustace Fitz John]] (1089 - 1157)
| spouse-type = Husband
| issue =
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| full name =
| styles =
| titles =
| house-type =
| father = [[Ivo de Vesci]] (c.1045 - c.1100)
| birth_date = c.1095
| birth_place = [[Alnwick Castle]], [[Northumberland]]
| christening_date =
| christening_place =
| death_date = c.1120
| death_place = [[Knaresborough]], [[Yorkshire]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| occupation =
}}
'''Beatrix de Vesci''' (c.1095 - c.1120), of [[Alnwick Castle]], was a medieval noble lady of house [[de Vesci]].

Daughter and sole heir of [[Ivo de Vesci]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wurts|first=John|title=Magna Carta|year=1945|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XfscAAAAYAAJ&q=vesci#search_anchor|publisher=Brookfield Publishing Company|location=Philadelphia|pages=72, 135}}</ref> the builder and first Baron of [[Alnwick Castle]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hull|first=Lisa|title=Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks|year=2008|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=978-0-7864-3457-2|pages=195}}</ref>

Married in 1112 in Knaresborough, West Riding, Yorkshire, to [[Eustace Fitz John]].

According to Dugale, Beatrix had two sons, William and Geoffrey, but, according to another account, died giving birth to William.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cokayne|first=George Edward|title=The Complete Peerage Vol. XII/2|year=1959|publisher=The St. Catherine Press, Ltd|location=London|pages=276|edition=2nd|editor=G.H. White; R.S. Lea}}</ref>

Upon the death of Eustace Fitz John, his lands passed to his son William by consent of [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalton|first=Paul|title=Eustace Fitz John and the Politics of Anglo-Norman England: The Rise and Survival of a Twelfth-Century Royal Servant|year=1996|publisher=Speculum (Medieval Academy of America)|pages=380|url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2865417?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101274877661}}</ref> [[William de Vesci]] took his mother’s surname and would become the ancestor of the [[de Vesci]] baronial house.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=John Bernard|title=Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire|year=1883|publisher=Harrison|location=London|pages=555}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tout, T. F.; Dalton, Paul|title=Eustace Fitz John: Justice and Baron|year=2004|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/9/101009614/}}</ref> William served as [[High Sheriff of Northumberland|Sheriff of Northumberland]] from 1157 to 1170,<ref>{{cite book|last=Chalmers|first=George|title=Caldonia: Or, an Account, Historical and Topographic, of North Britain; From the Most Ancient to the Present Times. Vol. I.|year=1807|publisher=T. Cadell, and W. Davies, Strand; and A. Constable Co., at Edinburgh|location=London|pages=532|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sL8_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA532&lpg=PA532&dq=%22vesci%22+sheriff+of+northumberland#v=onepage&q=%22vesci%22%20sheriff%20of%20northumberland&f=false}}</ref> and [[Sheriff of Lancashire]] from 1166 to 1170.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Sheriff of Lancashire|url=http://www.geni.com/projects/High-Sheriff-of-Lancashire/691|publisher=Geni.com|accessdate=16 October 2012}}</ref>

Her grandson, [[Eustace de Vesci]], was one of the Surety Barons of the [[Magna Carta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Magna Carta Surety Barons|url=http://www.runnymede.gov.uk/portal/site/magnacarta/menuitem.89e5cacaf582502edf7a8e7c9f8ca028/|work=The Magna Carta|publisher=Runnymede Borough Council|accessdate=16 October 2012}}</ref>

==References==

*
*
*
*
*{{DNB|wstitle=Vescy, William de}}

{{reflist}}



{{Persondata
| NAME = Vesci, de
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Anglo-Norman noble
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Alnwick Castle]], [[Northumberland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Knaresborough]], [[Yorkshire]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vesci, de}}
[[Category:History of England]]
[[Category:History of Scotland]]
[[Category:History of Ireland]]
[[Category:Irish families]]
[[Category:English families]]
[[Category:Anglo-Norman families]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Digital Health

2013-02-22T00:24:10Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 7 days ago

{{for|the "health" of computers|malware}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2013}}
{{lead missing|date=January 2013}}
{{essay-like|date=January 2013}}
}}

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

==Introduction==
Broadly speaking, digital health is the convergence of the digital revolution with health, writ large. In addition to medicine and healthcare, digital health encompasses consumer-focused sports, fitness, and wellness solutions, which can be considered preventive medicine. There are eight salient elements of the digital revolution effecting a profound transformation of health and healthcare.{{according to whom|date=January 2013}}

==Elements==
As enumerated by [[Eric Topol|Dr. Eric Topol]] in his book "The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care,"<ref>{{cite book|last=Topol|first=Eric|title=The creative destruction of medicine : how the digital revolution will create better health care|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0465025503}}</ref> there are eight super-convergence elements comprising digital health:
[[File:Digital Health Infographic.jpg|thumbnail|right]]
:* Wireless Sensors and Devices
:* Social Networking
:* Genomics (A, C, G, T = digital)
:* Mobile Connectivity and Bandwidth
:* Health Information Systems
:* The Internet
:* Imaging
:* Computing Power and the Data Universe (Big & Cheap Data)<ref>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=Let's Pool our Medical Data|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Lets-Pool-our-Medical-Data-2181454%2ES%2E203700515|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=Generation Digital Health—Observations from the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show|url=http://popperandco.com/2013/01/generation-digital-health-observations-from-the-2013-consumer-electronics-show/|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref>

==Genomics in digital health==
According to [[Craig Venter|J. Craig Venter]], we are basically DNA-driven software devices and there is no difference between digital code and genetic code.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venter|first=J. Craig|title=J. CRAIG VENTER: THE BIOLOGICAL-DIGITAL CONVERTER, OR, BIOLOGY AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT @ THE EDGE DINNER IN TURIN|url=http://www.edge.org/conversation/biology-at-the-speed-of-light?goback=%2Egde_2181454_member_138006102|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> Digital code is a binary code: 0, 1. Genetic code is a four-base code: A, C, G, T.<ref name=Sonnier>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=My 2012 Digital Health Awards: Company, Person, Book, Journalist of the Year|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups/My-2012-Digital-Health-Awards-2181454%2ES%2E197333603|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> "We can convert between the two as well as digitize man, as Dr. Topol describes it in expanded terms. While others have incorporated Topol’s concepts into their own health innovation messaging (sometimes without attribution) he was the first person to bring it all together in a cohesive manner under the banner of digital super-convergence. Quite simply, Topol’s book is THE authoritative text for digital health."<ref name=Sonnier/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health informatics]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]

Undead Labs

2013-02-12T22:38:59Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox company
| company_name = Undead Labs
| company_logo = [[File:Undead Labs logo.jpg|right|200px|Undead Labs logo]]
| caption =
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2009
| location = [[Seattle, Washington]] [[USA]]
| key_people = Jeff Strain (Founder)
| industry = [[Video game industry|Computer and video games]]
| products =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://www.undeadlabs.com/ www.undeadlabs.com]
}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2011}}
'''Undead Labs''' is a Seattle, Washington based game development studio, which was founded in 2009 by [[Jeff Strain]] a former Blizzard employee and one of the co-founders of ArenaNet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://undeadlabs.com/2009/11/press/studio-announcement-us/| title=Studio announcement|publisher=Undeadlabs.com|date=2009-11-23|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref>.

==History==
Undead Labs was founded in 2009 by Jeff Strain, with the sole focus on zombie based games

===2010-present===
On 3 February 2011 Undead Labs announced that they were partnering with [[Microsoft Game Studios]] to publish their games on the Xbox 360 system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://undeadlabs.com/2011/02/news/undead-labs-and-microsoft-game-studios-to-create-zombie-survival-franchise-on-xbox-360/|title=Undead Labs and Microsoft game studios to create zombie...|publisher=Undeadlabs.com|date=2011-02-03|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref>. This decision was made after most of the other publishers who showed interest in the games was requesting what they described as "[[World of Warcraft]] Clones"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://undeadlabs.com/2011/02/news/rude-qa-2/|title=Rude QA 2|publisher=undeadlabs.com|date=2011-02-03|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref>. The first game codenamed ''[[Class3]]'' will be a third person shooter arcade game in which the player is set to survive in an open-world sandbox, the game is set to be released on Xbox Live and Microsoft Windows<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|last=Rosenburg|first=Adam|url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2011/02/04/open-world-zombie-survival-game-class3-coming-to-xbox-live-arcade/|title='Class3' Coming To Xbox Live Arcade|publisher=MTV Multiplayer|date=2011-02-02|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Joy">{{cite web|last=McElroy|first=Griffon|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2011/02/03/class3-interview-jeff-strain/|title=Jeff Strain Shares His Vision for Class3, a Different Kind of Zombie Game|publisher=Joystiq|date=2011-02-03|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref> in early 2013<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://undeadlabs.com/forums/showthread.php?541-Faq|title=Faq|last=Weathers|first=Sanya|publisher=Undead Labs|date=2012-08-31|accessdate=2013-02-04}}</ref>. The real name for class 3 has since then been announced as [[State of Decay (video game)|State of Decay]]. The game will act as a way to publicize their title more and also allow gamers to submit feedback to help tweak and refine the gameplay for the MMO, that is codenamed ''Class4''. Undeadlabs has announced that [[State of Decay (video game)|State of Decay]] will be released on PC as well although system requirements have not been revealed.

==Games==
===State of Decay===
{{Main|State of Decay (video game)}}
''State of Decay'' (Formerly '''Class3''') is an upcoming [[open world]] zombie [[survival horror]] game, but unlike games as [[Left 4 Dead]] and [[Dead Island]], ''State of Decay'' will focus more on survival, stealth, evasion, distraction's, securing the players resources, and moving through the world than actual zombie combat. The game is set to be released sometime early 2013 on both Xbox Live and Microsoft Windows.

===Class4===
There is not much known about ''Class4'' other than it will be one of the first [[massively multiplayer online games]] (MMOs) to come to the [[Xbox 360]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://undeadlabs.com/ Undead Labs]

[[Category:Video game companies]]

Beatrice Worsley

2013-02-07T23:51:25Z

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Digital Health

2013-02-07T23:51:02Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 8 days ago

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}
{{for|the "health" of computers|malware}}
{{underconstruction}}
{{multiple issues |lead missing=January 2013 |essay-like=January 2013}}

==Introduction==
Broadly speaking, digital health is the convergence of the digital revolution with health, writ large. In addition to medicine and healthcare, digital health encompasses consumer-focused sports, fitness, and wellness solutions, which can be considered preventive medicine. There are eight salient elements of the digital revolution effecting a profound transformation of health and healthcare.{{according to whom|date=January 2013}}

==Elements==
As enumerated by [[Eric Topol|Dr. Eric Topol]] in his book "The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care,"<ref>{{cite book|last=Topol|first=Eric|title=The creative destruction of medicine : how the digital revolution will create better health care|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0465025503}}</ref> there are eight super-convergence elements comprising digital health:
[[File:Digital Health Infographic.jpg|thumbnail|right]]
:* Wireless Sensors and Devices
:* Social Networking
:* Genomics (A, C, G, T = digital)
:* Mobile Connectivity and Bandwidth
:* Health Information Systems
:* The Internet
:* Imaging
:* Computing Power and the Data Universe (Big & Cheap Data)<ref>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=Let's Pool our Medical Data|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Lets-Pool-our-Medical-Data-2181454%2ES%2E203700515|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=Generation Digital Health—Observations from the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show|url=http://popperandco.com/2013/01/generation-digital-health-observations-from-the-2013-consumer-electronics-show/|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref>

==Genomics in digital health==
According to [[Craig Venter|J. Craig Venter]], we are basically DNA-driven software devices and there is no difference between digital code and genetic code.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venter|first=J. Craig|title=J. CRAIG VENTER: THE BIOLOGICAL-DIGITAL CONVERTER, OR, BIOLOGY AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT @ THE EDGE DINNER IN TURIN|url=http://www.edge.org/conversation/biology-at-the-speed-of-light?goback=%2Egde_2181454_member_138006102|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> Digital code is a binary code: 0, 1. Genetic code is a four-base code: A, C, G, T.<ref name=Sonnier>{{cite web|last=Sonnier|first=Paul|title=My 2012 Digital Health Awards: Company, Person, Book, Journalist of the Year|url=http://www.linkedin.com/groups/My-2012-Digital-Health-Awards-2181454%2ES%2E197333603|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> "We can convert between the two as well as digitize man, as Dr. Topol describes it in expanded terms. While others have incorporated Topol’s concepts into their own health innovation messaging (sometimes without attribution) he was the first person to bring it all together in a cohesive manner under the banner of digital super-convergence. Quite simply, Topol’s book is THE authoritative text for digital health."<ref name=Sonnier/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health informatics]]
[[Category:Telehealth]]

Niagara-Schlucht

2013-02-03T13:29:19Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 8 days ago

{{Infobox landform
| water = yes
| name = Niagara Gorge
| photo = Niagara Whirlpool 2.JPG
| photo_caption = [[Niagara River]] flowing through Niagara Gorge (from eastern brink north of [[Niagara Whirlpool]])
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ref =
| location = [[New York]] and [[Ontario]]
| range =
| lat_d = 43.1208
| long_d = -79.0705
| region =
| display =
| topo =
| type = [[Gorge]]
| age =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Niagara Gorge''' is a {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} gorge carved by the [[Niagara River]] along the [[US-Canadian border]] in [[New York]] and [[Ontario]].<ref name=niagaraparks/> It begins at the base of [[Niagara Falls]] and ends at the [[Niagara escarpment]] near [[Queenston]], Ontario, where the falls originated about 12,500 years ago.<ref name=niagaraparks/><ref name=taylor/>

The river has formed the gorge, and the Falls has receded upstream and south toward [[Lake Erie]], by slow erosion of that hard Lockport dolomite (a dolomitic limestone or [[dolostone]]) which is the surface rock of the escarpment combined with rapid erosion of those relatively soft layers beneath it.<ref name=corrigan/>

The force of the river current in the gorge is one of the most powerful in the world. Because of the dangers this presents, kayaking the gorge has generally been prohibited. However, on isolated occasions, world class experts have been permitted to navigate the stretch.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

[[File:Niagara Falls Whirlpool aerial view.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.8|The Niagara River whirlpool basin in [[Niagara Gorge]] ]]

{{clear}}
==See also==
{{Portal bar |Geology |New York |Ontario}} 

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name=niagaraparks>
{{cite web |title=Niagara Falls Geology Facts & Figures |url=http://www.niagaraparks.com/media/geology-facts-figures.html |publisher=Ontario's Niagara Parks (''niagaraparks.com'') |accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=corrigan>
{{cite book |last=Corrigan|first=Patricia |title=Waterfalls |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6436-6 |pages=62–63}}</ref>
<ref name=taylor>
{{cite web |title=Erosion at Niagara Falls |url=http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/cosmos/origines/niagara/niagara.htm |publisher=Samizdat (''samizdat.qc.ca'') |accessdate=21 August 2011}} Excerpt from Ian T. Taylor, ''In the Minds of men: Darwin and the new World Order'', 1987; TFE Publishing, 1999 (ISBN 9780969178897), pp. 81–84.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Niagara River]]
[[Category:Canada–United States border]]
[[Category:Canyons and gorges of North America]]
[[Category:Canyons and gorges of Canada]]
[[Category:Geography of Niagara Region, Ontario]]
[[Category:Canyons and gorges of Ontario]]

[[fr:Gorges du Niagara]]

Mann von St. Bees

2012-06-06T00:40:35Z

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'''St Bees Man''' was the extremely well preserved body of a [[mediaeval]] man, discovered in the grounds of [[St Bees Priory]] in 1981, during an archaeological dig by the [[University of Leicester]] on the site of the ruined chancel aisle, built about 1300.

==Discovery==
[[File:St Bees Priory west autumn sun.jpg|thumb|right|St Bees Priory in 2008]][[image:St bees priory east end.jpg|thumb|right|The late 12th century monastic chancel showing the ruined east end of the chancel aisle on the left.]]
The 1981 dig examined two areas of the ruined chancel aisle at the west end of the prioy. The aisle was built in about 1300 in the Decorated style, and is thought to have fallen into ruin before the dissolution of the priory in 1539 due to structural failure caused by poor foundations.
St Bees Man was found buried in a wooden coffin, within which the body had been wrapped in a lead sheet. Despite the lead sheet being damaged at the foot end, the body was in a remarkable state of preservation. The body was wrapped in two shrouds, which are on display in the priory.
The coffin and contents were examined forensically over the following week. The body was reported to exhibit pink skin and visible irises immediately after being exhumed. An autopsy performed on the body shortly after its discovery indicated that the cause of death was most likely a [[haemothorax]] caused by a direct blow to the torso.

Although the body was about six hundred years old, his nails, skin and stomach contents were found to be in near-perfect condition.<ref>Text of lecture given by John M Todd at the Post Graduate Seminar on Medieval history, Lancaster University, Sept, 1987, and later at Oxford, Copenhagen and St Andrews universities.</ref>

==Preservation==
The lead sheet in which the body was wrapped excluded moisture whilst the beeswax coating of the shroud excluded air.

==Identity==
The identity of St Bees Man is now almost certain to be have been that of Anthony de Lucy, who died in 1368,<ref>C J Knusel et al - The identity of the St Bees lady, Cumbria: An osteobiographical approach. ''Medieval Archaeology'' - vol 54, 2010.</ref> a [[knight]], who died in the [[Northern Crusades|Teutonic Crusades]] in [[Prussia]]. After his death the vault was enlarged to take the body of his sister, Maud de Lucy, who died in 1398.

==Exhibition==
There is an extensive history display in the priory in which the shrouds are exhibited. The probable effigies of both Maud and Anthony can also be seen.

==See also==
*[[Tollund Man]]
*[[Lindow Man]]
*[[Ötzi the Iceman]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.stbees.org.uk/history/stbeesman1.htm Article about St Bees Man]
*[http://www.stbees.org.uk/history/stbeesman2.htm A detailed account of the discovery]

[[Category:History of England]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Archaeology]]
[[Category:Cumbria]]
[[Category:Cumberland]]

City Tattersalls Club

2012-04-14T20:24:13Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as not a valid orphan

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox company
|company_name = City Tattersalls Club
|company_logo = [[Image:CTC Logo C.png|200px|]]
|foundation = (1895)
|location = [[Sydney, Australia]]
|industry = [[Registered Club]]
|num_employees = 252
|slogan = ''a friends’ place''
|homepage = [http://www.citytatts.com.au/ www.citytatts.com.au]
}}

The '''City Tattersalls Club''' is a social club located in [[Sydney]] [[New South Wales]] [[Australia]] Formed in 1895, by a group of [[bookmaker]]s disgruntled with a Judge’s decision on a race at [[Kensington, New South Wales]]. The club is located in the heart of the [[Sydney CBD|central business district]] at Pitt Street between Market and Park Streets.

==Purpose==
The objects for which the club exists, according to the CTC Act and Club Rules, are:
*(a) to provide social, sporting, athletic, cultural and other activities for its members;
*(b) to provide a clubhouse or clubhouses for the entertainment and recreation of its members;
*(c) to assist any charitable, social, patriotic or philanthropic object;
*(d) to give assistance to any of its members or their respective families or its employees in case of distress or death;
*(e) to obtain, maintain and renew the registration of the Club as a registered club in accordance with the provisions of the Liquor Act, 1912 or the Act;
*(f) to carry out the powers conferred by the CTC Act and amendments thereof, and all such lawful acts or things as will provide for the further usefulness of the Club and the greater comfort and convenience of members;
*(g) to hold and arrange matches and competitions, and offer and grant or contribute towards provision of prizes, awards and/or distinctions; and
*(h) to establish, conduct or carry out any sports tournaments or amusements, and to cooperate with any person or body in so doing.<ref>City Tattersall's Club Act 1912</ref>

The purpose of the club is, according to its mission statement, to "consistently aim to provide a range of commercially sound, recreational amenities for members that are attractive, enjoyable and relevant in a location that is convenient, safe and friendly. The Club recognises employee performance with opportunities for advancement and career growth. The guiding principle of club management is fiscal responsibility in all matters.

==History==
City Tattersalls Club was formed in 1895 by a group of 20 bookmakers disgruntled with a Judge’s decision on a race at Kensington, an objection was lodged over a jockey weighing in with his whip, the end result being a disqualification of the horse first past the post and the bookmakers refusing to pay-out on the second horse, a hot favourite. By way of protest, the bookmakers left Tattersalls Club, the institution now on Elizabeth Street, Sydney, and City Tattersalls Club was born.

City Tattersalls Club has its own [[Act_of_Parliament#Australia|Act of Parliament]], with an Honorary Committee comprising a [[Chairman]], Vice-Chairman, Treasurer and seven Committee members, all of whom are now elected by those who hold either Gold or Silver Membership, and who protect the interests of Members by overseeing the strategies of the Executive Management. The Management is headed by three Executive Managers; including General Manager, Assistant General Manager and Operations Manager. The staff comprises 252 members at present.

==Location==
[[Image:CTC Front.png|right|thumb|Front view from Pitt Street, Sydney]] City Tattersalls Club previously occupied the Graphic Arts building and the building alongside Adams Hotel, where the Sydney [[Hilton Hotel]] now stands.

In December 1992 ‘Silks Bar and Grill’ was born. Sydney during the 90’s was seeing an upgrade of office blocks and shopping arcades; City Tattersalls Club was ageing, exclusive and ran a strict dress code.

The Silks Bar and Grill opening was strategic as it allowed the club to capitalise on the [[Government of New South Wales]] 5 kilometre ruling, allowing residents outside a 5 km radius to simply sign in to a registered club. Being a separate entrance, this protected the main membership of City Tattersalls Club.

After approval by its Board Members in 2007 City Tattersalls Club purchased the Merivale building at 194 Pitt Street and took back its occupancy of 196 Pitt Street previously occupied by [[National Australia Bank]].These areas once developed will bring the Club closer to the Pitt Street Mall and enhance its prominence in the Sydney CBD.

==Heritage & Milestones==
The City Tattersalls Club building at 202-204 Pitt Street was occupied from 1891. Tattersall’s was formed in 1858 and previously had clubrooms at Tattersall’s Hotel in Pitt Street. Built at a small cost by today’s standards, the building was described as presenting a free and effective rendering of the classic [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style of architecture. It was constructed of [[Pyrmont, New South Wales]] [[freestone]], finished in [[rubble masonry]], relieved by handsome [[pilasters]] [[Baluster|balustrades]], [[Course (architecture)|moulded Courses]] and carved enrichments which were said to “combine to produce a striking though harmonious effect”. The rearing [[horse]] figure which surmounted the building until 2007 was carved from a single block of stone measuring {{convert|200|cuft|m3|abbr=on}}. City Tattersalls bought the building in 1975 at a fraction of its value in its centenary year. City Tattersalls’ second home, premises at 240 Pitt Street with a narrow frontage was occupied until moving to the present site in 1924. The old building still exists today with the Club’s name still discernible on the front [[fascia]].

In 1930 [[Amy Johnson]] spent six weeks touring Australia after her [[circumnavigation]] of the world at public events attended by cheering crowds at the City Tattersalls Club by posing on the Club’s front balcony at Pitt Street.

*1858 Tattersall’s first formed
*1891 First Tattersalls Club moved into 202-204 Pitt Street
*1895 Opening of City Tattersalls Club
*1903 249 Pitt Street purchased
*1924 Move into current premises at 198-204 Pitt Street
*1930 [[Amy Johnson]] welcomed by the Club after her world flight
*1963 Opening of membership to women
*1971 Snooker table dedicated to Norman Squire at the [[World Snooker Championship 1971]]
*1992 Silks Bar and Grill opened
1995 City Tattersalls Club Centenary year

==Committee Members & Succession==
All City Tattersalls Club [[committee]] members are elected to their office by Voting Members and remain in office until results of the next Committee Members election has been duly declared.
To stand as a candidate in a Committee Member [[election]], a person must be a Gold Member, being the Club’s highest membership level, have paid all entrance and subscription fees in respect of their membership at the closure of nominations and have submitted a valid nomination form in accordance with the Club’s rules. All Life, Gold and Silver members can vote for the committee.

[[Chief Executive Officer]] : Anthony J. "Tony" Guilfoyle

==Logos==
In 2003 City Tattersalls Club embarked on a re-branding programme to demonstrate to existing and potentially new members its contemporary but keeping with its traditional values. The Club adopted its new logo in 2005 and is currently in use.
<gallery Caption="Company Logos">
Image:CTC Silks CYMK logo.png|Silks Logo in use to 2005
Image:CTC Trad Black.png|Club logo in use until 2005
Image:CTC Logo C.png|Current logo in use today
</gallery>

The Club manages several sub-brands offering many lifestyle, entertainment, health and fitness choices to its members and guests
<gallery Caption="Sub Brand logos adopted in 2005">
Image:CTC Esperanto LG trans.png|Esperanto Dining Room
Image:CTC Zest Logo C.png|Zest Restaurant
Image:CTC Omega Lounge C.png|Omega Lounge December
Image:CTC Lime Bar Box Logo C.png|Lime Bar
Image:CTC 196 text A69468-(glamorous gold).png|196 Gaming Lounge
Image:CTC FitnessCentres-L.png|Fitness Centres
Image:CTC FitnessCentre Mens.png|Mens Fitness Centre
Image:CTC FitnessCentre Womens.png|Womens Fitness Centre
</gallery>

==External links==
* [http://www.citytatts.com.au] Official site citytatts.com.au. Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/amy_johnson.aspx?page=2] sciencemuseum.org.uk Science Museum exhibit on Amy Johnson Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/famous_folk/amyjohnson/biog2.shtml] BBC Humber site for Johnson centenary Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/reg_clubs_home.asp] .olgr.nsw.gov.au Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/amy_johnson.aspx?page=2] sciencemuseum.org.uk Science Museum exhibit on Amy Johnson Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/famous_folk/amyjohnson/biog2.shtml] BBC Humber site for Johnson centenary Retrieved on 12 February 2008
Amy Johnson National Biography 1941-1950, London: Oxford University Press, 1959

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|33|52|16.33|S|151|12|30.8|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Sydney]]
[[Category:Sydney culture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sydney]]

Kiltinan Castle

2012-01-08T20:21:02Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as not a valid orphan

'''Kiltinan Castle''' <ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsite.cgi?siteid=1076 Site Fact Sheet. Kiltinan Castle], National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, Ireland</ref> is a castle situated near [[Fethard, County Tipperary]], Ireland.

==History & Architecture==
Kiltinan is one of the oldest inhabited castles in Ireland, having been built in the thirteenth century<ref name="fethard1">[http://fethard.com/research/kiltinan_castle.html Kiltinan Castle]. Fethard.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-14.</ref><ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TS&regno=22207019 Kiltinan Castle, Tipperary South], National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, Ireland</ref>. The Castle stands upon an eminence of limestone rock and overlooks the Clashawley River.

Apart from the architectural attraction of the castle itself, other interesting features include a fine example of a castellated gateway entrance at its [http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TS&regno=22207021 main entrance], its [http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TS&regno=22207020 dovecote] (pigeon house) which dates from the fifteenth century, its [http://www.irelands-sheelanagigs.org/archive/index-13481.php.html Sheila-na-Gig] stone, and its pet graveyard, which dates to the early twentieth century<ref>[http://fethard.com/annews/2000.pdf ANNUAL NEWSLETTTER 2000]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-05-14.</ref>.

==Owners==
Kiltinan Castle has played witness to many interesting occupants throughout its history.

The first known inhabitants were The Butler family, and it was held by them until the 17th century, during the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|Cromwellian]] invasion into Ireland when the castle was attacked by Cromwell on the 13th of February 1650 <ref>[http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/ireland-1650-kilkenny.htm 1650: The Siege of Kilkenny]. British-civil-wars.co.uk (2008-02-23). Retrieved on 2011-05-14.</ref><ref>[http://www.traleetimes.com/files/HISTORY/CROMWELL1649.pdf 1649-52: Cromwell's Conquest of Ireland], Tralee Times</ref><ref name="fethard1"/>.

Following the bombardment, Kiltinan was extensively remodelled by the Cooke family in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TS&regno=22207019 Kiltinan Castle, Tipperary South: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]. Buildingsofireland.ie. Retrieved on 2011-05-14.</ref>.

The castle was first established as a racehorse stud farm in 1918, when it was bought by Capt. F.J.B. De Sales La Terriere, M.F.H.<ref name="independent">[http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/features/life-piles-of-the-rich-and-famous-why-a-celebs-home-is-their-castle-346615.html Life Piles of the Rich & Famous], Irish Independent</ref>. Although he was a British army officer, the castle was then a safe-house for the IRA during the [[Irish War of Independence]] and Kiltinan sometimes provided hospitality for British officers and fugitive rebels in turn. The captain's wife [[Joan de Sales La Terriere]] was a well known horsewoman and socialite.

The stud farm which is attached to the castle is now run by the Lloyd Webber family<ref>[http://www.breederscup.com/bio.aspx?id=3345 Kiltinan Farms]. Breederscup.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-14.</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsite.cgi?siteid=1076] [http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=TS&regno=222070196] [http://www.independent.ie/national-news/fighting-like-cats--over-planned-pub-306859.html]
* Lord Dunboyne (1968) Kiltinan Castle, Co. Tipperary – A Butler Stronghold 1452–1650. The Journals of the Butler Society. 1(1) p52.

==See also==
* [[Sheela na gig]]
* [[Bulmer de Sales La Terriere]]
* [[Fethard]]

{{coord missing|County Tipperary}}

[[Category:Culture in South Tipperary]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Tipperary]]

{{Navbox
|name = Historic Irish houses
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|title = Historic Irish houses and castles
|below = '''See also: [[Historic houses in Northern Ireland]] {{!}} [[Historic houses in the Republic of Ireland]]'''
|image = [[Image:Bunrattybig.jpg|100px]]

|group1 = [[Connacht]]
|list1 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Ashford Castle]]{{·w}}[[Ballymore Castle]]{{·w}}[[Ballymote Castle]]{{·w}}[[Clonalis House]]{{·w}}[[Dunguaire Castle]]{{·w}}[[Lissadell House]]{{·w}}[[Parke's Castle]]{{·w}}[[Tyrone House]]{{·w}}[[Westport House]] {{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[County Dublin|Dublin]]
|list2 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Áras an Uachtaráin]]{{·w}}[[Ardgillan Castle]]{{·w}}[[Ashtown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Carrickmines Castle]]{{·w}}[[Castleknock Castle]]{{·w}}[[Chichester House]]{{·w}}[[Clontarf Castle]]{{·w}}[[Deerfield (house)|Deerfield]]{{·w}}[[Drimnagh Castle]]{{·w}}[[Dublin Castle]]{{·w}}[[Farmleigh]]{{·w}}[[Frescati House]]{{·w}}[[Howth Castle]]{{·w}}[[Iveagh House]]{{·w}}[[Leinster House]]{{·w}} [[Luttrellstown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Malahide Castle]]{{·w}}[[Manderley Castle]]{{·w}}[[Mansion House, Dublin|Mansion House]]{{·w}}[[Mornington House]]{{·w}} [[Rathfarnham Castle]]{{·w}}[[Swords Castle]] {{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Munster]]
|list3 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Bantry House]]{{·w}}[[Lough Gur|Black Castle]]{{·w}}[[Blarney Castle]]{{·w}}[[Lough Gur|Bourchier's Castle]]{{·w}}[[Bunratty Castle]]{{·w}}[[Cahir Castle]]{{·w}}[[Craggaunowen Castle]]{{·w}}[[Croom Castle]]{{·w}}[[Desmond Castle]]{{·w}}[[Doonagore Castle]]{{·w}}[[Dromoland Castle]]{{·w}}[[Dunboy Castle]]{{·w}}[[Fota Island#Fota House and Gardens|Fota House]]{{·w}}[[Kilcash Castle]]{{·w}}[[Kiltinan Castle]]{{·w}}[[King John's Castle (Limerick)|King John's Castle]]{{·w}}[[Knappogue Castle]]{{·w}}[[Leamaneh Castle]]{{·w}}[[Lismore Castle]]{{·w}}[[Moorstown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Muckross House]]{{·w}}[[O'Dea Castle]]{{·w}}[[Ormonde Castle]]{{·w}}[[Parkavonear Castle]]{{·w}}[[Redwood Castle]]{{·w}}[[Rock of Cashel]]{{·w}}[[Ross Castle]] {{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Leinster]]
|list4 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Allenstown House]]{{·w}}[[Ardbraccan House]]{{·w}}[[Avondale House]]{{·w}}[[Barberstown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Bellinter House]]{{·w}}[[Belvedere House and Gardens|Belvedere House]]{{·w}}[[Birr Castle]]{{·w}}[[Carton House]]{{·w}}[[Castle Durrow]]{{·w}}[[Castle Roche]]{{·w}}[[Castletown House]]{{·w}}[[Dardistown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Darver Castle]]{{·w}}[[Dunsany Castle and Demesne|Dunsany Castle]]{{·w}}[[Durhamstown Castle]]{{·w}}[[Emo Court]]{{·w}}[[Foulksrath Castle]]{{·w}}[[Kilkea Castle]]{{·w}}[[Killeen Castle, Dunsany]]{{·w}}[[Kilkenny Castle]]{{·w}}[[Kinnitty Castle]]{{·w}}[[Leap Castle]]{{·w}}[[Loftus Hall]]{{·w}}[[Maynooth Castle]]{{·w}}[[Middleton Park House]]{{·w}}[[Powerscourt Estate|Powerscourt House]]{{·w}}[[Rock of Dunamase]]{{·w}}[[Russborough House]]{{·w}}[[Slane Castle]]{{·w}}[[Stradbally Hall]]{{·w}}[[Trim Castle]] {{nowrap end}}

|group5 = [[Ulster]]
|list5 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Altinaghree Castle]]{{·w}}[[Arthur Cottage]]{{·w}}[[Bailieborough Castle]]{{·w}}[[Belfast Castle]]{{·w}}[[Castle Caulfield]]{{·w}}[[Castle Coole]]{{·w}}[[Castle Leslie]]{{·w}}[[Castle Saunderson]]{{·w}}[[Clandeboye Estate|Clandeboye House]]{{·w}}[[Cloughoughter Castle]]{{·w}}[[Crom Castle]]{{·w}}[[Derrymore House]]{{·w}}[[Doe Castle]]{{·w}}[[Donegal Castle]]{{·w}}[[Florence Court]]{{·w}}[[Glenveagh Castle]]{{·w}}[[Gosford Castle]]{{·w}}[[Grianan of Aileach]]{{·w}}[[Hillsborough Castle]]{{·w}}[[Lough Eske|Lough Eske Castle]]{{·w}}[[Monellan Castle]]{{·w}}[[Mount Stewart]]{{·w}}[[Rossmore Castle]]{{·w}}[[Springhill House]]{{·w}}[[Tynan Abbey]] {{nowrap end}}
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:Republic of Ireland templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Aces Game Studio

2011-11-26T21:51:34Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as not a valid orphan

{{Multiple issues}}

'''Aces Studio''' was an independent game studio. They were bought by [[Microsoft]] and produced many
popular titles, such as [[Microsoft Flight Simulator]] and [[Combat Flight Simulator]].
Due to budget cuts Aces studio was closed down in 2009, and are yet to be reopened<ref name="Ref_Three" />, but it unlikely due to Microsoft using their own company '''Microsoft Game Studios''' to develop their games.

In October of 2009, members of the '''Aces Studio''' formed a new game studio called the [[Cascade Game Foundry]] for the development of simulation games.<ref name="Ref_One" /><ref name="Ref_Two" />

[[Category:Video game developers]]

{{videogame-company-stub}}

;References
{{reflist|
refs=
<ref name="Ref_Three">http://games.ign.com/objects/792/792289.html</ref>
<ref name="Ref_One">http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_O2hUG9K_S4J:www.flightsimulatornetwork.com/group/flightsimulatornews/forum/topics/breaking-news-aces-studio+member+of+aces+studio&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&source=www.google.com</ref>
<ref name="Ref_Two">http://www.cascadegamefoundry.com/press_release/</ref>

}}

== External links ==
http://www.cascadegamefoundry.com/

{{Microsoft Studios (game studio)}}

Benutzer:Kurator71/Greek landing at Smyrna

2011-08-25T22:25:29Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Greek landing at Smyrna
|partof=[[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]] campaign of [[Turkish War of Independence]]
|image=[[Image:Izmir15Mayis1919.jpg|280px]]
|caption=Greek Soldiers taking their posts
|date=15 May 1919
|place=[[Aidin Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
|casus=[[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]
|territory=
|result=[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece}}
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|commander1=[[Zafirios]]¹
|commander2=[[Ali Nadir Pasha]]² Hürrem Bey³ [[Ali Çetinkaya|Ali Bey]]⁴ Kâzım Bey⁵
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes=1: Commander of the [[1st Infantry Division (Greece)|Greek 1st Division]], 2: Commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)#Order of Battle, May 15, 1919|Ottoman XVII Corps]], 3: Commander of the [[56th Division (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman 56th Division]], 4: Commander of the 172nd Infantry Regiment ([[Ayvalık]]), 5: Commander of the 173rd Infantry Regiment ([[Urla]])
}}
{{Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War}}

The '''Greek landing at Smyrna'''<ref>Bilâl N. Şimşir, ''İngiliz belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 4'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1984, p. 328.</ref><ref>Şükrü Server Aya, ''The Genocide of Truth'', Istanbul Commerce University Publications, 2008, ISBN 9789756516249, p. 79.</ref><ref>Louis Mitler, ''Contemporary Turkish Writers: A Critical Bio-bibliography of Leading Writers in the Turkish Republican Period up to 1980'', Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1988, ISBN 9780933070141, p. 242.</ref><ref>Stavros T. Stavridis, ''The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: An Australian Press Perspective'', Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN 9781593339678, p. 17, 138.</ref> also known as the '''Greek invasion of Smyrna'''<ref>Sylvia Kedourie, ''Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 9780714647180, p. 51.</ref><ref>Peter M. Buzanski, "The Inter-Allied Investigation of the Greek Invasion of Smyrna, 1919.", ''Historian'', 25 (May 1963) pp. 325-43.</ref><ref>Marian Kent, ''Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism, and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy, 1900-1940'', Routledge, 1993, ISBN 9780714645049, p. 101.</ref> and the '''Greek invasion of Izmir'''<ref>Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, ''Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ABC-CLIO, 2007, ISBN 9781576079195, p. 193.</ref><ref>Julie Marcus, ''A World of Difference: Islam and Gender Hierarchy in Turkey'', Zed, 1992, ISBN 9781856491853, p. 12.</ref><ref>Fanny Davis, ''The Ottoman Lady: A Social History From 1718 To 1918'', ISBN 9780313248115, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1986, p. 183.</ref>

==Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir==

The Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir<ref>Erik Jan Zürcher, ''The Unionist Factor: the Rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926, BRILL, 1984, ISBN 789004072626, [http://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA92&dq=%22Society+for+the+Defence+of+Ottoman+Rights+in+Izmir%22&hl=en&ei=jBUHTq-hDeGimQWU15m2DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Society%20for%20the%20Defence%20of%20Ottoman%20Rights%20in%20Izmir%22&f=false p. 92.]</ref><ref>. L. Macfie, ''The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923'', Longman, 1998, ISBN 9780582287631, p. 186.</ref> (''İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti'' <ref>Mesut Çapa, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=609 "İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Aralık 1918-Mart 1920)"], ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 21, Cilt: VII, Temmuz 1991. {{Tr icon}}</ref>)

==Resignation of Nureddin Pasha==
The commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman XVII Corps]] [[Nureddin Pasha]]



==Allied fleet ==

British, French and Greek naval commanders discussed under the chairmanship of Admiral [[Somerset Gough-Calthorpe]] in the morning of May 14, 1919. The British forces would occupy [[Karaburun]] and [[Uzunada]], French forces would occupy [[Urla]] and [[Foça]], Greek forces would occupy [[Yenikale]] fortress. In order to prevent possible resistance, states who had fleet would land their detachments previously and whould not make an impression that the occupation waa done only by Greece. On May 11, Rear Admiral [[Mark L. Bristol]] the Commander of [[US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters]]) came to Izmir from Istanbul with battleship ''Nhama'' ? <--I don't know this ship. It must be USS ''Arizona''--->. And then ten US warships including two cruisers and six destroyers concentrated in that area. USN. Captain Dayton proposed to Greece that Allied foreces will occupy Smyrna (Izmir) at first and they would transfer the area.

== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references group=dn/>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Hakkı Güvendik, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbi, Batı Cephesi, Yunanlıların Batı Anadolu'da İstila Hareketlerine Başlamaları, İzmir’in İşgali, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Samsun’a Çıkması, Millî Mukavemet'in Kurulması (15 Mayıs - 4 Eylül 1919)'', Cilt 2, Kısım. 1, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1963. {{Tr icon}}
* Celal Erikan, ''Komutan Atatürk'', Cilt I-II, Üçüncü Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, ISBN 975-458-288-2. {{Tr icon}}
* Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8. {{Tr icon}}

==See also==
*[[Megali Idea]]
*[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
*[[Hasan Tahsin]]

==External links==
* [http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/sampapers/GREEKOCCUPATIONOFIZMIR.pdf Greek Occupation of Izmir and Adjoining Territories: Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919)], SAM, 1999.

{{Turkish War of Independence}}

{{Coord missing|Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Dumlupinar}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Battles of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Smyrna landing 1919]]
[[Category:1919 in Turkey]]
[[Category:History of Aydın Province]]
[[Category:History of İzmir Province]]
[[Category:History of Balıkesir Province]]
[[Category:History of İzmir]]
[[Category:History of Ayvalık]]

Benutzer:Kurator71/Greek landing at Smyrna

2011-07-31T15:08:15Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 11 days ago

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Greek landing at Smyrna
|partof=[[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]] campaign of [[Turkish War of Independence]]
|image=[[Image:Izmir15Mayis1919.jpg|280px]]
|caption=Greek Soldiers taking their posts
|date=15 May 1919
|place=[[Aydin Vilayet]]
|casus=[[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]
|territory=
|result=[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece}}
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|commander1=[[Zafirios]]¹
|commander2=[[Ali Nadir Pasha]]² Hürrem Bey³ [[Ali Çetinkaya|Ali Bey]]⁴ Kâzım Bey⁵
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes=1: Commander of the [[1st Infantry Division (Greece)|Greek 1st Division]], 2: Commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)#Order of Battle, May 15, 1919|Ottoman XVII Corps]], 3: Commander of the [[56th Division (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman 56th Division]], 4: Commander of the 172nd Infantry Regiment ([[Ayvalık]]), 5: Commander of the 173rd Infantry Regiment ([[Urla]])
}}
{{Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War}}

The '''Greek landing at Smyrna'''<ref>Bilâl N. Şimşir, ''İngiliz belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 4'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1984, p. 328.</ref><ref>Şükrü Server Aya, ''The Genocide of Truth'', Istanbul Commerce University Publications, 2008, ISBN 9789756516249, p. 79.</ref><ref>Louis Mitler, ''Contemporary Turkish Writers: A Critical Bio-bibliography of Leading Writers in the Turkish Republican Period up to 1980'', Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1988, ISBN 9780933070141, p. 242.</ref><ref>Stavros T. Stavridis, ''The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: An Australian Press Perspective'', Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN 9781593339678, p. 17, 138.</ref> also known as the '''Greek invasion of Smyrna'''<ref>Sylvia Kedourie, ''Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 9780714647180, p. 51.</ref><ref>Peter M. Buzanski, "The Inter-Allied Investigation of the Greek Invasion of Smyrna, 1919.", ''Historian'', 25 (May 1963) pp. 325-43.</ref><ref>Marian Kent, ''Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism, and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy, 1900-1940'', Routledge, 1993, ISBN 9780714645049, p. 101.</ref> and the '''Greek invasion of Izmir'''<ref>Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, ''Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ABC-CLIO, 2007, ISBN 9781576079195, p. 193.</ref><ref>Julie Marcus, ''A World of Difference: Islam and Gender Hierarchy in Turkey'', Zed, 1992, ISBN 9781856491853, p. 12.</ref><ref>Fanny Davis, ''The Ottoman Lady: A Social History From 1718 To 1918'', ISBN 9780313248115, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1986, p. 183.</ref>

==Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir==

The Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir<ref>Erik Jan Zürcher, ''The Unionist Factor: the Rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926, BRILL, 1984, ISBN 789004072626, [http://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA92&dq=%22Society+for+the+Defence+of+Ottoman+Rights+in+Izmir%22&hl=en&ei=jBUHTq-hDeGimQWU15m2DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Society%20for%20the%20Defence%20of%20Ottoman%20Rights%20in%20Izmir%22&f=false p. 92.]</ref><ref>. L. Macfie, ''The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923'', Longman, 1998, ISBN 9780582287631, p. 186.</ref> (''İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti'' <ref>Mesut Çapa, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=609 "İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Aralık 1918-Mart 1920)"], ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 21, Cilt: VII, Temmuz 1991. {{Tr icon}}</ref>)

==Resignation of Nureddin Pasha==
The commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman XVII Corps]] [[Nureddin Pasha]]



==Allied fleet ==


== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references group=dn/>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Hakkı Güvendik, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbi, Batı Cephesi, Yunanlıların Batı Anadolu'da İstila Hareketlerine Başlamaları, İzmir’in İşgali, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Samsun’a Çıkması, Millî Mukavemet'in Kurulması (15 Mayıs - 4 Eylül 1919)'', Cilt 2, Kısım. 1, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1963. {{Tr icon}}
* Celal Erikan, ''Komutan Atatürk'', Cilt I-II, Üçüncü Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, ISBN 975-458-288-2. {{Tr icon}}
* Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8. {{Tr icon}}

==See also==
*[[Megali Idea]]
*[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
*[[Hasan Tahsin]]

==External links==
* [http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/sampapers/GREEKOCCUPATIONOFIZMIR.pdf Greek Occupation of Izmir and Adjoining Territories: Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919)], SAM, 1999.

{{Turkish War of Independence}}

{{Coord missing|Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Dumlupinar}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Battles of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Smyrna landing 1919]]
[[Category:1919 in Turkey]]
[[Category:History of İzmir]]
[[Category:Aydın Province]]

Benutzer:Kurator71/Greek landing at Smyrna

2011-07-19T23:06:51Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Greek landing at Smyrna
|partof=[[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]] campaign of [[Turkish War of Independence]]
|image=[[Image:Izmir15Mayis1919.jpg|280px]]
|caption=Greek Soldiers taking their posts
|date=15 May 1919
|place=[[Aydin Vilayet]]
|casus=[[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]
|territory=
|result=[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
|combatant1={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece}}
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|commander1=[[Zafirios]]¹
|commander2=[[Ali Nadir Pasha]]² Hürrem Bey³ [[Ali Çetinkaya|Ali Bey]]⁴ Kâzım Bey⁵
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes=1: Commander of the [[1st Infantry Division (Greece)|Greek 1st Division]], 2: Commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)#Order of Battle, May 15, 1919|Ottoman XVII Corps]], 3: Commander of the [[56th Division (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman 56th Division]], 4: Commander of the 172nd Infantry Regiment ([[Ayvalık]]), 5: Commander of the 173rd Infantry Regiment ([[Urla]])
}}
{{Campaignbox Greco-Turkish War}}

The '''Greek landing at Smyrna'''<ref>Bilâl N. Şimşir, ''İngiliz belgelerinde Atatürk, 1919-1938, Volume 4'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1984, p. 328.</ref><ref>Şükrü Server Aya, ''The Genocide of Truth'', Istanbul Commerce University Publications, 2008, ISBN 9789756516249, p. 79.</ref><ref>Louis Mitler, ''Contemporary Turkish Writers: A Critical Bio-bibliography of Leading Writers in the Turkish Republican Period up to 1980'', Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1988, ISBN 9780933070141, p. 242.</ref><ref>Stavros T. Stavridis, ''The Greek-Turkish War, 1918-23: An Australian Press Perspective'', Gorgias Press, 2008, ISBN 9781593339678, p. 17, 138.</ref> also known as the '''Greek invasion of Smyrna'''<ref>Sylvia Kedourie, ''Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics'', Routledge, 1996, ISBN 9780714647180, p. 51.</ref><ref>Peter M. Buzanski, "The Inter-Allied Investigation of the Greek Invasion of Smyrna, 1919.", ''Historian'', 25 (May 1963) pp. 325-43.</ref><ref>Marian Kent, ''Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism, and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy, 1900-1940'', Routledge, 1993, ISBN 9780714645049, p. 101.</ref> and the '''Greek invasion of Izmir'''<ref>Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, ''Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia'', ABC-CLIO, 2007, ISBN 9781576079195, p. 193.</ref><ref>Julie Marcus, ''A World of Difference: Islam and Gender Hierarchy in Turkey'', Zed, 1992, ISBN 9781856491853, p. 12.</ref><ref>Fanny Davis, ''The Ottoman Lady: A Social History From 1718 To 1918'', ISBN 9780313248115, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1986, p. 183.</ref>

==Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir==

The Society for the Defence of Ottoman Rights in Izmir<ref>Erik Jan Zürcher, ''The Unionist Factor: the Rôle of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926, BRILL, 1984, ISBN 789004072626, [http://books.google.com/books?id=BUGIBa78aWwC&pg=PA92&dq=%22Society+for+the+Defence+of+Ottoman+Rights+in+Izmir%22&hl=en&ei=jBUHTq-hDeGimQWU15m2DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Society%20for%20the%20Defence%20of%20Ottoman%20Rights%20in%20Izmir%22&f=false p. 92.]</ref><ref>. L. Macfie, ''The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923'', Longman, 1998, ISBN 9780582287631, p. 186.</ref> (''İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti'' <ref>Mesut Çapa, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=609 "İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Aralık 1918-Mart 1920)"], ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 21, Cilt: VII, Temmuz 1991. {{Tr icon}}</ref>)

==Resignation of Nureddin Pasha==
The commander of the [[XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman XVII Corps]] [[Nureddin Pasha]]



==Allied fleet ==


== Footnotes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references group=dn/>
</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Hakkı Güvendik, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbi, Batı Cephesi, Yunanlıların Batı Anadolu'da İstila Hareketlerine Başlamaları, İzmir’in İşgali, Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Samsun’a Çıkması, Millî Mukavemet'in Kurulması (15 Mayıs - 4 Eylül 1919)'', Cilt 2, Kısım. 1, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1963. {{Tr icon}}
* Celal Erikan, ''Komutan Atatürk'', Cilt I-II, Üçüncü Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, ISBN 975-458-288-2. {{Tr icon}}
* Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918-1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, ISBN 975-16-1372-8. {{Tr icon}}

==See also==
*[[Megali Idea]]
*[[Occupation of Smyrna]]
*[[Hasan Tahsin]]

==External links==
* [http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/sampapers/GREEKOCCUPATIONOFIZMIR.pdf Greek Occupation of Izmir and Adjoining Territories: Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919)], SAM, 1999.

{{Turkish War of Independence}}

{{Coord missing|Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Dumlupinar}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1919]]
[[Category:Battles of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Smyrna landing 1919]]
[[Category:1919 in Turkey]]
[[Category:History of İzmir]]
[[Category:Aydın]]

Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album

2011-07-19T23:06:46Z

JL-Bot: removing stale CONSTRUCTION template as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox award
| name = Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album
| description = quality traditional [[world music]] albums
| image = Grammy.jpg
| imagesize = 100px
| alt = A gold gramophone trophy with a plaque set on a table
| caption = Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
| presenter = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| year = 2004
| year2 = 2011
| website = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com]
}}
The '''Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album''' was an honor presented to recording artists between 2004 and 2011 for quality traditional [[world music]] albums. The [[Grammy Award]]s, an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards,<ref name=Grammy>{{cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-grammy_awards_info,0,5279018.htmlstory?track=center|title=Grammy Awards at a Glance|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|accessdate=January 12, 2011}}</ref> are presented by the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".<ref name=Overview>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy|title=Overview|accessdate=June 12, 2011|publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>

The [[Grammy Award for Best World Music Album]] was first presented at the [[34th Grammy Awards]] in 1992. The category remained unchanged until 2004, when it was split into separate awards for Best Traditional World Music Album and [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album|Best Contemporary World Music Album]]. The first award for Best Traditional World Music Album was presented to the [[Sherab Ling Monastery]] at the [[46th Grammy Awards]] for the album ''''Sacred Tibetan Chant''. In 2011, a major overhaul of the Grammy categories resulted in the merge of the two awards to a single Best World Music Album category beginning in 2012.

==Recipients==
For the [[46th Grammy Awards]] (2004), Best Traditional World Music Album nominees included Ecos de Borinquen for ''Jibaro Hasta El Hueso: Mountain Music of Puerto Rico'', [[Ghazal (band)|Ghazal]] for ''The Rain'', Grupo de Capoeira Angola Pelourinho for ''Capoeira Angola 2: Brincando Na Roda'', Kasse Mady Diabate for ''Kassi Kasse'', [[Masters of Persian Music]] for ''Without You'', and the Monks of Sherab Ling Monastery for ''Sacred Tibetan Chant''.<ref name=EVT>{{cite news|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/article_ab491175-ea11-5c68-9c1a-f8d4ca6f3972.html|title=Complete list of Grammy Award nominations |date=December 4, 2003|accessdate=July 11, 2011|work=[[East Valley Tribune]]}}</ref> Awards were presented to the monks of Sherab Ling Monastery and Jon Mark as the producer and engineer of the album.

[[Image:Ladysmith-Black-Mambazo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=|Members of the two-time award-winning group [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] performing in 2006]]
[[47th Grammy Awards|2005]] nominees included El Grupo Cimarron for ''Si, Soy Llanero: Joropo Music from the Orinoco Plains of Colombia'', [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] for ''Raise Your Spirit Higher'', Sandra Luna for ''Tango Varon'', Pero Negro for ''Jolgorio'', and the [[compilation album]] ''Abayudaya: Music from the Jewish People of Uganda'' by various artists.<ref name=Grammy2005>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2004-12-07/entertainment/17455270_1_joss-stone-ray-charles-kanye-west/8|title=Complete list of Grammy nominees|page=8|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=December 7, 2004|accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> The award was presented to Ladysmith Black Mambazo.

Nominees for the [[48th Grammy Awards]] in 2006 included [[Mamadou Diabaté]] for ''Behmanka'', Los Pleneros de la 21 for ''Para Todos Ustedes'', Masters of Persian Music for ''Faryad'', [[Ngawang Tashi Bapu|Lama Tashi]] for ''Tibetan Master Chants'', and [[Ali Farka Touré]] and [[Toumani Diabaté]] for ''[[In the Heart of the Moon]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-12-09/entertainment/17403558_1_mariah-carey-chemical-brothers-la-soul/8|page=8|title=Complete List Of Grammy Nominees|date=December 9, 2005|accessdate=July 12, 2011|work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Awards were presented to Ali Farka Touré and Toumani Diabaté.

For the [[49th Grammy Awards]] (2007), the nominees were the Academy of Maqâm for ''Music of Central Asia, Vol. 2: Invisible Face of the Beloved: Classical Music of the Tajiks and Uzbeks'', [[Hossein Alizadeh]] and [[Djivan Gasparyan]] for ''Endless Vision'', Andrea Hoag, [[Loretta Kelley]] and Charlie Pilzer for ''Hambo in the Snow'', [[Aashish Khan]] and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] for ''Golden Strings of the Sarode'', and the [[Soweto Gospel Choir]] for ''Blessed''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-12-08/entertainment/17322976_1_corinne-bailey-rae-carrie-underwood-mary-j-blige/8|title=Complete list of Grammy nominees|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=December 8, 2006|page=8|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> The Soweto Gospel Choir earned the award for Best Traditional World Music Album.

Nominees for the [[50th Grammy Awards]] (2008) included [[Rahim AlHaj]] with Souhail Kaspar for ''When The Soul Is Settled: Music of Iraq'', [[Cheick Hamala Diabaté]] and [[Bob Carlin]] for ''From Mali to America'', [[Konono Nº1]] for ''Live at Couleur Café'', the Soweto Gospel Choir for ''African Spirit'', and the compilation album ''Singing for Life: Songs of Hope, Healing, and HIV/AIDS in Uganda'' by various artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/06/arts/06grammylist.html?pagewanted=3|title=The Complete List of Grammy Nominees|date=December 6, 2007|accessdate=July 12, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|page=3}}</ref> The award was presented to the Soweto Gospel Choir for the second consecutive year.

*[[Grammy Awards of 2009]]
**[[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] for ''Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zulu''
*[[Grammy Awards of 2010]]
**[[Mamadou Diabaté]] for ''Douga Mansa''
*[[Grammy Awards of 2011]]
**[[Ali Farka Touré]] and [[Toumani Diabaté]] for ''Ali and Toumani''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.grammy.com/ Official site of the Grammy Awards]

{{Grammy Award years}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grammy Award For Best Traditional World Music Album}}
[[Category:Grammy Awards|Traditional World Music Album]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2004]]
[[Category:World music]]

[[es:Anexo:Premio Grammy al mejor álbum de world music tradicional]]

Plasmonische Solarzelle

2011-07-09T12:47:40Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as not a valid orphan

'''Plasmonic solar cells''' (PSC) are a class of [[photovoltaic device]]s that convert light into electricity by using [[plasmon]]s. PSCs are a type of [[Thin film solar cell|thin-film SC]] which are typically 1-2μm thick. They can use [[Substrate (materials science)|substrates]] which are cheaper than [[silicon]], such as [[glass]], [[plastic]] or [[steel]]. The biggest problem for thin film solar cells is that they don’t absorb as much light as the current solar cells. Methods for trapping light on the surface, or in the SC are crucial in order to make thin film SCs viable. One method which has been explored over the past few years is to scatter light using metal [[nanoparticle]]s excited at their [[surface plasmon resonance]].
<ref name=Catchpole>K. R. Catchpole and A. Polman, "Plasmonic solar cells," Opt. Express 16, 21793-21800 (2008)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-26-21793</ref>
This allows light to be absorbed more directly without the relatively thick additional layer required in other types of thin-film solar cells.

== History ==
=== People<ref name=Catchpole/> ===

There have been quite a few pioneers working with plasmonic solar cells. One of the main focuses has been on improving the thin film SC through the use of metal nanoparticles distributed on the surface. It has been found that the [[Raman scattering]] can be increased by [[order of magnitude]] when using metal nanoparticles. The increased Raman scattering provides more [[photon]]s to become available to excite [[surface plasmon]]s which cause [[electron]]s to be excited and travel through the thin film SC to create a [[Current (electricity)|current]]. The list below shows a few of research which has been done to improve PSCs.

*Stuart and Hall: Photocurrent enhancement by 18x with 165 nm SOI [[photodetector]] with wavelength of 800 nm using silver nanoparticles used for scattering and absorption of light.<ref>H. R. Stuart and D. G. Hall, "Island size effects in nanoparticle-enhanced photodetectors" Applied Physics Letters, 73, 3815 (1998)</ref>

*Schaadt: Gold nanoparticles used for scattering and absorption of light on doped silicon obtaining 80% enhancements with 500 nm wavelength.<ref>D. M. Schaadt, B. Feng, and E. T. Yu, "Enhanced [[semiconductor]] [[optical absorption]] via surface plasmon excitation in metal nanoparticles," Applied Physics Letters, 86, 063106 (2005)</ref>

*Derkacs: Gold nanoparticles on [[thin-film silicon]] gaining 8% on [[conversion efficiency]].<ref>D. Derkacs, S. H. Lim, P. Matheu, W. Mar, and E. T. Yu, "Improved performance of [[amorphous silicon]] solar cells via scattering from surface plasmon [[polariton]]s in nearby metallic nanoparticles," Applied Physics Letters, 89, 093103 (2006)</ref>

*Pillai: Silver particles on SOI obtaining 33% photocurrent increase.<ref>S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, "Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells," Journal of Applied Physics, 101, 093105 (2007)</ref><ref>S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, G. Zhang, J. Zhao, and M. A. Green, "Enhanced emission from this Si based LEDs using surface plasmons," Applied Physics Letters, 88, 161102 (2006)</ref>

*Stenzel: Enhancements in photocurrent by a factor of 2.7 for ITO-copper [[phthalocyanine]]-[[indium]] structures.

*Westphalen: Enhancement for silver clusters incorporated into ITO and [[zinc]] phthalocyanine solar cells.<ref>M. Westphalen, U. Kreibig, J. Rostalski, H. Luth, and D. Meissner, "Metal cluster enhanced organic solar cells," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 61, 97-105 (2000)</ref>

*Rand: Enhanced efficiencies for ultra thin film organic solar cells due to 5 nm diameter silver nanoparticles.<ref>B. P. Rand, P. Peumans, and S. R. Forrest, "Long-range absorption enhancement in organic tandem thin-film solar cells containing silver [[nanocluster]]s," Journal of Applied Physics, 96, 7519 (2004)</ref> <ref>http://www.prima-ict.eu</ref>

=== Devices ===

There are currently three different generations of SCs. The first generation (those in the market today) are made with crystalline [[semiconductor wafer]]s, typically silicon. These are the SCs everybody thinks of when they hear "Solar Cell".

Current SCs trap light by creating [[pyramid]]s on the surface which have dimensions bigger than most thin film SCs. Making the surface of the substrate rough (typically by growing SnO2 or ZnO on surface) with dimensions on the order of the incoming [[wavelength]]s and depositing the SC on top has been explored. This method increases the [[photocurrent]], but the thin film SC would then have poor material quality.
<ref name=Muller>J. Muller, B. Rech, J. Springer, and M. Vanecek, "TCO and light trapping in silicon thin film solar cells," Solar Energy 77, 917-930 (2004)</ref>

The second generation SCs are based on [[thin film]] technologies such as those presented here. These SCs focus on lowering the amount of material used as well as increasing the energy production. Third generation SCs are currently being researched. They focus on reducing the cost of the second generation SCs.
<ref name=Conibeer>Gavin Conibeer, Third generation photovoltaics, Proc. SPIE Vol. 7411, 74110D (Aug. 20, 2009)</ref>
The third generation SCs are discussed in more detail under recent advancement.

== Design ==

The design for a PSC varies depending on the method being used to trap and scatter light across the surface and through the material.

=== Metal Nanoparticle Plasmonic Solar Cell ===

[[Image:PSC using Metal Nanoparticles.png|thumb|alt=A plasmonic solar cell utilizing metal nanoparticles to distribute light and enhance absorption.|PSC using metal nanoparticles.]]

A common design is to deposit metal nanoparticles on the top surface of the thin film SC. When light hits these metal nanoparticles at their surface plasmon resonance, the light is scattered in many different directions. This allows light to travel along the SC and bounce between the substrate and the nanoparticles enabling the SC to absorb more light.
<ref name=Tanabe>Tanabe, K. A Review of Ultrahigh Efficiency III-V Semiconductor Compound Solar Cells: Multijunction Tandem, Lower Dimensional, Photonic Up/Down Conversion and Plasmonic Nanometallic Structures. Energies 2009, 2, 504-530.</ref>

{{-}}

=== Metal Film Plasmonic Solar Cell ===



Other methods utilizing surface plasmons for harvesting solar energy are available. One other type of structure is to have a thin film of silicon and a thin layer of metal deposited on the lower surface. The light will travel through the silicon and generate surface plasmons on the interface of the silicon and metal. This generates electric fields inside of the silicon since electric fields do not travel very far into metals. If the [[electric field]] is strong enough, electrons can be moved and collected to produce a photocurrent. The thin film of metal in this design must have nanometer sized grooves which act as [[waveguide]]s for the incoming light in order to excite as many photons in the silicon thin film as possible.
<ref name=Ferry>Vivian E. Ferry, Luke A. Sweatlock†, Domenico Pacifici and Harry A. Atwater* Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 Nano Lett., 2008, 8 (12), pp 4391–4397</ref>

== Basic Principles ==
=== General ===

[[Image:Thin vs Thick SC.png|thumb|alt=Light effects on thin and thick solar cells.|Thin film SC (left) and Typical SC (right).]]

When a photon is excited in the substrate of a SC, an electron and hole are separated. Once the electrons and holes are separated, they will want to recombine since they are of opposite charge. If the electrons can be collected prior to this happening then the SC is pretty efficient. The way to collect the electrons quickly would be to make the conducting material very thin. If the surface is made very thin, there will be less light absorbed by the device. A thick device absorbs more light.
<ref name=Tanabe/>

{{-}}

=== Metal Nanoparticles<ref name=Catchpole/> ===
==== Scattering and Absorption ====

The basic principles for the functioning of plasmonic solar cells include scattering and absorption of light due to the deposition of metal nanoparticles. Silicon does not absorb light very well. For this reason, more light needs to be scattered across the surface in order to increase the absorption. It has been found that metal nanoparticles help to scatter the incoming light across the surface of the silicon substrate. The equations that govern the scattering and absorption of light can be shown as:
*<math>C_{scat}=\frac{1}{6\pi}\left(\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\right)^4|\alpha|^2</math>
This shows the scattering of light for particles which have diameters below the wavelength of light.
*<math>C_{abs}=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}Im[\alpha]</math>
This shows the absorption for a point dipole model.
*<math>\alpha=3V\left[\frac{\epsilon_p/\epsilon_m-1}{\epsilon_p/\epsilon_m+2}\right]</math>
This is the polarizability of the particle. V is the particle volume. <math>\epsilon_p</math> is the dielectric function of the particle. <math>\epsilon_m</math> is the [[dielectric function]] of the embedding medium. When <math>\epsilon_p=-2\epsilon_m</math> the [[polarizability]] of the particle becomes large. This polarizability value is known as the surface plasmon resonance. The dielectric function for metals with low absorption can be defined as:
*<math>\epsilon=1-\frac{\omega_p}{\omega^2+i\gamma\omega}</math>
In the previous equation, <math>\omega_p</math> is the bulk plasmon frequency. This is defined as:
*<math>\omega_p^2=Ne^2/m\epsilon_0</math>
N is the density of free electrons, e is the [[electronic charge]] and m is the [[effective mass]] of an electron. <math>\epsilon_0</math> is the dielectric constant of free space. The equation for the surface plasmon resonance in free space can therefore be represented by:
*<math>\alpha=3V\frac{\omega_p^2}{\omega_p^2-3\omega^2-i\gamma\omega}</math>
Many of the plasmonic solar cells use nanoparticles to enhance the scattering of light. These nanoparticles take the shape of spheres, and therefore the surface plasmon resonance frequency for spheres is desirable. By solving the previous [[equation]]s, the surface plasmon resonance frequency for a sphere in free space can be shown as:
*<math>\omega_{sp}=\sqrt{3}\omega_p</math>

As an example, at the surface plasmon resonance for a silver nanoparticle, the scattering cross-section is about 10x the cross-section of the nanoparticle. The goal of the nanoparticles is to trap light on the surface of the SC. The absorption of light is not important for the nanoparticle, rather, it is important for the SC. One would think that if the nanoparticle is increased in size, then the scattering cross-section becomes larger. This is true, however, when compared with the size of the nanoparticle, the ratio (<math>\frac{CS_{scat}}{CS_{particle}}</math>) is reduced. Particles with a large scattering cross section tend to have a broader plasmon resonance range.

==== Wavelength Dependence ====

Surface plasmon resonance mainly depends on the density of free electrons in the particle. The order of densities of electrons for different metals is shown below along with the type of light which corresponds to the resonance.
*[[Aluminum]] - Ultra-violet
*[[Silver]] - Ultra-violet
*[[Gold]] - Visible
*[[Copper]] - Visible

If the dielectric constant for the embedding medium is varied, the [[resonant frequency]] can be shifted. Higher indexes of refraction will lead to a longer wavelength frequency.

==== Light Trapping ====

The metal nanoparticles are deposited at a distance from the substrate in order to trap the light between the substrate and the particles. The particles are embedded in a material on top of the substrate. The material is typically a [[dielectric]], such as silicon or [[silicon nitride]]. When performing experiment and simulations on the amount of light scattered into the substrate due to the distance between the particle and substrate, air is used as the embedding material as a reference. It has been found that the amount of light radiated into the substrate decreases with distance from the substrate. This means that nanoparticles on the surface are desirable for radiating light into the substrate, but if there is no distance between the particle and substrate, then the light is not trapped and more light escapes.

The surface plasmons are the excitations of the conduction electrons at the interface of metal and the dielectric. Metallic nanoparticles can be used to couple and trap freely propagating plane waves into the semiconductor thin film layer. Light can be folded into the absorbing layer to increase the absorption. The localized surface plasmons in metal nanoparticles and the surface plasmon polaritons at the interface of metal and semiconductor are of interest in the current research. In recent reported papers, the shape and size of the metal nanoparticles are key factors to determine the incoupling efficiency. The smaller particles have larger incoupling efficiency due to the enhanced near-field coupling. However, very small particles suffer from large ohmic losses.
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Atwater|first=Harry|coauthors=A. Polman|title=Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices|journal=Nature materials|date=19|year=2010|month=February|volume=9|pages=205|doi=10.1038}}</ref>

=== Metal Film ===

As light is incident upon the surface of the metal film, it excites surface plasmons. The surface plasmon frequency is specific for the material, but through the use of [[grating]]s on the surface of the film, different frequencies can be obtained. The surface plasmons are also preserved through the use of waveguides as they make the surface plasmons easier to travel on the surface and the losses due to resistance and radiation are minimized. The electric field generated by the surface plasmons influences the electrons to travel toward the collecting substrate.
<ref name=Huag>F.-J. Haug, T. Söderström, O. Cubero, V. Terrazzoni-Daudrix, and C. Ballif, J. Appl. Phys. 104, 064509 (2008)</ref>

== Materials<ref name=Conibeer/><ref>http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_cell_materials.html</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! First Generation
! Second Generation
! Third Generation
|-
| Single-crystal silicon
| CuInSe2
| Gallium Indium Phosphide
|-
| Multicrystalline silicon
| amorphous silicon
| Gallium Indium Arsenide
|-
| Polycrystalline silicon
| thin film crystalline Si
| Germanium
|}

== Applications ==
The applications for plasmonic solar cells are endless. The need for cheaper and more efficient solar cells is huge. In order for solar cells to be considered cost effective, they need to provide energy for a smaller price than that of traditional power sources such as [[coal]] and [[gasoline]]. The movement toward a more green world has helped to spark research in the area of plasmonic solar cells. Currently, solar cells cannot exceed efficiencies of about 30% (First Generation). With new technologies (Third Generation), efficiencies of up to 40-60% can be expected. With a reduction of materials through the use of thin film technology (Second Generation), prices can be driven lower.

=== Space ===

Certain applications for plasmonic solar cells would be for [[space exploration]] vehicles. A main contribution for this would be the reduced weight of the solar cells. An external fuel source would also not be needed if enough power could be generated from the solar cells. This would drastically help to reduce the weight as well.

=== Rural ===

Solar cells have a great potential to help rural [[electrification]]. An estimated two million villages near the equator have limited access to electricity and fossil fuels and that approximately 80% of people in the world do not have access to electricity. When the cost of extending [[power grid]]s, running rural electricity and using diesel generators is compared with the cost of solar cells, many times the solar cells win. If the efficiency and cost of the current solar cell technology is decreased even further, then many rural communities and villages around the world could obtain electricity when current methods are out of the question. Specific applications for rural communities would be water pumping systems, residential electric supply and street lights. A particularly interesting application would be for health systems in countries where motorized vehicles are not overly abundant. Solar cells could be used to provide the power to refrigerate [[medication]]s in coolers during transport.

Solar cells could also provide power to [[lighthouse]]s, [[buoy]]s, or even [[battleship]]s out in the ocean. Industrial companies could use them to power [[telecommunications]] systems or monitoring and control systems along pipelines or other system.<ref name=web/>

=== High Power ===

If the solar cells could be produced on a large scale and be cost effective then entire [[power station]]s could be built in order to provide power to the electrical grids. With a reduction in size, they could be implemented on both commercial and residential buildings with a much smaller footprint. They might not even seem like an [[eyesore]].
<ref name=web>http://www.soton.ac.uk/~solar/intro/appso.htm</ref>

Other areas are in hybrid systems. The solar cells could help to power high consumption devices such as [[automobile]]s in order to reduce the amount of fossil fuels used and to help improve the environmental conditions of the earth.

=== Low Power ===

One application which has not been mentioned is consumer electronics. Essentially, solar cells could be used to replace batteries for low power electronics. This would save everyone a lot of money and it would also help to reduce the amount of waste going into [[landfill]]s.<ref>http://blog.coolerplanet.com/2009/01/23/the-4-basic-types-of-solar-cell-applications/</ref>

== Recent Advancements ==
=== Light Trapping ===

As discussed earlier, being able to concentrate and scatter light across the surface of the plasmonic solar cell will help to increase efficiencies. Recently, research at [[Sandia National Laboratories]] has discovered a photonic waveguide which collects light at a certain wavelength and traps it within the structure. This new structure can contain 95% of the light that enters it compared to 30% for other traditional waveguides. It can also direct the light within one wavelength which is ten times greater than traditional waveguides. The wavelength this device captures can be selected by changing the structure of the lattice which comprises the structure. If this structure is used to trap light and keep it in the structure until the solar cell can absorb it, the efficiency of the solar cell could be increased dramatically.<ref>http://www.sandia.gov/media/photonic.htm</ref>

=== Absorption ===

Another recent advancement in plasmonic solar cells is using other methods to aid in the absorption of light. One way being researched is the use of metal wires on top of the substrate to scatter the light. This would help by utilizing a larger area of the surface of the solar cell for light scattering and absorption. The danger in using lines instead of dots would be creating a reflective layer which would reject light from the system. This is very undesirable for solar cells. This would be very similar to the thin metal film approach, but it also utilizes the scattering effect of the nanoparticles.
<ref>Ragip A. Pala, Justin White, Edward Barnard, John Liu, and Mark L. Brongersma, "Design of Plasmonic Thin-Film Solar Cells with Broadband Absorption Enhancements", Advanced Materials, Volume 21, Issue 34, 3504 - 3509, 2 Jun 2009, 10.1002/adma.200900331, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122421537/PDFSTART</ref>

=== Third Generation Solar Cells<ref name=Conibeer/> ===

The goal of third generation solar cells is to increase the efficiency using second generation solar cells (thin film) and using materials that are found abundantly on earth. This has also been a goal of the thin film solar cells. With the use of common and safe materials, third generation solar cells should be able to be manufactured in mass quantities further reducing the costs. The initial costs would be high in order to produce the manufacturing processes, but after that they should be cheap. The way third generation solar cells will be able to improve efficiency is to absorb a wider range of frequencies. The current thin film technology has been limited to one frequency due to the use of single band gap devices.

==== Multiple Energy Levels ====

The idea for multiple energy level solar cells is to basically stack thin film solar cells on top of each other. Each thin film solar cell would have a different band gap which means that if part of the solar spectrum was not absorbed by the first cell then the one just below would be able to absorb part of the spectrum. These can be stacked and an optimal band gap can be used for each cell in order to produce the maximum amount of power. Options for how each cell is connected are available, such as serial or parallel. The serial connection is desired because the output of the solar cell would just be two leads.

The lattice structure in each of the thin film cells needs to be the same. If it is not then there will be losses. The processes used for depositing the layers are complex. They include Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Metal Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy. The current efficiency record is made with this process but doesn't have exact matching lattice constants. The losses due to this are not as effective because the differences in lattices allows for more optimal band gap material for the first two cells. This type of cell is expected to be able to be 50% efficient.

Lower quality materials that use cheaper deposition processes are being researched as well. These devices are not as efficient, but the price, size and power combined allow them to be just as cost effective. Since the processes are simpler and the materials are more readily available, the mass production of these devices is more economical.

==== Hot Carrier Cells ====

A problem with solar cells is that the high energy photons that hit the surface are converted to heat. This is a loss for the cell because the incoming photons are not converted into usable energy. The idea behind the hot carrier cell is to utilize some of that incoming energy which is converted to heat. If the electrons and holes can be collected while hot, a higher voltage can be obtained from the cell. The problem with doing this is that the contacts which collect the electrons and holes will cool the material. Thus far, keeping the contacts from cooling the cell has been theoretical. Another way of improving the efficiency of the solar cell using the heat generated is to have a cell which allows lower energy photons to excite electron and hole pairs. This requires a small bandgap. Using a selective contact, the lower energy electrons and holes can be collected while allowing the higher energy ones to continue moving through the cell. The selective contacts are made using a double barrier resonant tunneling structure. The carriers are cooled which they scatter with phonons. If a material with a large bandgap of phonons then the carriers will carry more of the heat to the contact and it won't be lost in the lattice structure. One material which has a large bandgap of phonons is indium nitride. The hot carrier cells are in their infancy but are beginning to move toward the experimental stage.

== References ==
<references />

{{Photovoltaics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plasmonic Solar Cell}}
[[Category:Solar cells]]

Chi Eta Phi

2011-06-10T20:20:25Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 7 days ago

{{Infobox Fraternity
|letters = ΧΗΦ
|name = Chi Eta Phi
|motto = ''Service for Humanity''
|founded = {{Start date and years ago|1932|10|16}}
|type = Professional
|colors= {{Color box|Green}} [[Green]]
{{Color box|Yellow}} [[Yellow]]
|birthplace = [[Freedman's Hospital]], [[Washington, D. C.]]
|publication = [http://www.chietaphi.com/Publications/newsletter.html Chi Line]
|scope = International
|chapters = 81 graduate chapters and 39 undergraduate chapters located in 26 states, [[District of Columbia]], [[St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands]], and [[Monrovia, Liberia]]
|address = 3029 13th Street
|city = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|country = USA
|homepage = http://www.chietaphi.com
|members =8000
|mascot = [[Turtle]]
|mission = provide service for humanity, elevate the plane of nursing and to increase interest in the nursing profession
|footnotes = <ref name=AboutUs/><ref name=History/>
}}
'''Chi Eta Phi Sorority, Inc''' is a professional association for registered professional nurses and student nurses. Both men and women can become members.<ref name=AboutUs>[http://www.chietaphi.com/AboutUs/index.html About US]</ref><ref name=History>[http://www.chietaphi.com/aboutus/history.html History]</ref> The Sorority has more than 8000 memembers. There are over 81 graduate chapters and 39 undergraduate chapters located in 26 stats, District of Columbia, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands, and Monrovia Liberia, West Africa. Dr. Mildred Fennal, PhD, RN, CNS is the 19th Supreme Basileus.

Chi Eta Phi was founded due to concerns of founder about the restrictions in employment of black nurses to segregated facilities and to positions where there was little or not chance of advancement.<ref name=Kitchen>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ef1gPf7IiBgC&pg=PR9 The Nurse in the Kitchen By Members of Chi Eta Phi Sorority Inc.page ix]</ref>. The organization was started on October 16, 1932 by Ms. Aliene C. Ewell and 11 other registered nurses.<ref name=Founders>[http://www.chietaphi.com/aboutus/founders.html Founders]</ref>

These Founders are
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ailene C. Ewell
! Henrietta Smith Chisholm
! Mildred Wood Lucas
! Lillian Moseley Boswell
|-
! Katherine Chandler Turner
! Susan Elizabeth Freeman
! Bessie Foster Cephas
! Clara Belle Royster
|-
! Clara E. Beverly
! Ruth Garrett
! Glady Louise Catchings
! Olivia Larkins Howard
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.chietaphi.com}}



[[Category:Professional fraternities and sororities]]

Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2011-04-06T01:22:08Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 7 days ago

{{Lead too short|date=June 2009}}
{{POV|date=May 2010}}
On 12 October 1999, the [[Pakistani army]] staged a successful [[coup d'état|coup]] led by General [[Pervez Musharraf]], who soon after appointed himself as the Chief Executive of the country. A proclamation of emergency and issuance of a number of orders by the Chief Executive signaled yet another transition from civilian to military rule in the country.

Shortly after the coup, on January 26, 2000, the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2000 was issued. This required the judiciary to take oath of office under the [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]. The majority of the judges of the superior judiciary took an oath under the PCO but judges who refused were [[house arrest]]ed.<ref name="BBC-coup">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472511.stm |title= World: South Asia : Pakistan army seizes power |date=1999-10-12 |publisher=BBC NEWS |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>

==The coup==
After the [[Kargil War]], Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with [[Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]]. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On October 12, 1999, Sharif attempted to dismiss Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf and wished to appoint [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] Director, Lieutenant General [[Ziauddin Butt]] in his place. Army Chief, General Pervez Musharraf, who at that time was on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately returned through a commercial airliner. On board were also Major-General [[Tariq Majid]] and Brigadier-General [[Nadeem Taj]] , who was the ADC to the Army Chief. In an attempt to thwart Army Chief's return, nawaz sharif changed the route of the airliner to a distant airport in the interior Sindh, this was the coup done by Nawaz Sharif to consolidate his powers. Army Chief, General [[Pervez Musharraf]], however, made the pilot stay in the vicinity of Karachi airport, because the airplane was already low on fuel. Pakistan Army launched the counter-coup and with the Pakistan Army's [[V Corps]] taking over the control of the airport, senior Pakistan Army Generals including Lieutenant General [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]], the then Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant General [[Mahmud Ahmed]], the then Corps Commander for Rawalpindi, and Lieutenant General [[Muzaffar Usmani]], the then the Corps Commander for Karachi lent his support to Musharraf by refusing to obey the orders of Nawaz Sharif. A detachment of 15,000 troops under [[Major General]] Farooq, under direct orders from Lieutenant General [[Muzaffar Usmani]] took control of the airport and so the plane eventually landed in Karachi. According to official accounts, the plane landed with only seven minutes of fuel left. Eventually that event provided the pretext for the military to act. Units of the Pakistani Army arrested Nawaz Sharif and other members of his cabinet. Sharif was convicted of plane hijacking and was sentenced to imprisonment for life. Nawaz begged and submitted a request to pardon him. Nawaz and his brother Shahbaz also signed an agreement that they and their families will not take part in politics for the next ten years. Later he was <ref name="News-Sohail-Khan">
{{cite news
|url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=182178
|title=Plane hijacking case
|date=2009-06-10
|author=Sohail Khan
|publisher=The News International
|accessdate=2009-06-18|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5hg2d8Fdy|archivedate=2009-06-20|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Dawn-Nasir-Iqbal">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/09-nawaz-pardon-documents-placed-before-apex-court-szh--07
|title=Nawaz pardon documents placed before apex court
|date=2009-06-10
|author=Nasir Iqbal
|publisher=Daily Dawn
|accessdate=2009-06-18}}</ref> pardoned by President [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]], through advice of the then Chief Executive Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]], only to be exiled to [[Saudi Arabia]] where he resided (with brief stays in London and other places) until he returned again on November 25, 2007. Then he supported the campaign to restore the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. Later in 2009 he was acquitted by Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry from the charges of Hijacking.<ref name="News-Sohail-Khan"/><ref name="Dawn-Nasir-Iqbal"/>

==Text of Proclamation of Emergency==
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Chief of the Army Staff Gen Pervez Musharraf<ref
name=SCP_PCOvalid1>
{{cite news
|date = April 27, 2002
|title = Supreme Court Judgment upholding Martial Law, PCO and Oath of Office Order
|author = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|publisher = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|url = http://thepakistaninewspaper.com/news_detail.php?id=13449
|accessdate = 2009-04-22
}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces and Corps Commanders of Pakistan Army, I, General Pervez Musharraf, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff proclaim Emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance;

The President of Pakistan shall continue in office;

The National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies and Senate shall stand suspended;

The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Senate the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies shall stand suspended;

The Prime Minister, the Federal Ministers, Ministers of State, Advisors to the Prime Minister, Parliamentary Secretaries, the Provincial Governors, the Provincial Chief Ministers, the Provincial Ministers and the Advisors to the Chief Ministers shall cease to hold office;

The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the Armed Forces of Pakistan.

This Proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on and 12th day of October, 1999.”

}}

==Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999==
Following is the text of [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] (PCO) promulgated by Chief of the Army Staff Gen Pervez Musharraf<ref name=PCO1999>[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html Text Provisional Constitutional Order 1999]</ref> on October 14, 1999. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the Supreme Court or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provincial Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Legal Challenge to Coup==

On November 15, 1999 first legal challenge to the October 12, 1999 coup was filed in the Supreme Court of Pakistan by [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah]], a member of suspended National Assembly. He requested the court, in his appeal, to declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Mr Sharif’s government that was dismissed by General Musharraf and of the two-chamber National Parliament and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref name="tribIn-zafar">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1
|title= Court moved on Pak takeover
|date=1999-11-16
|author=Reuters, AP
|publisher=The Tribune India
|accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref> Later similar appeals were filed by Muslim League (N), then by Iqbal Haider of Muslim Welfare Movement and then by Wahabul Khairi, an advocate.<ref name="dawnwire-benchform">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr
|title= Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup
|date=1999-11-16
|author=DAWN Wire Service
|publisher=University of Virginia
|accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>

On December 1, 1999 a five member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals. The bench headed by Chief Justice Saeed-uz-Zaman Siddiqui and had Justice Mohammad Bashir Jahangiri, Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid, Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice Wajeeh-ud-Din Ahmed as other members.<ref name="dawnwire-benchform"/>


On January 26, 2000 all the members of the superior judiciary was asked to take oath on PCO. Three out of five justices of the bench hearing the case declined to take the oath and were declared to have retired from the court. These justice included Chief Justice Saeed-uz-Zaman Siddiqui, Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid, and Justice Wajeeh-ud-Din Ahmed.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.paksearch.com/br2000/Jan/27/NEWCJ.htm
|title= Irshad made Chief Justice: Saeed refuses to take new oath
|date=2000-01-27
|author=Business Recorder Report
|publisher=Pak Search
|accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref><ref name="khipg-oath">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.karachipage.com/news/Jan_00/012700.html
|title= Justice Irshad replaces Justice Saeeduzzaman as Chief Justice of Pakistan
|date=2000-01-27
|author=Dawn Report
|publisher=Karachi Page (http://www.karachipage.com)
|accessdate=2009-04-24}}</ref>

==Superior Judiciary and PCO 1999==

At the time of proclamation of Provisional Constitutional Order, the judiciary was not asked to take oath under PCO. On January 26, 2000 an order Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2000 was issued that required that judiciary take oath of office under PCO. Out of One hundred and two (102) judges of superior judiciary, eighty nine (89) took oath on PCO including [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], while thirteen (13) refused to take oath on PCO. Those who refused six (6) were from Supreme Court, two (2) from Peshawar High Court, two (2) from Lahore High Court and three (3) from Sindh High Court. Those who refused to take oath on PCO were deemed to have retired.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

===Supreme Court===

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] consisted of thirteen (13) judges. Out of thirteen, seven (7) opted to take the oath while six (6) decided not to.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Chief Justice Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui
| ?
| November 11, 2000
| willing but not asked to take oath
|-
| Hon. Justice Mamoon Kazi
| ?
| December 29, 2000
| refused PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid
| ?
| February 2, 2000
| refused PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Justice Khalilur Rehman
| ?
| April 24, 2001
| refused PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed
| ?
| November 2003
| refused PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Justice Kamal Mansoor Alam
| ?
| April 2002
| refused PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Irshad Hassan Khan
| ?
| June 1, 2002
| took PCO oath, made Chief Justice
|-
| Hon. Bashir Jehangiri
| ?
| January 31, 2002
| took PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Abdur Rehman Khan
| ?
| ?
| took PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Shaikh Riaz Ahmed
| November 1997
| December 31, 2003
| took PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Munir A Shaikh
| November 4, 1997
| December 31, 2003
| took PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Shaikh Ejaz Nisar
| ?
| ?
| took PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Ch. Mohammad Arif
| November 4, 1997
| January 9, 2002
| took PCO oath
|-
|}

===Federal Shariat Court===

All four judges of the Federal Shariat Court took oath on PCO.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| Hon. Fazal Ellahi Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO. He was the Chief Justice of FSC
|-
| Hon. Fida Mohammad Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Hon. Mohammad Khiyar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Hon. Chaudhary Ejaz Yousaf
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
|}

===Lahore High Court===

Out of forty three (43)justices of Lahore High Court forty one (41) took oath on PCO and two (2) refused to take oath on PCO.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| Ehsanul Haq Chaudhry
| ?
| ?
| Did not take Oath
|-
| Najamul Hassan Kazmi
| ?
| ?
| Did not take Oath
|-
| Rashid Aziz Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO. He was Chief Justice of LHC
|-
| [[Falak Sher]]
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Allah Nawaz
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Tanvir Ahmad Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Nazir Akhtar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Malik Mohammad Qayyum
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mohammad Nasim Chaudhri
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mohammad Asif Jan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Amir Alam Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Karamat Nazir Bhandari
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Fakhar-un-Nisa Khokhar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Iftikhar Hussain Chaudhry
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| M. Javed Buttar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Munir Ahmad Mughal
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Zafar Pasha Chaudhary
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ch. Ijaz Ahmad
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Iftikhar Ahmad Cheema
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Riaz Kayani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Syed Jamshed Ali
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Khwaja Mohammad Sharif
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Syed Zahid Hussain
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Mohammad Najam-uz-Zaman
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Asif Saeed Khan Khosa
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ghulam Mehmood Qureshi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Tassadaq Hussain Jilani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Akhtar Shabbir
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Molvi Anwar-ul-Haq
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Naeemullah Sherwani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ali Nawaz Chohan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Naseem Sikandar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Bashir A Mujahid
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| [[Jawad S Khawaja]]
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Raja Mohammad Sabir
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Zafar Yasin
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Nazir Siddique
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mohammad Nawaz Abbasi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Fakir Mohammad Khokar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Abdul Razzaq Sheikh
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mumtaz Ali Mirza
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Saqib Nisar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
|}

===Sindh High Court===

Out of twenty five (25) justices of Sindh High Court, twenty two (22) took oath on PCO and three (3) refused to take oath on PCO.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| Dr Ghous Muhammad
| ?
| ?
| Did not take Oath
|-
| Rasheed Ahmed Razvi
| ?
| ?
| Did not take Oath
|-
| Mushtaq Ahmed Memon
| ?
| ?
| Did not take Oath
|-
| Nazim Hussain Siddiqui
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO. He was the Chief Justice of SHC
|-
| Syed Deedar Hussain Shah
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Amanullah Abassi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Hamid Ali Mirza
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Abdul Hameed Dogar
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Sayyed Saeed Ashhad
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Sabihuddin Ahmed
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Abdul Ghani Shaikh
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mohammad Roshan Essani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Shamim Ahmed Sarwana
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Zahid Kurban Alvi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Shabbir Ahmed
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ata-ur-Rehman
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ghulam Rabbani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Sarmad Jalal Osmani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Anwer Zaheer Jamali
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| S.A. Rabbani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| M. Ashraf Laghari
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Wahid Bux Brohi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Rana Bhagwandas
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Ghulam Nabi Soomro
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Musheer Alam
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
|}

===High Court of Balochistan===

All five (5) justices of High Court of Balochistan took oath on PCO.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]]
| ?
| ?
| took oath on PCO. He was the Chief Justice.
|-
| [[Javaid Iqbal|Javed Iqbal]]
| ?
| ?
| took oath on PCO.
|-
| [[Raja Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad]]
| ?
| ?
| took oath on PCO.
|-
| Amanullah Yasinzai
| ?
| ?
| took oath on PCO.
|-
| Fazlur Rehman
| ?
| ?
| took oath on PCO.
|-
|}

===Peshawar High Court===

Out of eleven (11) justices of Peshawar High Court, nine (9) took oath on PCO and two (2) refused to take oath on PCO. Two (2) were appointed as new Justices of PHC. At the same time, two (2) new judges were appointed.<ref name="paksrch-pcooath"/><ref name="khipg-oath"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Appointed
! Normal Retirement
! Action on PCO oath
|-
| Javed Nawaz Chandapur
| ?
| ?
| Did not take oath on PCO
|-
| Mohammad Nawaz Khan
| ?
| ?
| Did not take oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Muhammad Ajmal
| ?
| ?
| Took Oath on PCO. He was the Chief Justice
|-
| Sardar Mohammad Raza
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Mian Shakirullah Jan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Khalida Rashid
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Nasrul Mulk
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Tariq Pervez
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Abdur Rauf Laghmani
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Shahzad Akbar Khan
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Tallat Qayyum Qureishi
| ?
| ?
| Took oath on PCO
|-
| Malik Hamid Saeed
| ?
| ?
| Was not a sitting judge of PHC but was invited and took oath
|-
| Shah Jehan Khan Yousafzai
| ?
| ?
| Was not a sitting judge of PHC but was invited and took oath
|-
|}

==Changes in the Status of Parliament and Presidency==

In the original emergency declaration, the National Assembly, the Provincial Assemblies and the Senate were suspended but were not dissolved. Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Senate, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies were also suspended. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, who was the President of Pakistan at the time of coup, was allowed to function.<ref
name=SCP_referlegal>
{{cite news
|date = April 27, 2002
|title = Supreme Court Judgment Decision, Constitution Petition 15, 17-23 of 2002
|author = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|publisher = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|url = http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/sub_links/judgements/jo2.htm
|accessdate = 2009-04-22
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

On June 20, 2001 an order issued by Chief Executive (Chief Executive’s Order No. 2 of 2001) dissolved the assemblies, and removed Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Senate, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies.<ref name="SCP_referlegal"/>

On June 20, 2001 an order was issued by Chief Executive (Chief Executive’s Order No. 2 of 2001) which declared that ''the person holding the office of the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan immediately before the commencement of the Proclamation of Emergency (Amendment) Order, 2001, shall cease to hold the office with immediate effect''. As the result of this order, Tarar was removed from the office of President.<ref name="SCP_referlegal"/>

On June 20, 2001 an order issued by Chief Executive (Chief Executive’s Order No. 3 of 2001) declared that, ''upon the office of the President becoming vacant for any reason whatsoever, the Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall be the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and shall perform all functions assigned to the President by or under the Constitution or by or under any law. It was further provided that the Chief Executive shall hold office as President until his successor enters upon his office''. As the result of this order, Pervez Musharraf took over as President of Pakistan.<ref
name=SCP_referlegal>
{{cite news
|date = April 27, 2002
|title = Supreme Court Judgment Decision, Constitution Petition 15, 17-23 of 2002
|publisher = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|author = Supreme Court of Pakistan
|url = http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/sub_links/judgements/jo2.htm
|accessdate = 2009-04-22
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

On 12 May 2000 the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] ordered Pervez Musharraf to hold general elections by 12 October 2002. In an attempt to legitimize his presidency and assure its continuance after the impending elections, he held a national referendum on 30 April 2002, which extended his presidential term to a period ending five years after the October elections.
{{further|[[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999 Pakistani Coup D'etat}}
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repressions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Political engineering by coup]]
[[ms:Rampasan kuasa tentera Pakistan 1999]]
[[ur:12 اکتوبر 1999 کی پاکستان کی فوجی بغاوت]]

Streudiagramm-Glätter

2010-07-02T21:51:08Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 7 days ago

In [[statistics]] various smoothing methods are available to fit a function through the points of a [[scatterplot]] to best represent the relationship between the variables.

Scatterplots may be smoothed by fitting a line to the data points in a diagram. This line attempts to display the non-random component of the association between the variables in a 2D scatter plot.

Smoothing is normally accomplished by using any one of the techniques mentioned below.

* A straight line
* A [[quadratic]] or a [[polynomial]] curve
* Smoothing [[spline]]s

Of these the smoothing splines technique is applied when greater flexibility is needed in nonlinear associations. The curve is fitted in such a way that provides the best fit, often defined as the fit that results in the minimum sum of the squared errors ([[least squares]] criterion).

The use of smoothing separates the non-random data from the random fluctuations and allows to predict the response based value of the explanatory variable.<ref>http://www.netmba.com/statistics/plot/scatter/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Local regression]]
* [[Additive model]]
* [[Generalized additive model]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Regression analysis]]
[[Category:Statistical charts and diagrams]]

Caribbean Festival of Arts

2009-12-29T22:22:40Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as no longer an orphan

'''Caribbean Festival of Arts''', commonly known as '''Carifesta''', is a multicultural event organized on periodic basis by the countries of the [[Caribbean]]. The main purpose is to gather artists, musicians, authors, and to exhibit the folkloric and artistic manifestations of the region.

The first Caribbean Festival of Arts took place in [[Guyana]] in 1972. This event was organized by Guyana's [[Forbes Burnham]], based on a similar event that took place in [[Puerto Rico]] in year 1952.

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-----
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''List of Carifesta events'''
|-----
|align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Carifesta''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Date''' || align="center" bgcolor="#98FB98" | '''Host'''
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1972]] || align=center | August 25 to September 15 || align=right | [[Guyana]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1976]] || align=center | July 23 to August 2 || align=right | [[Jamaica]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1979]] || align=center | Havana|| align=right | [[Cuba]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1981]] ||align=center | July 19 to August 3 || align=right | [[Barbados]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1992]] || align=center | August 22–28 || align=right | [[Trinidad & Tobago]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 1995]] || align=center | August || align=right | [[Trinidad & Tobago]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 2000]] || align=center | August 17–26 || align=right | [[Saint Kitts & Nevis]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 2003]] || align=center | August 25–30 || align=right | [[Surinam]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 2006]] || align=center | September || align=right | [[Trinidad & Tobago]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 2008]] || align=center | August|| align=right | [[Guyana]]
|-----
|align=left | [[Carifesta 2010]] || align=center | TBD || align=right | TBD
|-----
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.carifesta.net/ Carifesta] - Official Web Site
*[http://dloc.com/?m=hitcarifesta Historical CARIFESTA documents] in the [http://dloc.com/ Digital Library of the Caribbean]
* [http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community_organs/carifesta_page.jsp?menu=cob CARIFESTA: The Caribbean Festival of Arts] - [[CARICOM]] Web Site on Carifesta.
* [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/guyana_50002.html Digital UNICEF report from 'Carifesta' in Guyana]

[[Category:Caribbean culture]]

{{culture-stub}}

[[es:CARIFESTA]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2009-10-12T21:09:33Z

JL-Bot: removing non-applicable orphan template

'''Neofeudalism''' literally means "new [[feudalism]]" and implies a contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]] and [[economy]] reminiscent of those present in many [[pre-industrial]] feudal societies. The concept is one in which government policies are instituted with the effect (deliberate or otherwise) of systematically increasing the [[wealth]] [[income distribution|gap]] between the rich and the poor while increasing the power of the rich and decreasing the power of the poor (also see [[wealth condensation]]). This effect is considered to be similar to the effects of traditional feudalism. The definition of the term is disputed and can be loosely employed as a [[pejorative|pejorative term]] to attack [[political]] opponents.

==General==

[[Feudalism]] is a political system of power dispersed and balanced between [[king]] and nobles. This system refers to a general set of [[reciprocal]] [[legal]] and [[military]] obligations among the warrior [[nobility]] of Europe during the [[Middle Ages]], revolving around the three key concepts of [[lords]], [[vassals]], and [[fiefs]].

Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', [[6 November]] [[2002]] [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

Neofeudalism is part of the controversy over [[income redistribution]] born out of massive societal shifts during the [[industrial revolution]]. At the time the issue was wealth disparity between [[social class|classes]], landholders, entrepreneurs, peasants, workers, and other economic and social groups. Neofeudalism encompasses the current debate over globalization to include entire societies, countries, regions ("North" versus "South," "Western" versus "non-Western"), and supra-national non-state actors. Unlike other [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] issues such as [[environmentalism]] and [[security]], the concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on [[economics]].

In a proposed '''party-neutral''' definition of the term, the traits ascribed to a theoretical emerging neofeudalism would not belong to one political party alone but would be emergent throughout the whole political system in all or at least several major parties. This definition describes a version of neofeudalism with its origin squarely in the realm of business interests and the interests of business owners actively advancing agendas that benefit them personally through [[political action committees]] and [[lobbying]] efforts directed at politicians not in one, but in every political party. This is a version of the "accidental" or unintentional definition of neofeudalism and describes it as the projected result of rich individuals using their wealth and connections in legal ways to influence politics strongly to their personal advantage over a period of time. In this party-neutral definition there is no [[cabal]] or [[secret society]] deliberately guiding national politics, but rather the sum effect of the pressures put on politics by the [[wealthy]] and [[elite]] can be described as moving towards a sort of "new feudalism."

Feudal systems in antique societies usually had the common feature of being ruled by an extremely wealthy and powerful upper class (nobles and aristocrats) with nearly complete legal power over the lives and well-being of the impoverished lower classes of laborers, craftsmen, service professionals, farmer workers, and bond-servants (individuals with debts so excessive that their only legal options were [[debtor's prison]], life as homeless "outlaws," or service to the upper class as [[serfs]] or houseservants). The feudal upper classes were not subject to the same set of laws as the lower classes. Thus one of the basic criteria for categorizing a society feudalistic or neofeudalistic might be simply that its laws and customs are designed to best serve the landed and wealthy while offering substantially lesser legal protections to the landless and working classes and those in debt. Such a system need not evolve out of any deliberate desire to oppress the working classes but rather may arise simply through a process of gradually changing the legal systems of a country to best serve the common interests of the upper classes (i.e. less taxation on unearned incomes and interest, more privileges for the wealthy than for the working class or landless, lighter penalties for committing "white collar" crimes, right to purchase expensive exemptions from wartime drafts, etc.). Recognition of similarities between such ancient social systems and a given current society is the condition most likely to lead to accusations of neofeudalism, regardless of the ongoing controversy over what actually constitutes neofeudalism.

One rebuff to application of the term neofeudalism in the contemporary political setting is that such historical feudalism maintained [[caste]] without consideration of [[Capital (economics)|capital]], where commoners who accumulated capital could at best elevate their rank to that of [[merchant]]s, and class gaps of [[aristocracy]] were unbreachable even by private wealth until the late stages and breakdown of feudalism. To that extent, the labeling of monopoly capitalism as neofeudalism can be seen as a [[misnomer]]. Others would argue, however, that the prefix "neo" is meant to distinguish modern feudalism from the old kind and that use of the term only means that it mimics many of the effects of the old feudalism: an entrenched, fabulously wealthy elite, held in place by low taxes on capital and no taxes on estates; and a large and growing class of uneducated, unskilled labor brought in by unchecked immigration (both legal and illegal), and kept in check by high levels of personal debt, and high taxes on earned income (payroll, income, sales, property, etc.)

Another specific and alternative application of the term ''neofeudalism'' alleges that corporate and government policies make workers dependent on the corporations, as well as making the economic power of the corporations greater than the power of national [[government]]s. This, detractors say, leads to a situation where workers are dependent on private interests that are more powerful than government, resembling the situation that prevailed during historic feudalism. Although it should be noted that in feudal law localized [[prerogative]]s were considered government.

==Use and Etymology==

There is controversy over the correct application of neofeudalism as a term, and its political usage is often highly charged with partisan prejudice. Neofeudalism is often used by critics to describe political policies of opponents, and in extreme cases there may be asserted to be a deliberate drive towards a re-imagination of feudal systems of governance for implementation within the context of an [[information age]] society.

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', [[November 13]], [[2003]]</ref>
</blockquote>

One of its applications to current politicians is that it explains the support of some for both high levels of nearly uncontrolled immigration and of reduced taxation on the rich. Politicians thus targeted by the term are also frequently opposed to minimum wage laws, claiming they would reduce job opportunities for the poor and the young, even though their support for open borders is based on the claim that the economy is already producing too many jobs. These policies, traditionalists say, would continue to devalue the labor of the working class while creating a wealthy elite that is permanently entrenched in the style of a feudal state. Other applications might include pointing to an individual politician's family history of holding high elected office as possible evidence supporting accusations of an emerging [[hereditary]] [[aristocracy]] (another common characteristic of feudal societies).

In his 2003 book ''[[Hegemony or Survival]]'', American intellectual and [[political dissident]] [[Noam Chomsky]] writes:

<blockquote>Eliminating social programs has goals that go well beyond concentration of wealth and power. Social Security, public schools, and other such deviations from the “right way” that US military power is to impose on the world, as frankly declared, are based on evil doctrines, among them the pernicious belief that we should care, as a community, whether the disabled widow on the other side of town can make it through the day, or the child next door should have a chance for a decent future. These evil doctrines derive from the principle of sympathy that was taken to be the core of human nature by Adam Smith and David Hume, a principle that must be driven from the mind. Privatization has other benefits. If working people depend on the stock market for their pensions, health care, and other means of survival, they have a stake in undermining their own interests: opposing wage increases, health and safety regulations, and other measures that might cut into profits that flow to the benefactors on whom they must rely, in a manner reminiscent of '''feudalism'''...<ref>Chomsky, Noam. "[[Hegemony or Survival]]: America's Quest for Global Dominance". 2003.</ref></blockquote>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]

[[es:Neofeudalismo]]
[[hr:Neofeudalizam]]
[[he:נאו פיאודליזם]]

Thunee

2009-09-27T12:16:56Z

JL-Bot: removing non-applicable orphan template

{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}

'''Thunee''' is a popular [[card game]] that originated in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]. It was invented by [[South African Indians|Indian indentured-labourers]] who arrived in South Africa to work in the sugarcane fields.<ref>{{cite news | last = Khan | first = Farook | title = Anyone for Thunee? | publisher = Daily News | date = 2003-02-05 | url = http://www.dailynews.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=502&fArticleId=139983 | accessdate = 2009-08-16}}</ref> It is believed that there are variations of the game found in [[India]] and [[Mauritius]].

The game can be played by two (one-on-one), three (one-on-two), four (two-on-two) or six (three-on-three) players. Although the most popular, and most interesting, is the game consisting of four players.

The score is kept using the Six cards; these are referred to as the "ball cards".

A nominated person from the team named called out first will shuffle the cards and offer the opposition on his left the opportunity to cut the cards. He will then deal the cards face up, one card to each player at a time starting from his right. The first person receiving a Black Jack (i.e. either the Jack of Clubs or the Jack of Spades) will start dealing and the opposite side will [[Suit (cards)#Trumps|trump]].

The Dealer must always offer the opposition to his left the opportunity to [[Cut (cards)|cut]] the deck. One cannot center cut or count the number of cards prior to cutting. The opposition may decline to cut with no recourse.

Bidding (or kyleing as it is commonly known) is done when the players have four cards each and is started by the opposing team in multiples of 10. Should both players from the team call out a bid at the same time, the bid is escalated to the next multiple of 10 and the dealer will allocate who from the opposing team will call trump which must be placed on the table by the player concern. The maximum bid is a 100 and the player with the highest bid will keep trump. The opposing team may call 104. Should the team counting win the game, then they will be allowed to open 2 points on their scorecard. The bidding process can be halted if a player calls Thunee. The ''trumpman'' has the first right to call thunee.

The player who calls thunee must win all hands with the first card played in that game becoming the trump. The player calling thunee must win all hands and must not be caught by the opposition or their partner. Should the player who called thunee be caught by the opposing team, then the winning team is allowed to open 4 points. Should the player who called thunee be caught by his partner, then the winning team is allowed to open 8 points.

If a team during the game is caught committing an offence (e.g. using sign language, etc), then the team is automatically disqualified and loses the round, incurring a 4 point penalty(Four-ball) .

A Jodhi can also be called by a player after his team has won their first or third hand prior to the first card of the next hand being played. The opposition team , if counting, will thus have to meet 105 points added to whatever Jodhi was called. If the team which is counting calls a Jodhi, then the points which they have to achieve are 105 less whatever Jodhi was called. The team which claims last hand is given 10 points. The Jodhis a player can call are as follows : Jack, King and Queen of one suite which adds 30 points, or 50 points if it is of the trump suite. King and Queen of one suite which adds 20 points, or 40 points if it is of the trump suite.

A double can be called by a player on the last hand if his team has taken all hands and he is sure he will take the last hand. The call is made by the player playing the first card on the last hand. If it is a correct call then the team's ball score increases by 2. If it is an incorrect call then the opposition team's ball score increases by 4.

A khanuck is also called on the last hand if a team is going to win the last hand and the Jodhis called by that team are higher than the final point tally less 10 of the opposition team. A correct khanuck call adds 3 ball points onto the winning team and an inccorrect one gives four ball points onto the opposition team

A thunee game is won by the player or team who has won 12 rounds, or ball points. 13 rounds or ball points must be reached to win if a khanuck was called during the game. A common variant requires 13 rounds to win a game regardless if khanuck was called or not,

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Trick-taking card games]]

Kugellabyrinth

2009-08-26T21:15:57Z

JL-Bot: removing non-applicable orphan template

[[Image:Superplexus-for-Wiki1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Superplexus]]
[[Image:Superplexus1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Superplexus]]
[[Image:Superplexus2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Inside the Superplexus toy]]
[[Image:Superplexus3.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The control panel on the front of the Superplexus toy.]]

'''Superplexus''' is a [[dimension|3-D]] [[labyrinth (game)|labyrinth game]] made by [[Tiger Electronics]], a division of [[Hasbro]]. The game is enclosed in a plastic [[Transparency (optics)|see-through]] sphere, and players try to maneuver a steel ball through an intricate maze—on a narrow, plastic track—by twisting and turning the sphere.

Superplexus is composed of 100 numbered steps. Each step may be as simple as traversing a length of track or as complicated as jumping from one piece of track to another. Additionally, some of the steps involve dropping the ball into a cup or through a small tunnel to take advantage of its 3-dimensional nature. The game is divided into 3 segments identified by a small sensor, each with its own soundtrack. It maintains a record of the best times for individual segments and for the entire course.

It was invented by Michael McGinnis and is actually the second version of the project. The first one proved too difficult to manufacture and as yet has not been beaten by anyone. He teaches 3-D design at [[Santa Rosa Junior College]] in [[Santa Rosa]], [[California]].

At least one gaming group in [[Santa Cruz, California]] has renamed it as the "Escher Ball" because of its appearance and uses it as a means to identify the group to strangers. This is a reference to [[M. C. Escher]], a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] artist famous for complex [[impossible object|impossible constructions]] which the Superplexus evokes.

Superplexus was not a retail success. Retailers eventually cleared their stocks by selling them at around $5 each, with the majority of them being sold in the UK discount shops. More recently, they have been known to sell on [[eBay]] anywhere between $25 for a non functioning puzzle to $165 for a sealed autographed version from Michael McGinnis.

== Knock-Off ==

In [[December 2008]], a clone of the Superplexus called "360 Puzzle Sphere", became available on [[ThinkGeek]]. Few photos were available, but it appeared to be an exact duplicate of the Superplexus, without the electronics, with different-colored plastics, and with a less-elegant "seam" holding together the two clear plastic domes of the case. ThinkGeek currently has the "360 Puzzle Sphere" in stock.[http://www.thinkgeek.com/geektoys/games/b0d0/]

==External links==
* [http://www.santarosa.edu/~mmcginni/superplexus/ Michael McGinnis's page about the development of Superplexus]
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/12/20/NB161308.DTL An article in SFGate about SuperPlexus]

[[Category:Games of physical skill]]

[[Category:Puzzles]]
[[Category:Toys of the 2000s]]

[[nl:Superplexus]]

Whitening (Statistik)

2009-05-13T22:40:50Z

JL-Bot: removing non-applicable orphan template

The '''whitening transformation''' is a [[decorrelation]] method that converts the [[covariance matrix]] S of a set of samples into the identity matrix I. This effectively creates new random variables that are uncorrelated and have the same variances as the original random variables. The method is called the whitening transform because it transforms the input matrix closer towards [[white noise]].

This can be expressed as
<math>A_w = \Phi \Lambda^{-\frac{1}{2}} \Phi^{T}</math>
<ref>R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, and D.G. Stork, Pattern Classification, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001, pp. 34</ref>

where <math>\Phi</math> is the matrix with the eigenvectors of "S" as its columns and <math>\Lambda</math> is the diagonal matrix of corresponding eigenvalues.
==See also==
* [[Decorrelation]]
* [[Randomness extractor]]
* [[Hardware random number generator]]
==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Classification algorithms]]

Benutzer:Siddharta.563/Gesundheitserwartung

2009-03-29T13:46:44Z

JL-Bot: removing non-applicable orphan template

{{Morefootnotes|date=December 2008}}
The '''Healthy Life Years''' indicator (HLY) is an European structural indicator computed by [[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_health&root=REF_TB_health/t_health/t_hlth/tsien180 Eurostat]]. It is one of the summary measures of population health, known as health expectancies<ref>[http://www.ehemu.eu EHEMU website]</ref>, composite measures of health that combine mortality and morbidity data to represent overall population health on a single indicator.
HLY measures the number of remaining years that a person of a certain age is expected to live without disability. It is actually a disability-free life expectancy.

== History ==
The European Union has decided to include a small set of health expectancies among its European Community Health Indicators (ECHI) to provide synthetic measures of disability, chronic morbidity and perceived health. Therefore the Minimum European Health Module (MEHM)<ref>[http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_telechargement/11004/telechargement_fichier_en_userguide2.pdf Selection of a Coherent Set of Health Indicators for the European Union]</ref>, composed of 3 general questions covering these dimensions, has been introduced into the Eurostat EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Survey (EU-SILC)<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=32003R1980&model=guichett EU-SILC]</ref> to improve the comparability of health expectancies between countries. In addition life expectancy without long term activity limitation, based on the disability question, was selected in 2004 to be one of the structural indicators to be examined every year, during the European Spring Council for assessing the EU strategic goals ([[Lisbon Strategy]]) under the name of '''“Healthy Life Years” (HLY)'''<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/indicators/lifeyears_en.htm Health Life Years in the core of the Lisbon Strategy ]</ref>.

Detailed information on the Health Expectancies in Europe are available from the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit ([http://www.ehemu.eu EHEMU]) while last Healthy Life Years values can be found on the general public website ([http://www.healthy-life-years.eu HLY]) devoted to the Healthy Life Years.

== Context ==
Dramatic increases in [[life expectancy]] in the most developed countries - and therefore in the countries of the European Union - constitute one of the most remarkable advances of the last decades. But why prolong life if this is to be accompanied by increases in severe mental and physical impairment? Thus a further challenge confronts the European Community: '''increasing life expectancy in good health.'''

In this context, the classical mortality indicators are no longer sufficient to monitor the health status of European populations. The availability of '''health expectancy indicators''' dividing life expectancy into life spent in different states of health is extremely useful to health authorities in the field of '''public health''' and '''health policies''' provided that these indicators allow comparisons over time and between geographic areas and between socio-economic groups in society. As the post-war generation reaches retirement, the pace of ageing will increase dramatically in our European societies, with profound '''social effects'''. HLY is an important indicator :

* Health of a population is inherently difficult to measure because it is often defined differently among individuals, populations, cultures, and even across time periods.

* Many studies focus on measures such as physical impairment or disability in functional tasks or presence of a specific chronic disease. '''Self-assessed health''', being much more global and subjective in nature, can incorporate a variety of aspects of health including cognitive and emotional as well as physical status, and therefore provide insights into the '''needs''' of an '''ageing society'''. Hence, self-assessed health measures as HLY may be a particularly important indicator of the potential demand for '''health services''' and '''long-term care needs'''.

* The two components of the calculation of the HLY are life tables and self-perceived disability assessed by health surveys. From 1995 to 2001, data from the Eurostat European Community Household Panel (ECHP) survey have been used for the EU-15 Member States. Its successor, the Eurostat EU-SILC has been used from 2005 onwards for the EU-25 and then 27 Member States.

== Example ==
[[Image:Graph HLY 2005.jpg]]
* The HLY estimates are provided for the 25 EU Member States using the EU-SILC data for 2005 (Graph)
* '''Warning about Denmark''': SILC data for Denmark in 2004 and 2005 are not strictly comparable to other countries. The question on activity limitation is far from the reference variable description in English: restriction for longer time-periods within the past six months '''versus''' for at least six months in the reference, and two possible answer categories '''versus''' three in the reference. Furthermore, the question is only asked to respondents who have reported a longstanding illness or health problem.

==See also==
* [[Disability-adjusted life years]]
* [[Quality-adjusted life year]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
* C. Jagger, C. Gillies, F. Mascone, E. Cambois, H. Van Oyen, W.J. Nusselder, J.-M. Robine, EHLEIS team. Inequalities in healthy life years in the 25 countries of the European Union in 2005: a cross-national meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2008. Accessed 17 November 2008. Available from : [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)61594-9/abstract The Lancet]

* J.-M. Robine. Summarizing health status. In: Pencheon D,Guest C,Melzer D,Gray JAM, editors. Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 160-168.

* J.-M. Robine, C. Jagger, Euro-REVES group. Creating a coherent set of indicators to monitor health across Europe: the Euro-REVES 2 project. Eur J Public Health. 2003;13(3):6-14.

== External links ==
* [http://www.healthy-life-years.eu/ Healthy Life Years]
* [http://www.ehemu.eu European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit]
* [http://www.tf-he.eu/ European Task Force on Health Expectancies]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/health/index_en.htm Europa - Public Health]
* [http://reves.site.ined.fr/en/ REVES, the International Network on Health Expectancy and the Disability Process]
* [http://www.healthypeople.gov/ US Healthy People]
* [http://www.who.int/en/ WHO | World Health Organization]

[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Health Indicator]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Aging]]

[[fr:Healthy Life Years]]

Wright R-975

2009-03-10T20:47:46Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 9 days ago

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= R-975 Whirlwind
|image=
|caption=
}}
{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
|type= [[Radial engine]]
|manufacturer= [[Wright Aeronautical]]
|national origin= [[United States]]
|first run=
|major applications= [[Beechcraft Staggerwing]] [[BT-13 Valiant]] [[Ford Trimotor|Ford Trimotor 4-AT-E]] [[North American BT-9]]
|number built =
|program cost =
|unit cost =
|developed from =
|variants with their own articles =
|developed into =
}}
|}

The '''Wright R-975 Whirlwind''' was a radial engines developed in the United States by [[Wright Aeronautical]] (originally an independent company, later a division of [[Curtiss-Wright]]).

==History==

The Whirlwind was a direct descendant of the [[Lawrance J-1]], a 9-cylinder air-cooled radial built by the Lawrance Aero Engine Company for the U.S. Navy. The Navy was very enthusiastic about air-cooled radials and was concerned that Lawrance couldn't produce enough engines for its needs but the larger engine makers, Wright and Curtiss, had no interest in building such engines. The Navy suggested to Wright that it purchase the Lawrance company and build the J-1 itself. For added incentive, the Navy also told Wright that they would buy no more of Wright's liquid-cooled engines or spares for them. Since the Navy's purchases were a big chunk of Wright's business, Wright was thus forced to purchase Lawrance in 1923. Further J-1 engines were built by Wright.

Wright introduced the J-3 later in 1923 to fix some flaws in the J-1. (The "J-2" designation had already been used by Lawrance for an experimental design of larger bore which never went into production.) The J-4 "Whirlwind" of 1924 was the first model in the series to carry that name and the J-5 Whirlwind of 1925 (later designated the [[Wright R-790|R-790]] by the U.S. government) had a greatly improved cylinder design. All of these engines were 9-cylinder radials with 4.5-inch (114 mm) bore and 5.5-inch (140 mm) stroke.

In the J-6 Whirlwind series, Wright expanded the cylinder bore to 5.0 inches (127 mm).

During the 1930s, Wright developed two Whirlwind versions, the R-1510 and R-1670, which used a 14-cylinder double-row configuration. However, these never got past the experimental stage and were only used in aircraft prototypes.

The Whirlwind was lighter and more reliable than a liquid-cooled engine of similar power, since the latter's cooling system added weight and required extra maintenance. Thanks to these advantages Whirlwind engines were used widely and were built in large numbers. Licensed copies were produced by manufacturers such as [[Continental Motors]], [[Hispano-Suiza]], and [[Shvetsov]]. The Whirlwind's success led to the development of other air-cooled radial engines throughout the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s and these gradually eclipsed most liquid-cooled aircraft engines.

During [[World War II]] Continental Motors built the R-975 under license for use in Allied tanks and other armored vehicles, thousands of which used this engine. When used in a tank, the Whirlwind had a cooling fan attached to its power shaft to provide the same cooling effect as an airplane's propeller blast. Use of the high-octane fuel in the tanks brought with it an unfortunate danger however—when idling for long periods high octane fumes gathered around the vehicle, which could be ignited and cause a flash fire<ref>[[Steven Pressfield]] ''Killing Rommel'' Doubleday Publishing, 2008</ref>.

==Variants==

* J-6-9 (R-975): 300 hp (224 kW) @ 2000 RPM.
* R-975E: 330 hp (246 kW) @ 2000 RPM. Higher power from improved cylinder head.
* R-975E-1: 365 hp (272 kW) @ 2100 RPM. Higher compression ratio.
* R-975E-3: 420 hp (313 kW) @ 2200 RPM up to 1400 ft (427 m), 450 hp (336 kW) @ 2250 RPM for takeoff. Increased supercharging, slightly higher compression ratio.
* R-975E-C2: 400 hp (298 kW) @ 2400 RPM. Built by Continental Motors under license. Designed for use in armored vehicles.

==Applications==

* [[Beechcraft Staggerwing]] B17R, C17R, and D17R
* [[Bellanca CH-300|Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker]]
* [[Cessna DC-6|Cessna DC-6A Chief]]
* [[Curtiss-Wright CW-22]]
* [[SNC Falcon|Curtiss-Wright SNC-1 Falcon]]
* [[F9C Sparrowhawk|Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk]]
* [[Fokker Universal|Fokker Standard Universal]]
* [[Fokker T.VIII]]
* [[Ford Trimotor|Ford Trimotor 4-AT-E]]
* [[Ireland N-2B Neptune]]
* [[Keystone-Loening K-84|Keystone-Loening K-84 Commuter]]
* [[North American BT-9]]
* [[Pitcairn-Cierva PCA-2]]
* [[Ryan B-5 Brougham]]
* [[Stinson Detroiter]] SM-1F
* [[Travel Air S-6000B]]
* [[VL Pyry]]
* [[BT-13 Valiant|Vultee BT-15 Valiant]]

===Continental R-975===
* [[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)]]
* [[M3 Grant]]
* [[M4 Sherman]]
* [[M7 Priest]]
* [[M18 Hellcat]]
* [[M12 Gun Motor Carriage]]
* [[M40 GMC]]
* [[Piasecki H-25]]
* [[Ram Tank]]
* [[Sexton (artillery)]]
* [[Skink anti-aircraft tank]]

==Specifications (Whirlwind R-975-E3)==
{{pistonspecs|


|type=9 cylinder air cooled radial engine
|bore=127mm (5.0 in)
|stroke=140mm (5.5 in)
|displacement=15.94 Liters (973 cu in)
|length=1,046mm (41.20 in)
|mount diameter=489mm (19.25 in)

|width=mm (in)
|height=1,143mm (45 in)
|weight=299kg (660 lbs)
|valvetrain=1 inlet and 1 exhaust valve per cylinder.
|supercharger=yes
|turbocharger=
|fuelsystem=1 Stromberg carburetor
|fueltype=73 octane
|oilsystem=
|coolingsystem=air
|power=420 hp @ 2,200 RPM
|specpower=
|compression=6.3:1
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|oilcon=
|power/weight=2.28lb/hp @ cruise speed
}}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Wright R-540]]
* [[Wright R-760]]
* [[Wright R-790]]
* [[Wright R-1200]]

|similar engines=
* [[Pratt & Whitney Wasp]] series

|lists=
* [[List of aircraft engines]]

|see also=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |last= Gunston |first= Bill |title=World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines |year=1986 |publisher=Patrick Stephens |location= Wellingborough |pages=196-197 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.enginehistory.org/Wright/Wright%20J-5.pdf Wright J-5 "Whirlwind"] (PDF), by Kimble D. McCutcheon, from the Aircraft Engine Historical Society
* http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Duxford/usaero16.htm
{{Wright aeroengines}}
{{Continental aeroengines}}
{{Aviation lists}}

[[Category:Radial engines]]
[[Category:Aircraft piston engines]]

[[de:Wright J-5]]

Perennibranchiat

2009-01-17T01:52:05Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 8 days ago

'''Perennibranchiate''', in [[zoology]], is the condition of an organism retaining [[branchae]], or gills, through life; This condition is generally said of certain [[amphibia]], such as the menobranchus; the term is opposed to [[caducibranchiate]].

==See also==
* [[Neoteny]]

==References==
* William Benjamin Carpenter (1854) ''Principles of Comparative Physiology'', Published by Blanchard and Lea, 752 pages

==Line notes==
{{reflist}}

{{zoology-stub}}

Ranavirus

2008-12-16T23:13:14Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 8 days ago

{{Taxobox
| name = Ranavirus
| image =
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| virus_group = i
| ordo = ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
| familia = [[Iridoviridae]]
| genus = '''''Ranavirus'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Types
| subdivision =
*''Ambystoma tigrinum'' virus (ATV)
*frog virus 3 (FV3)
*tiger frog virus (TFV)
}}
'''''Ranavirus''''' is a group of [[Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses]] in the [[Iridoviridae]] family. Much like [[chytridiomycosis]], this pathogen has affected [[amphibian]] populations worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi=10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.001
| title=Genomic sequence of a ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) associated with salamander mortalities in North America
| year=2003
| author=Jancovich, J
| journal=Virology
| volume=316
| pages=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| unused_data = Brunner 2004. Intraspecific reservoirs: complex life history and the persistence of a lethal Ranavirus. Ecology, 85(2), 2004, pp. 560–566}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00735.x|title = Susceptibility of Italian agile frog populations to an emerging strain of Ranavirus parallels population genetic diversity|year = 2005|author = Pearman, Peter B.|journal = Ecology Letters|volume = 8|pages = 401}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Rana'' is derived from the [[Latin]] for frog.<ref>{{cite web|title=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=frog|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=frog}}</ref> It is also used as the genus name for [[true frogs]], which can be infected by the viruses.

==See also==
*[[Decline in amphibian populations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikispecies-inline|List of viruses}}

{{virus-stub}}

[[Category:viruses]]

Belagerung von Sardes

2008-11-17T15:35:06Z

JL-Bot: removing stale in-use template(s) as last edited 8 days ago

{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Siege of Sardis (546 BC)
|partof=the [[Cyrus the Great|Wars of Cyrus the Great]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=[[January]], [[546 BC]]
|place=[[Sardis]], [[Lydia]]
|result=Decisive [[Persian Empire|Persian]] victory.
|territory=Anatolia officially annexed by Persia.
|combatant1=[[Lydia|Lydian Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]
|commander1=[[Croesus]], unknown others
|commander2=[[Cyrus the Great]], [[Harpagus]], unknown others
|strength1=Unknown
|strength2=Unknown
|casualties1=Unknown
|casualties2=Light
}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Cyrus the Great}}

In the '''Siege of Sardis (546 BC)''', the last decisive conflict after the [[Battle of Thymbra]], which was fought between the forces of [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] and [[Cyrus the Great]], Cyrus followed Croesus to his city. He laid siege to it for 14 days, and then captured it.<ref>Briant, Pierre ''From Cyrus to Alexander'' Eisenbrauns (29 Jul 2006) ISBN:978-1575061207 p.36 [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA36&dq=siege+sardis+cyrus+croesus]</ref>

The siege was to be known as the final event before [[Lydia]] was officially annexed by the [[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]. The [[Ionians]] and other [[Asia]]tic [[Greeks]] revolted against Cyrus, and the revolt was finally put down by his best commander [[Harpagus]] the [[Mede]] in [[542 BC]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Iran-stub}}
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:546 BC]]
[[Category:6th century BC conflicts]]
[[Category: Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire|Siege of Sardis (546 BC)]]

[[sh:Opsada Sarda (546. pne.)]]

Mission Ridge Ski Area

2008-11-10T15:53:02Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as 5 article links exist

{{cleanup|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox ski area
| name = Mission Ridge Ski Area
| logo =
| picture =
| caption =
| location = [[Wenatchee]], [[Washington]], [[United States|US]]
| lat_d =
| long_d =
| top_elevation = 6,820 ft (2063 m)
| base_elevation = 4,570 ft (1393 m)
| skiable_area = {{convert|1000|acre|km2}}
| number_trails = 36
| longest_run =
| liftsystem = 4 [[chairlift|chairs]], 2 surface
| snowfall = 200 inches
| external_link = [http://www.missionridge.com Mission Ridge]
|}}

The '''Mission Ridge Ski Area''' is a [[ski resort]] located near [[Wenatchee]], [[Washington]], [[United States]]. The base elevation is at 4,570 feet (1393 m) with the peak at 6,820 feet (2063 m).

Mission Ridge gets an average of {{convert|200|in|mm}} of snow per year with over 300 sunny days. There are 6 lifts, 1 High speed [[Poma]] detachable quad, 3 fixed grip double chairlifts, and two rope tows. Mission Ridge is considered by many to have the driest snow in the state of
Washington. The only terrain park is relatively small and is called the B24 terrain park.

'''Acrerage:''' operating on 2,000 acres total 
'''Vertical Rise:''' 2,250 ft 
'''Easiest Trails:''' 10% 
'''More Difficult Trails:''' 60% 
'''Advanced/Expert Trails:''' 30% 
'''Location:''' 12 miles outside of Wenatchee, Washington 
'''Snowmaking:''' 
Chairlifts #1 & #4 and all the way to the summit via the chairline of Liberator Express 
40 hydrants, covering 66 acres 
18 million gallon reservoir 
'''Season:''' Late November to Early April 
'''Hours:''' 
Holiday periods -7 days a week 
Thursday through Monday 9am-4pm 
Nights ski - 4pm-9pm 
'''Lifts:''' 1 High Speed Quad, 3 double chair lifts, 2 tows 
'''Lift Capacity:''' 4,910 skiers per hour 
'''Designated Trails:''' 36

[[1944]] - A military [[B-24 Liberator]] heavy bomber crashed in the Squilchuck Basin.

==External links==
* [http://www.missionridge.com Mission Ridge Ski Area Website]

[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Washington]]
[[Category:Chelan County, Washington]]
{{ski-stub}}
{{Washington-stub}}

Tyrrellspass Castle

2008-05-14T01:54:50Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as 7 article links exist

'''Tyrrellspass Castle'''<ref>http://www.tyrrellspasscastle.com/history.html Tyrrellspass_Castle_Restaurant_&_Museum </ref> dates back to circa 1411. It is situated in the town of [[Tyrrellspass]], Co. [[Westmeath]]. It is the only remaining castle of the Tyrrells, cousins of William the Conqueror, who came to Ireland around the time of 1169. It was home to the Tyrrells of Fartullagh for many decades. Richard Tyrrell, associated with the battle of Tyrrellspass 1597 is the most famous of the extended Tyrrell family. The Family's' close link with [[William the Conqueror]] was also one of the main reasons why this clan gained notoriety in Ireland.

== Architecture ==
The castle is approx 20 metres high and follows the general pattern of tower houses, stone built, essentially defensive and comprising a series of superimposed chambers. The original spiral staircase and one of the original roof beams dating from 1280, can still be seen today. Alongside the entrance door is a murder hole through which intruders could be attacked.

== History & Present ==
During the Cromwellian invasion of 1650, it is said the castle occupants suffered a great deal and many were executed as a result. After a tumultuous history of intrusion, it was extensively restored in the 1970’s. This major focal point of Tyrrellspass is situated on the west side of the village, located in the heart of Co. Westmeath. During the early 1990s, the building was taken over and converted into a modern style restaurant. Today it operates under the name Tyrrellspass Castle Restaurant & Museum. <ref>[http://www.tyrrellspasscastle.com Tyrrellspass Castle Restaurant, Westmeath, Ireland - Cafe & Restaurants, Steakhouse, Bistro, Entertainment]</ref> It is currently one of the busiest restaurants and venues for entertainment in Co. Westmeath, hosting medieval banquets on par with that of [[Bunratty Castle]]

==Other Westmeath Castles==
* [[Ballinlough Castle]]
* [[Delvin Castle]]
* [[Killua Castle]]
* [[Knockdrin|Knockdrin Castle]]
* [[Tullynally Castle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.westmeathtourism.com/diningout.html Westmeath Tourism ]
* [http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Ireland/County_Westmeath/Tyrrellspass-294050/Things_To_Do-Tyrrellspass-BR-1.html#0 VirtualTourist.com/travel/Europe/Ireland/County_Westmeath/Tyrrellspass/Things_To_Do]

[[Category:Castles in County Westmeath]]

Court-bouillon

2008-04-21T22:48:35Z

JL-Bot: removing orphan template as 5 article links exist

'''Court-bouillon''' or '''court bouillon''' is a flavored liquid for [[poaching (food)|poaching]] or quick-cooking foods. Nowadays, it is usually mentioned in connection with [[fish (food)|fish]] and [[seafood]], but it is also used for poaching [[vegetable]]s, [[egg (food)|eggs]], and delicate meats such as [[cockscomb]]s, [[sweetbread]]s, and the like.

Court-bouillon is 'short' ([[French language|French]] ''court'') in the sense that it is not rich, and generally is not served as part of the finished dish. Since delicate foods do not cook for very long, it is prepared before the foods are added.

For fish, it is generally a mixture of water, acid ([[white wine]] or [[lemon]]), [[salt]], [[bouquet garni]], and [[black pepper]].

Court-bouillon need not be elaborate; the court-bouillon for lobster is simply water, salt, and perhaps [[thyme]] and [[bay leaf]]; that for [[poached eggs]] is salt, water, and [[vinegar]].

==References==
* ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]''
* ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]''

[[Category:French cuisine]]
[[Category:Food ingredients]]

{{ingredient-stub}}

[[fr:Court-bouillon]]
[[it:Court bouillon]]
{{unreferenced|date=August 2007}}

Metallkorsett

2007-10-06T18:41:27Z

JL-Bot: fixing internal & interwiki links to proper syntax

{{Expand|date=September 2007}}
[[Image:ironcorset.png|thumb|100px|Example of an iron corset.]]
'''Metal corset''' (also known as '''iron corset''') is historical type of [[corset]] made mostly or entirely out of [[metal]], usually [[iron]].

Due to large amount of metal used, such corsets were heavy and more uncomfortable that ordinary fabric corsets. They were also [[padding|padded]] underneath like [[armour]]. The metal corsets also worked as a [[bulletproof vest]]s, because [[assassination]]s by knife in heart were a common risk at the time.

== See also ==
* [[Bone (corsetry)]]
* [[History of corsets]]

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Iron corset}}
*[[b:Corset/History|Corset history]]

{{corsetry}}

[[Category:corsetry]]

Chiko Roll

2007-10-06T18:26:14Z

JL-Bot: fixing internal & interwiki links to proper syntax

{{Unreferenced|article|date=December 2006}}

The '''Chiko Roll''' or '''CHIKO Roll''' is an Australian savoury snack developed by [[Francis McEncroe]], a boilermaker from [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]], and first appeared at the [[Wagga Wagga]] Show in 1951. It was inspired by the [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] [[Egg roll]] and [[spring roll]]s and was designed to be able to be eaten with one hand whilst drinking a [[beer]] with the other. The Chiko roll consists of boned [[mutton]], [[celery]], [[cabbage]], [[barley]], [[rice]], [[carrot]] and [[spices]] in a tube of [[egg (food)|egg]], [[flour]] and [[dough]] which is then deep-fried. The wrap was designed to be unusually thick so it would survive transport to [[Australian rules football|Football]] matches. It was originally called a "Chicken roll" despite not containing any [[chicken]] then later renamed "Chiko Roll".

==History==
Since the 1950s, Chiko rolls have been advertised by an iconic "girl on a motorbike" theme. The girl is usually photographed straddling a large motorcycle, holding the Chiko roll near her crotch in a phallic gesture. The accompanying slogan is "Couldn't you go a Chiko Roll?".

By 1965 most Australian [[takeaway]] restaurants and [[Fish and chips#Fish and chip shops|fish and chip shops]] carried Chiko Rolls, with the marketing 'Grab a Chiko' signifying the ease with which shop owners could take a Chiko roll from the freezer (frozen distribution of Chicko rolls was made possible ever since the factory was located near the [[Floyd Family Iceworks]] in [[Coburg, Victoria|Coburg]], who together with Frank McEnroe formed Frozen Food Industries) and pop it into a fryer and slide it into its own trade mark bag.

==Present==
Since 1995 the Chiko brand has been owned by [[Simplot|Simplot Australia]] and today has expanded its products to include: [[MexCHIKO Rolls]], [[Corn Fritters]], [[Corn Jacks]], [[Fish Cakes]], [[Seafood Roll]]s and [[dim sim]]s. All Chiko Rolls are now manufactured in [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], Australia on a specifically designed machine that produces the pastry and filling at the same time in long rolls. They are then automatically sliced and then the distinctive ends are folded.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.simplot.com.au/products.asp?pgID=46 Chiko Roll - Simplot]
*[http://australianflavour.net/aflavour/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=46 Chiko Roll - Australian Flavour]
**[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/products.asp?productID=130 Ingredients and Nutrition Information]; distributor site

[[Category:Australian snack foods]]
[[Category:Australian inventions]]
[[Category:Australian brands]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]