Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Horsey Island

2016-11-05T14:40:34Z

Invertzoo: /* Geography */

{{distinguish|Horsea Island}}
[[File:Island Lane - geograph.org.uk - 1142269.jpg|thumb|Island Lane leading across the Wade to Horsey Island]]
'''Horsey Island''' is an island in the parish of Beaumont and Thorpe, [[Essex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&r=0&o=362&i=1001&m=0&s=1476125851094&enc=1&areaSearchText=CO16+0EF&areaSearchType=14&extendedList=false&searchAreas=|title=Beaumont and Thorpe (Ward)|publisher=Office of National Statistics|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> It lies in [[Hamford Water]] and is part of the Hamford Water National Nature Reserve, co-managed by [[Natural England]] and the [[Essex Wildlife Trust]].<ref name=telegraph/> Permission is required to visit.<ref name=hor/>

==Geography==
[[File:The "road" across the Wade to Horsey Island - geograph.org.uk - 350010.jpg|thumb|right|At high tide]]
The western section of the island contains a freshwater pool surrounded by trees. At one point boats could moor here, but this is now discouraged. There are a number of oyster beds along here and the north edge of the island. In the centre of the island are a number of farm buildings. In the 19th century, a large section of land was reclaimed, with a number of sea walls constructed. Along with extensive saltings surrounding the island, this offered partial protection against flooding.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=34}} At this time, Horsey Island partially connected to the neighbouring Hedge End Island; this was part of a plan to completely join the two islands together that was never completed owning to financial difficulties.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=35}}

The island is linked to the mainland by a {{convert|0.66|mi|adj=on}} causeway across a stretch of water known as the Wade, leading from the nearest village, [[Kirby-le-Soken]], that can be walked with care at low tide.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=32}}<ref name="magic">{{cite web| url=http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?xygridref=623336,224741|title=MAGIC Map Application – OS 623336,224741|website=DEFRA MAGIC Map|publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|DEFRA]]}}</ref> It is one of 43 (unbridged) tidal islands that can be walked to from the mainland of Great Britain.<ref name=hor>Peter Caton, ''No Boat Required – Exploring Tidal Islands'', 2011. ISBN 978-1848767-010</ref>

==Settlements==
The earliest known record of Horsey Island dates from 1212, when it was known as "Horse Hey".{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=30}} It has been intermittently inhabited, with evidence of buildings dating back to 1536 and appearing on a map in 1594 as ''Horsey Illande''. The local geography has meant Horsey Island has been regularly susceptible to flooding, including severe floods in 1691, 1896, 1949 and the [[North Sea flood of 1953]].{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=33}} The 19th-century sea wall was destroyed by floods around 1897, and the surrounding land was abandoned.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=34}}

The Wade was repaired after the 1953 flood.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=33}} The farm is still in active use,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.holidaylettings.co.uk/rentals/frinton-on-sea/138182|title=Island Cottage, Horsey Island|publisher=Holiday Lettings|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> thus making it one of the most easterly inhabited islands in Britain, a claim sometimes attributed to the more built-up [[Mersea Island]] further west.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|pp=33, 71}} It remains privately owned.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bizarre England: Discover the Country's Secrets and Surprises|first=David|last=Long|p=59|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|year=2015|isbn=978-1-782-43377-4}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
The island features in [[Arthur Ransome]]'s children's novel ''[[Secret Water]]'' as "Swallow Island".<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/7801448/Walton-Backwaters-Going-with-the-flow-in-Essex.html|title=Walton Backwaters: Going with the flow in Essex|first=Brian|last=Jackman|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 June 2010|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> The south eastern edge of the island is rich in birdlife and this inspired [[Paul Gallico]] to film the BBC's adaptation of his book ''[[The Snow Goose]]'' here.{{sfn|Fautley|Garon|2004|p=35}}

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Essex Coastline: Then and Now|first=M.P.B.|last=Fautley|first2=J.H.|last2=Garon|publisher=Matthew Fautley|year=2004|isbn=978-0-954-80100-7|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

{{coord|51.876|1.245|type:isle_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of Essex]]
[[Category:Tidal islands of England]]

San Elijo-Lagune

2016-09-07T22:28:40Z

Invertzoo: /* Habitat & Wildlife */ headings take sentence case

[[File:San Elijo Lagoon.jpg|thumb|350px|San Elijo Lagoon, 2015]]
'''San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve''' is one of the largest remaining [[coastal wetland]]s in [[San Diego County]], [[California]], United States.

==History==

Native American tribes hunted and gathered along the shores of the estuary at least 8,500 years before European settlers arrived. Shell middens, the refuse of hunting-gathering societies, show the earliest inhabitants relied heavily on coastal resources, including foods such as scallops, clams, shark, barracuda, bonito, and abalone. More recently, the Kumeyaay occupied the area. They traveled seasonally to take advantage of resources both along the coast and inland.

In 1769, the [[Portola Expedition]] named the area ''San Alejo'' in honor of [[Saint Alexius]]. In the early 1800s Spaniards and other Europeans settled the region and established cattle ranches. The [[California Gold Rush]] brought an ever-increasing influx of people. Settlers established the community of Olivenhain, along [[Escondido Creek]], as an experimental farming community. Farmers plowed and planted the riparian corridors upstream of the estuary. It was the first time habitation had radically changed the vegetation and terrain surrounding the lagoon. Non-native plants were introduced that later proved highly invasive.

Between 1880 and 1940 dikes and levees were built that allowed duck hunting, salt harvesting, and sewage settling ponds. The most permanent changes were the construction of the [[Santa Fe Railroad]] in 1887, [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway]] 101 in 1891, and Interstate 5 in 1965. Each required supporting berms that restricted water circulation and the natural influx of ocean water.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/inlet San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Annual Inlet Excavation]</ref>

==Geography and natural features==
[[File:SanElijoLagoonByPhilKonstantin.jpg|thumb|San Elijo Lagoon as seen from a helicopter, 2011]]
The lagoon lies within the southernmost part of the city of [[Encinitas, California|Encinitas]] and is bordered by Solana Beach on the south and Rancho Santa Fe inland and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Reserve encompasses an area of 915 acres. The lagoon is the terminus of the Escondido Creek [[Drainage basin|watershed]] which covers an area of 54,112 acres. The water in the lagoon comes from the Escondido Creek watershed and the Pacific Ocean.

The Reserve is managed by the [[California Department of Fish and Game]],<ref>[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region5/sanelijo.html CA Dept. of Fish and Game - San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> [[County of San Diego]].<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/parks/openspace/selr.html County of San Diego: San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> and [http://www.sanelijo.org San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy].

==Habitat and wildlife==

Within its 915 acres there are 6 plant communities; coastal strand, salt marsh, riparian scrub, [[coastal sage scrub]], freshwater marsh, and mixed chaparral. There are more than 300 species of plants, at least 23 species of fish, 26 mammal species, 20 reptiles and amphibians, more than 80 invertebrates, and 300 bird species.<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/reusable_components/images/parks/doc/SanElijoBrochure09screen.pdf San Elijo Lagoon - A San Diego Ecological Reserve]</ref>

San Elijo Lagoon is part of the Escondido Creek Watershed. Within its approximately 54,000 acres, stretching from the foothills to the coastline, the last remnants of an imperiled coastal scrub habitat connect the northern and southern parts of a globally important ecological region. This coastal scrub habitat is vital to the integrity of San Diego County’s open space network and to the persistence of some of Southern California’s most endangered species, many of which occur nowhere else on the planet.

==Nature Center==
Visitors can begin their exploration of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve at the [http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center]. The nature center provides a unique glimpse for the public to see “green” building concepts in use. The 5,600-square foot building is Platinum-Certified by U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The two-story building is made from recycled materials and relies on solar energy, natural light, and ventilation. Visitors can see solar panels and irrigated roof plants. Recycled water is used in landscape irrigation. The Nature Center opened to the public in Spring 2009, replacing the former center that opened in 1988.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Nature Center]</ref>

Inside are nature and history exhibits that detail the lagoon’s plant and animal communities, Native American history, and the various natural and human influences that affect this sensitive ecosystem. San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center is San Diego County owned and operated. Rangers are on staff daily from 9 am until 5 pm, except Christmas Day. There is free parking.

==Recreation==
Eight miles of trails, open from dawn until dusk, wind through distinct plant communities of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve. An easy hike to experience wetlands begins at the Nature Center in a ¼ mile loop with expansive lagoon views and excellent salt marsh habitat animal sightings. Other [http://www.sanelijo.org/trails trails] take about 1.5 hours to complete. Most trails are considered easy to moderate for hiking and jogging. There are no restroom facilities located on the trails. Dogs are allowed on leashes. All wildlife and natural resources are fully protected in the California state and county reserve.

==Scientific monitoring==

Successful efforts by County of San Diego, State of California, and San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy have greatly improved water quality, habitat, and biodiversity. There are actively maintained projects that focus on water quality testing, habitat restoration, invasive plant removal, and bird counts

There are continuous and weekly water quality measurements taken of the lagoon's water that test the water for dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and pH. The water measurements help determine the health of the ecosystem and, also, when mouth of the lagoon should be reopened. The lagoon’s mouth, located at Cardiff State Beach, is mechanically dredged and reopened each spring following the last winter storm. The opening of the mouth of the lagoon restores the tidal circulation between the lagoon and the ocean which ensures a healthier ecosystem.

Restoring native plants and removing invasive plant species helps restore the native habitat. This is important since numerous organisms rely on native plants for food and protection. Invasive plants upset the ecosystem by crowding out and out-competing native vegetation. The invasive plants are removed by either spraying herbicide or by manual pulling. Native plants are then planted to restore the habitat.

Bird counts are conducted on a monthly basis in the lagoon. Approximately 40% of all bird species in North America have been spotted in the lagoon.<ref>[https://www.sanelijo.org/birdcounts San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Bird Count]</ref> Conducting the bird count helps keep track of how some of the threatened and endangered species are doing.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33|00|35|N|117|15|44|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Lagoons of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:Encinitas, California]]
[[Category:Estuaries of California]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in California]]
[[Category:Nature centers in California]]
[[Category:Wetlands of California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:North County (San Diego County)]]

San Elijo-Lagune

2016-09-07T22:28:22Z

Invertzoo: /* Geography & Natural Features */ headings take sentence case

[[File:San Elijo Lagoon.jpg|thumb|350px|San Elijo Lagoon, 2015]]
'''San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve''' is one of the largest remaining [[coastal wetland]]s in [[San Diego County]], [[California]], United States.

==History==

Native American tribes hunted and gathered along the shores of the estuary at least 8,500 years before European settlers arrived. Shell middens, the refuse of hunting-gathering societies, show the earliest inhabitants relied heavily on coastal resources, including foods such as scallops, clams, shark, barracuda, bonito, and abalone. More recently, the Kumeyaay occupied the area. They traveled seasonally to take advantage of resources both along the coast and inland.

In 1769, the [[Portola Expedition]] named the area ''San Alejo'' in honor of [[Saint Alexius]]. In the early 1800s Spaniards and other Europeans settled the region and established cattle ranches. The [[California Gold Rush]] brought an ever-increasing influx of people. Settlers established the community of Olivenhain, along [[Escondido Creek]], as an experimental farming community. Farmers plowed and planted the riparian corridors upstream of the estuary. It was the first time habitation had radically changed the vegetation and terrain surrounding the lagoon. Non-native plants were introduced that later proved highly invasive.

Between 1880 and 1940 dikes and levees were built that allowed duck hunting, salt harvesting, and sewage settling ponds. The most permanent changes were the construction of the [[Santa Fe Railroad]] in 1887, [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway]] 101 in 1891, and Interstate 5 in 1965. Each required supporting berms that restricted water circulation and the natural influx of ocean water.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/inlet San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Annual Inlet Excavation]</ref>

==Geography and natural features==
[[File:SanElijoLagoonByPhilKonstantin.jpg|thumb|San Elijo Lagoon as seen from a helicopter, 2011]]
The lagoon lies within the southernmost part of the city of [[Encinitas, California|Encinitas]] and is bordered by Solana Beach on the south and Rancho Santa Fe inland and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Reserve encompasses an area of 915 acres. The lagoon is the terminus of the Escondido Creek [[Drainage basin|watershed]] which covers an area of 54,112 acres. The water in the lagoon comes from the Escondido Creek watershed and the Pacific Ocean.

The Reserve is managed by the [[California Department of Fish and Game]],<ref>[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region5/sanelijo.html CA Dept. of Fish and Game - San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> [[County of San Diego]].<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/parks/openspace/selr.html County of San Diego: San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> and [http://www.sanelijo.org San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy].

==Habitat & Wildlife==

Within its 915 acres there are 6 plant communities; coastal strand, salt marsh, riparian scrub, [[coastal sage scrub]], freshwater marsh, and mixed chaparral. There are more than 300 species of plants, at least 23 species of fish, 26 mammal species, 20 reptiles and amphibians, more than 80 invertebrates, and 300 bird species.<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/reusable_components/images/parks/doc/SanElijoBrochure09screen.pdf San Elijo Lagoon - A San Diego Ecological Reserve]</ref>

San Elijo Lagoon is part of the Escondido Creek Watershed. Within its approximately 54,000 acres, stretching from the foothills to the coastline, the last remnants of an imperiled coastal scrub habitat connect the northern and southern parts of a globally important ecological region. This coastal scrub habitat is vital to the integrity of San Diego County’s open space network and to the persistence of some of Southern California’s most endangered species, many of which occur nowhere else on the planet.

==Nature Center==
Visitors can begin their exploration of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve at the [http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center]. The nature center provides a unique glimpse for the public to see “green” building concepts in use. The 5,600-square foot building is Platinum-Certified by U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The two-story building is made from recycled materials and relies on solar energy, natural light, and ventilation. Visitors can see solar panels and irrigated roof plants. Recycled water is used in landscape irrigation. The Nature Center opened to the public in Spring 2009, replacing the former center that opened in 1988.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Nature Center]</ref>

Inside are nature and history exhibits that detail the lagoon’s plant and animal communities, Native American history, and the various natural and human influences that affect this sensitive ecosystem. San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center is San Diego County owned and operated. Rangers are on staff daily from 9 am until 5 pm, except Christmas Day. There is free parking.

==Recreation==
Eight miles of trails, open from dawn until dusk, wind through distinct plant communities of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve. An easy hike to experience wetlands begins at the Nature Center in a ¼ mile loop with expansive lagoon views and excellent salt marsh habitat animal sightings. Other [http://www.sanelijo.org/trails trails] take about 1.5 hours to complete. Most trails are considered easy to moderate for hiking and jogging. There are no restroom facilities located on the trails. Dogs are allowed on leashes. All wildlife and natural resources are fully protected in the California state and county reserve.

==Scientific monitoring==

Successful efforts by County of San Diego, State of California, and San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy have greatly improved water quality, habitat, and biodiversity. There are actively maintained projects that focus on water quality testing, habitat restoration, invasive plant removal, and bird counts

There are continuous and weekly water quality measurements taken of the lagoon's water that test the water for dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and pH. The water measurements help determine the health of the ecosystem and, also, when mouth of the lagoon should be reopened. The lagoon’s mouth, located at Cardiff State Beach, is mechanically dredged and reopened each spring following the last winter storm. The opening of the mouth of the lagoon restores the tidal circulation between the lagoon and the ocean which ensures a healthier ecosystem.

Restoring native plants and removing invasive plant species helps restore the native habitat. This is important since numerous organisms rely on native plants for food and protection. Invasive plants upset the ecosystem by crowding out and out-competing native vegetation. The invasive plants are removed by either spraying herbicide or by manual pulling. Native plants are then planted to restore the habitat.

Bird counts are conducted on a monthly basis in the lagoon. Approximately 40% of all bird species in North America have been spotted in the lagoon.<ref>[https://www.sanelijo.org/birdcounts San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Bird Count]</ref> Conducting the bird count helps keep track of how some of the threatened and endangered species are doing.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33|00|35|N|117|15|44|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Lagoons of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:Encinitas, California]]
[[Category:Estuaries of California]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in California]]
[[Category:Nature centers in California]]
[[Category:Wetlands of California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:North County (San Diego County)]]

San Elijo-Lagune

2016-09-07T22:27:49Z

Invertzoo: /* Scientific Monitoring */ headings take sentence case

[[File:San Elijo Lagoon.jpg|thumb|350px|San Elijo Lagoon, 2015]]
'''San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve''' is one of the largest remaining [[coastal wetland]]s in [[San Diego County]], [[California]], United States.

==History==

Native American tribes hunted and gathered along the shores of the estuary at least 8,500 years before European settlers arrived. Shell middens, the refuse of hunting-gathering societies, show the earliest inhabitants relied heavily on coastal resources, including foods such as scallops, clams, shark, barracuda, bonito, and abalone. More recently, the Kumeyaay occupied the area. They traveled seasonally to take advantage of resources both along the coast and inland.

In 1769, the [[Portola Expedition]] named the area ''San Alejo'' in honor of [[Saint Alexius]]. In the early 1800s Spaniards and other Europeans settled the region and established cattle ranches. The [[California Gold Rush]] brought an ever-increasing influx of people. Settlers established the community of Olivenhain, along [[Escondido Creek]], as an experimental farming community. Farmers plowed and planted the riparian corridors upstream of the estuary. It was the first time habitation had radically changed the vegetation and terrain surrounding the lagoon. Non-native plants were introduced that later proved highly invasive.

Between 1880 and 1940 dikes and levees were built that allowed duck hunting, salt harvesting, and sewage settling ponds. The most permanent changes were the construction of the [[Santa Fe Railroad]] in 1887, [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway]] 101 in 1891, and Interstate 5 in 1965. Each required supporting berms that restricted water circulation and the natural influx of ocean water.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/inlet San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Annual Inlet Excavation]</ref>

==Geography & Natural Features==
[[File:SanElijoLagoonByPhilKonstantin.jpg|thumb|San Elijo Lagoon as seen from a helicopter, 2011]]
The lagoon lies within the southernmost part of the city of [[Encinitas, California|Encinitas]] and is bordered by Solana Beach on the south and Rancho Santa Fe inland and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Reserve encompasses an area of 915 acres. The lagoon is the terminus of the Escondido Creek [[Drainage basin|watershed]] which covers an area of 54,112 acres. The water in the lagoon comes from the Escondido Creek watershed and the Pacific Ocean.

The Reserve is managed by the [[California Department of Fish and Game]],<ref>[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/lands/er/region5/sanelijo.html CA Dept. of Fish and Game - San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> [[County of San Diego]].<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/parks/openspace/selr.html County of San Diego: San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve]</ref> and [http://www.sanelijo.org San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy].

==Habitat & Wildlife==

Within its 915 acres there are 6 plant communities; coastal strand, salt marsh, riparian scrub, [[coastal sage scrub]], freshwater marsh, and mixed chaparral. There are more than 300 species of plants, at least 23 species of fish, 26 mammal species, 20 reptiles and amphibians, more than 80 invertebrates, and 300 bird species.<ref>[http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/reusable_components/images/parks/doc/SanElijoBrochure09screen.pdf San Elijo Lagoon - A San Diego Ecological Reserve]</ref>

San Elijo Lagoon is part of the Escondido Creek Watershed. Within its approximately 54,000 acres, stretching from the foothills to the coastline, the last remnants of an imperiled coastal scrub habitat connect the northern and southern parts of a globally important ecological region. This coastal scrub habitat is vital to the integrity of San Diego County’s open space network and to the persistence of some of Southern California’s most endangered species, many of which occur nowhere else on the planet.

==Nature Center==
Visitors can begin their exploration of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve at the [http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center]. The nature center provides a unique glimpse for the public to see “green” building concepts in use. The 5,600-square foot building is Platinum-Certified by U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The two-story building is made from recycled materials and relies on solar energy, natural light, and ventilation. Visitors can see solar panels and irrigated roof plants. Recycled water is used in landscape irrigation. The Nature Center opened to the public in Spring 2009, replacing the former center that opened in 1988.<ref>[http://www.sanelijo.org/naturecenter San Elijo Nature Center]</ref>

Inside are nature and history exhibits that detail the lagoon’s plant and animal communities, Native American history, and the various natural and human influences that affect this sensitive ecosystem. San Elijo Lagoon Nature Center is San Diego County owned and operated. Rangers are on staff daily from 9 am until 5 pm, except Christmas Day. There is free parking.

==Recreation==
Eight miles of trails, open from dawn until dusk, wind through distinct plant communities of San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve. An easy hike to experience wetlands begins at the Nature Center in a ¼ mile loop with expansive lagoon views and excellent salt marsh habitat animal sightings. Other [http://www.sanelijo.org/trails trails] take about 1.5 hours to complete. Most trails are considered easy to moderate for hiking and jogging. There are no restroom facilities located on the trails. Dogs are allowed on leashes. All wildlife and natural resources are fully protected in the California state and county reserve.

==Scientific monitoring==

Successful efforts by County of San Diego, State of California, and San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy have greatly improved water quality, habitat, and biodiversity. There are actively maintained projects that focus on water quality testing, habitat restoration, invasive plant removal, and bird counts

There are continuous and weekly water quality measurements taken of the lagoon's water that test the water for dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and pH. The water measurements help determine the health of the ecosystem and, also, when mouth of the lagoon should be reopened. The lagoon’s mouth, located at Cardiff State Beach, is mechanically dredged and reopened each spring following the last winter storm. The opening of the mouth of the lagoon restores the tidal circulation between the lagoon and the ocean which ensures a healthier ecosystem.

Restoring native plants and removing invasive plant species helps restore the native habitat. This is important since numerous organisms rely on native plants for food and protection. Invasive plants upset the ecosystem by crowding out and out-competing native vegetation. The invasive plants are removed by either spraying herbicide or by manual pulling. Native plants are then planted to restore the habitat.

Bird counts are conducted on a monthly basis in the lagoon. Approximately 40% of all bird species in North America have been spotted in the lagoon.<ref>[https://www.sanelijo.org/birdcounts San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy - Bird Count]</ref> Conducting the bird count helps keep track of how some of the threatened and endangered species are doing.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33|00|35|N|117|15|44|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Lagoons of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:Encinitas, California]]
[[Category:Estuaries of California]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in California]]
[[Category:Nature centers in California]]
[[Category:Wetlands of California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:North County (San Diego County)]]

Liverpool Castle

2016-01-18T15:40:08Z

Invertzoo: /* Description */

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Victoria Monument, Liverpool Plaque 2.jpg
|caption=Plaque on Victoria Monument
|name=Liverpool Castle
|location_town=[[Liverpool]], [[Merseyside]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|map_type=Merseyside
|latitude=53.404934
|longitude=-2.988891
|coordinates={{gbmapping|SJ34269027}}<ref name="Pastscape">{{PastScape|mnumber=67505 |mname=Liverpool Castle|accessdate=4 August 2008}}</ref>
|architect=
|client=[[William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby]]
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=1232
|completion_date=1237
|date_demolished=1726
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=Fortified [[manor house]]
|size=
}}

'''Liverpool Castle''' was a castle in [[Liverpool|Liverpool, England]], that stood from the early 13th century to the early 18th century.

==Construction==
The castle was probably erected in the 1230s, between 1232 and 1235, under the orders of [[William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby]]. No records of the castle construction survive, except the [[List of licences to crenellate|licence to fortify]] de Ferrers received in 1235. Nearby in [[West Derby (hundred)|West Derby]], there had long been a castle, which was taken by the Ferrerses in 1232, but by 1296 it lay in ruins. The castle in Liverpool was built to protect King John's new port, and was sited at the top of modern day Lord Street, the highest point in the city which overlooks the Pool. This corresponds to present day Derby Square ([[Victoria Monument (Liverpool)|Queen Victoria Monument]]), near the city centre.

==Description==
The castle was built on top of a plateau, which had been specially constructed, and a [[moat]] measuring 20 yards (18 m) was cut out of solid rock. The main building of the castle consisted of the gatehouse flanked by two towers at the north-east corner which faced Castle Street; three round towers at the three remaining corners, one being added at a later date than the others, in 1442. Four curtain walls connected the four towers; the northern and southern walls were recessed to allow them to be commanded from the towers. Inside the castle were a hall and [[chapel]], which were connected to the south-western tower, and a brewhouse and bakehouse. There was also a passage which ran under the moat toward the edge of the river. The courtyard was divided by a wall built running from the north wall to the south wall. Underneath the castle walls stood a [[Dovecote|dovecot]], and an orchard ran from the castle to the Pool in the east.
[[File:CastlePlan.jpg|left|thumb|19th century plan of Liverpool Castle]]

==History==
Upon the death of William de Ferrers in 1247, his son [[William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby|William]] inherited both Liverpool Castle and West Derby Castle. The heir to the title was [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]]. He rebelled against King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and was arrested and held in the [[Tower of London]] and then [[Windsor Castle]]. His lands and title were removed and taken back by the Crown. Henry III presented the land, along with [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] to his second son [[Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster|Edmund]]. Mary de Ferrers, wife of the forfeited earl and niece to the King, was ordered to surrender the castle in July 1266. The lands were then held by Edmund and passed onto his successor [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas]].

It was under the administration of Thomas that Liverpool progressed steadily. The earl did not bestow much worth on the borough of Liverpool and in 1315 he granted the castle and the land to [[Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand|Robert de Holland]]. The creation of the patronage of Robert de Holland caused some unrest among other landowners, and on 25 October<ref name="Standish">{{cite web|title=Standish History 1315|url=http://www.standish-history.org.uk/history.php?year=1315|publisher=Standish-history.org.uk|accessdate=1 October 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070715095012/http://www.standish-history.org.uk/history.php?year=1315  |archivedate = 15 July 2007}}</ref> in the same year Adam Banastre, Henry de Lea and William de Bradshagh ''(Bradshaw)'' banded together (the [[Banastre Rebellion]]) and launched an attack on the castle, and were defeated within an hour. This is the only recorded attack on the castle to happen before the [[English Civil War]]. Between 1315 and 1323 the borough of Liverpool returned to the hands of the Crown. In 1323 King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] visited the town and lodged at the castle from 24 to 30 October. Early in the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] the king utilised Liverpool as a port of embarkation in his wars with [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]. In 1327 Edward ordered the constable of the castle to give shelter to men fleeing from the Scots. There was an inquisition into the land at Lancaster in 1367 that stated 'there is at Liverpull a certain Castle, the foss whereof and the herbage are worth by the year 2s., and there is a dovehouse under the Castle which is worth by the year 6s.8d.'<ref name="Royden">{{cite web|title=Mike Royden's Local History Pages|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm|publisher=Mike Royden|accessdate=1 October 2006|archiveurl=http://archive.is/PcNcO|archivedate=19 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>

Sir Richard Molyneux was appointed constable of the castle in 1440 and the title was made hereditary five years later. In 1442 the castle was strengthened by the addition of a fourth tower in the south-east corner to the cost of £46 13s 10¼d.<ref name="British History Online">'Liverpool: The castle and development of the town', ''A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4'' (1911), pp. 4–36. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41370. Retrieved on 4 August 2008.</ref> On 2 October 1559 the castle is stated as being 'in utter ruin and decay'. The Great Tower had a slate roof and it was suggested to be used as storage for the court rolls. It was decided that the castle would undergo repairs costing around £150,<ref name="Royden" /> 'otherwaies it were a grate defacement unto the said towne of Litherpole'.<ref name="British History Online"/>

During the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] the castle was seized by Lord Derby. In 1644 [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] and his men took the castle, which was later taken back by Sir John Moore. Protestant supporters of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] seized the castle in 1689. On 5 March 1704<ref name="Royden"/> the burgesses obtained a lease for the castle and its site from the Crown for fifty years. [[William Molyneux, 4th Viscount Molyneux|Lord Molyneux]] disputed this as he still claimed hereditary constableship. This delayed the settlement of the lease until 1726, when the last remaining ruins of the castle were removed. Finally in 1715 an act was passed to demolish the castle and build a church in its place. Construction of St George's church began on the site of the old castle and the church was consecrated in 1734. By 1825 the church had been pulled down and a new one built in its place. In 1899 the church was demolished and the Victoria Monument was erected in 1902. In 1976 excavation of the south side of Castle Street was conducted before the construction of the Crown Courts building, which was built in the style of a castle.

==Replica==
[[File:Liverpoolcastle.JPG|thumb|Scale replica of Liverpool Castle as seen at Rivington]]
In Lever Park, [[Rivington]] near [[Chorley]], [[William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme|William Lever]] built a [[folly]] which is a scale replica of Liverpool Castle in ruins.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1164955 |desc=Rivington Castle|accessdate= 25 June 2011 }}</ref> Building started in 1912 and the replica, which was not completed, was based on a conjectural reconstruction of the castle prepared by E. W. Cox in 1892.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=Edward W.|year=1892|title=An Attempt to Recover the Plans of the Castle of Liverpool from Authentic Records; considered in connection with medieval principles of defence and construction|journal=Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire|volume=42|issn=0140-332X|accessdate=17 August 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-history-jigsaw/ Image gallery of Liverpool Castle]

[[Category:Castles in Lancashire]]
[[Category:History of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Military history of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1726]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in England]]
[[Category:18th-century disestablishments in England]]

Liverpool Castle

2016-01-18T15:39:41Z

Invertzoo: /* Construction */ small tweaks

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|image=Victoria Monument, Liverpool Plaque 2.jpg
|caption=Plaque on Victoria Monument
|name=Liverpool Castle
|location_town=[[Liverpool]], [[Merseyside]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|map_type=Merseyside
|latitude=53.404934
|longitude=-2.988891
|coordinates={{gbmapping|SJ34269027}}<ref name="Pastscape">{{PastScape|mnumber=67505 |mname=Liverpool Castle|accessdate=4 August 2008}}</ref>
|architect=
|client=[[William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby]]
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=1232
|completion_date=1237
|date_demolished=1726
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=Fortified [[manor house]]
|size=
}}

'''Liverpool Castle''' was a castle in [[Liverpool|Liverpool, England]], that stood from the early 13th century to the early 18th century.

==Construction==
The castle was probably erected in the 1230s, between 1232 and 1235, under the orders of [[William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby]]. No records of the castle construction survive, except the [[List of licences to crenellate|licence to fortify]] de Ferrers received in 1235. Nearby in [[West Derby (hundred)|West Derby]], there had long been a castle, which was taken by the Ferrerses in 1232, but by 1296 it lay in ruins. The castle in Liverpool was built to protect King John's new port, and was sited at the top of modern day Lord Street, the highest point in the city which overlooks the Pool. This corresponds to present day Derby Square ([[Victoria Monument (Liverpool)|Queen Victoria Monument]]), near the city centre.

==Description==
The castle was built on top of a plateau, which had been specially constructed, and a [[moat]] measuring 20 yards (18 m) was cut out of solid rock. The main building of the castle consisted of the gatehouse flanked by two towers at the north-east corner which faced Castle Street; three round towers at the three remaining corners, one being added at a later date than the others, in 1442. Four curtain walls connected the four towers; the northern and southern walls were recessed to allow them to be commanded from the towers. Inside the castle were a hall and [[chapel]], which were connected to the south-western tower, and a brewhouse and bakehouse. There was also a passage which ran under the moat toward the edge of the river. The courtyard was divided by a wall built running from the north wall to the south wall. Underneath the castle walls stood a [[Dovecote|dovecot]] and an orchard ran from the castle to the Pool in the east.
[[File:CastlePlan.jpg|left|thumb|19th century plan of Liverpool Castle]]

==History==
Upon the death of William de Ferrers in 1247, his son [[William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby|William]] inherited both Liverpool Castle and West Derby Castle. The heir to the title was [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]]. He rebelled against King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] and was arrested and held in the [[Tower of London]] and then [[Windsor Castle]]. His lands and title were removed and taken back by the Crown. Henry III presented the land, along with [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] to his second son [[Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster|Edmund]]. Mary de Ferrers, wife of the forfeited earl and niece to the King, was ordered to surrender the castle in July 1266. The lands were then held by Edmund and passed onto his successor [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas]].

It was under the administration of Thomas that Liverpool progressed steadily. The earl did not bestow much worth on the borough of Liverpool and in 1315 he granted the castle and the land to [[Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand|Robert de Holland]]. The creation of the patronage of Robert de Holland caused some unrest among other landowners, and on 25 October<ref name="Standish">{{cite web|title=Standish History 1315|url=http://www.standish-history.org.uk/history.php?year=1315|publisher=Standish-history.org.uk|accessdate=1 October 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070715095012/http://www.standish-history.org.uk/history.php?year=1315  |archivedate = 15 July 2007}}</ref> in the same year Adam Banastre, Henry de Lea and William de Bradshagh ''(Bradshaw)'' banded together (the [[Banastre Rebellion]]) and launched an attack on the castle, and were defeated within an hour. This is the only recorded attack on the castle to happen before the [[English Civil War]]. Between 1315 and 1323 the borough of Liverpool returned to the hands of the Crown. In 1323 King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] visited the town and lodged at the castle from 24 to 30 October. Early in the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] the king utilised Liverpool as a port of embarkation in his wars with [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]. In 1327 Edward ordered the constable of the castle to give shelter to men fleeing from the Scots. There was an inquisition into the land at Lancaster in 1367 that stated 'there is at Liverpull a certain Castle, the foss whereof and the herbage are worth by the year 2s., and there is a dovehouse under the Castle which is worth by the year 6s.8d.'<ref name="Royden">{{cite web|title=Mike Royden's Local History Pages|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/castle/castle.htm|publisher=Mike Royden|accessdate=1 October 2006|archiveurl=http://archive.is/PcNcO|archivedate=19 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>

Sir Richard Molyneux was appointed constable of the castle in 1440 and the title was made hereditary five years later. In 1442 the castle was strengthened by the addition of a fourth tower in the south-east corner to the cost of £46 13s 10¼d.<ref name="British History Online">'Liverpool: The castle and development of the town', ''A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4'' (1911), pp. 4–36. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41370. Retrieved on 4 August 2008.</ref> On 2 October 1559 the castle is stated as being 'in utter ruin and decay'. The Great Tower had a slate roof and it was suggested to be used as storage for the court rolls. It was decided that the castle would undergo repairs costing around £150,<ref name="Royden" /> 'otherwaies it were a grate defacement unto the said towne of Litherpole'.<ref name="British History Online"/>

During the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] the castle was seized by Lord Derby. In 1644 [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] and his men took the castle, which was later taken back by Sir John Moore. Protestant supporters of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] seized the castle in 1689. On 5 March 1704<ref name="Royden"/> the burgesses obtained a lease for the castle and its site from the Crown for fifty years. [[William Molyneux, 4th Viscount Molyneux|Lord Molyneux]] disputed this as he still claimed hereditary constableship. This delayed the settlement of the lease until 1726, when the last remaining ruins of the castle were removed. Finally in 1715 an act was passed to demolish the castle and build a church in its place. Construction of St George's church began on the site of the old castle and the church was consecrated in 1734. By 1825 the church had been pulled down and a new one built in its place. In 1899 the church was demolished and the Victoria Monument was erected in 1902. In 1976 excavation of the south side of Castle Street was conducted before the construction of the Crown Courts building, which was built in the style of a castle.

==Replica==
[[File:Liverpoolcastle.JPG|thumb|Scale replica of Liverpool Castle as seen at Rivington]]
In Lever Park, [[Rivington]] near [[Chorley]], [[William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme|William Lever]] built a [[folly]] which is a scale replica of Liverpool Castle in ruins.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1164955 |desc=Rivington Castle|accessdate= 25 June 2011 }}</ref> Building started in 1912 and the replica, which was not completed, was based on a conjectural reconstruction of the castle prepared by E. W. Cox in 1892.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=Edward W.|year=1892|title=An Attempt to Recover the Plans of the Castle of Liverpool from Authentic Records; considered in connection with medieval principles of defence and construction|journal=Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire|volume=42|issn=0140-332X|accessdate=17 August 2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-history-jigsaw/ Image gallery of Liverpool Castle]

[[Category:Castles in Lancashire]]
[[Category:History of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Military history of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1726]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in England]]
[[Category:18th-century disestablishments in England]]

Yi qi

2015-05-01T15:04:19Z

Invertzoo: /* History */ tweak prose

{{italic title}}{{speciesbox
| name = ''Yi qi''
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|160}}
| image =
| image_caption =
| parent_authority = [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu]] ''et al.'', 2015
| authority = Xu ''et al.'', 2015
| genus = Yi
| species = qi
}}

'''''Yi''''' is a genus of gliding [[Scansoriopterygidae|scansoriopterygid]] [[dinosaur|dinosaurs]]. Its only species, '''''Yi qi''''' ([[Help:IPA for Mandarin|IPA]]: {{IPAc-cmn|yi|4|-|q|i|2}}) from {{zh|c=翼奇|p=yì qí|l=strange wing}}, is known from a single [[fossil]] specimen of an adult individual found in late [[Jurassic]] period rocks in [[Hebei]], China. It was a small, tree-dwelling ([[arboreal]]) animal. Like other scansoriopterygids, it possessed an unusual, elongated third finger, that helped to support a membranous wing made of skin. The wings of ''Yi qi'' were also supported by a long, bony strut attached to the wrist. This modified wrist bone and membrane-based wing is unique among all known dinosaurs, and made the wings of ''Yi qi'' similar in appearance to those of [[bat]]s.

==Description==
''Yi qi'' is known only from a single partial skeleton (STM 31-2) currently in the collections of the [[Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature]]. It was a relatively small animal, estimated to weigh about {{convert|380|g|lbs}}.<ref name=yiqi2015>{{cite doi|10.1038/nature14423}}</ref>

Like other scansoriopterygids, the head was short and blunt-snouted, with a downturned lower jaw. Its few teeth were present only in the tips of the jaws, with the upper front teeth being the largest and slightly forward-pointing, and the front lower teeth were angled even more strongly forward.<ref name=yiqi2015/> The long, slender forelimbs were similar, overall, to most other [[Paraves|paravian]] dinosaurs. Like other scansoriopterygid dinosaurs, the first finger was shortest and the third was the longest. Unlike all other known dinosaurs, a long, pointed wrist bone known as a "styliform element", exceeding the [[ulna]] in length, extended backward from the forelimb bones. This styliform, an adaptation to help support the wing membrane, may have been a newly evolved wrist bone, or a calcified rod of cartilage.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

The only known specimen of ''Yi qi'' preserved a heavy covering of feathers. Unusually based on its classification as an advanced [[theropod]] in the clade [[Pennaraptora]] (a group containing theropods with advanced, bird-like feathers), the feathers were all very simple in structure and "paintbrush-like", with long quill-like bases topped by sprays of thinner filaments.<ref name=yiqi2015/> The feathers covered most of the body, starting near the tip of the snout. The head and neck feathers were long and formed a thick coat, and the body feathers were even longer and denser, making it difficult for scientists to study their detailed structure. Small patches of skin were also preserved between the fingers and the styliform bone, indicating that unlike all other known winged dinosaurs, the wings of ''Yi qi'' were formed by a skin membrane rather than flight feathers.<ref name=yiqi2015/> The membrane stretched between the shorter fingers, the elongated third finger, the styliform bone, and possibly connected to the torso, though the inner part of the wing membrane was not preserved in the only known fossil.<ref name=yiqi2015/> This would have given the wings a similar appearance to those of modern bats, in an example of [[convergent evolution]].<ref name=yiqi2015/><ref name="NYT-20150429">{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |title=Small Jurassic Dinosaur May Have Flown Without Feathers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/science/small-jurassic-dinosaur-may-have-flown-without-feathers.html |date=April 29, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=April 29, 2015 }}</ref> However, in bats, the wing membrane stretches between the fingers, not a styliform wrist bone. Styliform bones are also found in the wings of some modern gliding animals like [[flying squirrel]]s, the [[Greater glider]], and the prehistoric gliding rodent ''[[Eomys quercyi]]''.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

==Paleobiology==
The strange membranous wings of ''Yi qi'' are unique among dinosaurs and difficult to interpret. The presence of a long styliform bone adding support to the membrane, found only in other animals that glide, suggests that ''Yi qi'' was specialized for gliding flight. While it is possible that some form of flapping flight was also used by this animal, the lack of evidence for large pectoral muscles, and the cumbersome nature of the styliform, make it more likely that ''Yi qi'' was an exclusive glider. At best, the researchers who conducted the initial study of the only known ''Yi'' specimen concluded that its mode of flight should be considered uncertain.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

''Yi qi'', and presumably other scansoriopterygids, possessed a type of wing unknown among any other prehistoric bird relatives. Unlike other paravian dinosaurs, they seem to have replaced bird-like feathers with membranous wings, in what may have been one of many independent evolutionary experiments with flight close to the origin of birds.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

==Paleoecology==
The only known ''Yi qi'' fossil was found in rocks assigned to the [[Tiaojishan Formation]], dating to the [[Callovian]]-[[Oxfordian (stage)|Oxfordian]] age of the [[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]-[[Late Jurassic]],<ref name=yiqi2015/> dated to between 165 and 153 million years ago.<ref name="zhangetal2008">{{cite doi|10.1007/s11434-008-0287-4}}</ref> This is the same formation (and around the same age) as the other known scansoriopterygids ''[[Epidexipteryx]]'' and ''[[Scansoriopteryx]]''. The ecosystem preserved in the Tiaojishan Formation is a forest dominated by [[bennettitales]], [[ginkgo]] trees, [[conifer]]s, and [[leptosporangiate ferns]]. These forests surrounded large lakes in the shadow of active volcanoes, ash from which was responsible for the remarkable preservation of many of the fossils. Based on the Tiajishan's plant life, its climate would have been [[Subtropics|subtropical]] to [[Temperateness|temperate]], warm and [[Humidity|humid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wang Yongdonga, Saiki Ken'ichi, Zhang Wuc & Zheng Shaolin |title=Biodiversity and palaeoclimate of the Middle Jurassic floras from the Tiaojishan Formation in western Liaoning, China |journal=Progress in Natural Science |volume=16 |pages=222–230 |doi=10.1080/10020070612330087 }}</ref> Other vertebrate fossils found in the same rock quarry as ''Yi qi'', which would have been close contemporaries, included [[salamander]]s like ''[[Chunerpeton tianyiensis]]'', the flying [[pterosaur]]s ''[[Changchengopterus pani]]'', ''[[Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis]]'', and ''[[Qinglongopterus guoi]]'', as well as the early tree-dwelling [[mammal]] species ''[[Arboroharamiya jenkinsi]]''.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

==History==
The first and only known fossil specimen of ''Yi qi'' was found by a farmer, Wang Jianrong, in a quarry near Mutoudeng Village ([[Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County|Qinglong County]], Hebei). Wang sold the fossil to the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature in 2007, at which point Ding Xiaoqing, a technician at the museum, began further preparation of the fossil. Because many of the unique features and soft tissues of the specimen were uncovered by museum staff during preparation rather than amateur fossil sellers before the purchase, the scientists who studied it were confident that the specimen was authentic and unaltered. The initial study of ''Yi'' was published in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and appeared on the Internet 29 April 2015. The team of scientists who authored this initial study were led by [[Xu Xing (paleontologist)|Xu Xing]] and also included Zheng Xiaoting, Corwin Sullivan, Wang Xiaoli, Xing Lida, Wang Yan, Zhang Xiaomei, Jingmai O’Connor, Zheng Fucheng Zhang, and Pan Yanhong.<ref name=yiqi2015/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}

[[Category:Paravians]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of Asia]]
[[Category:Jurassic dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Fossils of China]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 2015]]

Carton House

2015-03-05T16:46:39Z

Invertzoo: tweaking intro

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
[[Image:Leinster House 1824.jpg|thumb|240px|Carton House, 1824]]

'''Carton House''' was an estate and great house that was the ancestral seat of the Earls of Kildare and [[Duke of Leinster|Dukes of Leinster]]. Located {{convert|14|mi|km}} west of [[Dublin]], in [[Maynooth]], [[County Kildare]], the Carton [[demesne]] is 1,100 acres (4.5 km²). For two hundred years Carton House estate was the finest example in Ireland of a [[Georgian era|Georgian]]-created parkland landscape. In the 2000s much of the estate was redeveloped into two golf courses and the house into a hotel complex.
{{Location map
|Ireland
|relief = 1
|label = Carton House
|lat = 53.390
|long = -6.566
|caption = Location in Ireland
|float =
|background=
|width = 240
}}

==History==

===Beginning of the Carton Demesne===

During a history spanning more than eight centuries, Carton Demesne has seen many changes. The estate first came into the ownership of the FitzGerald family shortly after Maurice FitzGerald played an active role in the capture of [[Dublin]] by the Normans in 1170 and was rewarded by being appointed Lord of Maynooth, an area covering townlands which include Carton.

His son became Baron Offaly in 1205 and his descendant John FitzGerald, became [[Earl of Kildare]] in 1315. Under the eighth earl, the FitzGerald family reached pre-eminence as the virtual rulers of Ireland between 1477 and 1513.

However, the eighth earl's grandson, the eloquently titled Silken Thomas was executed in 1537, with his five uncles, for leading an uprising against the English. Although the FitzGeralds subsequently regained their land and titles, they did not regain their position at the English Court until the 18th century when Robert, the 19th Earl of Kildare, became a noted statesman.

===First house at Carton===
The first record of a house at Carton was in the 17th century when [[Sir William Talbot, 1st Baronet|William Talbot]], [[Recorder of Dublin]], was given a lease of the lands by the 14th Earl of Kildare and is thought to have built a house. The house and lands were forfeited to the crown in 1691 and in 1703 sold to Major General Richard Ingoldsby, Master General of the Ordnance.

===Commencement of the current house===
In 1739, the lease was sold back to the 19th Earl of Kildare, who employed Richard Castle to build the existing house. This was the same year the FitzGerald family bought [[Frescati House]]. Castle (originally Cassels) was also responsible for some other grand Irish houses, including [[Summerhill House]], [[Westport House]], [[Powerscourt House]] and in 1745, [[Leinster House]], which he also built for the FitzGeralds.

In 1747, [[James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster|James FitzGerald, 20th Earl of Kildare]] (from 1766 1st Duke of Leinster), married [[Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster|Lady Emily Lennox]], daughter of the [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Duke of Richmond]] and great–granddaughter of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Lady Emily played an important role in the development of the house and estate as it is today. She created the Chinese room (bedroom to [[Queen Victoria]]) and decorated the famous Shell Cottage on the estate with shells from around the world. One of Emily's 23 children was the famous Irish Patriot [[Lord Edward FitzGerald]], leader of the [[1798 rebellion]].

===19th century===
Carton remained unaltered until 1815, when the 3rd Duke decided to sell Leinster House to the [[Royal Dublin Society]] and make Carton his principal residence. He employed [[Sir Richard Morrison|Richard Morrison]] to enlarge and re-model the house. Morrison replaced the curved colonnades with straight connecting links to obtain additional rooms, including the famous dining room. At this time, the entrance to the house was moved to the north side.

===Sale and late history===
Carton remained in the control of the FitzGeralds until the early 1920s when the 7th Duke sold his birthright to a moneylender{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Sir [[Harry Mallaby-Deeley]] to pay off gambling debts of £67,500.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kildare.ie/library/ehistory/2007/08/ |title=Sale to English Purchaser, Historic Co. Kildare Estate |publisher=Leinster Leader |date=17 June 1922 |accessdate=1 December 2008}}</ref> He was third in line to succeed and so did not think he would ever inherit, but one of his brothers died in the war and another of a brain tumour and so Carton was lost to the FitzGeralds.

It is alleged that, In 1923, a local unit of the [[Irish Republican Army (1922-1969)|IRA]] went to Carton with the intention of burning it down. However, they were stopped when a member of the FitzGerald family brought a large painting of [[Lord Edward FitzGerald]] to the door and pointed out that they would be burning the house of a revered Irish patriot.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

[[Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket]], whose principal residence was Brocket Hall in Hertfordshire, England, purchased the house in 1949 and in 1977 his son The Hon. David Nall-Cain, who had by then moved to the [[Isle of Man]], sold the house to its present owners.

===Government decision not to buy the estate===
Since 1977, Carton estate has been the property of the Mallaghan family and in the 1980s and 1990s the Irish government came under public and political pressure to buy the house and its grounds but decided not to do so.

===House as film set===
The house was used as a film location by many{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} filmmakers and broadcasters. Two of the films made there were [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' in 1975 and ''[[The Big Red One]]'' in 1980. They starred [[Ryan O'Neal]] (as an 18th-century Irish adventurer, with a soundtrack by ''[[The Chieftains]]'') and [[Lee Marvin]] respectively. The forthcoming film "Leap Year" starring Amy Adams, Matthew Goode, Adam Scott shot some scenes at Carton during 2009.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Director [[Blake Edwards]] and wife actress [[Julie Andrews]] lived in the Carton House over the summer and fall of 1969 while filming the movie Darling Lili (1970). [[Rock Hudson]], Andrews costar also lived on the grounds during filming. The actual house was used in the movie in several interior and exterior scenes.

Recently Carton House was used as a prime location for the filming of the Irish drama Love/Hate.

===Conversion into a hotel with golf courses===
In 2000, Carton was redeveloped as a "premier golf resort and hotel", an action condemned by heritage groups, including [[An Taisce]], and criticised in [[Seanad Éireann]] (the Irish Senate) by Senator [[David Norris (politician)|David Norris]]. A hotel was added to the main house, altering it drastically, while the estate's eighteenth-century grounds were converted into two golf courses.

[[File:Tyrconnell Tower Carton Maynooth Ireland.jpg|thumb|Tyrconnell Tower, Carton Estate.]]

==Grounds==

===Tyrconnell Tower===
Allegedly originally built by [[Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell]] and intended for his mausoleum. Its official name is The Prospect Tower.<ref>[http://maynootharchaeology.wordpress.com/2011/11/16/know-your-local-history-5-revealed/ Maynooth Archaeology: Know your Local History 5? Revealed]</ref>

===Shell Cottage===
The famous Shell Cottage is a quaint cottage which once had a thatched roof and is decorated outside and within with seashells. It was built for [[Emily FitzGerald, Duchess of Leinster]]<ref>[http://kildare.ie/heritage/history/historic/houses/carton-house.htm Carton House Maynooth]</ref>

==Sport==

===Golf===
Carton House Golf Club has two courses, one designed by [[Mark O'Meara]] and opened in 2002, the other designed by [[Colin Montgomerie]] and opened in 2003. The former is a parkland course, utilising the rolling land of the estate as well as the waters of the [[River Rye (Ireland)|River Rye]], while the latter features head high pot bunkers, "fast-running" greens and narrow fairways.

Carton House was the venue for the [[PGA European Tour|European Tour]]'s Nissan [[Irish Open (golf)|Irish Open]] in 2005 and 2006, having previously hosted the 2004 and 2005 AIB Amateur Open Championship. In 2006, Carton House was the first Irish golf club to be awarded the 'Committed to Green' environmental award by the International Committed to Green Foundation, and the International Association of Golf Tour Operators, European Golf Resort of the Year 2008.
The 2013 Irish Open was held on the Montgomerie Course at Carton House (27–30 June). The worthy winner was England's Paul Casey with an outstanding −5 (67) on the final day including an eagle on the last for a total of −14 to win by 3.

====Golfing Union of Ireland====
The [[Golfing Union of Ireland]], the longest established golf union in the world, have their national headquarters on the estate. This facility also comprises the GUI National Academy, a {{convert|22|acre|m2|adj=on}} teaching facility for up and coming golfers, as well as being a facility available to all golfers in Ireland.

===Soccer===
{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
A range of soccer teams come to Carton House for pre-season training. Newcastle FC became the first team to train at the Platinum One group facility. [[Real Madrid]] became the second team to go to Carton House in 2009. [[Shamrock Rovers F.C.]] also trained there ahead of the 2010 season. Other teams such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], [[FC Barcelona]], [[AC Milan]], [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Internazionale]], [[Chelsea F.C.]], [[Manchester City F.C.]] and [[Manchester United F.C.]] will train at Carton house in the near future.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} It was visited by the Brazil national team during 2008. In July 2010, [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] held a week-long training camp. During an interview for Irish TV<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZeyHARjP0g</ref> Wolves manager [[Mick McCarthy]] stated that [[Middlesbrough FC]] would be there later. In July 2013 Birmingham City FC held a week long training camp.

===GAA===
[[Dublin GAA]] used Carton House for training during the summer of 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cartonhouse.com Carton House Luxury Hotel & Spa Resort Ireland]
* [http://www.maynooth.org Maynooth Town Co. Kildare]

{{Historic Irish houses |state=collapsed}}

{{coord|53.390|-6.566|type:landmark_region:IE|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotels in Ireland]]
[[Category:Maynooth]]
[[Category:Houses in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in County Kildare]]
[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Hotels in County Kildare]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in County Kildare]]
[[Category:FitzGerald dynasty]]

Fitbit

2015-02-15T15:31:08Z

Invertzoo: /* Fitbit Aria */

{{Infobox company
| name = Fitbit Inc.
| logo = [[File:Fitbit logo.jpg|150px]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]] [[startup company|startup]]
| foundation = [[San Francisco, California]], [[United States]] ({{Start date|2007|10}})<ref name=crunchbase>{{cite web |title=Fitbit Company Profile |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/fitbit |work=CrunchBase |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |accessdate=September 17, 2009}}</ref>
| founder = James Park Eric Friedman
| location_city = San Francisco, CA
| location_country = USA
| area_served = USA
| key_people = James Park, CEO Eric Friedman, CTO
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]]
| products = Fitbit Tracker
| homepage = [http://www.fitbit.com www.fitbit.com]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Fitbit Inc.''' is a company headquartered in [[San Francisco, California]], [[United States]]. Founded and managed by James Park and Eric Friedman, the company is known for its products of the same name, which are [[activity tracker]]s, [[wireless]]-enabled wearable devices that measure data such as the [[Pedometer|number of steps walked]], quality of [[sleep]] and other personal metrics. The first of these was the '''Fitbit Tracker'''.

==Fitbit Tracker==
[[File:Fitbit Ultra - teal.jpg|thumb|Fitbit Ultra activity tracker in teal clipped to pocket]]
The Fitbit Tracker uses a three-dimensional [[accelerometer]], similar to that in the [[Wii Remote]], to sense user movement. The Tracker measures steps taken, and combines it with user data to calculate distance walked, calories burned, floors climbed and activity duration and intensity. It uses an [[Organic light-emitting diode|OLED display]] to display this and other information such as the battery level. It also measures sleep quality by tracking periods of restlessness, how long it takes the wearer to fall asleep and how long they are actually asleep.

A [[wireless]] base station is included to receive data from the Tracker and also charge its battery. When connected to a computer the base station will upload data to the Fitbit website, where a number of features are available: seeing an overview of physical activity, setting and tracking goals, keeping food and activity logs and interacting with friends. Use of the website is free.

The Fitbit Classic tracked only steps taken, distance travelled, calories burned, activity intensity and sleep. It was designed to be a small black and teal device that could be clipped discreetly onto clothing and worn 24/7.

September 9, 2008,<ref>{{cite web |first=Kate |last=Greene |title=Self Surveillance |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/21361/page1/ |work=Technology Review |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=September 10, 2008 |accessdate=September 19, 2009}}</ref> at [[TechCrunch50]] during the "Mobile" session. Fitbit received positive reactions during its panel from experts like [[Rafe Needleman]], [[Tim O'Reilly]], and [[Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]] who cited its wearability, price point, and lack of subscription fees.

=== Fitbit Ultra ===

A new hardware upgrade was announced on October 3, 2011,<ref>http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=522</ref> called the '''Fitbit Ultra'''. The new features included:
* an [[altimeter]] that measures elevation gain in terms of floors, with one floor roughly equivalent to ten feet.
* a digital clock visible on the device's display
* a [[stopwatch]] that can be used to time activities
* randomized "Chatter" messages show when the Ultra is moved after sitting idle for a while, and there's a custom field to write in a personal "Greeting".
* new colors (plum or blue, as opposed to the original teal)

The Fitbit Ultra is powered by a small [[Lithium polymer battery]].<ref>https://www.takeitapart.com/guide/11</ref>

=== Fitbit One ===

Announced on September 17, 2012, the '''Fitbit One''' is an update to the Fitbit Ultra that uses a more vivid digital display, has a separate clip and a separate charging cable and wireless sync [[dongle]].<ref name="Co.Design article about new One">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Mark|title=Fitbit’s Newest Gadget: 24/7 Fitness Tracking Meets 24/7 App Syncing|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670906/fitbits-newest-gadget-247-fitness-tracking-meets-247-app-syncing#1|publisher=Co.Design by Fast Company|accessdate=26 January 2013}}</ref> The Fitbit One and the Fitbit Zip were the first wireless activity trackers to sync using Bluetooth 4.0 or [[Bluetooth SMART]] technology. The wireless syncing is currently available on newer iOS and Android devices such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com">http://www.fitbit.com/devices</ref> Fitbit One can record several daily activities, including but not limited to, number of steps taken, distance travelled on foot, number of floors climbed, calories burned, vigorously active minutes, sleep efficiency, delicate movements during sleep, number of wake-ups during sleep, etc.

===Fitbit Zip===

[[File:White Fitbit Zip.jpg|thumb|A white Fitbit Zip, showing the distance in miles covered by the wearer]]
Announced on September 17, 2012, the '''Fitbit Zip '''is roughly the size of [[Quarter (United States coin)|a quarter]] and tracks only steps taken, distance travelled, and calories burned. Compared to the other Fitbit trackers, the Zip is the first Fitbit product to include a disposable battery. It also has a lower price point than other Fitbit trackers. Similar to the Fitbit One, it is able to sync its data wirelessly to supported mobile devices, such as the iPhone 4S and higher, iPad 3rd generation, iPod touch 5th generation, Samsung Galaxy Note II and higher, Samsung Galaxy S III and higher, LG G2, HTC One, Moto X, and Nexus 4 or higher.<ref name="fitbit.com"/>

===Fitbit Flex===
[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg|thumb|Fitibit Flex with accompanying wristband]]
In May 2013, Fitbit released the Fitbit Flex, which is a device that one wears on the wrist. It tracks movement 24 hours a day, including sleep patterns. It has a simple display of 5 LED lights which indicate the number of steps taken in a day, and it vibrates to indicate that your goal has been reached. The lights also indicate battery level. The Fitbit Flex has almost all the same sync functions as the Fitbit One and Zip. The Flex is also the most water-resistant tracker; it can be worn while showering and swimming. The Fitbit flex includes a specialized USB charger; the battery lasts 5–7 days, and it takes 1–2 hours to charge.

===Fitbit Force===

The Fitbit Force was announced on October 10, 2013. It has an OLED display<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|title=The best activity tracker yet... The Fitbit Force reviewed|url=http://www.fitgadgetreviews.com/fitbit-force-review/}}</ref> that shows time and daily activity. The Force tracks a number of statistics in real-time, including steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, stairs climbed and active minutes throughout the day. At night, the Force tracks sleep and can wake a user silently with a vibrating alarm.

On January 13, 2014 it was reported that an unconfirmed number of Fitbit customers who have purchased the Force have complained about skin irritation after wearing the Force for extended periods of time.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/14/fitbit-apologies-_n_4599193.html</ref> Fitbit stated on its website that the company consulted with medical professionals whose assessments are that these irritations are most likely [[allergic contact dermatitis|allergic reactions to nickel]], a component of the surgical-grade steel or the adhesives used to assemble the Fitbit Force.<ref name="ForceCEO">[CEO letter 2/20/14: https://www.fitbit.com/forcesupport]</ref> Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014.<ref name="ForceCEO"/> On March 12, 2014 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) made the recall official.<ref name="ForceRecall">[CPSC recall https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Fitbit-Recalls-Force-Activity-Tracking-Wristband/]</ref> At that time it was revealed that The Fitbit Force had caused about 9,900 injuries.<ref name="ForceRecall"/>

===Fitbit Charge===
Announced in October 2014, the Fitbit Charge is a replacement for the Fitbit Force. It was released in November 2014 for US$130 retail. Unlike the Force, Charge's wrist band is slightly different and textured and can display caller ID information from a connected smartphone. <ref>Burns, Matt. October 27 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]"</ref> <ref>[http://www.cio.com/article/2851913/mobile-apps/two-surprises-in-fitbits-new-charge-fitness-tracker.html Two Surprises in Fitbit's New Charge Fitness Tracker], CIO.com, November 25, 2014</ref>

===Fitbit Charge HR===
Announced in October 2014 and released in early January 2015, the Charge HR is the Charge plus a heart-rate monitor. With this addition the 7-day battery life is reduced to 5 days. The Charge HR has the same textured band as the Charge and comes in black, purple, teal, and orange.<ref>https://www.fitbit.com/chargehr#specs</ref><ref>Burns, Matt. October 27 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]". TechCrunch.</ref>

===Fitbit Surge===
Announced in October 2014, The Surge is more like a smart-watch than an activity tracker and aimed for the fitness demographic. The Surge will include a heart-rate monitor and the ability to track pace, distance, and elevation. It will be available sometime early 2015 for $250, but Fitbit held a pre-release sale in December 2014 and shipped the unit to customers immediately. <ref>Burns, Matt. October 27 2014 "[http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/27/fitbits-latest-activity-trackers-feature-heartheart-monitoring-smartwatch-functions/ Fitbit’s Latest Activity Trackers Feature Heart Monitoring, Smartwatch Functions]"</ref>

==Fitbit Aria==
In April 2012,<ref>http://gdgt.com/fitbit/</ref> Fitbit released a "Wi-Fi smart scale" called the Fitbit Aria. It recognizes users who are wearing Fitbit trackers and measures weight, body mass index ([[body mass index|BMI]]) and percentage of body fat of the user. It can keep track of eight individual users and updates information to fitbit.com automatically via Wi-Fi network.<ref>http://www.fitbit.com/product/aria</ref> The information is also updated to the mobile apps.

==Fitbit Mobile Apps==
In October 2011, just a few weeks after the launch of the Fitbit Ultra, Fitbit launched a native app for the [[iPhone]].<ref name="Fitbit iPhone app">http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=530</ref> In March 2012 Fitbit launched a native app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. Users could log their food, activities, water intake, and weight, as well as track their fitness goals throughout the day even while offline. Originally the iOS and Android apps could only retrieve data from the user's Fitbit account, rather than connecting directly to the fitness tracker, but in September 2012 the Fitbit One and Zip were announced with Bluetooth support for syncing directly with phones. When the One and Zip were released, only newer iOS devices were supported,<ref>http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/new-fitbits-can-sync-with-iphones-androids-via-bluetooth-4-0/</ref> but in February 2013, Fitbit released an update that would allow wireless syncing from Fitbit One and Zip devices to the Samsung Galaxy S III and Galaxy Note II.<ref>http://blog.fitbit.com/finally-wireless-sync-beta-on-android/</ref> An update in May 2013 added support for the Galaxy S4,<ref>http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-fitbit-now-syncs-to-the-galaxy-s4/</ref> and on January 6, 2014, Fitbit announced an update to the Android app adding support for many more devices including the Nexus 4, Nexus 5, Moto X, HTC One, and LG G2.<ref>http://blog.fitbit.com/android-update-12-new-android-phones-now-sync-with-fitbit-trackers/</ref> On July 28, 2014, the official Windows Phone app was released.

==Fitbit website==
Fitbit offers a free website that can be used with or without the Fitbit Tracker. Users have the ability to log their food, activities, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose levels to track over time. Users also have the ability to set daily and weekly goals for themselves for steps, calories burned and consumed, and distance walked.

=== App gallery===
Fitbit.com dashboard also has the ability for users to connect existing applications from other providers such as Loseit, Myfitnesspal, and many others to have cumulative data collection in one location for a more complete personal health report.

===Food plan===
Fitbit allows users to set a food plan for themselves on the website or the mobile app based on a weight goal. The food plan tool has four different intensity settings users can choose from, and gives a range of calorie consumption to aim for each day. This number updates dynamically with any activities logged on the Fitbit website or synced with the Fitbit Tracker. It also gives a projected date for reaching the weight goal which updates as the user logs their weight.

===Badges===
On August 9, 2011, Fitbit launched badges for various step and distance milestones. Step badges could be earned based on how many steps a user took in a single day, while lifetime distance badges gave users a badge based on how much distance they've logged since they started using the Fitbit Tracker. With the launch of Fitbit Ultra, they came out with new Ultra-only badges that can be earned for floor climbing, and launched new step and distance badges that anyone could earn.

Badges comes in five categories:

====Daily Steps====
5 000 steps: Boat Shoe 
10 000 steps: Sneakers 
15 000 steps: Urban Boots 
20 000 steps: High Tops 
25 000 steps: Classics 
30 000 steps: Trail Shoe 
35 000 steps: Hiking Boot 
40 000 steps: Cleats 
45 000 steps: Snow Boots 
50 000 steps: Cowboy Boots 
55 000 steps: Platform Shoe 
60 000 steps: Blue Suede Shoes 
65 000 steps: Ruby Slippers 
70 000 steps: Spring Loaders 
75 000 steps: Genie Shoes 
80 000 steps: Futuristic Kicks 
90 000 steps: Rocket Boot 
100 000 steps: Olympian Sandals 

====Daily Climb====
10 Floors: Happy Hill 
25 Floors: Redwood Forest 
50 Floors: Lighthouse 
75 Floors: Ferris Wheel 
100 Floors: Skyscraper 
125 Floors: Rollercoaster 
150 Floors: Stadium 
175 Floors: Bridge 
200 Floors: Castle 
300 Floors: Waterfall 
400 Floors: Canyon 
500 Floors: Volcano 
600 Floors: Mountain 
700 Floors: Rainbow 

====Lifetime Climb====
500 Floors: Helicopter 
1 000 Floors: Skydiver 
2 000 Floors: Hot Air Balloon 
4 000 Floors: 747 
8 000 Floors: Cloud 
14 000 Floors: Spaceship 
20 000 Floors: Shooting Star 

====Lifetime Distance====
42 km: Marathon 
112 km: Penguin March 
402 km: London Underground 
563 km: Hawaii 
804 km: Serengeti 
1 184 km: Italy 
1 593 km: New Zealand 
2 574 km: Great Barrier Reef 
3 007 km: Japan 
3 213 km: India 
4 023 km: Monarch Migration 
4 800 km: Sahara 
6 649 km: Nile 
8 047 km: Africa 
12 713 km: Earth 

====Weight Goals====
5 lb Loss 
Weight loss goal met X time(s): Hooray! 

==Reception==

===Awards===
Fitbit has won numerous awards, including runner-up at TechCrunch50 in 2008<ref>http://techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/yammer-takes-techcrunch50s-top-prize/</ref> and CES 2009 Innovation honoree and best in the Health & Wellness category.<ref>http://www.cesweb.org/awards/innovations/2009honorees.asp</ref>

===Privacy concerns===
Starting in June 2011, Fitbit was criticized for its website's default activity sharing settings, which made users' manually entered physical activities available for public viewing.<ref name="Fitbit blog response">http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=463</ref> All users had the option to make their physical activity information private, but some users were unaware that the information was public by default. One specific issue which technology blogs made fun of was that some users were including details about their sex lives in their daily exercise logs, and this information was by default publicly available.<ref>http://gizmodo.com/5817784/dear-fitbit-users-kudos-on-the-30-minutes-of-vigorous-sexual-activity-last-night</ref> Fitbit responded to criticism by making all such data private by default and requesting that search engines remove indexed user profile pages from their databases.<ref name="Fitbit blog response"/>

==See also==
* [[Jawbone (company)|Jawbone]]
* [[Microsoft Band]]
* [[Quantified Self]]
* [[Smart keychain]]
* [[Smartwatch]]
* [[Sony SmartBand]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<ref>https://www.fitbit.com/chargehr#specs</ref>

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.fitbit.com/}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.bidnessetc.com/31603-fitbit-the-perfect-gift-for-the-holiday-season/ |title=Fitbit: The Perfect Gift For The Holiday Season |publisher=http://www.bidnessetc.com }}
[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Activity trackers]]
[[Category:Wireless transmitters]]
[[Category:Smart bands]]

Scaphella junonia

2015-01-06T01:49:58Z

Invertzoo: /* Human relevance */ links and a typo

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Scaphella junonia''
| image = Scaphella junonia.jpg
| image_caption = A [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' trawled by a shrimp boat off of the SW coast of [[Florida]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_superfamilia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]] clade [[Hypsogastropoda]] clade [[Neogastropoda]]
| superfamilia = [[Muricoidea]]
| familia = [[Volutidae]]
| genus = ''[[Scaphella]]''
| species = '''''S. junonia'''''
| binomial = ''Scaphella junonia''
| binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1804)
| synonyms =
* ''Voluta junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Aurinia junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scapha junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Maculopeplum junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scaphella butleri'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella johnstoneae'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella capelettii'' Petuch, 1994
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Malacolog">{{cite web|url=http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=5641|title=Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca|last=Rosenberg|first=G.|year=2009|work=Scaphella junonia ''(Lamarck, 1804)''|accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''''Scaphella junonia''''', [[common name]]s '''the junonia''', or '''Juno's volute''',<ref>{{cite book
| title = Shell Album
| author = Helen S. O'Brien.
| year = 1953
| page = 10
| url = http://www.archive.org/details/shellalbumtextdi00obri
| publisher = O'Brien Color Studio
| location = Fort Myers, Florida
}}</ref> is a [[species]] of large sea [[snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Volutidae]], the volutes.

This species lives in water from 29 m to 126 m depth in the tropical Western Atlantic.<ref name="Malacolog"/> Because of its deepwater habitat, the [[gastropod shell|shell]] usually only washes up onto beaches after strong storms, or [[hurricane]]s.

The species is named after the ancient Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]].

==Distribution==
''Scaphella junonia'' is found throughout [[Florida]] to [[Texas]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="Malacolog"/><ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|383288|''Scaphella junonia'' (Lamarck, 1804)||7 April 2010}}</ref>

* A subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia johnstoneae'', is found off of [[Alabama]]<ref name="Malacolog"/> and is the [[State shellfish|state shell]] of that state.

* Another subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia butleri'', is found off of the [[Yucatan]].<ref name="Malacolog"/>

==Shell description==
The [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' grows to a maximum of 126 mm in length.<ref name="Malacolog"/> The shell is cream in color with about 12 spiral rows of somewhat squarish brown dots. The large [[protoconch]] is tan. The [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is almost 3/4 of the length of the shell.

==Human relevance==
[[File:Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum, Junonia exhibit.JPG|thumb|left|An exhibit at the [[Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum]] on [[Sanibel, Florida]] shows a growth series of this species.]]
The shell was historically greatly prized for its beauty and apparent rarity. It is however commonly taken (accidentally as [[bycatch]]) from deeper water during commercial [[trawling]] by shrimp fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico. This source provides plenty of specimens for the shell trade, and so the price of a specimen shell is relatively low. However, the shell is still very hard to find naturally cast up on beaches, so people who find a junonia while shelling on [[Sanibel Island, Florida]], often get their picture in the local newspapers.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1997/9706_dance.asp Conchologists of America, Peter Dance article on this species]
* Rosenberg, G. 1992. ''Encyclopedia of Seashells''. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 99
* Bail, P & Poppe, G. T. 2001. ''A conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent Volutidae''. Hackenheim-Conchbook, 30 pp, 5 pl.
* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. ''Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico'', Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.

==Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| title = Rare Shells
| author = S. Peter Dance
| year = 1969
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = Berkeley and Los Angeles
}}
{{commons category|Scaphella junonia}}

[[Category:Volutidae]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1804]]

Scaphella junonia

2015-01-06T01:48:59Z

Invertzoo: /* Human relevance */ add an image

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Scaphella junonia''
| image = Scaphella junonia.jpg
| image_caption = A [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' trawled by a shrimp boat off of the SW coast of [[Florida]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_superfamilia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]] clade [[Hypsogastropoda]] clade [[Neogastropoda]]
| superfamilia = [[Muricoidea]]
| familia = [[Volutidae]]
| genus = ''[[Scaphella]]''
| species = '''''S. junonia'''''
| binomial = ''Scaphella junonia''
| binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1804)
| synonyms =
* ''Voluta junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Aurinia junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scapha junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Maculopeplum junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scaphella butleri'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella johnstoneae'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella capelettii'' Petuch, 1994
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Malacolog">{{cite web|url=http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=5641|title=Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca|last=Rosenberg|first=G.|year=2009|work=Scaphella junonia ''(Lamarck, 1804)''|accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''''Scaphella junonia''''', [[common name]]s '''the junonia''', or '''Juno's volute''',<ref>{{cite book
| title = Shell Album
| author = Helen S. O'Brien.
| year = 1953
| page = 10
| url = http://www.archive.org/details/shellalbumtextdi00obri
| publisher = O'Brien Color Studio
| location = Fort Myers, Florida
}}</ref> is a [[species]] of large sea [[snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Volutidae]], the volutes.

This species lives in water from 29 m to 126 m depth in the tropical Western Atlantic.<ref name="Malacolog"/> Because of its deepwater habitat, the [[gastropod shell|shell]] usually only washes up onto beaches after strong storms, or [[hurricane]]s.

The species is named after the ancient Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]].

==Distribution==
''Scaphella junonia'' is found throughout [[Florida]] to [[Texas]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="Malacolog"/><ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|383288|''Scaphella junonia'' (Lamarck, 1804)||7 April 2010}}</ref>

* A subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia johnstoneae'', is found off of [[Alabama]]<ref name="Malacolog"/> and is the [[State shellfish|state shell]] of that state.

* Another subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia butleri'', is found off of the [[Yucatan]].<ref name="Malacolog"/>

==Shell description==
The [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' grows to a maximum of 126 mm in length.<ref name="Malacolog"/> The shell is cream in color with about 12 spiral rows of somewhat squarish brown dots. The large [[protoconch]] is tan. The [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is almost 3/4 of the length of the shell.

==Human relevance==
[[File:Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum, Junonia exhibit.JPG|thumb|left|An exhibit at the Bailey-Matthews National Shell Museum on [[Snaibel, Florida]] shows a growth series of this species.]]
The shell was historically greatly prized for its beauty and apparent rarity. It is however commonly taken (accidentally as [[bycatch]]) from deeper water during commercial [[trawling]] by shrimp fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico. This source provides plenty of specimens for the shell trade, and so the price of a specimen shell is relatively low. However, the shell is still very hard to find naturally cast up on beaches, so people who find a junonia while shelling on [[Sanibel Island, Florida]], often get their picture in the local newspapers.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1997/9706_dance.asp Conchologists of America, Peter Dance article on this species]
* Rosenberg, G. 1992. ''Encyclopedia of Seashells''. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 99
* Bail, P & Poppe, G. T. 2001. ''A conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent Volutidae''. Hackenheim-Conchbook, 30 pp, 5 pl.
* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. ''Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico'', Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.

==Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| title = Rare Shells
| author = S. Peter Dance
| year = 1969
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = Berkeley and Los Angeles
}}
{{commons category|Scaphella junonia}}

[[Category:Volutidae]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1804]]

Scaphella junonia

2015-01-06T01:47:00Z

Invertzoo: /* Distribution */

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Scaphella junonia''
| image = Scaphella junonia.jpg
| image_caption = A [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' trawled by a shrimp boat off of the SW coast of [[Florida]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_superfamilia = clade [[Caenogastropoda]] clade [[Hypsogastropoda]] clade [[Neogastropoda]]
| superfamilia = [[Muricoidea]]
| familia = [[Volutidae]]
| genus = ''[[Scaphella]]''
| species = '''''S. junonia'''''
| binomial = ''Scaphella junonia''
| binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1804)
| synonyms =
* ''Voluta junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Aurinia junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scapha junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Maculopeplum junonia'' Lamarck, 1804
* ''Scaphella butleri'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella johnstoneae'' Clench, 1953
* ''Scaphella capelettii'' Petuch, 1994
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Malacolog">{{cite web|url=http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?nameid=5641|title=Malacolog 4.1.1: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca|last=Rosenberg|first=G.|year=2009|work=Scaphella junonia ''(Lamarck, 1804)''|accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''''Scaphella junonia''''', [[common name]]s '''the junonia''', or '''Juno's volute''',<ref>{{cite book
| title = Shell Album
| author = Helen S. O'Brien.
| year = 1953
| page = 10
| url = http://www.archive.org/details/shellalbumtextdi00obri
| publisher = O'Brien Color Studio
| location = Fort Myers, Florida
}}</ref> is a [[species]] of large sea [[snail]], a [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]] in the family [[Volutidae]], the volutes.

This species lives in water from 29 m to 126 m depth in the tropical Western Atlantic.<ref name="Malacolog"/> Because of its deepwater habitat, the [[gastropod shell|shell]] usually only washes up onto beaches after strong storms, or [[hurricane]]s.

The species is named after the ancient Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]].

==Distribution==
''Scaphella junonia'' is found throughout [[Florida]] to [[Texas]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="Malacolog"/><ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|383288|''Scaphella junonia'' (Lamarck, 1804)||7 April 2010}}</ref>

* A subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia johnstoneae'', is found off of [[Alabama]]<ref name="Malacolog"/> and is the [[State shellfish|state shell]] of that state.

* Another subspecies, ''Scaphella junonia butleri'', is found off of the [[Yucatan]].<ref name="Malacolog"/>

==Shell description==
The [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''Scaphella junonia'' grows to a maximum of 126 mm in length.<ref name="Malacolog"/> The shell is cream in color with about 12 spiral rows of somewhat squarish brown dots. The large [[protoconch]] is tan. The [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is almost 3/4 of the length of the shell.

==Human relevance==
The shell was historically greatly prized for its beauty and apparent rarity. It is however commonly taken (accidentally as [[bycatch]]) from deeper water during commercial [[trawling]] by shrimp fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico. This source provides plenty of specimens for the shell trade, and so the price of a specimen shell is relatively low. However, the shell is still very hard to find naturally cast up on beaches, so people who find a junonia while shelling on [[Sanibel Island, Florida]], often get their picture in the local newspapers.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1997/9706_dance.asp Conchologists of America, Peter Dance article on this species]
* Rosenberg, G. 1992. ''Encyclopedia of Seashells''. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 99
* Bail, P & Poppe, G. T. 2001. ''A conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent Volutidae''. Hackenheim-Conchbook, 30 pp, 5 pl.
* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. ''Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico'', Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.

==Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| title = Rare Shells
| author = S. Peter Dance
| year = 1969
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = Berkeley and Los Angeles
}}
{{commons category|Scaphella junonia}}

[[Category:Volutidae]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1804]]

Sieben Jahre in Tibet (Buch)

2014-11-26T13:22:40Z

Invertzoo: /* External links */ typo

{{About|the book|the feature film adaptation|Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)}}

{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Seven Years in Tibet
| title_orig = Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama
| image = File:Sevenyearsbookcover.jpg
| caption = First UK edition
| author = [[Heinrich Harrer]]
| publisher = [[Rupert Hart-Davis]] (UK) [[E.P. Dutton]] (US)
| genre = [[Travel literature]]
| release_date = 1952
| english_pub_date = 1953 (UK) 1954 (US)
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
}}
'''''Seven Years in Tibet: My Life Before, During and After''''' (1952; {{lang-de|Sieben Jahre in Tibet. Mein Leben am Hofe des Dalai Lama}}; 1954 in English) is an [[autobiographical]] travel book written by [[Austria]]n mountaineer [[Heinrich Harrer]] based on his real life experiences in [[Tibet]] between 1944 and 1951 during the [[Second World War]] and the interim period before the Communist Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] [[Invasion of Tibet (1950)|invaded]] Tibet in 1950.

The book covers the escape of Harrer and his companion, [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then traveled across [[Tibet]] to [[Lhasa]], the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the [[14th Dalai Lama]].

''Seven Years in Tibet'' was translated into 53 languages, became a bestseller in the United States in 1954, and sold three million copies.<ref name= "NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/10/obituaries/10harrer.html |title= Heinrich Harrer, 93, Explorer of Tibet, Dies| |author=Martin, Douglas Martin|work= [[The New York Times]]|date= January 10, 2006}}</ref>

==Endorsement==
At the beginning of the [[Flamingo (imprint)|Flamingo]] edition of the book, a message from the [[Dalai Lama]] praises the work: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, ''Seven Years in Tibet'', introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country."{{cn|date=September 2014}}

==Films==
Two films have been based on the book:''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1956 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (1956), a 76-minute documentary directed by Hans Nieter. which includes both movies taken by Harrer during his stay in Tibet and various scenes from his adventures reconstructed by Harrer himself; and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet (1997)]]'', directed by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] and starring [[Brad Pitt]] as Harrer and [[David Thewlis]] as Aufschnaiter.

==Song==
There is also a [[David Bowie]] song entitled "[[Seven Years in Tibet (song)|Seven Years in Tibet]]", from his album ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]'' (1997).

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085440/http://theopencritic.com/?p=3 |title=Book Review: ''Seven Years in Tibet''|work=The Open Critic |date=1956}}

[[Category:1952 books]]
[[Category:Travel books]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]
[[Category:Austrian books]]
[[Category:Books about Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibet]]

{{travel-book-stub}}
{{Tibet-stub}}

Sleep Paralysis

2014-07-17T20:00:50Z

Invertzoo: /* Signs and symptoms */

[[Image:John Henry Fuseli - The Nightmare.JPG|thumb|280px|''[[The Nightmare]]'', by [[Henry Fuseli]] (1781) is thought to be one of the classic depictions of sleep paralysis perceived as a [[demon]]ic visitation.]]

'''Sleep paralysis''' is a phenomenon in which people, either when falling [[sleep|asleep]] or wakening, temporarily experience an inability to move. It is a transition state between wakefulness and rest characterized by complete muscle [[atonia]] (muscle weakness). It can occur at sleep onset or upon awakening, and it is often associated with terrifying visions, such as an intruder in the room, to which one is unable to react due to paralysis. It is believed to be a result of disrupted [[REM sleep]], which is normally characterized by complete muscle atonia that prevents individuals from acting out their [[dream]]s. Sleep paralysis has been linked to disorders such as [[narcolepsy]], [[migraine]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, and [[obstructive sleep apnea]]; however, it can also occur in isolation.<ref name=Ohayon>{{cite journal |last=Ohayon|first=M. |last2=Zulley|first2=J. |last3=Guilleminault|first3=C. |last4=Smirne|first4=S. |title=Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population |journal=Neurology |year=1999 |volume=52 |pages=1194–2000 |doi=10.1212/WNL.52.6.1194 |issue=6}}</ref><ref name=Terrillon>{{cite journal |last=Terrillon |first=J. |last2=Marques-Bonham|first2=S. |title=Does Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis Involve More Than Cognitive Neurosciences? |journal=Journal of Scientific Exploration |year=2001 |volume=15 |pages=97–123}}</ref> When linked to another disorder, sleep paralysis commonly occurs in association with the neurological sleep disorder [[narcolepsy]].<ref name=Terrillon />

==Classification==
The two major classifications of sleep paralysis are ''isolated sleep paralysis (ISP)'' and ''recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP).'' Of these two types, ISP is much more common than RISP.<ref name=Terrillon /> ISP episodes are infrequent and of short duration, approximately one minute. Sleep paralysis might even only occur once in an individual's lifetime.<ref name=Terrillon /> As the name suggests, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis is a chronic condition. The individual suffers from frequent episodes throughout their lifetime.<ref name=Terrillon /> One of the major differences between ISP and RISP is duration. RISP episodes can last for up to an hour or longer, and have a much higher occurrence of perceived [[out of body experiences]]—while ISP episodes are generally short (usually no longer than one minute) and are typically associated with the intruder and [[incubus]] hallucinations. RISP episodes can, however, persist for up to half an hour.<ref name=Terrillon /> With RISP the individual can also suffer back to back episodes of sleep paralysis in the same night while this is unlikely in individuals who suffer from ISP.<ref name=Terrillon />

It can be difficult to differentiate between [[cataplexy]] brought on by narcolepsy and true sleep paralysis, because the two phenomena are physically indistinguishable.<ref name=Terrillon /> The best way to differentiate between the two is to note when the attacks occur most often. Narcolepsy attacks are more common when the individual is falling asleep; ISP and RISP attacks are more common on awakening.<ref name=FISP>{{cite journal |last=Sharpless |first=B. |last2=McCarthy|first2=K.|last3=Chambless|first3=D. |last4=Milrod|first4=B. |last5=Khalsa |first5=S. |last6=Barber |first6=J. |title=Isolated sleep paralysis and fearful isolated sleep paralysis in outpatients with panic attacks |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |year=2010 |volume=66|pages=1292–1306 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20724 |pmid=20715166 |issue=12}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[Image:Augustins cauchemar 03.JPG|thumb|''Le Cauchemar'' (''The Nightmare''), by Eugène Thivier (1894)]]

Physiologically, sleep paralysis is closely related to [[REM atonia]], the paralysis that occurs as a natural part of [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM (rapid eye movement) sleep]]. Sleep paralysis occurs either when falling asleep, or when awakening. When it occurs upon falling asleep, the person remains aware while the body shuts down for REM sleep, and it is called [[hypnagogic]] or predormital sleep paralysis. When it occurs upon awakening, the person becomes aware before the REM cycle is complete, and it is called [[hypnopompic]] or postdormital.<ref>http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-paralysis</ref> The paralysis can last from several seconds to several minutes, with some rare cases being hours, "by which the individual may experience panic symptoms"<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380">Hersen, Turner & Beidel. (2007) Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis. p. 380</ref> (described below). As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not entirely complete; use of [[EOG]] traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes; however, the individual experiencing sleep paralysis is unable to speak.<ref>Hearne, K. (1990) The Dream Machine: Lucid dreams and how to control them, p18. ISBN 0-85030-906-9</ref>

Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are symptoms commonly experienced during episodes of sleep paralysis. Some scientists have proposed this condition as an explanation for reports of [[alien abduction]]s and [[ghost]]ly encounters.<ref name="pmid15881271">{{cite journal |author=McNally RJ, Clancy SA. |title=Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=113–122 |year=2005|pmid=15881271 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050715}}</ref> Some suggest that reports of alien abductions are related to sleep paralysis rather than to [[temporal lobe]] lability.<ref name="ejufoas">{{cite journal | last = Blackmore | first = Susan | authorlink = Susan Blackmore | coauthors = Marcus Cox | title = Alien Abductions, Sleep Paralysis and the Temporal Lobe | journal = European Journal of UFO and Abduction Studies | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = 113–118 | publisher = | location = | url = http://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:oDUW-O3VERkJ:www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/ejufoas00.html+%22Alien+Abductions,+Sleep+Paralysis+and+the+Temporal+Lobe%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-07-26}}</ref> There are three main types of these hallucinations that can be linked to pathologic neurophysiology.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> These include the belief that there is an intruder in the room, the [[incubus]], and vestibular motor sensations.<ref name=Cheynetwothree>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne |first=J. |title=Sleep Paralysis and the Structure of Waking-Nightmare Hallucinations |journal=Dreaming |year=2003 |volume=13 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1023/A:1025373412722 |issue=3}}</ref>

Many people that experience sleep paralysis are struck with a deep sense of terror, because they sense a menacing presence in the room while paralyzed—hereafter referred to as ''the intruder''. This phenomenon is believed to be the result of a hyper-vigilant state created in the midbrain.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> More specifically, the emergency response activates in the brain when individuals wake up paralyzed and feel vulnerable to attack.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This helplessness can intensify the effects of the threat response well above the level typical to normal dreams; this could explain why hallucinations during sleep paralysis are so vivid.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> Normally the threat-activated vigilance system is a protective mechanism the body uses to differentiate between dangerous situations and determine whether the fear response is appropriate.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This threat vigilance system is evolutionarily biased to interpret ambiguous stimuli as dangerous, because "erring on the side of caution" increases survival chances.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> This could explain why those who experience sleep paralysis generally believe the presence they sense is evil.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The amygdala is heavily involved in the threat activation response mechanism, which is implicated in both intruder and incubus SP hallucinations.<ref name=FISP /> The specific pathway the threat-activated vigilance system acts through is not perfectly understood. It is believed that either the thalamus receives sensory information and sends it on the [[amygdala]], which regulates emotional experience—or that the amygdaloid complex, anterior cingulate, and the structures in the pontine tegmentum interact to create the hallucination.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> It is also highly possible that SP hallucinations could result from a combination of these. The anterior cingulate has an extensive array of cortical connections to other cortical area, which lets it integrate the different sensations and emotions we experience.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> The amygdaloid complex helps us interpret emotional experience and act appropriately.<ref name=Jolkkonen>{{cite journal |last=Jolkkonen |first=E. |last2=Miettinen|first2=R. |last3=Pikkarainen|first3=M. |last4=Pitkänen|first4=A. |title=Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the magnocellular cholinergic basal forebrain in rats|journal=Neuroscience|year=2002|volume=111 |pages=133–149 |doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00578-4 |pmid=11955718 |issue=1}}</ref> Most importantly, it helps us direct our attention to the most pertinent stimuli in a potentially dangerous situation and act appropriately.<ref name=Jolkkonen /> Proper amygdaloid complex function requires input from the thalamus. This creates a thalamoamygdala pathway capable of bypassing intense scrutiny of incoming stimuli, which allows for quick responses in a potentially life-threatening situation.<ref name=Cheyneninenine/><ref name=Jolkkonen />

Typically these pathways let us quickly disregard non-threatening situations. In sleep paralysis, however, these pathways become over-excited and move into a state of hypervigilance where the mind perceives every external stimulus as a threat. The individual can create endogenous stimuli that contribute to the perceived threat.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> A similar process occurs in the incubus hallucination, with slight variations.

The incubus hallucination is associated with the subject's belief that an intruder is attempting to suffocate them, usually by strangulation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> It is believed that the incubus hallucination is a combination of the threat vigilance activation system and the muscle paralysis associated with sleep paralysis that removes voluntary control of breathing.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> Several features of REM breathing patterns exacerbate the feeling of suffocation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> These include shallow rapid breathing, [[hypercapnia]], and slight blockage of the airway, a symptom prevalent in sleep apnea patients.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> Attempts at breathing deeply fail, and give the individual a sense of resistance, which the threat-activated vigilance system interprets as someone sitting on their chest, suffocating them.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> The sensation of entrapment causes a feedback loop that involves the threat-activated vigilance system: fear of suffocation increases as a result of continued helplessness, which makes the individual struggle to end the SP episode.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The intruder and incubus hallucinations highly correlate with one another, and moderately correlate with the third type of hallucination, vestibular-motor hallucination, also known as out-of-body experiences.<ref name=Cheynetwothree />

The third hallucination type differs from the other two in that it involves the brainstem, cerebellar, and cortical vestibular centers—not the threat activation vigilance system.<ref name=FISP /> Under normal conditions, medial and vestibular nuclei, cortical, thalamic, and cerebellar centers coordinate things such as head and eye movement, and orientation in space.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> In sleep paralysis, these mechanisms—which usually coordinate body movement and provide information on body position—activate and, because there is no actual movement, become confused and induce a floating sensation.<ref name=Cheynetwothree /> The vestibular nuclei in particular has been identified as being closely related to dreaming during the REM stage of sleep.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> Unlike the other two types of hallucinations, vestibular-motor experiences arise from completely endogenous sources of stimuli.<ref name=Cheynetwothree />

==Pathophysiology==
The pathophysiology of sleep paralysis has not been concretely identified, although there are several theories about what causes an individual to develop sleep paralysis. The first of these stems from the understanding that sleep paralysis is a [[parasomnia]] resulting from inappropriate overlap of the REM and waking stages of sleep.<ref name=Goldstein>{{cite journal|last=Goldstein |first=K. |title=Parasomnias|journal=Dis Mon|year=2011|volume=57 |pages=364–88|doi=10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007 |pmid=21807161 |issue=7}}</ref> Polysomnographic studies found that individuals with sleep paralysis had shorter REM sleep latencies than normal along with shortened NREM and REM sleep cycles, and fragmentation of REM sleep.<ref name=Walther>{{cite journal |last=Walther |first=B. |last2=Schulz|first2=H. |title=Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis: Polysomnographic and clinical findings |journal=Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin|year=2004 |volume=8 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-054X.2004.00017.x|issue=2}}</ref> This study supports the observation that disturbance of regular sleeping patterns can instigate an episode of sleep paralysis, because fragmentation of REM sleep commonly occurs when sleep patterns are disrupted and has now been seen in combination with sleep paralysis.<ref name=Walther />

Another major theory is that the neural bodies that regulate sleep are out of balance in such a way that allows for the different sleep states to overlap.<ref name=Cheyneninenine>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne|first=J. |last2=Rueffer|first2=S. |last3=Newby-Clark|first3=I.|title=Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Hallucinations during Sleep Paralysis: Neurological and Cultural Construction of the Night-Mare|journal=Consciousness and Cognition |year=1999|volume=8 |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1006/ccog.1999.0404 |pmid=10487786 |issue=3}}</ref> In this case, cholinergic sleep on neural populations are hyper activated and the serotonergic sleep off neural populations are under-activated.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> As a result the cells capable of sending the signals that would allow for complete arousal from the sleep state, the serotonergic neural populations, have difficulty in overcoming the signals sent by the cells that keep the brain in the sleep state.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> During normal REM sleep, the threshold for a stimulus to cause arousal is greatly elevated. However, in individuals with SP, there is almost no blocking of exogenous stimuli, which means it is much easier for a stimulus to arouse the individual.<ref name=Cheyneninenine /> There may also be a problem with the regulation of [[melatonin]], which under normal circumstances regulates the serotonergic neural populations.<ref name=Terrillon /> Melatonin is typically at its lowest point during REM sleep.<ref name=Terrillon /> Inhibition of melatonin at an inappropriate time would make it impossible for the sleep off neural populations to depolarize when presented with a stimulus that would normally lead to complete arousal.<ref name=Terrillon /> This could explain why the REM and waking stages of sleep overlap during sleep paralysis, and definitely explains the muscle paralysis experienced on awakening.<ref name=Terrillon /> If the effects of sleep on neural populations cannot be counteracted, characteristics of REM sleep are retained upon awakening. Common consequences of sleep paralysis includes headaches, muscle pains or weakness and/or paranoia.

Research has found a genetic component in sleep paralysis.<ref>(Sehgal 2011)</ref> The characteristic fragmentation of REM sleep, hypnopompic, and hypnagogic hallucinations have a heritable component in other parasomnias, which lends credence to the idea that sleep paralysis is also genetic.<ref name=Sehgal>{{cite journal |last=Sehgal |first=A.|last2=Mignot|first2=E. |title=Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders |journal=Cell|year=2011|volume=146 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.004 |pmid=21784243 |issue=2|pmc=3153991}}</ref> Twin studies have shown that if one twin of a monozygotic pair experiences sleep paralysis that other twin is very likely to experience it as well.<ref name=Sehgal /> The identification of a genetic component means that there is some sort of disruption of function at the physiological level. Further studies must be conducted to determine whether there is a mistake in the signaling pathway for arousal as suggested by the first theory presented, or whether the regulation of melatonin or the neural populations themselves have been disrupted.

Sleep paralysis could also be a part of a larger diagnosis because of the dissociative state seen during sleep paralysis. Like mentioned earlier patients, especially with narcolepsy, seem to have trouble distinguishing between states of wakefulness and sleep. They are unable to tell if what they are experiencing is a dream or if it is reality. Many patients can recall talking to a doctor if they are in the hospital or family and friends but they are uncertain if this memory was from a state of wakefulness or was experienced in REM sleep. Their recall is very similar to patients who suffer from delirium, which is why some experts conclude there is a dissociative state in sleep paralysis.<ref>Terzaghi, M., Ratti, P., Manni, F., & Manni, R. (2012). Sleep paralysis in narcolepsy: more than just a motor dissociative phenomenon?. Neurological Sciences</ref>

Another possible cause of sleep paralysis is depression. There is a correlation between depression and sleep disturbances, sleep paralysis being one of them. In people that are depressed there is about an 11% frequency of people that have sleep paralysis. The reasoning behind this is the depression causes disturbances in the REM sleep cycle.<ref>SZKLO-COXE, M., YOUNG, T., FINN, L., & MIGNOT, E. (2007). "Depression: relationships to sleep paralysis and other sleep disturbances in a community sample". ''Journal Of Sleep Research''</ref>

==Diagnosis==
Sleep paralysis is mainly diagnosed by ruling out other potential sleep disorders that could account for the feelings of paralysis.<ref name=Goldstein /> The main disorder that is checked for is narcolepsy due to the high prevalence of narcolepsy in conjunction with sleep paralysis. The availability of a genetic test for narcolepsy makes this an easy disorder to rule out.<ref name=Sehgal /> Once all other conditions have been ruled out, the description that the patient gives of their episode is compared to the typical experiences of sleep paralysis that have been well documented.<ref name=Goldstein /> If the two descriptions match and no other sleep disorder can account for the symptoms, the patient is diagnosed with sleep paralysis.<ref name=Goldstein />

==Prevention==
Several circumstances have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of sleep paralysis. These include insomnia and sleep deprivation, an erratic sleep schedule, stress, overuse of stimulants, physical fatigue, as well as certain medications that are used to treat ADHD.<ref name=Terrillon /> It is also believed that there may be a genetic component in the development of RISP due to a high concurrent incidence of sleep paralysis in monozygotic twins.<ref name=Sehgal /> Sleeping in the [[supine position]] has been found an especially prominent instigator of sleep paralysis.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo>{{cite journal |last=Cheyne |first=J. |title=Situational factors affecting sleep paralysis and associated hallucinations: position and timing effects |journal=Journal of Sleep Research|year=2002|volume=11 |pages=169–177 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00297.x |pmid=12028482 |issue=2}}</ref>

Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo/> This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with sleep apnea or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity.<ref name=Cheynetwotwo/>

While many factors can increase risk for ISP or RISP, they can be avoided with minor lifestyle changes.<ref name=Goldstein /> By maintaining a regular sleep schedule and observing good [[sleep hygiene]], one can reduce chances of sleep paralysis. It helps subjects to reduce the intake of stimulants and stress in daily life by taking up a hobby or seeing a trained psychologist who can suggest coping mechanisms for stress. However, some cases of ISP and RISP involve a genetic factor—which means some people may find sleep paralysis unavoidable.

==Treatment==
Treatment starts with education about sleep stages and the inability to move muscles during REM sleep. People should be evaluated for [[narcolepsy]] if symptoms persist.<ref>Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs [serial online]. December 2002;16(12):803-810.</ref> The safest treatment for sleep paralysis is for people to adopt healthier sleeping habits. However, in serious cases more clinical treatments are available. The most commonly used drugs are [[tricyclic antidepressants]] and [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref name=Med>{{cite journal |last=Stores|first=G. |title=Medication for sleep-wake disorders|journal=Archives of disease in childhood |year=2003 |volume=88 |pages=899–903 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.10.899 |pmid=14500311 |issue=10 |pmc=1719336}}</ref> Despite the fact that these treatments are prescribed for serious cases of RISP, it is important to note that these drugs are not effective for everyone. There is currently no drug that has been found to completely interrupt episodes of sleep paralysis a majority of the time.<ref name=Med />

==Prognosis==
Sleep paralysis poses no serious health risk to those that experience it, despite the fact that it can be an intensely terrifying experience.<ref name=Terrillon />

==Epidemiology==
Isolated sleep paralysis is commonly seen in patients that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy. Approximately 30-50% of people that have been diagnosed with narcolepsy have experienced sleep paralysis as an auxiliary symptom.<ref name=Ohayon /><ref name=Dauvilliers>{{cite journal|last=Dauvilliers |first=Y. |last2=Billiard|first2=M. |last3=Montplaisir|first3=J.|title=Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy |journal=Clinical Neurophysiology|year=2003 |volume=114 |pages=2000–2017 |doi=10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00203-7 |pmid=14580598|issue=11}}</ref> The prevalence of sleep paralysis in the general population is approximately 6.2%. A majority of the individuals who have experienced sleep paralysis have sporadic episodes that occur once a month to once a year. Only 3% of individuals experiencing sleep paralysis that is not associated with a neuromuscular disorder have nightly episodes, as mentioned earlier, these individuals are diagnosed as having RISP.<ref name=Ohayon /> Sleep paralysis is just as common for males as it is for females, however, different age groups have been found to be more susceptible to developing isolated sleep paralysis. Approximately 36% of the general population that experiences isolated sleep paralysis is likely to develop it between 25 and 44 years of age.<ref name=Ohayon />

==History==
The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by [[Samuel Johnson]] in his ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' as ''nightmare'', a term that evolved into our modern definition. Such sleep paralysis was widely considered the work of [[demon]]s, and more specifically [[Incubus|incubi]], which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In [[Old English language|Old English]] the name for these beings was ''mare'' or ''mære'' (from a [[proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] ''*marōn'', cf. [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''[[mara (folklore)|mara]]''), hence comes the ''mare'' part in ''nightmare''. The word might be etymologically cognate to [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''Marōn'' (in the [[Odyssey]]) and [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Mara (demon)|Māra]]''.

Various forms of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and [[spiritual possession]] were also advanced as causes. In nineteenth century [[Europe]], the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', [[Ebenezer Scrooge]] attributes the [[ghost]] he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the ''[[Household Cyclopedia]]'' (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:

:"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."<ref>[http://www.mspong.org/cyclopedia/medicine.html#nightmare The Household Cyclopedia - Medicine]</ref>

==Society and culture==

===Folklore===
* In [[Scandinavian folklore]], sleep paralysis is caused by a [[Mare (folklore)|mare]], a supernatural creature related to [[Incubus|incubi]] and [[Succubus|succubi]]. The mare is a damned woman, who is cursed and her body is carried mysteriously during sleep and without her noticing. In this state, she visits villagers to sit on their rib cages while they are asleep, causing them to experience nightmares. The Swedish film [[Marianne (2011 film)|''Marianne'']] examines the folklore surrounding sleep paralysis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://lesgivresdlabobine.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/entretien-avec-le-realisateur-filip-tegstedt-a-propos-de-marianne/&ei=BLVqTaK9D4nQceTO_Y0M&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ7gEwBg|title=Interview with director Filip Tegstedt, about Marianne |first=Aurore|last=Bjursell|date=13 December 2010|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref>

* Folk belief in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] describe the negative figure of the [[hag]] who leaves her physical body at night, and sits on the chest of her victim. The victim usually wakes with a feeling of terror, has difficulty breathing because of a perceived heavy invisible weight on his or her chest, and is unable to move i.e., experiences sleep paralysis. This nightmare experience is described as being "hag-ridden" in the [[Gullah]] lore. The "Old Hag" was a nightmare spirit in British and also Anglophone North American folklore.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}

* In [[Fiji]], the experience is interpreted as ''kana tevoro'', being "eaten" by a demon. In many cases the demon can be the spirit of a recently dead relative who has come back for some unfinished business, or has come to communicate some important news to the living. Often persons sleeping near the afflicted person say ''kania, kania'', "eat! eat!" in an attempt to prolong the possession for a chance to converse with the dead relative or spirit and seek answers as to why he or she has come back. The person waking up from the experience is often asked to immediately curse or chase the spirit of the dead relative, which sometimes involves literally speaking to the spirit and telling him or her to go away or using expletives.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

* In Nigeria, "ISP appears to be far more common and recurrent among people of African descent than among whites or Nigerian Africans,"<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380"/> and is often referred to within African communities as "the Devil on your back."<ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34">Mattek, (2005) Memoirs p. 34</ref><ref name="Katherine Roberts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}</ref><ref name="pmid6737506">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Shakoor B, Thompson B, Dew D, Hughley E, Mays R, Shorter-Gooden K |title=Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=501–508 |year=1984 |pmid=6737506 |pmc=2561758}}</ref>

* In [[Turkey]] sleep paralysis is called ''Karabasan'', and is similar to other stories of demonic visitation during sleep. A supernatural being, commonly known as a ''[[jinn]]'' (''cin'' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), comes to the victim's room, holds him or her down hard enough not to allow any kind of movement, and starts to strangle the person. To get rid of the demonic creature, one needs to pray to [[Allah]] by reading [[Al-Falaq]] and [[Al-Nas]] from the [[Qur'an]]. Moreover, in some derivatives of the stories, the jinn has a wide hat and if the person can show the courage and take its hat, the djinn becomes his slave.

* In [[Thailand]] it is believed that sleep paralysis and discomfort is caused by a [[ghost]] of the [[Thai folklore]] known as ''Phi Am'' ({{lang-th|ผีอำ}}).<ref>[http://lungkitti.tarad.com/img-lib/spd_20120725124110_b.jpg ผีอำ]</ref> Some people claim that this spirit may even cause bruises.<ref>[http://m2.truelife.com/foodhealth/d.php?sub=2656&id=104700 รอยช้ำตามร่างกายบอกโรค]</ref> Stories about this spirit are common in [[Thai comics]].<ref>[http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j40/freeze_taker/toon/pheeum-ex.jpg Phi Am comics]</ref>

* In the Southern states of the United States, elders refer to it as the "witch riding your back."{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

* In Eastern Chinese folklore, it is thought that a mouse can steal human breath at night. Human breath strengthens the mouse, allowing it longevity and the ability to briefly become human at night, in a similar fashion to fox spirits. The mouse sits near the person's face or under their nostrils.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===East Asia===
* In [[Chinese culture]], sleep paralysis is widely known as "鬼壓身/鬼压身" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā shēn) or "鬼壓床/鬼压床" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā chuáng), which literally translate into "ghost pressing on body" or "ghost pressing on bed." A more modern term is "夢魘/梦魇" ([[pinyin]]: mèng yǎn).
* In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as ''kanashibari'' ([[:ja:金縛り|金縛り]]), literally "bound or fastened in metal," from "kane" (metal) and "shibaru" (to bind, to tie, to fasten). This term is occasionally used by English speaking authors to refer to the phenomenon both in academic papers and in [[popular psychology|pop psych]] literature.<ref name="shibaru">{{Cite journal |title=High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: kanashibari phenomenon in Japan |last=Fukuda |first=K. |last2=Miyasita |first2=A. |last3=Inugami |first3=M. |last4=Ishihara |first4=K. |journal=Sleep |year=1987 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=279–286 |doi= |pmid=3629091 }}</ref>
* In [[Korean culture]], sleep paralysis is called ''gawi nulim'' ({{Ko-hhrm|hangul=[[:ko:가위눌림|가위눌림]]}}), literally, "being pressed down by something scary in a dream." It is often associated with a belief that a ghost or spirit is lying on top of or pressing down on the sufferer.
* In [[Mongolian culture]], nightmares in general as well as sleep paralysis is referred to by the verb-phrase ''khar darakh'' (written kara darahu), meaning "to be pressed by the Black" or "when the Dark presses." ''Kara'' means black, and may refer to the dark side personified. ''Kharin buu'' means "shaman of the black" (shamans of the dark side only survive in far-northern [[Mongolia]]), while ''tsaghaan zugiin buu'' means "shaman of the white direction" (referring to shamans who only invoke benevolent spirits). Compare 'karabasan' (the dark presser) in Turkish, which may date from pre-Islamic times when the Turks had the same religion and mythology as the Mongols. See [[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]] and [[Tengriism]].

===South-East Asia===
* In [[Cambodian culture|Cambodian]], [[Lao culture|Lao]], and [[Thai culture]] sleep paralysis is called ''phǐǐ am'' ({{IPA-th|pʰǐi.ʔam}}, {{IPA-lo|pʰǐi.ʔàm}}) and ''khmout sukkhot''. It is described as an event in which the person is sleeping and dreams that one or more ghostly figures are nearby or even holding him or her down. The sufferer is unable to move or make any noises. This is not to be confused with ''pee khao'' and ''khmout jool'', ghost possession.
* In [[Hmong people|Hmong]] culture, sleep paralysis is understood to be caused by a nocturnal pressing spirit, ''dab tsog''. ''Dab tsog'' attacks "sleepers" by sitting on their chests, sometimes attempting to strangle them. Some believe that ''dab tsog'' is responsible for [[Sudden unexpected death syndrome|sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome]] (SUNDS), which claimed the lives of over 100 Southeast Asian immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Adler (2011) offers a biocultural perspective on sleep paralysis and the sudden deaths. She suggests that an interplay between the [[Brugada syndrome]] (a genetic cardiac disorder) and the traditional meaning of a ''dab tsog'' attack are at the heart of the sudden deaths.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adler |first=Shelley R. |year=2011 |title=Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4885-2 }}</ref>
* In [[Vietnamese culture]], sleep paralysis is called ''ma đè'', meaning "held down by a ghost," or ''bóng đè'', meaning "held down by a shadow."
* In [[Culture of the Philippines|Philippine culture]], ''[[Sudden unexpected death syndrome|bangungut]]'' has traditionally been attributed to nightmares.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munger|first=Ronald G.|coauthors=Elizabeth A. Booton|year=1998|title=Bangungut in Manila: sudden and unexplained death in sleep of adult Filipinos|journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=677–684 |doi=10.1093/ije/27.4.677|pmid=9758125}}</ref> People who claim to survive such nightmares report symptoms of sleep paralysis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
* In New Guinea, people refer to this phenomenon as ''Suk Ninmyo'', believed to originate from sacred trees that use human essence to sustain its life. The trees are said to feed on human essence during night as to not disturb the human's daily life, but sometimes people wake unnaturally during the feeding, resulting in the paralysis.
* In Malay of Malay Peninsula, sleep paralysis is known as ''kena tindih'' (or ''ketindihan'' in Indonesia), which means "being pressed."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sleepclinicjakarta.tblog.com/post/1969898557 |title=Klinik Gangguan Tidur }}</ref> Incidents are commonly considered the work of a malign agency; occurring in what are explained as blind spots in the field of vision, they are reported as demonic figures.

===South Asia===
{{Main|Superstition in Pakistan}}
* In [[Kashmir]]i mythology this is caused by an invisible creature called a "pasindhar" or a "sayaa". Some people believe that a pasikdhar lives in every house and attacks somebody if the house has not been cleaned or if god is not being worshiped in the house. One also experiences this if one has been doing something evil or derives pleasure from the misfortunes of others.
* In [[Pakistan]], sleep paralysis is considered an encounter with [[Shaitan]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: شيطان ) ([[Satan]]), [[evil]] [[jinn]]s or [[demon]]s who have taken over one's body. Like [[Iran]], this [[ghoul]] is known as 'bakhtak' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: بختک) or '[[ifrit]]'. It is also assumed that it is caused by the [[black magic]] performed by enemies and [[jealous]] persons. People, especially children and young girls, wear [[Ta'wiz]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: تعویز) ([[Amulet]]) to ward off [[evil eye]]. [[Spell (paranormal)|Spells]], [[incantation]]s and [[curse]]s could also result in [[ghoul]]s [[haunting]] a person. Some homes and places are also believed to be [[Haunting|haunted]] by [[evil]] [[ghost]]s, [[satan]]ic or other [[supernatural]] beings and they could [[Haunting|haunt]] people living there especially during the night. [[Muslim]] holy persons ([[Imam]]s, [[Maulvi]]s, [[Sufi]]s, [[Mullah]]s, [[Fakir|Faqirs]]) perform [[exorcism]] on individuals who are believed to be [[Demonic possession|possessed]]. The homes, houses, buildings and grounds are [[Blessing|blessed]] and [[Consecration|consecrated]] by [[Mullah]]s or [[Imam]]s by reciting [[Qur'an]] and [[Adhan]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: أَذَان), the [[Islam]]ic call to [[Salah|prayer]], recited by the [[muezzin]].
* In [[Bangladesh]], the phenomenon of sleep paralysis is referred to as ''boba'' ("speechless").{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
* In Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan Tamil culture, this particular phenomenon is referred to as ''Amuku Be'' or ''Amuku Pei'' meaning "the ghost that forces one down."{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
* In Nepal, especially [[Newa people|Newari]] culture it is also known as ''Khyaak'', after a ghost-like figure believed to reside in the darkness under the staircases of a house.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

===Middle-East, Western and Central Asia===
* In [[Arabic]] Culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''Ja-thoom'' ({{lang-ar|جاثوم}}), literally "What sits heavily on something". In folklore across Arab countries, the ''Ja-thoom'' is believed to be a ''[[Shaitan|shayṭān]]'' or a ''[[ifrit|‘ifrīt]]'' sitting on top of the person or is also choking him. It is said that it can be prevented by sleeping on your right side and reading the [[Al-Baqara 255|Throne Verse]] of the [[Quran]].
* In [[Turkey|Turkish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''karabasan'' ("the dark presser/assailer"). It is believed to be a creature that attacks people in their sleep, pressing on their chest and stealing their breath. However, folk legends do not provide a reason why the devil or ifrit does that.
* In [[Persian people|Persian]] culture it is known as ''bakhtak'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: بختک), which is a ghost-like creature that sits on the dreamer's chest, making breathing hard for him/her.
* In [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as ''motakka''. It is believed to be a demon that attacks people in their sleep, and particularly children of young age, which they breathe heavily as for ''motakka'' will be stealing their breath away and keep it out of reach.

===Africa===
* ''Ogun Oru'' is a traditional explanation for nocturnal disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria; ''ogun oru'' ("nocturnal warfare") involves an acute night-time disturbance that is culturally attributed to demonic infiltration of the body and psyche during dreaming. ''Ogun oru'' is characterized by its occurrence, a female preponderance, the perception of an underlying feud between the sufferer's earthly spouse and a "spiritual" spouse, and the event of bewitchment through eating while dreaming. The condition is believed to be treatable through Christian prayers or elaborate traditional rituals designed to exorcise the imbibed demonic elements.<ref name="pmid17379609">{{cite journal |author=Aina OF, Famuyiwa OO |title=Ogun Oru: a traditional explanation for nocturnal neuropsychiatric disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17379609 |doi=10.1177/1363461507074968}}</ref>
* In Zimbabwean [[Shona people|Shona culture]] the word ''Madzikirira'' is used to refer something strongly pressing one down. This mostly refers to the spiritual world in which some spirit—especially an evil one—tries to use its victim for some evil purpose. The people believe that witches can only be people of close relations to be effective, and hence a witches often try to use one's spirit to bewitch one's relatives.
* In Ethiopian culture the word ''dukak'' (ዱካክ, "depression") is used, which is believed to be an evil spirit that possesses people during their sleep. Some people believe this experience is a symptom of withdrawal from the stimulant [[khat]]. The evil spirit ''dukak'' is an [[anthropomorphic]] personification of the depression that often results from the act of quitting chewing khat. 'Dukak' often appears in hallucinations of the quitters and metes out punishments to its victims for offending him by quitting. The punishments are often in the form of implausible physical punishments (e.g., the ''dukak'' puts the victim in a bottle and shakes the bottle vigorously) or outrageous tasks the victim must perform (e.g., swallow a bag of gravel).<ref name="gorfu06">{{cite journal | last1 = Gorfu| first1 = M. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2006| title = The Prevalence of Khat –Induced Psychotic Reactions among College Students: A Case in Jimma University College of Agriculture | url = http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejesc/article/viewFile/41977 | journal = Ethiopian Journal of Education and Science | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 63–84 | issn= 1998-8907 | doi = 10.4314/ejesc.v2i1.41977 }}</ref>
* In [[Swahili language|Swahili speaking East Africa]], it is known as ''jinamizi'', which refers to a creature sitting on one's chest making it difficult for him/her to breathe. It is attributed to result from a person sleeping on his back. Most people also recall being strangled by this 'creature'.
* In the Moroccan culture, Sleep Paralysis is known as ''Bou Rattat,'' which mean a demon that press and covers the sleeper's body so they cannot move or speak.

===Europe===
* In [[Finland|Finnish]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called ''unihalvaus'' (dream paralysis), but the Finnish word for nightmare, ''painajainen'', is believed to originally have meant sleep paralysis, as the word ''painaja'' translates to ''pusher'' or ''presser'', but with ''nen'' added to the end.
* In [[Hungary|Hungarian]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called ''lidércnyomás'' (''lidérc pressing'') and can be attributed to a number of supernatural entities like ''lidérc'' (wraith), ''boszorkány'' (witch), ''tündér'' (fairy) or ''ördögszerető'' (demon lover).<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/3-1332.html lidérc], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref> The word ''boszorkány'' itself stems from the Turkish root ''bas-'', meaning "to press."<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/1-925.html boszorkány], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref>
* In [[Iceland]] folk culture sleep paralysis is generally called having a ''[[Mara (folklore)|Mara]]''. A [[goblin]] or a [[succubus]] (since it is generally female) believed to cause nightmares (the origin of the word 'Nightmare' itself is derived from an English cognate of her name). Other European cultures share variants of the same folklore, calling her under different names; Proto-Germanic: ''marōn''; Old English: ''mære''; German: ''Mahr''; Dutch: ''nachtmerrie''; Icelandic, Old Norse, Faroese, and Swedish: ''mara''; Danish: ''mare''; Norwegian: ''mare''; Old Irish: ''morrigain''; Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Slovene: ''môra''; Bulgarian, Polish: ''mara''; French: ''cauchemar''; Romanian: ''moroi''; Czech: ''můra''; Slovak: ''mora''. The origin of the belief itself is much older, back to the reconstructed Proto Indo-European root ''mora-'', an incubus, from the root ''mer-'' "to rub away" or "to harm."
* In [[Malta]], folk culture attributes a sleep paralysis incident to an attack by the ''Haddiela,'' who is the wife of the ''Hares'', an entity in Maltese folk culture that haunts the individual in ways similar to a poltergeist.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} As believed in folk culture, to get rid of the Haddiela, one must place a piece of silverware or a knife under the pillow prior to sleep.
* In [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], it is believed that sleep paralysis occurs when a ghost-like creature or Demon named Mora, Vrahnas or Varypnas (Greek: Μόρα, Βραχνάς, Βαρυπνάς) tries to steal the victim's speech or sits on the victim's chest causing asphyxiation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
* In [[Catalonia]] legend and popular culture, the ''Pesanta'' is an enormous dog (or sometimes a cat) that goes into people's houses in the night and puts itself on their chests making it difficult for them to breathe and causing them the most horrible nightmares. The Pesanta is black and hairy, with steel paws, but with holes so it can't take anything.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}
* In [[Latvia]]n folk culture sleep paralysis is called a torture or strangling by ''[[Lietuvēns]]''. It is thought to be a ''[[soul]]'' of a killed (strangled, drowned, hanged) person and attacks both people and domestic animals. When under attack, one must move the toe of the left foot to get rid of the attacker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latviešu tautas ticējumi|url=http://valoda.ailab.lv/folklora/ticejumi/lietuven.htm|work=Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|publisher=Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Latvia|accessdate=21 February 2013|author=P. Šmits|language=Latvian}}</ref>

===Americas===
* During the [[Salem witch trials]] several people reported nighttime attacks by various alleged witches, including [[Bridget Bishop]], that may have been caused by sleep paralysis.<ref>[http://www.justiceatsalem.com/Cooke%20justice%20text%20100109.pdf Justice at Salem] ''William H. Cooke''</ref>
* In Mexico, it is believed that this is caused by the spirit of a dead person. This ghost lies down upon the body of the sleeper, rendering him unable to move. People refer to this as "subirse el muerto" (dead person on you).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/575017.html |title = ¿Has sentido que se te sube el muerto? | publisher = El Universal | date= February 6, 2009}}</ref>
* In many parts of the Southern United States, the phenomenon is known as a ''[[hag]]'', and the event is said to portend an approaching tragedy or accident.{{Citation needed|reason=needs to ref published folklorist research|date=October 2011}}
* In [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], it is known as the 'Old Hag'.<ref name="OldHag">{{Cite book|author=Firestone, M.|title=The "Old Hag": sleep paralysis in Newfoundland|work=The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology|year=1985|chapter=Section 8|pages=47–66}}</ref> In island folklore, the Hag can be summoned to attack a third party, like a [[curse]]. In his 1982 book, ''The Terror that Comes in the Night'', David J. Hufford writes that in local culture the way to call the Hag is to recite the [[Lord's Prayer]] backwards.
* In contemporary western culture the phenomenon of supernatural assault are thought{{By whom|date=November 2011}} to be the work of what are known as [[shadow people]]. Victims report primarily three different entities, a man with a hat, the old hag noted above, and a hooded figure.<ref>Adler, Shelley R. (2011). Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4886-9</ref> Sleep paralysis is known to involve a component of hallucination in 20% of the cases, which may explain these sightings. Sleep paralysis in combination with hallucinations has long been suggested as a possible explanation for reported [[alien abduction]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.skepdic.com/sleepparalysis.html |title= Sleep Paralysis|publisher = The Skeptics Dictionary}}</ref>
* Several studies show that African-Americans may be predisposed to isolated sleep paralysis—known in folklore as "the witch is riding you" <ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34"/><ref name="Katherine Roberts"/> or "the haint is riding you."<ref name="pmid6737506"/> Other studies show that African-Americans who experience frequent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, i.e., reporting having one or more sleep paralysis episodes per month coined as "sleep paralysis disorder," were predisposed to panic attacks.<ref name="pmid3746934">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Dixie-Bell DD, Thompson B |title=Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=649–659 |year=1986|pmid=3746934 |pmc=2571385}}</ref> This finding has been replicated by other independent researchers.<ref name="pmid15881272">{{cite journal |author=Paradis CM, Friedman S |title=Sleep Paralysis in African Americans with Panic Disorder |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=692–694 |year=2006 |pmid=15881272 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050720}}</ref><ref name="pmid7982696">{{cite journal |author=Friedman S, Paradis CM, Hatch M |title=Characteristics of African-Americans and white patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia |journal=Hospital and Community Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=798–803 |year=1994 |pmid=7982696}}</ref>
* In [[Brazil]], there is a legend about a mythological being called the ''pisadeira'' ("she who steps"). She is described as a tall, skinny old woman, with long dirty nails in dried toes, white tangled hair, a long nose, staring red eyes, and greenish teeth on her evil laugh. She lives over the roofs, waiting to step on the chest of those who sleep with full stomach.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Amitriptyline]]
* [[Hypnagogia]]
* [[Hypnopompic]]
* [[Pesanta]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/paralysis.html Sleep information and links] from Stanford University
* [http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/S_P.html Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences] from University of Waterloo
* [http://www.csicop.org/doubtandabout/sleep/ Waking Up to Sleep Paralysis]
* [http://www.thesleepparalysisproject.org/ The Sleep Paralysis Project]

{{SleepSeries2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sleep Paralysis}}
[[Category:Sleep physiology]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Neuropsychology]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T21:18:48Z

Invertzoo: fix up prose a bit more

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2013}}
[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis. Nevis is the more southerly of the two islands. Pinneys Beach extends for 3 miles north of Charlestown.]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) coast of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. The southern end of Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north three miles from there, ending at the northern point of Cades Bay, which is currently where the "Sea Bridge" ferry dock is located. That is near the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island of [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land, a plantation which in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]

{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T21:17:43Z

Invertzoo: unref tag

{{Unreferenced|date=October 2013}}
[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis. Nevis is the more southerly of the two islands. Pinneys Beach extends for 3 miles north of Charlestown.]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) coast of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. The southern end of Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north three miles from there, ending at the northern point of Cades Bay, which is the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, That point is near the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island of [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land, a plantation which in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]

{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T21:15:35Z

Invertzoo: line space

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis. Nevis is the more southerly of the two islands. Pinneys Beach extends for 3 miles north of Charlestown.]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) coast of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. The southern end of Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north three miles from there, ending at the northern point of Cades Bay, which is the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, That point is near the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island of [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land, a plantation which in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]

{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T21:14:59Z

Invertzoo: trim caption

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T21:14:17Z

Invertzoo: improve caption and tweak prose

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis. Nevis is the more southerly of the two islands, and Pinneys Beach extends for 3 miles north of Charlestown.]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) coast of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. The southern end of Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north three miles from there, ending at the northern point of Cades Bay, which is the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, That point is near the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island of [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land, a plantation which in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T16:50:09Z

Invertzoo: small tweaks

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) coast of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. At its southern end, Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north more than three miles, ending at the northern edge of Cades Bay, just south of the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, which is situated at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land that in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T13:33:16Z

Invertzoo: improve prose

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) side of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. At its southern end, Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends north more than three miles, ending at the northern edge of Cades Bay, just south of the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, which is situated at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land that in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T13:27:17Z

Invertzoo: add map

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|Map of St. Kitts and Nevis]]

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) side of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. At its southern end, Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends more than three miles north from there, ending at the northern edge of Cades Bay, just south of the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, more or less at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land that in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T13:19:18Z

Invertzoo:

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) side of the island of [[Nevis]], in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. At its southern end, Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends more than three miles north from there, ending at the northern edge of Cades Bay, just south of the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, more or less at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land that in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T13:19:02Z

Invertzoo: fixing it up some more

'''Pinney's Beach''', also spelled '''Pinneys Beach''', is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) side of the island of [[Nevis]] in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. At its southern end, Pinneys Beach starts just outside the capital, [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]]. The beach extends more than three miles north from there, ending at the northern edge of Cades Bay, just south of the "Sea Bridge" Ferry dock, more or less at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

Pinneys Beach takes its name from "Pinneys Estate". This was a large piece of land that in the 19th century was owned by the Pinney family, who lived on Nevis for several generations.

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Pinney’s Beach

2013-10-16T13:03:47Z

Invertzoo: some rewriting

'''Pinney's Beach''' is a very long sandy beach on the western (Caribbean) side of the island of [[Nevis]] in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[West Indies]]. This beach stretches from the northern end of [[Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Charlestown]], three miles north to end at Cades Bay, just south of the Sea Bridge Ferry dock, which is more or less at the southern entrance to [[The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|The Narrows]], the strait separating Nevis from the neighboring island [[Saint Kitts]].

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Beaches of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

Clunch

2013-09-22T01:03:21Z

Invertzoo: clean up the prose a bit

'''Clunch''' is traditional [[building material]] used mainly in eastern [[England]] and [[Normandy]]. It encompasses a wide variety of items such as irregular lumps of [[rock (geology)|rock]] either picked up from the fields, or [[quarry|quarried]] by being cut from the bedrock in regular-shaped building blocks. Clunch is predominantly [[chalk]]/[[clay]]-based and is bedded in [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]] to form [[wall]]s. It is a particularly soft building material. It can be cut by a saw when in its softer state; when it has been quarried out of the ground it still contains a large amount of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2006/06/29/goneforclunch_feature.shtml |title=Gone for Clunch |publisher=BBC |date=2006-06-29 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> When the stone dries out it becomes harder, and is not as easy to cut.

The stone is a chalk from the Lower Chalk of the [[Cretaceous]] age, the period of geological time approximately 143-65 million years ago. It is greyish white in colour, often with a greenish tinge. The latter is due to the presence of glauconite, the potassium and iron aluminium silicate mineral that is also found in [[Kentish Ragston]]e.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.bre.co.uk/ConDiv/stonelist/camclunch.html |title=Cambridgeshire Clunch |publisher=Projects.bre.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> The stone has a gritty texture due to the frequent presence of shell fossils. This stone has been quarried at Totternhoe Quarry in [[Dunstable]] by H.G. Clarke & Son since 1920.

Clunch is often a very soft [[limestone]]. It can be rich in iron-bearing clays or be very fine and white — in effect just chalk. It is used in various parts of [[East Anglia]], where more durable stone is uncommon, and can be seen frequently in and around [[Thetford]] — mostly now for property boundary walls as it is not a long-lasting material, but it is also used for some building walls, especially in traditional [[agriculture|agricultural]] buildings.

In [[Ely Cathedral]] it can be seen in some interior locations. The nearby village of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]] has a Parish magazine named after the building material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwell.co.uk/clunch/index.asp |title=Burwell Parish magazine |publisher=Burwell.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> It is found in the village of [[Seale, Surrey|Seale]] in Surrey and in [[Farnham]].<ref>[http://www.guildford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6F4B8926-BFDF-485F-A933-FA38D2D8E56C/0/AdvisoryLeaflet9RepairandmaintenanceofStoneBuildingsPart1.pdf Guildford Borough Council Advisory Leaflet]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref>

The term is sometimes used more generically in other parts of [[England]] for any soft and aggregate-based vernacular building material which is used as a poor substitute for stone.

==References==
<references/>
5.H.G Clarke and Son, http://clunch.co.uk/
[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Building materials]]

Burwell (Cambridgeshire)

2013-09-13T01:22:00Z

Invertzoo: /* Clunch quarry */ tweak prose

{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Burwell
| country = England
| region = East of England
| static_image_name = St Mary the Virgin, Burwell - 2.jpg
| static_image_caption = St. Mary's Church in Burwell, a [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] building dating from the 12th century.
| area_total_km2 = 24.7
| area_footnotes=<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=6177544&c=Burwell&d=14&e=8&g=425886&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1286559836468&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1201 Office for National Statistics: Land use statistics]. Figure for entirety of Burwell ward including surrounding farmland.</ref>
| population = 6,309
| population_ref = <ref name="2011Census"/>
| os_grid_reference = TL589665
| map_alt = Burwell is located on the eastern edge of Cambridgeshire, 4 miles from Newmarket in neighbouring Suffolk. It is in East Anglia, in the East of England.
| longitude = 0.327
| latitude = 52.275
| label_position = left
| post_town = Cambridge
| postcode_area = CB
| postcode_district = CB25
| dial_code = 01638
| constituency_westminster = [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|SE Cambridgeshire]]
| civil_parish = Burwell
| london_distance_mi = 56.6
| london_direction = SSW
| shire_district = [[East Cambridgeshire]]
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
| website = [http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ Parish Council] 
}}

'''Burwell''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɝː|w|ɛ|l}} is a large<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english-church-architecture.net/cambridgeshire/burwell/burwell.htm |title=Burwell |publisher=English Church Architecture |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> [[Fen Edge|fen-edge]] village and [[civil parish]] in Cambridgeshire, England, about 10 miles (16 km) north east of [[Cambridge]]. It is situated on the south-eastern edge of [[The Fens]], a large area of relatively flat former marshland which lies close to sea level and covers the majority of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Lincolnshire]]. The fens to the west of the village are drained with the help of the man-made [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Cambridgeshire Lode]] waterways, including Burwell Lode which has been important in the growth of the village.

==History==

===Etymology===
The name "Burwell" is of [[Anglo-Saxon]] origin and refers to a fort (burh-) located close to a spring (-well).<ref name="BH:B">[[British History Online]]: 'Burwell', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire) (2002), pp. 334–341. URL: [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903] Date Retrieved 13 October 2010</ref> The first record of the name in the area dates from 1060<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL, Pg 5 Summary |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and the village is recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] under the spellings Burewelle, Burwella and Burwelle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7578428&queryType=1&resultcount=8 |title=Domesday Book |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> A spring is situated in the south of the village close to the remains of 12th century Burwell Castle,<ref name="BH:B"/> although there is evidence of prior settlement on or near the castle site.<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/archaeology/historic/exturbsur/eastcambs/EUS-Burwell.htm Cambridgeshire County Council: Extensive Urban Survey: Burwell]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Old maps sometimes label the village as the plural "Burwells",<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/23619.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Jan Jansson, c.1646] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/15827.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Richard Blome, 1715] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref> which refer to either Burwell St Mary<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/26889.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire], [[Emanuel Bowen]], 1777, showing Burwell as "Burwell or Burwell St. Mary"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10047390 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Mary |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and Burwell St Andrew<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10092980 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Andrew |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> parishes or the split between the High Town around the churches in the south of the village and the newer North Street and Newnham parts of the village which were separated by a causeway.<ref name="BH:B"/>

===Early settlement===
There is evidence of human activity in the vicinity of Burwell since [[prehistory]]. Flint tools including axes dating from the [[Palaeolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB2265&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Palaeolithic axe find, Burwell Castle |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=3 December 1992 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Mesolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8118&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Mesolithic axe, Hightown Drove |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> have been found on the west side of the village. Further burned and worked flint has been found close to the spring dating from the late [[Neolithic]]<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17708&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Prehistoric and Roman remains, Reach Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but the majority of activity in the area at the time seemed to be on the actual Fen to the west of the village, where the discovery of a large number of flint and stone tools on a raised piece of ground suggests that there was already [[human settlement|settlement]] in the parish before the onset of the Bronze Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7752&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Probable Neolithic settlement, Hallard's Fen, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> During the Neolithic, [[peat]] had begun to form on the fens around the village which has partly buried prehistoric sites.<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk"/>

Activity on the fen continued into the [[Bronze Age]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7805&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze Age palstave and spear, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7763&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Late Bronze Age hoard, Burwell Fen |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as did activity close to the spring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7848&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze hoard, St Mary's churchyard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but they were joined by increasing activity on the [[Heath (habitat)|heath]] in the south of the parish, where [[Tumulus|barrows]] are known to have existed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9008&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: "The Beacons" Bronze Age barrow |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The southern part of the parish is also the highest ground within it, and is close to the ancient [[Icknield Way]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL] Page 9: "The south-eastern corner of Burwell reaches the ancient Icknield Way." ... "Part of Burwell Heath reaches a height of over 50m in the southern corner of the parish."</ref>

As Burwell entered the [[Iron Age]], activity on the fens to the west of the village appears to have diminished as conditions became more marshy. However, ditch systems and enclosures were found during excavations in 1969 and 1995 in the west of the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8124&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age ditch systems, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Activity in proximity to the spring continued with evidence discovered for a burial in a nearby ditch<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk"/> and a settlement was uncovered in 2005 on the eastern edge of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17427&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age settlement remains, Newmarket Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Settlement close to the spring continued after [[Roman Britain|Roman colonisation of Britain]], as evidence for a Roman settlement has been found 500 yards north of St Mary's Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8159&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman settlement, N of Burwell Church |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Various Roman archaeology has been found around the village, including pottery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB5217&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman finds and features, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a hoard of vessels and bowls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8122&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman hoard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a lead vat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8190&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman vat, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and coins possibly relating to a villa on Ness Road, north of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9593&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Metal detecting finds, High Ness Farm, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Evidence for another villa in the same area comes from roof tiles dating from the 2nd century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7873&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Possible Roman settlement site, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=26 March 1952 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> although the findings around the village cover the 2nd – 4th centuries. Reach Lode on the north-west edge of the parish is likely to be of Roman construction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9521&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Reach Lode |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as was the original Burwell Lode which has since been replaced<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Early history===
The village is located at the head of [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Burwell Lode]], a man-made waterway which connects it with the [[River Cam]]. The present course, created in the mid 17th century, replaced an older route which was probably Roman in origin.<ref name=boyes>''The Canals of Eastern England'', (1977), John Boyes and Ronald Russell, David and Charles, ISBN 978-0-7153-7415-3</ref> The lode splits into two at the village, and each branch served a series of basins, warehouses and wharves, which were located at the bottom of long strips of land, with the merchants' houses at the other end of them.<ref name=blair>''The River Great Ouse and tributaries'', (2006), Andrew Hunter Blair, Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson, ISBN 978-0-85288-943-5</ref>

The village and the lode became more important with the opening in the 1850s of the Burwell Chemical Works, owned by T. T. Ball. By the 1890s, it had become the Patent Manure Works, was owned by Colchester and Ball, and around 10,000 tons of goods each year were shipped along the lode, using three steam tugs and a large fleet of lighters. Prentice Brothers Ltd built barges in the village until 1920, and continued repairing them there after they bought the fertiliser factory in 1921. The factory was later owned by Fisons, and boats continued to be used to move the fertiliser to Fenland farms until 1948. Commercial use of the lode ceased in 1963, when the traffic in sugarbeet stopped.<ref name=boyes/>

===Burwell Castle===
The village is the site of an unfinished [[Burwell Castle|castle]], situated in Spring Close.<ref group="nb">{{gbmapping|TL587661}}</ref> The final wall was knocked down by the Fire Brigade testing a fire hose in the 1930s, but the dry [[moat]] is still clearly visible. The castle was built during "[[The Anarchy]]", the internal conflict of the mid 12th century in the reign of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]. Although a settlement had been reached such that the throne would pass to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] on Stephen's death, the Barons of the time took the opportunity to fight their own battles.

Among these [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]] was particularly troublesome and, after turning against Stephen, had set up an impregnable base around [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. From his base he would attack local towns, such as [[Cambridge]], and so the king ordered castles be built to surround Geoffrey. The few sites at which it is known such castles were to be constructed include [[Rampton, Cambridgeshire|Rampton]] (Giant's Hill), [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]] (Booth's Hill) and Burwell.

At Burwell, a moat had been constructed and the stone keep partially built when Geoffrey attacked and was mortally wounded. His revolt thus collapsed and the castle was left unfinished. The narrow lane running along the side of the church next to Spring Close, where the Castle is located, is named "Mandeville".

===The Barn Fire on Cuckolds Row===
On 8 September 1727, a [[puppet show]] visited Burwell and put on a show, held in a barn on what is now Cuckolds Row, near the centre of the village. After the barn had filled with an audience from Burwell and surrounding villages, the doors were nailed shut to prevent further people getting in, a simple act which was key to the tragedy which resulted.

One person who could not get into the barn sat with a [[candle]] [[lantern]] and peered in to watch the show. However, the person accidentally knocked the lantern into the barn, setting fire to the hay within. With no way to escape, 78 people (51 of them, children) perished in the ensuing blaze.

The deceased are buried in the [[churchyard]] of [[St. Mary]]s [[parish church]], at the opposite end of the High Street, with a gravestone engraved with a blazing heart with angels' wings. On 8 September 2005, a plaque was unveiled at the site of the barn in memorial of the fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_newmarket/displayarticle.asp?id=197366 |title="Ceremony to mark tragic blaze" Cambridge Evening News, 13 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge-news.co.uk |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Governance==
Burwell is a [[civil parish|parish]] and thus has a [[Parish councils in England|parish council]] to deal with matters within the village. These include the maintenance and provision of both [[village hall]]s, the recreation ground, playgrounds, and allotments. The Parish Council convenes at the Jubilee Reading Room on The Causeway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ |title=Burwell Parish Council |publisher=Burwell Parish Council |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell parish falls within Burwell [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]] and provides three councillors<ref>{{cite web|author=East Cambridgeshire District Council |url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/search-for-councillors?name=&committees=All&party=All&tid=133 |title=East Cambridgeshire District Council – District Councillors: Burwell Ward |publisher=Eastcambs.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to the local [[East Cambridgeshire]] [[Non-metropolitan district|District Council]] which convenes at The Grange in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. A larger Burwell [[Wards of the United Kingdom#England|electoral division]] also provides one councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/council/democracy/elections/elections2009/candidatesandresults/division.htm?division=burwell |title=Cambridgeshire County Council: 2009 Results, Division View, Burwell Ward |publisher=Cambridgeshire.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to [[Cambridgeshire County Council]] which convenes at Shire Hall in [[Cambridge]].

[[File:Zconcam61.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Francis Pym, local MP 1961–1987]]The village falls within the [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cambridgeshire]] constituency, which has been a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] stronghold since formation in 1983. [[James Paice]] became the local MP in 1987 and held his seat at the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]]. His predecessor as local MP, [[Francis Pym]], served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] between the [[Falklands War]] and the [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983 general election]] and lived in the village.<ref>[http://www.burkespeerage.com/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=Pym1-590 Burke's Peerage: PYM OF HAZELLS HALL] ''"FRANCIS LESLIE PYM, MC (1945), of The Tan House, Burwell, Cambridge..."''</ref>

Cambridgeshire falls entirely within the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England constituency]] for [[European Parliament]] elections, which elects seven MEP's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.east-of-england.eu/euro_meps.cfm |title=East of England Brussels Office – East of England MEPs |publisher=East-of-england.eu |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Local government boundaries have varied somewhat over the years. At a parish level, the boundary followed Devil's Dyke through the neighbouring village of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] bisecting it until it was formed into a new parish in 1961.<ref name="BH:B"/> The other boundaries of the parish have also changed slightly several times over the years, most obviously on the south-eastern edge, where part of the Parish including part of [[Newmarket Racecourse]]<ref>[http://genealogy.stredder.net/geography/maps.htm Stredder Family Genealogy.] Map of Cambridgeshire published 1830 shows "Race courses" partly within the southern edge of Staploe Hundred, in Burwell parish.</ref> was lost to Newmarket when the boundary was adjusted to follow the A14 bypass in 1993.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18902 British History: Staploe Hundred] 4th para: ''"At the same time the part of Newmarket Heath at the southern end of Burwell, apparently south of the line of the Newmarket bypass, was also transferred to Suffolk, Burwell's boundary to the north-east of that area being also somewhat straightened."''</ref> The boundaries with Newmarket and Exning parishes are also the boundary between the county of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Suffolk]].

As with the rest of England, a system of [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundreds]] used to [[Hundreds of Cambridgeshire|cover Cambridgeshire]] until the 19th century. Burwell covered the south-western edge of the Staploe Hundred, which also included the nearby parishes of [[Chippenham, Cambridgeshire|Chippenham]], [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]], [[Isleham]], [[Kennett, Cambridgeshire|Kennett]], [[Landwade]], [[Snailwell]], [[Soham]] and [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]].

East Cambridgeshire District Council only came into being in 1974 with the [[Local Government Act 1972]]. Before the reorganisation, Burwell fell inside the [[Newmarket Rural District]] which had existed since 1894. Between 1875 and 1894, this was part of a larger Newmarket [[Sanitary district|Rural Sanitary District]] which also encompassed the [[Moulton Rural District]] in neighbouring [[West Suffolk]].

The boundaries of [[Cambridgeshire]] itself have also changed somewhat over the years, with the current county only coming into effect in 1974, in the same 1972 Act which created East Cambridgeshire district. Before [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]] joined the county in 1974, Burwell fell within [[Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely]] which covered the southern and eastern parts of the modern county. Between 1888 and 1965, the village also fell within a smaller [[administrative county]] of Cambridgeshire, covering only the southern part of the modern county.

==Geography==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Burwell
|North = [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]], [[Soham]]
|Northeast = [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]]
|East = [[Exning]], [[Landwade]]
|Southeast = [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]]
|South = ''[[Newmarket Racecourse]]''
|Southwest = [[Swaffham Prior]], ''[[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]]''
|West = [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
|Northwest = [[Upware]], ''[[Burwell Lode]]'', ''[[Wicken Fen]]''
}}

===Climate===
{{Cambridge weatherbox}}

===Clunch quarry===
Up until the early 20th century the building material known as [[clunch]] (a soft rock which is one type of [[chalk]] limestone) was dug in Burwell. Remains of the open quarry can be seen either side of Bloomsfield. Clunch was used to build many of the houses in Burwell and remains the name of the local community magazine.

===Priory Wood===
Burwell has a small area of woodland. Planted in 1998 as a community project to commemorate the coming millennium, it is owned and maintained by the [[Woodland Trust]]. The official name comes from an ancient priory which stood nearby also giving its name to some of the local roads, such as Priory Close and Abbey Close.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/our-woods/Pages/wood-details.aspx?wood=4966&site=Priory-Wood; |title=Woodland Trust Priory Wood Webpage |publisher=Woodlandtrust.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Population==
<div class="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:150%;"
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|'''Historical population of Burwell'''<ref group="nb">Figures up to and including 1951 include the part of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] formerly in Burwell parish</ref>
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1801
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1811
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1821
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1831
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1841
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1851
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1861
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1871
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1881
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1891
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1901
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,250
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,324
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,518
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,668
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,820
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,187
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,987
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,106
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,949
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,998
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,974
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1911
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1921
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1931
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1941
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1951
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1961
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1971
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1981
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1991
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2001
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2011
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,144
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,108
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| <ref group="nb">No census 1941 due to World War II</ref>
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,364
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,734
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,032
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,531
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 5,833
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 6,309
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
Census: 1801–2001<ref>{{cite web|title = Historic Census Population Figures|publisher = Cambridgeshire County Council|year = 2010 | url = http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C36C6418-DEFD-4ED1-B050-9984100DF110/0/HistCensusEastCambs0106.xls| format = XLS|accessdate =9 October 2010}}</ref> 2011<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Burwell (Parish)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121505&c=burwell&d=16&e=62&g=6405480&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359837185207&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>

|}
</div>



==Culture and Community==

===Carnival===
The village hosts an annual carnival in June which raises money for charity. A parade travels from St Margaret's Field in the south of the village to Burwell Village College (Primary)'s school field, where stalls and fairground rides are present.<ref>{{cite web|author=UK2.NET |url=http://www.burwell-carnival.info/ |title=Burwell Carnival |publisher=Burwell-carnival.info |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Twinning===
The village is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with two villages: [[Lizy-sur-Ourcq]]<ref name="Archant twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|accessdate = 2013-07-11|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref> and [[Mary-sur-Marne]] and one small town: [[Ocquerre]]. These are all situated in France, but only Lizy is mentioned on the signs as you enter the village. Visits from Burwell to the twinned villages are organised by the Burwell Village Twinning Association. A plate commemorating the twinning is located on a wall on the outside of the Year 3 classroom at the village primary school: Burwell Village College (Primary) which educates local 4–11 year olds. The village falls into the [[catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]]s of both [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]] and [[Soham Village College|Soham]] [[Village College]]s, which provide education at secondary school level (11–16 yrs).

==Transport==
[[File:Burwell Station (remains).jpg|thumb|right|Burwell Station in 1963. Closed to passengers in 1962, goods in 1965.]]
Road access to Burwell is primarily through the B1102 Cambridge to Mildenhall road which runs the length of the village, and from the B1103 which links the village with Newmarket. The [[A14 road (England)|A14]] passes along the southernmost edge of Burwell parish on the Cambridgeshire-Suffolk border, but cannot be accessed without leaving the parish.

Public transport is provided by way of [[Stagecoach in Cambridge]] bus route 10 running through the village between Cambridge and Newmarket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stagecoachbus.com/timetables.aspx?serviceid=1532&locationId=32&from=&to=&locval=81 |title=Cambridge Route 10/10A details |publisher=Stagecoach Bus |date=4 September 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Stagecoach took over what used to be Cambus in the mid-90's, Cambus itself had only split from the [[First Eastern Counties|Eastern Counties Omnibus Company]] in 1984. Eastern Counties had absorbed [[Burwell and District]] in 1979, the local bus company having provided transport to nearby Cambridge, Newmarket and Bury St Edmunds as well as further afield destinations such as Great Yarmouth and Felixstowe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgetimetraveller.com/live/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=290:burwell-and-district-bus-company&catid=84:burwell&Itemid=112 |title=Burwell and District Bus Company |publisher=The Cambridge Time Traveller |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/burwell1.htm |title=Burwell & District Motor Service: 1922–1979 |publisher=Petergould.co.uk |date=9 June 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Between 1884 and 1965, Burwell had a [[Burwell railway station|railway station]] in the south of the village on the [[Cambridge to Mildenhall railway]]. The station closed to passengers in 1962, and although nothing of the station remains, its presence is still acknowledged in the names of the streets Railway Close and Station Gate on the site of the former station. There was also a [[Exning Road Halt railway station|halt]] on Newmarket Road to the south-east of the village. The B1103 still goes over a railway bridge on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npemap.org.uk/tiles/map.html#558,265,1 |title=OS Map showing Burwell & Exning Road stations, the latter labelled "Halt" |publisher=Npemap.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

To the north of the village, temporary [[Burwell Tramway|tramways]] provided access from the nearby [[Ipswich to Ely Line]] to the local brickworks, situated near the lode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshirehistory.com/People/coproliteindustry.html |title=cambridgeshirehistory.com; The Coprolite Industry |publisher=Cambridgeshirehistory.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Burwell Lode]] is navigable up to the edge of the village at Anchor Lane. The Lode joins Reach Lode in the north-west corner of the parish before they confluence with the [[River Cam]] at [[Upware]], 5 miles from Burwell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/eastern/river_cam/river_cam |title=Inland Waterways Association: River Cam |publisher=Waterways.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=S.I.+(All+UK)&searchDay=23&searchMonth=4&searchYear=2010&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=9&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=3678245&parentActiveTextDocId=3678179&hideCommentary=0&showProsp=0&suppressWarning=0&showAllAttributes=1 UK Statute Law Database: SCHEDULE 1 TO THE ANGLIAN WATER AUTHORITY ACT 1977] PART 3: 5. (l) applies to Burwell Lode and refers to a [[navigation authority]] which is responsible for keeping the Lode [[navigable]].</ref>

==Education==
Burwell contains a nursery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/red-house-day-nursery/8469.aspx |title=Red House Day Nursery |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a [[Montessori method|Montessori]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofstedgov.com/oxcare_providers/full/(urn)/EY315044/(type)/1,2,3,4,5,30,31,32,33/(typename)/Childcare |title=Spring Close Montessori |publisher=Ofstedgov.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and a [[Pre-school playgroup|playgroup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/burwell-early-learners-/8565.aspx |title=Burwell Early Learners |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=22 September 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> for [[pre-school]] age children. The old school house on the High Street, a listed building dating from 1864,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Old School House 30 High Street Burwell, Cambs CB25 0HB|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/old-school-house-30-high-street-burwell-cambs-cb25-0hb|publisher=East Cambridgeshire District Council}}</ref> is now a private residence.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 charming converted schools for sale|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/renovatinganddiy/9956470/10-charming-converted-schools-for-sale.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Children attend [[Burwell Village College (Primary)]] up until the age of 11 and then go to the secondary schools of either [[Soham Village College|Soham]] or [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]].

===Burwell Museum===
Rural history museum depicting life through the centuries on the edge of the Cambridgeshire fens. Opened in 1992, it is housed in a collection of interesting buildings, some are reconstructed from other sites (such as the 18th century timber framed barn) and others are built in the local style using mainly reclaimed materials (such as the wagon sheds/granary display area). The neighbouring Grade II* listed windmill, Stevens' Mill, is also part of the Museum and can be visited when the Museum is open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |title=www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |publisher=burwellmuseum.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Religious Sites==
[[File:Burwell.14.5.05.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Mary's Church, Burwell]]

===Church of England===
Burwell has a large parish church located on the High Street in the south of the village. Dedicated to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St Mary the Virgin]], the church is of a [[Perpendicular Gothic]] style in construction, and dates back to the 15th century, although some parts of the building are older.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/st-marys-history/ |title=St Mary's Burwell: St Mary's History |publisher=Stmarysburwell.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> There is a regular congregation of around 50 to 70 people attending Sunday morning services. The current vicar as is Revd Dr Eleanor Williams, who took over from Revd Stephen Earl in April 2011.

===Baptist Church===
As well as the parish church, at the northern end of the village, Burwell has Baptist Church. It is similar in congregation size to St Mary's, and has a membership of around 50. The church is currently in a ministerial [[interregnum]] with previous Minister Revd Kevin Burdett leaving at Easter 2013.

===Trinity Church===
Located near to St Mary's, Trinity is a small church founded by the merger of the Methodist and United Reformed churches in 1988. It has a regular congregation size of around 20.

===Others===
The nearest Roman Catholic church is [[Our Lady & St Etheldreda Roman Catholic Church, Newmarket|Our Lady and St Etheldreda]] in neighbouring Newmarket. In addition, the village has a number of former churches converted for residential or commercial use.
Burwell also has a large cemetery located on Ness Road, with a small chapel located on the site.

==Sport==
Burwell Swifts F.C. play [[association football|football]] in Division 2B of the ''BIS'' [[Cambridgeshire Football League]], with a reserve team in Division 4B and a third "A" team in 5C. There are also two youth football clubs; the Burwell Swallows<ref>[http://www.burwellswallows.org.uk/ Burwell Swallows Football Club]</ref> and Burwell Tigers.<ref>[http://www.burwelltigers.co.uk/home.htm Burwell Tigers F.C]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell [[Cricket]] Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burwell.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp |title=Burwell Cricket Club |publisher=Burwell.play-cricket.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> is based on Tan House Lane, with a 1st XI in the East Anglian Premier League.

==Media==
The village of Burwell is served by a variety of different media sources. The community magazine Clunch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwell.co.uk/clunch/index.asp |title=Clunch |publisher=Burwell.co.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> deals with news on a village level. The village is also within the catchment area of the [[Cambridge News]] and [[Newmarket Journal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarketjournal.co.uk/ |title=Newmarket Journal |publisher=Newmarket Journal |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> newspapers, as well as radio stations [[BBC Radio Cambridgeshire]] and [[Heart Cambridgeshire]]. For regional television, Burwell is in the [[BBC East]] and [[Anglia Television|ITV Anglia]] regions.

==See also==
*[[HMS Burwell (H94)]]

==References==


===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Sources===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Burwell, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.burwell.co.uk/ burwell.co.uk]
*[http://www.burwellvillage.cambs.sch.uk Burwell Village College (Primary)]
*[http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk/ Burwell Museum]
*[http://www.bvta.ik.com/ Burwell Village Twinning Association]
*[http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/ St Mary's Church website]
*[http://www.druidic.org/camchurch/churches/burwell.htm Cambridgeshire Churches: St Mary's, Burwell]
*[http://www.burwellbaptistchurch.org.uk/ Baptist Church website]
{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Castles in Cambridgeshire|Burwell Castle]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Clunch

2013-09-13T01:19:34Z

Invertzoo: links

'''Clunch''' is traditional [[building material]] used mainly in eastern [[England]] and [[Normandy]]. It encompasses a wide variety of materials such as irregular lumps of [[rock (geology)|rock]] either picked up from the fields, or [[quarry|quarried]] and hewn from the ground in more regular-shaped building blocks. It is predominantly [[chalk]]/[[clay]] based and is bedded in [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]] to form [[wall]]s. It is a particularly soft building material. It can be cut by a saw when in its softer state this is when it has been quarried out of the ground because it contains a large amount of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2006/06/29/goneforclunch_feature.shtml |title=Gone for Clunch |publisher=BBC |date=2006-06-29 |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> When the stone drys out it becomes harder and not as easy to cut.

The stone is a chalk from the Lower Chalk of the [[Cretaceous]] age, the period of geological time approximately 143-65 million years ago. It is a greyish white colour often with a greenish tinge. The latter is due to the presence of glauconite, the potassium and iron aluminium silicate mineral also found in [[Kentish Ragston]]e.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.bre.co.uk/ConDiv/stonelist/camclunch.html |title=Cambridgeshire Clunch |publisher=Projects.bre.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> The stone has a gritty texture due to the frequent presence of shell fossils. This stone has been quarried at Totternhoe Quarry in [[Dunstable]] by H.G. Clarke & Son since 1920.

Clunch is often a very soft [[limestone]]. It can be rich in iron-bearing clays or be very fine and white — in effect just chalk. It is used in various parts of [[East Anglia]], where more durable stone is uncommon, and can be seen quite a lot in and around [[Thetford]] — mostly now for property boundary walls as it is not a long-lasting material, but it is also used for some building walls, especially in traditional [[agriculture|agricultural]] buildings. In [[Ely Cathedral]] it can be seen in some interior locations. The nearby village of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]] has a Parish magazine named after the building material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwell.co.uk/clunch/index.asp |title=Burwell Parish magazine |publisher=Burwell.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> It is found in the village of [[Seale, Surrey|Seale]] in Surrey and in [[Farnham]].<ref>[http://www.guildford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6F4B8926-BFDF-485F-A933-FA38D2D8E56C/0/AdvisoryLeaflet9RepairandmaintenanceofStoneBuildingsPart1.pdf Guildford Borough Council Advisory Leaflet]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref>

The term is sometimes used more generically in other parts of [[England]] for any soft and aggregate-based vernacular building material which is used as a poor substitute for stone.

==References==
<references/>
5.H.G Clarke and Son, http://clunch.co.uk/
[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Building materials]]

Burwell (Cambridgeshire)

2013-09-13T01:17:47Z

Invertzoo: /* Clunch quarry */ link

{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Burwell
| country = England
| region = East of England
| static_image_name = St Mary the Virgin, Burwell - 2.jpg
| static_image_caption = St. Mary's Church in Burwell, a [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] building dating from the 12th century.
| area_total_km2 = 24.7
| area_footnotes=<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=6177544&c=Burwell&d=14&e=8&g=425886&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1286559836468&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1201 Office for National Statistics: Land use statistics]. Figure for entirety of Burwell ward including surrounding farmland.</ref>
| population = 6,309
| population_ref = <ref name="2011Census"/>
| os_grid_reference = TL589665
| map_alt = Burwell is located on the eastern edge of Cambridgeshire, 4 miles from Newmarket in neighbouring Suffolk. It is in East Anglia, in the East of England.
| longitude = 0.327
| latitude = 52.275
| label_position = left
| post_town = Cambridge
| postcode_area = CB
| postcode_district = CB25
| dial_code = 01638
| constituency_westminster = [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|SE Cambridgeshire]]
| civil_parish = Burwell
| london_distance_mi = 56.6
| london_direction = SSW
| shire_district = [[East Cambridgeshire]]
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
| website = [http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ Parish Council] 
}}

'''Burwell''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɝː|w|ɛ|l}} is a large<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english-church-architecture.net/cambridgeshire/burwell/burwell.htm |title=Burwell |publisher=English Church Architecture |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> [[Fen Edge|fen-edge]] village and [[civil parish]] in Cambridgeshire, England, about 10 miles (16 km) north east of [[Cambridge]]. It is situated on the south-eastern edge of [[The Fens]], a large area of relatively flat former marshland which lies close to sea level and covers the majority of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Lincolnshire]]. The fens to the west of the village are drained with the help of the man-made [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Cambridgeshire Lode]] waterways, including Burwell Lode which has been important in the growth of the village.

==History==

===Etymology===
The name "Burwell" is of [[Anglo-Saxon]] origin and refers to a fort (burh-) located close to a spring (-well).<ref name="BH:B">[[British History Online]]: 'Burwell', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire) (2002), pp. 334–341. URL: [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903] Date Retrieved 13 October 2010</ref> The first record of the name in the area dates from 1060<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL, Pg 5 Summary |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and the village is recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] under the spellings Burewelle, Burwella and Burwelle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7578428&queryType=1&resultcount=8 |title=Domesday Book |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> A spring is situated in the south of the village close to the remains of 12th century Burwell Castle,<ref name="BH:B"/> although there is evidence of prior settlement on or near the castle site.<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/archaeology/historic/exturbsur/eastcambs/EUS-Burwell.htm Cambridgeshire County Council: Extensive Urban Survey: Burwell]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Old maps sometimes label the village as the plural "Burwells",<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/23619.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Jan Jansson, c.1646] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/15827.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Richard Blome, 1715] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref> which refer to either Burwell St Mary<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/26889.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire], [[Emanuel Bowen]], 1777, showing Burwell as "Burwell or Burwell St. Mary"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10047390 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Mary |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and Burwell St Andrew<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10092980 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Andrew |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> parishes or the split between the High Town around the churches in the south of the village and the newer North Street and Newnham parts of the village which were separated by a causeway.<ref name="BH:B"/>

===Early settlement===
There is evidence of human activity in the vicinity of Burwell since [[prehistory]]. Flint tools including axes dating from the [[Palaeolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB2265&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Palaeolithic axe find, Burwell Castle |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=3 December 1992 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Mesolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8118&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Mesolithic axe, Hightown Drove |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> have been found on the west side of the village. Further burned and worked flint has been found close to the spring dating from the late [[Neolithic]]<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17708&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Prehistoric and Roman remains, Reach Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but the majority of activity in the area at the time seemed to be on the actual Fen to the west of the village, where the discovery of a large number of flint and stone tools on a raised piece of ground suggests that there was already [[human settlement|settlement]] in the parish before the onset of the Bronze Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7752&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Probable Neolithic settlement, Hallard's Fen, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> During the Neolithic, [[peat]] had begun to form on the fens around the village which has partly buried prehistoric sites.<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk"/>

Activity on the fen continued into the [[Bronze Age]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7805&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze Age palstave and spear, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7763&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Late Bronze Age hoard, Burwell Fen |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as did activity close to the spring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7848&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze hoard, St Mary's churchyard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but they were joined by increasing activity on the [[Heath (habitat)|heath]] in the south of the parish, where [[Tumulus|barrows]] are known to have existed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9008&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: "The Beacons" Bronze Age barrow |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The southern part of the parish is also the highest ground within it, and is close to the ancient [[Icknield Way]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL] Page 9: "The south-eastern corner of Burwell reaches the ancient Icknield Way." ... "Part of Burwell Heath reaches a height of over 50m in the southern corner of the parish."</ref>

As Burwell entered the [[Iron Age]], activity on the fens to the west of the village appears to have diminished as conditions became more marshy. However, ditch systems and enclosures were found during excavations in 1969 and 1995 in the west of the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8124&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age ditch systems, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Activity in proximity to the spring continued with evidence discovered for a burial in a nearby ditch<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk"/> and a settlement was uncovered in 2005 on the eastern edge of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17427&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age settlement remains, Newmarket Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Settlement close to the spring continued after [[Roman Britain|Roman colonisation of Britain]], as evidence for a Roman settlement has been found 500 yards north of St Mary's Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8159&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman settlement, N of Burwell Church |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Various Roman archaeology has been found around the village, including pottery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB5217&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman finds and features, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a hoard of vessels and bowls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8122&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman hoard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a lead vat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8190&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman vat, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and coins possibly relating to a villa on Ness Road, north of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9593&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Metal detecting finds, High Ness Farm, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Evidence for another villa in the same area comes from roof tiles dating from the 2nd century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7873&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Possible Roman settlement site, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=26 March 1952 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> although the findings around the village cover the 2nd – 4th centuries. Reach Lode on the north-west edge of the parish is likely to be of Roman construction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9521&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Reach Lode |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as was the original Burwell Lode which has since been replaced<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Early history===
The village is located at the head of [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Burwell Lode]], a man-made waterway which connects it with the [[River Cam]]. The present course, created in the mid 17th century, replaced an older route which was probably Roman in origin.<ref name=boyes>''The Canals of Eastern England'', (1977), John Boyes and Ronald Russell, David and Charles, ISBN 978-0-7153-7415-3</ref> The lode splits into two at the village, and each branch served a series of basins, warehouses and wharves, which were located at the bottom of long strips of land, with the merchants' houses at the other end of them.<ref name=blair>''The River Great Ouse and tributaries'', (2006), Andrew Hunter Blair, Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson, ISBN 978-0-85288-943-5</ref>

The village and the lode became more important with the opening in the 1850s of the Burwell Chemical Works, owned by T. T. Ball. By the 1890s, it had become the Patent Manure Works, was owned by Colchester and Ball, and around 10,000 tons of goods each year were shipped along the lode, using three steam tugs and a large fleet of lighters. Prentice Brothers Ltd built barges in the village until 1920, and continued repairing them there after they bought the fertiliser factory in 1921. The factory was later owned by Fisons, and boats continued to be used to move the fertiliser to Fenland farms until 1948. Commercial use of the lode ceased in 1963, when the traffic in sugarbeet stopped.<ref name=boyes/>

===Burwell Castle===
The village is the site of an unfinished [[Burwell Castle|castle]], situated in Spring Close.<ref group="nb">{{gbmapping|TL587661}}</ref> The final wall was knocked down by the Fire Brigade testing a fire hose in the 1930s, but the dry [[moat]] is still clearly visible. The castle was built during "[[The Anarchy]]", the internal conflict of the mid 12th century in the reign of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]. Although a settlement had been reached such that the throne would pass to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] on Stephen's death, the Barons of the time took the opportunity to fight their own battles.

Among these [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]] was particularly troublesome and, after turning against Stephen, had set up an impregnable base around [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. From his base he would attack local towns, such as [[Cambridge]], and so the king ordered castles be built to surround Geoffrey. The few sites at which it is known such castles were to be constructed include [[Rampton, Cambridgeshire|Rampton]] (Giant's Hill), [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]] (Booth's Hill) and Burwell.

At Burwell, a moat had been constructed and the stone keep partially built when Geoffrey attacked and was mortally wounded. His revolt thus collapsed and the castle was left unfinished. The narrow lane running along the side of the church next to Spring Close, where the Castle is located, is named "Mandeville".

===The Barn Fire on Cuckolds Row===
On 8 September 1727, a [[puppet show]] visited Burwell and put on a show, held in a barn on what is now Cuckolds Row, near the centre of the village. After the barn had filled with an audience from Burwell and surrounding villages, the doors were nailed shut to prevent further people getting in, a simple act which was key to the tragedy which resulted.

One person who could not get into the barn sat with a [[candle]] [[lantern]] and peered in to watch the show. However, the person accidentally knocked the lantern into the barn, setting fire to the hay within. With no way to escape, 78 people (51 of them, children) perished in the ensuing blaze.

The deceased are buried in the [[churchyard]] of [[St. Mary]]s [[parish church]], at the opposite end of the High Street, with a gravestone engraved with a blazing heart with angels' wings. On 8 September 2005, a plaque was unveiled at the site of the barn in memorial of the fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_newmarket/displayarticle.asp?id=197366 |title="Ceremony to mark tragic blaze" Cambridge Evening News, 13 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge-news.co.uk |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Governance==
Burwell is a [[civil parish|parish]] and thus has a [[Parish councils in England|parish council]] to deal with matters within the village. These include the maintenance and provision of both [[village hall]]s, the recreation ground, playgrounds, and allotments. The Parish Council convenes at the Jubilee Reading Room on The Causeway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ |title=Burwell Parish Council |publisher=Burwell Parish Council |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell parish falls within Burwell [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]] and provides three councillors<ref>{{cite web|author=East Cambridgeshire District Council |url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/search-for-councillors?name=&committees=All&party=All&tid=133 |title=East Cambridgeshire District Council – District Councillors: Burwell Ward |publisher=Eastcambs.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to the local [[East Cambridgeshire]] [[Non-metropolitan district|District Council]] which convenes at The Grange in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. A larger Burwell [[Wards of the United Kingdom#England|electoral division]] also provides one councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/council/democracy/elections/elections2009/candidatesandresults/division.htm?division=burwell |title=Cambridgeshire County Council: 2009 Results, Division View, Burwell Ward |publisher=Cambridgeshire.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to [[Cambridgeshire County Council]] which convenes at Shire Hall in [[Cambridge]].

[[File:Zconcam61.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Francis Pym, local MP 1961–1987]]The village falls within the [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cambridgeshire]] constituency, which has been a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] stronghold since formation in 1983. [[James Paice]] became the local MP in 1987 and held his seat at the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]]. His predecessor as local MP, [[Francis Pym]], served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] between the [[Falklands War]] and the [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983 general election]] and lived in the village.<ref>[http://www.burkespeerage.com/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=Pym1-590 Burke's Peerage: PYM OF HAZELLS HALL] ''"FRANCIS LESLIE PYM, MC (1945), of The Tan House, Burwell, Cambridge..."''</ref>

Cambridgeshire falls entirely within the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England constituency]] for [[European Parliament]] elections, which elects seven MEP's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.east-of-england.eu/euro_meps.cfm |title=East of England Brussels Office – East of England MEPs |publisher=East-of-england.eu |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Local government boundaries have varied somewhat over the years. At a parish level, the boundary followed Devil's Dyke through the neighbouring village of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] bisecting it until it was formed into a new parish in 1961.<ref name="BH:B"/> The other boundaries of the parish have also changed slightly several times over the years, most obviously on the south-eastern edge, where part of the Parish including part of [[Newmarket Racecourse]]<ref>[http://genealogy.stredder.net/geography/maps.htm Stredder Family Genealogy.] Map of Cambridgeshire published 1830 shows "Race courses" partly within the southern edge of Staploe Hundred, in Burwell parish.</ref> was lost to Newmarket when the boundary was adjusted to follow the A14 bypass in 1993.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18902 British History: Staploe Hundred] 4th para: ''"At the same time the part of Newmarket Heath at the southern end of Burwell, apparently south of the line of the Newmarket bypass, was also transferred to Suffolk, Burwell's boundary to the north-east of that area being also somewhat straightened."''</ref> The boundaries with Newmarket and Exning parishes are also the boundary between the county of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Suffolk]].

As with the rest of England, a system of [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundreds]] used to [[Hundreds of Cambridgeshire|cover Cambridgeshire]] until the 19th century. Burwell covered the south-western edge of the Staploe Hundred, which also included the nearby parishes of [[Chippenham, Cambridgeshire|Chippenham]], [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]], [[Isleham]], [[Kennett, Cambridgeshire|Kennett]], [[Landwade]], [[Snailwell]], [[Soham]] and [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]].

East Cambridgeshire District Council only came into being in 1974 with the [[Local Government Act 1972]]. Before the reorganisation, Burwell fell inside the [[Newmarket Rural District]] which had existed since 1894. Between 1875 and 1894, this was part of a larger Newmarket [[Sanitary district|Rural Sanitary District]] which also encompassed the [[Moulton Rural District]] in neighbouring [[West Suffolk]].

The boundaries of [[Cambridgeshire]] itself have also changed somewhat over the years, with the current county only coming into effect in 1974, in the same 1972 Act which created East Cambridgeshire district. Before [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]] joined the county in 1974, Burwell fell within [[Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely]] which covered the southern and eastern parts of the modern county. Between 1888 and 1965, the village also fell within a smaller [[administrative county]] of Cambridgeshire, covering only the southern part of the modern county.

==Geography==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Burwell
|North = [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]], [[Soham]]
|Northeast = [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]]
|East = [[Exning]], [[Landwade]]
|Southeast = [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]]
|South = ''[[Newmarket Racecourse]]''
|Southwest = [[Swaffham Prior]], ''[[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]]''
|West = [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
|Northwest = [[Upware]], ''[[Burwell Lode]]'', ''[[Wicken Fen]]''
}}

===Climate===
{{Cambridge weatherbox}}

===Clunch quarry===
Up until the early 20th century the building material known as [[clunch]] (a relatively hard form of chalk limestone) was dug in Burwell. Remains of the open quarry can be seen either side of Bloomsfield. Clunch was used to build many of the houses in Burwell and remains the name of the local community magazine.

===Priory Wood===
Burwell has a small area of woodland. Planted in 1998 as a community project to commemorate the coming millennium, it is owned and maintained by the [[Woodland Trust]]. The official name comes from an ancient priory which stood nearby also giving its name to some of the local roads, such as Priory Close and Abbey Close.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/our-woods/Pages/wood-details.aspx?wood=4966&site=Priory-Wood; |title=Woodland Trust Priory Wood Webpage |publisher=Woodlandtrust.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Population==
<div class="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:150%;"
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|'''Historical population of Burwell'''<ref group="nb">Figures up to and including 1951 include the part of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] formerly in Burwell parish</ref>
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1801
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1811
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1821
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1831
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1841
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1851
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1861
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1871
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1881
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1891
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1901
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,250
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,324
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,518
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,668
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,820
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,187
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,987
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,106
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,949
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,998
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,974
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1911
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1921
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1931
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1941
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1951
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1961
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1971
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1981
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1991
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2001
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2011
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,144
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,108
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| <ref group="nb">No census 1941 due to World War II</ref>
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,364
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,734
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,032
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,531
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 5,833
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 6,309
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
Census: 1801–2001<ref>{{cite web|title = Historic Census Population Figures|publisher = Cambridgeshire County Council|year = 2010 | url = http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C36C6418-DEFD-4ED1-B050-9984100DF110/0/HistCensusEastCambs0106.xls| format = XLS|accessdate =9 October 2010}}</ref> 2011<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Burwell (Parish)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121505&c=burwell&d=16&e=62&g=6405480&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359837185207&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>

|}
</div>



==Culture and Community==

===Carnival===
The village hosts an annual carnival in June which raises money for charity. A parade travels from St Margaret's Field in the south of the village to Burwell Village College (Primary)'s school field, where stalls and fairground rides are present.<ref>{{cite web|author=UK2.NET |url=http://www.burwell-carnival.info/ |title=Burwell Carnival |publisher=Burwell-carnival.info |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Twinning===
The village is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with two villages: [[Lizy-sur-Ourcq]]<ref name="Archant twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|accessdate = 2013-07-11|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref> and [[Mary-sur-Marne]] and one small town: [[Ocquerre]]. These are all situated in France, but only Lizy is mentioned on the signs as you enter the village. Visits from Burwell to the twinned villages are organised by the Burwell Village Twinning Association. A plate commemorating the twinning is located on a wall on the outside of the Year 3 classroom at the village primary school: Burwell Village College (Primary) which educates local 4–11 year olds. The village falls into the [[catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]]s of both [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]] and [[Soham Village College|Soham]] [[Village College]]s, which provide education at secondary school level (11–16 yrs).

==Transport==
[[File:Burwell Station (remains).jpg|thumb|right|Burwell Station in 1963. Closed to passengers in 1962, goods in 1965.]]
Road access to Burwell is primarily through the B1102 Cambridge to Mildenhall road which runs the length of the village, and from the B1103 which links the village with Newmarket. The [[A14 road (England)|A14]] passes along the southernmost edge of Burwell parish on the Cambridgeshire-Suffolk border, but cannot be accessed without leaving the parish.

Public transport is provided by way of [[Stagecoach in Cambridge]] bus route 10 running through the village between Cambridge and Newmarket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stagecoachbus.com/timetables.aspx?serviceid=1532&locationId=32&from=&to=&locval=81 |title=Cambridge Route 10/10A details |publisher=Stagecoach Bus |date=4 September 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Stagecoach took over what used to be Cambus in the mid-90's, Cambus itself had only split from the [[First Eastern Counties|Eastern Counties Omnibus Company]] in 1984. Eastern Counties had absorbed [[Burwell and District]] in 1979, the local bus company having provided transport to nearby Cambridge, Newmarket and Bury St Edmunds as well as further afield destinations such as Great Yarmouth and Felixstowe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgetimetraveller.com/live/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=290:burwell-and-district-bus-company&catid=84:burwell&Itemid=112 |title=Burwell and District Bus Company |publisher=The Cambridge Time Traveller |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/burwell1.htm |title=Burwell & District Motor Service: 1922–1979 |publisher=Petergould.co.uk |date=9 June 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Between 1884 and 1965, Burwell had a [[Burwell railway station|railway station]] in the south of the village on the [[Cambridge to Mildenhall railway]]. The station closed to passengers in 1962, and although nothing of the station remains, its presence is still acknowledged in the names of the streets Railway Close and Station Gate on the site of the former station. There was also a [[Exning Road Halt railway station|halt]] on Newmarket Road to the south-east of the village. The B1103 still goes over a railway bridge on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npemap.org.uk/tiles/map.html#558,265,1 |title=OS Map showing Burwell & Exning Road stations, the latter labelled "Halt" |publisher=Npemap.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

To the north of the village, temporary [[Burwell Tramway|tramways]] provided access from the nearby [[Ipswich to Ely Line]] to the local brickworks, situated near the lode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshirehistory.com/People/coproliteindustry.html |title=cambridgeshirehistory.com; The Coprolite Industry |publisher=Cambridgeshirehistory.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Burwell Lode]] is navigable up to the edge of the village at Anchor Lane. The Lode joins Reach Lode in the north-west corner of the parish before they confluence with the [[River Cam]] at [[Upware]], 5 miles from Burwell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/eastern/river_cam/river_cam |title=Inland Waterways Association: River Cam |publisher=Waterways.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=S.I.+(All+UK)&searchDay=23&searchMonth=4&searchYear=2010&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=9&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=3678245&parentActiveTextDocId=3678179&hideCommentary=0&showProsp=0&suppressWarning=0&showAllAttributes=1 UK Statute Law Database: SCHEDULE 1 TO THE ANGLIAN WATER AUTHORITY ACT 1977] PART 3: 5. (l) applies to Burwell Lode and refers to a [[navigation authority]] which is responsible for keeping the Lode [[navigable]].</ref>

==Education==
Burwell contains a nursery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/red-house-day-nursery/8469.aspx |title=Red House Day Nursery |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a [[Montessori method|Montessori]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofstedgov.com/oxcare_providers/full/(urn)/EY315044/(type)/1,2,3,4,5,30,31,32,33/(typename)/Childcare |title=Spring Close Montessori |publisher=Ofstedgov.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and a [[Pre-school playgroup|playgroup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/burwell-early-learners-/8565.aspx |title=Burwell Early Learners |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=22 September 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> for [[pre-school]] age children. The old school house on the High Street, a listed building dating from 1864,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Old School House 30 High Street Burwell, Cambs CB25 0HB|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/old-school-house-30-high-street-burwell-cambs-cb25-0hb|publisher=East Cambridgeshire District Council}}</ref> is now a private residence.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 charming converted schools for sale|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/renovatinganddiy/9956470/10-charming-converted-schools-for-sale.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Children attend [[Burwell Village College (Primary)]] up until the age of 11 and then go to the secondary schools of either [[Soham Village College|Soham]] or [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]].

===Burwell Museum===
Rural history museum depicting life through the centuries on the edge of the Cambridgeshire fens. Opened in 1992, it is housed in a collection of interesting buildings, some are reconstructed from other sites (such as the 18th century timber framed barn) and others are built in the local style using mainly reclaimed materials (such as the wagon sheds/granary display area). The neighbouring Grade II* listed windmill, Stevens' Mill, is also part of the Museum and can be visited when the Museum is open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |title=www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |publisher=burwellmuseum.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Religious Sites==
[[File:Burwell.14.5.05.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Mary's Church, Burwell]]

===Church of England===
Burwell has a large parish church located on the High Street in the south of the village. Dedicated to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St Mary the Virgin]], the church is of a [[Perpendicular Gothic]] style in construction, and dates back to the 15th century, although some parts of the building are older.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/st-marys-history/ |title=St Mary's Burwell: St Mary's History |publisher=Stmarysburwell.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> There is a regular congregation of around 50 to 70 people attending Sunday morning services. The current vicar as is Revd Dr Eleanor Williams, who took over from Revd Stephen Earl in April 2011.

===Baptist Church===
As well as the parish church, at the northern end of the village, Burwell has Baptist Church. It is similar in congregation size to St Mary's, and has a membership of around 50. The church is currently in a ministerial [[interregnum]] with previous Minister Revd Kevin Burdett leaving at Easter 2013.

===Trinity Church===
Located near to St Mary's, Trinity is a small church founded by the merger of the Methodist and United Reformed churches in 1988. It has a regular congregation size of around 20.

===Others===
The nearest Roman Catholic church is [[Our Lady & St Etheldreda Roman Catholic Church, Newmarket|Our Lady and St Etheldreda]] in neighbouring Newmarket. In addition, the village has a number of former churches converted for residential or commercial use.
Burwell also has a large cemetery located on Ness Road, with a small chapel located on the site.

==Sport==
Burwell Swifts F.C. play [[association football|football]] in Division 2B of the ''BIS'' [[Cambridgeshire Football League]], with a reserve team in Division 4B and a third "A" team in 5C. There are also two youth football clubs; the Burwell Swallows<ref>[http://www.burwellswallows.org.uk/ Burwell Swallows Football Club]</ref> and Burwell Tigers.<ref>[http://www.burwelltigers.co.uk/home.htm Burwell Tigers F.C]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell [[Cricket]] Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burwell.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp |title=Burwell Cricket Club |publisher=Burwell.play-cricket.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> is based on Tan House Lane, with a 1st XI in the East Anglian Premier League.

==Media==
The village of Burwell is served by a variety of different media sources. The community magazine Clunch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwell.co.uk/clunch/index.asp |title=Clunch |publisher=Burwell.co.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> deals with news on a village level. The village is also within the catchment area of the [[Cambridge News]] and [[Newmarket Journal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarketjournal.co.uk/ |title=Newmarket Journal |publisher=Newmarket Journal |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> newspapers, as well as radio stations [[BBC Radio Cambridgeshire]] and [[Heart Cambridgeshire]]. For regional television, Burwell is in the [[BBC East]] and [[Anglia Television|ITV Anglia]] regions.

==See also==
*[[HMS Burwell (H94)]]

==References==


===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Sources===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Burwell, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.burwell.co.uk/ burwell.co.uk]
*[http://www.burwellvillage.cambs.sch.uk Burwell Village College (Primary)]
*[http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk/ Burwell Museum]
*[http://www.bvta.ik.com/ Burwell Village Twinning Association]
*[http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/ St Mary's Church website]
*[http://www.druidic.org/camchurch/churches/burwell.htm Cambridgeshire Churches: St Mary's, Burwell]
*[http://www.burwellbaptistchurch.org.uk/ Baptist Church website]
{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Castles in Cambridgeshire|Burwell Castle]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Burwell (Cambridgeshire)

2013-09-13T01:17:17Z

Invertzoo: /* Clunch quarry */ explain what clunch is

{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Burwell
| country = England
| region = East of England
| static_image_name = St Mary the Virgin, Burwell - 2.jpg
| static_image_caption = St. Mary's Church in Burwell, a [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] building dating from the 12th century.
| area_total_km2 = 24.7
| area_footnotes=<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=6177544&c=Burwell&d=14&e=8&g=425886&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1286559836468&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1201 Office for National Statistics: Land use statistics]. Figure for entirety of Burwell ward including surrounding farmland.</ref>
| population = 6,309
| population_ref = <ref name="2011Census"/>
| os_grid_reference = TL589665
| map_alt = Burwell is located on the eastern edge of Cambridgeshire, 4 miles from Newmarket in neighbouring Suffolk. It is in East Anglia, in the East of England.
| longitude = 0.327
| latitude = 52.275
| label_position = left
| post_town = Cambridge
| postcode_area = CB
| postcode_district = CB25
| dial_code = 01638
| constituency_westminster = [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|SE Cambridgeshire]]
| civil_parish = Burwell
| london_distance_mi = 56.6
| london_direction = SSW
| shire_district = [[East Cambridgeshire]]
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
| website = [http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ Parish Council] 
}}

'''Burwell''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɝː|w|ɛ|l}} is a large<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english-church-architecture.net/cambridgeshire/burwell/burwell.htm |title=Burwell |publisher=English Church Architecture |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> [[Fen Edge|fen-edge]] village and [[civil parish]] in Cambridgeshire, England, about 10 miles (16 km) north east of [[Cambridge]]. It is situated on the south-eastern edge of [[The Fens]], a large area of relatively flat former marshland which lies close to sea level and covers the majority of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Lincolnshire]]. The fens to the west of the village are drained with the help of the man-made [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Cambridgeshire Lode]] waterways, including Burwell Lode which has been important in the growth of the village.

==History==

===Etymology===
The name "Burwell" is of [[Anglo-Saxon]] origin and refers to a fort (burh-) located close to a spring (-well).<ref name="BH:B">[[British History Online]]: 'Burwell', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire) (2002), pp. 334–341. URL: [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903] Date Retrieved 13 October 2010</ref> The first record of the name in the area dates from 1060<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL, Pg 5 Summary |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and the village is recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] under the spellings Burewelle, Burwella and Burwelle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7578428&queryType=1&resultcount=8 |title=Domesday Book |publisher=National Archives |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> A spring is situated in the south of the village close to the remains of 12th century Burwell Castle,<ref name="BH:B"/> although there is evidence of prior settlement on or near the castle site.<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/archaeology/historic/exturbsur/eastcambs/EUS-Burwell.htm Cambridgeshire County Council: Extensive Urban Survey: Burwell]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Old maps sometimes label the village as the plural "Burwells",<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/23619.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Jan Jansson, c.1646] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/15827.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire, Richard Blome, 1715] showing Burwell as "Burwells"</ref> which refer to either Burwell St Mary<ref>[http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/mzoom/26889.htm Antique Maps: Cambridgeshire], [[Emanuel Bowen]], 1777, showing Burwell as "Burwell or Burwell St. Mary"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10047390 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Mary |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and Burwell St Andrew<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10092980 |title=A Vision of Britain Through Time: Burwell St Andrew |publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> parishes or the split between the High Town around the churches in the south of the village and the newer North Street and Newnham parts of the village which were separated by a causeway.<ref name="BH:B"/>

===Early settlement===
There is evidence of human activity in the vicinity of Burwell since [[prehistory]]. Flint tools including axes dating from the [[Palaeolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB2265&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Palaeolithic axe find, Burwell Castle |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=3 December 1992 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Mesolithic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8118&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Mesolithic axe, Hightown Drove |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> have been found on the west side of the village. Further burned and worked flint has been found close to the spring dating from the late [[Neolithic]]<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17708&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Prehistoric and Roman remains, Reach Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but the majority of activity in the area at the time seemed to be on the actual Fen to the west of the village, where the discovery of a large number of flint and stone tools on a raised piece of ground suggests that there was already [[human settlement|settlement]] in the parish before the onset of the Bronze Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7752&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Probable Neolithic settlement, Hallard's Fen, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> During the Neolithic, [[peat]] had begun to form on the fens around the village which has partly buried prehistoric sites.<ref name="cambridgeshire.gov.uk"/>

Activity on the fen continued into the [[Bronze Age]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7805&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze Age palstave and spear, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7763&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Late Bronze Age hoard, Burwell Fen |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as did activity close to the spring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7848&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Bronze hoard, St Mary's churchyard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> but they were joined by increasing activity on the [[Heath (habitat)|heath]] in the south of the parish, where [[Tumulus|barrows]] are known to have existed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9008&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: "The Beacons" Bronze Age barrow |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> The southern part of the parish is also the highest ground within it, and is close to the ancient [[Icknield Way]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL] Page 9: "The south-eastern corner of Burwell reaches the ancient Icknield Way." ... "Part of Burwell Heath reaches a height of over 50m in the southern corner of the parish."</ref>

As Burwell entered the [[Iron Age]], activity on the fens to the west of the village appears to have diminished as conditions became more marshy. However, ditch systems and enclosures were found during excavations in 1969 and 1995 in the west of the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8124&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age ditch systems, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Activity in proximity to the spring continued with evidence discovered for a burial in a nearby ditch<ref name="heritagegateway.org.uk"/> and a settlement was uncovered in 2005 on the eastern edge of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB17427&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Iron Age settlement remains, Newmarket Road, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Settlement close to the spring continued after [[Roman Britain|Roman colonisation of Britain]], as evidence for a Roman settlement has been found 500 yards north of St Mary's Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8159&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman settlement, N of Burwell Church |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Various Roman archaeology has been found around the village, including pottery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB5217&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman finds and features, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a hoard of vessels and bowls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8122&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman hoard, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a lead vat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB8190&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Roman vat, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and coins possibly relating to a villa on Ness Road, north of the village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9593&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Metal detecting finds, High Ness Farm, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Evidence for another villa in the same area comes from roof tiles dating from the 2nd century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB7873&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Possible Roman settlement site, Burwell |publisher=Heritage Gateway |date=26 March 1952 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> although the findings around the village cover the 2nd – 4th centuries. Reach Lode on the north-west edge of the parish is likely to be of Roman construction,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCB9521&resourceID=1000 |title=Cambridgeshire HER: Reach Lode |publisher=Heritage Gateway |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> as was the original Burwell Lode which has since been replaced<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/8D12D531-55A4-4559-AC01-F0757E51EA45/0/EUSECambsBurwell.pdf |title=Cambridgeshire County Council – The Historic Towns of Cambridgeshire: An Extensive Urban Survey: BURWELL |format=PDF |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Early history===
The village is located at the head of [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Burwell Lode]], a man-made waterway which connects it with the [[River Cam]]. The present course, created in the mid 17th century, replaced an older route which was probably Roman in origin.<ref name=boyes>''The Canals of Eastern England'', (1977), John Boyes and Ronald Russell, David and Charles, ISBN 978-0-7153-7415-3</ref> The lode splits into two at the village, and each branch served a series of basins, warehouses and wharves, which were located at the bottom of long strips of land, with the merchants' houses at the other end of them.<ref name=blair>''The River Great Ouse and tributaries'', (2006), Andrew Hunter Blair, Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson, ISBN 978-0-85288-943-5</ref>

The village and the lode became more important with the opening in the 1850s of the Burwell Chemical Works, owned by T. T. Ball. By the 1890s, it had become the Patent Manure Works, was owned by Colchester and Ball, and around 10,000 tons of goods each year were shipped along the lode, using three steam tugs and a large fleet of lighters. Prentice Brothers Ltd built barges in the village until 1920, and continued repairing them there after they bought the fertiliser factory in 1921. The factory was later owned by Fisons, and boats continued to be used to move the fertiliser to Fenland farms until 1948. Commercial use of the lode ceased in 1963, when the traffic in sugarbeet stopped.<ref name=boyes/>

===Burwell Castle===
The village is the site of an unfinished [[Burwell Castle|castle]], situated in Spring Close.<ref group="nb">{{gbmapping|TL587661}}</ref> The final wall was knocked down by the Fire Brigade testing a fire hose in the 1930s, but the dry [[moat]] is still clearly visible. The castle was built during "[[The Anarchy]]", the internal conflict of the mid 12th century in the reign of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]. Although a settlement had been reached such that the throne would pass to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] on Stephen's death, the Barons of the time took the opportunity to fight their own battles.

Among these [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]] was particularly troublesome and, after turning against Stephen, had set up an impregnable base around [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. From his base he would attack local towns, such as [[Cambridge]], and so the king ordered castles be built to surround Geoffrey. The few sites at which it is known such castles were to be constructed include [[Rampton, Cambridgeshire|Rampton]] (Giant's Hill), [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]] (Booth's Hill) and Burwell.

At Burwell, a moat had been constructed and the stone keep partially built when Geoffrey attacked and was mortally wounded. His revolt thus collapsed and the castle was left unfinished. The narrow lane running along the side of the church next to Spring Close, where the Castle is located, is named "Mandeville".

===The Barn Fire on Cuckolds Row===
On 8 September 1727, a [[puppet show]] visited Burwell and put on a show, held in a barn on what is now Cuckolds Row, near the centre of the village. After the barn had filled with an audience from Burwell and surrounding villages, the doors were nailed shut to prevent further people getting in, a simple act which was key to the tragedy which resulted.

One person who could not get into the barn sat with a [[candle]] [[lantern]] and peered in to watch the show. However, the person accidentally knocked the lantern into the barn, setting fire to the hay within. With no way to escape, 78 people (51 of them, children) perished in the ensuing blaze.

The deceased are buried in the [[churchyard]] of [[St. Mary]]s [[parish church]], at the opposite end of the High Street, with a gravestone engraved with a blazing heart with angels' wings. On 8 September 2005, a plaque was unveiled at the site of the barn in memorial of the fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_newmarket/displayarticle.asp?id=197366 |title="Ceremony to mark tragic blaze" Cambridge Evening News, 13 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge-news.co.uk |date=28 January 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Governance==
Burwell is a [[civil parish|parish]] and thus has a [[Parish councils in England|parish council]] to deal with matters within the village. These include the maintenance and provision of both [[village hall]]s, the recreation ground, playgrounds, and allotments. The Parish Council convenes at the Jubilee Reading Room on The Causeway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellparishcouncil.gov.uk/ |title=Burwell Parish Council |publisher=Burwell Parish Council |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell parish falls within Burwell [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]] and provides three councillors<ref>{{cite web|author=East Cambridgeshire District Council |url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/search-for-councillors?name=&committees=All&party=All&tid=133 |title=East Cambridgeshire District Council – District Councillors: Burwell Ward |publisher=Eastcambs.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to the local [[East Cambridgeshire]] [[Non-metropolitan district|District Council]] which convenes at The Grange in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. A larger Burwell [[Wards of the United Kingdom#England|electoral division]] also provides one councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/council/democracy/elections/elections2009/candidatesandresults/division.htm?division=burwell |title=Cambridgeshire County Council: 2009 Results, Division View, Burwell Ward |publisher=Cambridgeshire.gov.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> to [[Cambridgeshire County Council]] which convenes at Shire Hall in [[Cambridge]].

[[File:Zconcam61.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Francis Pym, local MP 1961–1987]]The village falls within the [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cambridgeshire]] constituency, which has been a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] stronghold since formation in 1983. [[James Paice]] became the local MP in 1987 and held his seat at the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]]. His predecessor as local MP, [[Francis Pym]], served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] between the [[Falklands War]] and the [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983 general election]] and lived in the village.<ref>[http://www.burkespeerage.com/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=Pym1-590 Burke's Peerage: PYM OF HAZELLS HALL] ''"FRANCIS LESLIE PYM, MC (1945), of The Tan House, Burwell, Cambridge..."''</ref>

Cambridgeshire falls entirely within the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England constituency]] for [[European Parliament]] elections, which elects seven MEP's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.east-of-england.eu/euro_meps.cfm |title=East of England Brussels Office – East of England MEPs |publisher=East-of-england.eu |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Local government boundaries have varied somewhat over the years. At a parish level, the boundary followed Devil's Dyke through the neighbouring village of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] bisecting it until it was formed into a new parish in 1961.<ref name="BH:B"/> The other boundaries of the parish have also changed slightly several times over the years, most obviously on the south-eastern edge, where part of the Parish including part of [[Newmarket Racecourse]]<ref>[http://genealogy.stredder.net/geography/maps.htm Stredder Family Genealogy.] Map of Cambridgeshire published 1830 shows "Race courses" partly within the southern edge of Staploe Hundred, in Burwell parish.</ref> was lost to Newmarket when the boundary was adjusted to follow the A14 bypass in 1993.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18902 British History: Staploe Hundred] 4th para: ''"At the same time the part of Newmarket Heath at the southern end of Burwell, apparently south of the line of the Newmarket bypass, was also transferred to Suffolk, Burwell's boundary to the north-east of that area being also somewhat straightened."''</ref> The boundaries with Newmarket and Exning parishes are also the boundary between the county of Cambridgeshire and neighbouring [[Suffolk]].

As with the rest of England, a system of [[Hundred (county subdivision)|Hundreds]] used to [[Hundreds of Cambridgeshire|cover Cambridgeshire]] until the 19th century. Burwell covered the south-western edge of the Staploe Hundred, which also included the nearby parishes of [[Chippenham, Cambridgeshire|Chippenham]], [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]], [[Isleham]], [[Kennett, Cambridgeshire|Kennett]], [[Landwade]], [[Snailwell]], [[Soham]] and [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]].

East Cambridgeshire District Council only came into being in 1974 with the [[Local Government Act 1972]]. Before the reorganisation, Burwell fell inside the [[Newmarket Rural District]] which had existed since 1894. Between 1875 and 1894, this was part of a larger Newmarket [[Sanitary district|Rural Sanitary District]] which also encompassed the [[Moulton Rural District]] in neighbouring [[West Suffolk]].

The boundaries of [[Cambridgeshire]] itself have also changed somewhat over the years, with the current county only coming into effect in 1974, in the same 1972 Act which created East Cambridgeshire district. Before [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]] joined the county in 1974, Burwell fell within [[Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely]] which covered the southern and eastern parts of the modern county. Between 1888 and 1965, the village also fell within a smaller [[administrative county]] of Cambridgeshire, covering only the southern part of the modern county.

==Geography==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Burwell
|North = [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]], [[Soham]]
|Northeast = [[Fordham, Cambridgeshire|Fordham]]
|East = [[Exning]], [[Landwade]]
|Southeast = [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]]
|South = ''[[Newmarket Racecourse]]''
|Southwest = [[Swaffham Prior]], ''[[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]]''
|West = [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
|Northwest = [[Upware]], ''[[Burwell Lode]]'', ''[[Wicken Fen]]''
}}

===Climate===
{{Cambridge weatherbox}}

===Clunch quarry===
Up until the early 20th century the building material known as clunch (a relatively hard form of chalk limestone) was dug in Burwell. Remains of the open quarry can be seen either side of Bloomsfield. Clunch was used to build many of the houses in Burwell and remains the name of the local community magazine.

===Priory Wood===
Burwell has a small area of woodland. Planted in 1998 as a community project to commemorate the coming millennium, it is owned and maintained by the [[Woodland Trust]]. The official name comes from an ancient priory which stood nearby also giving its name to some of the local roads, such as Priory Close and Abbey Close.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/our-woods/Pages/wood-details.aspx?wood=4966&site=Priory-Wood; |title=Woodland Trust Priory Wood Webpage |publisher=Woodlandtrust.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Population==
<div class="center">
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:150%;"
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|'''Historical population of Burwell'''<ref group="nb">Figures up to and including 1951 include the part of [[Reach, Cambridgeshire|Reach]] formerly in Burwell parish</ref>
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1801
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1811
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1821
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1831
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1841
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1851
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1861
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1871
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1881
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1891
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1901
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,250
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,324
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,518
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,668
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,820
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,187
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,987
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,106
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,949
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,998
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 1,974
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Year
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1911
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1921
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1931
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1941
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1951
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1961
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1971
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1981
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 1991
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2001
! style="background:#fff; color:navy;"| 2011
|-
! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;"| Population
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,144
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,108
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| <ref group="nb">No census 1941 due to World War II</ref>
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,364
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 2,734
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,032
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,257
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 4,531
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 5,833
| style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 6,309
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
Census: 1801–2001<ref>{{cite web|title = Historic Census Population Figures|publisher = Cambridgeshire County Council|year = 2010 | url = http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C36C6418-DEFD-4ED1-B050-9984100DF110/0/HistCensusEastCambs0106.xls| format = XLS|accessdate =9 October 2010}}</ref> 2011<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Burwell (Parish)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121505&c=burwell&d=16&e=62&g=6405480&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359837185207&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>

|}
</div>



==Culture and Community==

===Carnival===
The village hosts an annual carnival in June which raises money for charity. A parade travels from St Margaret's Field in the south of the village to Burwell Village College (Primary)'s school field, where stalls and fairground rides are present.<ref>{{cite web|author=UK2.NET |url=http://www.burwell-carnival.info/ |title=Burwell Carnival |publisher=Burwell-carnival.info |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

===Twinning===
The village is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with two villages: [[Lizy-sur-Ourcq]]<ref name="Archant twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns|title=British towns twinned with French towns|accessdate = 2013-07-11|work=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref> and [[Mary-sur-Marne]] and one small town: [[Ocquerre]]. These are all situated in France, but only Lizy is mentioned on the signs as you enter the village. Visits from Burwell to the twinned villages are organised by the Burwell Village Twinning Association. A plate commemorating the twinning is located on a wall on the outside of the Year 3 classroom at the village primary school: Burwell Village College (Primary) which educates local 4–11 year olds. The village falls into the [[catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]]s of both [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]] and [[Soham Village College|Soham]] [[Village College]]s, which provide education at secondary school level (11–16 yrs).

==Transport==
[[File:Burwell Station (remains).jpg|thumb|right|Burwell Station in 1963. Closed to passengers in 1962, goods in 1965.]]
Road access to Burwell is primarily through the B1102 Cambridge to Mildenhall road which runs the length of the village, and from the B1103 which links the village with Newmarket. The [[A14 road (England)|A14]] passes along the southernmost edge of Burwell parish on the Cambridgeshire-Suffolk border, but cannot be accessed without leaving the parish.

Public transport is provided by way of [[Stagecoach in Cambridge]] bus route 10 running through the village between Cambridge and Newmarket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stagecoachbus.com/timetables.aspx?serviceid=1532&locationId=32&from=&to=&locval=81 |title=Cambridge Route 10/10A details |publisher=Stagecoach Bus |date=4 September 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Stagecoach took over what used to be Cambus in the mid-90's, Cambus itself had only split from the [[First Eastern Counties|Eastern Counties Omnibus Company]] in 1984. Eastern Counties had absorbed [[Burwell and District]] in 1979, the local bus company having provided transport to nearby Cambridge, Newmarket and Bury St Edmunds as well as further afield destinations such as Great Yarmouth and Felixstowe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgetimetraveller.com/live/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=290:burwell-and-district-bus-company&catid=84:burwell&Itemid=112 |title=Burwell and District Bus Company |publisher=The Cambridge Time Traveller |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petergould.co.uk/local_transport_history/fleetlists/burwell1.htm |title=Burwell & District Motor Service: 1922–1979 |publisher=Petergould.co.uk |date=9 June 1979 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

Between 1884 and 1965, Burwell had a [[Burwell railway station|railway station]] in the south of the village on the [[Cambridge to Mildenhall railway]]. The station closed to passengers in 1962, and although nothing of the station remains, its presence is still acknowledged in the names of the streets Railway Close and Station Gate on the site of the former station. There was also a [[Exning Road Halt railway station|halt]] on Newmarket Road to the south-east of the village. The B1103 still goes over a railway bridge on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npemap.org.uk/tiles/map.html#558,265,1 |title=OS Map showing Burwell & Exning Road stations, the latter labelled "Halt" |publisher=Npemap.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

To the north of the village, temporary [[Burwell Tramway|tramways]] provided access from the nearby [[Ipswich to Ely Line]] to the local brickworks, situated near the lode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshirehistory.com/People/coproliteindustry.html |title=cambridgeshirehistory.com; The Coprolite Industry |publisher=Cambridgeshirehistory.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

[[Burwell Lode]] is navigable up to the edge of the village at Anchor Lane. The Lode joins Reach Lode in the north-west corner of the parish before they confluence with the [[River Cam]] at [[Upware]], 5 miles from Burwell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/eastern/river_cam/river_cam |title=Inland Waterways Association: River Cam |publisher=Waterways.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=S.I.+(All+UK)&searchDay=23&searchMonth=4&searchYear=2010&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=9&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=3678245&parentActiveTextDocId=3678179&hideCommentary=0&showProsp=0&suppressWarning=0&showAllAttributes=1 UK Statute Law Database: SCHEDULE 1 TO THE ANGLIAN WATER AUTHORITY ACT 1977] PART 3: 5. (l) applies to Burwell Lode and refers to a [[navigation authority]] which is responsible for keeping the Lode [[navigable]].</ref>

==Education==
Burwell contains a nursery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/red-house-day-nursery/8469.aspx |title=Red House Day Nursery |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> a [[Montessori method|Montessori]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofstedgov.com/oxcare_providers/full/(urn)/EY315044/(type)/1,2,3,4,5,30,31,32,33/(typename)/Childcare |title=Spring Close Montessori |publisher=Ofstedgov.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> and a [[Pre-school playgroup|playgroup]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.net/organisation/burwell-early-learners-/8565.aspx |title=Burwell Early Learners |publisher=Cambridgeshire.net |date=22 September 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> for [[pre-school]] age children. The old school house on the High Street, a listed building dating from 1864,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Old School House 30 High Street Burwell, Cambs CB25 0HB|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/old-school-house-30-high-street-burwell-cambs-cb25-0hb|publisher=East Cambridgeshire District Council}}</ref> is now a private residence.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 charming converted schools for sale|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/renovatinganddiy/9956470/10-charming-converted-schools-for-sale.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Children attend [[Burwell Village College (Primary)]] up until the age of 11 and then go to the secondary schools of either [[Soham Village College|Soham]] or [[Bottisham Village College|Bottisham]].

===Burwell Museum===
Rural history museum depicting life through the centuries on the edge of the Cambridgeshire fens. Opened in 1992, it is housed in a collection of interesting buildings, some are reconstructed from other sites (such as the 18th century timber framed barn) and others are built in the local style using mainly reclaimed materials (such as the wagon sheds/granary display area). The neighbouring Grade II* listed windmill, Stevens' Mill, is also part of the Museum and can be visited when the Museum is open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |title=www.burwellmuseum.org.uk |publisher=burwellmuseum.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref>

==Religious Sites==
[[File:Burwell.14.5.05.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Mary's Church, Burwell]]

===Church of England===
Burwell has a large parish church located on the High Street in the south of the village. Dedicated to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St Mary the Virgin]], the church is of a [[Perpendicular Gothic]] style in construction, and dates back to the 15th century, although some parts of the building are older.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/st-marys-history/ |title=St Mary's Burwell: St Mary's History |publisher=Stmarysburwell.org.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> There is a regular congregation of around 50 to 70 people attending Sunday morning services. The current vicar as is Revd Dr Eleanor Williams, who took over from Revd Stephen Earl in April 2011.

===Baptist Church===
As well as the parish church, at the northern end of the village, Burwell has Baptist Church. It is similar in congregation size to St Mary's, and has a membership of around 50. The church is currently in a ministerial [[interregnum]] with previous Minister Revd Kevin Burdett leaving at Easter 2013.

===Trinity Church===
Located near to St Mary's, Trinity is a small church founded by the merger of the Methodist and United Reformed churches in 1988. It has a regular congregation size of around 20.

===Others===
The nearest Roman Catholic church is [[Our Lady & St Etheldreda Roman Catholic Church, Newmarket|Our Lady and St Etheldreda]] in neighbouring Newmarket. In addition, the village has a number of former churches converted for residential or commercial use.
Burwell also has a large cemetery located on Ness Road, with a small chapel located on the site.

==Sport==
Burwell Swifts F.C. play [[association football|football]] in Division 2B of the ''BIS'' [[Cambridgeshire Football League]], with a reserve team in Division 4B and a third "A" team in 5C. There are also two youth football clubs; the Burwell Swallows<ref>[http://www.burwellswallows.org.uk/ Burwell Swallows Football Club]</ref> and Burwell Tigers.<ref>[http://www.burwelltigers.co.uk/home.htm Burwell Tigers F.C]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

Burwell [[Cricket]] Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://burwell.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp |title=Burwell Cricket Club |publisher=Burwell.play-cricket.com |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> is based on Tan House Lane, with a 1st XI in the East Anglian Premier League.

==Media==
The village of Burwell is served by a variety of different media sources. The community magazine Clunch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burwell.co.uk/clunch/index.asp |title=Clunch |publisher=Burwell.co.uk |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> deals with news on a village level. The village is also within the catchment area of the [[Cambridge News]] and [[Newmarket Journal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmarketjournal.co.uk/ |title=Newmarket Journal |publisher=Newmarket Journal |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> newspapers, as well as radio stations [[BBC Radio Cambridgeshire]] and [[Heart Cambridgeshire]]. For regional television, Burwell is in the [[BBC East]] and [[Anglia Television|ITV Anglia]] regions.

==See also==
*[[HMS Burwell (H94)]]

==References==


===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

===Sources===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Burwell, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.burwell.co.uk/ burwell.co.uk]
*[http://www.burwellvillage.cambs.sch.uk Burwell Village College (Primary)]
*[http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk/ Burwell Museum]
*[http://www.bvta.ik.com/ Burwell Village Twinning Association]
*[http://www.stmarysburwell.org.uk/ St Mary's Church website]
*[http://www.druidic.org/camchurch/churches/burwell.htm Cambridgeshire Churches: St Mary's, Burwell]
*[http://www.burwellbaptistchurch.org.uk/ Baptist Church website]
{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Castles in Cambridgeshire|Burwell Castle]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Reach (Cambridgeshire)

2013-09-13T01:11:54Z

Invertzoo: tweak caption

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Reach
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL570662
| latitude= 52.27
| longitude= 0.3
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01638
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
|shire_district= [[East Cambridgeshire]]
|constituency_westminster= [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cambridgeshire]]
|population = 358
| population_ref =<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Reach (Parish)|publisher=[[Office_for_National_Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127857&c=reach&d=16&e=62&g=6405690&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359840778488&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Reach''' is a small village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] on the edge of the [[fen]]land in [[East Cambridgeshire]], [[England]] at the north end of [[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]], about {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]].

==History==
<div style="float:right;clear:none;">[[Image:cmglee_Devils_Dyke.jpg|thumb|none|View towards Reach from Devil's Dyke]]</div>
Reach was an important economic centre in early [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Viking]] times. Goods were loaded at its common hythe (wharf) for transport into the fen waterway system from at least 1100. Reach was a significant producer of [[clunch]], a chalky stone; a new wood has been planted on the old clunch pits, where chalky cliffs are visible from early quarrying. Reach's use as a port continued until about 200 years ago.

When the Anglo-Saxons built [[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]] around the 6th century, the northern end of the dyke split the settlement in two (East Reach and West Reach) until part of it was refilled to create the current Fair Green in the 18th century. East Reach has since vanished, filled in by arable land.

In medieval times, Reach was a hamlet sitting on the border of the parishes of [[Burwell]] and [[Swaffham Prior]]. It was not until 1961 that it became a separate civil parish. The parish covers an area of {{convert|1044|acre|ha}}. For ecclesiastical purposes it is part of the parish of 'Burwell with Reach'.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely|volume=10|year=2002|pages=334–341|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903}}</ref>

[[Reach Lode]], a [[Roman Britain|Roman]] canal, still exists, and remains navigable. The village church, originally Holy Trinity School Church<ref>{{citation
|url=http://hipweb.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/cgi-bin/cambscoll/history.pl?term=Reach&category=village&exact=exact|title=Information about Reach circa 1900|publisher=[[Cambridgeshire County Council]]
|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> and latterly called St Etheldreda's,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/parish-church-st-etheldreda-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> was built in 1860, on the site of the former chapel of St John. The ruined [[English Gothic architecture|perpendicular]] arch of the old chapel is visible behind the new church.

On village signs, the name of the village is spelled ''Reche''.

==Reach Fair==
<div style="float:right;clear:none;">[[Image:cmglee_Reach_Fair_penny_throw.jpg|thumb|none|Councillors throwing pennies to the crowd at Reach Fair 2013]]</div>
The village is the scene of the Reach Fair, one of England's oldest festivals.<ref>
{{cite book|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18856|pages=225–227
|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely
|volume=10|chapter=History of Reach Fair
|last1=Wareham|first1=A F|last2=Wright|first2=A P M|year=2002|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}</ref>
[[Image:Reach,Cambridgeshire Reach Fair 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Morris dancers at Reach Fair 2009]]
The Fair was originally held annually at [[Rogationtide]] (which replaced the pagan festival of May Day), and is now held every May Day Bank Holiday. Officially run by the [[Cambridge]] Corporation, and opened annually by the Mayor of Cambridge, it has been an annual event for over 800 years since receiving its charter in 1201 from [[John of England|King John]].

Reach Fair was historically a grand regional occasion, hosting feasting and parades over three days. The Fair is held on the central Fair Green, and probably extended down further to Reach Lode in its earlier days. In 2001, on the 800th anniversary of the fair, a plaque commemorating the charter was unveiled on Hill Farm,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/hill-farmhouse-28-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21
}}</ref> one of the Fair Green's older buildings.

A custom in the fair is for the mayor and other councillors to throw pennies into the crowd for the young people.

Since 1201, the Bank Holiday Monday fair has been cancelled only twice, in the 17th century due to the English Civil War.<ref>[http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/News/SLIDESHOW-Thousands-flock-to-Reach-Fair-20130506190757.htm Cambridge News - SLIDESHOW: Thousands flock to Reach Fair]</ref>
 
==Village life==
The village is home to "The Dyke's End", a public house which was saved from closure by the villagers, and which was visited by [[Prince Charles]] at that time.

Primary school children attend [[Swaffham Prior]] primary school whilst secondary pupils usually go to [[Bottisham Village College]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:St Etheldredas Reach.jpg|Ruined archway behind St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach village sign east face.JPG|Village sign
Image:Reach village sign west face.JPG|Village sign

Image:Reach Lode - geograph.org.uk - 29698.jpg|Reach Lode
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reach, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.reach-village.co.uk/ Reach Village - including Reach Fair]
*[http://www.dykesend.co.uk/ Dyke's End Pub]

{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Woodbury Common

2013-08-19T12:50:24Z

Invertzoo: add to caption

[[Image:Heath.jpg|thumb|right|[[Heath (habitat)|Heath]] at Woodbury Common, showing heather (''Calluna vulgaris'') and gorse (''Ulex europaeus'') in bloom during the summer]]

'''Woodbury Common''' in [[East Devon]] is an area of [[common land]] that is predominantly [[heathland]] adjacent to the village of [[Woodbury, Devon]]. It is bordered to the South by the edge of the towns of [[Exmouth]] and [[Budleigh Salterton]], the hamlet of [[Yettington]] to the East, and the A3052 to the North. It is part of the East Devon [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]],<ref>http://www.devonlink.co.uk/smtowns/woodbury.php</ref> and is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]].

Within the common is [[Woodbury Castle]], an [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] [[hill fort]] situated on a viewpoint overlooking westwards the villages of [[Woodbury, Devon|Woodbury]] and [[Woodbury Salterton]] and across the [[River Exe|Exe]] estuary to the [[Haldon|Haldon Hills]], and overlooking eastwards the Otter Valley, in which runs the [[River Otter]], part of the [[East Devon AONB|East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]].

The heathland has wide swathes of [[gorse]] and [[Calluna|heather]] (bell, cross-leaved and ling varieties) and is a popular spot for [[orienteering]], [[hill-walking]], [[mountain biking]] and flying radio-controlled aircraft. It is famous for a wide variety of wildlife, in particular, the [[Nightjar]], which migrates from Africa each year. The area is also the largest continuous expanse of heathland in [[England]]. It is currently owned and managed by Clinton Devon Estates.

The common contains a training ground for the [[Royal Marines]], part of the [[Commando Training Centre Royal Marines]] based at nearby [[Lympstone]] in the parish of Woodbury.

To the north end of Woodbury Common is the Woodbury Park Hotel, Golf and Country Club complex established by former [[Formula One]] driver [[Nigel Mansell]].<ref>[http://www.woodburypark.co.uk/ Woodbury Park Hotel, Golf and Country Club]</ref>

==The Battle of Woodbury Common, 1549==
The Battle of Woodbury Common, which occurred on 4 August 1549, was part of the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]]. Reinforcements had arrived on 2 August to assist the king's troops under [[John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford]], and a thousand [[Landsknecht]]s (German mercenaries) arrived the following day under the command of [[William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton|Lord William Grey]].

The king's army of some 5,000 men began a march from [[Honiton]] to relieve [[Exeter]], which was under siege at the time, but instead of taking the heavily barricaded highway, Russell went westward, across the downs. Russell's scouts found their way barred by 2,000 men at [[Alphington, Devon|Alphington]] and sent in Captain Travers to clear the road. In the words of [[Edward VI]]’s chronicler, [[John Hayward (historian)|John Hayward]], those Cornishmen who were disarmed in this assault were “slain like beasts”. Russell’s advance continued onto Woodbury Common, where he pitched camp at a windmill. Here, Paulo Batista Spinola, the Italian commander, kept his men awake all night, fearing a night attack. This actually occurred at dawn the next day, on 4 August, when [[Devon]]ian and [[Cornish people|Cornish]] forces defending [[Clyst St Mary]] came out to confront the larger force at the windmill. The difference in numbers and force of arms did nothing to deter them and the second battle of the uprising began. There were heavy losses on both sides and the result was inconclusive but Russell's army took many prisoners, 900 of whom would be executed the next day in the [[Clyst Heath]] massacre. This number was confirmed by [[John Hayward (historian)|John Hayward]], [[Edward VI]]’s own chronicler.<ref>[http://www.cornishworldmagazine.co.uk/content/view/77/54/1/8/ Cornish World - War of June-August 1549]</ref><ref>[[Philip Payton]]. (1996). ''Cornwall''. Fowey: Alexander Associates</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|50.673|-3.369|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Parks and commons in Devon]]
[[Category:Military history of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Cornish]]

Reach (Cambridgeshire)

2013-03-12T16:02:53Z

Invertzoo: /* Reach Fair */

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Reach
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL570662
| latitude= 52.27
| longitude= 0.3
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01638
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
|shire_district= [[East Cambridgeshire]]
|population = 358
| population_ref =<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Reach (Parish)|publisher=[[Office_for_National_Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127857&c=reach&d=16&e=62&g=6405690&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359840778488&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Reach''' is a small village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] on the edge of the [[fen]]land in [[East Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

Reach is located at the north end of [[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]], about {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]]. The dyke split the settlement in two (East Reach and West Reach) until part of it was refilled to create the current Fair Green in the 18th century. East Reach has since vanished, filled in by arable land.

==History==

In early [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Viking]] times, Reach was an important economic centre. Goods were loaded at its common hythe (wharf) for transport into the fen waterway system from at least 1100. Reach was a significant producer of [[clunch]], a chalky stone; a new wood has been planted on the old clunch pits, where chalky cliffs are visible from early quarrying. Reach's use as a port continued until about 200 years ago.

In medieval times Reach was a hamlet sitting on the border of the parishes of [[Burwell]] and [[Swaffham Prior]]. It was not until 1961 that it became a separate civil parish. The parish covers an area of {{convert|1044|acre|ha}}. For ecclesiastical purposes it is part of the parish of 'Burwell with Reach'.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely|volume=10|year=2002|pages=334–341|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903}}</ref>

[[Reach Lode]], a [[Roman Britain|Roman]] canal, still exists, and remains navigable. The village church, originally Holy Trinity School Church<ref>{{citation
|url=http://hipweb.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/cgi-bin/cambscoll/history.pl?term=Reach&category=village&exact=exact|title=Information about Reach circa 1900|publisher=[[Cambridgeshire County Council]]
|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> and latterly called St Etheldreda's,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/parish-church-st-etheldreda-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> was built in 1860, on the site of the former chapel of St John. The ruined [[English Gothic architecture|perpendicular]] arch of the old chapel is visible behind the new church.

On village signs, the name of the village is spelled ''Reche''.

==Reach Fair==
The village is the scene of the Reach Fair, one of England's oldest festivals.<ref>
{{cite book|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18856|pages=225–227
|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely
|volume=10|chapter=History of Reach Fair
|last1=Wareham|first1=A F|last2=Wright|first2=A P M|year=2002|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}</ref>
[[Image:Reach,Cambridgeshire Reach Fair 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Morris dancers at Reach Fair 2009]]
The Fair was originally held annually at [[Rogationtide]] (which replaced the pagan festival of May Day), and is now held every May Day Bank Holiday. Officially run by the [[Cambridge]] Corporation, and opened annually by the Mayor of Cambridge, it has been an annual event for over 800 years since receiving its charter in 1201 from [[John of England|King John]]. Reach Fair was historically a grand regional occasion, hosting feasting and parades over three days. The Fair is held on the central Fair Green, and probably extended down further to Reach Lode in its earlier days. In 2001, on the 800th anniversary of the fair, a plaque commemorating the charter was unveiled on Hill Farm,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/hill-farmhouse-28-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21
}}</ref> one of the Fair Green's older buildings.

==Village life==
The village is home to "The Dyke's End", a public house which was saved from closure by the villagers, and which was visited by [[Prince Charles]] at that time.

Primary school children attend [[Swaffham Prior]] primary school whilst secondary pupils usually go to [[Bottisham Village College]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:St Etheldredas Reach.jpg|Ruined archway behind St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach village sign east face.JPG|Village sign
Image:Reach village sign west face.JPG|Village sign
Image:St Etheldreda's Church, Reach.jpg|St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach Lode - geograph.org.uk - 29698.jpg|Reach Lode
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reach, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.reach-village.co.uk/ Reach Village - including Reach Fair]
*[http://www.dykesend.co.uk/ Dyke's End Pub]

{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

[[nl:Reach]]
[[pl:Reach (Cambridgeshire)]]

Reach (Cambridgeshire)

2013-03-12T16:02:03Z

Invertzoo: /* History */ some tweaks of the prose

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Reach
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL570662
| latitude= 52.27
| longitude= 0.3
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01638
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
|shire_district= [[East Cambridgeshire]]
|population = 358
| population_ref =<ref name="2011Census">{{cite web|title=Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics. Area: Reach (Parish)|publisher=[[Office_for_National_Statistics|ONS]]|year=2013|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127857&c=reach&d=16&e=62&g=6405690&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359840778488&enc=1|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Reach''' is a small village and [[civil parishes in England|civil parish]] on the edge of the [[fen]]land in [[East Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

Reach is located at the north end of [[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]], about {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]]. The dyke split the settlement in two (East Reach and West Reach) until part of it was refilled to create the current Fair Green in the 18th century. East Reach has since vanished, filled in by arable land.

==History==

In early [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Viking]] times, Reach was an important economic centre. Goods were loaded at its common hythe (wharf) for transport into the fen waterway system from at least 1100. Reach was a significant producer of [[clunch]], a chalky stone; a new wood has been planted on the old clunch pits, where chalky cliffs are visible from early quarrying. Reach's use as a port continued until about 200 years ago.

In medieval times Reach was a hamlet sitting on the border of the parishes of [[Burwell]] and [[Swaffham Prior]]. It was not until 1961 that it became a separate civil parish. The parish covers an area of {{convert|1044|acre|ha}}. For ecclesiastical purposes it is part of the parish of 'Burwell with Reach'.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely|volume=10|year=2002|pages=334–341|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18903}}</ref>

[[Reach Lode]], a [[Roman Britain|Roman]] canal, still exists, and remains navigable. The village church, originally Holy Trinity School Church<ref>{{citation
|url=http://hipweb.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/cgi-bin/cambscoll/history.pl?term=Reach&category=village&exact=exact|title=Information about Reach circa 1900|publisher=[[Cambridgeshire County Council]]
|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> and latterly called St Etheldreda's,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/parish-church-st-etheldreda-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> was built in 1860, on the site of the former chapel of St John. The ruined [[English Gothic architecture|perpendicular]] arch of the old chapel is visible behind the new church.

On village signs, the name of the village is spelled ''Reche''.

==Reach Fair==
The village is scene of the Reach Fair, one of England's oldest festivals.<ref>
{{cite book|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18856|pages=225–227
|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely
|volume=10|chapter=History of Reach Fair
|last1=Wareham|first1=A F|last2=Wright|first2=A P M|year=2002|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}</ref>
[[Image:Reach,Cambridgeshire Reach Fair 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Morris dancers at Reach Fair 2009]]
The Fair was originally held annually at [[Rogationtide]] (which replaced the pagan festival of May Day) and is now held every May Day Bank Holiday. Officially run by the [[Cambridge]] Corporation and opened annually by the Mayor of Cambridge, it has been an annual event for over 800 years since receiving its charter in 1201 from [[John of England|King John]]. Reach Fair was historically a grand regional occasion, hosting feasting and parades over three days. The Fair is held on the central Fair Green, and probably extended down further to Reach Lode in its earlier days. In 2001, on the 800th anniversary of the fair, a plaque commemorating the charter was unveiled on Hill Farm,<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/listed-buildings/hill-farmhouse-28-high-street-reach-cambs
|accessdate=2011-02-21
}}</ref> one of the Fair Green's older buildings.

==Village life==
The village is home to "The Dyke's End", a public house which was saved from closure by the villagers, and which was visited by [[Prince Charles]] at that time.

Primary school children attend [[Swaffham Prior]] primary school whilst secondary pupils usually go to [[Bottisham Village College]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:St Etheldredas Reach.jpg|Ruined archway behind St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach village sign east face.JPG|Village sign
Image:Reach village sign west face.JPG|Village sign
Image:St Etheldreda's Church, Reach.jpg|St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach Lode - geograph.org.uk - 29698.jpg|Reach Lode
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reach, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.reach-village.co.uk/ Reach Village - including Reach Fair]
*[http://www.dykesend.co.uk/ Dyke's End Pub]

{{East Cambridgeshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

[[nl:Reach]]
[[pl:Reach (Cambridgeshire)]]

Wicken Fen

2013-02-02T14:00:23Z

Invertzoo: /* Habitats */

{{Infobox SSSI
|name= Wicken Fen (SSSI)
|image= [[Image:Wicken-Fen-Hide.jpg|220px]]
|image_caption= Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve
|aos= Cambridgeshire
|interest= Biological
|gridref= {{gbmappingsmall|TL555700}}
|latitude= 52.310817
|longitude= 0.291323
|displaymap= Cambridgeshire
|area= {{convert|247|ha|acre}}
|notifydate= {{Start date|1951}}
|enref= 1003251
}}
[[File:Wicken Fen SSSI Map.svg|thumb|238px|Area covered by the National Nature Reserve and SSSI]]
'''Wicken Fen''' is a [[wetland]] nature reserve situated near the village of [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]], [[Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

It is one of Britain's oldest nature reserves, and was the first reserve acquired by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], in 1899.<ref name=wicken>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/|title=Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref> The reserve includes [[The Fens|fenland]], [[Farmland (farming)|farmland]], [[marsh]], and [[reedbeds]]. Wicken Fen is one of only four wild [[fen]]s which still survive in the enormous Great Fen Basin area of [[East Anglia]], where 99.9% of the former fens have now been replaced by [[agronomy|arable]] cultivation.

==Wildlife==
Naturalists were originally drawn to Wicken because of its species richness and the presence of rarities. The Fen has therefore received a great deal of recording effort and as a result, huge species lists have accumulated. Many nationally rare species have been recorded. Surveys continue to the present day. In 1998 over 20 species new to the Fen were recorded for the first time and in 2005 another 10 were added.

Many of the species lists can be downloaded from the Fen website (see below). Wicken Fen was established as a nature reserve because of its [[invertebrate]] and plant interest. Over 8,500 species have so far been recorded on the fen, including more than 125 that are included in the [[Red Data Book]] of rare invertebrates.<ref name=wildlife>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/wildlife.htm|title=Wildlife|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref>

===Invertebrates===
The reserve supports large numbers of fly, snail, spider and beetle species. Damselflies found here include the emerald, azure, large red, red-eyed, variable and common blue; together with dragonflies such as the [[Southern Hawker|southern]] and [[Brown Hawker|brown hawker]]s, [[Emperor (dragonfly)|emperor]], [[Hairy Dragonfly|hairy dragonfly]] and [[black-tailed skimmer]]. The Lepidoptera fauna is very rich also, especially the moths, with over 1000 species. The nationally rare [[Reed Leopard Moth|reed leopard moth]] is common at the site. Other local moths include [[Cream-bordered Green Pea|cream-bordered green pea]], [[Yellow-legged Clearwing|yellow-legged clearwing]] and [[Pavonia pavonia|emperor]]. China-mark moths such as the small, brown and ringed are also seen here. Local butterflies include the [[Green Hairstreak|green hairstreak]], [[Brown Argus|brown argus]], [[Speckled Wood (butterfly)|Speckled Wood]] and [[Brimstone (butterfly)|brimstone]]. Snails include the Red Data Book [[Desmoulin's whorl snail]].<ref name=wildlife/>

===Plants===
Notable plants include the [[fen violet]], great fen sedge ''[[Cladium mariscus]]'', marsh pea, greater spearwort, marsh orchids and milk parsley. There are also a number of stonewort species present in the ditches and ponds, along with flowering rush, water millefoil, and yellow and white water lilies.

===Birds===
[[Image:4566.reed warbler holding food.jpg|right|thumb|A [[reed warbler]] at Wicken Fen]]
The site is mainly noted for its plants and invertebrates, but many birds also can be seen, and these are particularly popular with visitors as they are often easier to observe than the more elusive insects and plants. Bird species recorded living at the site include [[Great Crested Grebe|great crested grebe]], [[Great Cormorant|cormorant]], [[gadwall]], [[Common Teal|teal]], [[Eurasian Sparrowhawk|sparrowhawk]], [[water rail]], [[European Kingfisher|kingfisher]], [[Common Snipe|snipe]], [[Eurasian Woodcock|woodcock]], [[Great Spotted Woodpecker|great spotted]] and [[European Green Woodpecker|green woodpecker]]s; and [[Barn Owl|barn]], [[Little Owl|little]], [[Tawny Owl|tawny]], [[Long-eared Owl|long-eared]] and [[short-eared owl]]s. Visiting birds include [[Great Bittern|bittern]], [[whooper swan]], [[Eurasian Golden Plover|golden plover]], [[garganey]], [[Common Pochard|pochard]], [[goosander]], [[marsh harrier]], [[hen harrier]], [[Merlin (bird)|merlin]] and [[Eurasian Hobby|hobby]]. In season, it is most unlikely that visitors will fail to hear the 'drumming' of snipe.<ref name=wildlife/>

===Habitats===
[[Image:Wicken Lode1.JPG|thumb|Wicken Lode]]
Wicken Fen is divided by a man-made watercourse called "[[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Wicken Lode]]". The area north of Wicken Lode, together with a smaller area known as Wicken Poors' Fen and St. Edmunds Fen, forms the classic old, undrained fen. The designated [[National Nature Reserve]] of 269 hectares also includes the area around the Mere, to the south of Wicken Lode. These areas contain original [[peat]] fen with communities of [[carr (fen)|carr]] and [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]. They support rare and uncommon fenland plants such as marsh pea, Cambridge milk parsley, fen violet and marsh fern. This part of the Fen can be enjoyed from a series of boardwalks (made from recycled plastic).

The area south of the Lode is called "Adventurers' Fen" and consists of rough pasture (grading from dry to wet grassland), reedbed and pools.

The dykes, abandoned clay pits and other watercourses carry a great wealth of aquatic plants and insects, many of which are uncommon elsewhere.

==Management==
[[Image:Wicken Fen Windpump.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The windpump]]
Although it is often described as a natural wilderness, it is neither—humans have been closely involved in the fen for centuries and the reserve is managed intensively to protect and maintain the delicate balance of species which has built up over the years. Much of the management tries to recreate the old systems of fen working which persisted for hundreds of years, allowing species to become dependent on the practices. For example the Sedge plant, ''[[Cladium mariscus]]'', is harvested every year and sold for thatching roofs. The first recorded sedge [[harvest]] at Wicken was in 1414. Ever since then, sedge has been regularly cut. This has allowed a pattern of plants and animals to build up who depend on regular clearance of the sedge to survive. Many plants and animals are dependent upon regular management of vegetation in this way to keep their habitats going. [[Konik|Konik Ponies]] and [[Highland cattle]] have now been introduced to parts of the fen to prevent scrub from regrowing as a part of the management plan.

The present appearance of Wicken Fen is the result of centuries of management by human beings. Many of the practices now undertaken have changed little since [[medieval]] times. In surrounding areas, the landscape has changed so completely that it is almost impossible to imagine how it must once have all looked. Only a very few places survive where it is possible to experience this primitive landscape first hand; Wicken Fen is one of these.

Tracks in and around Wicken Fen became visible on [[Google Street View]] before many towns and urban areas in Britain were covered.

==Development of the reserve==
[[File:Wicken Fen NT map.svg|thumb|upright|National Trust land at Wicken Fen in 2011.<ref>[http://www.wicken.org.uk/maps/wickenmaps_walkers.pdf Maps of National Trust owned land at Wicken Fen], accessed 18th Dec 2011</ref>]]
On 1 May 1899, the National Trust purchased two acres (8094 m²) for £10. The National Trust has been purchasing land as it becomes available for over a century. In 1951 {{convert|247.2|ha|acres}} of the fen was designated a [[Site of Special Scientific Importance]]. It was listed as a '[[A Nature Conservation Review|Nature Conservation Review]]' site in 1977,<ref>[http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003251.pdf SSSI Citation]</ref> and is designated a [[National Nature Reserve]]<ref>[http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1006158.aspx Natural England NNR web page]</ref> and a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Wetland of International Significance.<ref>[http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf Ramsar List]</ref> {{As of|2011}} the National Trust reserve is over {{convert|930|ha|acres}}.<ref name=WFV1>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision.htm
|title=The Wicken Vision - Introduction
|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]
|date=
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref>

===The Wicken Fen Vision===
The Wicken Fen Vision is a project of the National Trust to, over a 100-year period, expand the fen to a size of {{convert|56|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It was launched in 1999 to mark the 100th anniversary of the first acquisition. In 2001 a major acquisition was made with the purchase of Burwell Fen Farm (1.65 km²). In 2005, a 100 ha turf farm, to be called Tubney Fen, was purchased. Other purchases include Hurdle Hall Farm and Oily Hall Farm in 2009, and St Edmunds Fen in 2011.<ref>[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-annualreports.htm National Trust Annual Reports]</ref> The National Trust aims to acquire further land as it becomes available, paying the market prices.<ref name=WFV1/> As a result of the increased area of wetlands, the populations of skylarks, snipe, grey partridge, widgeon and teal have all increased with a major increase in barn owls and short-eared owls. Buzzards, hen and marsh-harriers have returned, and bitterns began breeding by 2009 for the first time since the 1930s.<ref>http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-access-annual-report-09.pdf National Trust Annual Report 2009)</ref>

The Wicken Fen Vision has great support from many people and organisations. Large sums of money have been raised from grant-awarding bodies, and from individual donors. Enlargement of the reserve has faced criticism from some residents of nearby settlements. An on-line petition entitled 'SaveOurFens' stated "We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to Stop the National Trust flooding or junglefying our Cambridgeshire Fens!". Concerns centred around the issues of loss of agricultural land and increases in levels of local traffic and [[mosquito]] populations. A petition named 'wickenfenvision', in favour of the scheme, was also held. The two petitions ended in 2010, with a two to one vote in favour of the Wicken Fen Vision.<ref>[http://www.hmg.gov.uk/epetition-responses/petition-view.aspx?epref=wickenfenvision Petition supporting the Vision], 846 votes; [http://savethefens.blogspot.com/ Petition against the Vision], 418 votes</ref>

=== Lodes Way ===
[[File:Wicken fen spine route.png|thumb]]
As part of the Vision project, the National Trust, in conjunction with [[Sustrans]], opened a sustainable transport route connecting Wicken Fen with [[Anglesey Abbey]] and Bottisham. Work on the paths and bridges began in 2008 and was scheduled for completion in 2011.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision_swaffhambridge.htm
|title=Vision Bridges the Gap
|publisher=National Trust
|date=2010-04-18
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> The new walking, cycle and horse riding route is {{convert|9|miles|km}} long, and includes a number of minor roads as well as new paths and bridges to link the gap in the existing Sustrans [[National Cycle Route 11]] between Cambridge and Ely. The project, originally called the Wicken Fen Spine Route, includes the construction of a series of new bridges over the man-made waterways known as [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Lodes]]. In July 2008, the new Swaffham Bulbeck Lode bridge and a half-mile cycle and bridleway path across White Fen were opened. Upgrades to the crossing of the River Cam at Bottisham Lock and the bridge over Burwell Lode are planned. A new bridge over Reach Lode was opened in September 2010 and an upgraded cycle way across Burwell Fen is nearly complete.<ref name=WFV2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision_lodesway.htm
|title=The Wicken Vision - Lodes Way
|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]
|date=
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> The total cost of the scheme is £2 million, £600,000 of which are from [[Sustrans]]'s [[Connect2]] scheme.<ref name=C2>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.sustransconnect2.org.uk/news/news_detail.php?item=Cambridge+to+Wicken+Fen+walking+and+cycling+network+%96+now+a+step+closer+
|title=Cambridge to Wicken Fen walking and cycling network – now a step closer
|publisher=[[Sustrans]]
|date=2009-03-04
|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>

==Science==
The Fen has been long associated with natural history. Many eminent Victorian naturalists collected beetles, moths and butterflies at Wicken Fen and some of their collections can still be found in Museums. From the 1920s onwards the fathers of modern [[ecology]] and [[conservation biology|conservation]], the Cambridge [[botany|botanists]] Sir [[Arthur Tansley]] and Sir [[Harry Godwin]] carried out their pioneering work on the reserve. One of the world's longest running science experiments, the [[Godwin Plots]], continues at the Fen to this day. The Fen’s long association with science, especially nearby [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], continues to the present day with scientists actively involved in the management of the reserve, and many hundreds of research papers published about the fen over more than a century. A Bibliography can be downloaded from the Wicken website and the latest Newsletter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/research.htm|title=Research|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref>

==Legends==
At nearby [[Spinney Abbey]] Farm once stood an old priory. Local tales tell how monks can still be heard chanting in the still of the night, and that their ghosts have been seen. Strange lights are reputed to be visible, which could be either ghostly or just natural [[Will o' the wisp]]. These lights can be seen wandering from the farm to Spinney Bank, which is a bank now between Spinney Abbey and Wicken Fen. The most well-known legend is of the phantom black dog, sometimes known as Old Shuck or [[Black Shuck]]. This legend is a common one across East Anglia and is applied to many locations. The dog is said to have eyes the size of bike lamps and it is also said that, if anyone is unfortunate enough to meet the demonic dog and happens to look into its red/orange eyes, that are described as "burning like fire", then their death will soon follow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinneyabbey.co.uk/|title=Ghost Stories|publisher=Spinney Abbey}}</ref>

The Fen is thought to be the resting place of PC Richard Peake, a policeman who disappeared on 18 August 1855, aged 24. He went missing from his beat at Wicken in the early hours in suspicious circumstances, having earlier been involved in a disturbance. It was suspected he was murdered by a local gang and hidden on the Fen, but his body was never found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebadger.free-online.co.uk/other_pages/in_memory_of.htm|title=In Memory Of|publisher=The Badger}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The Fen is open to the public. The site is open all year round from dawn to dusk except for [[Christmas Day]]. Some paths are closed in very wet weather, and some areas are inaccessible. However, there is a boardwalk, leading to two bird hides that is open all of the time. There are several bird hides and many miles of trails for visitors to follow. There is a visitor centre, shop and [[café]]. The visitor centre has a permanent exhibition of information about Wicken Fen, its history and ecological importance. The Fen Cottage is open on Sundays, showing the life of fen people at the turn of the 20th century.<ref name=wicken/>

==References==
*Friday, L.E., ed. (1997). ''Wicken Fen: the making of a wetland nature reserve''. Harley Books, Colchester.
*Friday, L.E., Harley, B. (2000). ''Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of Wicken Fen''. Harley Books, Colchester.
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/wicken-fen/ Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve information at the National Trust]
*[http://www.wicken.org.uk/ Wicken Fen website]
*[http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/ruraldelivery/bill/wicken-fen.htm DEFRA page on enlarging the reserve] (link now broken)
*[http://www.ghosts-uk.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=604/ Article on Wicken Fen Haunting.]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}

[[Category:Geography of Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:National Nature Reserves in England]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in England]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas in England]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Fens of England]]

Wicken Fen

2013-02-02T13:56:52Z

Invertzoo: /* Wildlife */ tweaking prose and add a link

{{Infobox SSSI
|name= Wicken Fen (SSSI)
|image= [[Image:Wicken-Fen-Hide.jpg|220px]]
|image_caption= Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve
|aos= Cambridgeshire
|interest= Biological
|gridref= {{gbmappingsmall|TL555700}}
|latitude= 52.310817
|longitude= 0.291323
|displaymap= Cambridgeshire
|area= {{convert|247|ha|acre}}
|notifydate= {{Start date|1951}}
|enref= 1003251
}}
[[File:Wicken Fen SSSI Map.svg|thumb|238px|Area covered by the National Nature Reserve and SSSI]]
'''Wicken Fen''' is a [[wetland]] nature reserve situated near the village of [[Wicken, Cambridgeshire|Wicken]], [[Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

It is one of Britain's oldest nature reserves, and was the first reserve acquired by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], in 1899.<ref name=wicken>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/|title=Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref> The reserve includes [[The Fens|fenland]], [[Farmland (farming)|farmland]], [[marsh]], and [[reedbeds]]. Wicken Fen is one of only four wild [[fen]]s which still survive in the enormous Great Fen Basin area of [[East Anglia]], where 99.9% of the former fens have now been replaced by [[agronomy|arable]] cultivation.

==Wildlife==
Naturalists were originally drawn to Wicken because of its species richness and the presence of rarities. The Fen has therefore received a great deal of recording effort and as a result, huge species lists have accumulated. Many nationally rare species have been recorded. Surveys continue to the present day. In 1998 over 20 species new to the Fen were recorded for the first time and in 2005 another 10 were added.

Many of the species lists can be downloaded from the Fen website (see below). Wicken Fen was established as a nature reserve because of its [[invertebrate]] and plant interest. Over 8,500 species have so far been recorded on the fen, including more than 125 that are included in the [[Red Data Book]] of rare invertebrates.<ref name=wildlife>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/wildlife.htm|title=Wildlife|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref>

===Invertebrates===
The reserve supports large numbers of fly, snail, spider and beetle species. Damselflies found here include the emerald, azure, large red, red-eyed, variable and common blue; together with dragonflies such as the [[Southern Hawker|southern]] and [[Brown Hawker|brown hawker]]s, [[Emperor (dragonfly)|emperor]], [[Hairy Dragonfly|hairy dragonfly]] and [[black-tailed skimmer]]. The Lepidoptera fauna is very rich also, especially the moths, with over 1000 species. The nationally rare [[Reed Leopard Moth|reed leopard moth]] is common at the site. Other local moths include [[Cream-bordered Green Pea|cream-bordered green pea]], [[Yellow-legged Clearwing|yellow-legged clearwing]] and [[Pavonia pavonia|emperor]]. China-mark moths such as the small, brown and ringed are also seen here. Local butterflies include the [[Green Hairstreak|green hairstreak]], [[Brown Argus|brown argus]], [[Speckled Wood (butterfly)|Speckled Wood]] and [[Brimstone (butterfly)|brimstone]]. Snails include the Red Data Book [[Desmoulin's whorl snail]].<ref name=wildlife/>

===Plants===
Notable plants include the [[fen violet]], great fen sedge ''[[Cladium mariscus]]'', marsh pea, greater spearwort, marsh orchids and milk parsley. There are also a number of stonewort species present in the ditches and ponds, along with flowering rush, water millefoil, and yellow and white water lilies.

===Birds===
[[Image:4566.reed warbler holding food.jpg|right|thumb|A [[reed warbler]] at Wicken Fen]]
The site is mainly noted for its plants and invertebrates, but many birds also can be seen, and these are particularly popular with visitors as they are often easier to observe than the more elusive insects and plants. Bird species recorded living at the site include [[Great Crested Grebe|great crested grebe]], [[Great Cormorant|cormorant]], [[gadwall]], [[Common Teal|teal]], [[Eurasian Sparrowhawk|sparrowhawk]], [[water rail]], [[European Kingfisher|kingfisher]], [[Common Snipe|snipe]], [[Eurasian Woodcock|woodcock]], [[Great Spotted Woodpecker|great spotted]] and [[European Green Woodpecker|green woodpecker]]s; and [[Barn Owl|barn]], [[Little Owl|little]], [[Tawny Owl|tawny]], [[Long-eared Owl|long-eared]] and [[short-eared owl]]s. Visiting birds include [[Great Bittern|bittern]], [[whooper swan]], [[Eurasian Golden Plover|golden plover]], [[garganey]], [[Common Pochard|pochard]], [[goosander]], [[marsh harrier]], [[hen harrier]], [[Merlin (bird)|merlin]] and [[Eurasian Hobby|hobby]]. In season, it is most unlikely that visitors will fail to hear the 'drumming' of snipe.<ref name=wildlife/>

===Habitats===
[[Image:Wicken Lode1.JPG|thumb|Wicken Lode]]
Wicken Fen is divided by a man-made watercourse called "[[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Wicken Lode]]". The area north of Wicken Lode, together with a smaller area known as Wicken Poors' Fen and St.Edmunds Fen, forms the classic old, undrained fen. The designated [[National Nature Reserve]] of 269 hectares also includes the area around the Mere, to the south of Wicken Lode. These areas contain original [[peat]] fen with communities of [[carr (fen)|carr]] and [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]. They support rare and uncommon fenland plants such as marsh pea, Cambridge milk parsley, fen violet and marsh fern. This part of the Fen can be enjoyed from a series of boardwalks (made from recycled plastic).

The area south of the Lode is called "Adventurers' Fen" and consists of rough pasture (grading from dry to wet grassland), reedbed and pools.

The dykes, abandoned clay pits and other watercourses carry a great wealth of aquatic plants and insects, many of which are uncommon elsewhere.

==Management==
[[Image:Wicken Fen Windpump.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The windpump]]
Although it is often described as a natural wilderness, it is neither—humans have been closely involved in the fen for centuries and the reserve is managed intensively to protect and maintain the delicate balance of species which has built up over the years. Much of the management tries to recreate the old systems of fen working which persisted for hundreds of years, allowing species to become dependent on the practices. For example the Sedge plant, ''[[Cladium mariscus]]'', is harvested every year and sold for thatching roofs. The first recorded sedge [[harvest]] at Wicken was in 1414. Ever since then, sedge has been regularly cut. This has allowed a pattern of plants and animals to build up who depend on regular clearance of the sedge to survive. Many plants and animals are dependent upon regular management of vegetation in this way to keep their habitats going. [[Konik|Konik Ponies]] and [[Highland cattle]] have now been introduced to parts of the fen to prevent scrub from regrowing as a part of the management plan.

The present appearance of Wicken Fen is the result of centuries of management by human beings. Many of the practices now undertaken have changed little since [[medieval]] times. In surrounding areas, the landscape has changed so completely that it is almost impossible to imagine how it must once have all looked. Only a very few places survive where it is possible to experience this primitive landscape first hand; Wicken Fen is one of these.

Tracks in and around Wicken Fen became visible on [[Google Street View]] before many towns and urban areas in Britain were covered.

==Development of the reserve==
[[File:Wicken Fen NT map.svg|thumb|upright|National Trust land at Wicken Fen in 2011.<ref>[http://www.wicken.org.uk/maps/wickenmaps_walkers.pdf Maps of National Trust owned land at Wicken Fen], accessed 18th Dec 2011</ref>]]
On 1 May 1899, the National Trust purchased two acres (8094 m²) for £10. The National Trust has been purchasing land as it becomes available for over a century. In 1951 {{convert|247.2|ha|acres}} of the fen was designated a [[Site of Special Scientific Importance]]. It was listed as a '[[A Nature Conservation Review|Nature Conservation Review]]' site in 1977,<ref>[http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1003251.pdf SSSI Citation]</ref> and is designated a [[National Nature Reserve]]<ref>[http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1006158.aspx Natural England NNR web page]</ref> and a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Wetland of International Significance.<ref>[http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf Ramsar List]</ref> {{As of|2011}} the National Trust reserve is over {{convert|930|ha|acres}}.<ref name=WFV1>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision.htm
|title=The Wicken Vision - Introduction
|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]
|date=
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref>

===The Wicken Fen Vision===
The Wicken Fen Vision is a project of the National Trust to, over a 100-year period, expand the fen to a size of {{convert|56|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It was launched in 1999 to mark the 100th anniversary of the first acquisition. In 2001 a major acquisition was made with the purchase of Burwell Fen Farm (1.65 km²). In 2005, a 100 ha turf farm, to be called Tubney Fen, was purchased. Other purchases include Hurdle Hall Farm and Oily Hall Farm in 2009, and St Edmunds Fen in 2011.<ref>[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-trust/w-thecharity/w-annualreports.htm National Trust Annual Reports]</ref> The National Trust aims to acquire further land as it becomes available, paying the market prices.<ref name=WFV1/> As a result of the increased area of wetlands, the populations of skylarks, snipe, grey partridge, widgeon and teal have all increased with a major increase in barn owls and short-eared owls. Buzzards, hen and marsh-harriers have returned, and bitterns began breeding by 2009 for the first time since the 1930s.<ref>http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-access-annual-report-09.pdf National Trust Annual Report 2009)</ref>

The Wicken Fen Vision has great support from many people and organisations. Large sums of money have been raised from grant-awarding bodies, and from individual donors. Enlargement of the reserve has faced criticism from some residents of nearby settlements. An on-line petition entitled 'SaveOurFens' stated "We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to Stop the National Trust flooding or junglefying our Cambridgeshire Fens!". Concerns centred around the issues of loss of agricultural land and increases in levels of local traffic and [[mosquito]] populations. A petition named 'wickenfenvision', in favour of the scheme, was also held. The two petitions ended in 2010, with a two to one vote in favour of the Wicken Fen Vision.<ref>[http://www.hmg.gov.uk/epetition-responses/petition-view.aspx?epref=wickenfenvision Petition supporting the Vision], 846 votes; [http://savethefens.blogspot.com/ Petition against the Vision], 418 votes</ref>

=== Lodes Way ===
[[File:Wicken fen spine route.png|thumb]]
As part of the Vision project, the National Trust, in conjunction with [[Sustrans]], opened a sustainable transport route connecting Wicken Fen with [[Anglesey Abbey]] and Bottisham. Work on the paths and bridges began in 2008 and was scheduled for completion in 2011.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision_swaffhambridge.htm
|title=Vision Bridges the Gap
|publisher=National Trust
|date=2010-04-18
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> The new walking, cycle and horse riding route is {{convert|9|miles|km}} long, and includes a number of minor roads as well as new paths and bridges to link the gap in the existing Sustrans [[National Cycle Route 11]] between Cambridge and Ely. The project, originally called the Wicken Fen Spine Route, includes the construction of a series of new bridges over the man-made waterways known as [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Lodes]]. In July 2008, the new Swaffham Bulbeck Lode bridge and a half-mile cycle and bridleway path across White Fen were opened. Upgrades to the crossing of the River Cam at Bottisham Lock and the bridge over Burwell Lode are planned. A new bridge over Reach Lode was opened in September 2010 and an upgraded cycle way across Burwell Fen is nearly complete.<ref name=WFV2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/vision_lodesway.htm
|title=The Wicken Vision - Lodes Way
|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]
|date=
|accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref> The total cost of the scheme is £2 million, £600,000 of which are from [[Sustrans]]'s [[Connect2]] scheme.<ref name=C2>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.sustransconnect2.org.uk/news/news_detail.php?item=Cambridge+to+Wicken+Fen+walking+and+cycling+network+%96+now+a+step+closer+
|title=Cambridge to Wicken Fen walking and cycling network – now a step closer
|publisher=[[Sustrans]]
|date=2009-03-04
|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>

==Science==
The Fen has been long associated with natural history. Many eminent Victorian naturalists collected beetles, moths and butterflies at Wicken Fen and some of their collections can still be found in Museums. From the 1920s onwards the fathers of modern [[ecology]] and [[conservation biology|conservation]], the Cambridge [[botany|botanists]] Sir [[Arthur Tansley]] and Sir [[Harry Godwin]] carried out their pioneering work on the reserve. One of the world's longest running science experiments, the [[Godwin Plots]], continues at the Fen to this day. The Fen’s long association with science, especially nearby [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], continues to the present day with scientists actively involved in the management of the reserve, and many hundreds of research papers published about the fen over more than a century. A Bibliography can be downloaded from the Wicken website and the latest Newsletter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wicken.org.uk/research.htm|title=Research|publisher=Wicken Fen}}</ref>

==Legends==
At nearby [[Spinney Abbey]] Farm once stood an old priory. Local tales tell how monks can still be heard chanting in the still of the night, and that their ghosts have been seen. Strange lights are reputed to be visible, which could be either ghostly or just natural [[Will o' the wisp]]. These lights can be seen wandering from the farm to Spinney Bank, which is a bank now between Spinney Abbey and Wicken Fen. The most well-known legend is of the phantom black dog, sometimes known as Old Shuck or [[Black Shuck]]. This legend is a common one across East Anglia and is applied to many locations. The dog is said to have eyes the size of bike lamps and it is also said that, if anyone is unfortunate enough to meet the demonic dog and happens to look into its red/orange eyes, that are described as "burning like fire", then their death will soon follow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinneyabbey.co.uk/|title=Ghost Stories|publisher=Spinney Abbey}}</ref>

The Fen is thought to be the resting place of PC Richard Peake, a policeman who disappeared on 18 August 1855, aged 24. He went missing from his beat at Wicken in the early hours in suspicious circumstances, having earlier been involved in a disturbance. It was suspected he was murdered by a local gang and hidden on the Fen, but his body was never found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebadger.free-online.co.uk/other_pages/in_memory_of.htm|title=In Memory Of|publisher=The Badger}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The Fen is open to the public. The site is open all year round from dawn to dusk except for [[Christmas Day]]. Some paths are closed in very wet weather, and some areas are inaccessible. However, there is a boardwalk, leading to two bird hides that is open all of the time. There are several bird hides and many miles of trails for visitors to follow. There is a visitor centre, shop and [[café]]. The visitor centre has a permanent exhibition of information about Wicken Fen, its history and ecological importance. The Fen Cottage is open on Sundays, showing the life of fen people at the turn of the 20th century.<ref name=wicken/>

==References==
*Friday, L.E., ed. (1997). ''Wicken Fen: the making of a wetland nature reserve''. Harley Books, Colchester.
*Friday, L.E., Harley, B. (2000). ''Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of Wicken Fen''. Harley Books, Colchester.
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/wicken-fen/ Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve information at the National Trust]
*[http://www.wicken.org.uk/ Wicken Fen website]
*[http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/ruraldelivery/bill/wicken-fen.htm DEFRA page on enlarging the reserve] (link now broken)
*[http://www.ghosts-uk.net/modules/news/article.php?storyid=604/ Article on Wicken Fen Haunting.]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}

[[Category:Geography of Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:National Nature Reserves in England]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in England]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas in England]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Fens of England]]

Species affinis

2013-01-24T14:45:17Z

Invertzoo: tweaking prose a bit

A '''Species affinis''' ('''affinis''', abbreviations: '''sp. aff.''', '''aff.''', or '''affin.''') is a piece of [[taxonomic]] terminology used in [[zoology]] and [[botany]] to indicate that the [[species]] mentioned is ''related to'', but ''not identical with'', the species in the [[binomial]] name that is shown.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_species_affinis.htm
| title = Species affinis (Affinis)
| work = Dictionary of botanic terminology
| publisher = cactus-art.biz
| accessdate = 2010-12-13
}}</ref>

An example would be: a [[gastropod shell]] listed as ''Lucapina'' aff. ''aegis'' would mean that this shell somewhat resembles the shell of ''Lucapina aegis'', but is thought to be not that species but another closely-related species, possibly even a species that is not yet named.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Species Affinis}}
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

{{Biology-stub}}

Species affinis

2013-01-24T14:43:53Z

Invertzoo: give an example

A '''Species affinis''' ('''affinis''', abbreviations: '''sp. aff.''', '''aff.''', or '''affin.''') is a piece of [[taxonomic]] terminology used in [[zoology]] and [[botany]] to indicate that the [[species]] mentioned is ''related to'', but ''not identical with'', the species in the name that is given.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_species_affinis.htm
| title = Species affinis (Affinis)
| work = Dictionary of botanic terminology
| publisher = cactus-art.biz
| accessdate = 2010-12-13
}}</ref>

An example would be: a gastropod shell listed as ''Lucapina'' aff. ''aegis'' would mean that this shell somewhat resembles the shell of ''Lucapina aegis'', but is thought to be not that species but another closely-related species, possibly even a species that is not yet named.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Species Affinis}}
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

{{Biology-stub}}

Species affinis

2013-01-24T14:38:34Z

Invertzoo: ome emphasis for clarity

A '''Species affinis''' ('''affinis''', abbreviations: '''sp. aff.''', '''aff.''', or '''affin.''') is a piece of [[taxonomic]] terminology used to indicate that the [[species]] show or listed is ''related to'', but ''not identical with'', the species in the name that is given.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_species_affinis.htm
| title = Species affinis (Affinis)
| work = Dictionary of botanic terminology
| publisher = cactus-art.biz
| accessdate = 2010-12-13
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Species Affinis}}
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

{{Biology-stub}}

Species affinis

2013-01-24T14:37:08Z

Invertzoo: make this clearer

A '''Species affinis''' ('''affinis''', abbreviations: '''sp. aff.''', '''aff.''', or '''affin.''') is a piece of [[taxonomic]] terminology used to indicate that a the [[species]] show or listed is related to, but not identical with, the species in the name that is given.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_S/dictionary_species_affinis.htm
| title = Species affinis (Affinis)
| work = Dictionary of botanic terminology
| publisher = cactus-art.biz
| accessdate = 2010-12-13
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Species Affinis}}
[[Category:Taxonomy]]

{{Biology-stub}}

Verfügbarer Name

2012-11-25T20:35:42Z

Invertzoo: add heading for refs

In [[zoology]], an '''available name''' is a [[scientific name]] for a [[taxon]] of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN Code]] for the establishment of a zoological name.

For a name to be "available", there are a number of general requirements: where it is published, and when, it has to use the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, etc. In some specialized cases it is possible that a name which does not meet these requirements nevertheless is available.

An available name is not necessarily a [[valid name (zoology)|valid name]], because an available name may be in [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]]. However, a valid name must always be an available one.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zoological nomenclature]]

{{biology-stub}}

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:49:27Z

Invertzoo: boldface

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') in [[botany]] or an '''orthographic error''' in [[zoology]], is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the relevant codes of nomenclature.

==In botanical names==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==In zoological names==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; a misspelling or orthographic error is treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Zoological nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:46:44Z

Invertzoo: add a category

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error", is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the relevant codes of nomenclature.

==In botanical names==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==In zoological names==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; a misspelling or orthographic error is treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Zoological nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:45:35Z

Invertzoo: tweak headings

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error", is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the relevant codes of nomenclature.

==In botanical names==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==In zoological names==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; a misspelling or orthographic error is treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:44:59Z

Invertzoo: making clearer

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error", is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the relevant codes of nomenclature.

==Botany==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==Zoology==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; a misspelling or orthographic error is treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:43:59Z

Invertzoo: tweak intro

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error" is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism. The rules that govern what to do when this happens are laid out in the relevant codes of nomenclature.

==Botany==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==Zoology==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; misspellings or orthographic errors are treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:42:39Z

Invertzoo: /* Botany */ make clearer

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error" is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism.

==Botany==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used as the correct spelling.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==Zoology==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; misspellings or orthographic errors are treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Orthographische Variante

2012-11-24T18:41:46Z

Invertzoo: make an intro divide pice into 2 sections, tweak prose for more clarity (hopefully)

In biology, within the science of [[Nomenclature|scientific nomenclature]], i.e. the naming of [[organism]]s, an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') or an "orthographic error" is a spelling mistake, typing mistake or writing mistake within a scientific publication that resulted in a somewhat different name being accidentally used for an already-named organism.

==Botany==
In [[botanical nomenclature]], an '''orthographical variant''' (abbreviated '''orth. var.''') is a variant spelling of the same name. For example, ''Hieronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?27459 Hieronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> and ''Hyeronima''<ref>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?17897 Hyeronima Allemão, orth. var.], GRIN Taxonomy for Plants</ref> are orthographical variants of ''[[Hieronyma]]''. One of the spellings must be treated as the correct one.<ref name="icbn61">[[ICBN]], [http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm Vienna Code] (2006), Article 61</ref> In this case, the spelling ''Hieronyma'' has been [[conservation (botany)|conserved]] and is to be used.

An inadvertent use of one of the other spellings has no consequences: the name is to be treated as if it were correctly spelled. Any subsequent use is to be corrected.<ref name="icbn61"/>

Orthographical variants are treated in Art 61 of the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|ICBN]]''.<ref name="icbn61"/>

==Zoology==
In [[zoology]], "orthographical variants" in the formal sense do not exist; misspellings or orthographic errors are treated as a ''[[lapsus]]'', a form of inadvertent error. The [[first reviser]] is allowed to choose one variant for mandatory further use, but in other ways, these errors generally have no further formal standing. Inadvertent misspellings are treated in Art. 32-33 of the ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]]''.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]

[[nl:Orthografische variant]]

Thomas Warner (Entdecker)

2012-08-12T01:03:57Z

Invertzoo: /* Slave trade */

{{other people|Thomas Warner}}

'''Sir Thomas Warner''' (1580 – 10 March 1649) was an explorer and a captain. He is famous for settling on [[Saint Kitts]], the first English colony in the Caribbean in 1624.

==Early life==
Warner was born in Suffolk, England in 1580. He entered the army at an early age, and became a [[Captain (OF-2)|captain]] in [[James I of England|James I's]] guards. He travelled to the [[Oyapoc]] Colony in 1620 in today's [[Guyana|Guiana]] and he was a captain under the command of [[Roger North]]. Another captain in the colony, Thomas Painton, then suggested that he should instead try to colonise one of the islands in the Lesser Antilles because of their favourable conditions. In 1623 Warner abandoned his Guiana post and set sail North through the archipelago.

==St Kitts==
===Early settlement===
After checking each island, Warner decided that Saint Kitts would prove to be the best-suited site for an English colony, because of its strategic central position ideal for expansion, friendly native population, fertile soil, abundant fresh water, and large salt deposits. He and his family landed on the island and made peace with the local Kalinago peoples, whose leader was [[Ouboutou Tegremante]]. Warner then left his family behind and returned to England to gather more men to officially establish a colony. He was supported by Ralph Merrifield, a merchant, who provided the capital, and John Jefferson (the great-great-great grandfather of Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd President of U.S.A), who agreed to bring a second vessel with settlers and supplies. He landed on St. Kitts on January 28, 1624, with the ''Hopewell'' and established the colony of Saint Christopher, the first English colony in the Caribbean. He established a port town at [[Old Road Town, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Saint Kitts and Nevis|Old Road]], downhill from Tegremante's capital village.

===French arrival and Civil war===
In 1625, a French captain, [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]], arrived on the island. He had left France hoping to establish an island colony after hearing about the success of the English on Saint Kitts, but his fleet was destroyed by a run-in with the Spanish Armada, leaving him with only his flagship. Warner felt sorry for the French settlers and allowed them to settle on the island as well, thus making Saint Kitts the site of also the first French colony in the Caribbean. They lodged themselves in the ruins of the town of Dieppe, which they rebuilt. Warner also willingly accepted the French in an attempt to out-populate the local Kalinago, to whom he was growing suspicious.

===Kalinago Genocide===
Warner's suspicions proved to be accurate. As the European population on Saint Kitts continued to increase, Tegremante grew suspicious of the foreigners. In 1626, after a secret meeting with Kalinago heads from neighbouring Waitikubuli ([[Dominica]]) and Oualie, it was decided that in a secret raid they would ambush the European settlements on the night of the next full moon. The plan was revealed to the Europeans however, by an Igneri woman named Barbe (Du Tertre 1667 I:5-6). Barbe had only recently been brought to St. Kitts as a slave-wife after a raid on an Arawak island. She despised the Kalinago and had fallen in love with Warner, and therefore told him of the planned ambush. The English and French joined forces and made a surprise night-time attack on the Kittitian Caribs. According to Du Tertre (1667 I:6), between 100 and 120 Caribs were killed in their beds that night, with only the most beautiful Carib women spared death to serve as slaves. Having thus rid themselves of the local Caribs, the French and English set about fortifying the island against the expected invasion of Caribs from other islands. In the ensuing battle, three to four thousand Caribs allegedly took up arms against the Europeans. Du Tertre gives no precise information on the number of Caribs killed, but mentions that the fallen Amerindians on the beach were piled high into a mound. The English and French suffered at least 100 casualties (Du Tertre 1667 I:6). Others report that at a site now called [[Bloody Point]], which housed the island's main Kalinago settlement, over 2,000 Kalinago men were massacred, many of whom were from Waitikubuli, who had come overnight planning to attack the Europeans the day after. The many dead bodies were dumped into a river, at the site which housed the Kalinago place of worship. For weeks, blood flowed down the river, giving it its nickname [[Bloody River]]. The remaining Kalinago Indians were deported to Waitikubuli.

The entire ''tale'' of the Kalinago Genocide however, was told exclusively from the perspective and writings of the Europeans and modern scientists estimate that many of their claims were fraudulent or exaggerated in order to justify the killings. The time of year of the Kalinago Genocide for example (late January) was near the middle of the dry season, referred to by the Kalinago as the season of ''Bat man'' - due the abundance of bats at that time of year. Usually, raids on Taino and other Amerindians would take place at this time for sacrifices, etc., to appease ''Bat man'' to ensure that the dry season ends and that the wet season (season of ''Frog woman'') begins. This would explain why so many Kalinago from various islands were present on St. Christopher at the time, as its Northern location on the ''borderline'' between Kalinago controlled and Taino controlled islands made it a base for such raids. Other evidence of wanton atrocity included the fact that the place of the massacre was deliberately the Kalinago place of worship, which would serve solely as a tool of fear for Kalinago from neighbouring islands.

After the [[Kalinago Genocide of 1626]], the island was partitioned between the British and French, with the French gaining the ends, Capisterre in the North and Basseterre in the south, and the British gaining the centre. Both powers then proceeded the colonise neighbouring islands from their base. The English settled Nevis (1628), [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]] (1632), [[Montserrat]] (1632). EWarner was made Governor of St. Kitts, Nevis, [[Barbados]] and Montserrat in 1625. The French colonised [[Martinique]] (1635), the [[Guadeloupe]] archipelago (1635), and St. Barths (1648). In 1643 Warner was made Parliamentary Governor of the Caribee Islands. It is said that he was also married to a Carib woman in a 'common-law marriage'. The Carib woman was supposed to have given birth to many children and it was a lasting relationship. Warner died on March 10, 1649, in St.Kitts and was buried in a tomb in Middle Island.

==Slave trade==
After the [[Kalinago Genocide of 1626]] and the subsequent partitioning of the island, Sir Thomas then shipped over many thousands of Black African slaves. These slaves were then forced to work on the sugar and tobacco plantations. As the years passed Sir Thomas amassed a wealth in today's terms that would amount to over £100 million. Sir Thomas died on March 10, 1649 in St. Kitts and he was buried in a tomb in Middle Island.

==See also==
*[[History of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]

== References ==
*Du Tertre, Jean Baptiste, 1667: Histoire Generale des Antilles... 2 vols. Paris: Jolly.

==External links==
*[http://saghs.edu.tt/sample/clubs/Young%20Leaders/St.%20Kitts%20&%20Nevis.html Interesting places on Saint Kitts and Nevis]
*[http://www.ghcaraibe.org/hist/stkitts1.html French St. Christophe, or English St.Kitts?]
*[http://www.ancestryuk.com/HiltonsintheCaribbean.htm Page talking about the initial landings and governors]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2007 for a picture of Sir Thomas Warner]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Saint Christopher]] | years=1623–1649}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rowland Rich]]}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Antigua]] | years=1632–1635}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Edward Warner (governor)|Edward Warner]]}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Warner, Thomas
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British colonial governor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1580
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 March 1649
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Warner, Thomas}}
[[Category:1580 births]]
[[Category:1649 deaths]]
[[Category:Immigrants to Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:History of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:People from Saint Kitts]]

[[ja:トーマス・ワーナー]]

Sandy Point Town

2012-08-12T00:33:12Z

Invertzoo:

{{unreferenced|date=October 2008}}

[[File:Sc-map.png|thumb|right| Map of Saint Kitts and Nevis showing location of Sandy Point Town in the upper left]]
[[Image:Sandy point town.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the town of Sandy Point, showing the main road that encircles the island, and [[Brimstone Hill]] to the south]]

'''Sandy Point''' is the second largest town in the island of [[St. Kitts]], [[Leeward Islands]], [[Lesser Antilles]]. This town is situated on the north-west coast of St.Kitts and is the capital of Saint Anne Sandy Point Parish.

It is strongly believed that the area known as Sandy Point was the original landing point for the English sea captain and explorer, [[Thomas Warner (explorer)|Sir Thomas Warner]], in 1623. After being founded in the 1620s, the town became the commercial centre of St. Kitts and was one of the busiest ports in the region, as evidenced by the remains of the many former Dutch warehouses lining the shoreline, which once totalled over 300.

After 1727, when the bulk of commercial activity was moved to Basseterre, the town and its port slowly diminished in importance. In 1984, the port was closed entirely following the impact of [[Hurricane Klaus]]. Sandy Point has a population of 3000.

The greatest evidence of the town's former wealth can be seen in [[Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park]]. The largest fortress ever built in the Eastern Caribbean by the British, this fortress was constructed to defend the town's port and the downhill fortress of [[Fort Charles (Saint Kitts)]], which in turn was the colony's second largest fortification.

Today, Sandy Point Town is an important industrial centre, manufacturing aeronautics equipment. It is also a tourism centre, home to the entrance way to Brimstone Hill (a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]), and the soon to be completed La Vallée Golf Course and Development. Nearby villages include Fig Tree, Half Way Tree and Newton Ground.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17|21|N|62|50|W|region:KN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Populated places in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1623]]

{{SaintKittsNevis-geo-stub}}

[[ar:ساندي بوينت تاون]]
[[pl:Sandy Point]]
[[ru:Сэнди-Пойнт-Таун]]